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abstract : opening section of a scientific paper that summarizes the research and conclusions
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
applied science : form of science that aims to solve real-world problems
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
atom : smallest and most fundamental unit of matter
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
basic science : science that seeks to expand knowledge and understanding regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
biochemistry : study of the chemistry of biological organisms
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
biology : the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
biosphere : collection of all the ecosystems on Earth
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
botany : study of plants
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
cell : smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living things
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
community : set of populations inhabiting a particular area
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
conclusion : section of a scientific paper that summarizes the importance of the experimental findings
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
control : part of an experiment that does not change during the experiment
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
deductive reasoning : form of logical thinking that uses a general inclusive statement to forecast specific results
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
descriptive science : (also, discovery science) form of science that aims to observe, explore, and investigate
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
discussion : section of a scientific paper in which the author interprets experimental results, describes how variables may be related, and attempts to explain the phenomenon in question
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
ecosystem : all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, nonliving parts of that environment
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
eukaryote : organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
evolution : process of gradual change during which new species arise from older species and some species become extinct
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
falsifiable : able to be disproven by experimental results
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
homeostasis : ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
hypothesis : suggested explanation for an observation, which can be tested
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
hypothesis-based science : form of science that begins with a specific question and potential testable answers
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
inductive reasoning : form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
introduction : opening section of a scientific paper, which provides background information about what was known in the field prior to the research reported in the paper
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
life science : field of science, such as biology, that studies living things
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
macromolecule : large molecule, typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
materials and methods : section of a scientific paper that includes a complete description of the substances, methods, and techniques used by the researchers to gather data
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
microbiology : study of the structure and function of microorganisms
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
molecular biology : study of biological processes and their regulation at the molecular level, including interactions among molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
molecule : chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
natural science : field of science that is related to the physical world and its phenomena and processes
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
neurobiology : study of the biology of the nervous system
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
organ : collection of related tissues grouped together performing a common function
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
organ system : level of organization that consists of functionally related interacting organs
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
organelle : small structures that exist within cells and carry out cellular functions
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
organism : individual living entity
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
paleontology : study of life’s history by means of fossils
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
peer-reviewed manuscript : scientific paper that is reviewed by a scientist’s colleagues who are experts in the field of study
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
phylogenetic tree : diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both; in essence, a hypothesis concerning evolutionary connections
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
physical science : field of science, such as geology, astronomy, physics, and chemistry, that studies nonliving matter
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
plagiarism : using other people’s work or ideas without proper citation, creating the false impression that those are the author’s original ideas
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
population : all of the individuals of a species living within a specific area
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
prokaryote : single-celled organism that lacks organelles and does not have nuclei surrounded by a nuclear membrane
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
results : section of a scientific paper in which the author narrates the experimental findings and presents relevant figures, pictures, diagrams, graphs, and tables, without any further interpretation
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
review article : paper that summarizes and comments on findings that were published as primary literature
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
science : knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
scientific method : method of research with defined steps that include observation, formulation of a hypothesis, testing, and confirming or falsifying the hypothesis
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
serendipity : fortunate accident or a lucky surprise
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
theory : tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
tissue : group of similar cells carrying out related functions
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
variable : part of an experiment that the experimenter can vary or change
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
zoology : study of animals
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
acid : molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
adhesion : attraction between water molecules and other molecules
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
aliphatic hydrocarbon : hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
anion : negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
aromatic hydrocarbon : hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
atom : the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
atomic mass : calculated mean of the mass number for an element’s isotopes
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
atomic number : total number of protons in an atom
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
balanced chemical equation : statement of a chemical reaction with the number of each type of atom equalized for both the products and reactants
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
base : molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
buffer : substance that prevents a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
calorie : amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
capillary action : occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the sides of the tubes
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
cation : positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
chemical bond : interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in the formation of molecules
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
chemical reaction : process leading to the rearrangement of atoms in molecules
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
chemical reactivity : the ability to combine and to chemically bond with each other
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
cohesion : intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
compound : substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
covalent bond : type of strong bond formed between two of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
dissociation : release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and the charged remains of the original, such as when water dissociates into H+and OH-
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
electrolyte : ion necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions and water balance
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
electron : negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a negative charge of –1 unit
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
electron configuration : arrangement of electrons in an atom’s electron shell (for example, 1s22s22p6)
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
electron orbital : how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where an electron is most likely to be found
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
electron transfer : movement of electrons from one element to another; important in creation of ionic bonds
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
electronegativity : ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
element : one of 118 unique substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances; each element has unique properties and a specified number of protons
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
enantiomers : molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are mirror images of each other
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
equilibrium : steady state of relative reactant and product concentration in reversible chemical reactions in a closed system
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
evaporation : separation of individual molecules from the surface of a body of water, leaves of a plant, or the skin of an organism
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
functional group : group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
geometric isomer : isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
heat of vaporization of water : high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
hydrocarbon : molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
hydrogen bond : weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms to slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
hydrophilic : describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
hydrophobic : describes uncharged non-polar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
inert gas : (also, noble gas) element with filled outer electron shell that is unreactive with other atoms
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
ion : atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
ionic bond : chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions)
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
irreversible chemical reaction : chemical reaction where reactants proceed uni-directionally to form products
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
isomers : molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chemical formula
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
isotope : one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
law of mass action : chemical law stating that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substances
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
litmus paper : (also, pH paper) filter paper that has been treated with a natural water-soluble dye that changes its color as the pH of the environment changes so it can be used as a pH indicator
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
mass number : total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
matter : anything that has mass and occupies space
https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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