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abstract : opening section of a scientific paper that summarizes the research and conclusions
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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applied science : form of science that aims to solve real-world problems
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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atom : smallest and most fundamental unit of matter
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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basic science : science that seeks to expand knowledge and understanding regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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biochemistry : study of the chemistry of biological organisms
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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biology : the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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biosphere : collection of all the ecosystems on Earth
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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botany : study of plants
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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cell : smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living things
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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community : set of populations inhabiting a particular area
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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conclusion : section of a scientific paper that summarizes the importance of the experimental findings
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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control : part of an experiment that does not change during the experiment
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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deductive reasoning : form of logical thinking that uses a general inclusive statement to forecast specific results
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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descriptive science : (also, discovery science) form of science that aims to observe, explore, and investigate
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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discussion : section of a scientific paper in which the author interprets experimental results, describes how variables may be related, and attempts to explain the phenomenon in question
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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ecosystem : all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, nonliving parts of that environment
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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eukaryote : organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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evolution : process of gradual change during which new species arise from older species and some species become extinct
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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falsifiable : able to be disproven by experimental results
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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homeostasis : ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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hypothesis : suggested explanation for an observation, which can be tested
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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hypothesis-based science : form of science that begins with a specific question and potential testable answers
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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inductive reasoning : form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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introduction : opening section of a scientific paper, which provides background information about what was known in the field prior to the research reported in the paper
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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life science : field of science, such as biology, that studies living things
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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macromolecule : large molecule, typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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materials and methods : section of a scientific paper that includes a complete description of the substances, methods, and techniques used by the researchers to gather data
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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microbiology : study of the structure and function of microorganisms
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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molecular biology : study of biological processes and their regulation at the molecular level, including interactions among molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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molecule : chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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natural science : field of science that is related to the physical world and its phenomena and processes
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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neurobiology : study of the biology of the nervous system
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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organ : collection of related tissues grouped together performing a common function
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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organ system : level of organization that consists of functionally related interacting organs
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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organelle : small structures that exist within cells and carry out cellular functions
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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organism : individual living entity
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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paleontology : study of lifeâs history by means of fossils
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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peer-reviewed manuscript : scientific paper that is reviewed by a scientistâs colleagues who are experts in the field of study
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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phylogenetic tree : diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both; in essence, a hypothesis concerning evolutionary connections
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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physical science : field of science, such as geology, astronomy, physics, and chemistry, that studies nonliving matter
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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plagiarism : using other peopleâs work or ideas without proper citation, creating the false impression that those are the authorâs original ideas
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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population : all of the individuals of a species living within a specific area
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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prokaryote : single-celled organism that lacks organelles and does not have nuclei surrounded by a nuclear membrane
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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results : section of a scientific paper in which the author narrates the experimental findings and presents relevant figures, pictures, diagrams, graphs, and tables, without any further interpretation
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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review article : paper that summarizes and comments on findings that were published as primary literature
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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science : knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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scientific method : method of research with defined steps that include observation, formulation of a hypothesis, testing, and confirming or falsifying the hypothesis
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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serendipity : fortunate accident or a lucky surprise
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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theory : tested and confirmed explanation for observations or
phenomena
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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tissue : group of similar cells carrying out related functions
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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variable : part of an experiment that the experimenter can vary or
change
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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zoology : study of animals
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/1-key-terms
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acid : molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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adhesion : attraction between water molecules and other molecules
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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aliphatic hydrocarbon : hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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anion : negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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aromatic hydrocarbon : hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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atom : the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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atomic mass : calculated mean of the mass number for an elementâs isotopes
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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atomic number : total number of protons in an atom
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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balanced chemical equation : statement of a chemical reaction with the number of each type of atom equalized for both the products and reactants
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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base : molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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buffer : substance that prevents a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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calorie : amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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capillary action : occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the sides of the tubes
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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cation : positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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chemical bond : interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in the formation of molecules
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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chemical reaction : process leading to the rearrangement of atoms in molecules
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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chemical reactivity : the ability to combine and to chemically bond with each other
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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cohesion : intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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compound : substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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covalent bond : type of strong bond formed between two of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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dissociation : release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and the charged remains of the original, such as when water dissociates into H+and OH-
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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electrolyte : ion necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions and water balance
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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electron : negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a negative charge of â1 unit
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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electron configuration : arrangement of electrons in an atomâs electron shell (for example, 1s22s22p6)
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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electron orbital : how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where an electron is most likely to be found
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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electron transfer : movement of electrons from one element to another; important in creation of ionic bonds
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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electronegativity : ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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element : one of 118 unique substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances; each element has unique properties and a specified number of protons
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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enantiomers : molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are mirror images of each other
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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equilibrium : steady state of relative reactant and product concentration in reversible chemical reactions in a closed system
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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evaporation : separation of individual molecules from the surface of a body of water, leaves of a plant, or the skin of an organism
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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functional group : group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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geometric isomer : isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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heat of vaporization of water : high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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hydrocarbon : molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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hydrogen bond : weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms to slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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hydrophilic : describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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hydrophobic : describes uncharged non-polar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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inert gas : (also, noble gas) element with filled outer electron shell that is unreactive with other atoms
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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ion : atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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ionic bond : chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions)
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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irreversible chemical reaction : chemical reaction where reactants proceed uni-directionally to form products
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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isomers : molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chemical formula
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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isotope : one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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law of mass action : chemical law stating that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substances
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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litmus paper : (also, pH paper) filter paper that has been treated with a natural water-soluble dye that changes its color as the pH of the environment changes so it can be used as a pH indicator
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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mass number : total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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matter : anything that has mass and occupies space
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https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/2-key-terms
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