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During these reprocessing procedures, patients report experiencing new insights, changes in their memories, or new associations between these different aspects [59, 60]. Positive short term effects of EMDR were reported for Vietnam veterans [61, 62]. A German study compared 89 soldiers returning from peacekeeping missions who were treated with either EMDR or with relaxation exercises. The authors report that inpatient treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing significantly improved the course of patients' PTSD. Interestingly, the Impact of Event Scale demonstrated significantly poorer long-term outcomes for patients who had come face-to-face with death during the traumatic event .
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We focused on how different military and public health systems manage the treatment of soldiers and peacekeepers suffering from PTSD after returning home from deployment. Scientific literature on psychotherapy for PTSD is scant and might be an indirect consequence of soldiers' fear of stigmatization. Our findings suggest that post-traumatic psychological treatment can have short- and long-term advantages for affected army members, although study results are often difficult to compare due to small sample numbers, different types of deployment, different methodological approaches and the variable severity of traumatization [29, 48]. Evidence supporting the effectiveness of stress debriefing is inconclusive and its indication in the treatment of PTSD remains controversial . Barriers to mental health care, such as stigmatization, still prevent affected soldiers from seeking and receiving needed treatment [16, 17].
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Our findings suggest that post-traumatic psychological treatment can have short- and long-term advantages for affected army members, although study results are often difficult to compare due to small sample numbers, different types of deployment, different methodological approaches and the variable severity of traumatization [29, 48]. Evidence supporting the effectiveness of stress debriefing is inconclusive and its indication in the treatment of PTSD remains controversial . Barriers to mental health care, such as stigmatization, still prevent affected soldiers from seeking and receiving needed treatment [16, 17]. Future strategies for PTSD may lie in the field of prevention and in investigating successful coping mechanisms among resilient servicemen . Especially newer techniques, such as "virtual therapy," could offer an inexpensive alternative treatment with potentially global application.
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Future strategies for PTSD may lie in the field of prevention and in investigating successful coping mechanisms among resilient servicemen . Especially newer techniques, such as "virtual therapy," could offer an inexpensive alternative treatment with potentially global application. The easy accessibility of such techniques may help increase treatment participation by reducing soldiers' fear of being stigmatized [35, 36]. We did not find systematic studies, which examined a pharmacological treatment combined with psychotherapy . This could obscure further resources of treatment improvement.
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We did not find systematic studies, which examined a pharmacological treatment combined with psychotherapy . This could obscure further resources of treatment improvement. Future studies should concentrate on prevalence and baseline data related to traumatic severity and type, combat exposure and its specific co-morbid symptoms, such as substance abuse [1, 29, 33, 58]. Results of national studies cannot be generalized. Influences of multinational characteristics of disease management need to be investigated in more detail.
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Results of national studies cannot be generalized. Influences of multinational characteristics of disease management need to be investigated in more detail. Treatment of mental conditions is not only influenced by the general organization of a healthcare system, but also affected by the society, in which soldiers live, and by the current values within that society [54, 55]. We expect new insights on treatment success, since researchers are more aware of PTSD in general and affected soldiers in particular. Servicemen are more likely to be treated immediately after traumatization nowadays instead of being examined years after deployment in Vietnam .
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Further research and treatment efforts should focus more on multinational cooperation and multimodal approaches to increase the efficacy of PTSD treatment. - Wittchen HU, Gloster A, Beesdo K, Schonfeld S, Perkonigg A: Posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnostic and epidemiological perspectives. CNS spectrums 2009, 14: 5–12.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Brunet A, Akerib V, Birmes P: Don't throw out the baby with the bathwater (PTSD is not overdiagnosed). Canadian journal of psychiatry 2007, 52: 501–502. discussion 503Google Scholar - Löwe B, Henningsen P, Herzog W: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: history of a politically unwanted diagnosis.
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- Wittchen HU, Gloster A, Beesdo K, Schonfeld S, Perkonigg A: Posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnostic and epidemiological perspectives. CNS spectrums 2009, 14: 5–12.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Brunet A, Akerib V, Birmes P: Don't throw out the baby with the bathwater (PTSD is not overdiagnosed). Canadian journal of psychiatry 2007, 52: 501–502. discussion 503Google Scholar - Löwe B, Henningsen P, Herzog W: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: history of a politically unwanted diagnosis. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie 2006, 56: 182–187.
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Canadian journal of psychiatry 2007, 52: 501–502. discussion 503Google Scholar - Löwe B, Henningsen P, Herzog W: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: history of a politically unwanted diagnosis. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie 2006, 56: 182–187. 10.1055/s-2005-915463PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Keane TM, Marshall AD, Taft CT: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Etiology, Empidemiology, and Treatment outcome. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2006, 2: 161–197.
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discussion 503Google Scholar - Löwe B, Henningsen P, Herzog W: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: history of a politically unwanted diagnosis. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie 2006, 56: 182–187. 10.1055/s-2005-915463PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Keane TM, Marshall AD, Taft CT: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Etiology, Empidemiology, and Treatment outcome. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2006, 2: 161–197. 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095305PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Pietrzak RH, Johnson DC, Goldstein MB, Malley JC, Southwick SM: Psychological resilience and postdeployment social support protect against traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers returning from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.
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Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie 2006, 56: 182–187. 10.1055/s-2005-915463PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Keane TM, Marshall AD, Taft CT: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Etiology, Empidemiology, and Treatment outcome. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2006, 2: 161–197. 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095305PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Pietrzak RH, Johnson DC, Goldstein MB, Malley JC, Southwick SM: Psychological resilience and postdeployment social support protect against traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers returning from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Depression and anxiety 2009,26(8):745–751.
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10.1055/s-2005-915463PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Keane TM, Marshall AD, Taft CT: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Etiology, Empidemiology, and Treatment outcome. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2006, 2: 161–197. 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095305PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Pietrzak RH, Johnson DC, Goldstein MB, Malley JC, Southwick SM: Psychological resilience and postdeployment social support protect against traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers returning from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Depression and anxiety 2009,26(8):745–751. 10.1002/da.20558PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Hyman SM, Paliwal P, Chaplin TM, Mazure CM, Rounsaville BJ, Sinha R: Severity of childhood trauma is predictive of cocaine relapse outcomes in women but not men.
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10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095305PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Pietrzak RH, Johnson DC, Goldstein MB, Malley JC, Southwick SM: Psychological resilience and postdeployment social support protect against traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers returning from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Depression and anxiety 2009,26(8):745–751. 10.1002/da.20558PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Hyman SM, Paliwal P, Chaplin TM, Mazure CM, Rounsaville BJ, Sinha R: Severity of childhood trauma is predictive of cocaine relapse outcomes in women but not men. Drug and alcohol dependence 2008, 92: 208–216. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.006PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Yehuda R, Flory J: Differentiating biological correlates of risk, PTSD, and resilience following trauma exposure.Preview.
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Depression and anxiety 2009,26(8):745–751. 10.1002/da.20558PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Hyman SM, Paliwal P, Chaplin TM, Mazure CM, Rounsaville BJ, Sinha R: Severity of childhood trauma is predictive of cocaine relapse outcomes in women but not men. Drug and alcohol dependence 2008, 92: 208–216. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.006PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Yehuda R, Flory J: Differentiating biological correlates of risk, PTSD, and resilience following trauma exposure.Preview. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2007, 20: 435–447.
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10.1002/da.20558PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Hyman SM, Paliwal P, Chaplin TM, Mazure CM, Rounsaville BJ, Sinha R: Severity of childhood trauma is predictive of cocaine relapse outcomes in women but not men. Drug and alcohol dependence 2008, 92: 208–216. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.006PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Yehuda R, Flory J: Differentiating biological correlates of risk, PTSD, and resilience following trauma exposure.Preview. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2007, 20: 435–447. 10.1002/jts.20260PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Finkelhor D, Ormrod R, Turner H: Poly-victimization: A neglected component in child victimization.
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Drug and alcohol dependence 2008, 92: 208–216. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.006PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Yehuda R, Flory J: Differentiating biological correlates of risk, PTSD, and resilience following trauma exposure.Preview. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2007, 20: 435–447. 10.1002/jts.20260PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Finkelhor D, Ormrod R, Turner H: Poly-victimization: A neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect 2007, 31: 7–26.
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10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.006PubMed CentralPubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Yehuda R, Flory J: Differentiating biological correlates of risk, PTSD, and resilience following trauma exposure.Preview. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2007, 20: 435–447. 10.1002/jts.20260PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Finkelhor D, Ormrod R, Turner H: Poly-victimization: A neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect 2007, 31: 7–26. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.06.008View ArticleGoogle Scholar - Friedman MJ, Schnurr PP, McDonagh-Coyle A: Post-traumatic stress disorder in the military veteran.
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Journal of Traumatic Stress 2007, 20: 435–447. 10.1002/jts.20260PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Finkelhor D, Ormrod R, Turner H: Poly-victimization: A neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect 2007, 31: 7–26. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.06.008View ArticleGoogle Scholar - Friedman MJ, Schnurr PP, McDonagh-Coyle A: Post-traumatic stress disorder in the military veteran. The Psychiatric clinics of North America 1994, 17: 265–277.PubMedGoogle Scholar - LeardMann CA, Smith TC, Smith B, Wells TS, Ryan MA: Baseline self reported functional health and vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder after combat deployment: prospective US military cohort study.
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Child Abuse & Neglect 2007, 31: 7–26. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.06.008View ArticleGoogle Scholar - Friedman MJ, Schnurr PP, McDonagh-Coyle A: Post-traumatic stress disorder in the military veteran. The Psychiatric clinics of North America 1994, 17: 265–277.PubMedGoogle Scholar - LeardMann CA, Smith TC, Smith B, Wells TS, Ryan MA: Baseline self reported functional health and vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder after combat deployment: prospective US military cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 2009, 338: b1273. 10.1136/bmj.b1273View ArticleGoogle Scholar - Foa EB, Meadows EA: Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a critical review.
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10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.06.008View ArticleGoogle Scholar - Friedman MJ, Schnurr PP, McDonagh-Coyle A: Post-traumatic stress disorder in the military veteran. The Psychiatric clinics of North America 1994, 17: 265–277.PubMedGoogle Scholar - LeardMann CA, Smith TC, Smith B, Wells TS, Ryan MA: Baseline self reported functional health and vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder after combat deployment: prospective US military cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 2009, 338: b1273. 10.1136/bmj.b1273View ArticleGoogle Scholar - Foa EB, Meadows EA: Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a critical review. Annual review of psychology 1997, 48: 449–480.
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The Psychiatric clinics of North America 1994, 17: 265–277.PubMedGoogle Scholar - LeardMann CA, Smith TC, Smith B, Wells TS, Ryan MA: Baseline self reported functional health and vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder after combat deployment: prospective US military cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 2009, 338: b1273. 10.1136/bmj.b1273View ArticleGoogle Scholar - Foa EB, Meadows EA: Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a critical review. Annual review of psychology 1997, 48: 449–480. 10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.449PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Forbes D, Parslow R, Creamer M, Allen N, McHugh T, Hopwood M: Mechanisms of anger and treatment outcome in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.
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BMJ (Clinical research ed) 2009, 338: b1273. 10.1136/bmj.b1273View ArticleGoogle Scholar - Foa EB, Meadows EA: Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a critical review. Annual review of psychology 1997, 48: 449–480. 10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.449PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Forbes D, Parslow R, Creamer M, Allen N, McHugh T, Hopwood M: Mechanisms of anger and treatment outcome in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2008, 21: 142–149.
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10.1136/bmj.b1273View ArticleGoogle Scholar - Foa EB, Meadows EA: Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a critical review. Annual review of psychology 1997, 48: 449–480. 10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.449PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Forbes D, Parslow R, Creamer M, Allen N, McHugh T, Hopwood M: Mechanisms of anger and treatment outcome in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2008, 21: 142–149. 10.1002/jts.20315PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Wiederhold BK, Wiederhold MD: From SIT to PTSD: Developing a continuum of care for the warfighter.
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Annual review of psychology 1997, 48: 449–480. 10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.449PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Forbes D, Parslow R, Creamer M, Allen N, McHugh T, Hopwood M: Mechanisms of anger and treatment outcome in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2008, 21: 142–149. 10.1002/jts.20315PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Wiederhold BK, Wiederhold MD: From SIT to PTSD: Developing a continuum of care for the warfighter. Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine 2006, 4: 13–18.Google Scholar - Kang HK, Hyams K: Mental Health Care Needs among Recent War Veterans.
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10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.449PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Forbes D, Parslow R, Creamer M, Allen N, McHugh T, Hopwood M: Mechanisms of anger and treatment outcome in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2008, 21: 142–149. 10.1002/jts.20315PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Wiederhold BK, Wiederhold MD: From SIT to PTSD: Developing a continuum of care for the warfighter. Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine 2006, 4: 13–18.Google Scholar - Kang HK, Hyams K: Mental Health Care Needs among Recent War Veterans. New England Journal of Medicine 2005, 352: 1289–1289.
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Journal of Traumatic Stress 2008, 21: 142–149. 10.1002/jts.20315PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Wiederhold BK, Wiederhold MD: From SIT to PTSD: Developing a continuum of care for the warfighter. Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine 2006, 4: 13–18.Google Scholar - Kang HK, Hyams K: Mental Health Care Needs among Recent War Veterans. New England Journal of Medicine 2005, 352: 1289–1289. 10.1056/NEJMp058024PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Stevenson VE: Premature treatment termination by angry patients with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder.
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10.1002/jts.20315PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Wiederhold BK, Wiederhold MD: From SIT to PTSD: Developing a continuum of care for the warfighter. Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine 2006, 4: 13–18.Google Scholar - Kang HK, Hyams K: Mental Health Care Needs among Recent War Veterans. New England Journal of Medicine 2005, 352: 1289–1289. 10.1056/NEJMp058024PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Stevenson VE: Premature treatment termination by angry patients with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Military Medicine 2000, 165: 422–424.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Howell A: Reconciling Soldiering: Militarized Masculinity and Therapeutic Practices in the Canadian Military.
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Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine 2006, 4: 13–18.Google Scholar - Kang HK, Hyams K: Mental Health Care Needs among Recent War Veterans. New England Journal of Medicine 2005, 352: 1289–1289. 10.1056/NEJMp058024PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Stevenson VE: Premature treatment termination by angry patients with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Military Medicine 2000, 165: 422–424.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Howell A: Reconciling Soldiering: Militarized Masculinity and Therapeutic Practices in the Canadian Military. Reconciling Soldiering: Militarized Masculinity and Therapeutic Practices in the Canadian Military.
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New England Journal of Medicine 2005, 352: 1289–1289. 10.1056/NEJMp058024PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Stevenson VE: Premature treatment termination by angry patients with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Military Medicine 2000, 165: 422–424.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Howell A: Reconciling Soldiering: Militarized Masculinity and Therapeutic Practices in the Canadian Military. Reconciling Soldiering: Militarized Masculinity and Therapeutic Practices in the Canadian Military. 47th Annual ISA Convention, 22–25 March 2006, San Diego, California - Ford JD, Greaves D, Chandler P, Thacker B, Shaw D, Sennhauser S, Schwartz L: Time-Limited Psychotherapy with Operation Desert Storm Veterans.
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Military Medicine 2000, 165: 422–424.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Howell A: Reconciling Soldiering: Militarized Masculinity and Therapeutic Practices in the Canadian Military. Reconciling Soldiering: Militarized Masculinity and Therapeutic Practices in the Canadian Military. 47th Annual ISA Convention, 22–25 March 2006, San Diego, California - Ford JD, Greaves D, Chandler P, Thacker B, Shaw D, Sennhauser S, Schwartz L: Time-Limited Psychotherapy with Operation Desert Storm Veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1997, 10: 655–664.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Bacon BL, Staudenmeier JJ: A historical overview of combat stress control units of the U.S. Army. Military Medicine 2003, 168: 689–693.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Hall DP, Cipriano ED, Bicknell G: Preventive mental health interventions in peacekeeping missions to Somalia and Haiti.
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Reconciling Soldiering: Militarized Masculinity and Therapeutic Practices in the Canadian Military. 47th Annual ISA Convention, 22–25 March 2006, San Diego, California - Ford JD, Greaves D, Chandler P, Thacker B, Shaw D, Sennhauser S, Schwartz L: Time-Limited Psychotherapy with Operation Desert Storm Veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1997, 10: 655–664.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Bacon BL, Staudenmeier JJ: A historical overview of combat stress control units of the U.S. Army. Military Medicine 2003, 168: 689–693.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Hall DP, Cipriano ED, Bicknell G: Preventive mental health interventions in peacekeeping missions to Somalia and Haiti. Military Medicine 1997, 162: 41–43.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Brusher EA: Combat and Operational Stress Control.
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47th Annual ISA Convention, 22–25 March 2006, San Diego, California - Ford JD, Greaves D, Chandler P, Thacker B, Shaw D, Sennhauser S, Schwartz L: Time-Limited Psychotherapy with Operation Desert Storm Veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1997, 10: 655–664.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Bacon BL, Staudenmeier JJ: A historical overview of combat stress control units of the U.S. Army. Military Medicine 2003, 168: 689–693.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Hall DP, Cipriano ED, Bicknell G: Preventive mental health interventions in peacekeeping missions to Somalia and Haiti. Military Medicine 1997, 162: 41–43.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Brusher EA: Combat and Operational Stress Control. International journal of emergency mental health 2007, 9: 111–122.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Deahl MP, Srinivasan M, Jones N, Thomas J, Neblett C, Jolly A: Preventing psychological trauma in soldiers: the role of operational stress training and psychological debriefing.
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Journal of Traumatic Stress 1997, 10: 655–664.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Bacon BL, Staudenmeier JJ: A historical overview of combat stress control units of the U.S. Army. Military Medicine 2003, 168: 689–693.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Hall DP, Cipriano ED, Bicknell G: Preventive mental health interventions in peacekeeping missions to Somalia and Haiti. Military Medicine 1997, 162: 41–43.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Brusher EA: Combat and Operational Stress Control. International journal of emergency mental health 2007, 9: 111–122.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Deahl MP, Srinivasan M, Jones N, Thomas J, Neblett C, Jolly A: Preventing psychological trauma in soldiers: the role of operational stress training and psychological debriefing. The British Journal Of Medical Psychology 2000, 73: 77–85.
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Military Medicine 2003, 168: 689–693.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Hall DP, Cipriano ED, Bicknell G: Preventive mental health interventions in peacekeeping missions to Somalia and Haiti. Military Medicine 1997, 162: 41–43.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Brusher EA: Combat and Operational Stress Control. International journal of emergency mental health 2007, 9: 111–122.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Deahl MP, Srinivasan M, Jones N, Thomas J, Neblett C, Jolly A: Preventing psychological trauma in soldiers: the role of operational stress training and psychological debriefing. The British Journal Of Medical Psychology 2000, 73: 77–85. 10.1348/000711200160318PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Sharpley JG, Fear NT, Greenberg N, Jones M, Wessely S: Pre-deployment stress briefing: does it have an effect?
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Military Medicine 1997, 162: 41–43.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Brusher EA: Combat and Operational Stress Control. International journal of emergency mental health 2007, 9: 111–122.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Deahl MP, Srinivasan M, Jones N, Thomas J, Neblett C, Jolly A: Preventing psychological trauma in soldiers: the role of operational stress training and psychological debriefing. The British Journal Of Medical Psychology 2000, 73: 77–85. 10.1348/000711200160318PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Sharpley JG, Fear NT, Greenberg N, Jones M, Wessely S: Pre-deployment stress briefing: does it have an effect? Occupational medicine (Oxford, England) 2008, 58: 30–34.View ArticleGoogle Scholar - Maguen S, Litz B: Predictors of Barriers to Mental Health Treatment for Kosovo and Bosnia Peacekeepers: A Preliminary Report.
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International journal of emergency mental health 2007, 9: 111–122.PubMedGoogle Scholar - Deahl MP, Srinivasan M, Jones N, Thomas J, Neblett C, Jolly A: Preventing psychological trauma in soldiers: the role of operational stress training and psychological debriefing. The British Journal Of Medical Psychology 2000, 73: 77–85. 10.1348/000711200160318PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Sharpley JG, Fear NT, Greenberg N, Jones M, Wessely S: Pre-deployment stress briefing: does it have an effect? Occupational medicine (Oxford, England) 2008, 58: 30–34.View ArticleGoogle Scholar - Maguen S, Litz B: Predictors of Barriers to Mental Health Treatment for Kosovo and Bosnia Peacekeepers: A Preliminary Report. Military Medicine 2006, 171: 454–458.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Hoge C: Soldiers hide trauma.
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The British Journal Of Medical Psychology 2000, 73: 77–85. 10.1348/000711200160318PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Sharpley JG, Fear NT, Greenberg N, Jones M, Wessely S: Pre-deployment stress briefing: does it have an effect? Occupational medicine (Oxford, England) 2008, 58: 30–34.View ArticleGoogle Scholar - Maguen S, Litz B: Predictors of Barriers to Mental Health Treatment for Kosovo and Bosnia Peacekeepers: A Preliminary Report. Military Medicine 2006, 171: 454–458.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Hoge C: Soldiers hide trauma. Counselling & Psychotherapy Journal 2004, 15: 23–23.Google Scholar - Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL: Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care.
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10.1348/000711200160318PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Sharpley JG, Fear NT, Greenberg N, Jones M, Wessely S: Pre-deployment stress briefing: does it have an effect? Occupational medicine (Oxford, England) 2008, 58: 30–34.View ArticleGoogle Scholar - Maguen S, Litz B: Predictors of Barriers to Mental Health Treatment for Kosovo and Bosnia Peacekeepers: A Preliminary Report. Military Medicine 2006, 171: 454–458.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Hoge C: Soldiers hide trauma. Counselling & Psychotherapy Journal 2004, 15: 23–23.Google Scholar - Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL: Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. The New England journal of medicine 2004, 351: 13–22.
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Occupational medicine (Oxford, England) 2008, 58: 30–34.View ArticleGoogle Scholar - Maguen S, Litz B: Predictors of Barriers to Mental Health Treatment for Kosovo and Bosnia Peacekeepers: A Preliminary Report. Military Medicine 2006, 171: 454–458.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Hoge C: Soldiers hide trauma. Counselling & Psychotherapy Journal 2004, 15: 23–23.Google Scholar - Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL: Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. The New England journal of medicine 2004, 351: 13–22. 10.1056/NEJMoa040603PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Armstrong K, Best S, Domenici P: Courage After Fire: Coping Strategies for Troops Returning from Iraq and Afghanistan and Their Families.
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Military Medicine 2006, 171: 454–458.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Hoge C: Soldiers hide trauma. Counselling & Psychotherapy Journal 2004, 15: 23–23.Google Scholar - Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL: Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. The New England journal of medicine 2004, 351: 13–22. 10.1056/NEJMoa040603PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Armstrong K, Best S, Domenici P: Courage After Fire: Coping Strategies for Troops Returning from Iraq and Afghanistan and Their Families. 1st edition.
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Counselling & Psychotherapy Journal 2004, 15: 23–23.Google Scholar - Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL: Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. The New England journal of medicine 2004, 351: 13–22. 10.1056/NEJMoa040603PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Armstrong K, Best S, Domenici P: Courage After Fire: Coping Strategies for Troops Returning from Iraq and Afghanistan and Their Families. 1st edition. Ulysses Press; 2005.Google Scholar - James LC: Does Every Returning Soldier Experience PTSD?
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1st edition. Ulysses Press; 2005.Google Scholar - James LC: Does Every Returning Soldier Experience PTSD? PsycCRITIQUES 2006., 51: Google Scholar - Eaton KM, Hoge CW, Messer SC, Whitt AA, Cabrera OA, McGurk D, Cox A, Castro CA: Prevalence of mental health problems, treatment need, and barriers to care among primary care-seeking spouses of military service members involved in Iraq and Afghanistan deployments. Military Medicine 2008, 173: 1051–1056.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Milliken CS, Auchterlonie JL, Hoge CW: Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. JAMA 2007, 298: 2141–2148.
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Ulysses Press; 2005.Google Scholar - James LC: Does Every Returning Soldier Experience PTSD? PsycCRITIQUES 2006., 51: Google Scholar - Eaton KM, Hoge CW, Messer SC, Whitt AA, Cabrera OA, McGurk D, Cox A, Castro CA: Prevalence of mental health problems, treatment need, and barriers to care among primary care-seeking spouses of military service members involved in Iraq and Afghanistan deployments. Military Medicine 2008, 173: 1051–1056.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Milliken CS, Auchterlonie JL, Hoge CW: Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. JAMA 2007, 298: 2141–2148. 10.1001/jama.298.18.2141PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Dirkzwager AJE, Bramsen I, Adèr H, Ploeg HM: Secondary Traumatization in Partners and Parents of Dutch Peacekeeping Soldiers.
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PsycCRITIQUES 2006., 51: Google Scholar - Eaton KM, Hoge CW, Messer SC, Whitt AA, Cabrera OA, McGurk D, Cox A, Castro CA: Prevalence of mental health problems, treatment need, and barriers to care among primary care-seeking spouses of military service members involved in Iraq and Afghanistan deployments. Military Medicine 2008, 173: 1051–1056.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Milliken CS, Auchterlonie JL, Hoge CW: Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. JAMA 2007, 298: 2141–2148. 10.1001/jama.298.18.2141PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Dirkzwager AJE, Bramsen I, Adèr H, Ploeg HM: Secondary Traumatization in Partners and Parents of Dutch Peacekeeping Soldiers. Journal of Family Psychology 2005, 19: 217–226.
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10.1023/A:1011160606866PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Smith MH, Brady PJ: Changing the face of Abu Ghraib through mental health intervention: U.S. Army mental health team conducts debriefing with military policemen and Iraqi detainees. Military Medicine 2006, 171: 1163–1166.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Shapiro F, Vogelmann-Sine S, Sine LF: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: treating trauma and substance abuse. Journal of psychoactive drugs 1994, 26: 379–391.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Shapiro F, Maxfield L: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): information processing in the treatment of trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2002, 58: 933–946. 10.1002/jclp.10068PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Macklin ML, Metzger LJ, Lasko NB, Berry NJ, Orr SP, Pitman RK: Five-year follow-up study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Military Medicine 2006, 171: 1163–1166.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Shapiro F, Vogelmann-Sine S, Sine LF: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: treating trauma and substance abuse. Journal of psychoactive drugs 1994, 26: 379–391.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Shapiro F, Maxfield L: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): information processing in the treatment of trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2002, 58: 933–946. 10.1002/jclp.10068PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Macklin ML, Metzger LJ, Lasko NB, Berry NJ, Orr SP, Pitman RK: Five-year follow-up study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry 2000, 41: 24–27.
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Journal of psychoactive drugs 1994, 26: 379–391.PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Shapiro F, Maxfield L: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): information processing in the treatment of trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2002, 58: 933–946. 10.1002/jclp.10068PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Macklin ML, Metzger LJ, Lasko NB, Berry NJ, Orr SP, Pitman RK: Five-year follow-up study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry 2000, 41: 24–27. 10.1016/S0010-440X(00)90127-5PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Pitman RK, Orr SP, Altman B, Longpre RE, Poire RE, Macklin ML: Emotional processing during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy of Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Journal of Clinical Psychology 2002, 58: 933–946. 10.1002/jclp.10068PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Macklin ML, Metzger LJ, Lasko NB, Berry NJ, Orr SP, Pitman RK: Five-year follow-up study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry 2000, 41: 24–27. 10.1016/S0010-440X(00)90127-5PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Pitman RK, Orr SP, Altman B, Longpre RE, Poire RE, Macklin ML: Emotional processing during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy of Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry 1996, 37: 419–429.
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10.1002/jclp.10068PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Macklin ML, Metzger LJ, Lasko NB, Berry NJ, Orr SP, Pitman RK: Five-year follow-up study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry 2000, 41: 24–27. 10.1016/S0010-440X(00)90127-5PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Pitman RK, Orr SP, Altman B, Longpre RE, Poire RE, Macklin ML: Emotional processing during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy of Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry 1996, 37: 419–429. 10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90025-5PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd.
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Comprehensive psychiatry 2000, 41: 24–27. 10.1016/S0010-440X(00)90127-5PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Pitman RK, Orr SP, Altman B, Longpre RE, Poire RE, Macklin ML: Emotional processing during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy of Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry 1996, 37: 419–429. 10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90025-5PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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10.1016/S0010-440X(00)90127-5PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar - Pitman RK, Orr SP, Altman B, Longpre RE, Poire RE, Macklin ML: Emotional processing during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy of Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry 1996, 37: 419–429. 10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90025-5PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Comprehensive psychiatry 1996, 37: 419–429. 10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90025-5PubMedView ArticleGoogle Scholar This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Meng-Chuan Lai, et.al., Autism, The Lancet 2014, volume 383, issue 9920, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61539-1 Genetics has a key role in the etiology of autism, in conjunction with developmentally early environmental factors. Large-effecct rare mutations and small-effect common variants contribute to risk. In ICD-10, autism was referred to as pervasive developmental disorder, emphasized the early onset of a triad of features: impairments in social interaction; impairments in communication; and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behavior, interests, and activities.
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Meng-Chuan Lai, et.al., Autism, The Lancet 2014, volume 383, issue 9920, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61539-1 Genetics has a key role in the etiology of autism, in conjunction with developmentally early environmental factors. Large-effecct rare mutations and small-effect common variants contribute to risk. In ICD-10, autism was referred to as pervasive developmental disorder, emphasized the early onset of a triad of features: impairments in social interaction; impairments in communication; and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behavior, interests, and activities. Nowadays, the median worldwide prevalence of autism is 0.62-0.70%. Large-scale population-based studies have shown that 2-3 times more males are affected.
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Large-effecct rare mutations and small-effect common variants contribute to risk. In ICD-10, autism was referred to as pervasive developmental disorder, emphasized the early onset of a triad of features: impairments in social interaction; impairments in communication; and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behavior, interests, and activities. Nowadays, the median worldwide prevalence of autism is 0.62-0.70%. Large-scale population-based studies have shown that 2-3 times more males are affected. Understanding of gene-envioronment interplay in autism is still at an early stage.
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In ICD-10, autism was referred to as pervasive developmental disorder, emphasized the early onset of a triad of features: impairments in social interaction; impairments in communication; and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behavior, interests, and activities. Nowadays, the median worldwide prevalence of autism is 0.62-0.70%. Large-scale population-based studies have shown that 2-3 times more males are affected. Understanding of gene-envioronment interplay in autism is still at an early stage. Could be related to germ line mutation, particularly when paternal in origin.
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Alternatively, individuals who have children late in life might do so because they have the broader autism phenotype. Prevalence of autism have been reported to be two times higher in cities where many jobs are in the information-technology sector than elsewhere. Individuals with autism have a mortality risk that is 2.8 times higher. Signs of autism are not reliably present at birth, but emerge through a process of diminishing, delayed, or atypical development of social-communication behaviors, starting between the age of 6 and 12 months. Autism is characterized by atypical neural connectivity, rather than by a discrete set of atypical brain connectivity.
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Prevalence of autism have been reported to be two times higher in cities where many jobs are in the information-technology sector than elsewhere. Individuals with autism have a mortality risk that is 2.8 times higher. Signs of autism are not reliably present at birth, but emerge through a process of diminishing, delayed, or atypical development of social-communication behaviors, starting between the age of 6 and 12 months. Autism is characterized by atypical neural connectivity, rather than by a discrete set of atypical brain connectivity. One frequently reported neuroanatomical feature of autism is a trajectory of generalized early brain over-growth when aged 6-24 months.
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Signs of autism are not reliably present at birth, but emerge through a process of diminishing, delayed, or atypical development of social-communication behaviors, starting between the age of 6 and 12 months. Autism is characterized by atypical neural connectivity, rather than by a discrete set of atypical brain connectivity. One frequently reported neuroanatomical feature of autism is a trajectory of generalized early brain over-growth when aged 6-24 months. Neuroimmune mechanisms could have key roles in some aspects of the pathophysiology of autism, but the exact biology awaits clarification. Twin studies have suggested that autism have high heritability (more than 80%).
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One frequently reported neuroanatomical feature of autism is a trajectory of generalized early brain over-growth when aged 6-24 months. Neuroimmune mechanisms could have key roles in some aspects of the pathophysiology of autism, but the exact biology awaits clarification. Twin studies have suggested that autism have high heritability (more than 80%). The genetic architecture of autism have proved to be complex and heterogeneous. Some of these rare mutations are clinically identifiable; therefore, screening is recommended as part of routine clinical examination.
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Burden of illness. AS is a relatively common disorder of elderly patients and is the most common acquired valve disorder in the United States. Approximately 2-4% of individuals older than 65 years of age have evidence of significant AS, increasing up to 8% of individuals by age 85 years. In the Helsinki Aging Study, a population-based study of 501 patients aged 75-86 years, the prevalence of severe aortic stenosis by echocardiography was estimated to be 2.9%. In the US, more than 50,000 aortic valve replacements are performed annually due to severe AS.
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AS is a relatively common disorder of elderly patients and is the most common acquired valve disorder in the United States. Approximately 2-4% of individuals older than 65 years of age have evidence of significant AS, increasing up to 8% of individuals by age 85 years. In the Helsinki Aging Study, a population-based study of 501 patients aged 75-86 years, the prevalence of severe aortic stenosis by echocardiography was estimated to be 2.9%. In the US, more than 50,000 aortic valve replacements are performed annually due to severe AS. AS does not cause substantial morbidity or mortality when the disease is mild or moderate in severity.
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Approximately 2-4% of individuals older than 65 years of age have evidence of significant AS, increasing up to 8% of individuals by age 85 years. In the Helsinki Aging Study, a population-based study of 501 patients aged 75-86 years, the prevalence of severe aortic stenosis by echocardiography was estimated to be 2.9%. In the US, more than 50,000 aortic valve replacements are performed annually due to severe AS. AS does not cause substantial morbidity or mortality when the disease is mild or moderate in severity. By the time it reaches the severe stage, there is an untreated mortality rate of approximately 50% within 2 years.
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Dataset details

A sample from the dataset:

{
    "anchor": "During these reprocessing procedures, patients report experiencing new insights, changes in their memories, or new associations between these different aspects [59, 60]. Positive short term effects of EMDR were reported for Vietnam veterans [61, 62]. A German study  compared 89 soldiers returning from peacekeeping missions who were treated with either EMDR or with relaxation exercises. The authors report that inpatient treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing significantly improved the course of patients' PTSD. Interestingly, the Impact of Event Scale demonstrated significantly poorer long-term outcomes for patients who had come face-to-face with death during the traumatic event .",
    "code_score": 1,
    "edu_score": 2
}

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from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset("ashercn97/medical-v034-scored")
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