ceaglex/VisualTTS_Chem · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 19 206
wXt_tUPtAe8-017\|Every 10-electron species that's slightly excited-- that is, has a 3s1 electron-- will have this electronic configuration.
wXt_tUPtAe8-018\|Electronic configurations are not unique.
wXt_tUPtAe8-019\|If you have to put 10 electrons around an atom, you have to put them in a certain way.
wXt_tUPtAe8-020\|It's the number of protons that determine what the atom actually is, whether it's a sodium or fluorine.
wXt_tUPtAe8-021\|The number of electrons is completely independent.
wXt_tUPtAe8-022\|I could have too many electrons, I could have a negative ion, I can remove electrons and have the positive ion.
wXt_tUPtAe8-023\|So almost any element can have almost any electronic configuration.
wXt_tUPtAe8-024\|So you have to know, to determine the species, the number of protons in the nucleus.
wXt_tUPtAe8-025\|We don't know that here.
k3ISd1oHxKA-000\|If I have a particle that has wavelike properties and is trapped in a box, we understand that it has different energy states.
k3ISd1oHxKA-001\|And how do I make a transition between one energy state and the next energy state?
k3ISd1oHxKA-002\|Well, I absorb energy.
k3ISd1oHxKA-006\|Now, I haven't drawn A and B to scale.
k3ISd1oHxKA-007\|The question is, which transition is bigger, has the larger energy transition?
k3ISd1oHxKA-008\|Is A bigger than B?
k3ISd1oHxKA-009\|Are they about the same, or is A smaller than B?
k3ISd1oHxKA-013\|We're looking at identical particles trapped in two different boxes, one box twice the size of the other box.
k3ISd1oHxKA-015\|Well, you could calculate the energies based on this expression.
k3ISd1oHxKA-016\|But you could also just look at the energy levels of both boxes.
k3ISd1oHxKA-017\|Here's n equals 1, for instance, for the smaller box, and n equals 2 for the smaller box.
k3ISd1oHxKA-018\|n equals 1 for the larger box here, and n equals 2 for the larger box.
k3ISd1oHxKA-019\|And here's where you notice something interesting.
k3ISd1oHxKA-020\|If n equals 2 and you put that into the expression, you get a 2 here and a 2L here.
k3ISd1oHxKA-022\|So you get cancellation in the 2 case for both the larger box and n equal 1 case for the smaller box.
k3ISd1oHxKA-023\|Those energy levels turn out to be the same.
k3ISd1oHxKA-026\|So the correct answer here, A transition smaller than B transition.
SKjxtaGYxjk-000\|Let's look at the periodic table in a slightly different way.
SKjxtaGYxjk-001\|What I've done here is I've written out the periodic table and I've represented by dots the number of electrons in the outermost shell.
SKjxtaGYxjk-006\|And if you have the same number of valence electrons, you'll have the same properties.
SKjxtaGYxjk-007\|You'll react the same.
SKjxtaGYxjk-008\|You'll bond the same to other atoms.
SKjxtaGYxjk-009\|And that's why, in the periodic table, elements with similar properties line up because they have similar numbers of valence electrons.
SKjxtaGYxjk-010\|So our valence electrons go from one to eight along principal quantum level two and from one to eight along principal quantum level three.
SKjxtaGYxjk-014\|Neon and argon have a closed shell, stable octet of electrons.
SKjxtaGYxjk-015\|They're not as reactive as their counterparts in the corresponding rows.
SKjxtaGYxjk-016\|Same thing with helium, it's a closed shell of two electrons.
SKjxtaGYxjk-017\|That's the maximum number of electrons in principle quantum level one.
SKjxtaGYxjk-018\|And helium is also not very reactive.
SKjxtaGYxjk-019\|But what we're going to look at now is how these valence electrons affect the bonding and the reactions of the elements in the periodic table.
SKjxtaGYxjk-020\|In fact, reactions and bonding are the subject of pretty much the rest of chem one.
WVLx-q-hZGk-000\|Let's look at the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, our strong acid, HCl, and our strong base, NaOH.
WVLx-q-hZGk-001\|HCl, the strong acid, totally dissociates in water.
WVLx-q-hZGk-002\|In fact, that's the definition of strong acid-- totally dissociates in water.
WVLx-q-hZGk-003\|NaOH totally dissociates in water.
WVLx-q-hZGk-004\|That's a strong base.
WVLx-q-hZGk-005\|If I titrate an HCl solution with 0.1 molar NaOH, I get this titration curve.
WVLx-q-hZGk-006\|The question is, how does the titration curve change if I titrate with 0.2 molar NaOH?
WVLx-q-hZGk-014\|We're talking about titrating HCl, a strong acid, with two different strong base solutions.
WVLx-q-hZGk-015\|One, 0.1 molar, and then doing it again with 0.2 molar strong base.
WVLx-q-hZGk-016\|The question is, how does that second-- 0.2 molar-- pH curve look?
WVLx-q-hZGk-017\|Well, the initial HCl concentration is the same, so I'm titrating the same acid solution.
WVLx-q-hZGk-018\|So the starting point is the same.
WVLx-q-hZGk-019\|So A is out already.
WVLx-q-hZGk-024\|So the new pH curve will look like this, an equivalence point twice as early in half the volume.
WVLx-q-hZGk-025\|And that's selection C. The correct answer here is C.
4nVIxjOAAGY-002\|Now, that's what I do for steric number two.
4nVIxjOAAGY-005\|How about steric number three?
4nVIxjOAAGY-006\|When I've steric number three, I need to accommodate bond angles of 120 degrees.
4nVIxjOAAGY-011\|So hybridisation allows us to accommodate the geometry for various steric numbers.
ZwsWjelzqDA-000\|Particles, especially tiny ones, have a wavelike property that we can resolve.
ZwsWjelzqDA-001\|And we saw that with electrons going through a crystal diffracting.
ZwsWjelzqDA-003\|It actually gets a little spookier than that.
ZwsWjelzqDA-006\|It's a very, very, very spooky property of matter.
ZwsWjelzqDA-007\|And from here on in chemistry we're going to talk about those very spooky quantum properties of matter.
ZwsWjelzqDA-008\|Let's start by looking at a classic experiment or a classic calculation, a particle in a box.
ZwsWjelzqDA-009\|You can imagine taking a particle that has a wavelike property and trapping it in a small region of space.
ZwsWjelzqDA-012\|I'll say a box of length L, and the particle has to be between here and here.
ZwsWjelzqDA-013\|It'll have a wavelike property, so I'll draw a wavelike expression on this box.
ZwsWjelzqDA-014\|Now, this wavelike expression I'll call the wave function of that particle.
ZwsWjelzqDA-015\|The wave function of that particle will give the designation psi, in this case psi of x because this is the x dimension in space.
ZwsWjelzqDA-016\|Now, we've already said that the intensity of the wave squared is going to give us indication of the probability of finding the particle.
ZwsWjelzqDA-017\|So the probability size squared gives us the probability of finding the particle.
ZwsWjelzqDA-018\|Clearly in this case, the probability of finding the particle right in the middle of the box would be very high if this particle behaves like a wave.
ZwsWjelzqDA-019\|Well, how do I come up with these wave functions?
ZwsWjelzqDA-020\|Well, I can actually do some mathematics.
ZwsWjelzqDA-022\|And when I do those things, I can solve the differential equation for the particle stuck in this tiny little box.
ZwsWjelzqDA-023\|It's behaving like a wave.
ZwsWjelzqDA-024\|There are those wave functions psi.
ZwsWjelzqDA-025\|These are how the wave functions psi must interact with each other if it's a particle to be stuck in this box.
ZwsWjelzqDA-026\|Now, we won't go through all the mathematics, but you can solve this.
ZwsWjelzqDA-027\|And when you solve this equation, you get an expression for psi.
ZwsWjelzqDA-028\|It's not that hard to understand.
ZwsWjelzqDA-029\|And it looks like a wave function.
ZwsWjelzqDA-033\|There's not just one solution to this expression.
ZwsWjelzqDA-034\|There's multiple solutions.
ZwsWjelzqDA-035\|All the integers n work and give you a solution to this equation.
ZwsWjelzqDA-036\|So that means there's not one wave function that works.
ZwsWjelzqDA-037\|There are several wave functions that work.
ZwsWjelzqDA-038\|You can have a ground state, the smallest value of n, but you can have what we call excited states.
ZwsWjelzqDA-039\|Higher values of n also give wave functions, and you can tell what happens.
ZwsWjelzqDA-043\|We can also say, well, what's the energy of that particle?
ZwsWjelzqDA-044\|We can calculate the energy using our expression for the wave function and the probability squared.
ZwsWjelzqDA-045\|And we can say, well, I'll rank the energy.
ZwsWjelzqDA-046\|These particles increase in energy as n increases.
ZwsWjelzqDA-048\|The length of the box, the quantum number, Planck's constant are all in there.
ZwsWjelzqDA-049\|So I can then plot out, well, the lowest energy state n equal 1.
ZwsWjelzqDA-050\|We have no n equal 0 state.
ZwsWjelzqDA-051\|N equal 1 is where we start our counting.
ZwsWjelzqDA-052\|N equal 2, higher energy state.
ZwsWjelzqDA-053\|You'll see n goes in as the square, so higher n, higher energy state.

wXt_tUPtAe8-017|Every 10-electron species that's slightly excited-- that is, has a 3s1 electron-- will have this electronic configuration.

wXt_tUPtAe8-018|Electronic configurations are not unique.

wXt_tUPtAe8-019|If you have to put 10 electrons around an atom, you have to put them in a certain way.

wXt_tUPtAe8-020|It's the number of protons that determine what the atom actually is, whether it's a sodium or fluorine.

wXt_tUPtAe8-021|The number of electrons is completely independent.

wXt_tUPtAe8-022|I could have too many electrons, I could have a negative ion, I can remove electrons and have the positive ion.

wXt_tUPtAe8-023|So almost any element can have almost any electronic configuration.

wXt_tUPtAe8-024|So you have to know, to determine the species, the number of protons in the nucleus.

wXt_tUPtAe8-025|We don't know that here.

k3ISd1oHxKA-000|If I have a particle that has wavelike properties and is trapped in a box, we understand that it has different energy states.

k3ISd1oHxKA-001|And how do I make a transition between one energy state and the next energy state?

k3ISd1oHxKA-002|Well, I absorb energy.

k3ISd1oHxKA-006|Now, I haven't drawn A and B to scale.

k3ISd1oHxKA-007|The question is, which transition is bigger, has the larger energy transition?

k3ISd1oHxKA-008|Is A bigger than B?

k3ISd1oHxKA-009|Are they about the same, or is A smaller than B?

k3ISd1oHxKA-013|We're looking at identical particles trapped in two different boxes, one box twice the size of the other box.

k3ISd1oHxKA-015|Well, you could calculate the energies based on this expression.

k3ISd1oHxKA-016|But you could also just look at the energy levels of both boxes.

k3ISd1oHxKA-017|Here's n equals 1, for instance, for the smaller box, and n equals 2 for the smaller box.

k3ISd1oHxKA-018|n equals 1 for the larger box here, and n equals 2 for the larger box.

k3ISd1oHxKA-019|And here's where you notice something interesting.

k3ISd1oHxKA-020|If n equals 2 and you put that into the expression, you get a 2 here and a 2L here.

k3ISd1oHxKA-022|So you get cancellation in the 2 case for both the larger box and n equal 1 case for the smaller box.

k3ISd1oHxKA-023|Those energy levels turn out to be the same.

k3ISd1oHxKA-026|So the correct answer here, A transition smaller than B transition.

SKjxtaGYxjk-000|Let's look at the periodic table in a slightly different way.

SKjxtaGYxjk-001|What I've done here is I've written out the periodic table and I've represented by dots the number of electrons in the outermost shell.

SKjxtaGYxjk-006|And if you have the same number of valence electrons, you'll have the same properties.

SKjxtaGYxjk-007|You'll react the same.

SKjxtaGYxjk-008|You'll bond the same to other atoms.

SKjxtaGYxjk-009|And that's why, in the periodic table, elements with similar properties line up because they have similar numbers of valence electrons.

SKjxtaGYxjk-010|So our valence electrons go from one to eight along principal quantum level two and from one to eight along principal quantum level three.

SKjxtaGYxjk-014|Neon and argon have a closed shell, stable octet of electrons.

SKjxtaGYxjk-015|They're not as reactive as their counterparts in the corresponding rows.

SKjxtaGYxjk-016|Same thing with helium, it's a closed shell of two electrons.

SKjxtaGYxjk-017|That's the maximum number of electrons in principle quantum level one.

SKjxtaGYxjk-018|And helium is also not very reactive.

SKjxtaGYxjk-019|But what we're going to look at now is how these valence electrons affect the bonding and the reactions of the elements in the periodic table.

SKjxtaGYxjk-020|In fact, reactions and bonding are the subject of pretty much the rest of chem one.

WVLx-q-hZGk-000|Let's look at the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, our strong acid, HCl, and our strong base, NaOH.

WVLx-q-hZGk-001|HCl, the strong acid, totally dissociates in water.

WVLx-q-hZGk-002|In fact, that's the definition of strong acid-- totally dissociates in water.

WVLx-q-hZGk-003|NaOH totally dissociates in water.

WVLx-q-hZGk-004|That's a strong base.

WVLx-q-hZGk-005|If I titrate an HCl solution with 0.1 molar NaOH, I get this titration curve.

WVLx-q-hZGk-006|The question is, how does the titration curve change if I titrate with 0.2 molar NaOH?

WVLx-q-hZGk-014|We're talking about titrating HCl, a strong acid, with two different strong base solutions.

WVLx-q-hZGk-015|One, 0.1 molar, and then doing it again with 0.2 molar strong base.

WVLx-q-hZGk-016|The question is, how does that second-- 0.2 molar-- pH curve look?

WVLx-q-hZGk-017|Well, the initial HCl concentration is the same, so I'm titrating the same acid solution.

WVLx-q-hZGk-018|So the starting point is the same.

WVLx-q-hZGk-019|So A is out already.

WVLx-q-hZGk-024|So the new pH curve will look like this, an equivalence point twice as early in half the volume.

WVLx-q-hZGk-025|And that's selection C. The correct answer here is C.

4nVIxjOAAGY-002|Now, that's what I do for steric number two.

4nVIxjOAAGY-005|How about steric number three?

4nVIxjOAAGY-006|When I've steric number three, I need to accommodate bond angles of 120 degrees.

4nVIxjOAAGY-011|So hybridisation allows us to accommodate the geometry for various steric numbers.

ZwsWjelzqDA-000|Particles, especially tiny ones, have a wavelike property that we can resolve.

ZwsWjelzqDA-001|And we saw that with electrons going through a crystal diffracting.

ZwsWjelzqDA-003|It actually gets a little spookier than that.

ZwsWjelzqDA-006|It's a very, very, very spooky property of matter.

ZwsWjelzqDA-007|And from here on in chemistry we're going to talk about those very spooky quantum properties of matter.

ZwsWjelzqDA-008|Let's start by looking at a classic experiment or a classic calculation, a particle in a box.

ZwsWjelzqDA-009|You can imagine taking a particle that has a wavelike property and trapping it in a small region of space.

ZwsWjelzqDA-012|I'll say a box of length L, and the particle has to be between here and here.

ZwsWjelzqDA-013|It'll have a wavelike property, so I'll draw a wavelike expression on this box.

ZwsWjelzqDA-014|Now, this wavelike expression I'll call the wave function of that particle.

ZwsWjelzqDA-015|The wave function of that particle will give the designation psi, in this case psi of x because this is the x dimension in space.

ZwsWjelzqDA-016|Now, we've already said that the intensity of the wave squared is going to give us indication of the probability of finding the particle.

ZwsWjelzqDA-017|So the probability size squared gives us the probability of finding the particle.

ZwsWjelzqDA-018|Clearly in this case, the probability of finding the particle right in the middle of the box would be very high if this particle behaves like a wave.

ZwsWjelzqDA-019|Well, how do I come up with these wave functions?

ZwsWjelzqDA-020|Well, I can actually do some mathematics.

ZwsWjelzqDA-022|And when I do those things, I can solve the differential equation for the particle stuck in this tiny little box.

ZwsWjelzqDA-023|It's behaving like a wave.

ZwsWjelzqDA-024|There are those wave functions psi.

ZwsWjelzqDA-025|These are how the wave functions psi must interact with each other if it's a particle to be stuck in this box.

ZwsWjelzqDA-026|Now, we won't go through all the mathematics, but you can solve this.

ZwsWjelzqDA-027|And when you solve this equation, you get an expression for psi.

ZwsWjelzqDA-028|It's not that hard to understand.

ZwsWjelzqDA-029|And it looks like a wave function.

ZwsWjelzqDA-033|There's not just one solution to this expression.

ZwsWjelzqDA-034|There's multiple solutions.

ZwsWjelzqDA-035|All the integers n work and give you a solution to this equation.

ZwsWjelzqDA-036|So that means there's not one wave function that works.

ZwsWjelzqDA-037|There are several wave functions that work.

ZwsWjelzqDA-038|You can have a ground state, the smallest value of n, but you can have what we call excited states.

ZwsWjelzqDA-039|Higher values of n also give wave functions, and you can tell what happens.

ZwsWjelzqDA-043|We can also say, well, what's the energy of that particle?

ZwsWjelzqDA-044|We can calculate the energy using our expression for the wave function and the probability squared.

ZwsWjelzqDA-045|And we can say, well, I'll rank the energy.

ZwsWjelzqDA-046|These particles increase in energy as n increases.

ZwsWjelzqDA-048|The length of the box, the quantum number, Planck's constant are all in there.

ZwsWjelzqDA-049|So I can then plot out, well, the lowest energy state n equal 1.

ZwsWjelzqDA-050|We have no n equal 0 state.

ZwsWjelzqDA-051|N equal 1 is where we start our counting.

ZwsWjelzqDA-052|N equal 2, higher energy state.

ZwsWjelzqDA-053|You'll see n goes in as the square, so higher n, higher energy state.