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The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene — Recommend this title to your library
Volume 1, Issue 3, 1952
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - Volume 1, Issue 3, 1952
The Elephant Never Forgets 1
Fred L. Soper
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1952.1.361
Hans Zinsser, in 1935, when louse-borne typhus was of no concern to health workers in the United States and DDT was still unknown as an insecticide, wrote:
"Typhus is not dead. It will live for centuries, and it will continue to break into the open, whenever human stupidity and brutality give it a chance as, most likely, they occasionally will. But its freedom of action is being restricted and, more and more, it will be confined, like other savage creatures, in the zoological garden of controlled diseases."
I have taken the long-memoried elephant as the symbol of the savage communicable diseases, whose activities are being more and more restricted but which have never lost their instinct and capacity for human destruction.
Within five years of Zinsser's prophecy, World War II, with its excess of "human stupidity and brutality," unleashed typhus in Poland, Russia, Iran, Egypt, North Africa, Italy; in the concentration camps of Germany and Austria, and in Japan.
Panel Papers on Resistance of Insects to Insecticides
Samuel W. Simmons
There could hardly be a more timely subject in the entire field of insect vector control than the present one.
Within the last decade we were within sight of realizing our fondest hopes in the eradication of, or at least effective control of, many arthropod borne diseases and pestiferous insects. The last few years of this decade, however, have dealt a blow to these aspirations by the fact that insects have developed resistance to our most potent chemical weapons. We now must go back and reorganize our forces for a new attack. The following speakers were asked to participate in this Panel not only because of their preeminence in the field, but because their respective interests and work combine to cover almost all phases of the problem confronting us.
First, Dr. A. D. Hess, of the U. S. Public Health Service, discusses the "Significance of Resistance to Insecticides in Vector Control Programs."
The Significance of Insecticide Resistance in Vector Control Programs 1
Archie D. Hess
Introduction. The occurrence of resistance to insecticides is not new. John B. Smith apparently observed resistance to kerosene in the San Jose scale in 1887 (Babers and Pratt, 1951). Since 1914, when Melander asked his now famous question "Can insects become resistant to sprays", at least a dozen agricultural species have developed varying degrees of resistance to insecticides. The problem of insecticide resistance did not, however, become of general concern to medical entomologists until some time after DDT had come into widespread use.
It is the purpose of the present paper to present a summary review of the impact of insecticide resistance upon vector control and related programs in various parts of the world and its implications for the future. Pertinent information has been obtained from literature, from personal correspondence and discussions, and from the results of recent investigations being conducted by the Communicable Disease Center.
Present Status of Mosquito Resistance to Insecticides
E. F. Knipling
Several species of culicine mosquitoes, including Culex pipiens autogenicus, C. tarsalis, Aedes taeniorhynchus, A. sollicitans, A. nigromaculis, and A. dorsalis, have developed resistance to DDT in localized areas. This resistance is sufficiently high to make control measures with DDT impractical. Moreover, some of the species have developed resistance to substitute insecticides used for their control, including toxaphene, benzene hexachloride and aldrin.
Resistance to DDT among natural populations of Anopheles mosquitoes has not yet been established, even though intensive control operations have been carried out for several years in many areas, but we have no assurance that insecticide-resistant strains of Anopheles cannot develop.
It is my opnion that intensive and widespread application of DDT and other insecticides to both larval and adult culicine mosquitoes is the primary reason for the appearance of resistant strains in certain areas. Antilarval measures other than the use of insecticides and the application of antiadult measures to minimum size localized areas may prevent or delay the appearance of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes. Further research to develop new mosquito insecticides and an expanded program of basic studies on the resistance problem are needed.
House Fly Resistance to Chemicals 1
George C. Decker and Willis N. Bruce
It is no doubt significant that housefly resistance to DDT was first recognized and reported in Europe, where DDT came into commercial use in 1944 and was used extensively by civil and military personnel in 1945. In 1947, Sacca and Missiroli attributed the failure of DDT to control flies in Italy to the presence of a variety of house fly which had become resistant to DDT. About the same time Wiesmann (1947) reported house fly resistance in Sweden. Two years later Keiding and Van Deurs (1949) in three short paragraphs summarized the course of events which was apparently common throughout Europe, as follows:
"Already in 1946 there were some isolated complaints of failing effect, and in the summer of 1947 the fly control failed in a great many places.
The Current Status of Physiological Studies on DDT Resistance
Leigh E. Chadwick
Introduction. Insecticide resistance, a development first noticed some fifty years ago (Smith, 1897), is a major problem confronting the medical and economic entomologist today. Realization of this unpleasant fact is growing rapidly (Babers, 1949, 1951), thanks mainly to the conspicuous failure of DDT to provide satisfactory control of flies in some areas where earlier this agent was highly effective. Disconcerting as this situation is, still more so is the experience that empirical attempts at solution of the difficulty have served to emphasize the gravity of the present state of affairs rather than to provide the practical answers sought. Attention has thus been directed anew toward the need for a better understanding of the basic phenomena involved. It is the purpose of this discussion to present a brief evaluation of the physiological data which are now available for application to the problem.
Further Observations on the Use of Streptomycin and Penicillin in the Cultivation of Endamoeba Histolytica from Stools
Clifford L. Spingarn and Morton H. Edelman
1. The use of media treated with streptomycin or penicillin increased the number of positive cultures of E. histolytica obtained from stool specimens containing cysts.
2. It seemed that the favorable influence on amebic cultivation was due to the inhibition of the mixed bacterial flora induced by these drugs.
3. Streptomycin suppressed the aerobic bacteria in some of the cultures and it was observed that slants of Endamoeba medium overlaid with serum-saline supported the growth of certain anaerobic bacteria under aerobic conditions.
4. In some instances, failure of amebic cultivation may have been related to antibiotic influences created by the microbiologic population.
The Experimental Infection of Macaca Mulatta with Human Strains of Entamoeba Histolytica 1
Max J. Miller
The studies of Dobell (1931), Kessel (1928), and others established the fact that the "histolytica-like" amebae found in monkeys are identical with E. histolytica in man. While it has been shown by many investigators that this parasite can be transmitted to a wide variety of hosts, in none of these can the infection be considered a normal one. Thus, dogs, kittens, rats, pigs, rabbits, guinea pigs and even chicks have been infected experimentally with E. histolytica. But in such cases infection is usually achieved only under special conditions. Also, the regular production of cysts is rarely seen, and it seems logical to assume that cyst-production here is good evidence of a normal host-parasite relationship For a proper understanding of the host-parasite relationships of E. histolytica the parasite must be studied in its normal host.
Aureomycin in Amebic Liver Abscess
A. J. Wilmot, T. G. Armstrong and R. Elsdon-Dew
Five cases of amebic liver abscess in male Africans in which characteristic pus was obtained were treated with Aureomycin in a dose of 500 mgm. 6 hourly for 10 days.
In two cases there was no response, in two cases possibly some response, and in one case an apparently good result was followed by recurrence in six weeks.
The results have been compared with those obtained in similar cases with emetine and chloroquin diphosphate and it is concluded that Aureomycin is a much less effective drug.
Yellow Fever in Panama: Historical and Contemporary
Norman W. Elton
A reorientation of historical source material is necessary before conclusions can be drawn concerning the antiquity of sylvan yellow fever. During the building of the Panama Railroad (1850–1855) yellow fever was singularly absent from the mainland, but during the operation of the first French Canal Company (1881–1889) it took a heavy toll of human lives. After 1889 it remained endemic in Panama City until its eradication by Gorgas in 1905. From 1906–1919 only imported cases developed in the Canal Zone and from 1920 to 1948 no further cases were encountered. Surveys of the human population indicate that sylvan yellow fever has been enzoötic in eastern Panama since 1929.
In November and December 1948 a wave of sylvan yellow fever began moving westward from this enzoötic center, following the Atlantic rain forest, and reached northern Costa Rica in July 1951. Early in October 1951 an offshoot of this wave had crossed the Cordillera of southern Costa Rica to the Pacific side and has moved eastward again, re-entering western Panama, but now on the heretofore uninvolved Pacific watershed, west of the Canal. The main front of the wave is expected to continue moving into Nicaragua.
Leptospirosis in North America
Robert H. Yager and William S. Gochenour Jr.
Leptospirosis in North America may be caused by any of at least seven antigenically distinct strains of leptospirae. Of these, L. icterohemorrhagiae, L. canicola, L. pomona and L. bataviae are known to exist in the United States. Methods for serological and bacteriological diagnosis of leptospirosis have been discussed. The need for more adequate diagnostic laboratory services, improved diagnostic procedures, a definitive therapy and epidemiological surveys has been set forth.
Histoplasmosis on the Isthmus of Panama
Harold A. Tucker
Results of an investigation designed to ascertain the status of Histoplasma capsulatum on the Isthmus of Panama have been presented. The remarkable prevalence of intradermal sensitivity to histoplasmin, the high prevalence of pulmonary calcific foci in histoplasmin-positive, tuberculin-negative individuals, and the striking similarity of these findings to those reported from known histoplasmosis-endemic areas of North and Latin America, seemed to justify the deduction that unrecognized histoplasmosis was endemic in this region.
This deduction was confirmed by the subsequent recognition of a fatal infection in a four month old child from Chilibre, Republic of Panama. The first human infection since the three original cases described here by Darling nearly 45 years ago, it was the first unquestionably indigenous one to be reported from the Isthmus of Panama.
Arsenamide in the Treatment of Infections with the Periodic Form of the Filaria, Wuchereria Bancrofti *
G. F. Otto, H. W. Brown, S. D. Bell Jr. and N. D. Thetford
We have already reported (Thetford et al., 1948) the apparently successful treatment with arsenamide 1 of six adult negro males infected with the periodic form of Wuchereria bancrofti in St. Croix, the Virgin Islands. This paper summarizes similar treatment of twelve additional cases in the same area.
These subjects were, as the previous six, all adult male Negroes who had lived all or most of their lives on St. Croix. They were selected because microfilariae had been found in their night blood. Of the twelve, eight were asymptomatic and four (J. G., J. J., R. D., and E. B.) had right scrotal hydroceles but were otherwise asymptomatic. The microfilariae were counted in thick smears made from 0.1 cc. of venous blood drawn between 10 and 12 o'clock at night. Such counts were made before treatment, immediately after the completion of treatment, and periodically thereafter as the patients were available up to a year after treatment.
Filariasis Residuals in Veterans with Report of a Case of Microfilaremia 1
Harold C. Conn and Frank S. Greenslit
1. A case of non-symptomatic microfilaremia due to Wuchereria bancrofti is reported approximately seven and a half years after exposure to infection.
2. The objective residuals of infection in 87 cases of filariasis in veterans consist of lymph node enlargement in all cases, especially axillary. Rarely, slight swelling of the affected limbs was demonstrable.
3. The subjective symptoms were complaints of dull pain and swelling of the affected parts after exertion, and anxiety related to the genital organs. The patients were not exercised so that it is possible that some of the complaints concerning swelling may have a foundation in fact.
Anopheles (A.) Earlei Vargas, 1943, in Montana: Identity and Adaptation to Laboratory Conditions (Diptera: Culicidae)
Lloyd E. Rozeboom
Summary and Conclusions
The identity of the Anopheles species with the pale-tipped wing in the vicinity of Hamilton, Montana, is considered to be A. earlei. The egg of this species differs from that of A. occidentalis in that it possesses two dark transverse bars on the dorsal surface. A. earlei thus appears to be closely related to A. maculipennis (type species) of Europe, but differences in cage behavior of the male is evidence that these two are not the same. A. earlei appears to be adaptable to colonization; the writer's colony failed perhaps because of the inability to send enough living eggs to Baltimore from Montana.
Notes on Anopheles Earlei and Other American Species of the Anopheles Maculipennis Complex
Harry D. Pratt
In North America it now appears that the maculipennis complex is composed of at least four species; occidentalis Dyar and Knab, aztecus Hoffman, freeborni Aitken, and earlei Vargas, which can be recognized in the majority of cases on adult, larval, and pupal characters.
Progress Report of Epidemiologic Appraisal of Reported Malaria in the United States During 1949 and 1950
Griffith E. Quinby and Sarah F. Welch
A description of the initiation of the program of epidemiologic appraisal of malaria in the United States in 1947 has been presented elsewhere (Quinby 1950). At the 1950 meeting of the National Malaria Society, the results of appraisals of reported malaria for 1949 and preliminary data for the first nine months of 1950 were presented. Since then, data for 1950 cases appraised through March 1951 have been assembled and analyzed for this paper.
Scope of Coverage. The primary function of the appraisal program was to measure the actual incidence of malaria. Later this became an integral part of the Malaria Surveillance and Prevention Program of the Communicable Disease Center and the state health departments concerned. Although this program is carried out principally through the investigation of officially reported cases, more and more emphasis has been given to finding and confirming unreported malaria.
Trends in Malaria Control Program of the Tennessee Valley Authority 1
O. M. Derryberry and F. E. Gartrell
In the early 1930's, as soon as TVA began planning for development of the Tennessee River, it was confronted by a malaria problem. Despite advances up to that time in knowledge concerning control of malaria, the disease still constituted one of the most important public health problems of the southeastern United States, and the relationship of impoundages and malaria was well documented. Reservoir impoundments in the region had proved in virtually every instance to be ideal breeding grounds for anopheline mosquitoes, and some had resulted in serious epidemics of malaria. The TVA project envisioned creation of a system of artificial lakes potentially totalling over 600,000 acres of water area and over 10,000 miles of shoreline. Impoundage of this magnitude in an area where malaria existed to a serious degree presented an unprecedented control problem.
The Scorpion Problem in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Notes on Epidemiology and Prophylaxis
Tito Lopes Da Silva
A survey of the city of Ribeirão Preto in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, revealed four species of scorpion: Tityus serrulatus, Tityus bahiensis, Bothriurus bonariensis, and Bothriurus magalhaensis. The first species was predominant, and because of its urban and domestic habits, was responsible for the majority of accidents to human beings through scorpion stings, of which 1,331 were reported over a period of 7 years, with 8 deaths in small children.
Ortho BHC, and DDT in solution were used in an experimental eradication campaign and both were effective. BHC was more rapidly lethal, but the period of observation was too short to permit an evaluation of the comparative duration of residual toxicity of the two poisons.
III. Histopathological Studies on Cutaneous Reactions to the Bites of Various Arthropods 1
Leon Goldman, Evelyn Rockwell and Daniel F. Richfield
The morphology exhibited in the sections of arthropod bite reactions permits a dynamic interpretation. In the search for the blood meal, the biting mechanism of the arthropod appears to penetrate through the epidermis with minimal difficulty. Some spreading factor in the saliva is suggested by the rapid spread of the tissue reaction. The perivascular phases of the reaction also suggest a rapid vascular transportation of the material injected. The sensitivity of an individual to the bite of a given arthropod influences the intensity of the inflammatory response. However, an individual may be sensitive to one arthropod and insensitive to the bites of others. The insensitive individual who develops no clinical bite reaction may be bitten without being aware of it. The histological studies of Boltz (1951) of the skin reactions following injections of needle puncture show that the changes in the skin following a bite by an arthropod is not one of simple "mechanical" puncture even in a non-reactive individual. The persistent late nodular response may be due to the intrinsic nature of the bite (including retained cuticular fragments?) or to a neurodermatitic response secondary to the scratch reaction to itching.
Histopathologic methods are valuable in the study of bite reactions. Improvements such as vacuum freeze drying technics and histochemical studies may permit more detailed studies of the variations in the cellular response of the individual to the bites of arthropods. With better fixation technics it may be possible to pick up fine bodies retained after the insect bite. Improvement in the technic of study of the biting parts in situ, will make possible observations relating to the effect of the artificially induced retention of a piece of the biting apparatus within the skin. It is also possible that isotopic studies with other isotopes and more refined autoradiographic technics may enable us to follow the path of the bite more accurately. Progress in the study of the peripheral mechanisms of reaction of Compound F deposited locally may also help in the analysis of the bite reaction.
With the bite reaction of an individual determined, it should then be possible to study in detail local and systemic factors which may modify some parts of the bite reaction, as for example, the vascular response, the inflammatory cell response, the degree of pruritus, additive local trauma, etc.
Minutes of the 34th Annual Meeting of the National Malaria Society 1
Officers. President—Dr. Justin M. Andrews, Atlanta, Georgia
President-Elect—Mr. W. H. W. Komp, College Park, Maryland
Vice-President—Mr. H. W. Van Hovenberg, Mt. Pleasant, Texas
Secretary-Treasurer—Dr. S. W. Simmons, Savannah, Georgia
Directors. Dr. Lloyd E. Rozeboom, Baltimore, Maryland
Dr. George H. Bradley, Atlanta, Georgia
Dr. Paul F. Russell, Rome, Italy—Past President
Thursday, November 15, 1951. The National Malaria Society convened for its 34th annual meeting at 8:30 A.M., in the Gold Room of the Congress Hotel in Chicago, Illinois, with President Justin M. Andrews presiding. Ten papers were given, followed by the President's address, the presentation of the Joseph Augustin LePrince Award to Mr. J. A. LePrince, and the business session.
Friday, November 16, 1951. The scientific session met at 2:00 P.M. in the Casino Room of the Congress Hotel to hear a Panel on "Resistance of Insects to Insecticides," followed by other scientific papers. After opening the session, President Justin M. Andrews turned the chair over to Dr. S. W. Simmons, Moderator of the Panel.
Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors National Malaria Society 1
The Board of Directors of the National Malaria Society met at 4:20 P.M., November 14, 1951, in Parlor G of the Congress Hotel, Chicago, Illinois. Members present were Dr. Justin M. Andrews, President; Mr. H. W. Van Hovenberg, Vice-President; Dr. Paul F. Russell, Director; Dr. George H. Bradley, Director; Dr. Samuel W. Simmons, Secretary-Treasurer; and Dr. G. Robert Coatney, Editor.
The actions of the Board of Directors during 1951 were reviewed as follows: approved committee appointments made by President Andrews; approved contribution of $50.00 toward a bust of General Gorgas in the New York University Hall of Fame; and elected 44 members for 1951.
The report of the Secretary-Treasurer was accepted, and Dr. S. W. Simmons received the congratulations of the Board of Directors for the way in which the business had been handled during the past year.
The report of the Editorial Board was accepted, and Dr. G. Robert Coatney was commended for the excellent manner in which he had fulfilled the duties of Editor.
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1952.1.3.TM0010030531a
Note: Books received for editorial consideration will be intermittently listed. This acknowledgment must be regarded as an adequate expression of appreciation for the courtesy of the author or publisher. Selections will be made for review in the interest of our readers.
Malariologia Prática; Preparado sob os Auspicios de Divisão de Ciencias Médicas do Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas dos E.U.A. Por Paul F. Russell, Luther S. West, e Reginald D. Manwell. Traduzido da la Edicão em Ingles, de W. B. Saunders Co., Filadelfia e Londres, 1946. 810 pp., 238 illustrations, 8 in color. Rio de Janeiro; publicado pelo Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública, 1951.
Esquistosomiase Mansoni Hepato-Esplénica. Tese de concurso para Catedrático de Clínica de Doencas Tropicais e Infectuosas da Faculdade de Medicina, S. Paulo, by João Alves Meira. 607 pp., illustrated. São Paulo, Brasil. Published by the author. 1951.
Rosenau's Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
L. W. Hackett
The appearance of a new edition of "Rosenau" is an important and rather exciting event in the world of Public Health. We have been waiting fifteen years for this, the seventh edition, and few will be disappointed in it. The striking advances in the techniques, strategy and principles of modern health practice are competently reflected in a text which has been almost completely rewritten by Dr. Maxcy and his team, to whom Rosenau, toward the end of his life, wisely confided the task of revision.
It is obvious that some effort was loyally made to keep as much of the old version as possible, and some curious compromises are to be found between the old and the new, but remarkable changes not only in the content of our knowledge but in our point of view compelled a reconstruction rather than a revision.
Pharmacopoea Internationalis
F. C. Lendrum
To understand the Pharmacopoea Internationalis, one must realize that it is a mystery story in disguise. Fifty years ago the first convention met to formulate an international pharmacopoeia. International nomenclature and standards were obviously needed for communication between physicians and investigators in different countries. An international nomenclature had been achieved without difficulty in sciences that varied from botany to astronomy. Why then, was half a century required to produce a book a third as large as the United States Pharmacopeia? Committee meetings are notoriously wasteful of time, but fifty years is preposterously long, even for a committee meeting!
Careful examination reveals that the Pharmacopoea Internationalis is an exciting palimpsest. Behind the blandly objective text one may discern the imperfectly erased history of violent battles. The play of cloak-and-dagger arises from the very nature of the sciences of pharmacy and pharmacology. Various drugs are property. They are protected by patents or copyrights.
The Cost of Sickness and the Price of Health
John B. Grant
This study was prepared as a basis for the economic evaluation of preventive medicine which is to take place during the coming Fifth World Health Assembly and which will be followed by a more detailed consideration of the methodology of health protection for local areas.
Professor Winslow has provided separate sections on:
1. The cost of sickness;
2. Methods of reducing the burden of disease, and the economic results attained;
3. Planning a national health programme and its cost;
4. Interrelationships of proverty and disease;
5. Programme of technical assistance.
The presentation is of particular value for two reasons. Discussion in each section is preceded by an historical approach to the specific topic. Probably more valuable to the student of public health economics is the excellent bibliography following each section. The study is so factual that it must be read to be appreciated.
The Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals
J. Traum
The second edition retains the logical, lucid presentation with the properly proportioned emphasis which characterized the first edition. It contains 250 more pages than the first edition and these pages are efficiently used to include an accumulation of newer knowledge. As one expected, and as it should be, a large portion of the additional pages (100) has been devoted to virus diseases. It is in this field of infectious diseases that the greatest contribution to our advancement has been made.
Several new chapters have been included in the new edition, and there is no chapter in which some minor or important change or additions have not been made. New tables and larger photographs and additional references are found. In some instances the number of references has been doubled.
A short 10-page section on chemotherapy devoted largely to antibiotics has been added. The scope of the book does not permit more space for this subject.
Yellow Fever in Galveston, Republic of Texas, 1839
Hugh H. Smith
The nickname, "Ashbarrel" Smith, conferred by medical students, gives some indication of the salty character of the man, who won eminence as a military surgeon, pioneer practitioner, medical teacher and politician in Texas. In this little volume is republished his interesting contemporary account of a sharp outbreak of yellow fever in Galveston in the autumn of 1839. A graduate in medicine of Yale, Ashbel Smith had gone to Paris for the best available postgraduate training in clinical medicine and pathology. His skill in these branches of medicine is revealed by the careful clinical descriptions of yellow fever cases and the detailed notes on postmortem examinations reported. His observations during this epidemic convinced him that yellow fever is not contagious, but he got no idea of the true epidemiology of the disease.
Most of the account is devoted to clinical observations, to detailed descriptions of gross pathology, and to a discussion of therapy. At first his treatment was simple, but drastic.
Biochemistry and Physiology of Protozoa
Ernest Bueding
In contrast to vertebrates and to bacteria, relatively few investigations have been carried out on the metabolism and the nutrition of Protozoa. Such information is scattered widely throughout the zoological, parasitological, microbiological, physiological and biochemical literature. Therefore, the recent book on the biochemistry and physiology of protozoa, edited by A. Lwoff, is to be welcomed because it summarizes and reviews the present status of our knowledge in this field. Also, it undoubtedly will stimulate further much needed research on these problems. As stated by A. Lwoff in his introduction, some biochemists who had been "forced during World War II to cooperate with parasitologists in the study of parasitic protozoa were anxious to return to studies on muscle or yeast. For the future development of protozoan biochemistry, it seems of utmost importance that an atmosphere develop in which more biochemists may feel, without external pressure, that many problems of biochemistry of Protozoa are now ripe for further investigations" and are "quite ready to respond to their love and interest."
Biological Antagonism
F. Y. Wiselogle
Dr. Gustav J. Martin has performed a notable service to biochemists and medicinal chemists in bringing up to date a well organized review of the available information on metabolites and their antagonists. The author has a firm conviction that new medicinal agents can and therefore ought to be conceived rationally from a knowledge of the enzymatic reactions of normal cell metabolites and their selective inhibition by suitable antagonists. That this knowledge should make practical chemotherapy possible rests on two principal premises which the author emphasizes throughout the book:
"The first concerns the relativity of enzyme inhibitors, the selectivity of antimetabolites based upon structures bearing similarity to natural substrates, cofactors, etc. which are normally involved in vital enzymatic transformation. The second is that of the relative concentration of susceptible enzymes in various tissues and the assumption that any given inhibitor will act primarily against that tissue containing a minimum of the enzyme."
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Volume 95 ([2016, 2017])
Volume s1-31 (1951)
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