Distillation Lab Report
Distillation, described from About Education, is the process of separating liquids with 2 different boiling points. Distillating requires heating and cooling of liquid components to eventually purify the mixtures. In distillation, heat is added to vaporize the liquid with the lower boiling point and this vapor gas bubble is condensed back into its liquid form, where it is then collected in a receiving flask or a graduated cylinder. Multiple distillations and collections, depending on the types of distillation techniques, yields distinct, separated liquids.
The instruments used in the distillation apparatus is vital to purifying the liquid mixtures, as stated from Zubrick. Here, the distilling flask contains the liquid mixtures and it rest …show more content…
This was noted from when it condensed onto the thermometer as droplets. At this point, the boiling point of ethanol was determined. The gas particles continued to rise and traveled through the condenser tube, where it condensed into a liquid and was collected inside a graduated cylinder. The distilling temperature was the temperature at which the first droplet fell into the graduated cylinder. By monitoring the variac, the temperature was regulated around ethanol's bp of 78 degrees and this ensured that the vapors were as pure as possible and that mixing of ethanol and water was minimized. However, the distillate that was collected could not be 100% ethanol because of the azeotropes that ethanol and water form that would have been in the final …show more content…
Zubrick defines forerun as any liquid running into the receiving flask or cylinder before the boiling point of the volatile liquid has been reached. In Simple Distillation, no forerun was observed thus the receiving instrument did not need to be changed. If the temperature recorded did not match with the approximate boiling point of ethanol from when the liquid boiled, such as if the thermometer read incredibly below 78 degrees celsius, than this temperature was most likely the atmospheric temperature.
Fractional Distillation differs from Simple due to the fractional column that is filled with beads and cylinders that the vapor gas of ethanol climb through first before reaching the three way adapter, the thermometer, and the condenser tube. Chem Helper states that these beads act as theoretical plates, where they maximize the surface area that the gas particles of ethanol condense on and re-evaporate, ensuring that the fractions or liquid components in the mixture, ethanol and water, are separated well. Ultimately, they allow for better separation of liquids and purer distillates than in Simple
Experiment 1: To Separate A Binary Solution Into Two Fractions
Once the fractional distillation setup is complete, the stirbar in the Erlenmeyer flask containing the binary solution is turned on to ensure homogeneous boiling. As the solution starts to boil, vapor containing the more volatile component travels upward through the column until the temperature gradient becomes too cool and it condensates on the side of the distillation column. The verticality of the column provides a surface area for the vapors to condense and flow back down the column until the temperature becomes hot enough for it to vaporize again. This process of re-condensation and re-evaporation continues until the vapor becomes purely the more volatile compound. Once at the stillhead, the pure vapor meets a water-cooled condenser that cools the vapor causing it to condensate and flow into a Falcon tube receiver.…
Analysis Of Enthalpy
Temperature was measured during the reaction, allowing the amount of heat absorbed by the solution and the calorimeter to be measured. When added together, those values the enthalpy of the reaction. If the system loses no heat, this equation is true: "q_rxn=-q_soln-q_cal" (French et al, 105). This equation is equal to this one: "q_rxn=-m_soln s∆T-C_cal ∆T" (French et al, 105). For this reaction, s will be the specific heat of water because the experiment involves aqueous solutions.…
Analysis Of Acetone And Toluene
By collecting the distillate at each temperature plateau, fractions containing a single component can be obtained. However, this technique does not work for solutions in which the boiling points of the components differ by less than about 40°C. In such cases, a plot of the temperature versus volume for a simple distillation would rise gradually and would not produce any plateaus. Additionally, the distillate would still contain a mixture of the volatile components, rather than one pure component. In order to separate the volatile components with similar boiling points, multiple simple distillations would have to be performed on the first fraction of distillate obtained, each one producing a more pure sample of the more volatile component.…
Experiment: Butanol And Acetic Acid
By refluxing the mixture, this gaseous butyl ethanoate is condensed (meaning turns into liquid) and then is able to be collected. In both the reflux and distillation process, the apparatus was left open. This is important as it ensures there is no pressure build up. If the stopper was to be placed on either the reflux or distillation process and left, pressure would build up and in effect be hazardous as it could essentially go flying off of the apparatus (Answer to question 2). After refluxing this mixture was then cooled and then extracted with 25mL of cold water and 25mL of diethyl ether.…
The Replanation Of Ficher-Speier Esterfication Of Isopentyl
The acetic acid can easily be removed through neutralization with sodium bicarbonate. Thus, after the reaction occurs, excess acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol are removed through extraction with water and sodium bicarbonate. The removal of water occurs after the extraction, as the product is dried over granular anhydrous sodium sulfate. Infrared spectroscopy will be used to determine the purity of the product formed, as the specific IR absorbed by an organic molecule is related to its structure. The percent yield of the isopentyl acetate synthesized will be calculated with the equation (((mass of the product obtained experimentally)/(mass of the product theorectically))×100).…
Experiment 7 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Of Salicyamide
Product collected by vacuum filtration and recrystallized from 96% ethanol. IR- and H- NMR-spectrum were taken to determine the location of the I+. I had a yield of 0,7 g (2,66mmol, 18,2%). The iodide's position is opposite of the –OH group. Salicylamide and NaI were dissolved in ethanol and cooled in a water bath.…
Recrystallization Experiment
The main purpose of this experiment is to purify an impure solid by the technique of recrystallization. This technique involves several steps, selecting an ideal solvent, dissolving the compound in a minimum amount of boiling hot solvent, filtering insoluble impurities while the solution is hot; crystallizing the purified compound, and isolate the pure compound by vacuum filtration . The unknown used in the experiment was #4, which were white crystals. In order to determine the ideal solvent we prepared two test tubes. Test tube #1 containing 0.106g of unknown and 3mL of water, it was well mixed.…
Fractional Distillation And Gas Chromatography Lab Report
As this condensate mixes with rising vapor and as the cycle undergoes, the vapor that rises should contain increasing amounts of this more volatile liquid. Therefore, leaving the less volatile liquid in the distillation flask. The temperature will not rise at the thermometer while the more volatile liquid is being fractioned because the main vapor that reaches this portion of the column should consist mainly of the lower boiling point liquid which should remain consistent until the vapor composition begins to change to that of the high boiling point liquid. Finally, once all of the more volatile liquid has been fractioned, the temperature will increase to that of the boiling point of the lower volatile liquid and the vapor that rises should primarily consist of the…
Experiment 6: Column Chromatography
Petroleum ether will be the solvent for pushing and separating the unknown mixture from each other. Alumina is a solid which will be packed into the column as a catalyst for separating the unknown mixture. When both liquids are collected from test tubes, they are used as samples on thin layer chromatography to determine their polarities. Pure acetylferrocene, pure ferrocene, and a mixture of Acetylferrocene…
Watch Glass Experiment
Similarly the crucible and cover were weighed and the difference between the clean crucible and the crucible with sample gave component Y's mass, and from that the percent composition of the sample of Y. The remaining substance in the test tube was heated to evaporate any remaining solvents. The test tube and solid was measured. This solid ideally should be mainly component Z. However after the third wash with water for component Y, the remaining solid sample seemed to dissolve completely into the water.…