The Sustainable Packaging Coalition's recently published Centralized Study on the Availability of Recycling found that a substantial majority of Americans have recycling programs available to them that accept all PET packaging. Included in this designation were bottles and jugs but also non-bottle PET packages – the clamshells, cups, tubs, lids, boxes, trays, egg cartons and similar rigid, non-bottle packaging made of PET (No.1) plastic resin that are increasingly common on retailer shelves.
"We were very pleased to see that most Americans can put PET thermoforms in their recycling bins according to the guidelines provided to them by their communities, but we know that this doesn't tell the whole story of what happens to those containers," said Michael Westerfield, corporate director of recycling programs for Dart Container Corporation in Mason, Mich. and a National Association for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR) board member.
NAPCOR set out to find an answer in the spring of 2016, seeing it as a good time to benchmark progress toward the group's ongoing efforts to open markets to PET thermoform materials. NAPCOR also saw the research as an opportunity to assess whether PET thermoforms meet Federal Trade Commission (FTC) requirements for recyclability claims.
The methodology was straightforward: ask questions about thermoform recycling realities to those who handle the PET material along the way, from bin through to reclaimer. To that end, NAPCOR surveyed the major operators of materials recovery facilities (MRFs) and plastics recovery facilities (PRFs), as well as PET reclaimers, to determine how they handle the PET thermoforms that flow through their systems.
We found that, for the most part, PET thermoforms collected at curbside are being sent to PET markets in bottle bales, and most reclaimers who handle curbside materials generally recycle them along with PET bottles.
"We have worked closely with PET reclaimers to analyze the impacts of thermoforms on the recycling stream and wanted to do our due diligence with the other parts of the value chain to ensure real recyclability before we put messages into the marketplace," Westerfield noted. He and the NAPCOR leadership recommend that other resins and materials work to the same standard as they assess recyclability.
Do PET thermoforms meet the FTC's Green Guide's requirements for unqualified claims of recyclability? The answer is pretty clearly yes. Recycling programs that include this material are available to more than 60 percent of the U.S. population, and once collected, PET thermoforms can be separated and recovered through the existing PET recovery infrastructure.
So, they are recyclable. But they are not yet a preferred material for reclaimers, and the reasons why are multifaceted.
Over the last decade, NAPCOR has worked with stakeholders to facilitate the collection and recycling of PET thermoform packaging. The effort has involved the full value chain: PET thermoform package manufacturers, retailers, recycling collectors, MRF operators, PET reclaimers, and recycled PET end users.
Initial work included lab trials aimed at determining whether PET thermoforms would be compatible with the bottle stream, and what technical or practical issues would need to be mitigated. Through these early-stage initiatives, NAPCOR and its partners identified the following key issues that could inhibit the growth of PET thermoform recycling: look-alike packages; labels/adhesives/inks; intrinsic viscosity (IV); and mechanical issues related to package size, shape and configuration.
At the end of the day, these early trials found no overwhelming issues that precluded PET thermoforms from being recycled and processed. Nonetheless, the incorporation of PET thermoforms in the bottle recycling infrastructure has not been seamless, and further study and analysis was identified as a critical step to maximizing recovery of this growing package in a manner that does not harm the existing bottle recycling infrastructure.
The effects of thermoform IV and orientation on the performance and yield of the PET reclaiming process. Trials found no show-stopper issues relating to IV and orientation.
The impact of aggressive adhesives on the PET thermoform reclaiming process. These tests identified some issues related to labels, adhesives and inks, but all readings were within the Association of Plastic Recyclers (APR) acceptable design guideline range. Despite these bench-scale trial results, thermoform labels, particularly those using paper substrates, are still problematic in reclaimer operations.
The effectiveness of standard PET reclaimer sorting systems to identify non-PET thermoforms. Some reclaimer systems did not effectively sort OPS and PETG, but this was largely resolved with adjustments to auto-sort equipment.
The impact of varying levels of silicone slip agents on rPET color and haze. Trials documented that low-to-medium levels of silicone application do not materially negatively impact haze, but high levels do.
The potential increase in generation of fines when processing thermoforms and related impacts on yield rates. Issues related to the supply stream used rendered the results of this trial unreliable; NAPCOR will continue to work to better understand and quantify the relationship between thermoform processing and fines generation.
The growing prevalence of PET thermoforms in curbside PET bottle bales is unmistakable (see Figure 1). As such, reclaimers have had to adapt to a stream containing these materials. But the reclaiming industry is already struggling with the larger issues of increased contamination and yield loss, meaning the thermoform adjustment comes at a difficult time.
Along with increasing numbers of thermoforms in the stream, reclaimers are faced with the impact of lighter weight containers, full-wrap shrink labels, metal components and other design elements that impede recyclability and negatively affect PET yield. At the same time, they are facing tight operating margins that result from competition with extremely low virgin materials prices. The result: Reclaimers need to buy more bales to produce the same amount of salable rPET flake, and they often sell that flake for less. It doesn't take an MBA to see that this is a tough business.
Yet, despite concerns about contamination and yield, reclaimers need more PET material. Even in today's difficult economic conditions, there is still far more capacity to recycle PET than there are bottles collected in the U.S. Reclaimers routinely supplement domestic supply with imported bales and other non-bottle materials. PET thermoforms offer the potential to increase domestic supply.
The drive to develop new sources of supply keeps reclaimers engaged in working through their issues with thermoforms. And they are making progress. Reclaimers generally fall into three categories with regard to thermoforms. The first group routinely accepts a certain percentage of thermoforms, as identified in their specifications. The second does not officially acknowledge acceptance of thermoforms in their specs, but does accept them from suppliers that have a good track record with regard to contamination. The third group is made up of reclaimers that do not accept thermoforms at all. Most of the reclaimers in this last category typically rely on materials collected through deposit programs.
Reluctance toward acceptance may be on the decline, however. "As we have learned more about thermoforms through the NAPCOR trials, we've become more comfortable with running them in our system," Geiger said.
The PET recycling market as a whole is moving toward greater inclusion of thermoforms, with reclaimers representing the majority of the U.S. capacity reporting that they routinely process PET thermoforms with bottles. The trend has been for reclaimers to move from the "do not accept" group to the unofficial acceptance category – and then from unofficial acceptance to inclusion of thermoforms in specifications.
However, the allowable percentages of thermoforms for some reclaimers is still quite low and MRF operators remain hesitant to open the floodgates and invite all of their suppliers to include PET thermoforms in the stream.
Important work remains to ensure that MRFs and the PET reclaiming industry can effectively sort, process and reap value from this growing material stream. NAPCOR will continue its efforts to work through the design issues as well as technical and mechanical challenges to increase acceptance of PET thermoforms in domestic recycling programs and markets. At the same time, we need to ensure consistent and accurate messages to the marketplace about the status of PET thermoform recycling.
Communities and MRF operators interested in marketing their PET thermoforms domestically should talk with their PET buyers about including PET thermoforms in PET bottle bales.
And packaging and consumer product companies can help in this process by incorporating APR design for recyclability principles when setting specifications and selecting labels for their PET thermoform products.
Resa Dimino is the former director of public policy at the National Association for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR). She is now a staffer at consultancy RRS.