syndicated analysis, software features, contentions
Syndicated patent analysis
Group-based, parallel analysis of patent issues including infringement, invalidity, claim construction, file history analysis, etc. We call this "syndicated patent analysis."
Tagged: patent tools
Nathan Blase
contentions, patent local rules
4 Claim Chart Mistakes to Avoid
A short list of things to avoid for patent claim charts.
Tagged: claim chart
5 Tips to Get Your Claim Chart in Top Shape
Five tips to improve patent claim charts.
contentions, collaboration
more than 3,000 days ago
More than 3,000 days ago, this presentation was made about how to organize prior art for patent litigation.
Tagged: prior art review, presentation, prior art search, organizing prior art
Model order proposed limits - advantage patent owner
The Model Order benefits a patent owner more than a defendant. Patent owners maintain an advantage by waiting to just before trial to identify claims to a defendant. The Model Order does speed up this identification to the benefit of the defendant. But the tradeoff for limiting claims under the Model Order is a drastic reduction in prior art references available to a defendant.
Tagged: contentions, invalidity contentions, organizing prior art, patent local rules
contentions, other
Federal Circuit Advisory Council Model Order Limiting Excess Patent Claims and Prior Art
The Federal Circuit Advisory Council released a Mole Order for limiting the number of patent claims and prior art references. The Model Order "is offered to aid trial courts in the exercise of their discretion in crafting orders tailored to the facts and circumstances of each case."
Tagged: contentions, invalidity contentions, litigation workflow, organizing prior art, patent local rules, preliminary contentions
contentions, court decisions
Timeline helps in establishing diligence to amend invalidity contentions
In Positive Technologies, Inc. v. Sony Electronics, Inc. (January 28, 2013), Judge Illston (Northern District of California) granted Defendants Amazon.com, Inc.'s and Barnes & Nobles, Inc.'s motion to amend their invalidity contentions to add "conforming amendments" and "new-art amendments". Both amendments are said to relate to the Court's claim construction order. The Court focuses on the two aspects of good cause for the proposed amendments, including diligence in discovery the new information and the passage of time in seeking to add the new information to the contentions once discovered. Defendants argue that the amendments, particularly the new prior art, relate to an expansive claim construction concerning two types of devices covered in the Court's claim construction order. Although six months elapsed between the claim construction order and when the Defendants located the new prior art, the detail surrounding Defendants' efforts appears to have persuaded the Court the allow the proposed amendments. In this case, the Court ruled that since fact discovery had not yet closed, and in light of Plaintiff failing to articulate whether the prior art was relevant, whether Defendants were engaging in "gamesmanship" for the amendments, and what type of prejudice would result to the Plaintiff, the Court permitted the proposed amendments.
Takeaways - it appears to be increasingly relevant to track the timing contention efforts once the initial contentions have been served. Details on these activities remain important to the Court when considering proposed amendments to invalidity contentions.
Tagged: diligence, invalidity contentions, patent local rules, supplement invalidity contentions
Notice under 35 USC 282 too late for new prior art
Motion Granted to exclude prior art - Plaintiff's motion to preclude defendants from introducing argument or evidence regarding prior art first disclosed in its 35 U.S.C § 282 Notice.
Tagged: contentions, invalidity contentions, supplement invalidity contentions
Newly asserted method claims provide basis for invalidity contention supplement
In Medtronic Corevalve LLC v. Edwards Lifesciences Corp. (June 25, 2012), Judge Selna (Central District of California) granted Defendant Edwards' request to supplement its invalidity contentions to add additional prior art references. The main basis for Defendant Edwards' request focused on a new search conducted by defendant after plaintiff asserted additional method claims in the litigation. The Court focused on Patent Local Rule 3-6 of the Central District of California to consider permitting the requested supplements. The Court explained that it
must first consider whether [Defendant] Edwards acted diligently in discovering the bases for the amendment and whether Edwards timely moved for leave to amend.
(Order at 3).
The Court analyzed when the references were first identified by the Defendant, and then how long thereafter that the motion for leave to amend was filed. As for prejudice, the Court noted that Plaintiff Medtronic has taken the position that is own infringement contentions are "preliminary," and thus it would be unfair for Medtronic to reserve its right to amend, while not granting that same benefit to Defendant.
In further analyzing potential prejudice, the Court summarized another argument raised by Plaintiff:
On the other hand, Medtronic contends that it will be prejudiced by the amendment because the parties will have exchanged their claim terms and proposed constructions by June 20, 2012, five days before this motion will be heard by the Court. (Opp'n Br. 11.) Therefore, Medtronic "will ... be forced to approach the early stages of claim construction without knowing whether the new references will be allowed into the case." (Id.) Furthermore, Medtronic worries that if good cause for the amendment is found her, Edwards will "almost certainly continue its 'search and analysis of relevant prior art'" and seek leave to amend the invalidity contentions again in the future. (Id. at 12.)
The Court rejected this argument reasoning that the claim construction briefing is not due for several months, the trial is more than a year away, and further requests to supplement will require additional motion practice. (Order at 6-7).
Takeaways - Diligence is the main focus of these types of motions. Again, however, we see the consideration of a "claim construction" impact when evaluating a proposed invalidity contention supplement. This prejudice to the claim construction process seems to be the main argument raised by a plaintiff when facing supplement requests.
Tagged: diligence, good cause, motion practice, supplement invalidity contentions
Rejected claim constructions pave way for invalidity contention supplement
In Baden Sports, Inc. v. Wilson Sporting Goods Co. (June 28, 2012), Judge Pechman (Western District of Washington) granted Defendant Wilson's request to supplement its invalidity contentions to add additional prior art references. The main basis for Defendant Wilson's request focused on the Court's adoption of Plaintiff's proposed constructions for each of the four disputed terms. In permitting the requested supplement, the Court focuses on Local Patent Rule W.D. Wash. 124 of the Western District of Washington and notes that amendments to contentions require a "showing of good cause ... absent undue prejudice to the non-moving party." (Order at 2). The Court identified five factors underlying a good cause analysis including:
"(1) the reasons proffered for the need to amend after the deadline for submitting contentions had passed, (2) the diligence of the moving party, (3) the importance of the proposed amendments, together with any prejudice to the moving party if amendment is denied, (4) potential prejudice to the non-moving party, and (5) the availability of a continuance to cure any prejudice." Convolve, Inc. v. Compaq Computer Corp., 2007 WL 700904 at *2 (S.D.N.Y Mar. 7, 2007).
In considering Defendant Wilson' request, the Court noted that it "adopted none of Wilson's proposed claim constructions." (Order at 2). Following the claim construction order, Wilson initiated an expanded search in light of the broader construction of the term "seam." The Court recognized that although "Wilson should have perhaps conducted that broader search earlier, it is reasonable to grant leave given the completely adverse outcome of the Markman hearing, which is the precise situation contemplated by LPR 124." (Order at 3).
As to diligence, Wilson conducted the search quickly, updated its contentions with the new information, and shortly thereafter moved to supplement. The Court dispensed with any claim of prejudice noting that "the amendments are relatively minor and there is still time to allow Baden to conduct discovery and expert analysis relating to the amended material." (Order at 3).
Takeaways - Diligence remains the main consideration for supplemental contentions. Although the Court noted that Wilson likely should not have been so limiting in its initial search, the Court balanced the factors and permitted the supplement. This process raises a question though - how was Wilson expected to know precisely the breadth of Plaintiff's proposed constructions when it served its invalidity contentions prior to the parties exchanging claim construction positions?
Tagged: claim construction, diligence, good cause, patent local rules, supplement invalidity contentions
Cases weighing invalidity contention impact on claim construction process
We're going through our invalidity contention decisions database to identify cases where a Court's decision considers the impact of supplemental invalidity contentions on the claim construction process under local patent rules. We previously identified the following cases in other blog posts:
CardSoft, Inc. v. VeriFone Systems, Inc. (May 28, 2012), Judge Payne (Eastern District of Texas)
Nano-Second Technology Co., Ltd. v. Dynaflex Int'l (June 6, 2012), Judge Lew (Central District of California)
Bayer Cropscience AG v. Dow Agrosciences LLC (June 7, 2012), Judge Schneider (District of Delaware)
We'll review our database of 85+ cases and eventually identify all relevant cases for this topic.
To start things off, let's consider Play Visions, Inc. v. Dollar Tree Stores, Inc. (November 30, 2010), Judge Pechman (Western District of Washington).
In this case, Judge Pechman granted Defendants' request to amend their preliminary invalidity contentions finding good cause for the proposed amendment, relying on Local Patent Rule LR 124. The Court first determined that the Defendants had been diligent in searching for prior art, and that the contentions supplement were timely provided, with the motion to amend the contentions was filed roughly two months after the contention deadline.
The Court weighed the potential prejudice to the plaintiff and determined that
There is no evidence of prejudice given that the parties have yet to engage in claims [sic] construction and discovery does not end for months.
(Order at 4). Again we see a focus on the claim construction impact with respect to invalidity contentions supplement. Here, the Court was entirely focused on prejudice to a party under the guise of claim construction. From the outset, the Court frames the issue:
Restrictions on amendment to invalidity contentions are aimed at avoiding the "shifting sands" approach to claim construction. See Halo Elecs., Inc. v. Bel Fuse Inc., 2010 WL 3489593, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 3, 2010) (granting motion for leave to amend invalidity contentions where the defendants argued they search diligently over a broad spectrum of prior art).
(Order at 2). So again, the focus remains on whether allowing supplemental contentions will in some way impact claim construction discovery. We've already explained our viewpoint that Phillips is at odds with how the local patent rules are being applied when prior art supplements are linked to the claim construction process.
We'll continue to report our findings in subsequent posts.
Claim construction process is not helped by invalidity contentions
In an earlier post, I discussed the following:
I don't believe the rules were intended to exclude prior art because a plaintiff lacked non-intrinsic prior art during the claim construction process. I continue to look at the evolution of the local rules for linkage between invalidity contentions and claim construction. It would be helpful if someone could point me to any local patent rule comments on this issue. I'm particularly interested in comments detailing why invalidity contentions must precede claim construction. Is it to allow the patent owner to craft proposed constructions in light of prior art (extrinsic evidence)? What principle of claim construction would that be based on?
Here are some further thoughts, after rereading and studying some cases. First, for a district court civil action, "[t]he role [of claim construction] is neither to limit nor broaden the claim, but to define, as a matter of law, the invention that has been patented." Netword, LLC v. Centraal Corp., 242 F.3d 1347, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Nothing controversial there.
Next, we have the following notion that the rules of claim construction state that claims may not be revised to ignore explicit claim language. See Generation II Orthotics Inc. v. Med. Tech. Inc., 263 F.3d 1356, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2001) ("claims can only be construed to preserve their validity where the proposed claim construction is 'practicable,' is based on sound claim construction principles, and does not revise or ignore the explicit language of the claims."). Essentially, claims may not be redrafted.
Taking these ideas further, it's not a stretch to surmise that invalidity contentions may impact the validity of the claims subject to construction, but that should not matter for purposes of defining the scope of the invention. Lucent Technologies, Inc. v. Gateway, Inc., 525 F.3d 1200, 125-26 (Fed. Cir. 2008) ("This court has repeatedly held that courts may not redraft claims to cure a drafting error made by the patentee, whether to make them operable or to sustain their validity. To do so 'would unduly interfere with the function of claims in putting competitors on notice of the scope of the claimed invention.'")
So what to make of the "preserving claim validity" maxim? It would seem reasonable that the "preserving claim validity" maxim should only be invoked in such narrow circumstances where "'the court concludes, after applying all the available tools of claim construction, that the claim is still ambiguous.'" Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc) (citing Liebel-Flarsheim Co. v. Medrad, Inc., 358 F.3d 898, 911 (Fed. Cir. 2004)).
If all this is accurate, why are invalidity contentions required before the claim construction process has even started under local patent rules? Are we presuming that claims will remain ambiguous after applying all available tools of claim construction? Certainly requiring contentions before claim construction may be expedient, but what is being accomplished. Moreover, prior art is applied to properly construed claims, so claim construction necessarily comes first. Consider that Phillips specifically states
[W]e have certainly not endorsed a regime in which validity analysis is a regular component of claim construction.
Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1327 (emphasis added); see also Rhine v. Casio, Inc., 183 F.3d 1342, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 1999) ("if the only claim construction that is consistent with the claim's language and the written description renders the claim invalid, then the axiom does not apply and the claim is simply invalid.").
If validity analysis is not a regular component of claim construction, should we consider a change to patent local rules where claim construction discovery precedes contentions, instead of the current practice?
Tagged: claim construction, invalidity contentions, patent local rules, supplement invalidity contentions
Court declines supplement to invalidity contentions despite importance
In CardSoft, Inc. v. VeriFone Systems, Inc. (May 28, 2012), Judge Payne (Eastern District of Texas) denied Defendant VeriFone's request to supplement its invalidity contentions to add two additional prior art references. In denying the requested supplement, the Court focuses on Patent Local Rule 3-6(b) of the Eastern District of Texas and notes that amendments to contentions require a "showing of good cause." (Order at 1). The four standard factors underlying a good cause analysis included: (1) explanation for party's failure to timely move for leave to amend; (2) importance of the amendment; (3) potential prejudice resulting from amendment; and (4) availability of continuance to cure prejudice. The Court then determined that the defendant was not diligent because it should have investigated prior art processing terminals based on plaintiff's identification of alleged infringing products.
The Court explained:
The Court is not satisfied that VeriFone acted diligently to discover the Omni 300 and OTA prior art. These references are related to VeriFone's own products, which it should have uncovered even if CardSoft never accused the Omni 3200 payment terminals of infringement. Furthermore, it took VeriFone nearly eight months to produce the references, and then another four months to disclose its invalidity contentions based upon the references. The Court is not persuaded that this shows diligence on VeriFone's part. Verifone's lack of an adequate explanation to explain its delay weighs strongly against granting leave.
In the end, the Court was not persuaded that diligence was shown. We were surprised at how the Court resolved the other good cause prongs involving prejudice. As to prejudice, the Court explained:
The importance of these references are quite clear, which weighs in favor of granting VeriFone leave to amend. However, their importance only adds to the prejudice suffered by CardSoft because it was deprived of a meaningful opportunity to consider these references during the claim construction process. Because claim construction was nearly over by the time VeriFone disclosed its invalidity contentions based on the Omni 300 and OTA prior art, and claim construction is now complete, a continuance is not available to cure CardSoft's prejudice.
If the impact on claim construction was not an appropriate factor for invalidity contention supplements, there would be little, if any, prejudice to CardSoft. Maybe the supplement request would have been granted. As we previously suggested here and here, the link between invalidity contentions and claim construction prejudice is tenuous. In this case, the prior art is not part of the intrinsic evidence, and the court noted the importance of the prior art references, yet the supplement request was denied. Although claim construction was concluded, should that fact really impact the inclusion of additional invalidity contentions? The claims mean what they mean. If the claims encompass the prior art then it is what it is.
Takeaways - Diligence is the paramount consideration for supplemental contentions. This ruling indicates that although Defendant VeriFone continued its prior art investigation at a measured pace, the defendant did not move quick enough. Tough case, tough decision. I would prefer not to see the balance of a decision rest on how an invalidity contention supplement impacts claim construction as a reason for denying the supplement. I don't believe the rules were intended to exclude prior art because a plaintiff lacked non-intrinsic prior art during the claim construction process. I continue to look at the evolution of the local rules for linkage between invalidity contentions and claim construction. It would be helpful if someone could point me to any local patent rule comments on this issue. I'm particularly interested in comments detailing why invalidity contentions must precede claim construction. Is it to allow the patent owner to craft proposed constructions in light of prior art (extrinsic evidence)? What principle of claim construction would that be based on? These are somewhat rhetorical questions. Care to comment?
Tagged: diligence, good cause, invalidity contentions, patent local rules, supplement invalidity contentions
Court denies addition of single prior art reference to invalidity contentions
In Nano-Second Technology Co., Ltd. v. Dynaflex Int'l (June 6, 2012), Judge Lew (Central District of California) denied Defendants' request to supplement its invalidity contentions to add an additional prior art reference. In denying the requested supplement, the Court noted that pursuant to Patent Local Rule 3-6 of the Northern District of California, amendments to contentions require a "timely showing of good cause." (Order at 3). The Court determined that defendants were not diligent because they were presumably aware of the prior art reference as of the filing of the complaint. The underlying facts of this motion is where things get interesting.
Plaintiff's patent alleged to be infringed by the defendants is U.S. Patent No. 5,800,311 ("the '311 patent"). The plaintiff's '311 patent was identified to the defendants when the complaint was served in 2010. At some point after defendants served their invalidity contentions, they realized that the asserted '311 patent admitted the Figure 5 depiction of a "conventional wrist exerciser" was prior art. For this reason, defendants wanted to rely on the conceded prior art disclosed in Figure 5 and use the '311 patent as prior art. The Court determined that the defendants lacked the required diligence in identifying the '311 patent as prior art, explaining that:
Regarding the first prong of the good cause inquiry, the Court finds that Defendants cannot meet their burden to establish their diligence in seeking to amend their Preliminary Invalidity Contentions. Defendants have had in their possession a copy of the '311 Patent since the filing of the Complaint on November 30, 2010, and the language of the '311 Patent is clear that FIG. 5 is a depiction of the prior art.
It seems understandable how the Court can reach this conclusion as to lack of diligence. What's surprising about this decision is how the Court resolved the second good cause prong - prejudice. For the second prong, the Court explained:
In addition, in addressing the second prong of the good cause inquiry, the Court finds that Plaintiff will be prejudiced by allowing the requested amendment. Though expert reports are now not due until June 29, 2012, Plaintiff has stated that it prepared its claim construction briefing based in part on Defendants' original invalidity contentions. The Court finds that allowing the proposed amendment now in light of Defendants' lack of diligence in seeking [sic] amendment "would undercut one of the purpose [sic] of the patent local rules to provide the parties with certainty as to the opposing party's legal theories." Apple, Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 2012 WL 1067548, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 27, 2012) (citing 02 Micro, 467 F.3d at 1363).
As we suggested previously, the link between invalidity contentions and resulting prejudice in connection with claim construction preparation is fairly tenuous. Although the prior art reference here, the '311 patent, is actually part of the intrinsic record and not extrinsic evidence, is it accurate for plaintiff to suggest that inclusion of prior art admissions for its own patent somehow results in prejudice to its claim construction preparation and strategy? On the first prong of good cause, we take no issue with the Court's determination. On the second prong though, plaintiff has stretched a bit.
Takeaways - Diligence is the driving consideration for supplemental contentions. Organizing invalidity contentions at an early stage in the litigation is key to marshaling all information at the outset of the case, and managing information during the collection and review process. Maybe if the Defendants had a better coordination tool like PatDek (shameless plug), then they would have had more time to consider and appreciate the prior art concessions in the asserted '311 patent.
Tagged: diligence, good cause, patent local rules, supplement invalidity contentions
Series: a deeper look at local patent rules and invalidity contentions (obviousness)
Today we'll take a look at the local patent rules across jurisdictions and the specificity required for obviousness contentions. You can find an index of local patent rules here if you want to browse rules in different jurisdictions. Certain jurisdictions, like the Eastern District of Texas shown below, specify the following for invalidity contentions relying on obviousness challenges.
L. Pat. R. 3-3(b) provides:
(b) Whether each item of prior art anticipates each asserted claim or renders it obvious. If a combination of items of prior art makes a claim obvious, each such combination, and the motivation to combine such items, must be identified;
Other jurisdictions, like the Northern District of California, do not recite the requirement to identify the motivation to combine prior art references when obviousness contentions are based on a combination of prior art.
(b) Whether each item of prior art anticipates each asserted claim or renders it obvious. If obviousness is alleged, an explanation of why the prior art renders the asserted claim obvious, including an identification of any combinations of prior art showing obviousness;
In summary, certain jurisdictions specifically require a motivation to combine identification, while others do not. We have summarized a list of the jurisdictions that include and do not include this requirement. Certainly, for a given jurisdiction, Court decisions may indicate that motivations to combine must be included for obviousness-based contentions, even if not specifically recited in the local patent rules.
The following ten (10) jurisdictions recite that a motivation to combine prior art must be identified: Northern District of Georgia; Northern District of Illinois; Eastern District of North Carolina; Western District of North Carolina; District of New Hampshire; Northern District of New York; Western District of Pennsylvania; Eastern District of Texas; Northern District of Texas; and District of Utah (J. Campbell).
The following thirteen (13) jurisdictions do not recite that a motivation to combine prior art must be identified: Northern District of California; Southern District of California; District of Idaho; District of Maryland; Eastern District of Missouri; District of New Jersey; District of Nevada; Northern District of Ohio; Southern District of Ohio; Western District of Tennessee; Southern District of Texas; Eastern District of Washington; and Western District of Washington.
Let us know if you're aware of other differences of interest.
Tagged: invalidity contentions, patent local rules, preliminary contentions
Third attempt to supplement invalidity contentions unsuccessful
In Bayer Cropscience AG v. Dow Agrosciences LLC (June 7, 2012), Judge Schneider (District of Delaware) denied Defendant Dow's third request to supplement its invalidity contentions. In denying the requested supplement, the Court noted that the diligence of the moving party is the "key" fact that courts consider when assessing good cause for amendments to contentions. Relying on 02 Micro Intern. Ltd., 467 F.3d 1355, 1364-1367 (Fed. Cir. 2006), the Court explained:
Pursuant to the [02 Micro] decision, the key fact courts should look at to determine whether good cause exists to grant an amendment to a contention is the diligence of the moving party. Diligence has two aspects to it. One is whether the moving party acted diligently to discover that an amendment was appropriate. The second aspect is whether the moving party promptly moved to amend its contentions after it learned an amendment was necessary. The burden is on Dow to show diligence, rather than on Bayer to establish Down was not diligent. Dow has not satisfied its burden.
(Order at 3). Dow sought three sets of amendments. One amendment concerned supplementing its contentions to include arguments, not prior art, that respond to Plaintiff's amended contentions. This proposal was rejected. The second amendment sought to incorporate by reference past briefing by Dow. This proposal was also rejected. The third set of amendments sought to add two recently discovered prior art references. This third proposal was similarly rejected. The reasoning underlying the third proposal is explored below.
For the prior art supplement, Plaintiff Bayer noted the following:
DAS makes no showing whatsoever that it has been diligently searching for prior art; provides no explanation as to how or why the two new pinches of prior art eluded that search; and does not even attempt to explain the circumstances as to how this alleged new prior art came to light.
(Order at 6-7) (citing Bayer Answering Brief at 10-11). The Court essentially agreed with Bayer explaining that, as to the Perkins reference learned of by interviewing the reference's author, "Dow did not explain why it did not conduct its interview earlier" and as to the second Fraley reference, the Court rejected the premise that good cause exists when a reference is intended to rebut arguments by the opposing party. (Order at 7). The Court opined that if supplementing contentions to rebut arguments were permitted, "amended contentions would never cease." (Order at 7).
Takeaways - Good cause and diligence continue to control supplemental contentions. In future posts, I will comment on why invalidity contention supplements should continue to be governed by the good cause requirement, but that the stage of the litigation should be given minimal to no deference, unless expert discovery has commenced.
Judge Schneider in this case found it significant that
In view of the parties' efforts to date and the upcoming Markman hearing, Bayer will be prejudiced if it is now compelled to revise its prosecution and defense strategy to respond to Dow's 'shifting sands' defense. This is the scenario the patent rules were designed to prevent.
I respectfully disagree. Supplementing prior art, specifically prior art not of record for the challenged patent, should have no bearing on the Markman hearing, and is unlikely to require a response by the plaintiff that rises to the level of "prejudice." If the supplemented prior art is not compelling, the prior art will essentially be a non-issue. If the prior art is compelling, the prior art rises in importance and should be part of the litigated merits. Expert discovery has yet to begin, and the plaintiff can address the reference in due course with the aid of its expert. Further, because no claim construction order has issued, it would appear to be entirely premature to exclude merit-based evidence. Yes, the local patent rules specify disclosure time frames, but are those time frames justified or merely for expedience?
Tagged: delay, diligence, good cause, invalidity contentions, patent local rules, supplement invalidity contentions
Series: a deeper look at local patent rules and invalidity contentions (NDNY)
Today we'll take a look at the local patent rules for the Northern District of New York, specifically obviousness contentions. You can find an index of local patent rules here if you want to browse rules in different jurisdictions. The Northern District of New York specifies the following for invalidity charts and invalidity contentions relying on obviousness challenges:
L. Pat. R. 3.3(b)(2) provides:
(2) Whether each item of prior art anticipates each asserted claim or renders it obvious. If obviousness is alleged, an explanation of why the prior art renders the asserted claim obvious, including an identification of any combinations of prior art showing obviousness, the reason why one of ordinary skill in the art would have combined the references at the time of the invention in issue in the case, and identification of what the accused considers to be the primary reference.
(3) A chart identifying where specifically in each alleged item of prior art each limitation or view of each asserted claim is found, and for utility patents, including for each limitation that such party contends is governed by 35 U.S.C. § 112 ¶ 6, the identity of the structure(s), act(s), or material(s) in each item of prior art that performs the claimed function;
{C}Unlike most local patent rules, the NDNY requires an "identification of what the accused considers to be the primary reference." NDNY L. Pat. R. 3-3(b)(2). Not only does a defendant need to identify "any combinations" to show obviousness, but the primary reference needs to be identified. Most jurisdictions merely require an identification of obviousness combinations, but not the primary reference. In this Series on local patent rules, we'll address other nuances in jurisdictions for your consideration.
Tagged: invalidity charts, invalidity contentions, patent local rules, preliminary contentions
Although a close call, Court allows supplement to invalidity contentions
In Sloan v. Zurn (April 12, 2012), Judge St. Eve (Northern District of Illinois) allowed Defendant Zurn to supplement its invalidity contentions, despite misgivings about Defendant's dilatory disclosures. In granting the requested supplement as to a flush valve alleged to be in public use, Judge St. Eve explained:
The Court agrees that Zurn failed to properly disclose its Community Center Worn Valve invalidity contention. Although the Court agrees that Zurn's two invalidity contentions are not the same, as is discussed further below, they are based on the same theory such that Zurn should be allowed to assert the newly-articulated defense. It is a close call, however, and it is apparent from the facts in the record that Zurn unexplainably failed to produce the underlying documentation regarding the Community Center Worn Valve to Sloan despite certifying numerous times that its document production was complete. Accordingly, the Court orders Zurn to pay Sloan's reasonable costs and attorney's fees incurred in conducting discovery related to the newly-articulated Community Center Worn Valve defense as set forth in the Order.
(Order at 7). Despite the late identification of a new invalidity contention, the Court permitted the supplement. Judge St. Eve appears to have balanced other factors in this case because the new invalidity contention was determined to be belatedly disclosed. The Court was mindful to shift the costs of discovery for the new invalidity contention away from the Plaintiff and to the Defendant. Although not explicitly addressed in the opinion, another factor may have a recently issued Reexamination Certificate issued for the asserted patent, reciting amended and added claims.
Takeaways - There's not much to say about this one. The new contention was similar in theory to a previous contention, but relied on entirely different evidence (previous contention related to laboratory tests showing simulated valve wear while new contention based on valve wear over time at a public facility). The Court does not really address why the new contention was permitted, except that it was a "close call" and that the two contentions "are based on the same theory. (Order at 7). All other factors appear to have favored the Plaintiff in support of its motion to strike the new contention.
Tagged: patent local rules, supplement invalidity contentions
Request to supplement contentions denied where prior art was identified in related patents
At the ITC, In the Matter of Certain Light-Emitting Diodes and Products Containing Same (April 4, 2012), Judge Pender (337-TA-785) denied Respondent's motion to supplement its invalidity contentions as to a single prior art reference. Respondent requested the supplement arguing that
it made diligent efforts to locate and identify prior art in advance of the February 6 deadline, provided timely notice of the prior art it identified, and incorporated by reference the prior art identified in the LG's Notice of Prior Art.
In denying the requested supplement to add the Miura prior art reference for "good cause", Judge Pender relied on Ground Rules 7 and 1.10.1:
"The Notice of Prior Art may be amended or supplemented only upon written motion showing good cause." Ground Rule 7 (Feb. 12, 2012). "Note that good cause will not be found absent a showing that the requesting party has taken active steps and made a good faith effort to meet the deadline for which the extension is sought. Also note that lack of prejudice does not equate to good cause." Ground Rule 1.10.1 (Feb. 12, 2012).
(Order at 2). Judge Pender, agreeing that the Miura reference is cited on the face of seven patents related to Respondent's inequitable conduct allegations, determined that Respondent
should have been able to identify the Miura reference before the deadline.
Takeaways - Late disclosures at the ITC are not tolerated without sufficient justification. Here, Judge Pender was not convinced that Respondent was diligent in locating the new prior art because the reference appeared in multiple patents related to a different defense theory. What if the Miura reference was cited on only one patent related to the inequitable conduct allegations, different result? Based on the Ground Rules at the ITC for a Notice of Prior Art, some compelling reason must be identified to show why the prior art was not identified by the stated deadline, or expect this type of result to be the norm.
Tagged: ITC, supplement invalidity contentions
Failure to locate prior art earlier is not good cause
At the ITC, In the Matter of Certain Coenzyme Q10 Products and Methods of Making Same (April 3, 2012), Judge Rogers (337-TA-790) denied Respondents' motion to supplement their invalidity contentions as to a single prior art reference. Respondents' requested supplementation to add the Kanazawa article based on the explanation that the article
was not uncovered until ... counsel ... reviewed the prosecution history of U.S. Patent No. 5,011,858.
In denying the requested supplement for the Kanazawa prior art for "good cause" under Ground Rule 5, governing notice of prior art, Judge Rogers repeated his guidance provided at an earlier hearing concerning Ground Rule 5:
[Ground] Rule 5 talks about notices of prior art. There is a date in the procedural schedule for filing the notice of prior art. That's a not later than date, and if you are late doing it, and you haven't filed it timely, then proof of the matters related to that prior art that's not timely will not be allowed in evidence at the trial, unless you show good cause by a written motion, and the fact that your expert couldn't find the references is not adequate for good cause.
(Order at 2). Judge Rogers reasoned that he warned the Respondents about this situation at the preliminary conference, and therefore denied the proposed amendment to their notices of prior art.
Takeaways - Judge Rogers focused on the fact that identifying prior art after the notice date would only be permitted for good cause, and failure to locate a reference does not constitute good cause. It was also noted that the Kanazawa prior art was a publicly-available reference. With such tight time frames in the ITC, it appears there was little the Respondents could due once the notice period expired, except identify some other rationale to support the "good cause" requirement, different from explaining why the reference could not be found earlier.
Tagged: contentions, ITC, prior art search, supplement invalidity contentions