Jessica Michelle Castillo
Writing & Photography
Connecting to Jewish Cuba
This story was originally published by University of Miami here on October 10, 2017.
UM Hillel provides an enriching experience to students through its Alternative Spring Break trip to Cuba.
Down a bumpy dirt road, next to abandoned railroad tracks with overgrown grass and a handful of curious locals, the Cementerio Union Hebrea Chevet-Ahim, one of only five Jewish cemeteries in Cuba, awaits a rare visit. More than a dozen University of Miami Hillel students arrive to pay their respects at the Sephardic cemetery, established in 1942 for Jews from Spain and Portugal. The final holy resting place is hidden just down the road from the Ashkenazi cemetery, the oldest Jewish cemetery in Cuba, built for Jews from Eastern Europe and Russia in 1906.
The tucked-away location is common, says UM student Josh Stoller on this clear and hot Sunday morning. This is his first full day in Cuba for UM Hillel's Alternative Spring Break trip to the communist island that was so close but off limits to most Americans for decades.
"For security reasons," Stoller, a junior majoring in electrical engineering, explains, "Jewish cemeteries and synagogues across many parts of the world, including the U.S., are generally inconspicuous and the directions unmarked to help prevent anti-Semitic attacks."
With its crumbling, unkempt grounds, tombstones of broken marble and tile, and cracked cement, the cemetery in the suburbs of Havana has an unsettling likeness to the Jewish cemeteries and synagogues across the U.S. that have been recent targets of vandalism.
But the shabbiness of this Jewish cemetery has nothing to do with anti-Semitism. There just aren't enough Jews left in Cuba to repair and maintain the grounds for the deceased, or the Jewish community centers and places of worship for the living. From a peak of nearly 25,000 in the 1920s, the Cuban-Jewish population fell sharply after Fidel Castro's 1959 revolution turned Cuba into a communist and atheist state. Many of Cuba's Jews joined the mass exodus of Cubans following the revolution, and today, the Jewish population on the island stands at just about 1,200.
Though the Cuban government owns the cemetery land, the Patronato Casa de la Comunidad Hebrea de Cuba, or the Patronato, as the Cuban Jewish Community is called, must pay to maintain the grounds and relies on donations to do so. Without a single rabbi on the island, the Patronato even has to fly in a rabbi from Chile for Passover and the occasional wedding.
"In Cuba, our students experienced a vibrant Jewish and secular culture while being keenly aware of the political implications that communism has had on the Cuban people," says UM Hillel's Campus Rabbi and Jewish Chaplain Lyle Rothman, who traveled with the group during their seven-day trip.
The UM Hillel students, ranging in age from 18 to 23 and pursuing majors from music therapy to accounting and pre-med to pre-law, spent the break visiting and paying their respects at Jewish cemeteries, cooking meals for Jewish seniors, and enjoying Rikudim dances with teens and young adults from the temple.
They also visited historical and cultural sites, including the Plaza de la Revolución, with its landmark 100-ton steel outlines of revolutionary figures Che Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos, the artist communities of Muraleando and Callejon de Hamel, the national Havana Club rum factory and the town of Viñales in the western province of Pinar del Rio, with its breathtakingly distinct rounded mountains.
(Story continues after photo gallery)
The Patronato often choreographs dances for traditions, big and small, as shown here during the weekly Havdalah ceremony, which marks the end of the Sabbath, or the separation of work and rest. Photo credit: Jessica M. Castillo
Curious locals of the Guanabacoa municipality in Havana province gather at the entrance of the tucked-away Cementerio Union Hebrea Chevet-Ahim, a Sephardic Jewish Cemetery, and one of only five Jewish cemeteries in Cuba. Photo credit: Jessica M. Castillo
The Cementerio Union Hebrea Chevet-Ahim, a Sephardic Jewish cemetery in Havana established in 1942 for Jews from Spain and Portugal, is overgrown and its tombstones crumbling. Photo credit: Jessica M. Castillo
William Miller, former vice president of the Patronato and grandson of the congregation's founder, Jose Miller, an Ashkenazi Jewish immigrant from Poland, currently runs the tour and cultural exchange arm of the organization. Here, he is visiting and paying his respects at his grandfather's grave in the Ashkenazi cemetery in Havana, the oldest Jewish cemetery in Cuba, built for Jews from Eastern Europe and Russia in 1906. Photo credit: Jessica M. Castillo
University of Miami Hillel students visited Cuba in March 2017 for an Alternative Spring Break. They engaged with the Cuban Jewish community, and visited cultural and historic sites. Here, the students, with Rabbi Lyle Rothman, front row, far left, throw up the U in the bay of Cojimar, a small fishing village east of Havana that was the inspiration for Ernest Hemingway's Nobel prize-winning The Old Man and the Sea. Photo credit: Jessica M. Castillo
UM Hillel students engaged with the Cuban Jewish community and visited cultural and historic sites, including the four main plazas of Old Havana. Here, the group goes on a walking tour through the Plaza de la Catedral. Photo credit: Jessica M. Castillo
University of Miami Hillel students, here in front of the Beth Shalom synagogue in Havana, visited Cuba in March 2017 for an Alternative Spring Break. Photo credit: Jessica M. Castillo
Multi-generational families and members of the Patronato, or the Cuban Jewish community, celebrate Purim in the Beth Shalom synagogue in Havana by reading prayers and passages, dancing, enjoying candies, dressing in costumes, and re-enacting the story of Queen Esther and Mortdecai. Here, an older congregation member enjoys the celebration's festivities. Photo credit: Jessica M. Castillo
During an Alternative Spring Break trip to Cuba in March 2017, UM Hillel students visited the Pinar del Rio province, west of Havana. In Pinar del Rio they visited and bought cigars at a tobacco farm, with over 200,000 tobacco plants run by the Montesino family. Photo credit: Jessica M. Castillo
UM Hillel's Campus Rabbi, Lyle Rothman, was the only known rabbi in Cuba while taking UM Hillel students on an Alternative Spring Break trip to the island in March 2017. Here, he poses in front of the distinct rounded mountains in Valle de Vinales in the Pinar del Rio province. Photo credit: Jessica M. Castillo
UM Hillel students visited artist communities while on an Alternative Spring Break trip to Cuba in March 2017. Here, in Callejon de Hamel, water tanks atop an apartment building boast "Viva Cuba." Photo credit: Jessica M. Castillo
UM Hillel students visited artist communities while on an Alternative Spring Break trip to Cuba in March 2017. Many of them noted that, despite dilapidation throughout the country, the island's people are resourceful and have a relentless artistic energy. Here, several of the students pose outside of Muraleando with a sign that reads "optimistas," or optimists. Photo credit: Jessica M. Castillo
The Patronato, a vibrant cultural and community center and place of worship for Cuban Jews, has a community pharmacy for congregants, a practice space for choreographing dances, offers Sunday School classes and has a library of more than 15,000 books in 21 languages. Photo credit: Jessica M. Castillo
The Patronato, a vibrant cultural and community center and place of worship for Cuban Jews, has a practice space for choreographing dances. Here, University of Miami Hillel students join in Rikudim, or Israeli folk dancing, with teens from the congregation. Photo credit: Jessica M. Castillo
University of Miami Hillel students visited Cuba in March 2017 for an Alternative Spring Break. They engaged with the Cuban Jewish community and with the larger Cuban community through arts and culture, such as attending a show at the Havana Cafe at the Melia international hotel.
There, some students bought two fresh loaves of rationed bread for 15 cents from a state-run bakery, bought cigars from a tobacco farm and lunched in a casa particular, a private homestay, with a view of the mountains. With internet still largely inaccessible in Cuba, where connecting to Wi-Fi means buying a scratch-off card with a code to connect to a spotty—at best—internet connection, the students were forced into a digital detox.
But, as William Miller, the former vice president of the Patronato notes, the students' first priority was to support the Jewish community and build the bonds that tie Jews together the world over.
Those bonds are expressed in Cuba at lively community gatherings, for customs such as the weekly Havdalah ceremony, where a candle-lit prayer is chanted, arm-in-arm, to celebrate the end of the Sabbath and the separation of work and rest, and the annual Purim festival, where the story of Queen Esther and Mordecai is re-enacted, all with colorful costumes, candies and dancing.
UM Hillel began offering Alternative Spring Break trips in 2010, "as a way for students to engage and promote a core tenet of Judaism—to repair the world and leave it better than how it was found," says Igor Khokhlov, executive director of UM Hillel.
On the island, the college students are "really engaging in people-to-people exchange with not just local Cubans, but Cuban Jews," says Miller, who runs the tour and cultural exchange arm of the congregation. "This is very important to us. Not many groups are coming and doing the humanitarian work that UM Hillel is doing."
The trips, the first to Argentina and the next to Brazil, Khokhlov says, also show Jewish-American students how Jewish communities in other countries express their Judaism in similar and different ways.
Until about 30 years ago, Cuba's Communist government heavily restricted the practice of religion for almost all faiths—except Judaism.
"Many in the Cuban Jewish community left for the United States in 1959, but some stayed behind," says Miller. "Those that remained trusted that communism would work and so the Patronato and its leaders, notably the late Jose Miller, an Ashkenazi Jewish immigrant from Poland, built relationships with the newly installed administration."
"As a result, there have been less hurdles to jump for Jewish groups from the U.S. trying to visit Cuba," says Miller, the grandson of the Patronato's founder, noting that travel restrictions for American groups have loosened considerably over the last decade. "It's very important for us to communicate that, despite interaction being restricted for so long, this is happening, and we want everyone to know that they are welcome here," Miller says.
After visiting decrepit Jewish cemeteries (described as a "heavy morning" by some students), and a festive afternoon at the Beth Shalom synagogue in Havana celebrating Purim—a celebration of resilience and fortitude—the students try to process their cacophony of feelings and impressions.
"Today for me was a day of emotions," says freshman Jake Teplitzky, majoring in human and social development. "I felt all types of emotions, but at the end of the day what I felt most was how proud I am to be a Jew."
"I love how tight-knit the community is here in the Beth Shalom synagogue," adds Jessi Vishny, a sophomore media management major and pre-med student. "It's so different from my family's synagogue back home."
One of the country's six and Havana's three synagogues, Beth Shalom is more than a place of worship for Cuban Jews. It is a vibrant cultural and community center where multi-generational families gather to celebrate holidays and traditions big and small. It boasts a library of more than 15,000 books in 21 languages and offers Sunday school classes and a community pharmacy for congregants. It even doubles as a youth center where teenagers can learn about sexual and reproductive health and practice choreographed dances to perform during the synagogue's next community gathering.
The synagogue's moderate resources, much of them donated by Jewish organizations in the U.S. and Canada, are an exception in Cuba. Escorted by a government-mandated sociopolitical tour guide through diesel-fumed air and streets lined with dawdling, bored residents, shantytowns of corrugated tin and aluminum, and Soviet-era cement block apartments, the students were struck by the rampant poverty.
"I don't know what I was expecting, but I wasn't expecting this," says Jake Dannin, a junior majoring in business and political science. "I didn't expect to see so much poverty everywhere. I thought only some of the areas or buildings would be poor or crumbling, not most of them."
But, like many visitors, the students quickly realize how complex and mesmerizing Cuba is. The country's austerity and deterioration still imparts a beautiful resilience amid its inherent sadness.
"The dichotomy of buildings and infrastructure is insane," says Stoller, who works in the sound department of UM's Ring Theater. "You look east down the Malécon (Havana's major seaside boulevard) and you could be anywhere—in Tel Aviv or somewhere in Europe. But then you turn the other way—and see old and dilapidated buildings and exposed wires."
Impressed with the Cuban people's resourcefulness, some students agree the island's motto seems to be "things are old, but still usable." They also noticed that, despite the lack of basic necessities like medicines, medical equipment, and potable and running water—some water pipes have been in place since Spanish colonial times—nothing dampens the Cuban spirit.
Arts, culture and community abound on what seems like every other street corner, and the UM Hillel students never passed up an opportunity to join in.
"We danced with the Jewish community, served meals to those most vulnerable and witnessed the healing power of art," says Rabbi Rothman.
Some students knew each other before the trip, either from Hillel services or events, or from Birthright Israel, a 10-day trip Israel sponsors and UM Hillel helps organize for Jewish young adults. For others, this was their first experience with UM Hillel.
"I was really nervous about coming on this trip because I didn't know anyone, but I'm so glad I did," says Rachel Schaeffer, a senior in sociology and pre-law student.
Established in 1941 and priding itself on being an "open and pluralistic community for all," UM Hillel and its students proudly emphasize that "you don't have to be Jewish to come to Hillel." In fact, one student notes, she became involved with the campus organization after her non-Jewish friends raved about a Hillel social gathering in Miami's Wynwood neighborhood to conclude Shabbat.
"We welcome not only the nearly 20 percent of UM undergraduates who identify as Jewish, but anyone who wishes to be part of the Hillel community—the largest Jewish campus organization in the world," says Rothman, "and embrace all genders, sexual orientations, races and religions as a way for people from all walks of life to learn about each other, the Jewish community and its shared cultural heritage."
UM Hillel also collaborates with other Jewish organizations and programs on campus, including the Sue and Leonard Miller Center for Contemporary Judaic Studies and the George Feldenkreis Program in Judaic Studies at the UM College of Arts and Sciences. All are eager to explore and further connect to Jewish communities in the Caribbean.
"We'd like to develop a program at the Miller Center that examines the history and culture of Jewish communities throughout the Caribbean, and looks at their relationships with the non-Jewish communities in those countries," says Haim Shaked, professor of international studies and director of both the Miller Center and the Program in Judaic Studies. "As far as I know, there's no other center like it."
And as UM Hillel now knows, there is no place quite like Cuba.
"This trip is life-changing for me," says Rachel Price, a senior pre-vet student who works in a parasitology research lab at the Miller School of Medicine. "I'll never forget it."
Despite their digital detox, the students were compelled to coin their own hashtag to convey their unique experience traveling in a country of fierce national pride, strong survivalist spirit and unrelenting rhythmic energy: #YOCO, for You Only Cuba Once. ♦
Story and photos by Jessica M. Castillo
About the photo: University of Miami Hillel students visited two Jewish cemeteries in Havana while visiting Cuba on an Alternative Spring Break trip in March 2017. Both cemeteries were in disrepair, with many of the tombstones crumbling, such as this one in the Sephardic Jewish cemetery in Havana's Guanabacoa municipality.
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