Difference between revisions of "Bolivia"
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'''Bolivia''' is a [[country]] in [[South America]]. Bolivia has two capital cities: La Paz (administrative) and [[Sucre]] (judicial). Bolivia is located southeast of [[Peru]], south of [[Brazil]], north of [[Paraguay]] and [[Argentina]], and east of [[Chile]]. It is notorious for its high consumption of coca leaves, which are used in the production of [[cocaine]]. The current interim president of Bolivia is Jeanine Áñez, who replaced [[Socialism|Socialist]] [[Evo Morales]].
'''Bolivia''' is a [[country]] in [[South America]]. Bolivia has two capital cities: La Paz (administrative) and [[Sucre]] (judicial). Bolivia is located southeast of [[Peru]], south of [[Brazil]], north of [[Paraguay]] and [[Argentina]], and east of [[Chile]]. It is notorious for its high consumption of coca leaves, which are used in the production of [[cocaine]]. The current interim president of Bolivia is [[Jeanine Áñez]], who replaced [[Socialism|Socialist]] [[Evo Morales]].
Bolivia is divided into nine major political divisions, known as departments: [[Beni]], [[Chuquisaca]], [[Cochabamba]], [[La Paz]], [[Oruro]], [[Pando]], [[Potosí]], [[Santa Cruz]], and [[Tarija]]. Until recently, each department was governed by a prefect who was appointed by the president; however, this changed on December 18, 2005, when the first popular elections for prefects were held.
In Dec. 2009 President far-left [[Evo Morales]] won a second term by a landslide, with 61% of the vote; his '''Movement to Socialism''' party won a two-thirds majority in Congress. The result will allow him to implement a new constitution granting new rights to indigenous peoples and to strengthen state control over the economy, which conservatives have denounced as socialism similar to that of [[Hugo Chavez]] in [[Venezuela]].<ref>see [https://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_ID=15065929 '"Economist'' report]</ref>
==People==
== People ==
[[File:La Morenada Mestizos Bolivia.jpg|left|260px]]
===Principal Government Officials===
=== Principal Government Officials ===
*President—[[Evo Morales]]
[[File:Jeanine Áñez.jpg|thumbnail|150px|Jeanine Áñez, Conservative Interim President of Bolivia.]]
*Vice President—Álvaro García Linera
*President—[[Jeanine Áñez]]
*President of the Senate—Adriana Salvatierra
*Vice President—
*President of the Chamber of Deputies—Víctor Borda
*President of the Senate—
*President of the Chamber of Deputies—
===Foreign Relations===
=== Foreign Relations ===
[[File:Evo Morales C Fernandez y F Lugo.jpg|right|350px]]
Bolivia traditionally has maintained normal diplomatic relations with all hemispheric states except Chile. Relations with Chile, strained since Bolivia's defeat in the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–83) and its loss of the coastal province of Antofagasta, were severed from 1962 to 1975 in a dispute over the use of the waters of the Lauca River. Relations were resumed in 1975, but broken again in 1978, over the inability of the two countries to reach an agreement that might have granted Bolivia sovereign access to the sea. They are maintained today below the ambassadorial level.
Bolivia traditionally has maintained normal diplomatic relations with all hemispheric states except Chile. Relations with Chile, strained since Bolivia's defeat in the War of the Pacific (1879–83) and its loss of the coastal province of Atacama, were severed from 1962 to 1975 in a dispute over the use of the waters of the Lauca River. Relations were resumed in 1975, but broken again in 1978, over the inability of the two countries to reach an agreement that might have granted Bolivia sovereign access to the sea. They are maintained today below the ambassadorial level.
In the 1960s, relations with Cuba were broken following Castro's rise to power, but resumed under the Paz Estenssoro administration in 1985. Under President Morales, relations between Bolivia and Cuba have improved considerably, and Cuba has sent doctors and teachers to Bolivia. Relations have also improved with Venezuela, which has provided financial assistance to Bolivian municipalities, armed forces, and police since Morales took office. The Bolivian and Venezuelan Governments are also working closely together in the petrochemical industry, with plans to expand cooperation into the mining sector and advance the Venezuelan-sponsored [[Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas]] (ALBA) trade bloc. The Bolivian Government announced it would pursue formal relations with Iran and Libya in September 2007, with plans to cooperate in the petrochemical industry and increase Bolivian exports to both countries.
==Economy==
== Economy ==
==History==
[[File:Bolivar.jpg|thumb|[[Simon Bolivar]].]]
Independence did not bring stability. For nearly 60 years, coups and short-lived constitutions dominated Bolivian politics. Bolivia's weakness was demonstrated during the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–83), when it lost its seacoast and the adjoining rich nitrate fields to Chile.
===Revolution and Turmoil===
=== Revolution and Turmoil ===
===Return to Democracy===
=== Return to Democracy ===
In the 1985 elections, the Nationalist Democratic Action Party (ADN) of Gen. [[Hugo Banzer|Banzer]] won a plurality of the popular vote (33%), followed by former President Paz Estenssoro's MNR (30%) and former Vice President Jaime Paz Zamora's Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR, at 10%). But in the congressional run-off, the MIR sided with MNR, and Paz Estenssoro was chosen for the fourth time as president. When he took office in 1985, he faced a staggering economic crisis. Economic output and exports had been declining for several years. Hyperinflation had reached an annual rate of 24,000%. Social unrest, chronic strikes, and drug trafficking were widespread.
===Morales Administration===
=== Morales Administration (2006-2019) ===
*Otis, John; Forero, Juan (November 11, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/bolivians-celebrate-or-protest-after-president-resigns-11573488650 Bolivia Leaderless After President Quits]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
*Slattery, Gram (November 14, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bolivia-election-ticktock-insight/how-evo-morales-lost-control-of-bolivia-idUSKBN1XO2PQ How Evo Morales lost control of Bolivia]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved November 14, 2019.</ref>
=== Jeanine Áñez transitional government ===
In November of 2019 the [[right-wing]] [[conservative]] senator [[Jeanine Áñez]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/16/world/americas/bolivia-anez-morales.html|title=In Bolivia, Interim Leader Sets Conservative, Religious Tone|publisher= The New York Times|date=November 26 2019}}</url> became interim President of Bolivia. During her first day in office she took a [[Bible]] to the presidential office in a sign of God returning to the government after the previous one only venerated Indigenous gods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-50425098|title=Renuncia de Evo Morales: 4 símbolos con los que la presidenta en funciones de Bolivia quiere diferenciarse del gobierno de Morales|date=November 14, 2019|publisher=BBC World|language=es}}</ref>
She openly denounces Socialist and said that they always want to perpetuate in power.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtu.be/2bQpr8_9itI|title=Jeanine Áñez: Don Evo Morales es un estafador de la democracia|date=November 12, 2019|publisher=CNN|language=es}}</ref>
She also implemented a flag in representation of the Eastern part of Bolivia, and changed the official newspaper (used in Evo's government as propaganda) name from ''Cambio'' to ''Bolivia''.
Áñez gave more power to the military to control the situation in the country<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/mundo/bolivia-decreto-jeanine-anez-quitarle-responsabilidad-penal-fuerzas-armadas-protestas_0_AwNOgZKd.html|title=Bolivia: el decreto de Jeanine Áñez para quitarle la "responsabilidad penal" a las Fuerzas Armadas ante las protestas|publisher=Clarin|language=es|date=November 16, 2019}}</ref><url>{{cite web|title=The world's as divided about Bolivia's alleged coup as Bolivians themselves|url=https://qz.com/1748281/experts-are-divided-on-evo-morales-and-bolivias-alleged-coup/|publisher=Quartz|date=November 15, 2019}}</url><url>{{cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/bolivia-anez-celebrates-militarys-209th-anniversary/1646402|title=Bolivia: Anez celebrates military's 209th anniversary|date=November 15, 2019|publisher=AA}}</ref>
== References ==
In November of 2019 the right-wing conservative senator Jeanine ÁñezCite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag