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Modern Mormon Shibboleths (And How To Avoid Them)
October 29, 2017 July 6, 2017
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The book of Judges in the Bible narrates a series of intertribal and international wars waged by Israel as it settled the recently conquered land of Canaan. The central theme of the book of Judges is the rescue of the Israelite confederation at times of national crisis by the inspired intervention of a charismatic tribal chieftain or leader.
The judges are mostly shown as tribal leaders who delivered their people from oppression. Some were military leaders (Othniel, Ehud, Barak, Gideon, and Jephthah), some were lone warriors (Shamgar and Samson), and one was both leader and commander (Jephthah). Some judges were prophets (Deborah and Samuel), one was a Nazirite (Samson), some were also priests (Eli and Samuel), or sat in judgment (Deborah and Samuel), while the acts of others are not specified (Tola, Jair, Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon).[1]
One of the judges mentioned above, Jephthah, is perhaps most (in)famous for his unfortunately hasty oath-making (Judges 11:34–40). He is also known, however, for his war with the tribe of Ephraim (Judges 12:1–6). After his triumph in this conflict, Jephthah ruthlessly hunted down any lingering Ephraimites who had opposed him. It is in this narrative context that readers encounter the following:
Then Jephthah gathered all the men of Gilead and fought with Ephraim; and the men of Gilead defeated Ephraim, because they said, "You are fugitives from Ephraim, you Gileadites—in the heart of Ephraim and Manasseh." Then the Gileadites took the fords of the Jordan against the Ephraimites. Whenever one of the fugitives of Ephraim said, "Let me go over," the men of Gilead would say to him, "Are you an Ephraimite?" When he said, "No," they said to him, "Then say Shibboleth," and he said, "Sibboleth," for he could not pronounce it right. Then they seized him and killed him at the fords of the Jordan. Forty-two thousand of the Ephraimites fell at that time. (Judges 12:4–6)
The shrewd Jephthah, in what is almost something out of a Tarantino film, was able to detect any clandestine Ephraimite attempting to escape by having him speak the word שבלת before he was granted permission to cross the Jordan to safety. The unlucky Ephraimite would give up the game by pronouncing the word in his local dialect as סבלת, which is identical accept for the s/sh (ש/ס). In other words, the Ephraimite's pronunciation of the word as sibboleth instead of shibboleth betrayed his ethnicity and exposed him as an enemy.
From this passage we derive our modern word shibboleth, meaning "a custom, principle, or belief distinguishing a particular class or group of people," or otherwise something that "distinguish[es] members of ingroups from those of outgroups, with an implicit value judgment based on familiarity with the shibboleth."
That last part is important: "an implicit value judgment based on familiarity with the shibboleth." Modern shibboleths are different from value-free group markers that just matter-of-factly distinguish groups of people; they are designed and maintained for the purpose of discriminating between insiders vs. outsiders, believers vs. infidels, we vs. they, the elect vs. the damned, sheep vs. goats. Those who fail to show familiarity with or allegiance to the group's shibboleth(s) are judged as unworthy, as outsiders, or as the Other.
This is in keep with humanity's most primal tribalistic urges. One might say it's "natural" (cue the evolutionary biologist pointing to tribalistic behaviour in chimps) for humans to form tribes and discriminate against those who fail to enact the expected behaviour of the tribe. And on a strictly evolutionary level it's understandable why we do it.
But remember, as King Benjamin reminds us, that the natural man is an enemy to God (Mosiah 3:19).
What sort of shibboleths do we see in the modern mainstream culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints? Plenty. Over time the human members of the Church have established cultural and institutional shibboleths that have ossified into tests of tribal loyalty and identity. These range from what clothing to wear (white shirts, not coloured shirts; nothing form-fitting), what hairstyles to have (conservative and un-flamboyant), what food to eat and beverages to drink (no caffeine), what media to consume (don't watch rated-R movies), what sort of jewellery to wear (only one pair of earrings for women), how to act around figures of authority (always stand when a General Authority enters the room; give the presiding priesthood officer the sacrament first), and how to speak (don't swear).
On it's own this fact should not be all that surprising. After all, every human culture or group does this. This is not a uniquely Mormon thing. What is surprising, as well as disheartening, is how quickly orthodox members of the Church can mistake (often arbitrary and artificial) cultural shibboleths with inspired principles revealed by God, or even with eternal covenants made with God.
Now before liberal or progressive readers pat themselves on the back too quickly, there is little question that both sides of the cultural divide in Mormonism is guilty of this. Liberal and progressive Mormons have codified plenty of their own shibboleths within their own sub-group in Mormon culture. I came face-to-face with one of these shibboleths (and failed the test) just last week when I was roundly criticized by the liberal Mormon arm of Twitter for not immediately and unquestioningly validating ex-Mormons who suppose their hurt feelings justify duplicitous behaviour.
But again, this is not a Mormon or ex-Mormon or conservative or liberal thing: it's a human thing.
So what steps can we take in Mormon culture to abolish harmful shibboleths that impede personal progression or cause others to stumble (or in worst cases outright leave the Church)? Here are three ideas for starters.
First, we should recognize that everyone harbours personal and group shibboleths. There is no use in pretending like you or your clan have transcended this very human instinct. It is not only naive but also hypocritical. "Why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye?" (Matthew 7:3)
Second, we should think very carefully about what is and isn't important in building Zion and edifying the Saints. In short, we should question our shibboleths. Does it really matter to God what coloured shirt someone wears when they pass the sacrament? Is someone really of morally dubious character if they have tattoos? If aunt Suzy likes to read the Ensign and not Sunstone or watch Fox News and not MSNBC, does that really make her an intellectually stunted simpleton, racist, or homophobe? Before we cast judgement on others because they don't properly articulate our preferred shibboleths, we should ask ourselves if the outrage has any actual moral foundation in the first place.
Third, we should always strive to find wholesome and edifying ways to talk about these disconnects between members of our culture (and various sub-cultures). Even at those moments when we feel it is necessary to "reprov[e] betimes with sharpness," the scripture reminds us it is crucial to "show[] forth afterwards an increase of love toward him whom thou hast reproved, lest he esteem thee to be his enemy" (Doctrine and Covenants 121:43).
Why is it so vital to rid ourselves cultural shibboleths in the modern Church? "Intertribal war was one of the manifestations of disunity that weakened Israel in the Period of the Judges," observes Gordon and Rendsburg.[2] What was true for ancient Israel is true for modern Israel. Infighting, tribalism, and disunity is not sustainable in any society, and certainly not in the Church of Jesus Christ. "I say unto you, be one; and if ye are not one ye are not mine" (D&C 38:27).
One way as Mormons we can begin to diminish this in our own culture is to recognize what our shibboleths are and how we can work towards replacing them with the inspired principles and commandments of the gospel.
[1]: Yairah Amit, "Judges: Introduction and Annotations," in A. Berlin & M. Z. Brettler, eds., The Jewish Study Bible (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 508.
[2]: Cyrus H. Gordon and Gary A. Rendsburg, The Bible and the Ancient Near East (New York: Norton, 1997), 181.
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11 thoughts on "Modern Mormon Shibboleths (And How To Avoid Them)"
Thank you for this, another key in our being able to establish Zion.
Rebecca Holt Stay
I was with you until "If someone innocently mispronounces your group's shibboleth, instead of cutting them asunder and leaving them to rot, formulate ways to lovingly even if firmly persuade them to reform.' I thought your point was that a group's shibboleth is often a poor measurement of morality, so someone who pronounces it differently may be correct and not in need of reform.
Stephen Smoot
You know, as I re-read it you're right. I need to think of a way to say differently what my point is with #3. Good catch.
Joey S
It's a little distasteful to label counsel from living prophets as "shibboleths." I doubt Pres Hinckley was trying to separate the heathens when he counseled young women (and men) on piercings.
I understand it's 2017 and you aren't supposed to judge anyone by any moral standards, but your attitude towards counsel from people you consider prophets seers and revelators says a lot about you. After Pres Hinckley spoke about tattoos and piercings (he wasn't the first one) and I saw young adults blow it off and do their own thing, that told me everything I needed to know about how they viewed the prophet. I didn't excommunicate them or shun them, but it revealed a lot about them.
Anthony D.
Your trying to cast the mote out of his eye while not looking at the beam in yours, what does that say about you?
Just what do you think his questioning of things says about him, exactly? Are you sure you are judging righteously?
You don't even engage as to why this counsel is core doctrine other than "a leader said it". If we can't even question, how can we know what is doctrine and what is policy subject to change?
bursteinkefelt
Applying gospel principles, adhering to Church policies, and following prophetic counsel, not to mention "the unwritten order of things" described by Boyd K. Packer, shows whether we're on the Lord's side.
Because each person may apply gospel principles differently, each application can become a shibboleth. Cultural norms, which define the mainstream and do not imply correctness, can also become shibboleths. And prophetic counsel may include specific applications of a principle or other behaviors; however, would it not be hasty to view prophetic counsel as shibboleths? Would not doing so rationalize disobedience?
Cultural shibboleths amount to self-righteousness, which indeed ought to be done away. By living the gospel and the teachings of the prophets, we "flee Babylon," which has many applications.
honored_dad
eh… we are so often wishful for a king, and yet are so very vexed by small hints God gives on how to be His heirs
this piece fails to distinguish customs from counsel — which is the most valuable point — like I once told one of the Stannard twins abt shirts for sacrament service:
God doesnt care if you wear pants or shoes to prep/bless/serve but He has given ONE small standard for a token of brotherhood among the many thousands on the job every week — that white shirt is a demonstration of your brotherhood w/ priests in Africa/Asia/etc
that got to him far more than other tut-tuts abt respect etc
The one I hear most often is, "You can't be a good Mormon and a Democrat." It's ridiculous and irritating (or if it's ridiculous, should I be irritated?!).
I like it. An increasingly global church like ours can really benefit from cleaning house of nearly 200 years of cultural hand-me-downs that no longer fit the growing margins of our faith.
Perhaps the Mormon equivalent of Marie Condie's "Does this spark joy?", would be to look at the underlying principles behind the culture and see if those principles can be satisfied through multiple means.
I'm too much of a traditionalist to just 'throw out the old,' but I do like asking "Why do we even do this?" That gives me the mental space to make room for new things. And by things I mean people.
Great job Stephen! And thanks for adding a new word to my vocabulary.
Interesting thoughts, but I have some concerns about some of your conclusions. For example, you correctly identify that humans form groups with those who share common belief systems, but you don't delve into the why. Instead, you focus on chimps and evolution as causation. I would argue that we form groups of like thinking for safety primarily. In a society where we all believe a basic set of codes for common good, then we live in physical safety. When we share moral codes, we live in "emotional" safety, where we can express ourselves with a common unity of vision and attempt to seek validation or, if we are humble, correction.
You didn't go that direction at all.
You also then (not so subversively) criticize some things that are given as direct counsel for our youth and by prophets (R-rated movies, one earring). While these are not strictly gospel law, they are counsel from our prophet and apostles, and following their counsel is, in fact, part of the gospel.
Had I followed the advice given to me as a youth, I myself would not have fallen away from the gospel for so long in my life. Even if that advice was not part of the direct revelation. I would give anything to have some cultural shibbeloth nudge me in the right direction when I was a boy of but 10 years old, but I didn't. And I suffered for over 25 years because of it.
I think the thing that we must focus on as disciples is really to live life with compassion. Judge we can and judge we must, otherwise we will be deceived and maybe even damaged. But we must have compassion and we must push away our pride and be humble.
While we all can assume that Jephthah did the right thing as was desired by the God of the Old Testament, I wonder what might have happened if times were different. A modern day Jephthah would probably have been served well by showing compassion to the Ephraimite rather than sword.
Garry Moss
One primary doctrine of The Church is what we know as free agency. The Church is not a governmental agency extending edicts about everything imaginable as to how we are to conduct our lives. When we go to church, we tend to hear the same things over and over again. This is what I found when I joined The Church; I found that we tend to be taught basic true and correct principles, and once you have them, everything else can kind of fall into place. It seems pretty clear that some people are more concerned about rebelling against the culture in The Church than in pondering the wisdom of that culture, considering the possibility that it might just not be an accident. Maybe we ought to think about things like the concept of every member a missionary and think about missionary standards. And we might want to ponder the importance of modesty. Rather than being to quick to reject the example of those who have gone before us in The Gospel, consider whether me might be more wise to ponder why they do things the way they do and learn from their example. I rather think that God is pretty smart, and if He saw fit to alter the things that are done in His Church, He would do it. That's my story, and I'm stickin' to it!
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