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/* * @UBERXMHF_LICENSE_HEADER_START@ * * uber eXtensible Micro-Hypervisor Framework (Raspberry Pi) * * Copyright 2018 Carnegie Mellon University. All Rights Reserved. * * NO WARRANTY. THIS CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING * INSTITUTE MATERIAL IS FURNISHED ON AN "AS-IS" BASIS. CARNEGIE MELLON * UNIVERSITY MAKES NO WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, * AS TO ANY MATTER INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR * PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY, EXCLUSIVITY, OR RESULTS OBTAINED FROM USE OF * THE MATERIAL. * CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY DOES NOT MAKE ANY WARRANTY OF * KIND WITH RESPECT TO FREEDOM FROM PATENT, TRADEMARK, OR COPYRIGHT * INFRINGEMENT. * * Released under a BSD (SEI)-style license, please see LICENSE or * contact [email protected] for full terms. * * [DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A] This material has been approved for public * release and unlimited distribution. Please see Copyright notice for * non-US Government use and distribution. * * Carnegie Mellon is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office by * Carnegie Mellon University. * * @UBERXMHF_LICENSE_HEADER_END@ */ /* * Author: Amit Vasudevan ([email protected]) * */ #include <stdint.h> #include <string.h> #if 0 int memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n) { if (n != 0) { const unsigned char *p1 = s1, *p2 = s2; do { if (*p1++ != *p2++) return (*--p1 - *--p2); } while (--n != 0); } return (0); } #endif // 0 /*@ requires n >= 0; requires n == 0 || \valid_read((char*)s1+(0..n-1)); requires n == 0 || \valid_read((char*)s2+(0..n-1)); assigns \nothing; behavior eq: assumes n >= 0 && \forall integer i; 0 <= i < n ==> ((const unsigned char*)s1)[i] == ((const unsigned char*)s2)[i]; ensures \result == 0; behavior not_eq: assumes n > 0 && \exists integer i; 0 <= i < n && ((const unsigned char*)s1)[i] != ((const unsigned char*)s2)[i]; ensures \result != 0; complete behaviors eq, not_eq; disjoint behaviors eq, not_eq; */ int memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n) { const char *c1 = s1, *c2 = s2; int d = 0; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= n <= \at(n, Pre); loop invariant (char*)s1 <= c1 <= (char*)s1 + (\at(n, Pre)); loop invariant (char*)s2 <= c2 <= (char*)s2 + (\at(n, Pre)); loop invariant d == 0; loop assigns n, c1, c2, d; loop variant n; */ while (n) { /*@ assert (char*)s1 <= c1; */ /*@ assert c1 <= (char*)s1 + (\at(n, Pre)); */ /*@ assert (char*)s2 <= c2; */ /*@ assert c2 <= (char*)s2 + (\at(n, Pre)); */ d = (int)*c1++ - (int)*c2++; if (d) break; n--; //inserted code } return d; }
34
/*@ requires x >= 0 && x <= __INT_MAX__ - 1; ensures \result == x + 1; assigns \nothing; */ int foo(int x) { return x+1; }
5
/* run.config OPT: -load-module report -then -report */ /* run.config_qualif OPT: -load-module report -then -report EXECNOW: LOG stmt.log LOG f.dot LOG f_default_for_stmt_2.dot LOG g.dot LOG g_default_for_stmt_11.dot @frama-c@ -no-autoload-plugins -load-module wp -wp-precond-weakening -wp -wp-model Dump -wp-out tests/wp_plugin/result_qualif @PTEST_FILE@ 1> tests/wp_plugin/result_qualif/stmt.log */ /*@ requires a < 2147483647 && b < 2147483647 && a > -2147483648 && b > -2147483648 && a + b <= 2147483647 && a + b >= -2147483648; @ ensures a > 0 ==> \result == a + b; @ ensures a <= 0 ==> \result == -1; @ assigns \nothing; */ int f(int a, int b) { if (a > 0) return a + b; return -1; } /*@ requires a < 2147483647 && b < 2147483647 && a > -2147483648 && b > -2147483648 && a + b <= 2147483647 && a + b >= -2147483648; @ ensures \result == a + b; @ assigns \nothing; */ int g(int a, int b) { return a + b; } /*@ ensures \result == (e ? a : b) ; @ assigns \nothing; @ behavior POS: @ assumes e ; @ ensures \result == a; @ behavior NEG: @ assumes !e ; @ ensures \result == b; @ complete behaviors POS, NEG; @ disjoint behaviors POS, NEG; */ int h(int e,int a,int b) { if (e) return a; else return b; }
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/*@ requires size >= 0 && \valid(t+(0..size-1)); @ assigns t[0..size-1]; @ ensures \forall integer i; 0 <= i < size ==> t[i] == 0; @*/ void out_ecount(char *t, int size) { int i; /*@ loop assigns i, t[0..size-1]; loop invariant 0 <= i <= size; loop invariant \forall integer k; 0 <= k < i ==> t[k] == 0; loop invariant \forall integer k; i <= k < size ==> t[k] == \at(t[k], Pre); loop variant size - i; */ for (i = 0; i < size; i++) t[i] = 0; //@ assert \forall integer k; 0 <= k < size ==> t[k] == 0; }
19
/*@ @ requires n > 1; @ requires \valid(a+(0..n - 1)); @ @ ensures 0 <= \result < n; @ ensures \exists int i; 0 <= i < n && a[\result] == a[i]; @ ensures \forall int j; 0 <= j < n ==> a[\result] <= a[j]; @ assigns \nothing; */ int argmin(int a[], int n) { int index_min = 0; /*@ @ loop invariant 1 <= i <= n; @ loop invariant 0 <= index_min < i; @ loop invariant \forall int j; 0 <= j < i ==> a[index_min] <= a[j]; @ loop assigns index_min, i; @ loop variant n - i; */ for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) { if (a[i] < a[index_min]) index_min = i; } /*@ assert \forall int j; 0 <= j < n ==> a[index_min] <= a[j]; */ return index_min; }
19
/*@ requires n > 0; requires \valid(p + (0..n-1)); assigns \nothing; ensures 0 <= \result < n; ensures \forall int i; 0 <= i < n ==> p[\result] >= p[i]; */ int array_max(int *p, int n) { int max_idx = 0; int max = p[max_idx]; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= n; loop invariant 0 <= max_idx < n; loop invariant max == p[max_idx]; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i ==> p[max_idx] >= p[j]; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i ==> max >= p[j]; loop assigns max_idx, max, i; loop variant n - i; */ for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { if (max < p[i]) { max_idx = i; max = p[i]; } } return max_idx; }
22
/*@ requires @ size > 0 && \valid(t+(0..size-1)); @ assigns \nothing; @ ensures \result == t[size-1]; */ char in_ecount(char *t, int size) { return t[size -1]; } void in_ecount_test() { char a[] = "test"; char b = in_ecount(a, 5); //@ assert b == '\0'; char c = in_ecount(a, 4); //@ assert c == 't'; }
12
/* Generated by Frama-C */ #include "stdio.h" #include "stdlib.h" /*@ requires \valid_read(p); requires *p == 0; ensures \result == 0; assigns \nothing; */ int f(int *p) { int __retres; { int i = 0; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= 1; loop assigns i; loop variant 1 - i; */ while (i < 1) { i ++; } } __retres = 0; return __retres; } /*@ requires \valid_read(p); requires *p == 1; ensures \result == 0; assigns \nothing; */ int g(int *p) { int __retres; { int i = 0; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= 1; loop assigns i; loop variant 1 - i; */ while (i < 1) i ++; } __retres = 0; return __retres; } /*@ ensures \result == 0; assigns \nothing; */ int main(void) { int __retres; int x = 0; int y = 1; f(& x); g(& y); __retres = 0; return __retres; }
32
/*@ logic integer abs(integer x) = x >= 0 ? x : -x; */ #include<limits.h> /*@ requires x > INT_MIN; ensures (x >= 0 ==> \result == x) && (x < 0 ==> \result == -x); assigns \nothing; */ int abs ( int x ); /*@ requires x > INT_MIN; requires y > INT_MIN; ensures \result >= x; ensures \result >= y; ensures \result == x || \result == y; assigns \nothing; */ int max ( int x, int y ); /*@ requires x > INT_MIN; requires y > INT_MIN; ensures \result >= abs(x) && \result >= abs(y); ensures \result == abs(x) || \result == abs(y); assigns \nothing; */ int max_abs( int x, int y ) { return max(abs(x),abs(y)); }
15
/*@ requires 0 < n; requires \valid(a+(0..n-1)); assigns a[0..n-1]; ensures \forall integer i; 0 <= i < n ==> a[i] == 0; */ void array_zero(int* a, int n){ /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= n && (\forall integer k; 0 <= k < i ==> a[k] == 0); loop assigns a[0..n-1], i; loop variant n-i; */ for(int i = 0;i< n;i++){ a[i]=0; } }
13
/*@ @ requires n > 0; @ requires \valid(a+(0..n-1)); @ requires \valid(b+(0..n-1)); @ assigns \nothing; @ behavior true_: @ assumes \forall int i; 0 <= i < n ==> a[i] == b[i]; @ ensures \result == n; @ behavior false_: @ assumes \exists int i; 0 <= i < n && a[i] != b[i]; @ ensures 0 <= \result < n && a[\result] != b[\result]; @ ensures \forall int i; 0 <= i < \result ==> a[i] == b[i]; @ complete behaviors true_, false_; @ disjoint behaviors true_, false_; */ int compare_arrays(int a[], int b[], int n) { /*@ @ loop invariant 0 <= i <= n; @ loop invariant \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i ==> a[j] == b[j]; @ loop assigns i; @ loop variant n - i; */ for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { if (a[i] != b[i]) return i; } return n; }
20
/*@ requires x > -2147483648; @ ensures \result >= 0; @ ensures \result == x || \result == -x; @ assigns \nothing; @*/ int abs(int x) { if (x >= 0) return x; return -x; }
7
#include<limits.h> /*@ requires x > 0 && x < INT_MAX; ensures \result == x; assigns \nothing; */ int test(int x) { int a = x; int y = 0; /*@ loop invariant y + a == x; loop invariant a >= 0 && a <= x; loop assigns a, y; loop variant a; */ while(a != 0) { y = y + 1; a = a - 1; } return y; } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int main() { int num = test(3); //@ assert num == 3; return 0; }
21
/*@ requires 0 < n <= 10; assigns \nothing; ensures \result == n * (n + 1) * (2 * n + 1) / 6; */ int sq(int n) { int s; int i; s = 0; i = 1; /*@ loop invariant 1 <= i <= n + 1; loop invariant s == (i - 1) * i * (2 * i - 1) / 6; loop assigns s, i; loop variant n - i; */ while (i <= n) { s = s + i * i; i += 1; } return s; }
18
/* run.config EXECNOW: make tests/aorai/Aorai_test.cmxs OPT: -aorai-automata tests/aorai/test_recursion5.ya -aorai-test 1 -aorai-acceptance -load-module tests/aorai/Aorai_test.cmxs -aorai-test-number @PTEST_NUMBER@ */ //frama-c t2.c -aorai-automata t2.ya -aorai-dot -aorai-show-op-spec -aorai-output-c-file t2_annot.c //frama-c -jessie t2_annot.c -jessie-why-opt="-fast-wp" //#include <stdio.h> /*@ requires \valid(t+(0..max)); @ requires max>=0; @ requires 0<=i<=max; @ decreases max-i; @ ensures i<=\result<=max || \result==-1 ; @ ensures \result!=-1 ==> t[\result]==val; @ ensures \result==-1 ==> (\forall integer j; i<=j<=max ==> t[j]!=val); @ assigns \nothing; */ int isPresentRec(int t[], int i, int max, int val) { // printf("t : %d | s : %d | v : %d\n",t[0],size,val); if(t[i]==val) return i; if(max==i) return -1; // 1 de plus que max return isPresentRec(t, i+1, max, val); } /*@ requires \valid(t+(0..max)); @ requires max>=0; @ ensures 0<=\result<=max || \result==-1 ; @ ensures \result!=-1 ==> t[\result]==val; @ ensures \result==-1 ==> (\forall integer i; 0<=i<=max ==> t[i]!=val); @ assigns \nothing; */ int isPresent(int t[], int max, int val) { return isPresentRec(t, 0, max, val); } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ void foo(){} /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int main(int argc, char** argv) { int tab[]={10,20,33,15}; int r=isPresent(tab, 3, 33); if (r==-1) foo(); // printf("Résultat = %d\n",r); return 1; }
40
#include<limits.h> /*@ requires INT_MIN - b <= a <= INT_MAX - b; ensures \result == a+b; assigns \nothing; */ int add(int a,int b){ return a+b; }
6
/*@ requires n > 0; requires \valid_read(a + (0..n-1)); assigns \nothing; behavior present: assumes \exists integer k; 0 <= k < n && x == a[k]; ensures \result == 1; behavior not_present: assumes \forall integer k; 0 <= k < n ==> x != a[k]; ensures \result == 0; complete behaviors present, not_present; disjoint behaviors present, not_present; */ int arraySearch(int *a, int x, int n) { int p = 0; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= p <= n; loop invariant \forall integer k; 0 <= k < p ==> x != a[k]; loop assigns p; loop variant n - p; */ while (p < n) { if (a[p] == x) { return 1; } p++; } return 0; }
18
/* run.config COMMENT: \at on purely logic variables COMMENT: */ /*@ assigns \nothing; */ void f(int *t) {} /*@ assigns \nothing; */ void g() { int m; m = 8; Q: ; m = 10; /*@ assert \exists integer w; 3 <= w < 6 && \at(m + w == 12, Q); */ ; } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int main(void) { int n; n = 7; L: ; n = 9; K: ; n = 666; // Predicates: /*@ assert \let i = 3; \at(n + i == 10, L); */ ; /*@ assert \exists integer j; 2 <= j < 5 && \at(n + j == 11, L); */ ; /*@ assert \let k = -7; \exists integer u; 9 <= u < 21 && \forall integer v; -5 < v <= 6 ==> \at((u > 0 ? n + k : u + v) > 0, K); */ ; // Terms: /*@ assert \let i = 3; \at(n + i, L) == 10; */ ; unsigned int m = 3; G: ; m = -3; /*@ assert \exists integer k; -9 < k < 0 && \at(m + k, G) == 0; */ ; /*@ assert \exists integer u; 9 <= u < 21 && \forall integer v; -5 < v <= (u < 15 ? u + 6 : 3) ==> \at(n + u + v > 0, K); */ ; // Function calls: int t[5] = {9, 12, 12, 12, -4}; f(t); g(); // Name capturing /*@ assert \exists integer u; 10 <= u < 20 && \exists integer v; -10 < v <= -5 + (\let u = -2; u) // another u && \exists integer w; 10 < w <= 20 && \at(n - u + (\let u = 42; u) // yet another u + v + w > 0, K); */ ; return 0; }
28
/*@ requires base >= 0 && height >= 0 && base <= 2147483647 / height; ensures \result == (base * height)/2; assigns \nothing; */ int area(int base, int height){ int res = (base * height)/2; return res; } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int main() { int a = area(4, 5); //@ assert a == 10; }
14
/*@ requires \valid(t+(0..n-1)) && n>0; ensures (\exists integer i; 0<=i<n && t[i] == x) ==> -1<=\result<n; ensures (\forall integer i; 0<=i<n ==> t[i] != x) ==> \result == -1; */ int index(int t[], int n, int x){ /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=n; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> t[j] != x; loop assigns i; loop variant n-i; */ for(int i=0;i<n;i++){ if(t[i] == x) return i; } return -1; }
13
#include <stdlib.h> /*@ requires n >= 0; requires \valid(a+(0..n-1)); requires \forall integer i, j; 0 <= i < j < n ==> a[i] <= a[j]; assigns \result \from a[0..n-1]; behavior NOT_EXISTS: assumes \forall integer i; 0 <= i < n ==> a[i] != key; ensures \result == \null; behavior EXISTS: assumes \exists integer i; 0 <= i < n && a[i] == key; ensures \exists integer i; 0 <= i < n && \result == (a + i) && \result >= a && \result < a + n; ensures \result != \null ==> *\result == key; complete behaviors NOT_EXISTS, EXISTS; disjoint behaviors NOT_EXISTS, EXISTS; */ int *spec_bsearch(int a[], int n, int key) { int left = 0; int right = n - 1; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= left <= n; loop invariant -1 <= right < n; loop invariant \forall integer i; 0 <= i < n && a[i] == key ==> left <= i <= right+1; loop invariant (\exists integer i; 0 <= i < n && a[i] == key) ==> (\exists integer i; left <= i <= right && a[i] == key); loop invariant right - left + 1 >= 0; loop assigns left, right; loop variant right - left + 1; */ while (left <= right) { int m = left + (right - left) / 2; if (a[m] < key) { left = m + 1; } else if (a[m] > key) { right = m - 1; } else { return &a[m]; } } return NULL; }
32
//In the assigns clause of g(), parameter p refers to g()'s argument, not to the global variable p. //This problem can be circumvented using ghost variables. typedef struct { int a; } las; las * p; /*@ requires \valid(p); assigns p->a; @*/ void f() { p->a = 5; } /*@ requires \valid(p); assigns p->a; @*/ void g(int * p_arg) { f(); }
9
/*@ requires n >= 0 && \valid_range(a, 0, n - 1); @ assigns \nothing; @ behavior success: @ assumes \exists integer k; 0 <= k < n && a[k] == v; @ ensures 0 <= \result < n && a[\result] == v; @ behavior failure: @ assumes \forall integer k; 0 <= k < n ==> a[k] != v; @ ensures \result == -1; @ complete behaviors success, failure; @ disjoint behaviors success, failure; @*/ int search (int a[], int n, int v) { /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= n; @ loop invariant \forall integer k; 0 <= k < i ==> a[k] != v; @ loop assigns i; @ loop variant n - i; @*/ for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) if (a[i] == v) return i; return -1; }
18
/*@ requires 0<=n<=1000; ensures \result == n*(n-1)/2; */ int sum(int n) { int sum=0; /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=n; loop invariant sum == i*(i-1)/2; loop assigns sum, i; loop variant n-i; */ for(int i=0;i<n;i++) { sum+=i; } return sum; }
13
#include <limits.h> /*@ requires x+y <= INT_MAX; requires x+y >= INT_MIN; requires x >= INT_MIN && y >= INT_MIN; ensures \result == x+y; assigns \nothing; */ int add(int x, int y) { return x+y; }
6
/*@ requires \valid(t+(0..taille-1)) && taille>0; assigns \nothing; behavior monotonic_increasing: assumes \forall integer i; 0 <= i < taille - 1 ==> t[i] <= t[i+1]; ensures \result == 1; behavior not_monotonic_increasing: assumes \exists integer i; 0 <= i < taille - 1 && t[i] > t[i+1]; ensures \result == 0; complete behaviors monotonic_increasing, not_monotonic_increasing; disjoint behaviors monotonic_increasing, not_monotonic_increasing; */ int monotonic(int t[], int taille) { /*@ loop invariant 1 <= i <= taille; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i-1 ==> t[j] <= t[j+1]; loop assigns i; loop variant taille - i; */ for (int i = 1; i < taille; i++) { if (t[i] < t[i - 1]) return 0; } return 1; }
20
/*@ requires n > 0; requires \valid_read(arr + (0..n-1)); ensures \forall integer i; 0 <= i < n ==> \result <= arr[i]; */ int arraymin(int arr[], int n) { int min = arr[0]; /*@ loop invariant \forall integer i; 0 <= i < n ==> min <= arr[i] || i >= j; loop invariant 1 <= j <= n; loop assigns j, min; loop variant n - j; */ for (int j=1; j<n; j++) { if (arr[j] < min) min = arr[j]; } return min; }
14
/* run.config EXECNOW: make tests/aorai/Aorai_test.cmxs OPT: -aorai-ltl tests/aorai/test_boucle1.ltl -aorai-test 1 -aorai-acceptance -load-module tests/aorai/Aorai_test.cmxs -aorai-test-number @PTEST_NUMBER@ */ int cpt=3; //@ global invariant inv_cpt : 0<=cpt<=3; int status=0; //@ global invariant inv_status : 0<=status<=1; /*@ requires \true; @ ensures 0<=\result<=1; @ assigns \nothing; */ int commit_trans() { return 1; } /*@ requires \true; @ ensures 0<=\result<=1; @ assigns \nothing; */ int init_trans() { return 1; } /*@ requires \true; @ assigns cpt, status; @ ensures \result == 0 || \result == 1; */ int main(){ cpt=3; status=0; /*@ loop assigns status, cpt; loop invariant i : @ 0<=status<=1 @ && 0<=cpt<=3 @ && (cpt==0 ==> status==0); @ loop variant cpt; */ while (cpt>0) { status=init_trans(); if (status && (status=commit_trans())) goto label_ok; cpt--; } return 0; label_ok: return 1; }
24
/*@ requires \valid(p + (0..4)); @ ensures \valid(p + (0..4)); @*/ void validPointers(int * p) { *p = 1; return; }
4
#include <stdio.h> /*@ axiomatic Factorial { logic integer fact(integer n); axiom case_n: \forall integer n; n >= 1 ==> fact(n) == n*fact(n-1); axiom case_0: fact(0) == 1; } */ /*@ requires n >= 0 && n < 13; ensures \result == fact(n); assigns \nothing; */ int factorial(int n) { int i = 1; int f = 1; /*@ loop invariant f == fact(i-1); loop invariant 1 <= i; loop invariant i <= n+1; loop invariant f >= 0; // Ensure f is non-negative, useful for overflow prevention loop assigns i, f; // other variables are invariant loop variant n - i; */ while (i <= n) { f = f * i; i = i + 1; } return f; }
18
/*@ requires \valid(p) && *p <= 100 && *p >= -100; assigns *p; ensures *p == \old(*p)+ 1 ; */ int incr(int *p) { *p = *p + 1; return *p; };
9
#include <stdio.h> /*@ requires c > 0; ensures \result == c; assigns \nothing; */ int func(int c) { int x = c; int y = 0; /*@ loop invariant c == x + y && x >= 0; loop assigns x, y; loop variant x; */ while(x > 0) { x = x - 1; y = y + 1; } return y; }
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/*@ predicate MaxElem{L}(int e, int *a, integer n) = @ \forall integer i; 0 <= i < n ==> e >= a[i] && @ \exists integer i; 0 <= i < n && e == a[i]; @*/ /*@ requires n > 0 && \valid_range(a, 0, n - 1); @ assigns \nothing; @ ensures MaxElem(\result, a, n); @*/ int maxelem (int a[], int n) { int m = a[0]; /*@ loop invariant 0 < k <= n; @ loop invariant MaxElem(m, a, k); @ loop assigns k,m; @ loop variant n - k; @*/ for (int k = 1; k < n; k++) if (a[k] > m) m = a[k]; return m; }
15
/*@ requires \valid(a + (0..6)); ensures \valid_read(a + (0..6)) && a[6] == '\0' && (a[0] == 'a') && (a[1] == 'b') && (a[2] == 'c') && (a[3] == 'a') && (a[4] == 'b') && (a[5] == 'c'); */ char* strtest(char* a){ a[0] = 'a'; a[1] = 'b'; a[2] = 'c'; a[3] = 'a'; a[4] = 'b'; a[5] = 'c'; a[6] = '\0'; return a; }
10
/*@ @ requires \valid(t+(0..n - 1)); @ requires n > 0; @ @ ensures \forall integer i; 0 <= i < n ==> t[i] == val; */ void fill(int t[], int n, int val) { /*@ @ loop invariant 0 <= i <= n; @ loop invariant \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i ==> t[j] == val; @ loop assigns i, t[0..n-1]; @ loop variant n - i; */ for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { t[i] = val; } }
14
/*@ requires \valid(t+(0..n-1)) && 0 <= k < n; @ ensures \forall integer i; k <= i < n ==> \result <= t[i]; @ assigns \nothing; */ int getMinSubarray(int t[], int n, int k) { int res = t[k]; /*@ loop invariant k+1 <= i <= n; @ loop invariant \forall integer j; k <= j < i ==> res <= t[j]; @ loop assigns i, res; @ loop variant n - i; */ for (int i = k+1; i < n; i++) if (t[i] < res) res = t[i]; return res; }
16
#ifndef __is_included__eb42c25c_df0f_11eb_ba7e_b499badf00a1 #define __is_included__eb42c25c_df0f_11eb_ba7e_b499badf00a1 1 /* Declaration of SREG */ extern volatile unsigned char SREG; void sysclockInit(); /*@ requires \valid(&SREG); assigns SREG; */ unsigned long int micros(); /*@ requires millisecs >= 0; requires \valid(&SREG); assigns SREG; */ void delay(unsigned long millisecs); #endif /* __is_included__eb42c25c_df0f_11eb_ba7e_b499badf00a1 */ #include <stdio.h> /* Dummy implementations to allow Frama-C to parse the code */ void sysclockInit() {} /*@ requires \valid(&SREG); assigns SREG; */ unsigned long int micros() { SREG = 0; /* dummy assignment */ return 0; } /*@ requires millisecs >= 0; requires \valid(&SREG); assigns SREG; */ void delay(unsigned long millisecs) { SREG = 0; /* dummy assignment */ }
9
int t[100]; /*@ requires \valid(t+(0..99)) && (\forall integer k ; 0 <= k < 100 ==> t[k] == 1) ; assigns t[0..99]; ensures \valid(t+(0..99)) && (\forall integer k ; 0 <= k < 100 ==> t[k] == 2) ; */ void f(void) { int i; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= 100 && (\forall integer k ; 0 <= k < i ==> t[k] == 2) && (\forall integer k ; i <= k < 100 ==> t[k] == 1) ; loop assigns t[0..99], i; loop variant 100 - i; */ for (i=0; i<100; i++) t[i]++; }
14
/*@ requires a <= 2147483647 && a >= -2147483648; requires b <= 2147483647 && b >= -2147483648; requires c <= 2147483647 && c >= -2147483648; ensures \result>=a && \result>=b && \result>=c; ensures \result==a || \result==b || \result==c; ensures a>=b && a>=c ==> \result==a; ensures b>=a && b>=c ==> \result==b; ensures c>=a && c>=b ==> \result==c; */ int max3(int a,int b,int c) { int max; if((a >= b) && (a >= c)) { max = a; } else if((b >= a) && (b >= c)) { max = b; } else if((c >= a) && (c >= b)) { max = c; } return max; } /*@ requires 1000>size>0; requires \valid(t+(0..size-1)); assigns t[0..size-1]; ensures \forall integer i; 0<=i<size ==> t[i] == (i*2) ; ensures \forall integer i; 0<=i<size-1 ==> t[i]<=t[i+1]; */ void doubleint(int t[],int size) { // void double() --> not possible since datatype! /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=size; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> t[j] == (j*2) ; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i-1 ==> t[j]<=t[j+1]; loop assigns i, t[0..size-1]; loop variant size-i; */ for(int i=0;i<size;i++) { t[i]=i*2; } } /*@ requires size>0; requires \valid(t+(0..size-1)); assigns \nothing; behavior success: assumes \forall integer i; 0<=i<size-1 ==> t[i]<=t[i+1]; ensures \result==1; behavior failure: assumes \exists integer i; 0<=i<size-1 && t[i]>t[i+1]; ensures \result==0; complete behaviors success, failure; disjoint behaviors success, failure; */ int increasing(int t[], int size){ /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=size; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> t[j]<=t[j+1]; loop assigns i; loop variant size-1-i; */ for(int i=0;i<size-1;i++) { if( (t[i] > t[i+1]) ) return 0; } return 1; }
48
/*@ ensures \result >= a && \result >=b && (\result == a || \result == b); */ int max(int a, int b) { return a > b ? a : b; }
3
/*@ requires n>0 && \valid(s+(0..n-1)) && \valid(t+(0..n-1)); assigns \nothing; behavior success: assumes \forall integer i; 0<=i<n ==> s[i]==t[i]; ensures \result == 1; behavior failure: assumes \exists integer i; 0<=i<n && t[i]!=s[i]; ensures \result == 0; complete behaviors success, failure; disjoint behaviors success, failure; */ int compare(int s[], int t[], int n){ /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=n; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> s[j]==t[j]; loop invariant i == n ==> (\forall integer k; 0<=k<n ==> s[k] == t[k]); loop assigns i; loop variant n-i; */ for(int i=0;i<n;i++){ if(s[i]!=t[i]) return 0; } return 1; }
21
#include <stdio.h> #include <limits.h> #include <stddef.h> #define MAX_SIZE 1000 // Define a maximum size for the array /*@ requires validSize: MAX_SIZE > size > 0 ; requires validArr: \valid_read(arr + (0 .. size - 1)) ; assigns \nothing ; ensures largest: \forall integer i; 0 <= i < size ==> \result >= arr[i] ; ensures existsInArr: \exists integer i; 0 <= i < size && arr[i] == \result ; */ int arrayMax(int* arr, size_t size) { int result = arr[0]; size_t i = 0; /*@ loop invariant largest: \forall integer k; 0 <= k < i ==> result >= arr[k]; loop invariant pos: 0 <= i <= size; loop invariant existsInArr: \exists integer k; 0 <= k < size && arr[k] == result ; loop assigns i, result; loop variant size - i; */ while (i < size) { if (arr[i] > result) result = arr[i]; i++; } return result; }
17
/*@ requires \valid(a) && \valid_read(b); requires \separated(a,b); requires -10000000<*a<10000000 && -10000000<*b<10000000; assigns *a; ensures *b != 0 ==> *a==0; ensures *b == 0 ==> *a==\old(*a); */ void reset_1st_if_2nd_is_true(int* a,int const* b){ if(*b){ *a =0; //@ assert *a==0; } } int main(){ int a =5, x =0; /*@ assigns a, x; */ reset_1st_if_2nd_is_true(&a, &x); //@ assert a == 5 ; //@ assert x == 0 ; int const b =1; /*@ assigns a, x; */ reset_1st_if_2nd_is_true(&a, &b); //@ assert a == 0 ; //@ assert b == 1 ; }
20
/* run.config OPT: -rpp */ /* * Based on http://sohu.io/questions/2211707/comparison-method-violates-its-general-contract * */ struct NzbFile{ int* FileName; int getFileName_toLowerCase_endsWith[5]; int Subject; }; /*@ type invariant NzbFile_is_bool(struct NzbFile s) = \forall integer k; 0 <= k < 5 ==> (s.getFileName_toLowerCase_endsWith[k] == 0 || s.getFileName_toLowerCase_endsWith[k] == 1);*/ /*@ assigns \result \from x,y; @ ensures x < y ==> \result == -1; @ ensures x > y ==> \result == 1; @ ensures x == y ==> \result == 0; */ int IntCompare(int x, int y){ if (x < y){ return -1; } if(x > y){ return 1; } return 0; } /*@ requires (o1.FileName != 0) ==> \valid_read(o1.FileName); requires (o2.FileName != 0) ==> \valid_read(o2.FileName); assigns \result \from o1.FileName,o1.getFileName_toLowerCase_endsWith[0..4],o1.Subject,o2.FileName,o2.getFileName_toLowerCase_endsWith[0..4],o2.Subject; */ int compare(struct NzbFile o1, struct NzbFile o2){ if ((o1.FileName != 0) && (o2.FileName != 0)){ if (o1.getFileName_toLowerCase_endsWith[0]) // ".nfo" return -1000; else if (o2.getFileName_toLowerCase_endsWith[0]) // ".nfo" return 1000; else if (o1.getFileName_toLowerCase_endsWith[1]) // ".sfv" return -999; else if (o2.getFileName_toLowerCase_endsWith[1]) // ".sfv" return 1001; else if (o1.getFileName_toLowerCase_endsWith[2]) // ".srr" return -998; else if (o2.getFileName_toLowerCase_endsWith[2]) // ".srr" return 1002; else if (o1.getFileName_toLowerCase_endsWith[3]) // ".nzb" return -997; else if (o2.getFileName_toLowerCase_endsWith[3]) // ".nzb" return 1003; else if (o1.getFileName_toLowerCase_endsWith[4]) //".srt" return -996; else if (o2.getFileName_toLowerCase_endsWith[4]) // ".srt" return 1004; else return IntCompare(*o1.FileName, *o2.FileName); } else if ((o1.FileName != 0) && (o2.FileName == 0)) { return -995; } else if ((o1.FileName == 0) && (o2.FileName != 0)) { return 1005; } else { return IntCompare(o1.Subject, o2.Subject); } }
30
/*@ ghost const int MYOBJECT_MYTAB_SIZE = 5; */ #define MYOBJECT_MYTAB_SIZE 5 typedef struct MyObject{ int id; int myTab[MYOBJECT_MYTAB_SIZE]; }MyObject; /*@ requires \valid(self); requires Inv1 : self->id == 0; assigns self->id, self->myTab[0..MYOBJECT_MYTAB_SIZE-1]; ensures self->id == 0; ensures \forall integer it_x; 0 <= it_x < MYOBJECT_MYTAB_SIZE ==> self->myTab[it_x] == 0; */ void test(MyObject* self){ self->id = 0; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= MYOBJECT_MYTAB_SIZE; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i ==> self->myTab[j] == 0; loop assigns i, self->myTab[0..MYOBJECT_MYTAB_SIZE-1]; loop variant MYOBJECT_MYTAB_SIZE - i; */ for (int i=0; i<MYOBJECT_MYTAB_SIZE;i++){ self->myTab[i] = 0; } }
19
/* UNSAFE because `assigns *q;` and not `assigns **q;`. */ int g = 42; /*@ requires \valid(p) && \valid(q) && \valid(*q); assigns *p, **q, g; */ void foo(int* p, int** q) { *p = 42; **q = 42; g = 42; }
8
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> /*@ requires n>=0; requires n <= 0 || \valid_read(a + (0..n-1)); assigns \nothing; behavior sorted: assumes n <= 1 || (\forall integer k; 0 <= k < n-1 ==> a[k] <= a[k+1]); ensures \result == 1; behavior not_sorted: assumes n > 1 && (\exists integer k; 0 <= k < n-1 && a[k] > a[k+1]); ensures \result == 0; complete behaviors sorted, not_sorted; disjoint behaviors sorted, not_sorted; */ int arraySorted(int a[], int n){ int i = 0; if (n <= 1) return 1; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= n; loop invariant \forall integer k; 0 <= k < i ==> a[k] <= a[k+1]; loop assigns i; loop variant n - i; */ while (i < n-1){ /*@ assert i < n; */ if(a[i] > a[i+1]){ return 0; } i = i + 1; } return 1; } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int main(){ int a[] = {1,2,3,4,5}; int n = 5; arraySorted(a,n); return 0; }
30
/*@ requires a < 2147483647 && a >= -1; ensures (a >= 0) ==> (\result == a + 1); ensures (a < 0) ==> (\result == 0); */ int plus_one(int a) { if (a >= 0) { return a + 1; } else { return 0; } }
5
/* Generated by Frama-C */ /*@ ensures \result == 0; assigns \nothing; */ int f(int x) { x = 0; return x; } int Y = 1; /*@ ensures \result == Y; assigns \nothing; */ int g(int x) { return Y; } /*@ ensures \result == 0; assigns \nothing; */ int h(void) { int __retres; __retres = 0; return __retres; } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int main(void) { int __retres; __retres = 0; return __retres; }
15
int x; //@ predicate p(integer n) = n > 0 ; //@ predicate p_array(int t[]) = t[0]; /*@ axiomatic Q { @ predicate q(int t[]); @ @ axiom q_ax: \forall int t[]; t[0] == 0 ==> q(t); @ } @*/ /*@ assigns x; */ void f() { /*@ ghost */ int i = 0; /*@ loop assigns i; loop invariant i >= 0; loop variant 100 - i; */ for (;;) { if(i > 99) break; i++; } /*@ ghost */ i = 0; /*@ loop assigns x, i; loop invariant i >= 0; loop variant 100 - i; */ for(;;) { L2: x = 0; if(i > 99) break; i++; } L1: x = 0; }
18
#include <limits.h> /*@ requires x != INT_MIN; assigns \nothing; ensures x >= 0 ==> \result == x; ensures x < 0 ==> \result == -x; */ int abs(int x) { if (x < 0) return -x; else return x; } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int main() { abs(10); abs(-20); return 0; }
14
/*@ axiomatic GCD { logic integer GCD(integer x, integer y); axiom gcd_pos: \forall integer x, y; x > 0 && y > 0 ==> GCD(x, y) > 0; axiom gcd_recursive: \forall integer x, y; x > 0 && y > 0 ==> GCD(x, y) == (x == y ? x : (x > y ? GCD(x - y, y) : GCD(x, y - x))); }*/ /*@ requires x > 0 && y > 0; @ ensures \result == GCD(x,y); @ assigns \nothing; */ int gcd(int x, int y){ int a = x; int b = y; /*@ loop assigns a,b; @ loop invariant a > 0; @ loop invariant b > 0; @ loop invariant GCD(a,b) == GCD(x,y); @ loop variant a*b; */ while(a != b){ if(a > b){ a = a - b; } else{ b = b - a; } } return a; }
17
/*@ requires \valid(t+(0..n-1)) && n>0; ensures 0<=\result<n; ensures \forall integer i; 0<=i<n ==> t[\result] <= t[i]; */ int minIndex(int t[], int n){ int index=0; /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=n; loop invariant 0<=index<n; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> t[index] <= t[j]; loop assigns index,i; loop variant n-i; */ for(int i=0;i<n;i++){ if(t[i]<t[index]) { index=i; } } return index; }
16
#include <limits.h> /*@ requires 0 < x0 && x0 < 100 && 0 < x1 && x1 < 100 && \valid(x2 + (0..(x0 * x1) - 1)) && (\forall integer i; 0 <= i < (x0 * x1) ==> 0 <= x2[i] < 256); assigns x2[0..(x0*x1)-1]; ensures \forall integer i; 0 <= i < (x0 * x1) ==> x2[i] == 7; */ void p(int x0, int x1, int * x2) { /*@ loop invariant 0<=x5<=x0; loop invariant (\forall integer i; 0 <= i < (x5 * x1) ==> x2[i] == 7); loop invariant (\forall integer i; (x5 * x1) <= i < (x0 * x1) ==> 0 <= x2[i] < 256); loop assigns x5, x2[0..(x0*x1)-1]; loop variant x0-x5; */ for(int x5=0; x5 < x0; x5++) { int x11 = x5 * x1; /*@ loop invariant 0<=x13<=x1; loop invariant (x11==(x5*x1)); loop invariant (\forall integer i; 0 <= i < (x5 * x1 + x13) ==> x2[i] == 7); loop invariant (\forall integer i; (x5 * x1 + x13) <= i < (x0 * x1) ==> (0 <= x2[i] < 256 || x2[i] == 7)); loop assigns x13, x2[0..(x0*x1)-1]; loop variant x1-x13; */ for(int x13=0; x13 < x1; x13++) { int x42 = x11 + x13; int x43 = x2[x42]; x2[x42] = 7; //@ assert x2[x42] == 7; } } }
37
/*@ lemma mean : \forall integer x, y; x <= y ==> x <= (x+y)/2 <= y; */ /*@ requires n >= 0 && \valid(t+(0..n-1)); @ ensures -1 <= \result <= n-1; @ assigns \nothing; @*/ int binary_search4(int* t, int n, int v) { int l = 0, u = n-1, p = -1; /*@ loop invariant @ 0 <= l && u < n && -1 <= p <= n-1; @ loop invariant \forall integer i; l <= i <= u ==> \valid_read(t+i); @ loop assigns l, u, p; @ loop invariant l <= u+1; @ loop variant u - l; @*/ while (l <= u) { int m = l + (u - l) / 2; if (t[m] < v) l = m + 1; else if (t[m] > v) u = m - 1; else { p = m; break; } } return p; }
24
/*@ requires -10 <= x <= 0 ; requires 0 <= y <= 5 ; ensures -5 <= \result <= 10 ; assigns \nothing; */ int function(int x, int y) { int res ; y += 10 ; x -= 5 ; res = x + y ; //@ assert -15 <= res <= 15; return res ; }
11
/*@ requires -100 <= n <= 1000; // Added a reasonable range for n decreases n > 100 ? 0 : 101 - n; // Added decreases clause assigns \nothing; ensures ((n <= 100) ==> (\result == 91)); ensures ((n > 100) ==> (\result == (n-10))); */ int foo(int n) { if (n > 100) { return n - 10; } else { return foo(foo(n + 11)); } }
17
/* run.config OPT: -rpp */ /* * Based on http://stackoverflow.com/questions/26336978/comparison-method-violates-its-general-contract-and-method-compareto * */ struct Contact{ int getFirstName; int getLastName; int getEmails; }; /*@ assigns \result \from x,y; @ ensures x < y ==> \result == -1; @ ensures x > y ==> \result == 1; @ ensures x == y ==> \result == 0; */ int IntCompare(int x, int y){ if (x < y){ return -1; } if(x > y){ return 1; } return 0; } /*@ assigns \result \from o1,o2; */ int compare(struct Contact o1, struct Contact o2) { int compareFirstName = 0; if ((o1.getFirstName != 0) && (o2.getFirstName != 0)) { compareFirstName = IntCompare(o1.getFirstName, o2.getFirstName); if (compareFirstName == 0) { int compareLastName = 0; if ((o1.getLastName != 0) && (o2.getLastName != 0)) { compareLastName = IntCompare(o1.getLastName, o2.getLastName); if (compareLastName == 0) { int compareEmail = 0; if ((o1.getEmails != 0) && (o2.getEmails != 0)) { compareEmail = IntCompare(o1.getEmails, o2.getEmails); return compareEmail; } else { return 0; } } else { return compareLastName; } } else { int compareEmail = 0; if ((o1.getEmails != 0) && (o2.getEmails != 0)) { compareEmail = IntCompare(o1.getEmails, o2.getEmails); return compareEmail; } else { return 0; } } } else { return compareFirstName; } } else { int compareLastName = 0; if ((o1.getLastName != 0) && (o2.getLastName != 0)) { compareLastName = IntCompare(o1.getLastName, o2.getLastName); if (compareLastName == 0) { int compareEmail = 0; if ((o1.getEmails != 0) && (o2.getEmails != 0)) { compareEmail = IntCompare(o1.getEmails, o2.getEmails); return compareEmail; } else { return 0; } } else { return compareLastName; } } else { int compareEmail = 0; if ((o1.getEmails != 0) && (o2.getEmails != 0)) { compareEmail = IntCompare(o1.getEmails, o2.getEmails); return compareEmail; } else { return 0; } } } }
33
#include<limits.h> /*@ requires x >= 0 || x > INT_MIN; assigns \nothing; behavior pos: assumes x >= 0; ensures \result == x; behavior neg: assumes x < 0; ensures \result == -x; complete behaviors pos, neg; //disjoint behaviors pos, neg; // removed because x == 0 makes both pos and neg true. */ int abs ( int x ) { if ( x >=0 ) return x ; return -x ; }
8
/*@ @ requires \valid(p); @ requires \valid(q); @ requires -1000 <= *p <= 10000; @ requires -1000 <= *q <= 10000; @ assigns *p, *q; @ ensures *p == \old(*q); @ ensures *q == \old(*p); */ void swap(int *p, int *q) { int temp = *p; *p = *q; *q = temp; }
10
#include <limits.h> /*@ requires x != INT_MIN; assigns \nothing; ensures x >= 0 ==> \result == x; ensures x < 0 ==> \result == -x; */ int abs(int x) { if (x >= 0) { return x; } else { return -x; } }
7
/* run.config OPT: -rpp */ /*@ requires \valid(t+(0..n-1)); @ requires n >= 1; @ requires \forall integer k; 0 <= k < n ==> 0 <= t[k]; @ ensures \forall integer k; 0 <= k < n ==> \result >= t[k]; @ ensures \exists integer k; 0 <= k < n && \result == t[k]; @ assigns \nothing; */ int f(int t[], int n){ int max = t[0]; int i = 0; /*@ loop assigns i,max; @ loop invariant 0 <= i <= n; @ loop invariant \forall integer k; 0 <= k < i ==> max >= t[k]; @ loop invariant \exists integer k; 0 <= k < n && max == t[k]; @ loop variant n-i; */ while(i < n){ if(t[i] > max){ max = t[i]; } i++; } return max; }
18
/*@ requires n>0; requires \valid_read(a+(0..n-1)); ensures \forall integer k; 0<=k<n ==> \result>=a[k]; */ int max(int a[], int n){ int m=a[0]; /*@ loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> m>=a[j]; loop invariant 1<=i<=n; loop assigns i,m; loop variant n-i; */ for(int i=1;i<n;i++){ if(m<a[i]){ m=a[i]; } } return m; }
14
/*@ requires 0<x<=100 && 0<y<=100; ensures \result == x*y; ensures 0<\result<=10000; assigns \nothing; */ int mul(int x, int y){ int mul=0; /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=y; loop invariant mul==x*i; loop assigns mul,i; loop variant y-i; */ for(int i=0;i<y;i++) mul+=x; return mul; }
15