Rubidium is the chemical element with the symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Rubidium is a very soft, silvery-white metal in the alkali metal group. Rubidium metal shares similarities to potassium metal and caesium metal in physical appearance, softness and conductivity. Rubidium cannot be stored under atmospheric oxygen, as a highly exothermic reaction will ensue, sometimes even resulting in the metal catching fire. Rubidium is the first alkali metal in the group to have a density higher than water, so it sinks, unlike the metals above it in the group. Rubidium has a standard atomic weight of 85.4678. On Earth, natural rubidium comprises two isotopes: 72% is a stable isotope Rb, and 28% is slightly radioactive Rb, with a half-life of 49 billion years—more than three times as long as the estimated age of the universe.
Introduction
Rubidium
Rubidium | Introduction
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Rubidium is the chemical element with the symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Rubidium is a very soft, silvery-white metal in the alkali metal group. Rubidium metal shares similarities to potassium metal and caesium metal in physical appearance, softness and conductivity. Rubidium cannot be stored under atmospheric oxygen, as a highly exothermic reaction will ensue, sometimes even resulting in the metal catching fire. Rubidium is the first alkali metal in the group to have a density higher than water, so it sinks, unlike the metals above it in the group. Rubidium has a standard atomic weight of 85.4678. On Earth, natural rubidium comprises two isotopes: 72% is a stable isotope Rb, and 28% is slightly radioactive Rb, with a half-life of 49 billion years—more than three times as long as the estimated age of the universe.
Rubidium | Introduction
Rubidium is very susceptible to oxidation in air, similar to most of the other alkali metals, so it readily transforms into rubidium oxide, a yellow solid with the chemical formula RbO.
Period 5 element | Rubidium
Iridium is a chemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77. Iridium may also refer to:
Iridium (disambiguation) | Introduction
Rubidium is the first element placed in period 5. It is an alkali metal, the most reactive group in the periodic table, having properties and similarities with both other alkali metals and other period 5 elements. For example, rubidium has 5 electron shells, a property found in all other period 5 elements, whereas its electron configuration's ending is similar to all other alkali metals: s. Rubidium also follows the trend of increasing reactivity as the atomic number increases in the alkali metals, for it is more reactive than potassium, but less so than caesium. In addition, both potassium and rubidium yield almost the same hue when ignited, so researchers must use different methods to differentiate between these two 1st group elements.
Period 5 element | Rubidium
The following table has parameters for RbRb the most common for the natural element.
Dirubidium | Molecular constants for excited states
In the antifluorite motif the positions of the anions and cations are reversed relative to their positions in CaF, with rubidium ions 8 coordinate (cubic) and oxide ions 4 coordinate (tetrahedral).
Rubidium oxide | Introduction
Radium is a chemical element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium may also refer to:
Radium (disambiguation) | Introduction
Rubidium was discovered in 1861 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, in Heidelberg, Germany, in the mineral lepidolite through flame spectroscopy. Because of the bright red lines in its emission spectrum, they chose a name derived from the Latin word , meaning "deep red". Rubidium is a minor component in lepidolite. Kirchhoff and Bunsen processed 150 kg of a lepidolite containing only 0.24% rubidium monoxide (RbO). Both potassium and rubidium form insoluble salts with chloroplatinic acid, but those salts show a slight difference in solubility in hot water. Therefore, the less soluble rubidium hexachloroplatinate (RbPtCl) could be obtained by fractional crystallization.
Rubidium | History
Its atomic percent abundance is 27.835%, and has a half-life of .
Isotopes of rubidium | Rubidium-87
These variations have a lower dihedral, Dih, symmetry: The symbol Rub el Hizb is a Unicode glyph ۞ at U+06DE.
Octagram | Variations
Furthermore, we could consider the number of ^{86}_{38}Sr as a constant, for two reasons; firstly this isotope is stable, and secondly the half-time for ^{86}_{37}Rb (whom produced the ^{86}_{38}Sr radiogenic nucleide) is negligible compared to ^{87}_{37}Rb half-time. Hence, \frac{^{87}Sr}{^{86}Sr}= (\frac{^{87}Sr}{^{86}Sr} )_0~+\frac{^{87}Rb}{^{86}Sr}(e^{\lambda t}-1) the isochron equation. After measurements of Rubidum and Strontium concentration in the mineral we can easily determine the age, the t value, of the sample.
Rubidium–strontium dating | Calculating the age
Rubidium is the twenty-third most abundant element in the Earth's crust, roughly as abundant as zinc and rather more common than copper. It occurs naturally in the minerals leucite, pollucite, carnallite, and zinnwaldite, which contain as much as 1% rubidium oxide. Lepidolite contains between 0.3% and 3.5% rubidium, and is the commercial source of the element. Some potassium minerals and potassium chlorides also contain the element in commercially significant quantities. Seawater contains an average of 125 µg/L of rubidium compared to the much higher value for potassium of 408 mg/L and the much lower value of 0.3 µg/L for caesium.
Rubidium | Occurrence
Rubidium bromide is the bromide of rubidium. It has a NaCl crystal structure, with a lattice constant of 685 picometres. There are several methods for synthesising rubidium bromide. One involves reacting rubidium hydroxide with hydrobromic acid: Another method is to neutralize rubidium carbonate with hydrobromic acid:
Rubidium bromide | Introduction
After reduction of the hexachloroplatinate with hydrogen, the process yielded 0.51 grams of rubidium chloride (RbCl) for further studies. Bunsen and Kirchhoff began their first large-scale isolation of caesium and rubidium compounds with of mineral water, which yielded 7.3 grams of caesium chloride and 9.2 grams of rubidium chloride. Rubidium was the second element, shortly after caesium, to be discovered by spectroscopy, just one year after the invention of the spectroscope by Bunsen and Kirchhoff. The two scientists used the rubidium chloride to estimate that the atomic weight of the new element was 85.36 (the currently accepted value is 85.47).
Rubidium | History
Rubidium azide is an inorganic compound with the formula RbN. It is the rubidium salt of the azide ion (). Like most azides, it is explosive.
Rubidium azide | Introduction
The fundamental series lines for rubidium appear in the near infrared. The valence electron moves from the 4"d" level as the 3"d" is contained in an inner shell. They were observed by R von Lamb. Relevant energy levels are 4"p"4"d" "j"=5/2 19,355.282 cm and "j"=3/2 19,355.623 cm, and the first "f" levels at 4"p"4"f" "j"=5/2 26,792.185 cm and "j"=7/2 26,792.169 cm.
Fundamental series | Rubidium
The international three-letter code (according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard ISO 4217) for the ruble is RUB. In Unicode, it is encoded at . It can be entered on a Russian computer keyboard as on Windows and Linux, or (Qwerty position) on macOS.
Ruble sign | Coding
The values for barium and radium are almost exactly the same as those of the heavier alkali metals potassium, rubidium, and caesium.
Radium | Chemistry
Rubidium chloride is the chemical compound with the formula RbCl. This alkali metal halide is composed of rubidium and chlorine, and finds diverse uses ranging from electrochemistry to molecular biology.
Rubidium chloride | Introduction
At room temperature, rubidium azide has the same structure as potassium hydrogen fluoride; a distorted cesium chloride structure. At 315 °C and 1 atm, rubidium azide will transition to the normal cesium chloride structure. The "II/I" transition temperature of rubidium azide is within 2 °C of its melting point. Rubidium azide has a high pressure structure transition, which occurs at about 4.8 kilobars of pressure at 0 °C. The transition boundary of the "II/III" transition can be defined by the relationship formula_1, where formula_2 is the pressure in kilobars and formula_3 is the temperature in degrees Celsius.
Rubidium azide | Structure
There is currently no consensus on the placement of elements beyond atomic number 120 in the periodic table. All of these hypothetical undiscovered elements are named by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) systematic element name standard which creates a generic name for use until the element has been discovered, confirmed, and an official name approved. These names are typically not used in the literature, and are referred to by their atomic numbers; hence, element 164 would usually not be called "unhexquadium" (the IUPAC systematic name), but rather "element 164" with symbol "164", "(164)", or "E164".
Extended periodic table | Structure of an extended periodic table
Rutherfordium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Rf and atomic number 104, named after New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford. As a synthetic element, it is not found in nature and can only be created in a laboratory. It is radioactive; the most stable known isotope, Rf, has a half-life of approximately 1.3 hours. In the periodic table of the elements, it is a d-block element and the second of the fourth-row transition elements. It is a member of the 7th period and belongs to the group 4 elements. Chemistry experiments have confirmed that rutherfordium behaves as the heavier homologue to hafnium in group 4.
Rutherfordium | Introduction
In its gas phase, RbCl is diatomic with a bond length estimated at 2.7868 Å. This distance increases to 3.285 Å for cubic RbCl, reflecting the higher coordination number of the ions in the solid phase. Depending on conditions, solid RbCl exists in one of three arrangements or polymorphs as determined with holographic imaging:
Rubidium chloride | Structure
Rubidium iodide is a salt with a melting point of 642 °C. Its chemical formula is RbI. Rubidium iodide can be formed from the reaction of rubidium and iodine:
Rubidium iodide | Introduction
As is the case for rhodium(II), iridium(II) is rarely encountered. One example is iridocene, IrCp. As with rhodocene, iridocene dimerises at room temperature.
Organoiridium compound | Iridium(II)
Rubidium sulfide is an inorganic compound and a salt with the chemical formula RbS. It is a white solid with similar properties to other alkali metal sulfides.
Rubidium sulfide | Introduction
Rubidium hydride is the hydride of rubidium. It has the formula RbH and is an alkali metal hydride. It is synthesized using rubidium metal to react with hydrogen gas. As a hydride of an alkali metal, it is reactive towards even weak oxidizing agents. A redox reaction will occur with chlorine or fluorine and produce much heat. Rubidium hydride will react violently with water or air and careful storage is necessary.
Rubidium hydride | Introduction
Rubidium sulfide reacts with sulfur in hydrogen gas to form rubidium pentasulfide, RbS.
Rubidium sulfide | Chemical properties
Rubidium oxide is the chemical compound with the formula RbO. Rubidium oxide is highly reactive towards water, and therefore it would not be expected to occur naturally. The rubidium content in minerals is often calculated and quoted in terms of RbO. In reality, the rubidium is typically present as a component of (actually, an impurity in) silicate or aluminosilicate. A major source of rubidium is lepidolite, KLiAl(Al,Si)O(F,OH), wherein Rb sometimes replaces K. RbO is a yellow colored solid. The related species NaO, KO, and CsO are colorless, pale-yellow, and orange, respectively. The alkali metal oxides MO (M = Li, Na, K, Rb) crystallise in the antifluorite structure.
Rubidium oxide | Introduction
Rubidium forms a number of oxides when exposed to air, including rubidium monoxide (RbO), RbO, and RbO; rubidium in excess oxygen gives the superoxide RbO. Rubidium forms salts with halides, producing rubidium fluoride, rubidium chloride, rubidium bromide, and rubidium iodide.
Rubidium | Compounds
Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86. Radon may also refer to:
Radon (disambiguation) | Introduction
Rubidium hydrogen sulfate is the rubidium salt of sulfuric acid. It has the formula RbHSO.
Rubidium hydrogen sulfate | Introduction
Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most chemicals. The Russian scientist Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 and named it after Ruthenia, the Latin word for Rus'. Ruthenium usually occurs as a minor component of platinum ores and its annual production is only about 12 tonnes worldwide. Most ruthenium is used for wear-resistant electrical contacts and the production of thick-film resistors. A minor application of ruthenium is its use in some platinum alloys.
Period 5 element | Ruthenium
Dirubidium is a molecular substance containing two atoms of rubidium found in rubidium vapour. Dirubidium has two active valence electrons. It is studied both in theory and with experiment. The rubidium trimer has also been observed.
Dirubidium | Introduction
The age of a sample is determined by analysing several minerals within multiple subsamples from different parts of the original sample. The Sr/Sr ratio for each subsample is plotted against its Rb/Sr ratio on a graph called an . If these form a straight line then the subsamples are consistent, and the age probably reliable. The slope of the line dictates the age of the sample. Indeed, given the universal law of radioactive decay and the following rubidium beta decay : ^{87}_{37}Rb ->[{\beta -}][{}]~^{87}_{38}Sr ~+e^{-}~+~\bar{\nu_e} we obtain the expression whom describes the growth of Strontium 87 in the rubidium mineral : ^{87}_{38}Sr(t)~=^{87}_{38}Sr(0)~+~^{87}_{37}Rb(e^{\lambda t}-1), \lambda being the decay constant of rubidium.
Rubidium–strontium dating | Calculating the age
Ruthenium is a chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. Russian-born scientist of Baltic-German ancestry Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 at Kazan State University and named ruthenium in honor of Ruthenia (one of Medieval Latin names for Russia). Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of platinum ores; the annual production has risen from about 19 tonnes in 2009 to some 35.5 tonnes in 2017.
Ruthenium | Introduction
The sodium chloride (NaCl) polymorph is most common. A cubic close-packed arrangement of chloride anions with rubidium cations filling the octahedral holes describes this polymorph. Both ions are six-coordinate in this arrangement. This polymorph's lattice energy is only 3.2 kJ/mol less than the following structure's.
Rubidium chloride | Sodium chloride (octahedral 6:6)
Rubidium has a very low ionization energy of only 406 kJ/mol. Rubidium and potassium show a very similar purple color in the flame test, and distinguishing the two elements requires more sophisticated analysis, such as spectroscopy.
Rubidium | Characteristics
Rhenium ( meaning: "Rhine") was the second last-discovered of the elements that have a stable isotope (other new elements discovered in nature since then, such as francium, are radioactive). The existence of a yet-undiscovered element at this position in the periodic table had been first predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev. Other calculated information was obtained by Henry Moseley in 1914. In 1908, Japanese chemist Masataka Ogawa announced that he had discovered the 43rd element and named it "nipponium" (Np) after Japan ("Nippon" in Japanese). However, recent analysis indicated the presence of rhenium (element 75), not element 43, although this reinterpretation has been questioned by Eric Scerri.
Rhenium | History
When rubidium is intercalated, the NbSe layers separate to accommodate it. Each individual layer is also compressed slightly. The Nb-Se distance stays the same, but the Nb-Nb distance in the layer increases. The Se-Se distance on top and bottom of the layer decreases, and the Nb-Se-Nb angle increases. Extra electron density transfers from the Rb atoms to the niobium layer.
Niobium diselenide | Rubidium
At high temperature and pressure, RbCl adopts the caesium chloride (CsCl) structure (NaCl and KCl undergo the same structural change at high pressures). Here, the chloride ions form a simple cubic arrangement with chloride anions occupying the vertices of a cube surrounding a central Rb. This is RbCl's densest packing motif. Because a cube has eight vertices, both ions' coordination numbers equal eight. This is RbCl's highest possible coordination number. Therefore, according to the radius ratio rule, cations in this polymorph will reach their largest apparent radius because the anion-cation distances are greatest.
Rubidium chloride | Caesium chloride (cubic 8:8)
The ternary hydride is believed to contain both the and the 18-electron anion.
Iridium | Compounds
Rubidium is a very soft, ductile, silvery-white metal. It is the second most electropositive of the stable alkali metals and melts at a temperature of . Like other alkali metals, rubidium metal reacts violently with water. As with potassium (which is slightly less reactive) and caesium (which is slightly more reactive), this reaction is usually vigorous enough to ignite the hydrogen gas it produces. Rubidium has also been reported to ignite spontaneously in air. It forms amalgams with mercury and alloys with gold, iron, caesium, sodium, and potassium, but not lithium (even though rubidium and lithium are in the same group).
Rubidium | Characteristics
It was found that the existing data on rutherfordium-261 was for an isomer, now designated rutherfordium-261m.
Copernicium | Discovery
The next year, they discovered caesium in the mineral water from Bad Dürkheim, Germany. Their discovery of rubidium came the following year in Heidelberg, Germany, finding it in the mineral lepidolite. The names of rubidium and caesium come from the most prominent lines in their emission spectra: a bright red line for rubidium (from the Latin word "rubidus", meaning dark red or bright red), and a sky-blue line for caesium (derived from the Latin word "caesius", meaning sky-blue). Around 1865 John Newlands produced a series of papers where he listed the elements in order of increasing atomic weight and similar physical and chemical properties that recurred at intervals of eight; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music, where notes an octave apart have similar musical functions.
Alkali metal | History
Rubidium fluoride (RbF) is the fluoride salt of rubidium. It is a cubic crystal with rock-salt structure. There are several methods for synthesising rubidium fluoride. One involves reacting rubidium hydroxide with hydrofluoric acid: Another method is to neutralize rubidium carbonate with hydrofluoric acid: Another possible method is to react rubidium hydroxide with ammonium fluoride: The least used method due to expense of rubidium metal is to react it directly with fluorine gas, as rubidium reacts violently with halogens:
Rubidium fluoride | Introduction
Rubidium perchlorate, RbClO, is the perchlorate of rubidium. It is an oxidizing agent, as are all perchlorates.
Rubidium perchlorate | Introduction
Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24. Chromium may also refer to:
Chromium (disambiguation) | Introduction
Relativistic stabilization of the 8p subshell should result in a ground-state 8s8p valence electron configuration for element 121, in contrast to the ds configurations of lanthanum and actinium; nevertheless, this anomalous configuration does not appear to affect its calculated chemistry, which remains similar to that of actinium. Its first ionization energy is predicted to be 429.4 kJ/mol, which would be lower than those of all known elements except for the alkali metals potassium, rubidium, caesium, and francium: this value is even lower than that of the period 8 alkali metal ununennium (463 kJ/mol). Similarly, the next superactinide, unbibium (element 122), may be similar to cerium and thorium, with a main oxidation state of +4, but would have a ground-state 7d8s8p valence electron configuration, unlike thorium's 6d7s configuration.
Extended periodic table | Superactinides
In this variant, the number of "f" electrons in the gaseous forms of the f-block atoms usually matches their position in the f-block. For example, the f-electron counts for the first five f-block elements are La 0, Ce 1, Pr 3, Nd 4 and Pm 5.
Periodic table | Lutetium and lawrencium
Gallium is a chemical element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Gallium may also refer to:
Gallium (disambiguation) | Introduction
In this variant, the number of "f" electrons in the most common (trivalent) ions of the f-block elements consistently matches their position in the f-block. For example, the f-electron counts for the trivalent ions of the first three f-block elements are Ce 1, Pr 2 and Nd 3.
Periodic table | Lanthanum and actinium
Rubidium chloride reacts with sulfuric acid to rubidium hydrogen sulfate.
Rubidium chloride | Reactions
The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna (then USSR, today Russia) named element 104 kurchatovium (Ku) in honor of Igor Kurchatov, father of the Soviet atomic bomb. But the University of California, Berkeley, US, named element 104 rutherfordium (Rf) in honor of Ernest Rutherford. In 1997 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 104 be named rutherfordium.
List of chemical elements naming controversies | Element 104 (<a href="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> Rf)
This does not happen if the innermost orbital is filled, so that element 173 is not necessarily the end of the periodic table.
Periodic table | Relativistic Dirac equation
Although rubidium is monoisotopic, rubidium in the Earth's crust is composed of two isotopes: the stable Rb (72.2%) and the radioactive Rb (27.8%). Natural rubidium is radioactive, with specific activity of about 670 Bq/g, enough to significantly expose a photographic film in 110 days. Twenty four additional rubidium isotopes have been synthesized with half-lives of less than 3 months; most are highly radioactive and have few uses. Rubidium-87 has a half-life of years, which is more than three times the age of the universe of years, making it a primordial nuclide. It readily substitutes for potassium in minerals, and is therefore fairly widespread.
Rubidium | Isotopes
Iridium fluoride may refer to any of the following:
Iridium fluoride | Introduction
Rubidium-82 (Rb) is a radioactive isotope of rubidium. Rb is widely used in myocardial perfusion imaging. This isotope undergoes rapid uptake by myocardiocytes, which makes it a valuable tool for identifying myocardial ischemia in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging. Rb is used in the pharmaceutical industry and is marketed as Rubidium-82 chloride under the trade names RUBY-FILL and CardioGen-82.
Rubidium-82 | Introduction
Every 18 mg of rubidium chloride is equivalent to approximately one banana equivalent dose due to the large fraction (27.8%) of naturally-occurring radioactive isotope rubidium-87.
Rubidium chloride | Radioactivity
Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in its electron configuration, especially the outermost shells resulting in trends in chemical behavior: Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first three members of the group. The chemistry of rutherfordium is not very established and therefore the rest of the section deals only with titanium, zirconium, and hafnium. All the elements of the group are reactive metals with a high melting point (1668 °C, 1854 °C, 2233 °C, 2100 °C?). The reactivity is not always obvious due to the rapid formation of a stable oxide layer, which prevents further reactions.
Group 4 element | Chemistry
As a result, Rb is enriched in crustal rocks. The radiogenic daughter, Sr, is produced in this decay process and was produced in rounds of stellar nucleosynthesis predating the creation of the Solar System.
Rubidium–strontium dating | Introduction
It is represented by two overlapping squares as in the Unicode glyph ۞ at U+06DE.
Rub el Hizb | Introduction
One group includes elements having large ionic radius, such as potassium, rubidium, caesium, strontium, barium (called LILE, or large-ion lithophile elements), and the other group includes elements of large ionic valences (or high charges), such as zirconium, niobium, hafnium, rare-earth elements (REE), thorium, uranium and tantalum (called HFSE, or high-field-strength elements).
Incompatible element | Introduction
From the 1860s through 1871, early forms of the periodic table proposed by Dmitri Mendeleev contained a gap between molybdenum (element 42) and ruthenium (element 44). In 1871, Mendeleev predicted this missing element would occupy the empty place below manganese and have similar chemical properties. Mendeleev gave it the provisional name "ekamanganese" (from "eka"-, the Sanskrit word for "one)" because the predicted element was one place down from the known element manganese.
Technetium | Search for element 43
Strontium is a chemical element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38. Strontium may also refer to:
Strontium (disambiguation) | Introduction
Iridium is the chemical element with atomic number 77, and is represented by the symbol Ir. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum family, iridium is the second-densest element (after osmium) and is the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C. Although only certain molten salts and halogens are corrosive to solid iridium, finely divided iridium dust is much more reactive and can be flammable. Iridium was discovered in 1803 among insoluble impurities in natural platinum. Smithson Tennant, the primary discoverer, named the iridium for the goddess Iris, personification of the rainbow, because of the striking and diverse colors of its salts.
Period 6 element | Iridium
× Rodricidium, abbreviated as Rdcm. in the horticultural trade, is the nothogenus comprising intergeneric hybrids of the two orchid genera "Oncidium" and "Rodriguezia" (Onc. × Rdza.).
Rodricidium | Introduction
The sphalerite polymorph of rubidium chloride has not been observed experimentally. This is consistent with the theory; the lattice energy is predicted to be nearly 40.0 kJ/mol smaller in magnitude than those of the preceding structures.
Rubidium chloride | Sphalerite (tetrahedral 4:4)
Various atranes are named depending on the central element, e.g. "silatrane" (E = silicon); "boratrane" (E = boron); "phosphatrane" (E = phosphorus), etc. It is also proposed that when Y = nitrogen, the prefix "aza" be inserted before "element" + "atrane" (azasilatrane, for example) because atranes wherein E = silicon and Y = oxygen have been referred to as just "silatranes".
Atrane | Nomenclature
Rubidium sulfide has a cubic crystal similar to lithium sulfide, sodium sulfide and potassium sulfide, known as the anti-fluorite structure. Their space groups are formula_3. Rubidium sulfide has a crystal lattice unit cell dimension of a = 765.0 pm.
Rubidium sulfide | Physical properties
Rybka for its constituent elements.
Znucalite | Introduction
Elements 104 to 112, rutherfordium through copernicium, are nine of the ten elements that form the 6d series of transition elements: for elements 104–108 and 112, experimental evidence shows them to behave as expected for their position in the periodic table. They are expected to have ionic radii between those of their 5d transition metal homologs and their actinide pseudohomologs: for example, Rf is calculated to have ionic radius 76 pm, between the values for Hf (71 pm) and Th (94 pm). Their ions should also be less polarizable than those of their 5d homologs. Relativistic effects are expected to reach a maximum at the end of this series, at roentgenium (element 111) and copernicium (element 112).
Superheavy element | Characteristics
However, there was still a dispute over the names of elements 104–107. In 1997 the teams involved resolved the dispute and adopted the current name "rutherfordium". The name "dubnium" was given to element 105 at the same time.
Rutherfordium | Naming controversy
Potassium (K) is an alkali metal, placed under sodium and over rubidium, and is the first element of period 4. It is one of the most reactive elements in the periodic table, therefore usually only found in compounds. It tends to oxidize in air very rapidly, thus accounting for its rapid reaction with oxygen when freshly exposed to air. When freshly exposed, it is rather silvery, but it quickly begins to tarnish as it reacts with air. It is soft enough to be cut with a knife and it is the second least dense element. Potassium has a relatively low melting point; it will melt just by putting it under a small open flame.
Period 4 element | Potassium
Chromosomes 2n=36 Not to be confused with "Epipactis atrorubens" (dark red helleborine).
Cephalanthera rubra | Description
This page provides supplementary chemical data on ruthenium(IV) oxide
Ruthenium(IV) oxide (data page) | Introduction
Rubidium sulfate is a sulfate of rubidium. The molecular formula of the compound is RbSO. The molecular weight of this compound is 266.999 g/mol. An acid sulfate of rubidium (rubidium hydrogen sulfate) can be formed. It is soluble in water and is an aqueous solution.
Rubidium sulfate | Introduction
In addition, strontium, like rubidium, oxidizes in air and turns a yellow color. When ignited, it will burn with a strong red flame.
Period 5 element | Strontium
Unbinilium, also known as eka-radium or simply element 120, is the hypothetical chemical element in the periodic table with symbol Ubn and atomic number 120. "Unbinilium" and "Ubn" are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol, which are used until the element is discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be an s-block element, an alkaline earth metal, and the second element in the eighth period. It has attracted attention because of some predictions that it may be in the island of stability, although newer calculations expect the island to actually occur at a slightly lower atomic number, closer to copernicium and flerovium.
Unbinilium | Introduction
Davyum was the proposed name for a chemical element found by chemist Serge Kern in 1877. It was shown that the material was a mixture of iridium and rhodium. In 1950 it was proposed that the new metal might also have contained rhenium, which had not been discovered in Kern's time.
Davyum | Introduction
As with all azides, it will decompose and release nitrogen gas when heated or severely shocked:
Rubidium azide | Reactions
Rubidium chloride (RbCl) is probably the most used rubidium compound: among several other chlorides, it is used to induce living cells to take up DNA; it is also used as a biomarker, because in nature, it is found only in small quantities in living organisms and when present, replaces potassium. Other common rubidium compounds are the corrosive rubidium hydroxide (RbOH), the starting material for most rubidium-based chemical processes; rubidium carbonate (RbCO), used in some optical glasses, and rubidium copper sulfate, RbSO·CuSO·6HO. Rubidium silver iodide (RbAgI) has the highest room temperature conductivity of any known ionic crystal, a property exploited in thin film batteries and other applications.
Rubidium | Compounds
German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered rubidium in 1861 by the newly developed technique, flame spectroscopy. The name comes from the Latin word , meaning deep red, the color of its emission spectrum. Rubidium's compounds have various chemical and electronic applications. Rubidium metal is easily vaporized and has a convenient spectral absorption range, making it a frequent target for laser manipulation of atoms. Rubidium is not a known nutrient for any living organisms. However, rubidium ions have the same charge as potassium ions and are actively taken up and treated by animal cells in similar ways.
Rubidium | Introduction
Under an international naming convention, the groups are numbered numerically from 1 to 18 from the leftmost column (the alkali metals) to the rightmost column (the noble gases). Previously, they were known by roman numerals. In America, the roman numerals were followed by either an "A" if the group was in the s- or p-block, or a "B" if the group was in the d-block. The roman numerals used correspond to the last digit of today's naming convention (e.g. the group 4 elements were group IVB, and the group 14 elements were group IVA). In Europe, the lettering was similar, except that "A" was used if the group was before group 10, and "B" was used for groups including and after group 10.
Periodic table | Groups
Rb has activity very similar to that of a potassium ion (K). Once in the myocardium, it is an active participant in the sodium-potassium exchange pump of cells. It is rapidly extracted by the myocardium proportional to blood flow. Its radioactivity is increased in viable myocardial cells reflecting cellular retention, while the tracer is cleared rapidly from necrotic or infarcted tissue.
Rubidium-82 | Mechanism of action
The first two elements of period 8 will be ununennium and unbinilium, elements 119 and 120. Their electron configurations should have the 8s orbital being filled. This orbital is relativistically stabilized and contracted; thus, elements 119 and 120 should be more like rubidium and strontium than their immediate neighbours above, francium and radium. Another effect of the relativistic contraction of the 8s orbital is that the atomic radii of these two elements should be about the same as those of francium and radium. They should behave like normal alkali and alkaline earth metals (albeit less reactive than their immediate vertical neighbours), normally forming +1 and +2 oxidation states respectively, but the relativistic destabilization of the 7p subshell and the relatively low ionization energies of the 7p electrons should make higher oxidation states like +3 and +4 (respectively) possible as well.
Extended periodic table | Elements 119 and 120
This natural radioactivity became a basis for a mistaken claim of the discovery for element 87 (the next alkali metal after caesium) in 1925. Natural rubidium is similarly slightly radioactive, with 27.83% being the long-lived radioisotope rubidium-87.
Alkali metal | Nuclear
Rubidium nitrate is an inorganic compound with the formula RbNO. This alkali metal nitrate salt is white and highly soluble in water.
Rubidium nitrate | Introduction
Although scandium and yttrium are always the first two elements in group 3, the identity of the next two elements is not completely settled. They are commonly lanthanum and actinium, and less often lutetium and lawrencium. The two variants originate from historical difficulties in placing the lanthanides in the periodic table, and arguments as to where the "f" block elements start and end. It has been claimed that such arguments are proof that, "it is a mistake to break the [periodic] system into sharply delimited blocks". A third variant shows the two positions below yttrium as being occupied by the lanthanides and the actinides.
Periodic table | Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7
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Table of nuclides (segmented, wide) | Isotopes for elements 0-29
Although rubidium is more abundant in Earth's crust than caesium, the limited applications and the lack of a mineral rich in rubidium limits the production of rubidium compounds to 2 to 4 tonnes per year. Several methods are available for separating potassium, rubidium, and caesium. The fractional crystallization of a rubidium and caesium alum (Cs,Rb)Al(SO)·12HO yields after 30 subsequent steps pure rubidium alum. Two other methods are reported, the chlorostannate process and the ferrocyanide process. For several years in the 1950s and 1960s, a by-product of potassium production called Alkarb was a main source for rubidium. Alkarb contained 21% rubidium, with the rest being potassium and a small amount of caesium.
Rubidium | Production
Rb is a positron and gamma emitter.
Radiopharmaceutical | Rubidium-82
A few authors position all thirty lanthanides and actinides in the two positions below yttrium (usually via footnote markers). This variant, which is stated in the 2005 "Red Book" to be the IUPAC-agreed version as of 2005 (a number of later versions exist, and the last update is from 1 December 2018), emphasizes similarities in the chemistry of the 15 lanthanide elements (La–Lu), possibly at the expense of ambiguity as to which elements occupy the two group 3 positions below yttrium, and a 15-column wide "f" block (there can only be 14 elements in any row of the "f" block).
Periodic table | Lanthanides and actinides
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. Uranium may also refer to:
Uranium (disambiguation) | Introduction
The other alkali metals also form dimers: dilithium Li, Na, K, and Cs. The rubidium trimer has also been observed on the surface of helium nanodroplets. The trimer, Rb has the shape of an equilateral triangle, bond length of 5.52 A˚ and a binding energy of 929 cm.
Dirubidium | Related species
Since the Soviets claimed to have first detected the new element they suggested the name "kurchatovium" (Ku) in honor of Igor Kurchatov (1903–1960), former head of Soviet nuclear research. This name had been used in books of the Soviet Bloc as the official name of the element. The Americans, however, proposed "rutherfordium" (Rf) for the new element to honor Ernest Rutherford, who is known as the "father" of nuclear physics. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) adopted "unnilquadium" (Unq) as a temporary, systematic element name, derived from the Latin names for digits 1, 0, and 4. In 1994, IUPAC suggested the name "dubnium" (Db) to be used since "rutherfordium" was suggested for element 106 and IUPAC felt that the Dubna team should be recognized for their contributions.
Rutherfordium | Naming controversy
Rhodium is a chemical element with the symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is an ultra-rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant, and chemically inert transition metal. It is a noble metal and a member of the platinum group. It has only one naturally occurring isotope, Rh. Naturally occurring rhodium is usually found as free metal, as an alloy with similar metals, and rarely as a chemical compound in minerals such as bowieite and rhodplumsite. It is one of the rarest and most valuable precious metals. Rhodium is found in platinum or nickel ores together with the other members of the platinum group metals.
Rhodium | Introduction
The general RP formula "ABX" can be represented as "AA’BX", where "A" and "A’" represent alkali, alkaline earth, or rare earth metal while "B" refers to transition metal. The "A" cations are located in the perovskite layer and have a 12-fold cuboctahedral coordination to the anions (CN = 12). The "A’" cations have a coordination number of 9 (CN = 9) and are located at the boundary between the perovskite layer and an intermediate block layer. The "B" cations are located inside the anionic octahedral, pyramids and squares.
Ruddlesden-Popper phase | Crystal Structure
Rhenium is a chemical element with the symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an "estimated" average concentration of 1 part per billion (ppb), rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust. The free element has the third-highest melting point and highest boiling point of any element. Rhenium resembles manganese chemically and is obtained as a by-product of molybdenum and copper ore's extraction and refinement. Rhenium shows in its compounds a wide variety of oxidation states ranging from −1 to +7. Discovered in 1925, rhenium was the last stable element to be discovered.
Period 6 element | Rhenium
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Table of nuclides (segmented, narrow) | Isotopes for elements 30-44