Dicer can be used to identify whether tumors are present within the body based on the expression level of the enzyme. A study showed that many patients that had cancer had decreased expression levels of Dicer. The same study showed that lower Dicer expression correlated with lower patient survival length. Along with being a diagnostic tool, Dicer can be used for treating patients by injecting foreign siRNA intravenously to cause gene silencing. The siRNA was shown to be delivered in two ways in mammalian species such as mice. One way would be to directly inject into the system, which would not require Dicer function.
Diagnostic and therapeutic applications
Dicer
Dicer | Diagnostic and therapeutic applications
It is used  to produce siRNA therapeutically would be the specificity and diversity of targets it can affect compared to what is currently being used such as antibodies or small molecular inhibitors One of the advantages of using it to produce siRNA therapeutically would be the specificity and diversity of targets it can affect compared to what is currently being used such as antibodies or small molecular inhibitors. It can be used to identify whether tumors are present within the body. It  can be used for treating patients by injecting foreign siRNA intravenously to cause gene silencing.
rna consists of how many chains of subunits
user
Small RNAs mainly include 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 5S rRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA) and small rDNA-derived RNA (srRNA)
assistant
are they also double-stranded?
user
Yes, Double-stranded RNA is RNA with two complementary strands
assistant
how is it different from dna?
user
Analysis of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNAs, and other non-coding RNAs  has revealed that self-complementary sequences that allow parts of the RNA to fold and pair with itself to form double helices and they are highly structured. Unlike DNA, their structures do not consist of long double helices, but rather collections of short helices packed together into structures akin to proteins
assistant
what is the function of the non-coding ones?
user
Silencing of blocks of chromatin via recruitment of Polycomb complex so that messenger RNA could not be transcribed from them
assistant
who discovered it?
user
Friedrich Miescher
assistant
what is its role in alzheimer?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
what is its double-stranded virus classified into?
user
The phylum "Duplornaviricota" and the class "Duplopiviricetes", which is in the phylum "Pisuviricota"
assistant
what is anti-viral in it?
user
Dicer
assistant
is this anti-viral found in insect?
user
Yes, insects can use it  as potent anntiviral
assistant
what is its therapeutic applications?
user
Dicer can be used to identify whether tumors are present within the body based on the expression level of the enzyme. A study showed that many patients that had cancer had decreased expression levels of Dicer. The same study showed that lower Dicer expression correlated with lower patient survival length. Along with being a diagnostic tool, Dicer can be used for treating patients by injecting foreign siRNA intravenously to cause gene silencing. The siRNA was shown to be delivered in two ways in mammalian species such as mice. One way would be to directly inject into the system, which would not require Dicer function.
Dicer | Diagnostic and therapeutic applications
Injected SiRNA has poor stability in blood and causes stimulations of non-specific immunity. Also, producing miRNA therapeutically lacks in specificity because only 6-8 nucleotide base pairing is required for miRNA to attach to mRNA.
Dicer | Diagnostic and therapeutic applications
Another way would be to introduce it by plasmids that encode for short hairpin RNA, which are cleaved by Dicer into siRNA. One of the advantages of using Dicer to produce siRNA therapeutically would be the specificity and diversity of targets it can affect compared to what is currently being used such as antibodies or small molecular inhibitors. In general, small molecular inhibitors are difficult in terms of specificity along with unendurable side effects. Antibodies are as specific as siRNA, but it is limited by only being able to be used against ligands or surface receptors. On the other hand, low efficiency of intracellular uptake is the main obstacle of injection of siRNA.
Dicer | Diagnostic and therapeutic applications
Insects with mutations leading to non-functional components of their RNAi pathway show increased viral loads for viruses they carry or increased susceptibility to viruses for which they are hosts. Similarly to humans, insect viruses have evolved mechanisms to avoid the RNAi pathway. As an example, Drosophila C virus encodes for protein 1A which binds to dsRNA thus protecting it from dicer cleavage as well as RISC loading. "Heliothis virescens" ascovirus 3a encodes an RNase III enzyme similar to the RNase III domains of dicer which may compete for dsRNA substrate as well as degrade siRNA duplexes to prevent RISC loading.
Dicer | In insects
Insects can use Dicer as a potent antiviral. This finding is especially significant given that mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of many viral diseases including the potentially deadly arboviruses: West Nile virus, dengue fever and yellow fever. While mosquitoes, more specifically the "Aedes aegypti" species, serve as the vectors for these viruses, they are not the intended host of the virus. Transmission occurs as a result of the female mosquito's need for vertebrate blood to develop her eggs. The RNAi pathway in insects is very similar to that of other animals; Dicer-2 cleaves viral RNA and loads it onto the RISC complex where one strand serves as a template for the production of RNAi products and the other is degraded.
Dicer | In insects
Infection by RNA viruses can trigger the RNAi cascade. It is likely dicer is involved in viral immunity as viruses that infect both plant and animal cells contain proteins designed to inhibit the RNAi response. In humans, the viruses HIV-1, influenza, and vaccinia encode such RNAi suppressing proteins. Inhibition of dicer is beneficial to the virus as dicer is able to cleave viral dsRNA and load the product onto RISC resulting in targeted degradation of viral mRNA; thus fighting the infection. Another potential mechanism for viral pathogenesis is the blockade of dicer as a way to inhibit cellular miRNA pathways.
Dicer | Viral pathogenesis
In general, RNA interference is an essential part of normal processes within organisms such as humans, and it is an area being researched as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for cancer targets.
Dicer | Small Interfering RNA
Plant genomes encode for dicer like proteins with similar functions and protein domains as animal and insect dicer. For example, in the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana, four dicer like proteins are made and are designated DCL1 to DCL4. DCL1 is involved with miRNA generation and sRNA production from inverted repeats. DCL2 creates siRNA from cis-acting antisense transcripts which aid in viral immunity and defense. DCL3 generates siRNA which aids in chromatin modification and DCL4 is involved in trans-acting siRNA metabolism and transcript silencing at the post-transcriptional level. Additionally, DCL 1 and 3 are important for Arabidopsis flowering. In Arabidopsis, DCL knockout does not cause severe developmental problems.
Dicer | Dicer-like proteins
intestinalis" Dicer is due to at least five different domains being present within human Dicer. These domains are important in Dicer activity regulation, dsRNA processing, and RNA interference protein factor functioning.
Dicer | Discovery
Research on "Philasterides dicentrarchi", which includes aspects of cell biology, diagnostics, interactions with the host immune system, search for new treatments, development of vaccines or risk analysis, is being carried out under the EU funded Horizon2020 Project ParaFishControl.
Philasterides dicentrarchi | Research
In 2009, Dr. Vercruysse from Ghent University in Belgium has proposed that insect protein can be used to generate hydrolysates, exerting both ACE inhibitory and antioxidant activity, which might be incorporated as a multifunctional ingredient into functional foods. Additionally, edible insects can provide a good source of unsaturated fats, thereby helping to reduce coronary disease.
Entomophagy | Therapeutic foods
Dicerapanorpa is a genus of scorpionflies endemic to China. They can be easily recognized by the two anal horns on the posterior margin of the sixth tergum in males. The anal horns of "Dicerapanorpa magna" (Chou, 1981) are used to grasp the female's abdomen during mating.
Dicerapanorpa | Introduction
In the moss "Physcomitrella patens" DCL1b, one of four DICER proteins, is not involved in miRNA biogenesis but in dicing miRNA target transcripts. Thus, a novel mechanism for regulation of gene expression, the epigenetic silencing of genes by miRNAs, was discovered. In terms of crystal structure, the first Dicer to be explored was that from the protozoan "Giardia intestinalis". A PAZ domain and two RNase III domains were discovered by X-ray crystallography. The protein size is 82 kDa, while it is larger in other organisms; for example, it is 219 kDa in humans. The difference in size from humans to "G.
Dicer | Discovery
The dsRBD domain binds the dsRNA, although the specific binding site of the domain has not been defined. It is possible that this domain works as part of a complex with other regulator proteins (TRBP in humans, R2D2, Loqs in Drosophila) in order to effectively position the RNaseIII domains and thus control the specificity of the sRNA products. The helicase domain has been implicated in processing long substrates.
Dicer | Functional domains
Diceratothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae.
Diceratothrips | Introduction
Most viruses produce long dsRNA helices during transcription and replication. In contrast, uninfected mammalian cells generally produce dsRNA helices of fewer than 24 base pairs during transcription. DRACO (double-stranded RNA activated caspase oligomerizer) is a group of experimental antiviral drugs initially developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In cell culture, DRACO was reported to have broad-spectrum efficacy against many infectious viruses, including dengue flavivirus, Amapari and Tacaribe arenavirus, Guama bunyavirus, H1N1 influenza and rhinovirus, and was additionally found effective against influenza "in vivo" in weanling mice. It was reported to induce rapid apoptosis selectively in virus-infected mammalian cells, while leaving uninfected cells unharmed.
Antiviral drug | Long dsRNA helix targeting
Rice and grapes also produce DCLs as the dicer mechanism is a common defense strategy of many organisms. Rice has evolved other functions for the 5 DCLs it produces and they play a more important role in function and development than in Arabidopsis. Additionally, expression patterns differ among the different plant cell types of rice while expression in Arabidopsis is more homogeneous. Rice DCL expression can be effected by biological stress conditions including drought, salinity, and cold, thus, these stressors may decrease a plants viral resistance. Unlike Arabidopsis, loss of function of DCL proteins causes developmental defects in rice.
Dicer | Dicer-like proteins
Dicerca is a genus of beetles in the family Buprestidae, containing the following species:
Dicerca | Introduction
Since cells do not produce double-stranded RNA during normal nucleic acid metabolism, natural selection has favored the evolution of enzymes that destroy dsRNA on contact. The best known class of this type of enzymes is Dicer. It is hoped that broad-spectrum anti-virals could be synthesized that take advantage of this vulnerability of double-stranded RNA viruses.
Double-stranded RNA viruses | Anti-virals
Dicephalarcha is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae.
Dicephalarcha | Introduction
Dicer was given its name in 2001 by Emily Bernstein, a graduate student in Gregory Hannon's lab at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, who sought to discover the enzyme responsible for generating small RNA fragments from double-stranded RNA. Dicer's ability to generate ~22 nucleotide RNA fragments was discovered by separating it from the RISC enzyme complex after initiating the RNAi pathway with dsRNA transfection. This experiment showed that RISC was not responsible for generating the observable small nucleotide fragments. Subsequent experiments testing RNase III family enzymes abilities to create RNA fragments narrowed the search to "Drosophila" CG4792, now named Dicer. Dicer orthologs are present in many other organisms.
Dicer | Discovery
Dipyridamole also has non-medicinal uses in a laboratory context, such as the inhibition of cardiovirus growth in cell culture.
Dipyridamole | Other uses
Dehydrocurvularin is an antimicrobial made by "Penicillium".
Dehydrocurvularin | Introduction
"D. tenebrica" have a flat head (hence the name), while its vertex is slightly impressed from the middle. Both disk and vertex are coarsed and punctated. Its prothorax have lateral margins which are parallel at base and expanded closer to the middle. The lateral margins which are closer to elytron are subparallel and are wide farther from the middle. Females of the "D. tenebrica" are different from the rest of the genus due to reduced middle tooth or it complete absence off. Males are long and are wide while females' length can range from with width being from .
Dicerca tenebrica | Description
Accumulation of DNA damage may result in cells with oncogenic mutations and thus the development of a tumor.
Dicer | Cancer
dicentrarchi". Antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and artemisinin also inhibit the in vitro growth of "P. dicentrarchi". Other studies investigating the in vitro effects of several new synthetic compounds, including 2 naphthyridines, 2 pyridothienodiazines and 13 pyridothienotriazines, have demonstrated that all display parasiticide activity, and that pyridothienotriazine (12k) was the most active. In addition, several compounds of natural origin have also shown in vitro antiparasitic activity: the polyphenols mangiferin and (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), curcumin, resveratrol and the synthetic polyphenol propyl gallate.
Philasterides dicentrarchi | Treatments
Affimer therapeutics are in discovery and preclinical development to tackle blood clotting disorders, antibiotic resistance, phenotypic drug discovery models and cancer, both via CAR-T cell therapy and as immune checkpoint inhibitors. Early studies using "ex vivo" human samples showed low immunogenicity associated with the Affimer scaffold, at levels comparable to a marketed antibody therapeutic. Furthermore, initial preclinical studies showed good efficacy and tolerability of the anti-PDL1 immuno-oncology Affimer therapeutic in mice. It is anticipated that IND filing for the first Affimer therapeutic will occur in 2019/2020.
Affimer | Therapeutics
CRISPR-Display allows for previously unavailable studies of lncRNA functionality, artificial ncRNA functionalization, recruitment of endogenous and engineered proteins to genomic loci, and locus affinity tagging for cell imaging.
CRISPR-Display | Applications
Dicer, also known as endoribonuclease Dicer or helicase with RNase motif, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the "DICER1" gene. Being part of the RNase III family, Dicer cleaves double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and pre-microRNA (pre-miRNA) into short double-stranded RNA fragments called small interfering RNA and microRNA, respectively. These fragments are approximately 20-25 base pairs long with a two-base overhang on the 3' ends. Dicer facilitates the activation of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which is essential for RNA interference. RISC has a catalytic component Argonaute, which is an endonuclease capable of degrading messenger RNA (mRNA).
Dicer | Introduction
Altered miRNA expression profiles in malignant cancers suggest a pivotal role of miRNA and thus dicer in cancer development and prognosis. miRNAs can function as tumor suppressors and therefore their altered expression may result in tumorigenesis. In analysis of lung and ovarian cancer, poor prognosis and decreased patient survival times correlate with decreased dicer and drosha expression. Decreased dicer mRNA levels correlate with advanced tumor stage. However, high dicer expression in other cancers, like prostate and esophageal, has been shown to correlate with poor patient prognosis. This discrepancy between cancer types suggests unique RNAi regulatory processes involving dicer differ amongst different tumor types.
Dicer | Cancer
Diceratura teheranica is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Darband, Iran.
Diceratura teheranica | Introduction
Diceratura diceratops is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in north-eastern Afghanistan.
Diceratura diceratops | Introduction
Antisclerota is a monotypic moth genus in the family Xyloryctidae. Its only species, Antisclerota dicentris, is found in North Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Both the genus and species were first described by Edward Meyrick in 1938.
Antisclerota | Introduction
"Abana" - "Acrobelus" - "Acrocampsa" - "Acrogonia" - "Amblydisca" - "Anacrocampsa" - "Anacuerna" - "Aulacizes" - "Catorthorrinus" - "Cicciana" - "Ciccus" - "Cleusiana" - "Cuerna" - "Cyrtodisca" - "Dechacona" - "Depanana" - "Depanisca" - "Desamera" - "Deselvana" - "Dichrophleps" - "Dictyodisca" - "Diestostemma" - "Egidemia" - "Homalodisca" - "Homoscarta" - "Hyogonia" - "Ichthyobelus" - "Lojata" - "Mareba" - "Molomea" - "Ochrostacta" - "Omagua" - "Oncometopia" - "Paracrocampsa" - "Paraulacizes" - "Peltocheiras" - "Phera" - "Procama" - "Procandea" - "Proconia" - "Proconobola" - "Proconopera" - "Proconosama" - "Propectes" - "Pseudometopia" - "Pseudophera" - "Quichira" - "Rhaphirrhinus" - "Splonia" - "Strictoscarta" - "Tapajosa" - "Teletusa" - "Tretogonia" - "Yotala" - "Yunga" - "Zyzzogeton"
Sharpshooter (insect) | Genera
Lecithocera dicentropa is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1938. It is found in North Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Lecithocera dicentropa | Introduction
Dicerogastra is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
Dicerogastra | Introduction
Diceratura is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tortricidae.
Diceratura | Introduction
Human dicer (also known as hsDicer or DICER1) is classified a Ribonuclease III because it contains both helicase and PAZ (Piwi/Argonaute/Zwille) domains. In addition to these domains, hsDicer contains four other functional domains: two RNaseIII domains and two double stranded RNA binding domains (DUF283 and dsRBD). Current research suggests the PAZ domain is capable of binding the 2 nucleotide 3' overhang of dsRNA while the RNaseIII catalytic domains form a pseudo-dimer around the dsRNA to initiate cleavage of the strands. This results in a functional shortening of the dsRNA strand. The distance between the PAZ and RNaseIII domains is determined by the angle of the connector helix and influences the length of the micro RNA product.
Dicer | Functional domains
Dicerca divaricata is a species of black coloured beetle from Chrysochroinae subfamily which is long and is found throughout West Virginia. The species is known for feeding on various maples such as "Acer saccharum" and "Acer rubrum" as well as "Ulmus americana" and "Cercis" species. The species fly in June.
Dicerca divaricata | Introduction
Dicerca pectorosa is a species of beetle from Buprestidae family which can be found in British Columbia, Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, as well as south to California and Montana. It feeds on various "Prunus" species.
Dicerca pectorosa | Introduction
Diceratucha xenopis is a moth of the family Oenosandridae and only member of the monotypic genus Diceratucha. It is found in Australia.
Diceratucha | Introduction
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with restriction enzyme digestion of an amplified ribosomal DNA fragment, are now used to characterize "T. yallundae" isolates. Novartis produces a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic tool that provides cereal growers with an efficient means for checking the progression of eyespot disease in cereals. The tool reveals the presence and extent of disease before symptoms develop and can identify the different eyespot strains including the W-type ("Tapesia yallundae"') and R-type ("Tapesia acuformis").
Tapesia yallundae | Molecular characterization
Diceratura complicana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Uganda. The habitat consists of forests. The wingspan is 9–10 mm. The forewings are white with fuscous transverse striae. The costa is suffused with grey up to the middle. The hindwings are grey.
Diceratura complicana | Introduction
There are two yellowish subapical spots, which are usually indistinct. The hindwings are tinged creamy-white and there is a black marginal border.
Delias dice | Introduction
Diceratura porrectana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Transcaucasia and Golestan Province, Iran.
Diceratura porrectana | Introduction
Charneau's development of lentiviral vectors are used in many therapeutic approaches such as those carried out by bluebird bio, CAR-T), Novartis (CAR-T), Kite (TCR), Immune Design (Cancer vaccines) and TheraVectys.
Pierre Charneau | Career and research
Dicellitis cornucopiae is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on the Maluku Islands of Indonesia.
Dicellitis cornucopiae | Introduction
radicum" and "D. antiqua" were susceptible to nematodes "Steinernema feltiae" and "Heterorhabditis bacteriophora", with "D. antiqua" showing greater mortality than D. radicum. However, since these studies were performed under laboratory conditions that favoured the nematode and were suboptimal to the insect host, the effectiveness of nematodes as a biological control may not be fully replicated in the field.
Delia (fly) | Entomopathogenic Nematodes
Dicellitis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Tortricinae of the family Tortricidae.
Dicellitis | Introduction
DRACO (double-stranded RNA activated caspase oligomerizer) is a group of experimental antiviral drugs formerly under development at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In cell culture, DRACO was reported to have broad-spectrum efficacy against many infectious viruses, including dengue flavivirus, Amapari and Tacaribe arenavirus, Guama bunyavirus, H1N1 influenza and rhinovirus, and was additionally found effective against influenza "in vivo" in weanling mice. It was reported to induce rapid apoptosis selectively in virus-infected mammalian cells, while leaving uninfected cells unharmed. , work had moved to Draper Laboratory for further testing and development; "the team looks forward to larger scale animal trials and clinical human trials within a decade or less".
DRACO | Introduction
"Providencia rettgeri" is a natural pathogen of "Drosophila" fruit flies. Susceptibility to "P. rettgeri" is strongly tied to an allele of the antimicrobial peptide gene Diptericin. The fly's defence against "P. rettgeri" seems to rely almost exclusively on Diptericin, as deletion of Diptericin leads to complete mortality. Meanwhile deletion of multiple other antimicrobial peptides has no effect on "P. rettgeri" virulence. Yet defence against the related "Providencia burhodogranariea" is determined by multiple antimicrobial peptides beyond just Diptericin.
Providencia rettgeri | Research in insects
Diceromerus is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the following species:
Diceromerus | Introduction
This treatment was said to cure ulcers, rheumatic diseases, and anemia. It was also suggested to be a general pain reliever and health improver. The Jatropha Leaf Miner, a lepidopteran which feeds preferentially on "Jatropha", is an example of a major insect agricultural pest which is also a medicinal remedy. The larvae, which are also the form of the insect with the greatest economic impact on agriculture, are harvested, boiled, and mashed into a paste which is administered topically and is said to induce lactation, reduce fever, and soothe gastrointestinal tracts.
Insects in medicine | India and Ayurveda
Dicerca tuberculata is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca tuberculata | Introduction
These non coding strands of RNA can loop forming dsRNA structures that would be degraded by Dicer in a healthy retina. However, with insufficient Dicer levels, the accumulation of alu RNA leads to the degeneration of RPE as a result of inflammation.
Dicer | Macular degeneration
Since late 2002, Philippe's research activities have centered around CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats). Early work was stimulated by with the aim of improving the durability of bacterial starter cultures to improve the manufacture of cheese and ice cream, particularly efforts to address bacteriophages---viruses that infect bacteria. Horvath explored sections in the bacterial genome with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, both for their utility in differentiating between strains, and because of their role in the bacterial immune system. As this prokaryotic viral defense mechanism was understood, it was recognized that CRISPRs could be used with specific endonuclease enzymes for genome editing and gene regulation.
Philippe Horvath | Research
The genera "Dactylicapnos", "Ichtyoselmis", "Ehrendorferia" and "Lamprocapnos" were previously included as subgenera in "Dicentra", but have been shown not to belong in this genus (see for example Flora of China)
Dicentra | Former species
In response, many plant viruses have evolved elaborate mechanisms to suppress the RNAi response. These include viral proteins that bind short double-stranded RNA fragments with single-stranded overhang ends, such as those produced by dicer. Some plant genomes also express endogenous siRNAs in response to infection by specific types of bacteria. These effects may be part of a generalized response to pathogens that downregulates any metabolic process in the host that aids the infection process. Although animals generally express fewer variants of the dicer enzyme than plants, RNAi in some animals produces an antiviral response. In both juvenile and adult "Drosophila", RNA interference is important in antiviral innate immunity and is active against pathogens such as Drosophila X virus.
RNA interference | Immunity
Dicellitis nigritula is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in India (Coorg) and Nepal.
Dicellitis nigritula | Introduction
These two genera belong to the subtribe Dicercina.
Dicercina | Genera
Furthermore, other studies that performed SIT using chemosterilants on laboratory reared "D. radicum" males instead of existing populations found that they were no more effective despite releasing significantly more sterile males. Contrastingly, other studies in the Netherlands have recorded more success in sterilizing "D. antiqua" without lowering their competitiveness and thus were able to outcompete the wild population. However, this method requires that the sterile flies are released for at least five years before they start having a significant effect on population numbers"." Additionally, SIT projects on "D. antiqua" in Quebec have also shown a reduction in fertile adult populations, and the continuation of this technique is expected to result in a decrease in both the release rates of sterile insects and the overall cost of the program.
Delia (fly) | Sterile Insect Technique
No known practical uses. Play rolls in ecosystem by eating various types of insects and otherwise.
Calotes jerdoni | Uses
The species name refers to the uniform dark grey distal forewing fringe.
Dicepolia nigritinctalis | Etymology
Deacetylasperulosidic acid is an iridoid compound found in a few medicinal plants, such as "Morinda citrifolia". Some "in vitro" and "in vivo" bioactivities of deacetylasperulosidic acid include anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-arthritic, anti-mutagenic, anti-clastogenic, and hepatoprotection.
Deacetylasperulosidic acid | Introduction
Delias dice is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It was described by Samuel Constantinus Snellen van Vollenhoven in 1865. It is endemic to New Guinea in the Australasian realm. The wingspan is about 48–56 mm. Males are white, the forewings with a diffuse inner edge along the black marginal border, its edge but slightly produced at vein 4. There are two small white subapical spots. The hindwings have a narrow black marginal border becoming more narrow from vein 4 to the costa. Females resemble "Delias enniana", but the postcellular white bar is narrower, isolated and extending only to vein 5, and the white proximal area reaches vein 4.
Delias dice | Introduction
VivaGel is a sexual lubricant with antiviral properties manufactured by Australian pharmaceutical company Starpharma. The active ingredient is a nanoscale dendrimeric molecule (which binds to viruses and prevents them from affecting an organism's cells). Experimental results with VivaGel indicate 85–100% effectiveness at blocking transmission of both HIV and genital herpes in macaque monkeys. It has passed the animal-testing phases of the drug-approval process in Australia and the United States, which will be followed by initial human safety tests. The National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases have awarded grants totaling $25.7 million for VivaGel's development and testing.
Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases | Nanoscale dendrimers
Dicladocerus is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.
Dicladocerus | Introduction
Dicercomorpha is a genus of beetles in the family Buprestidae, containing the following species:
Dicercomorpha | Introduction
Dicentrine is an aporphinic alkaloid found in several plant species, mainly from family Lauraceae, including "Lindera megaphylla". Dicentrine shows antinociceptive activity in a mouse model of pain. It probably acts via a TRPA1-dependent mechanism.
Dicentrine | Introduction
Dicerca punctulata is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca punctulata | Introduction
Stenoma dicentra is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. It is found in South Africa. The wingspan is about 16 mm. The forewings are pale glossy fuscous with the plical and second discal stigmata rather large and blackish. The hindwings and cilia are fuscous whitish.
Stenoma dicentra | Introduction
Dicerca obscura is a species of brownish-black coloured beetle from Chrysochroinae subfamily which is found in central and eastern USA and Canada, where it feeds on various persimmon species (including "Diospyros virginiana") and staghorn sumac.
Dicerca obscura | Introduction
Seeds with elaiosomes are borne in long capsules. All parts are poisonous if ingested.
Dicentra | Description
ADAR1 is an interferon ( IFN )-inducible protein (one released by a cell in response to a pathogen or virus), so it would make sense that it would assist with a cell’s immune pathway. This seems to be true for the HCV replicon, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis LCMV, and polyomavirus
ADAR | Antiviral
Species in the genus "Chaetomium" are sources of many secondary metabolites with anti-malarial, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer properties. Notably, "Arcopilus aureus" has been found to produce resveratrol, and sclerotiorin. Resveratrol has many benefits effects on human health; it has been found to reduce the progression of neurological diseases such as dementia, and is used to treat cardiovascular problems and ischemic conditions. Isolates from the genera "Aspergillus, Botryosphaeria, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Arcopilus", and "Lasiodiplodia" that are endophytic to "Vinis vinifera" were all found to produce varying levels of resveratrol. Of these isolates, "A. aureus" was found to produce the highest levels of resveratrol, based on the Liebermann test to detect a free para position in phenolic compounds, the acetic anhydride test to confirm presence a free -OH group, and quantification of resveratrol by HPLC.
Arcopilus aureus | Therapeutics
Dicer is also involved in DNA repair. DNA damage increases in mammalian cells with decreased Dicer expression as a result of decreased efficiency of DNA damage repair and other mechanisms. For example, siRNA from double strand breaks (produced by Dicer) may act as guides for protein complexes involved in the double strand break repair mechanisms and can also direct chromatin modifications. Additionally, miRNAs expression patterns change as a result of DNA damage caused by ionizing or ultraviolet radiation. RNAi mechanisms are responsible for transposon silencing and in their absence, as when Dicer is knocked out/down, can lead to activated transposons that cause DNA damage.
Dicer | Cancer
DCL1 (an abbreviation of Dicer-like 1) is a gene in plants that codes for the DCL1 protein, a ribonuclease III enzyme involved in processing microRNA (miRNA). Although DCL1 is named for its homology with the metazoan protein Dicer, its role in miRNA biogenesis is somewhat different, due to substantial differences in miRNA maturation processes between plants and animals. Unlike Dicer, DCL1 is localized to the cell nucleus, where it initiates miRNA processing as the catalytic component of the so-called Dicing complex, which also contains HYL1, a double-stranded RNA binding protein, and a zinc-finger protein known as SE or SERRATE. Within the nucleus, Dicing complexes co-localize in Dicing bodies or D-bodies.
Dcl | Introduction
Diceroprocta is a genus of scrub cicadas in the family Cicadidae. There are at least 60 described species in "Diceroprocta".
Diceroprocta | Introduction
Dicellitis furcigera is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.
Dicellitis furcigera | Introduction
Diceratobasis is a genus of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. The larva of species in this genus live in water that is trapped in bromeliads. It contains the following species:
Diceratobasis | Introduction
Although it showed a rapid onset response with desired anticoagulation activity, the activity requires significantly high dosage of TBA. Thus, the companies redesigned the sequence of TBA and developed a second-generation 26-mer DNA aptamer known as NU172, which is now under phase II clinical trial.
Anti-thrombin aptamers | Therapeutic applications
Diceratobasis melanogaster is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is endemic to the Dominican Republic. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Diceratobasis melanogaster | Introduction
The virus is concentrated in the heads and abdomens of infected adult bees with significantly reduced titers in the thorax. The genome is detectable by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in the head, thorax, abdomen and wings of infected bees. Only the legs are devoid of virus.
Deformed wing virus | Virology
Native Americans and early white practitioners considered this plant useful for syphilis, skin conditions and as a blood purifier. Dutchman's breeches contains several alkaloids that may have effects on the brain and heart. However, "D. cucullaria" may be toxic and causes contact dermatitis in some people.
Dicentra cucullaria | Medicinal uses
Mutations in this gene have been associated with intellectual disability and retinitis pigmentosa.
SCAPER | Clinical significance
This diverse range of compounds may include: Currently, some preliminary progress has been made with investigation of the therapeutic properties of tick anticoagulant peptide (TAP) and Ixolaris a novel recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) from the salivary gland of the tick, "Ixodes scapularis". Additionally, Ixolaris, a tissue factor inhibitor has been shown to block primary tumor growth and angiogenesis in a glioblastoma model. Despite the strong potential of these compounds for use as anticoagulants or immunomodulating drugs no modern medicines, developed from the saliva of blood-sucking insects, are currently on the market.
Insects in medicine | Blood-feeding insects
The existence of dicentric chromosomes has clinically relevant consequences for individuals, which may live with intellectual, neurological and physical disabilities. Tailed nuclei are signatures of radiation exposure in human tissue, microbiota, and aquatic invertebrates from the wake of recent nuclear disasters. Additionally, they are used as potential biomarkers to screen for certain genetic syndromes present in human populations. Pseudodicentric chromosomes Dicentric chromosomes may lead to pseudodicentric mutations, in which one of the centromeres on the chromosome becomes inactivated. This can have severe clinical consequences for patients, as observed in severe progressive neurological and intellectual disorders such as Kabuki syndrome, a pediatric congenital disorder.
Dicentric chromosome | Consequences
Thirteen RNA sequences with 34–40% sequence identity to "Johnston Atoll virus" have been identified in insects and spiders in China. Putative hosts include "Neoscona nautica" (spider), "Atherigona orientalis" (pepper fruit fly), "Chrysomya megacephala" (oriental latrine fly), "Sarcophaga" (flesh flies), "Musca domestica" (housefly), "Culex tritaeniorhynchus", "C. quinquefasciatus", "Anopheles sinensis" and "Armigeres subalbatus" (mosquitoes), "Psychoda alternata" (moth fly), "Hippoboscoidea" (louse fly), as well as unidentified species in the "Tabanidae" (horse-fly), "Gerridae" (water strider) and "Stratiomyidae" (soldier fly) groups. Nearly 50 viruses associated with "Orthomyxoviridae" were identified in a broad variety of insect hosts, after computational virus screening of the largest insect transcriptome collection sampled worldwide.
Quaranjavirus | Other putative strains
The encoded protein is found in the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum. It is found in all tissues tested. It appears to have a role in the cell cycle.
SCAPER | Biochemistry
She is an outstanding teacher and well-known researcher in the field of insect biology and has served the University of Hyderabad with distinction for more than 35 years. She primarily works on an economically important group of insects which include a large number of stored grain and agricultural pests. Her studies using biochemical and molecular tools have unraveled the developmental and hormonal regulation of various genes, their proteins and the specific physiological processes in insects. Her research revolves around (i) fat body hexamerin gene expression and their hormonal regulation during the postembryonic development, (ii) membrane receptor mediated sequestration of hexamerins by various tissues and their role in immunity, reproduction, silk secretion and during the metamorphosis, (iii) identification of novel candidates with immune function, (iv) identification and characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxin binding receptors in larval midgut and other visceral tissues and (v) deciphering the basis for the development of resistance against Bt toxins in various lepidopteran insects.
Aparna Dutta Gupta | Research Highlights
Dicellostyles axillaris is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae endemic to Sri Lanka. It is the only species in the genus Dicellostyles.
Dicellostyles | Introduction
TREML4 deficiency reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines and autoantibodies in MRL/lpr mice, suggesting that TLR7 is a vital component of antiviral immunity and a predecessor factor in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases such as SLE. A TLR7 agonist, Aldara, an imidazoquinoline, has been approved for topical use in treating warts caused by papillomavirus and for actinic keratoses. Due to their ability to induce robust production of anti-cancer cytokines such as interleukin-12, TLR7 agonists have been investigated for cancer immunotherapy. Recent examples include TMX-202 delivery via liposomal formulation, as well as the delivery of resiquimod via nanoparticles formed from beta-cyclodextrin.
TLR7 | Clinical significance
CRISPR-Display also allows for targeted use of the wide array of artificial RNAs with specific functionality, such as RNAs for recruitment of endogenous RNA-binding proteins, antibody affinity tagging, and recruitment of tagged fusion proteins.
CRISPR-Display | Artificial ncRNA functionalization
As a result of the highly specific nature of antibodies, they can be engineered to target and bind key motifs. These motifs can be key features within the pathogenesis of particular diseases, for example Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
Anti-dsDNA antibodies | Therapeutics
Drosocin is a 19-residue long antimicrobial peptide (AMP) of flies first isolated in the fruit fly "Drosophila melanogaster", and later shown to be conserved throughout the genus "Drosophila". Drosocin is regulated by the NF-κB Imd signalling pathway in the fly.
Drosocin | Introduction
Dicerca dumolini is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca dumolini | Introduction
Dicerca hesperoborealis is a species of metallic wood-boring beetles in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca hesperoborealis | Introduction
VIR-576 is actually under clinical trials (together with Sifurtivide). In 2010, in order to examine the efficacy of the peptide, a short-term monotherapy in HIV-infected patients was executed by a group of researchers. The results were proof of concept that fusion peptide inhibitors suppress viral replication in human patients, and offer prospects for the development of a new class of drugs that prevent virus particles from anchoring to and infecting host cells. The dosage form described below, belongs to the mentioned study. Once the VIR-576 was chemically synthesized, it followed a purifying method that turned it into a highly pure drug substance, which was dehydrated in 500ml vials.
VIR-576 | Dosage forms
Already there are hammerhead ribozymes which are close to clinical application.
Hammerhead ribozyme | Therapeutic applications
Although several models have been proposed to account for virus extinction by excess mutations, an extension of the violation of the error threshold stands as a likely mechanism. Interestingly, some antiviral agents licensed for human use, initially thought to act only as inhibitors of viral replication, may actually exert their antviral activity against some RNA viruses at least partially by lethal mutagenesis. This is the case of favipiravir (T-705; 6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pirazinecarboxamide) and ribavirin (1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1-H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) that are currently being intensively investigated as lethal mutagens. Defense mechanisms based on genome modification of invading genetic parasites such as editing cellular activities that are recruited as part of the innate immune response (ADAR, APOBEC, RIP, etc.) represent a natural counterpart of the principle utilized by lethal mutagenesis.
Viral quasispecies | Lethal mutagenesis