The Thirty Years' War was primarily fought in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. Estimates of the total number of military and civilian deaths which resulted range from 4.5 to 8 million, the vast majority from disease or starvation. In some areas of Germany, it has been suggested up to 60% of the population died. Until 1938, the war was usually presented as a German conflict; this changed when historian CV Wedgwood argued it formed part of a wider, ongoing European struggle, with the Habsburg-Bourbon conflict at its centre. This is now the generally accepted view, with related conflicts such as the 1568–1648 Eighty Years War, the 1635-59 Franco-Spanish War, and the 1629–31 War of the Mantuan Succession.
Introduction
Thirty Years' War
Thirty Years' War | Introduction
Estimates range from 4.5 to 8 million. 4.5 to 8 million. 4.5 to 8 million. From 4.5 to 8 million
the mitochrondria is the powerhouse of the cell
user
Yes.
assistant
who was the first to discover it?
user
Richard Altmann.
assistant
what exactly is it?
user
It is a semi autonomous double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.
assistant
who is the above-mentioned person?
user
A German pathologist and histologist.
assistant
when did he discover this organelle mentioned above?
user
1890.
assistant
where is he from?
user
Deutsch Eylau in the Province of Prussia.
assistant
where is this province located?
user
Kingdom of Prussia.
assistant
who are the natives of this kingdom?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
which year did it experience a plague?
user
1708.
assistant
has it experienced any wars?
user
Thirty Years' War, the Great Northern War and others.
assistant
where was the latter war fought?
user
Swedish Holstein-Gottorp, Swedish Livonia, and Swedish Ingria among others.
assistant
when did it end?
user
1721.
assistant
what was the reason behind the start of the war?
user
The war began when an alliance of Denmark–Norway, Saxony and Russia, sensing an opportunity as Sweden was ruled by the young Charles XII, declared war on the Swedish Empire.
assistant
did the former war mentioned earlier, really stretch for thirty years?
user
Yes, from 1618 to 1648.
assistant
how many lives were lost to it?
user
The Thirty Years' War was primarily fought in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. Estimates of the total number of military and civilian deaths which resulted range from 4.5 to 8 million, the vast majority from disease or starvation. In some areas of Germany, it has been suggested up to 60% of the population died. Until 1938, the war was usually presented as a German conflict; this changed when historian CV Wedgwood argued it formed part of a wider, ongoing European struggle, with the Habsburg-Bourbon conflict at its centre. This is now the generally accepted view, with related conflicts such as the 1568–1648 Eighty Years War, the 1635-59 Franco-Spanish War, and the 1629–31 War of the Mantuan Succession.
Thirty Years' War | Introduction
The British lost seventeen killed and one hundred and thirteen wounded.
William Cornwallis | Seven Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was Europe's deadliest religious conflict. In the Battle of Lützen, 47 soldiers perished and were buried in a mass grave. Archaeological and osteological analyses found that the soldiers ranged in age from 15–50 years. Most corpses had evidence of blunt force trauma to the head while seven men had stabbing injuries.
Mass grave | Thirty Years' War
At the end of hostilities, losses had amounted to 435 men either killed in action or taken prisoner of war.
Jagdgeschwader 5 | 1945
Estimates vary between a 38% drop from 16 million people in 1618 to 10 million by 1650 and a mere 20% drop from 20 million to 16 million. The Altmark and Württemberg regions were especially hard hit, where it took generations to fully recover.
History of Germany | Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648
Also, because malignant and horrible sickness came out of this, many died and many had to languish from hunger. Since the soldiers had taken away all the horses and cattle, the farmers have to push themselves against the plow, so that they might only grow something [].”
Frohnlach | Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars in Europe lasting from 1618 to 1648. Thirty Years' War or Thirty Years War also may refer to:
Thirty Years War (disambiguation) | Introduction
Historians often refer to the 'General Crisis' of the mid-17th century, a period of sustained conflict in states such as China, the British Isles, Tsarist Russia and the Holy Roman Empire. In all these areas, war, famine and disease inflicted severe losses on local populations. While the Thirty Years War ranks as one of the worst of these events, precise numbers are disputed; 19th century nationalists often increased them to illustrate the dangers of a divided Germany. The war has been described as one of the greatest medical catastrophes in history. Well into the 19th century, the leading cause of mortality even for soldiers was disease; of an estimated 600,000 military deaths between 1618 to 1648, only 200,000 were killed in combat.
Thirty Years' War | Human and financial cost of the war
All the passing armies and successive battles left behind them only ruin and desolation. The local economy collapsed: famine and plague ensued. Lorraine was slow to recover. The statistical records show large numbers of people simply disappeared. Even in 1710, a census undertaken for Raon counted only 194 inhabitants.
Raon-l'Étape | The Thirty Years' War 1618-1648
After invading the Spanish Netherlands in May 1635, the poorly equipped French army collapsed, suffering 17,000 casualties from disease and desertion. A Spanish offensive in 1636 reached Corbie in Northern France; although it caused panic in Paris, lack of supplies forced them to retreat, and it was not repeated. In March 1636, France finally joined the Thirty Years War in alliance with Sweden, launching offensives in Germany and the Low Countries. At the same time, the Swedes under Johan Banér marched into Brandenburg; victory at Wittstock on 4 October 1636 regained most of the ground lost after Nördlingen. Ferdinand II died in February 1637 and was succeeded by his son Ferdinand III, who faced a rapidly deteriorating military situation.
Thirty Years' War | Phase II; France joins the war 1635 to 1648
While he was able to keep his position, the Thirty Years' War was disruptive to his life, and most of his children, of four different marriages, died due to the hardships imposed by the war.
Christoph Demantius | Life
Estimates of the population before the 15th century are not possible. The numbers up until the end of the Thirty Years War are based on an estimate of either the number of households or the number of adult males. Only about 12-15% of the populace survived the Thirty Years' War. Only 24 family names from the pre-war period resurfaced after the war ended. From the wealthy milling family Mack (see also Alexander Mack), two adult males survived the war. From all other families, only one male adult male survived. From 1644 to 1648, the town was abandoned by its population and thus a ghost town.
Schriesheim | Population Statistics
With the partial exception of Great Britain, all of the states at the time did not keep especially accurate records, so calculating losses is to a certain extent a matter of conjecture.
Napoleonic Wars casualties | Introduction
During the Thirty Years' War the city suffered severe population losses. A few families were able to escape through temporary escape, including the Singer family.
Korb | Family History
One froze on her flight, and the other was lost and her remains – “a few bones and clothing remnants” – were found only months later and buried. From these and other examples, the unbearable circumstances of this time are clear. Only in the late 17th century did Raschauers get back on their feet economically, recovering slowly from the war's aftermath.
Raschau | The Thirty Years' War
At least 292 persons were killed, with the total loss of life probably being over 320. (Calculations based on the records of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission coupled with the “Armed Forces Register” of the General Register Office of England & Wales and Scotland and records held on the “Air of Authority” website.) The dead were washed ashore as far north as the north German coast, on the beaches of the Netherlands, Belgium, England and as far south as Calais, France.
HM LST-420 | Casualties
All the combatants on either side were either dead or seriously wounded, with nine on the English side slain. The prisoners were well treated and released on payment of a small ransom.
Combat of the Thirty | Battle
British losses numbered less than 30.
Murray Maxwell | Napoleonic Wars
Of those, 15 lost their lives in the war.
Bahgallah, Victoria | History
Meanwhile, times had become so uncertain that hardly any more written records were kept. Moreover, no-one knew anymore who was fighting for or against whom. On 12 June 1634, Weimar horsemen plundered the villages and took the farmers’ livestock away. An eyewitness wrote: In connection with this, Heiligenstadt may also have been affected.
Heiligenstadt in Oberfranken | Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)
The British losses during the campaign were 93 killed and 200 wounded.
Coorg War | Introduction
In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.
Seven Years' War | 1761–62
At least 16 civilians were reported killed, including five who belonged to the same family, during the first few days of the war. Between 40 and 50 houses were destroyed as well.
Al-Atatra | Introduction
The Thirty Years' War caused the most damage of all wars. On 10 September 1632, the Mistendorf clergyman reported the plunder of the villages of Teuchatz and Tiefenpölz, both served by him. The perpetrators, however, were not the Swedes, but Imperial troops who were fighting on the Catholic side. The "Kastner" (“bursary officer”) of the Streitburg wrote in 1633 to the Margrave in Kulmbach telling him that “the subjects had all their livestock and grain taken away and many were horridly murdered. In some villages more than half the subjects are said to have died wretchedly.” Farms were forsaken in Volkmannsreuth, Brunn, Oberleinleiter, Burggrub and Stücht.
Heiligenstadt in Oberfranken | Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)
They lost 36 men - 4 killed, 2 wounded and 30 captured.
Uderzeniowe Bataliony Kadrowe | Beginnings
In 1655, records stated: "Everything looks complete and marvelous in the place of worship [...] but unfavorable circumstances have also left much devastation; [and] the paraments and the silver chalice were stolen."
Dinklage | Thirty Years' War
But the period of the Truce, and the military events that followed after the Truce had ended and the war was resumed, until the conclusion of the Peace of Münster in 1648, still form one continuous whole with the Dutch Revolt (though the "second part" of the war, after 1621, had a different character, as it now became a conflict between sovereign states, instead of a "domestic conflict" inside one polity), and this continuous narrative, spanning the period 1566–1648, is still known as the Eighty Years' War.
Eighty Years' War (1566–1609) | Introduction
The war caused great damage before it ended in the compromise Peace of Westphalia on 24 October 1648.
Jesuit College of Ingolstadt | Thirty Years' War
Twenty-four of them fell in that war, and six were listed as missing in action.
Neu-Bamberg | History
List of battles of the Eighty Years' War:
List of battles of the Eighty Years' War | Introduction
After being ravaged by the plague from 1614-1619, with about 1800 deaths, Solingen was heavily fought-over during the Thirty Years War, repeatedly attacked and plundered, and the Schloss Burg was destroyed.
Solingen | Thirty Years War
The income from their imperial possessions remained in Germany and did not benefit the kingdom of Sweden; although they retained Swedish Pomerania until 1815, much of it was ceded to Prussia in 1679 and 1720.
Thirty Years' War | Political consequences
According to J. N. Hays, "In the period of the Swedish occupation and the Imperial siege the population of the city was reduced from about 70,000 to about 16,000, with typhus and plague playing major roles."
Augsburg | Thirty Years' War
The invaders incurred thirty to fifty thousand dead.
Gothic Wars | Gothic War (267–269)
Dutch leader Frederick Henry recaptured Breda in October, and three months later Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar destroyed an Imperial army at Rheinfelden. Although von Hatzfeldt defeated a Swedish-English-Palatine force at Vlotho in October 1638, Breisach's surrender to Bernhard in December secured French control of Alsace and the Rhineland, severing the Spanish Road. Spain was now forced to resupply their armies in Flanders by sea, making them vulnerable to the Dutch navy.
Thirty Years' War | Phase II; France joins the war 1635 to 1648
The Thirty Years' War spread severe misery over the Münsterland; looting and fire devastated many farms, and the land lay uncultivated, the inhabitants having fled or died. Trade ceased. The people and the clergy were demoralized at the war's long duration; their trust in terrestrial and spiritual authority completely vanished. Churches were neglected, ruined, or were utterly destroyed. Any funds which might have provided for their restoration were lacking because the long war had nearly exhausted church savings. The episcopal vicars general Drs Hartmann, Nikolartius, and Luzenius conducted formal visitations (of inspection) of the parishes of the Niederstift (i.e. the Lower Prince-Bishopric) during the course of the war, in 1618, 1619, 1620, 1625, 1630, and 1644.
Dinklage | Thirty Years' War
During the Thirty Years' War in Europe, for example, the population of the German states was reduced by about 30%. The Swedish armies alone may have destroyed up to 2,000 castles, 18,000 villages and 1,500 towns in Germany, one-third of all German towns. Estimates for the total casualties of World War II vary, but most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war, including about 20 million soldiers and 40 million civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people during the war, about half of all World War II casualties. The largest number of civilian deaths in a single city was 1.2 million citizens dead during the 872-day Siege of Leningrad.
Effects of war | Long term effects
Pillaged during Thirty Years' War.
Vilseck | 1620
Most wars have resulted in significant loss of life, along with destruction of infrastructure and resources (which may lead to famine, disease, and death in the civilian population). During the Thirty Years' War in Europe, the population of the Holy Roman Empire was reduced by 15 to 40 percent. Civilians in war zones may also be subject to war atrocities such as genocide, while survivors may suffer the psychological aftereffects of witnessing the destruction of war. War also results in lower quality of life and worse health outcomes. A medium-sized conflict with about 2,500 battle deaths reduces civilian life expectancy by one year and increases infant mortality by 10% and malnutrition by 3.3%.
War | On civilians
These are the names of the knights, as listed in Ainsworth's translation of the poem, although there are actually 31 listed for the English side. † indicates that the combatant was killed. The English side lost nine killed in total and the remainder captured. The Franco-Breton side lost at least three and probably more. A number of them were captured during the fighting, but were released at the final outcome of the conflict.
Combat of the Thirty | Combatants
Voltaire, however, in "Histoire du siècle du Louis XIV" records, 'the French lost there twenty thousand men'.
Battle of Ramillies | Casualties
Total lost was 267, 24 of them enlisted men who died as prisoners.
148th Regiment New York Volunteer Infantry | Introduction
The figure they arrive at for the 1936–1939 period is 346,000; the figure for 1936–1942, including the years of postwar deaths resulting from terror and war sufferings, is 540,000. Some scholars go even further and calculate the war's "population loss" or "demographic impact"; in this case they might include also (10) migration abroad: 160,000 to 730,000 and (11) decrease in birth rate: 500,000 to 570,000.
Spanish Civil War | Death toll
Only on 18 September was the Raschauer Heinrich Händel “(who was also shot by the foe on 20 August and afterwards found dead on 17 September on the supply road near Crotendorff in the bushes by a cowherd)” buried. Also as the war wore on, enemy soldiers kept cropping up in Raschau, and so on 5 August 1633 Caspar Merkel “who was shot down by the emperor’s rapacious soldiers in his herb garden” was buried. In 1640, Peter Weigel's wife Barbara and their daughter Margaretha died while fleeing into the woods from the invading Swedes as most of the villagers did.
Raschau | The Thirty Years' War
He died at Magdeburg two years later.
Georg Matthias Bose | Thirty Years War
By 1648 many of the propertied families in the village had simply disappeared: the overall population had declined to 364 by 1660, from a prewar level of 1,050. The valley was ruined economically: climate deterioration experienced in northern Europe during the first half of the seventeenth century will have done nothing to help the survivors at harvest time. Recovery would come to Fouchy only slowly.
Fouchy | Fouchy in the Thirty Years War
The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I was about 40 million: estimates range from around 15 to 22 million deaths and about 23 million wounded military personnel, ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history. The total number of deaths includes from 9 to 11 million military personnel. The civilian death toll was about 6 to 13 million. The Triple Entente (also known as the Allies) lost about 6 million military personnel while the Central Powers lost about 4 million. At least 2 million died from diseases and 6 million went missing, presumed dead.
World War I casualties | Introduction
Jean de Wavrin states that nearly 3,000 men perished in the fighting.
Battle of Ferrybridge | Introduction
British estimates were that they had lost 700 soldiers killed, wounded, and captured, and that 400 men aboard the ships were killed or wounded. A Dutch frigate of 20 guns also was sunk.
Tour Vauban | Introduction
During the conflict 1,642 were killed or died of disease.
Winged Victory (Lewis) | Background
The war of 1914–1918 cost the lives of thirty-six Guyancourtois.
Guyancourt | First World War
Later the Dutch and English succeeded the Portuguese as colonial rulers of the island.
Thirty Years' War | Outside Europe
During World War I, Umkirch lost twenty-one citizens, during World War II, thirty citizens. Twelve others are recorded as missing in action.
Umkirch | History
France lost 20 of her ships-of-the-line captured and 25 sunk, burned, destroyed, or lost in storms. The French navy also lost 25 frigates captured and 17 destroyed, and suffered casualties of 20,000 killed, drowned, or missing, as well as another 20,000 wounded or captured. Spain lost 12 ships-of-the-line captured or destroyed, 4 frigates, and 10,000 seamen killed, wounded, or captured. The Royal Navy lost 2 ships-of-the-line captured, 17 sunk or destroyed by either battle or storm, 3 frigates captured and 14 sunk, but added 40 ships-of-the-line during the course of the war. British crews suffered 20,000 casualties, including POWs. Actual naval combat deaths for Britain were only 1,500, but the figure of 133,708 is given for those who died of sickness or deserted.
History of the Royal Navy (after 1707) | Seven Years War, 1756-1763
There were two Battles of Breitenfeld during the Thirty Years' War:
Battle of Breitenfeld | Introduction
Of the survivors, some 6,000 were crucified along the Appian Way.
Third Servile War | Introduction
The regiment lost a total of 404 men during service; 4 officers and 57 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 341 enlisted men died of disease.
30th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment | Casualties
At one point, the LCC claimed a figure of 280 dead and 200 missing.
Battle of Tremseh | Events
Thus estimates of total dead, both military and civilian, range from 3,250,000 to 6,500,000.
Napoleonic Wars casualties | Total dead and missing
Commonwealth losses were under 300 killed and wounded. The Swedish king himself barely escaped with his life and later said he had never taken "such a hot bath".
Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) | 1629
These are the known dead, but the remains of more who died in the battle are found every year, so the total will never be known. Nobody knows how many civilians died, but it could have been as high as 10,000.
Battle of Halbe | Aftermath
A total of 18 people from here are supposed to have died in the War.
Talokar | Role in World War I
The Austrians lost 20,000 killed and wounded and 70,000 as prisoners. Russian casualties were 25,000 killed and wounded and 25,000 captured. The Neapolitan army of 22,000 was wiped out by the French in 1806, with only 2,000 evacuated to Sicily.
War of the Third Coalition | Casualties and losses
Nearly 2,000 died at or shortly after their arrival, due mostly to exposure and disease.
Battle of Chustenahlah | Battle
Although records are incomplete, the unit lost over 600 men killed during the war; at least 56 officers and 1913 Other Ranks were wounded.
Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 409 | Additional information
At 10.00 a.m. fighting stopped and the sack and massacre started. Some 584 citizens lost their lives during this relatively short event.
Capture of Breda (1581) | Introduction
In 1629, a large force of imperial troops moved through the town, to be followed in 1631 by troops of Lorraine. In 1634, Croatian soldiers plundered Lauffen and two days later the imperial forces returned. In November the last 16 head of cattle were confiscated. At Christmas 1634, Lauffen provided winter quarters for five transiting regiments. At Whitsun 1635, the Mühlheimische Kürassier-Regiment seized the entire winter crop, thus creating a famine which claimed 800 lives. In 1636, Lauffen was sacked by a Colonel Liddaw and his regiment of cuirassiers. In the autumn of 1637, it was overrun by two different regiments – a state of affairs which caused a shortage of food during the winter and resulted in the deaths of 200 people.
Lauffen am Neckar | Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War brought hardship and misery. In 1648 only 50 inhabitants survived from originally 1242 inhabitants (1622). In the Nine Years' War (1688-1697) Dürrmenz was looted in 1692 by French troops. Eckenweiher was incorporated to Dürrmenz in 1832.
Mühlacker | Thirty Years' War
An estimated 60,000 men lost limbs in the war. Union army dead, amounting to 15 percent of the over two million who served, was broken down as follows:
American Civil War | Costs
More than 300 lives were lost, including all the women and children on board.
Agenor, duc de Gramont | Career
Further rise in prices, hunger and epidemics resulted. Nursing of the sick, monthly requisitions, the building of a soldiers' hospital and quartering of soldiers impoverished the population. The number of Beilstein's inhabitants decreased so far that there were just 39 houses habitable in 1641. Finally the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 ended a quarter-century of suffering. People were able to rebuild their villages, fields, and vineyards. The number of habitable houses increased from 39 in 1641 to 117 in 1655.
Beilstein, Württemberg | Thirty Years' War
The two escape and flee to London, where they find evidence that Great Britain had fallen fully two hundred years before; the Great War had destroyed the Old World's civilization in less than a quarter century.
Beyond Thirty | Plot
About twenty people died in the one-day battle.
Ochomogo War | Battle of Ochomogo
86 persons died. "UC-27" was surrendered to France on 3 February 1919 and was broken up at Landerneau in July 1921.
SM UC-27 | Introduction
In 1638, it had to endure the presence of a company of Parischen troops; then, in May and again in September, it was once more descended upon by imperial forces. In the autumn, two regiments of cavalry looted the harvest and, at the beginning of December, three cavalry regiments sacked the town. At Christmas 1638, the imperial general staff took over Lauffen. By the end of that year, the population had fallen to just 30. The misery continued during 1639 with frequent occupations by troops.
Lauffen am Neckar | Thirty Years' War
Based on analysis of contemporary reports, less than 3% of civilian deaths were the result of military action; the major causes were starvation (12%), bubonic plague (64%), typhus (4%), and dysentery (5%). Parish records show regular outbreaks of these were common for decades prior to 1618, but the conflict greatly accelerated their spread. This was due to the influx of soldiers from foreign countries, the shifting locations of battle fronts, as well as the displacement of rural populations and migration into already crowded cities. Poor harvests throughout the 1630s and repeated plundering of the same areas led to widespread famine; contemporaries record people eating grass, or too weak to accept alms, while instances of cannibalism were common.
Thirty Years' War | Human and financial cost of the war
The number of those killed in action is estimated between 4,000 and 6,000; the total number of casualties is given between 13,000 and 34,000.
Requetés | Civil War (1936–1939): in combat
The war proved a severe blow to the city, with frequent arrests, kidnapping and rape. Even after the Peace of Westphalia from 1648, troops remained in the city until 9 September 1650.
Essen | Thirty Years' War
In the course of the conflict, and as a consequence of its fiscal-military innovations, the Dutch Republic emerged as a Great Power, whereas the Spanish Empire lost its European hegemonic status.
Eighty Years' War | New border between North and South
There are no figures to calculate how many died from war-related diseases, but if the same ratio of disease to battle deaths from English figures is applied to the Scottish figures, a not unreasonable estimate of 60,000 people is achieved, from a population of about one million.
English Civil War | Casualties
Figures for casualties during this period are unreliable, but some attempt has been made to provide rough estimates. In England, a conservative estimate is that roughly 100,000 people died from war-related disease during the three civil wars. Historical records count 84,830 dead from the wars themselves. Counting in accidents and the two Bishops' wars, an estimate of 190,000 dead is achieved, out of a total population of about five million. Figures for Scotland are less reliable and should be treated with caution. Casualties include the deaths of prisoners-of-war in conditions that accelerated their deaths, with estimates of 10,000 prisoners not surviving or not returning home (8,000 captured during and immediately after the Battle of Worcester were deported to New England, Bermuda and the West Indies to work for landowners as indentured labourers).
English Civil War | Casualties
By 1618 when war broke out, advances in weapons technology and in military organisation had made warfare significantly more lethal, even, than it had been in the Medieval period, not merely for soldiers but also for any civilian populations that found themselves in the wrong place. Located on a principal communications route, Fouchy was one of several villages in the valley that suffered badly during the Thirty Years' War: villagers were frequently forced to seek safety in the forest and many houses were destroyed. Of the fifty-eight houses in the village in 1618, only twenty-five were habitable thirty years later.
Fouchy | Fouchy in the Thirty Years War
Only fourteen of the prewar population are known to have survived.
Piotrków Kujawski | Introduction
The total from the 'numbers' column below of those listed on these memorials is 138,062.
List of Commonwealth War Graves Commission World War I memorials to the missing | Introduction
A total of 500,000+ Vietnamese were either killed, wounded or captured during the First Indochina War.
Loss exchange ratio | Historical applications
In 2016 "nearly 65 persons were injured", in 2017, one person died and more than 36 were hurt, and the 2018 war led to 20 injuries.
Hingot war | Introduction
The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was ruinous to the twenty million civilians and set back the economy for generations, as marauding armies burned and destroyed what they could not seize. The fighting often was out of control, with marauding bands of hundreds or thousands of starving soldiers spreading plague, plunder, and murder. The armies that were under control moved back and forth across the countryside year after year, levying heavy taxes on cities, and seizing the animals and food stocks of the peasants without payment. The enormous social disruption over three decades caused a dramatic decline in population because of killings, disease, crop failures, declining birth rates and random destruction, and the emigration of terrified people.
Economic history of Germany | Thirty Years' War
However, historian Robert Malcomson has found this return to be inaccurate: it did not include militia, sailors, dockyard workers or Native Americans and was incorrect even as to the casualties of the regulars. Malcomson demonstrates that the actual British loss was 82 killed, 43 wounded, 69 wounded prisoners, 274 captured and 7 missing, for a total of 475 casualties.
Battle of York | Casualties
As depicted in Consequences of War, the fighting led to the destruction of large areas of Europe as well as outbreaks of both pestilence and famine. Much of the fighting took place in the German states which suffered significant depopulation as a result. The Thirty Years' War ended in 1648 with the treaties of Osnabruck and Munster as well as the Peace of Westphalia.
Consequences of War | Historical context
After 14 hours of continuous battle, the only result was enormous loss of life. Authors differ greatly in their assessments of the relative losses: estimates of Russian casualties range from about 15,000 to 20,000 killed or wounded and 3,000 men, 23 cannon and 16 colors captured. Count von Bennigsen estimated his losses at up to 9,000 dead and 7,000 wounded. The French lost somewhere between 10,000 and 15,000 and 25,000–30,000 with five eagles lost. David G. Chandler suggested as many as 25,000 French casualties, although conceding it is impossible to be certain. According to estimates of German historian Horst Schulz, the French lost 4,893 men killed, 23,598 wounded and 1,152 missing in action, which makes a total of 29,643.
Battle of Eylau | Result
Copper tablets display the names of 1,892 sailors who died during World War I and 3,456 names of sailors who died in World War II. In addition, three protocols contain the names of 5,667 sailors. The interior of the hall is visited by some 20,000 people every year.
Minnehallen | Introduction
1,500 of their men were captured and 1,000 lost their lives. Hessian losses were given as 163. Six cannon were also captured.
Battle of Wevelinghoven | The battle
The death toll is estimated to range from 10,000 to 100,000.
Smyrna | Post World War I
The legend tells that when the Swedish army besieged the town, a teenage girl took the children to the Swedish general to beg for mercy. The Swedish general had recently lost his young son to illness, and a boy who approached him so closely resembled his own son that he decided to spare the town.
Dinkelsbühl | Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years' War (1618–48) damaged the town, which was occupied by the Imperial troops, then by the Swedes. The town was ransomed and ceded to France in 1679, and started to recover some of its prosperity, without totally recapturing its former glory.
Obernai | History
Still around 880 lives were lost.
SS Verona (1908) | Introduction
Including the loss of the foraging party, and counting the 54 wounded men whom Stewart decided to leave behind on September 9 in the "wounded prisoners" category instead of as "wounded", this gives total British casualties of 85 killed, 297 wounded, 70 wounded prisoners and 430 other prisoners. There were three successive versions of the American casualty return. The first, compiled soon after the battle, gave 251 killed, 367 wounded and 74 missing. The second, compiled somewhat later and published by the Continental Congress, reduced the losses to 138 killed, 375 wounded and 41 missing. The third and final revision, compiled on September 25, 1781, arrived at figures of 119 killed, 382 wounded and 78 missing.
Battle of Eutaw Springs | Casualties
During the war, 6,376 lives were saved.
Royal National Lifeboat Institution | Wartime
According to the Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN), 3,532 people were killed as a result of the conflict between 1969 and 2001. Of these, 3,489 were killed up to 1998. According to the book "Lost Lives" (2006 edition), 3,720 people were killed as a result of the conflict, from 1966 to 2006. Of these, 3,635 were killed up to 1998. There are reports that 257 of the victims were children under the age of seventeen, representing 7.2% of all the total during this period. Other reports state that a total of 274 children under the age of eighteen were killed during the conflict.
The Troubles | Casualties
Ore Mountain chronicler Christian Lehmann () reports fights between Holk's troops and Raschau and Markersbach inhabitants stretching from the ironworks to Unterscheibe over a “small mile”. The church books from both villages give information about losses among the villages’ own ranks. In Raschau it was the carpenter Heinrich Bach, Martin Ruder and Paul Weichel as well as Thomas Ficker’s farmhand “all of whom one day, by the emperor’s rapacious warriors who invaded on 20 August, were mown down”. On 24 August 1632, all four were buried at Raschau's graveyard. That not all the dead could be buried right away is shown in another entry in the church book.
Raschau | The Thirty Years' War