The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean as the North Atlantic Current. The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northwards accelerating current off the east coast of North America. At about , it splits in two, with the northern stream, the North Atlantic Drift, crossing to Northern Europe and the southern stream, the Canary Current, recirculating off West Africa.
Introduction
Gulf Stream
Gulf Stream | Introduction
It originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean as the North Atlantic Current. Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Mexico
what does gulf stream refer to?
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It is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current
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The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean as the North Atlantic Current. The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northwards accelerating current off the east coast of North America. At about , it splits in two, with the northern stream, the North Atlantic Drift, crossing to Northern Europe and the southern stream, the Canary Current, recirculating off West Africa.
Gulf Stream | Introduction
The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe, the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates at the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northward accelerating current off the east coast of North America. At about , it splits in two, with the northern stream crossing to northern Europe and the southern stream recirculating off West Africa. The Gulf Stream influences the climate of the east coast of North America from Florida to Newfoundland, and the west coast of Europe.
Thermohaline circulation | Gulf Stream
The Gulf Stream is a warm Atlantic Ocean current. Gulf Stream or Gulfstream may also refer to:
Gulf Stream (disambiguation) | Introduction
The Gulf Stream is a major surface current, primarily driven by thermohaline circulation that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and then flows through the Straits of Florida into the North Atlantic. In essence, it is a river within an ocean, and, like a river, it can and does carry floating objects. It has a maximum surface velocity of about . A small plane making a water landing or a boat having engine trouble can be carried away from its reported position by the current.
Bermuda Triangle | Gulf Stream
The Gulf Stream proper is a western-intensified current, driven largely by wind stress. The North Atlantic Drift, in contrast, is largely driven by thermohaline circulation. In 1958, oceanographer Henry Stommel noted that "very little water from the Gulf of Mexico is actually in the stream". By carrying warm water northeast across the Atlantic, it makes Western Europe and especially Northern Europe warmer than it otherwise would be.
Gulf Stream | Properties
A river of sea water, called the Atlantic North Equatorial Current, flows westwards off the coast of Central Africa. When this current interacts with the northeastern coast of South America, the current forks into two branches. One passes into the Caribbean Sea, while a second, the Antilles Current, flows north and east of the West Indies. These two branches rejoin north of the Straits of Florida. The trade winds blow westwards in the tropics, and the westerlies blow eastwards at mid-latitudes. This wind pattern applies a stress to the subtropical ocean surface with negative curl across the north Atlantic Ocean.
Gulf Stream | Formation and behaviour
the East Greenland and Labrador currents, in the Atlantic and the Oyashio. They are forced by winds circulation around low pressure (cyclonic). The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension, North Atlantic Current, is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic Ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico, exits through the Strait of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland to the northeast before crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
Physical oceanography | Western boundary
Although there has been recent debate, there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic drift, one of the branches from the tail of the Gulf Stream. It is part of the North Atlantic Gyre. Its presence has led to the development of strong cyclones of all types, both within the atmosphere and within the ocean. The Gulf Stream is also a significant potential source of renewable power generation.
Thermohaline circulation | Gulf Stream
As the warmer branch turns southward, most of the subtropical component of the Gulf Stream is diverted southward, and as a consequence, the North Atlantic is mostly supplied by subpolar waters, including a contribution from the Labrador Current recirculated into the NAC at 45°N.
North Atlantic Current | Introduction
The Gulf Stream separates from the US coast near Cape Hatteras (35°N, 75°W) and then travels eastwards across the North Atlantic, becoming the North Atlantic current at about 55°W. In the region between 75°W and 55°W it is subject to meanders and is frequently accompanied by eddies. The northern edge of the current is marked by a sharp fall in temperature. This is also the case at much greater depths, so that the warm current is pressed up against a wall of cold water, called the 'north wall'. Monthly charts of the path of the north wall of the Gulf Stream have been available from surface, aircraft and satellite observations since 1966 and these have been used in several studies of the path's variability.
Latitude of the Gulf Stream and the Gulf Stream north wall index | Introduction
The Gulf Stream influences the climate of the east coast of North America from Florida to Newfoundland, and the west coast of Europe. Although there has been recent debate, there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than other areas of similar latitude because of the North Atlantic Current. It is part of the North Atlantic Gyre. Its presence has led to the development of strong cyclones of all types, both within the atmosphere and within the ocean. The Gulf Stream is also a significant potential source of renewable power generation.
Gulf Stream | Introduction
From :
Gulf Winds | Introduction
This attracts fish, shrimp, and squid. River drainage and atmospheric fallout from industrial coastal cities also provide nutrients to the coastal zone. The Gulf Stream, a warm Atlantic Ocean current and one of the strongest ocean currents known, originates in the gulf, as a continuation of the Caribbean Current-Yucatán Current-Loop Current system. Other circulation features include the anticyclonic gyres which are shed by the Loop Current and travel westward where they eventually dissipate, and a permanent cyclonic gyre in the Bay of Campeche. The Bay of Campeche in Mexico constitutes a major arm of the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, the gulf's shoreline is fringed by numerous bays and smaller inlets.
Gulf of Mexico | Geography
A copy of the chart was printed in Paris circa 1770–1773, and a third version was published by Franklin in Philadelphia in 1786.
Gulf Stream | History
Gangopadhyay et al. have derived a ten-year time series of the latitude of the separation of the Gulf Stream from the 1970s to the 1980s. By applying empirical orthogonal function analysis to temperatures at 200 metres, Joyce et al. in 2001 constructed a similar index to the GSNW index extending back to the 1950s.
Latitude of the Gulf Stream and the Gulf Stream north wall index | History
This stream is aught myle lang, quhilk may not be hantit bot be certain tyds."
Gulf of Corryvreckan | History
The gulf flows into the Atlantic Ocean through the following outlets:
Gulf of Saint Lawrence | Outlets
The following rivers flow into the Gulf of Patras (from west to east):
Gulf of Patras | Rivers and streams
South of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, the Gulf Stream becomes the dominant ocean current.
Labrador Current | Introduction
Persian Gulf is a mediterranean sea in Western Asia. Persian Gulf may also refer to:
Persian Gulf (disambiguation) | Introduction
The Arabian Plate tectonic origin is grouped into six phases which contributed to its current geology:
Persian Gulf Basin | Tectonic evolution
The water is heated in the Gulf and forced out through the Florida Straits, between the Florida Keys and Cuba and flows northward along the east coast of the United States. The Florida Current is often referred to imprecisely as the Gulf Stream. In fact, the Florida Current joins the Gulf Stream off the east coast of Florida.
Florida Current | Introduction
Gulf Stream Magazine is a bi-annual literary magazine published by the Creative Writing Program at Florida International University. The headquarters of the magazine is in Miami, Florida.
Gulf Stream Magazine | Introduction
The Gulf Trough, also known as the Suwanee Straits, is an ancient geologic feature of Florida present during the Paleogene period, a period of roughly that started after the end of the Mesozoic Era (65.5 Mya). A strong marine current, similar to the Gulf Stream, scoured the trough from southwest to northeast.
Gulf Trough | Introduction
The Gulf Stream flounder ("Citharichthys arctifrons") is a species of fish belonging to the family Paralichthyidae native to waters off eastern North America.
Citharichthys arctifrons | Introduction
As interpreted by Roy Van Arsdale and Randel T. Cox, this mountain range was breached in Late Cretaceous times by the formation of the Mississippi Embayment. Geologists and other Earth scientists agree in general that the present Gulf of Mexico basin originated in Late Triassic time as the result of rifting within Pangea. The rifting was associated with zones of weakness within Pangea, including sutures where the Laurentia, South American, and African plates collided to create it. First, there was a Late Triassic-Early Jurassic phase of rifting during which rift valleys formed and filled with continental red beds. Second, as rifting progressed through Early and Middle Jurassic time, continental crust was stretched and thinned.
Gulf of Mexico | Geology
history.
Gulf Coast of the United States | History
Nor'easters develop in response to the sharp contrast in the warm Gulf Stream ocean current coming up from the tropical Atlantic and the cold air masses coming down from Canada. When the very cold and dry air rushes southward and meets up with the warm Gulf stream current, which is often near even in mid-winter, intense low pressure develops. In the upper atmosphere, the strong winds of the jet stream remove and replace rising air from the Atlantic more rapidly than the Atlantic air is replaced at lower levels; this and the Coriolis force help develop a strong storm. The storm tracks northeast along the East Coast, normally from North Carolina to Long Island, then moves toward the area east of Cape Cod.
Nor'easter | Formation
Hurricane Sandy in 2012 was a recent example of a hurricane passing over the Gulf Stream and gaining strength. Strong extratropical cyclones have been shown to deepen significantly along a shallow frontal zone, forced by the Gulf Stream, during the cold season. Subtropical cyclones also tend to generate near the Gulf Stream. 75 percent of such systems documented between 1951 and 2000 formed near this warm water current, with two annual peaks of activity occurring during the months of May and October. Cyclones within the ocean form under the Gulf Stream, extending as deep as beneath the ocean's surface.
Gulf Stream | Effect on cyclone formation
The resulting Sverdrup transport is equatorwards. Because of conservation of potential vorticity caused by the northwards-moving winds on the subtropical ridge's western periphery and the increased relative vorticity of northwards moving water, transport is balanced by a narrow, accelerating polewards current. This flows along the western boundary of the ocean basin, outweighing the effects of friction with the western boundary current, and is known as the Labrador Current. The conservation of potential vorticity also causes bends along the Gulf Stream, which occasionally break off as the Gulf Stream's position shifts, forming separate warm and cold eddies. This overall process, known as western intensification, causes currents on the western boundary of an ocean basin, such as the Gulf Stream, to be stronger than those on the eastern boundary.
Gulf Stream | Formation and behaviour
A gulf is a large inlet from the ocean into a landmass. Gulf or the gulf may also refer to:
Gulf (disambiguation) | Introduction
The water transport in the Gulf Stream gradually increases from in the Florida Current to a maximum of south of Newfoundland at 55° W longitude. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current, at approximately , is the largest ocean current. The entire global input of fresh water from rivers to the ocean is approximately .
Sverdrup | Examples
The addition of fresh water to northern oceans may reduce the strength of the Gulf stream, and allow a southwards current to develop instead. This would cause the cooling of the northern hemisphere, and the warming of the southern, causing changes in ice accumulation and melting rates and possibly triggering shelf destruction and Heinrich events (Stocker 1998).
Heinrich event | External forcings
In 2005, British researchers noticed that the net flow of the northern Gulf Stream had decreased by about 30% since 1957. Coincidentally, scientists at Woods Hole had been measuring the freshening of the North Atlantic as Earth becomes warmer. Their findings suggested that precipitation increases in the high northern latitudes, and polar ice melts as a consequence. By flooding the northern seas with excessive fresh water, global warming could, in theory, divert the Gulf Stream waters that usually flow northward, past the British Isles and Norway, and cause them to instead circulate toward the equator. Were this to happen, Europe's climate would be seriously impacted.
Cold blob (North Atlantic) | Background
The Gulf Stream, a warm ocean current, runs northward just off the coast, allowing the city's climate to stay warm and mild all year.
Miami | Geography
This rapid loading is also responsible for the first salt flows from beneath the basin-margin region towards the continental slope.
Gulf of Mexico basin | Post-rift
It reaches speeds of 2 knots near the North American coast. Directed by topography, the NAC meanders heavily, but in contrast to the meanders of the Gulf Stream, the NAC meanders remain stable without breaking off into eddies. The colder parts of the Gulf Stream turn northward near the "tail" of the Grand Banks at 50°W where the Azores Current branches off to flow south of the Azores. From there the NAC flows northeastward, east of the Flemish Cap (47°N, 45°W). Approaching the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, it then turns eastward and becomes much broader and more diffuse. It then splits into a colder northeastern branch and a warmer eastern branch.
North Atlantic Current | Introduction
One familiar source of terrigenous input to the Gulf is the Colorado River, which empties into the northern Gulf (though no longer consistently, as a result of overuse for irrigation). Further south, especially in the eastern Gulf, the Sierra Madre Occidental are a more important source of sediment.
Farallon Basin | Introduction
Gulf Stream was founded in the 1920s as a planned community centered on the Gulf Stream County Club. The town takes its name from the Gulf Stream, a warm Atlantic Ocean current. Gulf Stream was incorporated in 1925. Gulf Stream School, a private co-educational school located in Gulf Stream, was founded in 1938. The school is open from Montessori 3s through to eighth grade.
Gulf Stream, Florida | History
Gulf Branch is a stream in Arlington County, Virginia. From its source southwest of the Gulf Branch Nature Center, Gulf Branch flows on a northeastern course and empties into the Potomac River within the Federal parklands of the George Washington Memorial Parkway. Gulf Branch is surrounded predominantly by forests.
Gulf Branch | Introduction
Geologically, formerly covered the Gulf to Lake Assal, which is now about 155 meters below sea level
Gulf of Tadjoura | Geography
Monthly charts of the Gulf Stream have been published by the US Naval Oceanographic in "Gulf Stream Monthly Summary" from 1966 to 1974, and by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in "Gulf Stream" from 1975 to 1980 and "Oceanographic Monthly Summary" from 1981 until 1994. Later charts have been obtained from the US Navy. Each chart gives a snap-shot of the currents path at the end of the month. The monthly charts were analysed by the procedure described in Taylor. The latitude of the north wall was read from each chart at each of the six longitudes: 79, 75, 72, 70, 67 and 65°W.
Latitude of the Gulf Stream and the Gulf Stream north wall index | Construction of the index
The climate is moderated by the Gulf Stream.
Ulva | Geography
Franklin asked Timothy Folger, a Nantucket Island whaling captain, for an answer. Folger explained that merchant ships routinely crossed the current—which was identified by whale behaviour, measurement of the water's temperature, and changes in the water's colour—while the mail packet captains ran against it. Franklin had Folger sketch the path of the current on a chart of the Atlantic and add notes on how to avoid the current when sailing from England to America. Franklin then forwarded the chart to Anthony Todd, secretary of the British Post Office. Franklin's Gulf Stream chart was printed in 1769 in London, but it was mostly ignored by British sea captains.
Gulf Stream | History
Fig. 1 Latitude at which the Gulf Stream leaves the US coast as predicted by the Behringer, Regier and Stommel model compared with observations over 40 years (The graphs are in standardised units).
Latitude of the Gulf Stream and the Gulf Stream north wall index | Interpretation of the index
This marine species occurs in the Persian Gulf.
Daphnella hedya | Distribution
The warm water and temperature contrast along the edge of the Gulf Stream often increase the intensity of cyclones, tropical or otherwise. Tropical cyclone generation normally requires water temperatures in excess of . Tropical cyclone formation is common over the Gulf Stream, especially in the month of July. Storms travel westwards through the Caribbean and then either move in a northwards direction and curve towards the eastern coast of the United States or stay on a north-westwards track and enter the Gulf of Mexico. Such storms have the potential to create strong winds and extensive damage to the United States' Southeast Coastal Areas.
Gulf Stream | Effect on cyclone formation
It is the namesake of the 1991 Gulf War, the largely air- and land-based conflict that followed Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.
Persian Gulf | Introduction
Persian Gulf Flood (24,000 to 14,000 years ago, or 12000 to 10000 years ago) Flooding of this area scattered peoples to both sides of the gulf depression, it was an area fed by four rivers. Rose calls it the "Gulf Oasis" which may have been a demographic refuge fed by the Tigris, Euphrates, Karun, and Wadi Batin rivers. It was suggested to be an area of freshwater springs and rivers.
Outburst flood | The Black Sea (around 7,600 years ago)
A gulf is a large inlet from the ocean into the landmass, typically with a narrower opening than a bay; though this is not observable in all geographic areas so named. The term gulf was traditionally used for large, highly indented, navigable bodies of salt water which are enclosed by the coastline. Many gulfs are major shipping areas, such as the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Finland, and Gulf of Aden.
Gulf | Introduction
Coastline length:
Persian Gulf | Coastline length
However, this is almost certainly an oversimplification of the actual relationship between NADW formation and the strength of the Gulf Stream/North Atlantic drift.
North Atlantic Deep Water | Introduction
The Gulf Stream is influential on the climate of the Florida peninsula. The portion off the Florida coast, referred to as the Florida Current, maintains an average water temperature of at least during the winter. East winds moving over this warm water move warm air from over the Gulf Stream inland, helping to keep temperatures milder across the state than elsewhere across the Southeastern United States during the winter. Also, the Gulf Stream's proximity to Nantucket, Massachusetts adds to its biodiversity, because it is the northern limit for southern varieties of plant life, and the southern limit for northern plant species, Nantucket being warmer during winter than the mainland.
Gulf Stream | Localized effects
The North Atlantic Current of the Gulf Stream, along with similar warm air currents, helps keep Ireland and the western coast of Great Britain a couple of degrees warmer than the east. However, the difference is most dramatic in the western coastal islands of Scotland. A noticeable effect of the Gulf Stream and the strong westerly winds (driven by the warm water of the Gulf Stream) on Europe occurs along the Norwegian coast. Northern parts of Norway lie close to the Arctic zone, most of which is covered with ice and snow in winter. However, almost all of Norway's coast remains free of ice and snow throughout the year.
Gulf Stream | Localized effects
The mail packet captains sailed dead into it, thus fighting an adverse current of . Franklin worked with Folger and other experienced ship captains, learning enough to chart the current and name it the Gulf Stream, by which it is still known today. Franklin published his Gulf Stream chart in 1770 in England, where it was completely ignored. Subsequent versions were printed in France in 1778 and the U.S. in 1786. The British edition of the chart, which was the original, was so thoroughly ignored that everyone assumed it was lost forever until Phil Richardson, a Woods Hole oceanographer and Gulf Stream expert, discovered it in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris in 1980.
Benjamin Franklin | Atlantic Ocean currents
By 1880 "George S. Blake" current data was supporting Bartlett's theory that "much of the supply for the Gulf Stream passes near the eastern end of Cuba." With Gulf Stream work coming to the fore the next season, a new electrical apparatus for recording temperatures was installed. After a northern season with Agassiz again aboard for dredging on Georges Bank, the ship went into winter lay up before setting out from Providence, Rhode Island 4 May 1881 for work in the Gulf Stream, described as: With Agassiz collecting biological samples and examining the Gulf Stream running from Cape Romain eastward, taking frequent soundings, Bartlett noted "depths on this line were unexpectedly small, the axis of the Gulf Stream being crossed before a depth of three hundred fathoms () was found", with a bottom of "hard coral" and little life.
USC&amp;GS George S. Blake | The Gulf Stream and Blake Plateau
Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman
Ergalatax junionae | Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Persian Gulf.
Cyclostrema spiculigerum | Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Persian Gulf
Partecosta fuscobasis | Distribution
The Gulf of Mexico basin red beds are specifically named the Eagle Mills formation, located directly beneath the salt, evaporite and marine sediments deposited during the Jurassic, and often found with the diabase dikes and basalt flows mentioned above. Basement rocks in the northeastern region of the Gulf of Mexico basin are fragments of the African plate which remained behind during the breakup of Pangaea and date back to the late Precambrian through the Cambrian. It is atop these Precambrian plate fragments that the mainly carbonate and evaporite sediments deposited after the opening of the Gulf of Mexico has become the Florida Platform.
Gulf of Mexico basin | Pre-rift
This species occurs in the subtidal zone of the Persian Gulf
Cyclostrema supremum | Distribution
This period was where the Alpine Orogeny started to form as a result of compression, which resulted in major uplifts and erosions, in addition to the closure of Neo-Tethys Sea.
Persian Gulf Basin | Late Cretaceous phase (Early Alpine Orogeny)
In clockwise order: The gulf took its name from the ancient city of "Pagasae".
Pagasetic Gulf | Places within the gulf
The early Precambrian (from 800 to 650 Ma) is a compressional phase where a series of islands-arcs and micro-continent terrane accreted to form the oldest portions of the Arabian Plate (Gondwana). The development of Hormuz saltbasin was a consequence of the last Precambrian orogenic event.
Persian Gulf Basin | The Precambrian phase
The current deformation and accumulation processes that are related to the natural structures and the subsequent compression of the layers within the Persian Gulf illustrates the origin of the various natural resources found in the place, the geologic processes and the tectonic regimes that occurred. The tectonic representation of the Middle East is divided into three parts that have different characteristics concerning their age, thickness and types of rocks :
Persian Gulf Basin | Structural and tectonic settings
The North Atlantic Current (NAC), also known as North Atlantic Drift and North Atlantic Sea Movement, is a powerful warm western boundary current within the Atlantic Ocean that extends the Gulf Stream northeastward. The NAC originates from where the Gulf Stream turns north at the Southeast Newfoundland Rise, a submarine ridge that stretches southeast from the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The NAC flows northward east of the Grand Banks, from 40°N to 51°N, before turning sharply east to cross the Atlantic. It transports more warm tropical water to northern latitudes than any other boundary current; more than 40 Sv in the south and 20 Sv as it crosses the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
North Atlantic Current | Introduction
!Totals || 76 || 23 || 0 * = current standing
Gulf Coast Riptide | Season-By-Season
In 2005, British researchers noticed that the net flow of the northern Gulf Stream had decreased by about 30% since 1957. Coincidentally, scientists at Woods Hole had been measuring the freshening of the North Atlantic as Earth becomes warmer. Their findings suggested that precipitation increases in the high northern latitudes, and polar ice melts as a consequence. By flooding the northern seas with an enormous amount of extra fresh water, global warming could, in theory, divert the Gulf Stream waters that usually flow northward, past the British Isles and Norway, and cause them to instead circulate toward the Equator. If this were to happen, Europe's climate would be seriously impacted.
Thermohaline circulation | Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
The link with the current has also been reported in the zooplankton off the Northumberland coast of the UK studied by the Dove Marine Laboratory of Newcastle University. Interactions between the individual constituents of the ecosystem appear to have been bringing out a signal weakly expressed throughout the meteorological variables. This process which has been reproduced using an ecosystem model. Further afield, the GSNW index has been used to forecast temperatures in the Barents Sea. This effect has also been seen in non-marine ecosystems. The numbers of "Daphnia" in two lakes of the English Lake District, Windermere and Esthwaite Water, have observed to go down when the Gulf Stream is northward (and up when it is southward).
Latitude of the Gulf Stream and the Gulf Stream north wall index | Teleconnections across the North Atlantic
Gulf Stream is located at (26.490317, -80.061110). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and (9.64%) is water.
Gulf Stream, Florida | Geography
The theoretical maximum energy dissipation from the Gulf Stream by turbines is in the range of 20–60 GW. One suggestion, which could theoretically supply power comparable to several nuclear power plants, would deploy a field of underwater turbines placed 300 metres (980 ft) under the centre of the core of the Gulf Stream. Ocean thermal energy could also be harnessed to produce electricity using the temperature difference between cold deep water and warm surface water.
Gulf Stream | Possible renewable power source
As the Gulf Stream flows and moves over time, it can develop large loops which can eventually be pinched off from the current, forming an independent eddy of warmer Sargasso Sea water circulating clockwise similar to the direction of the Gulf Stream. While many warm core rings are created in the Gulf of Mexico, they can develop anywhere along the eastern coast of the United States north of the Gulf Stream. Rings are anywhere from 100–200 km across and can include warmer waters as deep as 1500 meters. These rings develop every 6–11 months on average. However, rings in the Gulf of Mexico can last much longer and are formed at much more irregular intervals than along the eastern U.S.
Warm core ring | Formation
European discovery of the Gulf Stream dates to the 1512 expedition of Juan Ponce de León, after which it became widely used by Spanish ships sailing from the Caribbean to Spain. A summary of Ponce de León's voyage log on April 22, 1513, noted, "A current such that, although they had great wind, they could not proceed forwards, but backwards and it seems that they were proceeding well; at the end it was known that the current was more powerful than the wind." Benjamin Franklin became interested in the North Atlantic Ocean circulation patterns. In 1768, while in England, Franklin heard a curious complaint from the Colonial Board of Customs: Why did it take British packets several weeks longer to reach New York from England than it took an average American merchant ship to reach Newport, Rhode Island, despite the merchant ships leaving from London and having to sail down the River Thames and then the length of the English Channel before they sailed across the Atlantic, while the packets left from Falmouth in Cornwall.
Gulf Stream | History
The October Field produces from the Cretaceous Nubia Formation, the Upper Cretaceous Nezzazat Formation, the Miocene Nukhul Formation, and the Miocene Asl Member of the Upper Rudeis Formation.
Gulf of Suez | Geology
This species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico.
Cinctura branhamae | Distribution
This species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea and the Lesser Antilles; in the Atlantic Ocean off North Carolina and South Carolina, USA.
Nassarius consensus | Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Persian Gulf.
Conus laueri | Distribution
The Persian Gulf () is a mediterranean sea in Western Asia. The body of water is an extension of the Indian Ocean (Gulf of Oman) through the Strait of Hormuz and lies between Iran to the northeast and the Arabian Peninsula to the southwest. The Shatt al-Arab river delta forms the northwest shoreline. The body of water is historically and internationally known as the "Persian Gulf". Some Arab governments refer to it as the "Arabian Gulf" () or "The Gulf". The name "Gulf of Iran (Persian Gulf)" is used by the International Hydrographic Organization. The Persian Gulf was a battlefield of the 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War, in which each side attacked the other's oil tankers.
Persian Gulf | Introduction
The gulf is named after the ancient Malians who lived on its shores.
Malian Gulf | Name
This marine species occurs in the Persian Gulf.
Pleurotomella hypermnestra | Distribution
This is a list of tributaries of the Tigris by order of entrance. The Tigris originates in Turkey, forms a part of the borders of Turkey-Syria and flows through Iraq. It joins the Euphrates forming Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf.
List of tributaries of the Tigris | Introduction
This species occurs in the Persian Gulf.
Cyclostrema eupoietum | Distribution
The Gulf Stream is an 1899 oil painting by Winslow Homer. It shows a man in a small dismasted rudderless fishing boat struggling against the waves of the sea, and was the artist's statement on a theme that had interested him for more than a decade. Homer vacationed often in Florida, Cuba, and the Caribbean.
The Gulf Stream (painting) | Introduction
The conservation of potential vorticity also causes bends along the Gulf Stream, which occasionally break off due to a shift in the Gulf Stream's position, forming separate warm and cold eddies. This overall process, known as western intensification, causes currents on the western boundary of an ocean basin, such as the Gulf Stream, to be stronger than those on the eastern boundary.
Marine weather forecasting | Development of warm ocean currents
Curry "et al". have used the potential energy anomaly difference between the Labrador Sea and Bermuda as a measure of the transport of the Gulf Stream system. Curry and McCartney have pointed out their index correlates well with the latitude of the north wall. The GSNW index is therefore a measure of changes in the large-scale ocean currents. The latitude of the north wall in any year, as described in the GSNW index, is a delayed response to atmospheric changes over the North Atlantic Ocean, and especially to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Gangopadhyay "et al". found that the point of separation of the Gulf Stream from the US coast was determined by the wind patterns across the ocean two or three years earlier, which they attributed to the passage of Rossby waves across the ocean.
Latitude of the Gulf Stream and the Gulf Stream north wall index | Interpretation of the index
Gulf Stream is a town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The population was 786 at the 2010 census. Gulf Stream ranked as the eleventh highest-income place in the United States. As of 2018, the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 880.
Gulf Stream, Florida | Introduction
In 1980, Taylor and Stephens[2] constructed a measure of the latitude of the current, the Gulf Stream south wall (GSNW) index by extracting and analysing time-series of the latitude at six longitudes between 79°W and 65°W, a series of data that continues to the present day. There have been other subsequent studies. In 1994, Drinkwater et al. examined the latitude of the north wall from the 1970s to 1992 at each degree of longitude from 50 to 75°W, and Miller analysed the onshore/offshore position of the north wall at 10 cross-isobath transects equally spaced between 75 and 80°W from 1976 to 1988.
Latitude of the Gulf Stream and the Gulf Stream north wall index | History
It is probably extirpated from Florida and the rivers along the Gulf Coast.
Medionidus acutissimus | Introduction
Rio Atrato and tributaries flow into the Gulf of Uraba (also termed the Gulf of Darien, associated with the Darien Gap) Colombia. The Gulf is located at the southeastern terminus of the North Panamanian Deformed Belt, an arc which determines the shape of the Gulf and the Atrato drainage basin, both of which it underlies, including much of the Atrato, still pronounced along the northern part of its length. Hobby asserts that the massive sediment loads deposited by the Atrato (and other rivers flowing into the Gulf on it eastern perimeter) have nearly divided the present gulf in half, due to E/W delta deposits and a highly restricted flow pattern north into the outer gulf he observed in satellite photography.
Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting | Ricks pre-1921
Before reaching the Caribbean Sea, this leakage gets heated up by the sun around the equator, and, when finally joining the Gulf Stream, this warm and salty water contributes to the formation of deep water in the North Atlantic. Surface water filaments are estimated to account for up to 13% of the total salt transport from the Agulhas Current into the Benguela Current and South Atlantic Gyre. Due to surface dissipation, these filaments are not believed to significantly contribute to inter-basin heat flux. Where the Agulhas turns back on itself the loop of the retroflection pinches off periodically, releasing an eddy into the South Atlantic Gyre.
Agulhas Current | Agulhas leakage and rings
This marine species occurs in the Persian Gulf.
Trochus firmus | Distribution
Most pollution is from ships; land generated pollution counts as the second most common source of pollution.
Persian Gulf | Wildlife
Another contemporary critic wrote that "The Gulf Stream" "displays a certain diffusion of interest seldom seen in the canvases of [Homer's] best manner". The museum bought the painting the same year.
The Gulf Stream (painting) | Exhibition and reaction
After the reservoir the river is joined by a branch of the Prunelli and exits into the gulf. Flow is so diminished that the mouth is nearly entirely blocked by a sandbar across which a small stream may or may not flow.
Gravona | Geography
Such a reduction (by reducing the effects of the Gulf Stream) would have a cooling effect on northern Europe, which in turn would lead to increased low-latitude snow retention during the summer. It has also been suggested that during an extensive glacial, glaciers may move through the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, extending into the North Atlantic Ocean far enough to block the Gulf Stream.
Ice age | Positive
This marine species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico.
Atlanta quoyii | Distribution
This species occurs in the Persian Gulf.
Cyclostrema carinatum | Distribution
Harriet Crawford finds this "mixing of the waters" to be a natural feature of the middle Persian Gulf, where fresh waters from the Arabian aquifer mix and mingle with the salt waters of the sea. This characteristic is especially true of the region of Bahrain, whose name in Arabic means "two seas", and which is thought to be the site of Dilmun, the original site of the Sumerian creation beliefs. The difference in density of salt and fresh water drives a perceptible separation.
Tiamat | Etymology
in 1997.
Gulf of California moisture surge | Dynamics
This species occurs in the Gulf of Aqaba.
Clavus infuscatus | Distribution