Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop. Developmental biology also encompasses the biology of regeneration, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and the growth and differentiation of stem cells in the adult organism.
Introduction
Developmental biology
Developmental biology | Introduction
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context. Much of developmental biology research in recent decades has focused on the use of a small number of model organisms. It has turned out that there is much conservation of developmental mechanisms across the animal kingdom. Model organisms each have some particular experimental advantages which have enabled them to become popular among researchers. In one sense they are "models" for the whole animal kingdom, and in another sense they are "models" for human development Yes.
which of the following is the ultimate result of evolution
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
what is evolution?
user
It is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
assistant
who was the first to study this?
user
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace
assistant
when was the first one born?
user
Shrewsbury, Shropshire
assistant
did he suffer from any illness?
user
He had "an uncomfortable palpitation of the heart".
assistant
did he publish anything?
user
Yes, his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book "On the Origin of Species".
assistant
what does modern synthesis state about evolution?
user
It explained patterns observed across species in populations, through fossil transitions in palaeontology, and complex cellular mechanisms in developmental biology.
assistant
what is the last type of biology about?
user
It is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop.
assistant
does it have any model for organisms?
user
Model organisms have been most useful for elucidating the broad nature of developmental mechanisms. The more detail is sought, the more they differ from each other and from humans. Plants: Vertebrates:
Developmental biology | Developmental model organisms
Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop. Developmental biology also encompasses the biology of regeneration, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and the growth and differentiation of stem cells in the adult organism.
Developmental biology | Introduction
Much of developmental biology research in recent decades has focused on the use of a small number of model organisms. It has turned out that there is much conservation of developmental mechanisms across the animal kingdom. In early development different vertebrate species all use essentially the same inductive signals and the same genes encoding regional identity. Even invertebrates use a similar repertoire of signals and genes although the body parts formed are significantly different. Model organisms each have some particular experimental advantages which have enabled them to become popular among researchers. In one sense they are "models" for the whole animal kingdom, and in another sense they are "models" for human development, which is difficult to study directly for both ethical and practical reasons.
Developmental biology | Developmental model organisms
Among these are size, generation time, accessibility, manipulation, genetics, conservation of mechanisms, and potential economic benefit. As comparative molecular biology has become more common, some researchers have sought model organisms from a wider assortment of lineages on the tree of life.
Model organism | Selection
Roughly spherical eggs of different animals give rise to extremely different bodies, from jellyfish to lobsters, butterflies to elephants. Many of these organisms share the same structural genes for bodybuilding proteins like collagen and enzymes, but biologists had expected that each group of animals would have its own rules of development. The surprise of evo-devo is that the shaping of bodies is controlled by a rather small percentage of genes, and that these regulatory genes are ancient, shared by all animals. The giraffe does not have a gene for a long neck, any more than the elephant has a gene for a big body.
Evolutionary developmental biology | Deep homology
The other two models show only distal regeneration of appendages. These are the insect appendages, usually the legs of hemimetabolous insects such as the cricket, and the limbs of urodele amphibians. Considerable information is now available about amphibian limb regeneration and it is known that each cell type regenerates itself, except for connective tissues where there is considerable interconversion between cartilage, dermis and tendons. In terms of the pattern of structures, this is controlled by a re-activation of signals active in the embryo. There is still debate about the old question of whether regeneration is a "pristine" or an "adaptive" property.
Developmental biology | Regeneration
Von Baer instead recognised four distinct animal body plans: radiate, like starfish; molluscan, like clams; articulate, like lobsters; and vertebrate, like fish. Zoologists then largely abandoned recapitulation, though Ernst Haeckel revived it in 1866.
Evolutionary developmental biology | Recapitulation
Models are those organisms with a wealth of biological data that make them attractive to study as examples for other species and/or natural phenomena that are more difficult to study directly. Continual research on these organisms focus on a wide variety of experimental techniques and goals from many different levels of biology—from ecology, behavior and biomechanics, down to the tiny functional scale of individual tissues, organelles and proteins. Inquiries about the DNA of organisms are classed as genetic models (with short generation times, such as the fruitfly and nematode worm), experimental models, and genomic parsimony models, investigating pivotal position in the evolutionary tree.
Model organism | Selection
Due to the large mammalian homology, ADAM7 is primarily studied in "Mus Musculus".
ADAM7 | Model Organisms
But for the next century, without molecular evidence, progress stalled.
Evolutionary developmental biology | Evolutionary morphology
A biological model is an organism or system representing a more complex biological entity. It may refer to:
Biological model | Introduction
Their bodies are patterned by a system of switching which causes development of different features to begin earlier or later, to occur in this or that part of the embryo, and to continue for more or less time. The puzzle of how embryonic development was controlled began to be solved using the fruit fly "Drosophila melanogaster" as a model organism. The step-by-step control of its embryogenesis was visualized by attaching fluorescent dyes of different colours to specific types of protein made by genes expressed in the embryo. A dye such as green fluorescent protein, originally from a jellyfish, was typically attached to an antibody specific to a fruit fly protein, forming a precise indicator of where and when that protein appeared in the living embryo.
Evolutionary developmental biology | Deep homology
Developmental Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal. It was established in 1959 and is the official journal of the Society for Developmental Biology. It publishes research on the mechanisms of development, differentiation, and growth in animals and plants at the molecular, cellular, and genetic levels. The journal is published twice a month by Elsevier.
Developmental Biology (journal) | Introduction
An open source simulation of C. elegans at the cellular level is being pursued by the OpenWorm community. So far the physics engine Gepetto has been built and models of the neural connectome and a muscle cell have been created in the NeuroML format.
Modelling biological systems | Multi-cellular organism simulation
Since the past few years, researchers have indeed begun looking at non-model, "non-conventional" organisms using modern genetic tools. One example of this is the Floral Genome Project, which envisages to study the evolution of the current patterns in the genetic architecture of the flower through comparative genetic analyses, with a focus on EST sequences. Like the FGP, there are several such ongoing projects that aim to find out conserved and diverse patterns in evolution of the plant shape. Expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences of quite a few non-model plants like sugarcane, apple, lotus, barley, cycas, coffee, to name a few, are available freely online.
Plant evolutionary developmental biology | Organisms, databases and tools
In the 1980s, developmental biology re-entered evolutionary biology from its initial exclusion from the modern synthesis through the study of evolutionary developmental biology. Related fields often considered part of evolutionary biology are phylogenetics, systematics, and taxonomy.
Zoology | Evolutionary
These developments led to advances in the field of evolutionary developmental biology towards understanding how the various body plans of the animal phyla have evolved and how they are related to one another.
History of biology | Molecular systematics and genomics
The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice; no significant abnormalities were observed in these animals.
JARID2 | Model organisms
The organisms below have become model organisms because they facilitate the study of certain characters or because of their genetic accessibility. For example, "E. coli" was one of the first organisms for which genetic techniques such as transformation or genetic manipulation has been developed. The genomes of all model species have been sequenced, including their mitochondrial/chloroplast genomes. Model organism databases exist to provide researchers with a portal from which to download sequences (DNA, RNA, or protein) or to access functional information on specific genes, for example the sub-cellular localization of the gene product or its physiological role.
Model organism | Selected model organisms
Niles Eldredge, points out the very valid point that seeing Matthew's descriptions at any point during that extended period, would likely have resulted in an integral, preformed model being described by Darwin from the outset, whereas what we actually have in his notes is realisation of the full picture from development of incremental sketches,
Patrick Matthew | Biological concepts
The properties of organization seen in a plant are emergent properties which are more than the sum of the individual parts. "The assembly of these tissues and functions into an integrated multicellular organism yields not only the characteristics of the separate parts and processes but also quite a new set of characteristics which would not have been predictable on the basis of examination of the separate parts."
Developmental biology | Plant development
Ecological evolutionary developmental biology () integrates research from developmental biology and ecology to examine their relationship with evolutionary theory. Researchers study concepts and mechanisms such as developmental plasticity, epigenetic inheritance, genetic assimilation, niche construction and symbiosis.
Evolutionary developmental biology | Ecological evolutionary developmental biology
The remaining tests were carried out on adult heterozygous mutant animals, but no further abnormalities were seen.
CCDC137 | Model organisms
She reconstructs the developmental system of DST as the Organism-Developmental Niche System. It informs the Developmental Systems Account of Human Nature developed together with Paul Griffiths.
Karola Stotz | Developmental Niche Construction
This conceptual model was first described as the French flag model in the 1960s. More generally, the morphology of organisms is patterned by the mechanisms of evolutionary developmental biology, such as changing the timing and positioning of specific developmental events in the embryo. Possible mechanisms of pattern formation in biological systems include the classical reaction–diffusion model proposed by Alan Turing and the more recently found elastic instability mechanism which is thought to be responsible for the fold patterns on the cerebral cortex of higher animals, among other things.
Pattern formation | Biology
The field is characterised by some key concepts which took evolutionary biologists by surprise. One is deep homology, the finding that dissimilar organs such as the eyes of insects, vertebrates and cephalopod molluscs, long thought to have evolved separately, are controlled by similar genes such as "pax-6", from the evo-devo gene toolkit. These genes are ancient, being highly conserved among phyla; they generate the patterns in time and space which shape the embryo, and ultimately form the body plan of the organism. Another is that species do not differ much in their structural genes, such as those coding for enzymes; what does differ is the way that gene expression is regulated by the toolkit genes.
Evolutionary developmental biology | Introduction
In biology, a substitution model describes the process from which a sequence of symbols changes into another set of traits. For example, in cladistics, each position in the sequence might correspond to a property of a species which can either be present or absent. The alphabet could then consist of "0" for absence and "1" for presence. Then the sequence 00110 could mean, for example, that a species does not have feathers or lay eggs, does have fur, is warm-blooded, and cannot breathe underwater. Another sequence 11010 would mean that a species has feathers, lays eggs, does not have fur, is warm-blooded, and cannot breathe underwater.
Substitution model | Introduction
This is a list of model organisms used in scientific research.
List of model organisms | Introduction
Woollard moved to the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge in 1995. Her research focuses on developmental biology of the nematode model organism "Caenorhabditis elegans" particularly RUNX genes.
Alison Woollard | Research
Ultimately, however, there is no substitute for a living organism when studying complex interactions in disease pathology or treatments.
Model organism | Alternatives
These same models can be applied to studying the evolution of human preferences and ideologies. Many variants on these models have been developed, which incorporate weak selection, mutual population structure, stochasticity, etc. These models have relevance also to the generation and maintenance of tissues in mammals, since an understanding of tissue cell kinetics, architecture, and development from adult stem cells has important implications for aging and cancer.
Evolutionary dynamics | Introduction
This alga has been used as a model organism in developmental biology, being useful for this purpose because of the enormous size of its single cell with its single nucleus, and its complex cytoarchitecture and development.
Acetabularia acetabulum | Biology
Ultimately, however, there is no substitute for a living organism when studying complex interactions in disease pathology or treatments.
Animal disease model | Alternatives
The most important model systems in plant development have been arabidopsis and maize. Maize has traditionally been the favorite of plant geneticists, while extensive resources in almost every area of plant physiology and development are available for "Arabidopsis thaliana". Apart from these, rice, "Antirrhinum majus", "Brassica", and tomato are also being used in a variety of studies. The genomes of "Arabidopsis thaliana" and rice have been completely sequenced, while the others are in process. It must be emphasized here that the information from these "model" organisms form the basis of our developmental knowledge. While "Brassica" has been used primarily because of its convenient location in the phylogenetic tree in the mustard family, "Antirrhinum majus" is a convenient system for studying leaf architecture.
Plant evolutionary developmental biology | Organisms, databases and tools
Ultimately, it is the goal of the researchers to adapt this model to simulate broader ecosystems and animal types.
Agent-based model in biology | Aphid population dynamics
A simple mathematical model for a quasispecies is as follows: let there be formula_1 possible sequences and let there be formula_2 organisms with sequence "i". Let's say that each of these organisms asexually gives rise to formula_3 offspring. Some are duplicates of their parent, having sequence "i", but some are mutant and have some other sequence. Let the mutation rate formula_4 correspond to the probability that a "j" type parent will produce an "i" type organism. Then the expected fraction of offspring generated by "j" type organisms that would be "i" type organisms is formula_5, where formula_6. Then the total number of "i"-type organisms after the first round of reproduction, given as formula_7, is
Quasispecies model | Mathematical description
For instance, many cell division genes that are critical for the development of cancer have been discovered in yeast. "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii", a unicellular green alga with well-studied genetics, is used to study photosynthesis and motility. "C. reinhardtii" has many known and mapped mutants and expressed sequence tags, and there are advanced methods for genetic transformation and selection of genes. "Dictyostelium discoideum" is used in molecular biology and genetics, and is studied as an example of cell communication, differentiation, and programmed cell death. Among invertebrates, the fruit fly "Drosophila melanogaster" is famous as the subject of genetics experiments by Thomas Hunt Morgan and others.
Model organism | Important model organisms
The two organisms have depended on each other so much that the bacterium cannot reproduce and the protozoan can no longer infect insects when they are isolated. Thus, this organismal association is a fine model for the evidence of the endosymbiotic theory in nature, which explains the origin of eukaryotic cell organelles such as mitochondria and plastids from individual prokaryotes.
Angomonas deanei | Introduction
Endoreplicating cell types that have been studied extensively in model organisms
Endoreduplication | Examples in nature
It was later published in "Time Magazine" under the headline, “Appeal to the Goths”. Dan's scientific work focused on using marine invertebrates as model organisms to study fundamental questions in cell biology and embryonic development. He and his students focused on direct observation of cell behavior using light microscopy and discovered many of the fundamental aspects of fertilization, development, and morphogenesis (e.g., Dan and Okazaki, 1956). To settle a long-standing debate over the existence of the mitotic spindle, he encouraged his student, Shinya Inoue, to construct polarized light microscopes and look for evidence of organized polymer networks in living cells.
Katsuma Dan | Introduction
elegans", a successful ageing model organism.
Daf-16 | Introduction
Because many of its genes are homologous to human genes, yet its lifecycle is simple, "D. discoideum" is commonly used as a model organism. It can be observed at organismic, cellular, and molecular levels primarily because of their restricted number of cell types and behaviors, and their rapid growth. It is used to study cell differentiation, chemotaxis, and apoptosis, which are all normal cellular processes. It is also used to study other aspects of development, including cell sorting, pattern formation, phagocytosis, motility, and signal transduction. These processes and aspects of development are either absent or too difficult to view in other model organisms.
Dictyostelium discoideum | Use as a model organism
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development and evolution. Despite the complexity of the science, certain unifying concepts consolidate it into a single, coherent field. Biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the creation and extinction of species. Living organisms are open systems that survive by transforming energy and decreasing their local entropy to maintain a stable and vital condition defined as homeostasis. Sub-disciplines of biology are defined by the research methods employed and the kind of system studied: theoretical biology uses mathematical methods to formulate quantitative models while experimental biology performs empirical experiments to test the validity of proposed theories and understand the mechanisms underlying life and how it appeared and evolved from non-living matter about 4 billion years ago through a gradual increase in the complexity of the system.
Biology | Introduction
Evolutionary developmental biology (informally, evo-devo) is a field of biological research that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to infer the ancestral relationships between them and how developmental processes evolved. The field grew from 19th-century beginnings, where embryology faced a mystery: zoologists did not know how embryonic development was controlled at the molecular level. Charles Darwin noted that having similar embryos implied common ancestry, but little progress was made until the 1970s. Then, recombinant DNA technology at last brought embryology together with molecular genetics. A key early discovery was of homeotic genes that regulate development in a wide range of eukaryotes.
Evolutionary developmental biology | Introduction
Widely used model organisms include the gut bacterium "Escherichia coli", the plant "Arabidopsis thaliana", baker's yeast ("Saccharomyces cerevisiae"), the nematode "Caenorhabditis elegans", the common fruit fly ("Drosophila melanogaster"), and the common house mouse ("Mus musculus").
Genetics | Model organisms
The remaining tests were carried out on adult heterozygous mutant animals and no further abnormalities were observed.
SNAPC4 | Model organisms
"D. subobscura" has been regarded as a model organism for its use in evolutionary-biological studies.
Drosophila subobscura | Introduction
The hypothesis that different organisms pass through the developmental stages of closely related organisms is outdated. However, the idea that early stages of development are conserved among species, with increasing divergence as development progresses, has influenced modern evolutionary and developmental biology. The early conservation or funnel model of development (see below) is closely tied to these historical origins.
Phylotypic stage | Historical origins of concept
It was evident that the gene must be ancient, dating back to the last common ancestor of bilateral animals (before the Ediacaran Period, which began some 635 million years ago). Evo-devo had started to uncover the ways that all animal bodies were built during development.
Evolutionary developmental biology | The birth of evo-devo and a second synthesis
Some questions biologists have attempted to answer include: Why do some organisms have gamete dimorphism?
Evolution of sexual reproduction | Questions
Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) is the study of developmental programs and patterns from an evolutionary perspective. It seeks to understand the various influences shaping the form and nature of life on the planet. Evo-devo arose as a separate branch of science rather recently. An early sign of this occurred in 1999. Most of the synthesis in evo-devo has been in the field of animal evolution, one reason being the presence of model systems like "Drosophila melanogaster", "C. elegans", zebrafish and "Xenopus laevis". However, since 1980, a wealth of information on plant morphology, coupled with modern molecular techniques has helped shed light on the conserved and unique developmental patterns in the plant kingdom also.
Plant evolutionary developmental biology | Introduction
Among the Diplogastridae is the nematode "Pristionchus pacificus", a model organism for comparative developmental biology.
Diplogasteridae | Description
A more detailed analysis revealed this mutant to model a number of aspects of Seckel syndrome (type 4). The authors concluded that, "increased cell death due to mitotic failure during embryonic development is likely to contribute to the proportionate dwarfism" that is characteristic of the disorder.
CENPJ | Model organisms
The past century witnessed a rapid progress in the study of plant anatomy. The focus shifted from the population level to more reductionist levels. While the first half of the century saw expansion in developmental knowledge at the tissue and the organ level, in the latter half, especially since the 1990s, there has also been a strong impetus on gaining molecular information. Edward Charles Jeffrey was one of the early evo-devo researchers of the 20th century. He performed a comparative analyses of the vasculatures of living and fossil gymnosperms and came to the conclusion that the storage parenchyma has been derived from tracheids.
Plant evolutionary developmental biology | 1900 to the present
"D. melanogaster" remains one of the most studied organisms in biological research, particularly in genetics and developmental biology. "D. melanogaster" also has impact in environmental studies and mutagenesis.
Drosophila melanogaster | Model organism in genetics
This has been, however, taken too literally by a few of his former students who have not completely assimilated Robert Rosen's injunction of the need for a theory of "dynamic realizations" of such abstract components in specific molecular form in order to close the modeling loop for the simplest functional organisms (such as, for example, single-cell algae or microorganisms). He supported this claim (that he actually attributed to Nicolas Rashevsky) based on the fact that living organisms are a class of systems with an extremely wide range of material "ingredients", different structures, different habitats, different modes of living and reproduction, and yet we are somehow able to recognize them all as "living", or functional organisms, without being however "vitalists".
Robert Rosen (theoretical biologist) | Complexity and complex scientific models
Previous studies on model organisms (see below) cannot be verified by this editor. Model organisms have been used in the study of OTUD6B function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called "Otud6b" was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
OTUD6B | Introduction
History of model organisms
History of research on Caenorhabditis elegans | See also
Müller has published on developmental imaging, vertebrate limb development, the origins of phenotypic novelty, EvoDevo theory, and evolutionary theory. With the cell and developmental biologist Stuart Newman, Müller co-edited the book "Origination of Organismal Form" (MIT Press, 2003). This book on evolutionary developmental biology is a collection of papers on generative mechanisms that were plausibly involved in the origination of disparate body forms during early periods of organismal life. Particular attention is given to epigenetic factors, such as physical determinants and environmental parameters, that may have led to the spontaneous emergence of bodyplans and organ forms during a period when multicellular organisms had relatively plastic morphologies.
Gerd B. Müller | Scientific contribution
Many of the human evolutionary developmental biology studies have been modeled after primate studies and consider the two together in a comparative model. Brain ontogeny and human life history evolution were looked at by Leigh, in a 2006 paper. He compares brain growth patterns for "Homo erectus" and "Homo sapiens" to get at the evolution of brain size and weight. Leigh found three different patterns, all of which pointed to the growth rate of "H. erectus" either matching or exceeding "H. erectus". He makes the case that this finding had wide application and relevance t the overall study of human evolution.
Human evolutionary developmental biology | Human and primate development
These animals had a decreased length of long bones, while males also displayed hypoalbuminemia .
SPTBN1 | Model organisms
The authors of the study conclude that the agent rules developed in the study are reasonable to simulate the spatial pattern of macrophyte growth in this particular lake.
Agent-based model in biology | Aquatic population dynamics
From the early 19th century through most of the 20th century, embryology faced a mystery. Animals were seen to develop into adults of widely differing body plan, often through similar stages, from the egg, but zoologists knew almost nothing about how embryonic development was controlled at the molecular level, and therefore equally little about how developmental processes had evolved. Charles Darwin argued that a shared embryonic structure implied a common ancestor. As an example of this, Darwin cited in his 1859 book "On the Origin of Species" the shrimp-like larva of the barnacle, whose sessile adults looked nothing like other arthropods; Linnaeus and Cuvier had classified them as molluscs.
Evolutionary developmental biology | Evolutionary morphology
Several contributions are responses to the suggestion that the category of "organism" may well not be adequate in biology.
Organism | Definitions
The bioecological model of development is a theoretical model of gene–environment interactions in human development. This model, first proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner and Stephen J. Ceci, in 1994, is an extension of Bronfenbrenner's original theoretical model of human development, called ecological systems theory. Bronfenbrenner developed the bioecological model after recognizing that the individual was overlooked in other theories of human development, which were largely focused on the context of development (e.g., the environment). The bioecological model of human development can be applied to both children and maturing adults, and is thus a lifespan approach to development. The framework emphasizes the importance of understanding bidirectional influences between individuals’ development and their surrounding environmental contexts.
Bioecological model | Introduction
In Bronfenbrenner's view, the dynamic nature of the model calls for “primarily generative” research designs that explore interactions between proximal processes (see Proposition 1) and the developing person, environment, time, and developmental outcome (Proposition 2). Bronfenbrenner called this type of research the “discovery mode” of developmental science. To best capture such dynamic processes, developmental research designs would ideally be longitudinal (over time), rather than cross-sectional (a single point in time), and conducted in children's natural environments, rather than a laboratory. Such designs would thus occur in schools, homes, day-care centers, and other environments in which proximal processes are most likely to occur.
Bioecological model | Research implications
Long ignored as an exotic, marginal phenomenon, "Trichoplax adhaerens" is today viewed as a potential biological model organism. In particular, research is needed to determine how a group of cells that cannot be considered full-fledged epithelial tissue organizes itself, how locomotion and coordination occur in the absence of true muscle and nerve tissue, and how the absence of a concrete body axis affects the animal's biology. At the genetic level, the way in which "Trichoplax adhaerens" protects against damage to its genome needs to be studied, particularly with regard to the existence of special DNA-repair processes. Complete decoding of the genome should also clarify the placozoans' place in evolution, which continues to be controversial.
Trichoplax | Role as a model organism
The parameters are fitted and validated using observations of both wild type and mutants, such as protein half-life and cell size.
Mathematical and theoretical biology | Model example: the cell cycle
Organisms inherit (i.e., receive from their predecessors) a diverse set of developmental resources, including DNA, epigenetic marks, organelles, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, transcription factors, symbionts, socially transmitted knowledge and environmental conditions modified by parents.
Constructive development (biology) | Multiple modes of inheritance
In the course of development, organisms help shape their internal and external environment, and in this way, influence their own development. Organisms also construct developmental environments for their offspring through various forms of extra-genetic inheritance.
Constructive development (biology) | Developmental environments are constructed
and Ph.D in Biology (Genomics) from NYU.
Dalton Conley | Introduction
As an undergraduate at Stanford University, working in the developmental biology laboratory of Norman K. Wessells PhD, Strassman developed a new model for growing embryonic avian dorsal root ganglion neurons, suspended in a semi-solid agar matrix, thus allowing 3-dimensional assessment of growing patterns. Using this model, he discovered a non-random pattern of growth of the leading edge of these cells.
Rick Strassman | Developmental biology research
By substituting equations (10) & (13) in equations (5) & (7) respectively, we get, dx/dt = D(x – x) + "μx" (14) dS/dt = D(S – S) – ("μx/Y)" (15)
Bioreactor | Final form of equation of modelling
Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo and the Making of the Animal Kingdom is a 2005 book by the molecular biologist Sean B. Carroll. It presents a summary of the emerging field of evolutionary developmental biology and the role of toolkit genes. It has won numerous awards for science communication. The book's somewhat controversial argument is that evolution in animals (though no doubt similar processes occur in other organisms) proceeds mostly by modifying the way that regulatory genes, which do not code for structural proteins (such as enzymes), control embryonic development. In turn, these regulatory genes turn out to be based on a very old set of highly conserved genes which Carroll nicknames the toolkit.
Endless Forms Most Beautiful (book) | Introduction
In a second study, no homozygous mutant animals survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice; these displayed no abnormalities.
ARID2 | Model organisms
This, in turn, breaks up into numerous individual cells that become the next generation of adults.
Orthonectida | Biology
Craig Venter Institute and published on 20 July 2012 in Cell.
Modelling biological systems | Cellular model
They are easily raised in the lab, with rapid generations, high fecundity, few chromosomes, and easily induced observable mutations. The nematode "Caenorhabditis elegans" is used for understanding the genetic control of development and physiology. It was first proposed as a model for neuronal development by Sydney Brenner in 1963, and has been extensively used in many different contexts since then. "C. elegans" was the first multicellular organism whose genome was completely sequenced, and as of 2012, the only organism to have its connectome (neuronal "wiring diagram") completed. "Arabidopsis thaliana" is currently the most popular model plant. Its small stature and short generation time facilitates rapid genetic studies, and many phenotypic and biochemical mutants have been mapped.
Model organism | Important model organisms
Outline of evolution
Outline of biology | Evolution
He wrote several books on developmental biology and evolution, many scientific papers, and produced a number of works in biology. He is best known as one of the world's leading experts on slime moulds and he led the way in making "Dictyostelium discoideum" a model organism central to examining some of the major questions in experimental biology. He defined the complexity of an organism as the number of types of cells in it though "complexity theorists" disagree, and he argued that both plant and animal taxa which have evolved later, have a greater number of cell types than their predecessors, and sought an explanation acceptable to neo-Darwinism.
John Tyler Bonner | Works
A last configuration would be the "frog model", the styliform bone enlarging a membranous hand plane, like that used by flying frogs. In this last case, no membrane would have formed an inner wing but possibly the arm feathers would have generated some lift.
Yi (dinosaur) | Paleobiology
Historically, "D. magna" allowed researchers to test some interesting theories and conduct pioneering studies: Other recent experiments used the resting eggs of "Daphnia" present in a pond sediment to reconstruct the evolutionary history of that population in relation to one of its parasites ("P. ramosa"), a nice example of resurrection biology.
Daphnia magna | Model organism
In this sense it is plant evolutionary developmental biology (plant evo-devo). According to Zimmermann, diversity in plant evolution occurs though various developmental processes. Three very basic processes are heterochrony (changes in the timing of developmental processes), heterotopy (changes in the relative positioning of processes), and heteromorphy (changes in form processes).
Plant evolutionary developmental biology | 1900 to the present
As a final example, fecundity decreases with lifespan, so long-lived kinds like elephants have fewer young in total than short-lived kinds like mice.
Aristotle's biology | Scientific style
Model organisms have been used in the study of C10orf76 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called "9130011E15Rik" was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping - in-depth bone and cartilage phenotyping
ARMH3 | Model organisms
All I can presently say is that my chemical tools do not permit my assessment of intelligent design." He explained that he felt the explanations offered by evolution are incomplete, and he found it hard to believe that nature can produce the machinery of cells through random processes. On his website, he writes that "In biology, the mechanisms for such transformations are complete mysteries. I posit that the gross chemical changes needed for macroevolution (defined here as origin of the major organism groups, i.e. of body plans) are not understood and presently we cannot even suggest the mechanisms, let alone observe them…One day the requisite chemical basis might become apparent so that the questions can be answered.
James Tour | A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism
Hogben's research has left a lasting impression on the history of biology. The African clawed frog "(Xenopus laevis)", which Hogben first developed as a model organism, is now one of the most widely used model organisms in biological research. Likewise, his emphasis on the interdependence of nature and nurture has affected and continues to affect scientific practice and scientific debate. In terms of scientific practice, modern research on phenotypic plasticity, gene-environment interaction, and developmental systems theory all owes much to the legacy of Hogben's initial emphasis on understanding nature and nurture interdependently rather than in dichotomy. In terms of scientific debate, the dispute between Hogben and R.A.
Lancelot Hogben | Legacy
Among the centipedes, the Lithobiomorpha always have 15 trunk segments as adults, probably the result of a developmental bias towards an odd number of trunk segments. Another centipede order, the Geophilomorpha, the number of segments varies in different species between 27 and 191, but the number is always odd, making this an absolute constraint; almost all the odd numbers in that range are occupied by one or another species.
Evolutionary developmental biology | Developmental bias
A monograph on this topic summarizes an extensive amount of published research in this area up to 1986, including subsections in the following areas: computer modeling in biology and medicine, arterial system models, neuron models, biochemical and oscillation networks, quantum automata, quantum computers in molecular biology and genetics, cancer modelling, neural nets, genetic networks, abstract categories in relational biology, metabolic-replication systems, category theory applications in biology and medicine, automata theory, cellular automata, tessellation models and complete self-reproduction, chaotic systems in organisms, relational biology and organismic theories. Modeling cell and molecular biology This area has received a boost due to the growing importance of molecular biology.
Mathematical and theoretical biology | Computer models and automata theory
Males also had a decreased body weight, an abnormal posture and atypical indirect calorimetry data. Females also had an abnormally short snout and atypical haematology parameters .
ZC3HC1 | Model organisms
Newman's work in developmental biology includes a proposed mechanism for patterning of the vertebrate limb skeleton based on the self-organization of embryonic tissues. He has also characterized a biophysical effect in extracellular matrices populated with cells or nonliving particles, "matrix-driven translocation," that provides a physical model for morphogenesis of mesenchymal tissues. He is co-author, with the physicist Gabor Forgacs, of the textbook "Biological Physics of the Developing Embryo" (Cambridge University Press, 2005).
Stuart Newman | Career
According to one research group, the model "...is obviously not an exact representation of the genome of any species, but is a useful assumption to make in genetic evaluation." Similarly, the model's assumption of infinitely many genes each with an infinitely small effect on the phenotype has been described as "practical but biologically unrealistic", and the genetic basis of evolutionary adaptation, contrary to the prediction of the model, often involves a modest number of loci of large effect.
Infinitesimal model | Introduction
Plants exhibit natural variation in their form and structure. While all organisms vary from individual to individual, plants exhibit an additional type of variation. Within a single individual, parts are repeated which may differ in form and structure from other similar parts. This variation is most easily seen in the leaves of a plant, though other organs such as stems and flowers may show similar variation. There are three primary causes of this variation: positional effects, environmental effects, and juvenility.
Developmental biology | Morphological variation
Their descendants in the modern angiosperms also are expressed only in the stamens, the male reproductive organ. Thus, the same, then-existing components were used by the plants in a novel manner to generate the first flower. This is a recurring pattern in evolution.
Plant evolutionary developmental biology | Evolution of the MADS-box family
Regeneration indicates the ability to regrow a missing part. This is very prevalent amongst plants, which show continuous growth, and also among colonial animals such as hydroids and ascidians. But most interest by developmental biologists has been shown in the regeneration of parts in free living animals. In particular four models have been the subject of much investigation. Two of these have the ability to regenerate whole bodies: "Hydra", which can regenerate any part of the polyp from a small fragment, and planarian worms, which can usually regenerate both heads and tails. Both of these examples have continuous cell turnover fed by stem cells and, at least in planaria, at least some of the stem cells have been shown to be pluripotent.
Developmental biology | Regeneration
Ongoing skills development and training was provided in computational biology, molecular modelling and bioinformatics.
Melbourne Bioinformatics | History
In researching human disease, model organisms allow for better understanding the disease process without the added risk of harming an actual human. The species chosen will usually meet a determined taxonomic equivalency to humans, so as to react to disease or its treatment in a way that resembles human physiology as needed. Although biological activity in a model organism does not ensure an effect in humans, many drugs, treatments and cures for human diseases are developed in part with the guidance of animal models. There are three main types of disease models: homologous, isomorphic and predictive. Homologous animals have the same causes, symptoms and treatment options as would humans who have the same disease.
Model organism | Introduction
Models can subsequently be downloaded in SBML, VCML, XPP, SciLab, Octave, BioPAX and RDF/XML. The reaction networks of models are presented in some graphic formats, such as PNG, SVG and graphic Java applet, in which some networks were presented by following Systems Biology Graphical Notation. And a human readable summary of each model is available in PDF.
BioModels | Introduction
Model organisms have been used in the study of DBN1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called "Dbn1" was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping
DBN1 | Model organisms
There are many model organisms. One of the first model systems for molecular biology was the bacterium "Escherichia coli", a common constituent of the human digestive system. Several of the bacterial viruses (bacteriophage) that infect "E. coli" also have been very useful for the study of gene structure and gene regulation (e.g. phages Lambda and T4). However, it is debated whether bacteriophages should be classified as organisms, because they lack metabolism and depend on functions of the host cells for propagation. In eukaryotes, several yeasts, particularly "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" ("baker's" or "budding" yeast), have been widely used in genetics and cell biology, largely because they are quick and easy to grow.
Model organism | Use