Alfred Bernhard Nobel ( , ; 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. He held 355 different patents, dynamite being the most famous. The synthetic element nobelium was named after him. He owned Bofors, which he redirected from its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and other armaments. Having read a premature obituary which condemned him for profiting from the sales of arms, he bequeathed his fortune to institute the Nobel Prize. His name also survives in companies such as Dynamit Nobel and AkzoNobel, which are descendants of mergers with companies that Nobel established.
Introduction
Alfred Nobel
Alfred Nobel | Introduction
10 December 1896. 10 December 1896 10 December 1896 10 December 1896
name the fields in which nobel prize is given
user
Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
assistant
why is this prize given?
user
To those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind
assistant
which organization gives away the prizes?
user
The Nobel Foundation.
assistant
when was this formed?
user
29 June 1900.
assistant
are nominations after death allowed?
user
No.
assistant
how are people nominated for this?
user
Nomination forms are sent by the Nobel Committee.
assistant
by whom was the concept of these prizes first created?
user
Alfred Nobel.
assistant
who was he?
user
He was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist.
assistant
where was he born?
user
Stockholm.
assistant
what did he invent?
user
He held 355 different patents, dynamite being the most famous.
assistant
what is this patented thing that you just mentioned?
user
It is an explosive made of nitroglycerin, sorbents (such as powdered shells or clay) and stabilizers.
assistant
how can it be stored?
user
Modern packaging places dynamite into sealed plastic bags, and using wax-coated cardboard.
assistant
what are a few rules regarding this explosive?
user
Explosive manuals recommend repeated turning over of boxes of dynamite in storage as sticks of dynamite will "weep" or "sweat" nitroglycerin, which can then pool in the bottom of the box or storage area.
assistant
did the scientist, who is credited with the invention of this thing face any criticism?
user
Yes, he was condemned for profiting from the sales of arms.
assistant
when did he die?
user
In 1888, Alfred's brother, Ludvig, died while visiting Cannes, and a French newspaper mistakenly published Alfred's obituary. It condemned him for his invention of military explosives (not, as is commonly quoted, dynamite, which was mainly used for civilian applications) and is said to have brought about his decision to leave a better legacy after his death. The obituary stated, "" ("The merchant of death is dead") and went on to say, "Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday." Alfred (who never had a wife or children) was disappointed with what he read and concerned with how he would be remembered.
Alfred Nobel | Nobel Prizes
In 1888, Nobel was astonished to read his own obituary, titled "The merchant of death is dead", in a French newspaper. It was Alfred's brother Ludvig who had died; the obituary was eight years premature. The article disconcerted Nobel and made him apprehensive about how he would be remembered. This inspired him to change his will. On 10 December 1896, Alfred Nobel died in his villa in San Remo, Italy, from a cerebral haemorrhage. He was 63 years old. Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime. He composed the last over a year before he died, signing it at the Swedish–Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.
Nobel Prize | History
Nobel was accused of high treason against France for selling Ballistite to Italy, so he moved from Paris to Sanremo, Italy in 1891. On 10 December 1896, he suffered a stroke and died. He had left most of his wealth in trust, unbeknown to his family, in order to fund the Nobel Prize awards. He is buried in Norra begravningsplatsen in Stockholm.
Alfred Nobel | Death
He died February 3, 1991 at age 75, having retired from the Collège de France, but still active as the Secrétaire Perpétuel of the French Academy of Sciences.
Alfred Jost | Death
Alfred Bernhard Nobel ( , ; 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. He held 355 different patents, dynamite being the most famous. The synthetic element nobelium was named after him. He owned Bofors, which he redirected from its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and other armaments. Having read a premature obituary which condemned him for profiting from the sales of arms, he bequeathed his fortune to institute the Nobel Prize. His name also survives in companies such as Dynamit Nobel and AkzoNobel, which are descendants of mergers with companies that Nobel established.
Alfred Nobel | Introduction
He died in Paris in 1874.
Alfred Darjou | Introduction
Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden, into a family of engineers. He was a chemist, engineer and inventor who amassed a fortune during his lifetime, most of it from his 355 inventions, of which dynamite is the most famous. He was interested in experimental physiology and set up his own labs in France and Italy to conduct experiments in blood transfusions. Keeping abreast of scientific findings, he was generous in his donations to Ivan Pavlov's laboratory in Russia and was optimistic about the progress resulting from scientific discoveries made in laboratories. In 1888, Nobel was surprised to read his own obituary, titled "The merchant of death is dead", in a French newspaper.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | Background
No one objected. However, no one supported him, no one helped to realize the idea. G. Askaryan then was inexperienced in forms and methods of scientific investigation. He even did not publish his proposal. Several years later, in 1952, the same idea was set forth independently by an American physicist Donald Arthur Glaser. He put the idea into practice having assembled the device known now as bubble chamber. This instrument proved to be so useful in high energy physics that D. A. Glazer was awarded with the Nobel Prize in 1960. This event gave rise to Askaryan's deep concern. Of course, he was shaken that Nobel Prize was so near and, so to say, he let it slip.
Gurgen Askaryan | Missed Nobel Prize
He died in Alfred in 1908.
Alfred Évanturel | Introduction
At the time, Nobel was a student in Uppsala, but also helped in the factory. After the explosion, production of nitroglycerin was banned in the factory, but continued next to Heleneborg on an anchored barge in a bay of Lake Mälaren. His brother Alfred was not in the factory at the time of Emil’s death but later managed to stabilize dynamite with a diatomaceous earth called kieselguhr.
Emil Oskar Nobel | Biography
, born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm Sweden, was a chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite. He owned Bofors, a major armaments manufacturer, which he had redirected from its original business as an iron and steel mill. Nobel held 355 different patents, dynamite being the most famous. Nobel amassed a sizeable personal fortune during his lifetime, thanks mostly to this invention. In 1896 Nobel died of a stroke in his villa in San Remo, Italy where he had lived out the last years of his life. Nobel's will expressed a request, to the surprise of many, that his money be used for prizes in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine and literature.
Nobel Foundation | History
He also developed sufficient literary skill to write poetry in English. His "Nemesis" is a prose tragedy in four acts about Beatrice Cenci. It was printed while he was dying, but the entire stock was destroyed immediately after his death except for three copies, being regarded as scandalous and blasphemous. It was published in Sweden in 2003 and has been translated into Slovenian and French.
Alfred Nobel | Personal life
Nobel filed his first patent, an English patent for a gas meter, in 1857, while his first Swedish patent, which he received in 1863, was on "ways to prepare gunpowder".
Alfred Nobel | Life and career
Å.G. Ekstrand meant that the idea probably came from the chemist Lars Fredrik Nilson.
Nobelinstitut | Introduction
Alfred Jørgen Bryn (29 May 1862 – 3 August 1937) was a Norwegian patent engineer.
Alfred Jørgen Bryn | Introduction
He died suddenly in Paris in February 1907, shortly after his return from receiving the Nobel Prize in Stockholm. His death was attributed to an acute case of appendicitis.
Henri Moissan | Death
The prize has no connection to the Nobel Prize established by Alfred Nobel, with which it is often confused owing to the similarity of their names.
Alfred Noble Prize | Introduction
Willis Lamb, in his 1955 Nobel Prize Lecture, joked that he had heard it said that "the finder of a new elementary particle used to be rewarded by a Nobel Prize, but such a discovery now ought to be punished by a 10,000 dollar fine." Anderson spent all of his academic and research career at Caltech. During World War II, he conducted research in rocketry there. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1950. He received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1975. He died on January 11, 1991, and his remains were interred in the Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles, California.
Carl David Anderson | Biography
After Alfred Nobel's death on December 10, 1896, Sohlman was occupied for several years with the task of realizing Nobel's intentions of establishing the Nobel Prize. Since the will did not contain detailed regulations regarding selection of laureates and was contested by Nobel's relatives, the task kept Sohlman and his advisors occupied for several years. Sohlman was a member of the interim board of the Nobel Foundation.
Ragnar Sohlman | Biography
On October 3, 2011, the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine announced that he had received one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity". The other half went to Bruce Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann, for "their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity". However, the committee was not aware that he had died three days earlier, on September 30, from pancreatic cancer. This created a complication, since the statutes of the Nobel Foundation stipulate that the prize is not to be awarded posthumously. After deliberation, the committee decided that as the decision to award the prize "was made in good faith", it would remain unchanged.
Ralph M. Steinman | Awards
He died March 17, 1909 in Pasadena, California. Howland was a member of the National Academy of Design and was member of the Academy council from 1880 to 1884.
Alfred Cornelius Howland | Introduction
Upshur died on February 28, 1844, when a gun on the warship exploded during a demonstration.
Abel P. Upshur | Introduction
The Nobel Prize (, ; ; ) is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind”. Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace (Nobel called this prize "fellowship among nations"). Nobel prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in their respective fields. Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist most famously known for the invention of dynamite. He died in 1896. In his will, he bequeathed all of his "remaining realisable assets" to be used to establish five prizes which became known as "Nobel Prizes".
Nobel Prize | Introduction
He died at his home in London in 1918. His nephew was the chemist Neil Kensington Adam.
Alfred Kensington | Biography
Most notably, he was made an honorary colonel in the French Army, and a Chevalier in the order of the Légion d'honneur in 1915. Later, Aasen's personal fortune was greatly reduced as a result of bad financial speculations, and because he had never patented the rights to several of his inventions. He died from tuberculosis in Stoughton, Wisconsin at the age of 47.
Nils Waltersen Aasen | Biography
He died in New Haven, on April 28, 1880, in his 73rd year, after a long illness.
Alfred Blackman | Introduction
Since the first award in 1901, conferment of the Nobel Prize has occasionally engendered criticism and controversy. After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established that an annual prize be awarded for service to humanity in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Similarly, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is awarded along with the Nobel Prizes. Nobel sought to reward "those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind". One prize, he stated, should be given "to the person who shall have made the most important 'discovery' or 'invention' within the field of physics".
Nobel Prize controversies | Introduction
He died in 1884.
Benjamin Ulmann | Introduction
There are only three other cases where a Nobel Prize has been presented posthumously.
William Vickrey | Introduction
August 27 – Carl Bosch, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)
1874 | Introduction
In 1766, tired of sea-life, he went to study chemistry at Leipzig, and afterwards devoted himself to metallurgy and assaying at his native place with much success. He died at Freiberg.
Carl Friedrich Wenzel | Introduction
He died at The Priory, Chatteris, on 5 October 1902.
Alfred Hensman | Introduction
Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish "kronor" (US$198 million, €176 million in 2016), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes. Due to the level of skepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that it was approved by the Storting (Norwegian Parliament).
Nobel Prize in Chemistry | Background
In 1876 Field's health began to fail, and after a long illness he died on 3 April 1885.
Frederick Field (chemist) | Death
Alfred Nobel () was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden, into a family of engineers. He was a chemist, engineer, and inventor. In 1894, Nobel purchased the Bofors iron and steel mill, which he made into a major armaments manufacturer. Nobel also invented ballistite. This invention was a precursor to many smokeless military explosives, especially the British smokeless powder cordite. As a consequence of his patent claims, Nobel was eventually involved in a patent infringement lawsuit over cordite. Nobel amassed a fortune during his lifetime, with most of his wealth coming from his 355 inventions, of which dynamite is the most famous.
Nobel Prize | History
In 2011, Canadian immunologist Ralph M. Steinman was awarded the prize; however, unknown to the committee, he had died three days before the announcement. The committee decided that since the prize was awarded "in good faith," it would be allowed to stand.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | Time factor and death
Niemann died on 19 January 1861 in his hometown Goslar, reportedly of "suppuration of the lung". Niemann worked with mustard gas since 1860 and exposure to it probably resulted in his death. After his death, his colleague Wilhelm Lossen continued his investigations, and identified the chemical formula of cocaine in 1862.
Albert Niemann (chemist) | Death
Knut Hjalmar Ferdinand Frænkel (born 14 February 1870, died probably at the end of October 1897) was a Swedish engineer and arctic explorer who perished in the Arctic balloon expedition of 1897 of S. A. Andrée in 1897.
Knut Frænkel | Introduction
He died aged 90 on 26 April 1911, at his mansion house Hanworth Park having been ill for about four months.
Alfred Lafone | Death
Commentators wrote: "When Langmuir received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1932, for his work in investigating monolayers on solids and on liquids, part of his achievement was [...] founded on original experiments first made with a button and a thin tray, by a young lady of 18 who had had no formal scientific training." Pockels died in 1935 in Brunswick, Germany.
Agnes Pockels | Research and later life
Early in 1912, Dalén was blinded in an acetylene explosion during a test of maximum pressure for the accumulators. Later the same year he was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics for his work on lighthouse technology. Too ill to attend the presentation, Dalén had his brother, ophthalmologist Professor Albin Dalén of the Caroline Institute, stand in his place. The presentation speech praised the quality of sacrificing personal safety in scientific experimentation, a compliment that compared Dalén with Nobel himself. Despite his blindness, Dalén controlled AGA until his death in 1937. He received over 100 patents during his lifetime.
Gustaf Dalén | The accident in 1912
He received Samfundet De Nios Grand Prize posthumously in 1969.
Albert Viksten | Introduction
Heinrich Schnitger died in 1964, before the global spread of his invention, due to an accident while swimming in a mountain lake in Upper Bavaria.
Heinrich Schnitger | Life
After the death of his younger brother Emil in an 1864 nitroglycerin explosion at the family's armaments factory in Heleneborg, Stockholm, Nobel founded Nitroglycerin AB in Vinterviken, Stockholm. A year later, having found some German business partners, he launched the Alfred Nobel & Company in Germany, building an isolated factory in the Krümmel hills of Geesthacht near Hamburg. This business exported a liquid combination of nitroglycerin and gunpowder known as "Blasting Oil", but it was extremely unstable and difficult to transport, as shown in numerous catastrophes. The buildings of the Krümmel factory itself were destroyed in 1866 and again in 1870.
Dynamit Nobel | Creation
As it happened, it was Nobel's brother Ludvig who had died, but Nobel, unhappy with the content of the obituary and concerned that his legacy would reflect poorly on him, was inspired to change his will. In his last will, Nobel requested that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died at the age of 63. Because his will was contested, it was not approved by the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) until 26 April 1897.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | Background
He died on 23 July 2007 in Munich. At the time of his death, Fischer was the oldest living German Nobel laureate. He was succeeded by Manfred Eigen, who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1967 and is nine years younger than Fischer was.
Ernst Otto Fischer | Death
Ragnar Sohlman (February 26, 1870 in Stockholm – July 9, 1948 at the Karolinska hospital, Solna) was a Swedish chemical engineer, manager, civil servant, and creator of the Nobel Foundation.
Ragnar Sohlman | Introduction
Alfred Joseph Naquet (6 October 183410 November 1916), was a French chemist and politician.
Alfred Joseph Naquet | Introduction
Alfred Nobel, in his last will and testament, stated that his wealth should be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in the fields of physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last one was written a year before he died and was signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish "kronor" (US$198 million, Euro€176 million in 2016), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes. Owing to the level of skepticism surrounding the will, it was not until April 26, 1897 that it was approved by the Storting (Norwegian Parliament).
Nobel Prize in Physics | Background
Alfred Senier (24 January 1853 – 29 June 1918) was a chemist and a Professor of Chemistry, Queen's College, Galway from 1891 until his death. He was one of the founding members of the Aristotelian Society.
Alfred Senier | Introduction
His health began to deteriorate in 1892. First, he suffered from rheumatism, then was diagnosed with throat cancer. In 1895, he travelled to Southern France, Algeria and Egypt in hopes of finding a warm, dry climate that would improve his health. A few weeks before his death, his friends brought him back to Knokke and he died at his home in Schaarbeek.
Alfred Verwee | Art and business in Knokke
Emil Oskar Nobel ( , ; also Oscar; 29 October 1843 – 3 September 1864) was a member of the Nobel family.
Emil Oskar Nobel | Introduction
In 1991, he published a biography of Alfred Nobel that included many references to the extensive collection of Nobel's letters. Fant was appointed in 2005 an honorary doctorate in History and Philosophy of Science at Uppsala University.
Kenne Fant | Introduction
An experiment by James Short failed to confirm his hypothesis. Melvill died in Geneva in 1753, aged 27.
Thomas Melvill | Introduction
Adolf Ferdinand Weinhold (19 May 1841 – 1 July 1917) was a German chemist, physician and inventor.
Adolf Ferdinand Weinhold | Introduction
The 46-minute lecture was introduced on television by David Hare. Later, the text and streaming video formats (without Hare's introduction) were posted on the Nobel Prize and Swedish Academy official websites. It has since been released as a DVD. Pinter quoted Father John Metcalf speaking to Raymond Seitz, then Minister at the US Embassy in London, "My parishioners [in Nicaragua] built a school, a health centre, a cultural centre. We have lived in peace. A few months ago a Contra force attacked the parish. They destroyed everything: the school, the health centre, the cultural centre. They raped nurses and teachers, slaughtered doctors, in the most brutal manner.
Harold Pinter | Nobel Prize and Nobel Lecture
After two years of ill-health he died 19 April 1873. He left a small collection of highly finished drawings from portraits, which was sold at Christie's 23 February 1874.
Alfred Thomas Derby | Death
He died on 1 September 1987.
Alfred Kivell | Introduction
Cooper died in Menton, France, in 1908.
Alfred Cooper | Death
He died on August 19, 1856, two days short of his 40th birthday, of a sudden fever.
Charles Frédéric Gerhardt | Death
Unfortunately, medical science was not advanced enough to be able to save his life. After his death, his brother travelled to America and brought his ashes home for burial in Helsinki. As with many inventors, Tigerstedt's inventions were never fully appreciated during his own lifetime.
Eric Tigerstedt | Death
He died in Paris on 5 April 1830, and was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery.
Richard Chenevix (chemist) | Death
Alfred Stock (July 16, 1876 – August 12, 1946) was a German inorganic chemist. He did pioneering research on the hydrides of boron and silicon, coordination chemistry, mercury, and mercury poisoning. The German Chemical Society's Alfred-Stock Memorial Prize is named after him.
Alfred Stock | Introduction
Active to the end of his life, he died on May 16, 1994, two weeks after being paralysed in a motor accident.
Alfred O. C. Nier | Death
Towards the end of 1843 he was prohibited from working for medical reasons, but he began to work again in January 1844. His last composition from 24 March was a sketch for a statue of the "genie" in chalk on a blackboard. At night he had dinner with his friends Adam Oehlenschläger and H. C. Andersen, and he is said to have referred to the finished museum saying: "Now I can die whenever it is time, because Bindesbøll has finished my tomb." After the meal he went to the Copenhagen Royal Theatre where he died suddenly from a heart attack.
Bertel Thorvaldsen | Death
In the summer of 1863, Nobel performed his first successful detonation of pure nitroglycerin, using a blasting cap made of a copper percussion cap and mercury fulminate. In 1864, Alfred Nobel filed patents for both the blasting cap and his method of synthesizing nitroglycerin, using sulfuric acid, nitric acid and glycerin. On 3 September 1864, while experimenting with nitroglycerin, Emil and several others were killed in an explosion at the factory at Immanuel Nobel's estate at Heleneborg. After this, Alfred founded the company Nitroglycerin Aktiebolaget AB in Vinterviken to continue work in a more isolated area and the following year moved to Germany, where he founded another company, Dynamit Nobel.
Dynamite | History
Gelignite, or blasting gelatine, as it was named, was patented in 1876; and was followed by a host of similar combinations, modified by the addition of potassium nitrate and various other substances. Gelignite was more stable, transportable and conveniently formed to fit into bored holes, like those used in drilling and mining, than the previously used compounds. It was adopted as the standard technology for mining in the "Age of Engineering", bringing Nobel a great amount of financial success, though at a significant cost to his health. An offshoot of this research resulted in Nobel's invention of ballistite, the precursor of many modern smokeless powder explosives and still used as a rocket propellant.
Alfred Nobel | Inventions
Neglecting the wound, sepsis set in and after amputations at the Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, the 63-year-old inventor died on 27 July 1902.
Gustave Trouvé | The 1890s
He died the same evening and was buried on 15 October 1903 in Berlin.
Alfred Görnemann | Introduction
Hastings received a number of honors and awards for his work, including election to the National Academy of Sciences in 1937 and the President's Medal for Merit in 1948 following his wartime service on the Committee for Medical Research. Hastings died of heart failure in 1987 at age 91.
Albert Baird Hastings | Introduction
As a young man, Nobel studied with chemist Nikolai Zinin; then, in 1850, went to Paris to further the work. There he met Ascanio Sobrero, who had invented nitroglycerin three years before. Sobrero strongly opposed the use of nitroglycerin, as it was unpredictable, exploding when subjected to heat or pressure. But Nobel became interested in finding a way to control and use nitroglycerin as a commercially usable explosive, as it had much more power than gunpowder. At age 18, he went to the United States for one year to study, working for a short period under Swedish-American inventor John Ericsson, who designed the American Civil War ironclad USS "Monitor".
Alfred Nobel | Life and career
He died in 1847.
R. Plasket | Introduction
Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish "kronor" (US$198 million, €176 million in 2016), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes. Due to the level of scepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) approved it.
Nobel Prize in Literature | Background
Theodor ("The") Svedberg (30 August 1884 – 25 February 1971) was a Swedish chemist and Nobel laureate for his research on colloids and proteins using the ultracentrifuge, active at Uppsala University.
Theodor Svedberg | Introduction
He died in Vienna.
Alfred Hofmann | Life
Alfred René Jean Paul Ubbelohde FRS (14 December 1907 – 7 January 1988) was a Belgian-born English physical chemist.
Alfred Ubbelohde | Introduction
He died suddenly at the beginning of 1861, leaving a widow and seven children in distressed circumstances. The South Kensington Museum possesses two examples of his art.
Alfred Herbert (painter) | Introduction
Philip Diehl died on April 7, 1913 in Elizabeth, New Jersey.
Philip Diehl (inventor) | Death
He died in 1865 in Østre Toten.
Nils Fredrik Julius Aars | Introduction
After Alfred Nobel died, in 1896, and his will was disclosed, the heirs of his eldest brother, Robert, displeased by the fact that the major part of their uncle's estate was bequeathed to the creation of the Nobel Foundation and of the Nobel Prizes, started a legal action to invalidate it. Emanuel Nobel, however, as head of the younger branch of the family, played a fundamental role in supporting the execution of his uncle's wishes, pleading even before King Oscar II, and an agreement with Robert Nobel's heirs was reached in 1898, thus allowing the creation of the Nobel Prizes.
Emanuel Nobel | Emanuel's role in the execution of Alfred Nobel's will
He died of cancer on 21 December 1898 aged 35. After his funeral in Kings College Chapel, he was buried at Histon Road Cemetery, Cambridge.
Alfredo Kanthack | Death
Alfred Binet (; July 8, 1857 – October 18, 1911), born Alfredo Binetti, was a French psychologist who invented the first practical IQ test, the Binet–Simon test. In 1904, the French Ministry of Education asked psychologist Alfred Binet to devise a method that would determine which students did not learn effectively from regular classroom instruction so they could be given remedial work. Along with his collaborator Théodore Simon, Binet published revisions of his test in 1908 and 1911, the last of which appeared just before his death.
Alfred Binet | Introduction
He obtained several patents on ship construction and worked with William Froude. He died in Genoa.
Alfred Novello | Life
He died in 1923.
Frederic E. Boothby | Introduction
He died at Locksbottom, Kent in July 1944.
Alfred Sharland | Introduction
He died 26 March 1865, at Stoke Newington.
Thomas Hancock (inventor) | Death
Theodore William Richards (January 31, 1868 – April 2, 1928) was the first American scientist to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, earning the award "in recognition of his exact determinations of the atomic weights of a large number of the chemical elements."
Theodore William Richards | Introduction
On February 21, 2001, Alfred Embarrato died of natural causes.
Alfred Embarrato | Death
Even after a stroke in 1774, he continued work in the laboratories of the Akademie until his retirement in 1781.
Andreas Sigismund Marggraf | Life
Albert A. Michelson, who won the Nobel Prize for Physics.
Nevile Gardiner | Introduction
Baumol was considered a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Economics for 2003, and Thomson Reuters cited him as a potential recipient in 2014, but he died without receiving the prize.
William Baumol | Introduction
He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He died in November 2016 at the age of 96.
Charles M. Stein | Introduction
In recognition of his contributions to the field of inorganic chemistry, the German Chemical Society () created in 1950 the Alfred Stock Memorial Prize. The prize, consisting of a gold medal and money, is awarded every other year for "an outstanding independent scientific experimental investigation in the field of inorganic chemistry."
Alfred Stock | Posthumous recognition
His scientific articles appeared in the Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, and elsewhere. He also lectured on Shakespearean drama. He died on 1 December 1933.
Joseph L. Mayer | Introduction
In 2001, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.
Ernest R. Davidson | Introduction
He died in 1890.
Edward Degener | Introduction
He retired early due to ill-health and died of throat cancer in 1938 having prompted a debate in the columns of the "British Medical Journal" about the merits of surgery compared to X-rays and radium in the treatment of cancer.
Percy Furnivall | Introduction
He died on March 10, 1970, from a heart attack at age 79.
Alfred V. Verville | Death
He died in 1995 at the age of 90.
Heinrich Dumoulin | Introduction
Kolbe died in 1884 and was succeeded by one of his critics, Johannes Wislicenus. This might have threatened Beckmann's academic career, but contrary to expectations the two chemists became colleagues and friends.
Ernst Otto Beckmann | Scientific work