The word "Brazil" likely comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called "pau-brasil", with the word "brasil" commonly given the etymology "red like an ember", formed from "brasa" ("ember") and the suffix "-il" (from "-iculum" or "-ilium"). As brazilwood produces a deep red dye, it was highly valued by the European textile industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. Throughout the 16th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi) along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders (mostly Portuguese, but also French) in return for assorted European consumer goods.
Etymology
Brazil
Brazil | Etymology
The word "Brazil" likely comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. The word "Brazil" likely comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. From the Portuguese word  brazilwood From the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast.
when did yu yu hakusho anime come out
user
October 1992
assistant
who is the main character of the show.
user
Yusuke Urameshi
assistant
who was the producer?
user
Fuji Television, Yomiko Advertising, and Studio Pierrot
assistant
what genre is this show?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
were there any games based on the show?
user
Yes, A single Mega Drive game, "Yū Yū Hakusho Makyō Tōitsusen", was published in Brazil by Tectoy in 1999 under the title "Yu Yu Hakusho: Sunset Fighters".
assistant
what sport is the above mentioned country famous for?
user
Football
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what is the weather like there?
user
According to the Köppen system, Brazil hosts six major climatic subtypes: desert, equatorial, tropical, semiarid, oceanic and subtropical.
assistant
who were the people of this region influenced by?
user
The Portuguese Empire
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where did its name originate from?
user
The official Portuguese name of the land, in original Portuguese records, was the "Land of the Holy Cross" ("Terra da Santa Cruz"), but European sailors and merchants commonly called it simply the "Land of Brazil" ("Terra do Brasil") because of the brazilwood trade. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name. Some early sailors called it the "Land of Parrots". In the Guarani language, an official language of Paraguay, Brazil is called "Pindorama". This was the name the indigenous population gave to the region, meaning "land of the palm trees".
Brazil | Etymology
Some Brazilian surnames, like some old Portuguese surnames, are locative surnames that denote the original place where the ancestor who first used it was born or lived. Like surnames that originated from words, this practice started during the patriotic years that followed Brazil's Independence. These are surnames like "Brasil", (Brazil), "Brasiliense" (Brazilian), "Brasileiro" (also Brazilian), "América", "Americano" (American), "Bahiense" (from Bahia city, today called Salvador), "Cearense" (from Ceará State) and "Maranhão" (from Maranhão State) Some of these are toponyms derived from Tupian languages such as:
Portuguese name | Brazilian locative surnames
That too stemmed from Loronha's time, when a "brasileiro" was a reference to a "brazilwood cutter", a job invariably undertaken by the Tupí Indians on the coast. The name of the occupation was simply extended to refer to all the inhabitants of the country.
Name of Brazil | Demonym
The name "Brazil" is a shortened form of "Terra do Brasil", "land of Brazil", a reference to brazilwood, given in the early 16th century to the territories leased to the merchant consortium led by Fernão de Loronha for commercial exploitation of brazilwood for the production of wood dyes for the European textile industry. The term for the brazilwood tree in Portuguese, "pau-brasil", is derived from "brasa" ("ember"), a reference to the dark red colour, formed from Old French "brese", "ember, glowing charcoal", in turn from Frankish "*brasa". from medieval Latin "brasa."
Name of Brazil | Introduction
The names of most Brazilian states are based on Portuguese placenames, while others are based on indigenous (often Tupi–Guarani) and a few European languages.
List of Brazil state name etymologies | Introduction
Most of the surnames of the Brazilian population have a Portuguese origin, due to Portuguese colonization in the country (it is estimated that 80% of the Brazilian population has at least one Portuguese ancestor), while other South American countries were largely colonized by the Spanish. However, due to historical immigration, there are also surnames of African, Arabic, Italian, German, Japanese, and Spanish origin. 2010 data:
List of most common surnames in South America | Brazil
In the years following Brazil's independence, some old Brazilians families changed their surnames to surnames derived from Tupian languages as a patriotic way to emphasize the new Fatherland. Some of these names are still spelled with Portuguese old orthography, but some are spelled according to the new rules. These names, following the old orthography, include: Due to emigration, nowadays one can find these surnames even in Portugal.
Portuguese name | Surnames originated from Native Brazilian words
After some decades, it started to be called "Brazil" (Brasil, in Portuguese) due to the exploitation of native brazilwood, at that time the only export of the land. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called "pau-brasil", with the word "brasil" commonly given the etymology "red like an ember", formed from Latin "brasa" ("ember") and the suffix "-il" (from "-iculum" or "-ilium").
Brasil (mythical island) | Etymology
Thus an inhabitant of Brazil should have become known in Portuguese as a "Brasiliano" ("Brazilian"), but uniquely among Portuguese demonyms they are instead referenced as a "Brasileiro" ("Braziler"). This stems from Loronha's tenure when "brasileiro" was indeed a reference to an occupation: a brazilwood cutter or trader. The name of the occupation was simply gradually extended to refer to all the inhabitants of the land.
Fernão de Loronha | Naming Brazil
During the reign of the second Emperor, Dom Pedro II, the Native Brazilian was used as the symbol of the Empire. At this time, Brazilian people started to use Native Brazilian names as given names. Some are among the most popular until nowadays. These are names like "Araci, Caubi, Guaraci, Iara, Iberê, Ioná, Jaci, Janaína, Jandira, Juçara, Juraci, Jurema, Maiara, Moacir, Moema, Ubiratã, Ceci, Iracema, Peri" and "Ubirajara" (the last four taken from José de Alencar's works). Recently, Brazilians have started to use other given names of Native Brazilian origin like "Rudá" (love), "Cauã" and "Cauê" (sun), although their use connotes the hippie culture.
Portuguese name | Given names originating from Native Brazilian names
Brazilians living far from the big cities or lower-class people are prone to create new given names, joining together the given names of the parents or classical given names, changing the spelling of foreign names or even using foreign suffixes that – they may believe – give a sophisticated or modern sound to the new name (e.g. Maurren – from Maureen -, Deivid – from David, Robisson).
Portuguese name | Given names of foreign origin
The word "Brazil" likely comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called "pau-brasil", with the word "brasil" commonly given the etymology "red like an ember", formed from "brasa" ("ember") and the suffix "-il" (from "-iculum" or "-ilium"). As brazilwood produces a deep red dye, it was highly valued by the European textile industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. Throughout the 16th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi) along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders (mostly Portuguese, but also French) in return for assorted European consumer goods.
Brazil | Etymology
The Portuguese encountered stone-using natives divided into several tribes, many of whom shared the same Tupi–Guarani language family, and fought among themselves. After European arrival, the land's major export was a type of tree the traders and colonists called "pau-Brasil" (Latin for wood red like an ember) or brazilwood from whence the country got its name, a large tree ("Caesalpinia echinata") whose trunk yields a prized red dye, and which was nearly wiped out as a result of overexploitation. Until 1529 Portugal had very little interest in Brazil mainly due to the high profits gained through its commerce with India, China, and the East Indies.
History of Brazil | Early Brazil
It was during Loronha's tenure that the name began to transition to "Terra do Brasil" ("Land of Brazil") and its inhabitants to "Brasileiros". Although some commentators have alleged that Loronha, as a New Christian (a converted Jew), might have been reluctant to refer to it after the Christian cross, the truth is probably more mundane. It was rather common for 15th- and 16th-century Portuguese to refer to distant lands by their commercial product rather than their proper name, e.g. Madeira island and the series of coasts of West Africa (Melegueta Coast, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Slave Coast), etc. Brazil simply followed that pattern.
Name of Brazil | Shift to "Brazil"
Madeira Islands, Pepper Coast, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Spice Islands, etc.) The lands of Vera Cruz were simply popularly known as the "Land of Brazil" ("Terra do Brasil") for the same reason. (Curiously, some letters from the early 1500s refer to it as "Terra di Papaga", "Land of Parrots") More curious is the demonym. In the Portuguese language, an inhabitant of Brazil is referred to as a "Brasileiro", although the suffix "-eiro" properly denotes occupations and not inhabitants (who are typically given the suffix "-ano" instead). A rough English equivalent might be the suffix "-or" (doctor, actor) or "-er" (carpenter, plumber) versus "-an" (Indian, American).
Fernão de Loronha | Naming Brazil
The Brazilian population was formed by the influx of Portuguese settlers and African slaves, mostly Bantu and West African populations (such as the Yoruba, Ewe, and Fanti-Ashanti), into a territory inhabited by various indigenous tribal populations, mainly Tupi, Guarani and Ge. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in what is known as Great Immigration, new groups arrived, mainly of Portuguese, Italian, Spanish and German origin, but also from Japan, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. When the Portuguese reached what is now called Brazil in 1500, its native population was probably composed of about 2.5 million Amerindians. Up to 1532, the Portuguese made no real effort to colonise the land, limiting to the establishment of "feitorias" to organise the trade of brazilwood.
Race and ethnicity in Brazil | Historic background
The etymology of the names "Brasil" and "Hy-Brasil" is unknown, but in Irish tradition it is thought to come from the Irish "Uí Breasail" (meaning "descendants (i.e., clan) of Bresail"), one of the ancient clans of northeastern Ireland. cf. Old Irish: "Í": island; "bres": beauty, worth, great, mighty. Despite the similarity, the name of the country Brazil, also spelled Brasil, has no connection to the mythical islands. The South American country was at first named Ilha de Vera Cruz ("Island of the True Cross") and later Terra de Santa Cruz ("Land of the Holy Cross") by the Portuguese navigators who arrived there.
Brasil (mythical island) | Etymology
The land of what became Brazil was first called "Ilha de Vera Cruz" ("Island of the True Cross") by the Portuguese captain Pedro Álvares Cabral, upon the Portuguese discovery of the land in 1500, probably in honor of the Feast of the Cross (May 3 on the liturgical calendar). This name is found in two letters, one written by Pêro Vaz de Caminha, another by Mestre João Faras, both written during Cabral's landing and dispatched to Lisbon by courier (either André Gonçalves or Gaspar de Lemos, chronicles conflict). Upon the courier's arrival in Lisbon, it was quickly renamed Terra de Santa Cruz ("Land of the Holy Cross") (hugging the coast on his return trip, the courier must have realized that Brazil was clearly not an island).
Name of Brazil | Early names
Brazil is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Brazil (surname) | Introduction
The population descends from a mixture of Luso-Brazilians (Luso meaning Portuguese) and immigrants, mainly Italian, Portuguese, German and Levantine. Because of its origins as a village settled by Confederate Southern US individuals, it received the name of "Americana", referring to "cidade" or city, the feminine form of "American", which in Portuguese means any native of the Americas, although often applied only to US nationals.
Americana, São Paulo | Demography
Some French scholars believe the name may have come from 'Portus Gallus', the port of the Gauls or Celts.
Portugal | Etymology
Despite the lesser variation in Portuguese surnames, immigration from other countries (mainly from Italy, Spain, Germany, France, Netherlands, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, UK, Syria, Lebanon, Japan, United States and more recently China, Korea, Africa, Hispanic America and Haiti) increased the diversity of surnames in Brazil. Some foreign surnames were misspelled after many generations and today cannot be recognized in their original country (the French-Swiss family name "Magnan" changed to "Manhães" after some decades). Some misspelled foreign surnames are hardly recognized by speakers of the original language such as "Collor" (from German "Koeller"), "Chamareli" (from Italian "Sciammarelli") and "Branquini" (from Italian "Bianchini").
Portuguese name | Non-Portuguese surnames in Brazil
However, in the Southern Brazilian areas disputed between Portugal and Spain, a genetic study suggests that the predominant genomic ancestry of the Brazilian Gaúchos (inhabitants of the Pampas) may be Spanish, not Portuguese. Also a small number of Dutch settlers remained in the Northeast after the Portuguese retook Dutch Brazil and may have contributed to the demographic composition of Northeastern Brazil. Even then and after the country's independence in 1822, immigration to Brazil was mainly Portuguese, though a significant number of German immigrants settled in the Southern region.
Race and ethnicity in Brazil | Historic background
If anyone is responsible for the naming of Brazil and its inhabitants, it would be Fernão de Loronha. Although officially named the lands of "Vera Cruz" or "Santa Cruz" by the original discovers, it was during Loronha's tenure that the name of the land gradually transitioned to "Terra do Brasil" and its inhabitants to "Brasileiros". Some unkind authors claim that Loronha, on account of his Jewish roots, was uncomfortable with referring to the land after the True Cross. But the truth is probably more mundane. It was rather common for 15th- and 16th-century Portuguese to refer to distant lands by their commercial product rather than their proper name (e.g.
Fernão de Loronha | Naming Brazil
The connection to the brazilwood harvest is also found in the demonym for the country. In the Portuguese language, an inhabitant of Brazil is referred to as a "Brasileiro". But the common rules of the language reserve the suffix "-eiro" to denote occupations, rather than inhabitants (which are usually given the suffix "-ano"). The English equivalent is the suffix "-er" for occupations (e.g. baker, shoemaker) and the suffix "-an" for demonyms (e.g. Indian, American). If this rule was followed, an inhabitant of Brazil should have been known (in Portuguese) as a "Brasiliano". But uniquely among Portuguese demonyms, they are instead referred to as a "Brasileiro", an occupation.
Name of Brazil | Demonym
According to history the town was called () until 1850 when it became a place where people traded slaves to work in the plantations of sugar cane. To evade the control of the illegal transaction, slaves were transported together with guineafowl and passwords were created by traffickers (—"There are new chickens in the port"), hence the origin of the name.
Porto de Galinhas | Origin of name
According to Professor Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, titular professor at the Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas of University of São Paulo, the name has a controversial origin and may come from the Tupi language or Lingua Geral of São Paulo and may have different significations: Some people say that it may also come from "Quar-I-Picui-Bae", name given by Indians to a small river delimiting a border between the city with Osasco and Cotia.
Carapicuíba | Origin of the name
The South of Brazil is the region with the largest percentage of [[Whites]]. According to the 2005 census, White people account for 79.6% of the population. In colonial times, this region had a very small population. The region of what is now [[Southern Brazil]] was originally inhabited by [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]] peoples, mostly [[Charrua|Pampeano]], [[Guarani people|Guarani]] and [[Kaingang people|Kaingangs]]. In the early 18th century, only a few settlers from [[São Paulo]] were living there. This situation made the region vulnerable to attacks from neighboring countries. This fact forced the King of [[Portugal]] to decide to populate the region. For this, settlers of the Portuguese [[Azores]] islands were sent to the coast.
Race and ethnicity in Brazil | South
As noted, the region received numerous European immigrants during the 19th century, who have had a large influence on its demography and culture. The main ethnic origins of Southern Brazil are Portuguese, Italian, German, Austrian, Luxembourger, Polish, Ukrainian, Spanish, Dutch and Russian. Smaller numbers that follow are French, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Black, Swiss, Croat, Lebanese, Lithuanian and Latvian, Japanese, Finnish and Estonian, Belarusian, Slovene, Ashkenazi Jew, Caboclo, British, Czech, Slovak, Belgian and Hungarian
South Region, Brazil | Demographics
The specific name "brasil" is the Portuguese spelling of Brazil, the country's name being derived from the red coloured wood of the tree "Caesalpinia echinate" and so the name refers both to the country of its origin and to the red spots along this fish's body.
Hypleurochilus brasil | Etymology
The bulk of the Brazilian population descends from three main source populations (either alone, or more commonly, in varying combinations mixed in varying degrees); early European settlers (chiefly ethnic Portuguese, but also Portuguese New Christians of ethnic Sephardic Jewish origin forced to convert to Christianity), sub-Saharan Africans (Yoruba, Ewe, Akan, Bantu, and others), and the indigenous peoples in Brazil (mostly Tupi and Guarani, but also other many indigenous Brazilian ethnic groups). Starting in the late 19th century, Brazil received substantial post-colonial immigration from several other regions, mainly from peoples of what are now the countries of Italy, Germany, Spain, Poland, as well as Arab Christians from the Levant (mostly from what is now Lebanon, and less so from what is today Syria), Ukraine, Japan, the People's Republic of China and Korea.
Demographics of Brazil | Racial composition
In the historical archives of the state of Rio Grande do Sul the family is registered, once again with a different name: These new names were more "Brazilianized" and were better accepted in this new country.
Goettems (surname) | Origins - Voyage to Brazil
The name is inspired by Joaquim "Gotardo" de Lima who arrived in the region in 1836 with his family and settled on a cattle ranch which later developed into a small settlement around a chapel. In 1852 the first settlement, known as Confusão, after a local ranch, was raised to a district with the name of São Sebastião do Pouso Alegre. Later the name was changed to pay homage to the founder, who unexpectedly gained sainthood in the new name.
São Gotardo | Origin of the Name
However, long before the independence of Brazil, in 1822, both in Brazil and in Portugal, it was already common to attribute the Brazilian gentile to a person, usually of clear Portuguese descent, resident or whose family resided in the State of Brazil (1530–1815), belonging to the Portuguese Empire. During the lifetime of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815–1822), however, there was confusion about the nomenclature.
Brazilians | Introduction
Two interpretations are given for the origin of the name Minas Gerais. It comes from "Minas dos Matos Gerais", the former name of the colonial province ("Mines of the General Woods"). So a first and more common understanding affirms that the name simply means "General Mines", with the word Gerais serving as an adjective to the mines, which were themselves spread in several spots around a larger region. Another explanation is that this ignores the two large geographical spaces which conformed the state in its history: the region of the mines (Minas), and the region of the Gerais ("Matos Gerais" or "Campos Gerais", which means something close to "General Fields").
Minas Gerais | Etymology
The creation of art in the geographic area now known as Brazil begins with the earliest records of its human habitation. The original inhabitants of the land, pre-Columbian Indian peoples, produced various forms of art; specific cultures like the Marajoara left sophisticated painted pottery. This area was colonized by Portugal in the 16th century and given the modern name of Brazil. Brazilian art is most commonly used as an umbrella term for art created in this region post Portuguese colonization.
Brazilian art | Introduction
Although some of these words are more predominant in Brazil, they are also used in Portugal and other countries where Portuguese is spoken. Words derived from the Tupi language are particularly prevalent in place names ("Itaquaquecetuba," "Pindamonhangaba," "Caruaru", "Ipanema", "Paraíba"). The native languages also contributed the names of most of the plants and animals found in Brazil (and most of these are the official names of the animals in other Portuguese-speaking countries as well), including "arara" ("macaw"), "jacaré" ("South American caiman"), "tucano" ("toucan"), "mandioca" ("cassava"), "abacaxi" ("pineapple"), and many more. However, many Tupi–Guarani toponyms did not derive directly from Amerindian expressions, but were in fact coined by European settlers and Jesuit missionaries, who used the "Língua Geral" extensively in the first centuries of colonization.
Brazilian Portuguese | Loanwords
Spaniards from Galicia also settled in Brazil during that time, like Jorge de Barros, for example. The family names Bueno, Godoy, Lara, Saavedra, Camargo, etc., tracing back to these early settlers, are quite popular throughout Southeast Brazil, Southern Brazil and the Center-West. Silva Leme, in his work "Genealogia Paulistana" ("Paulistana Genealogy"), addresses several of these families. Brazilian censuses do not research "ethnic origins" or ancestry, which makes it very difficult to give accurate numbers of Brazilians of Spanish descent. The only reliable research available is the 1998 July PME, the scope of which, however, is limited (it covers only six metropolitan regions), resulting in probably skewed results, as it includes the metropolitan regions of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, and Salvador, probably the most important concentrations of Brazilians of Spanish descent.
Spanish diaspora | Brazil
Brazilians are mostly descendants of Portuguese settlers, post-colonial immigrant groups, enslaved Africans and Brazil's indigenous peoples. Along with other immigrants of who arrived in Brazil, from the 1820s well into the 1970s, most of the settlers were Portuguese, Italians, Spaniards, Arabs and Germans, with significantly large numbers of Japanese, Armenians, Romani, Greeks, Poles, Ukrainians and Levantine Arabs.
Brazilians | History and overview
The name comes from the Brazilian city called Tabapuã, where many bulls of this race were initially found decades ago.
Tabapuan | Etymology
The name of the municipality honors , the first president of the province of Amazonas at the time of the empire. The origins of the municipality are mainly related to Novo Airão and Itapiranga, since most of the territory that today is President Figueiredo was dismembered, as well as Manaus, whose neighborhood was an influential factor in the development of the region. The first settlements in these poles date from 1657, to the place where today is the municipality of Manaus, and in 1668, the place today is the headquarters of Novo Airão. It was from these nuclei that the consolidation and expansion of the settlement of the Baixo Rio Negro took place.
Presidente Figueiredo | History
The current most widely accepted view of anthropologists, linguists and geneticists is that the early tribes were part of the first wave of migrant hunters who came into the Americas from Asia, either by land, across the Bering Strait, or by coastal sea routes along the Pacific, or both. The Andes and the mountain ranges of northern South America created a rather sharp cultural boundary between the settled agrarian civilizations of the west coast and the semi-nomadic tribes of the east, who never developed written records or permanent monumental architecture. For this reason, very little is known about the history of Brazil before 1500.
History of Brazil | Pre-Cabraline History
The city name origin is the peculiar shape of the mountain near the city, that was utilized as a reference point by ancient travelers and by the runaway slaves. These slaves formed near the mountain, the Quilombo do Cascalho which was destroyed some time later.
Três Pontas | Etymology
The "cafuzos" were the smallest and most difficult to distinguish from the two other mixed-race subgroups since the descendants of "caboclos" and mulattoes also fell into this category and were found in the northeast "sertão" (English: hinterland). These groups may still be found in the same areas today. White Brazilians descended from the original Portuguese settlers. From the 1870s onwards this ethnic group also included other European immigrants: mainly Italians, Spaniards and Germans. Although whites could be found throughout the country, they were the majority group in the southern region and in São Paulo province. Whites also comprised a significant proportion (40%) of the population in the northeastern provinces of Ceará, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte.
Empire of Brazil | Ethnic groups
In 1808 the Portuguese Royal Family, fleeing from [[Napoleon]], took charge in Rio de Janeiro. Some 15 thousand Portuguese nobles moved to Brazil. The region changed a lot, becoming more European.
Race and ethnicity in Brazil | Southeast
The [[Southeastern Brazil|Southeastern region]] of Brazil is the ethnically most diverse part of the country. Southeast Brazil is home to the oldest Portuguese settlement in the Americas, [[São Vicente, São Paulo]], established in 1532. The region, since the beginning of its colonization, is a [[melting pot]] of Whites, Indians and Blacks. The Amerindians of the region were enslaved by the Portuguese. The race mixing between the Indian females and their White masters produced the [[Bandeirante]], the colonial inhabitant of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], who formed expeditions that crossed the interior of Brazil and greatly increased the Portuguese colonial territory. In the late 17th century the Bandeirantes found gold in the area that nowadays is [[Minas Gerais]].
Race and ethnicity in Brazil | Southeast
Afonso Taunay, in his book dealing with early São Paulo, "São Paulo in the XVI century", mentions also Baltazar de Godoy, Francisco de Saavedra, Jusepe de Camargo, Martin Fernandes Tenório de Aguilar, Bartolomeu de Quadros, among others. In his genealogical account of the settling of São Paulo, Pedro Taques de Almeida Paes Leme, also mentions the three Rendon brothers, Juan Matheus Rendon, Francisco Rendon de Quebedo and Pedro Matheus Rendon Cabeza de Vaca, as well as Diogo Lara, from Zamora. Spaniards from Galicia also settled in Brazil during that time, like Jorge de Barros, for example. The family names Bueno, Godoy, Lara, Saavedra, Camargo, etc., tracing back to these early settlers, are quite popular throughout Southeast Brazil, Southern Brazil and the Center-West.
Spanish Brazilians | Colonial Brazil
internet, social media, etc.). The establishment of this community dates back to 1919, and its original settlers were all German Brazilian, as well documented, most originating from the neighboring municipality of Cerro Largo (then called "Serro Azul") and some from the eastern "Altkolonie" (trans.: Old Colony; in Port.: Colônia Velha) region of the state. Therefore, all the founders of the community were native speakers of the variety of Hunsrückisch spoken in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, a Germanic language which is in fact uniquely Brazilian (there are two much smaller pockets of Hunsrückisch speakers in Brazil, located on the Atlantic coast of Santa Catarina state and in the mountains of the state of Espirito Santo).
Mato Queimado | Regional language
Many workers were attracted to the region, mostly from northeastern Brazil. A new migratory movement started arriving from the 1970s. With the mechanization of agriculture in the South of Brazil, rural workers of that region, many of them of German and Italian origin migrated to the Central-West region.
Race and ethnicity in Brazil | Central-West
In Southeastern Brazil, most of the immigrants were Italians (mainly from the [[Veneto]], Campania, [[Calabria]] and [[Lombardia]]), Portuguese (mainly from [[Beira Alta Province|Beira Alta]], [[Minho (province)|Minho]] and [[Alto Trás-os-Montes]]), [[Spaniards]] (mainly from [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and [[Andalusia]]) and smaller numbers of French (most came from the southern regions) and [[Dutch people|Dutch]] (from the [[Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]]). Notably, the first half of the 20th century saw a large inflow of Japanese (mainly from [[Honshū]], [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Okinawa]]) and [[Arabic-speaking Levantine Christians]] (from [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]]) immigrants.
Race and ethnicity in Brazil | Descendants of immigrants
Some argue it is the stem of Gallaecia, again of Celtic derivation. Another theory claims it derives from the word "Caladunum".
History of Portugal | Etymology
In some cases, the family name may not be a locative, but an indication of ownership. Surnames were also derived from geological or geographical forms, such as "Pedroso" (stony or full of pebbles land), "Rocha" (rock), "Souza"/"Sousa" (from Latin saxa, a place with seixos, or pebbles), "Vale" (valley, dale), "Bierzo" (mountain), "Ribeiro"/"Rivero" (little river, creek, brook), "Siqueira"/"Sequeira" (a non-irrigated land), "Castro" (ruins of ancient buildings, equivalent to English Chester), "Dantas" (from d'Antas, a place with antas, i.e. prehistoric stone monuments or dolmens), "Costa" (coast), "Pedreira" (quarry), "Barreira" (clay quarry), "Couto" (site fenced), "Outeiro" (hill or hillock),"Vilar/Villar" (from Latin "villagio", a village), "Seixas"/"Seijas" (pebbles), "Veiga"/"Vega" (banks of a river), "Cordoba/Cordova" (hill near the river), "Padron" (rock or stone), "Celanova" (barn or reservoir).
Portuguese name | Locative surnames
The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese culture, because of its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese Empire. Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, Roman Catholicism and colonial architectural styles. The culture was, however, also strongly influenced by African, indigenous and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions. Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian, German and other European as well as Japanese, Jewish and Arab immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil during the 19th and 20th centuries. The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, music, dance and religion.
Brazil | Culture
Beside their connection to the state of São Paulo, and given the expansionist nature of the early settlers already in the colonial period, today one can find their descendants in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais. It has been estimated mathematically that around 15 million Brazilians are descendants of these early settlers (less than 10% of the Brazilian population).
Quatrocentão | Geographical presence in Brazil
"Psittacanthos" comes from the Greek "psittakos" (parrot), and the Greek "anthos" (flower), possibly chosen, according to Don, because of the bright colours. The specific epithet, "brasiliensis", is the Latin for "of Brazil" (genitive singular case).
Psittacanthus brasiliensis | Etymology
"[...]First its unity of territory. Brazil stretches unbroken from the Amazon in the north to the Rio de la Plata in the south, and from the Atlantic coast to the foothills of the Andes[...] The vast majority of the people speak Portuguese and are Roman Catholic. Their language differentiates them from their Spanish speaking neighbors[...]"
History of Brazilian nationality | Brazilian nationality prior to independence
Another one claims that the name originates from the tomatoes which began to grow wild on the island.
Paradajz | Geography
The literal translation is "Saint Joseph of the Black River". The city's name origin comes from the fact that Saint Joseph ("São José") is the patron saint of the city, and the "Rio Preto" (Black river) cuts the city lands. A wooden sculpture of Saint Joseph wearing boots belongs to the city cathedral and no one knows for sure where it came from, but it has been in the city since it was a village in the 19th century, part of the city of Araraquara. People believe that migrants from the state of Minas Gerais brought the sculpture with them in the 19th century, and that is the origin of part of the name.
São José do Rio Preto | Origin of the name
The Brazilian name is (, or , as opposed to the Chilean true boldo), (), () or () ("Oxalá's carpet", because of its velvety texture).
Coleus barbatus | Name
Questions about the original settlement of the Americas has produced a number of hypothetical models. The origins of these Indigenous people are still a matter of dispute among archaeologists.
Indigenous peoples in Brazil | Origins
In addition, many multiracial Brazilians partially descend from Portuguese people, caused by the high intermarriage rates. Most of them came from the historical provinces of Minho, Trás-os-Montes, Beira, Estremadura (North and Central Portugal). Northeastern Brazil traditionally received the first waves of immigrants, but during the Great Immigration, the Southeast received the biggest influx. São Paulo (state) received the most, followed by Rio de Janeiro (city), which is considered the largest Portuguese city outside of Lisbon. The second former capital of Brazil once also was the capital of Portugal, the only European capital outside of Europe. The accent in the city of Rio de Janeiro subsequently reminds the 19th century innovations that took place in the European variety of the language, while the prosody of the rest of the country, besides some local varieties, has rather conservative phonetics rooted in the 1600s.
Brazilians | The Great Immigration (1820 until the 1970s)
The settlement of the region began in the colonial period. The most accepted hypothesis for the origin of the name "abraão" (not to be confused with the mistranslation "Abraham") relates to the term "abra" in old Portuguese, meaning "bay". Thus, the name refers to the large bay that is the location. The development of Vila do Abraão gained momentum in the late nineteenth century, at the time of the Empire of Brazil, when a leper hospital was built nearby. The leper hospital was built between 1884 and 1887, and served the dual purpose of hosting immigrants arriving by ship to Brazil, where the passengers were given health screenings and ships were disinfected.
Vila do Abraão | History
The city is named after (Vila do Príncipe, 27 January 1807 - Rio de Janeiro, 17 October 1869), who was a provincial deputy representing Minas Gerais; a national deputy and a senator in the Empire of Brazil from 1864 to 1869; and founder of the city of the same name.
Teófilo Otoni | Origin of the name
The name was originally given to the Amazon River that runs through the state by the Spaniard Francisco de Orellana in 1541. Claiming to have come across a warlike tribe of Indians, with whom he fought, he likened them to the Amazons of Greek mythology, giving them the same name of "Río de las Amazonas".
Amazonas (Brazilian state) | Etymology
Brasiléia originated from a small strip of land from an old rubber plantation called Carmen, on July 3, 1910, using the name of Brasilia. In 1943 the town's name was changed since it had the same name as the new federal capital. The current name is derived from a portmanteau of Brazil and hiléia (forest). In 1992 the town divided its area, with the entire area and population located on the right bank of the Rio Acre originating the city of Epitaciolândia.
Brasiléia | History
The [[Central-West Region, Brazil|Central-West]] region of Brazil was inhabited by diverse Indians when the Portuguese arrived in the early 18th century. The Portuguese came to explore the precious stones that were found there. As it was a far away region, very few African slaves were brought to this area. Who, in fact, worked as slaves in the gold mines were the local Indians. The contact between the Portuguese and the Indians created a mixed-race population. Until the mid-20th century, Central-West Brazil had a very small population. The situation changed with the construction of [[Brasilia]], the new capital of Brazil, in 1960.
Race and ethnicity in Brazil | Central-West
All these settlers and their relatives had huge descent, spreading throughout the southern and central parts of Brazil. Today it is still common to find these surnames (Leme, Taques etc.) in the interior of São Paulo state and neighboring states, through people who are descendants of those settlers. With the independence of the country in 1822, Belgians kept coming through immigration. Many colonies were founded during the 19th century, especially in Southern Brazil, but also in São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro.
Belgian Brazilians | History
According to oral tradition the name of the city is linked to the abundance of a fruit similar to the jabuticaba, which was known by the first settlers as only "fruit". As a result, the place was called Patrimônio das Frutas, later as Carmo do Fructal and today only Frutal. The first registers mention the arrival of a pioneer Antônio de Paula e Silva in 1835, who settled with his family and slaves on the banks of the Rio Grande. In 1850 the settlement was declared a "arraial" or village, and in 1858 it was raised to the status of district in the municipality of Uberaba, becoming emancipated in the same year with the name of Carmo do Fructal.
Frutal | Origin of the Name and History
The name comes from the Sousa River in northern Portugal. Sometimes the spelling is in the archaic form Souza or de Souza, which has occasionally been changed to D'Souza. The Spanish equivalent of this surname is Sosa. During the colonial era, the Portuguese built forts along Brazilian and West African coastal areas for trade, many of which were later used for the slave trade. They also had children with local women, and the children were given their fathers' last names. Some Afro-Brazilians who returned to Africa also carry this last name. Among those are the Tabom people, descendants of Francisco Félix de Sousa, a white Portuguese-Brazilian man from Salvador, Bahia, in Brazil, once the richest man in West Africa due to his involvement in its slave trade.
Sousa (surname) | Etymology and history
The origin of the name involves a popular myth enshrined in its population. Tradition says that the pioneers used to rest in a guesthouse-situated 150 km from São Paulo, around the river Tatuibi, which the name in Tupi-Guarani means small armadillo. This landing was called Blue Hill Ranch ("Rancho Morro Azul") since it was near an elevation that in the distance is seen in shades of blue. It is said that in 1781 a caravan was headed to the wilds of Araraquara and while passing through Limeira, camped near the stream of the Bladder – Córrego do Bexiga (where today is the Market Model).
Limeira | Legendary origin
Until abolition of slavery, slaves did not have surnames, only given names. They were even forbidden to use their distinct African or Native Brazilian names and were christened with a Portuguese given name. While slavery persisted, slaves needed to have distinct names only within the plantation ("fazenda" or "engenho") to which they belonged. It was a common practice to name free slaves after their former owners, so all their descendants have the Portuguese surnames of their former owner. Indigenous people who were not slaves also chose to use their godparents' surnames as their own.
Portuguese name | Giving Portuguese surnames to Afro-Brazilians and native Brazilians
Sometimes, different rules of romanization were applied to Japanese and Arabic names (like "Nacamura" and "Nakamura", "Yamaguchi" and "Iamaguti", "Sabag" and "Sappak", "Bukhalil" and "Bucalil"). Thus there are extensively adapted or misspelled foreign surnames used by Brazilian descendants of non-Portuguese immigrants. Due to emigration, nowadays one can find these misspelled surnames even in their original country.
Portuguese name | Non-Portuguese surnames in Brazil
The history of Brazil begins with indigenous people in Brazil. Europeans arrived in Brazil at the opening of the 16th century. The first European to claim sovereignty over Indigenous lands part of what is now the territory of the Federative Republic of Brazil on the continent of South America was Pedro Álvares Cabral (c. 1467/1468 – c. 1520) on April 22, 1500 under the sponsorship of the Kingdom of Portugal. From the 16th to the early 19th century, Brazil was a colony and a part of the Portuguese Empire. The country expanded south along the coast and west along the Amazon and other inland rivers from the original 15 donatary captaincy colonies established on the northeast Atlantic coast east of the Tordesillas Line of 1494 (approximately the 46th meridian west) that divided the Portuguese domain to the east from the Spanish domain to the west, although Brazil was at one time a colony of Spain.
History of Brazil | Introduction
The origin of the city name is a mystery. Câmara Cascudo, one of the most important historians in Brazil, gives some alternatives from other authors, with all the alternatives leading to the Tupi language. José de Alencar suggests us that Ceará comes from the Tupi expression "cê-ará", meaning "the parrot speaks" or "the parrot sings". Teodoro Sampaio gives us "ceará" or "cemo-ará", which is "the parrot leaves" or "the parrot's departure". There are also the versions of Paulino Nogueira and João Brigido, who suggest, respectively, "çoô-ará" and "ciri-ará", that are "truly hunting time" and "white crab".
Ceará-Mirim | Etymology
Some Portuguese names originated from foreigners who came to live in Portugal or Brazil many centuries ago. They are so ancient that, despite their known foreign origin, they are an integrated part of Portuguese and Brazilian cultures. Most of these names are Spanish, such as "Toledo" (a city in Spain), "Ávila" or "Dávila" (a city in Spain) and "Padilha". Other common "foreign" surnames are Bettencourt or Bittencourt (from Béthencourt, French), "Goulart, Goulard" or "Gullar" (French, original meaning is glutton), "Fontenele" or "Fontenelle" (French, from fountain), "Rubim" (from Robin, French), "Alencastro", "Lencastre" (from Lancaster, English), "Drummond" (Scottish), "Werneck, Vernek" or "Berneque" (southern German, the name of the Bavarian city Werneck), "Wanderley" (from "van der Ley", Flemish), "Dutra" (from "De Ultra", a Latin name meaning "from beyond" assumed by the Flemish family "Van Hurtere"), "Brum" (from "Bruyn", Flemish), Bulcão (from "Bulcamp", Flemish), "Dulmo" (from "van Olm", Flemish), Acioli (Italian), "Doria" (Italian), "Cavalcanti" (Italian), "Netto" or "Neto" (Italian, not to be confused with the name suffix "Neto" ("grandson") that is used in Portuguese to distinguish a grandson and grandfather who bear the same names).
Portuguese name | Foreign-origin surnames
According to the writer Aníbal Machado, born in Sabará, this river is known to the Indians as Uaimií and by the bandeirantes as Guaicuí, from which the name Dam (Barra) of Guaicuí for the place where the Das Velhas empties into the São Francisco River. In Tupi "gwaimi" means "old" whereas in Uaimii the final "i" means "river". "Rio Das Velhas means "River of the old women".
Das Velhas River | Origin of the name
The South of Brazil is the region with the largest percentage of Whites. According to the 2005 census, people of European ancestry account for 79.6% of the population. In colonial times, this region had a very small population. The region what is now Southern Brazil was originally settled by Amerindian peoples, mostly Guarani and Kaingangs. Only a few settlers from São Paulo were living there. This situation made the region vulnerable to attacks from neighboring countries. This fact forced the King of Portugal to decide to populate the region. For this, settlers from the Portuguese Azores islands were sent to the coast.
Brazil socio-geographic division | South
The origin of the population dates back to the beginning of the 20th century, with the arrival of immigrants from Brazil. Among them were a large number of Italians, Spaniards and Brazilians and other nationalities. In 1935 the first Development Commission was created, which would eventually become the present municipality.
Dos Arroyos | Background
Today their Southern Brazilian descendants number 9.7 million and comprise 35.9% of Southern Brazil's population.
South Region, Brazil | Italian settlement
The origins of the region begin with the bandeirantes, explorers during the Portuguese colonial period, who passed through on their way to the capitania of Goiás looking for gold and slaves. In 1771 the Conde de Valadares, Captain General of Minas Gerais, asked Inácio de Oliveira Campos to make explorations and excavations in the region. In 1773 in the valley of the Rio Dourados he started a ranch called Bromado dos Pavões. This small settlement became part of the Capitania of Goiás and the name was later changed to Salitre. In 1793 the first inhabitants appeared and in 1800 the first chapel was built.
Patrocínio | History
Although the Brazilian Army was created during the process of the independence of Brazil from Portugal, in 1822, with the units of the Portuguese Army in Brazil that have remained loyal to Prince Dom Pedro, its origins can date back to Land Forces used by Portuguese in the colonial wars against the French and Dutch, fought in 16th and 17th centuries. In the colonial period, King D. Manuel I ordered military expeditions with the purpose of protecting the Portuguese dominions in America, then newly discovered. As colonization advanced in Pernambuco and São Vicente, the native military authorities and bases of the colony's defensive organization began to be built to meet the ambitions of the French, English, and Dutch.
Brazilian Army | Origins (16th To 18th Centuries)
There are two possible origins for the name of the city. One that links it to the Tupi-Guarani language of the region's indigenous inhabitants, and another that relates it to the Língua Geral of São Paulo. The two versions come from similar expressions ""arará kûara" and "arara kûara"," which means "lair of the macaws."
Araraquara | Etymology
The local population is one of the most diverse in the country and descended mostly from Italians, who began immigrating to the country in the late 19th century; of the Portuguese, who colonized Brazil and installed the first European settlements in the region; indigenous peoples, many distinct ethnic groups; Africans, who were brought from Africa as slaves in the colonial era and migrants from other regions of the country. In addition, Arabs, Germans, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese, and Greeks also are present in the ethnic composition of the local population. The area that today corresponds to the state territory was already inhabited by indigenous peoples from approximately 12,000 BC.
São Paulo (state) | Introduction
Located in South America, Brazil is the fifth largest and fifth most populous nation in the world. First discovered by Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral on April 22, 1500, it remained a Portuguese colony until it declared its independence on September 7, 1822.
History of Brazilian nationality | Introduction
The name Itanhaém comes from the Tupi word "itá"-"nha'ẽ", meaning the "plate of rock". Some other tupinologists (people who study the ancient language Tupi, spoken by the natives back in the 16th century) believe itanhaém means, ita = rock - and nhaém = that cries; due to the rocky coast and the waves that constantly hit it. Itanhaém was among the greatest tour destinations in the State of São Paulo, in the late-1970s. Located in the Southeastern Brazil, the region is surrounded by the tropical Atlantic Forest that shelters many tropical animals such as colorful birds named Saíra (many subspecies) and animals such as Onças (Brazilian Jaguars), Quatis and Saruês.
Itanhaém | Location
Four ethnic groups were recognized in Imperial Brazil: white, black, Indian and brown. Brown (Portuguese: "pardo") was a designation for multiracial Brazilians which is still officially used, though some scholars prefer the term "mixed one" (Portuguese: "mestiço"). The term denotes a broad category which includes "caboclos" (descendants of whites and Indians), mulattoes (descendants of whites and blacks) and "cafuzos" (descendants of blacks and Indians). The "caboclos" formed the majority of the population in the Northern, Northeastern and Central-Western regions. A large mulatto population inhabited the eastern coast of the northeastern region from Bahia to Paraíba and were also present in northern Maranhão, southern Minas Gerais, eastern Rio de Janeiro and in Espírito Santo.
Empire of Brazil | Ethnic groups
The state of [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] was settled by colonists from São Paulo due to their proximity (Paraná was part of São Paulo until the mid-19th century).
Race and ethnicity in Brazil | South
Examples of widely used words of Tupi origin in Brazilian Portuguese include "abacaxi" ("pineapple"), "pipoca" ("popcorn"), "catapora" ("chickenpox"), and "siri" ("crab"). The names of thirteen of Brazil's twenty six states also have Amerindian origin. Starting in the early 19th century, Brazil started to receive substantial immigration of non-Portuguese-speaking people from Europe and Asia. Most immigrants, particularly Italians and Spaniards, adopted the Portuguese language after a few generations. Other immigrants, particularly Germans, Japanese, Arabs, Poles and Ukrainians, preserved their languages for more generations. German-speaking immigrants started arriving in 1824. They came not only from Germany, but also from other countries that had a substantial German-speaking population (Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Romania and Russia (Volga Germans).
Languages of Brazil | Overview
Before Romans entered the territory of present-day Portugal, the native people identified themselves by a single name, or that name followed by a patronym. The names could be Celtic (Mantaus), Lusitanian (Casae), Iberian (Sunua) or Conii (Alainus). The names were clearly ethnic and some typical of a tribe or region. A slow adoption of the Roman onomastic occurred after the end of the first century AD, with the adoption of a Roman name or of the tria nomina: praenomen (given name), nomen (gentile) and cognomen. Most Portuguese surnames have a patronymical, locative or religious origin.
Portuguese name | Origin of Portuguese surnames
Brazilians (, ) are citizens of Brazil. A Brazilian can also be a person born abroad to a Brazilian parent or legal guardian as well as a persons who acquired Brazilian citizenship. Brazil is a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many ethnic origins. As a result, majority of Brazilians do not equate their nationality with their ethnicity, usually embracing and espousing both simultaneously. In the period after the colonization of the Brazilian territory by Portugal, during much of the 16th century, the word "Brazilian" was given to the Portuguese merchants of Brazilwood, designating exclusively the name of such profession, since the inhabitants of the land were, in most of them, indigenous or Portuguese born in Portugal or in the territory now called Brazil.
Brazilians | Introduction
[[Northern Brazil]], largely covered by the [[Amazon rainforest]], is the Brazilian region with the largest [[Amerindian]] cultural influence and demographic presence. Inhabited by diverse indigenous tribes, this part of Brazil was reached by Portuguese colonists in the 17th century, but it started to be populated by non-Indians only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The exploitation of rubber used in the growing automobile industry, caused a huge migration to the region. Many people from the Northeastern Brazil, mostly [[Ceará]], moved to the Amazon area. The contact between the Indians and the northeastern rubbers created the base of the ethnic composition of the region, with its mixed-race majority.
Race and ethnicity in Brazil | North
The South of Brazil is the region with the largest percentage of Europeans. According to the 2005 census, people of European ancestry account for 79.6% of the population. In colonial times, this region had a very small population. The region what is now Southern Brazil was originally settled by Amerindian peoples, mostly Guarani and Kaingangs. Only a few settlers from São Paulo were living there. This situation made the region vulnerable to attacks from neighboring countries. This fact forced the King of Portugal to decide to populate the region. For this, settlers from the Portuguese Azores islands were sent to the coast.
Demographics of Brazil | South
The formation is named after Iguape, São Paulo.
Iguape Formation | Etymology
The name Cojedes, has its origin in the Cariban languages, which means: people of ceramics or people of ceramists. Name that also possesses one of the most important rivers of this federal entity of the plain, (Cojedes River) The same river that is born with the name of Rio Turbio; it passes through Barquisimeto and rises in the northern slope of the Portuguesa mountain range; when it reaches the plain of Barquisimeto it receives the flow of Rio Claro and so goes until it enters the territory of Cojedes, where it is joined by the Tucuragua and the Nirgua.
Cojedes (state) | Etymology
In this same area, there are numerous sites where you grow fruit trees and food crops, this provided relief to the Indigeans who first inhabited this region a true oasis, opposite the backcountry. Hence the origin of several designations contained in historical documents, as "Simão Dias's Woods," Matas Coité or the "Matas of Caiçá." With the Dutch invasion in Sergipe in the mid-seventeenth century, there is the determination of farmers to hide their flocks on the banks of the Rio Real. However Braz Rabelo, owner of Bahia, who owned herds in the lands of present |Itabaiana, decides to hide their cattle in the forest land by the River Caiçá.
Simão Dias | Origin
It is that the Americas were settled by three migratory waves from Northern Asia. The Native Brazilians are thought to descend from the first wave of migrants, who arrived in the region around 9000 BC. The main Native Brazilian groups are the Tupi-Guarani, the Jê, the Arawaks and the Caraibas (Kalina or Caribs). The Tupi-Guarani nation, originally from the Paraná river basin and also one of the largest of the Native-Paraguayan nations, had spread all along the Brazilian coastline from South to North and came to be known by the Portuguese as "Os Índios da Língua Geral" ("The Indians of the General Language"); the Jê nation occupied most of the interior of the country from Maranhão to Santa Catarina.
Demographics of Brazil | History of immigration
Before the Islamist conquered the Iberian peninsula it was called ‘ha-Levi’ or ‘ha-Itshari'. ‘De Oliveira’ who settled in Portugal, Galicia and Spain, adopted a translated form of their family name to disguise their Judean origin. And as according to USP historian Anita Novinsky - world authority in Portuguese Inquisition - 1 out of every 3 Portuguese who arrived in Brazil in the first decades of the 16th century after the discovery of Brazil by Pedro Alvares Cabral (he himself a new christian and member of the Order of Christ a Knights Templar order made exclusively of Judeans) were new Christians well over 2 million during the entire 16th century.
Oliveira (surname) | Origin of the surname
Brazil's racial base are its colonial-era population, consisting of Amerindians, Portuguese settlers, and African slaves:
Race and ethnicity in Brazil | Descendants of colonial-era population
Some of the earliest human remains found in the Americas, Luzia Woman, were found in the area of Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais and provide evidence of human habitation going back at least 11,000 years. When Portuguese explorers arrived in Brazil, the region was inhabited by hundreds of different types of Jiquabu tribes, "the earliest going back at least 10,000 years in the highlands of Minas Gerais". The dating of the origins of the first inhabitants, who were called "Indians" ("índios") by the Portuguese, is still a matter of dispute among archaeologists. The earliest pottery ever found in the Western Hemisphere, radiocarbon-dated 8,000 years old, has been excavated in the Amazon basin of Brazil, near Santarém, providing evidence to overturn the assumption that the tropical forest region was too poor in resources to have supported a complex prehistoric culture".
History of Brazil | Pre-Cabraline History
In the South, the immigrants established rural communities that, still today, have a strong cultural connection with their ancestral homelands. In Southeast Brazil, most of the immigrants were Italians (mainly from the Veneto, Campania, Calabria and Lombardia), Portuguese (mainly from Beira Alta, Minho and Alto Trás-os-Montes), Dutch, Spaniards (mainly from Galicia and Andalusia), Lithuanians, French, Hungarians and Ashkenazi Jews.
Demographics of Brazil | History of immigration