Adelheid Luise "Adele" Spitzeder (; 9 February 1832 – 27 or 28 October 1895), also known by her stage name Adele Vio, was a German actress, folk singer, and con artist. Initially a promising young actress, Spitzeder became a well-known private banker in 19th-century Munich when her theatrical success dwindled. Running what was possibly the first recorded Ponzi scheme, she offered large returns on investments by continually using the money of new investors to pay back the previous ones. At the height of her success, contemporary sources considered her the wealthiest woman in Bavaria. Opening her bank in 1869, Spitzeder managed to fend off attempts to discredit her for a few years before authorities were able to bring her to trial in 1872.
Introduction
Adele Spitzeder
Adele Spitzeder | Introduction
German actress, folk singer, and con artist. German actress, folk singer, and con artist A German actress, folk singer, and con artist. A German actress, folk singer, and con artist
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Adelheid Luise "Adele" Spitzeder (; 9 February 1832 – 27 or 28 October 1895), also known by her stage name Adele Vio, was a German actress, folk singer, and con artist. Initially a promising young actress, Spitzeder became a well-known private banker in 19th-century Munich when her theatrical success dwindled. Running what was possibly the first recorded Ponzi scheme, she offered large returns on investments by continually using the money of new investors to pay back the previous ones. At the height of her success, contemporary sources considered her the wealthiest woman in Bavaria. Opening her bank in 1869, Spitzeder managed to fend off attempts to discredit her for a few years before authorities were able to bring her to trial in 1872.
Adele Spitzeder | Introduction
In need of a new companion, Spitzeder placed an advertisement in the local newspapers for a "Gesellschafterin" ("lady's companion"), a code that was known to refer to women seeking a female romantic partner. Out of a large number of applicants, she chose a French woman who however apparently did not understand the code and thus left her house after only a few weeks. Shortly afterwards, Rosa Ehinger moved into the house next door with her mother. Originally from Augsburg, Ehinger had dreams of becoming an actress, so Spitzeder, 19 years her senior, took the young woman, who soon started working in her bank, in and showered her with lavish gifts.
Adele Spitzeder | Personal life
She was arrested again in 1880 for attempting to open a new bank without having the necessary permits but later released without charges. Spitzeder performed as a folk singer, living off friends and benefactors, but she never left her criminal life completely behind her, resulting in further trials and periods of incarceration. She died of cardiac arrest on 27 or 28 October 1895 in Munich.
Adele Spitzeder | Introduction
She was arrested on 13 February 1880 with her new companion, Marie Riedmayer, who had cared for her after her release from prison. However, the local prosecutors determined that people who were still willing to give her money after all that had happened did not need to be protected and Spitzeder was released.
Adele Spitzeder | Later life and death
After review, only assets corresponding to 15 percent of the investments were recovered. A wave of suicides by people who lost everything followed.
Adele Spitzeder | Bankruptcy and criminal charges
Other conservative Catholic newspapers, especially "Das Bayerische Vaterland" published by Johann Baptist Sigl, also supported her and characterized criticism of Spitzeder as attempts by "Jewish capital" to discredit a pious and hard-working woman, tapping into the widespread antisemitism of the times.
Adele Spitzeder | Public image
Her "masculine" behavior is generally highlighted, such as her cigar smoking and surrounding herself with beautiful young women. Unable to restrict her lifestyle, she began to live at the expense of her creditors and accrued significant debt in Hamburg and Zurich while working there. In 1868, she returned to Munich with her girlfriend Emilie to await job offers from theatrical agents but did not receive any she wanted. Dejected and penniless, she only had her mother's stipend of 50 gulden to live on. The money, however, was not sufficient to pay for her lifestyle of residing in hotels and inns with her girlfriend and six dogs.
Adele Spitzeder | Acting career
Another contemporary source, a 1872 article in the "Münchner Neueste Nachrichten" citing her indictment, claims her first money lending activities started in the spring of 1869.
Adele Spitzeder | Spitzedersche Privatbank
By 1871, Spitzeder was in possession of multiple millions of gulden and artwork valued at several million. According to a contemporary report in "Harper's Weekly", at the height of her fortune in 1872 she was considered to be the wealthiest woman in Bavaria.
Adele Spitzeder | Growth of business
No longer able to find work in Germany, she left for Vienna but the authorities there forbade any contact between her and the theater's director. Unable to perform under her own name, she began composing music and performing as Adele Vio. In 1878, she published her memoir entitled "Geschichte meines Lebens" (Story of my life). In it, she had formulated plans for after her release from prison, such as opening a brewery in the Au, a large restaurant in western Munich, and a horse racing track near Nymphenburg Palace, none of which came to fruition. After releasing her memoir, she again began to give out promissory notes that now contained explicit warnings that she was not providing any security and that the creditor has to be willing to waive any rights of reimbursement if she was not able to pay them back.
Adele Spitzeder | Later life and death
Nevertheless, she took one last engagement in Altona. During one of her engagements, she met Emilie Stier, stage name Branizka, a fellow actress with whom she soon began a romantic relationship. Despite multiple engagements over a period of many years, she failed to achieve lasting success on the stage. The contemporary source "Der Neue Pitaval" attested that she had the necessary talent but attributed her lack of success to her appearance. In his biography of Spitzeder, Julian Nebel cites a contemporary describing her as having a "not very beautiful, square face with rough traits, out of which a long, broad nose protrudes; the mouth is broad, the chin pointy, the gray eyes hard to read, a real butch".
Adele Spitzeder | Acting career
Spitzeder was released from prison on 9 September 1876 in poor health, being hemiplegic and unable to walk stairs on her own. During and after her stay in prison, those who had profited from her abandoned her and the newspapers that previously defended her made money by publishing exposés about her. However, some former customers, despite their losses, helped her; she found a place to stay with the widow of a judge and was given money. Her doctor prescribed her a stay at the sanatorium in Bad Wildbad where she went at her benefactors' expense. Shortly after arriving, she was surrounded by fans and received publicity in local newspapers.
Adele Spitzeder | Later life and death
Spitzeder never married, and she rejected numerous marriage proposals, including ones from men of the aristocracy. Despite her demonstrative Christian demeanor at a time when official Catholic doctrine declared homosexuality a sin, she tended to have an entourage composed mostly of young, attractive women. She was in relationships with multiple women. Spitzeder's first documented relationship was during her time in Brno with fellow actress Josefine Gallmeyer. However, as Gallmeyer was erratic and quickly grew bored with her, the relationship soon ended and Spitzeder left Brno for Munich. At some point during her acting career she met Emilie Stier (stage name Branizka) with whom she returned to Munich in 1868.
Adele Spitzeder | Personal life
On 7 November 1872, Munich's police also issued a lengthy statement detailing the bank's lack of reliability.
Adele Spitzeder | Clashes with authorities and competition
One of her employees was Rosa Ehinger, whose beauty and charm Spitzeder used to attract young men to the bank. Spitzeder's business practices and accounting were unconventional and chaotic. Money was deposited in large sacks and in various cupboards. Her employees, all or almost all without training in accounting, regularly simply took money, with the accounting being restricted to recording the names of depositors and the amounts they paid in, often only signed with "XXX" by her illiterate customers. Her business relied solely on acquiring new customers quickly enough to pay existing customers with the newly acquired money. According to some sources, hers was the first known Ponzi scheme.
Adele Spitzeder | Growth of business
She lived in Bad Wildbad for ten months where she started writing music for the pianino. She met the director of a theater in Altona who offered her a guest role but she was received negatively. The local "Altonaer Generalanzeiger" newspaper commissioned the production of small whistles which they sold as "Spitzeder-whistles" for people to use at her next performance. Spitzeder however refused to act on the stage in Altona again and left the town for Berlin where people waited in anticipation to see the famous fraudster. However, before she could perform, the Berlin police prevented her performance and forced her to depart the city the same day, so she returned to Munich.
Adele Spitzeder | Later life and death
brought Adele Spitzeder's story to the stage as a play for marionettes in the 1870s. In 1972, Martin Sperr wrote a television movie that was directed by Peer Raben and starred Ruth Drexel as Spitzeder. The play "Die Spitzeder" by Sperr was first performed on 11 September 1977. In 1992, the Bayerischer Rundfunk broadcast the documentary "Adele Spitzeder oder das Märchen von den Zinsen" ("Adele Spitzeder or the fairy tale about the interest") by . Xaver Schwarzenberger adapted the story again as a television movie titled "Die Verführerin Adele Spitzeder" ("The seducer Adele Spitzeder"). It was produced by the Bayerischer Rundfunk and the ORF, starred Birgit Minichmayr as Adele Spitzeder and was first broadcast on 11 January 2012.
Adele Spitzeder | In popular culture
Spitzeder cultivated an image of a resolute, pious woman concerned for the public welfare. During banking hours at her house in Schönfeld Street she was often seen sitting on an elevated leather chair in the middle of her banking office wearing a red nightgown and a cross around her neck, demonstratively signing notes for the money she received. In the halls of the building, cutouts of the negative articles from the "Münchner Neueste Nachrichten" were posted in an attempt to demonstrate that she had nothing to fear from such coverage. The long lines of waiting customers were often entertained by musical groups playing outside the bank and she provided free meals and drinks at the tavern "Wilhelm Tell" next door.
Adele Spitzeder | Public image
Contemporaneous English-language publications such as "Harper's Weekly" referred to it as the "Spitzeder swindle". In her doctoral thesis, Hannah Davies recounts the case of Johann Baptist Placht, who in 1874 was indicted for running a Ponzi scheme in Vienna and notes that contemporaries compared his business model to Spitzeder's. Unlike Placht and other fraudsters, Spitzeder never made claims of investing the money and explicitly gave no securities, which paradoxically led customers to trust her more. By October 1871, the proprietor of the hotel in which she was living and working was no longer willing to tolerate the customer traffic. Spitzeder moved into the house at No.
Adele Spitzeder | Growth of business
Adelheid Luise Spitzeder was born on 9 February 1832 in Berlin. Her parents were the actors and singers Josef Spitzeder and Elisabeth "Betty" Spitzeder-Vio. She had six half-siblings from her father's first marriage to Henriette Schüler. Her parents met in Berlin where both were engaged at the Königsstädtisches Theater, Josef as a director and Betty as an actress; they married in 1831. That year, he performed as a guest at the National Theater in Munich to critical acclaim. King Ludwig I offered him and his wife a salary of 6,000 gulden yearly if they took a permanent engagement at the National Theater, which led to the family moving to Munich.
Adele Spitzeder | Early life
After Spitzeder's arrest however, Ehinger disavowed her and denied having any romantic relationship with her. Ehinger even tried to argue that the payment of 50,000 gulden was damages for the reputational damage she suffered because of the rumors about her homosexuality, but she was ordered to repay the sum in full.
Adele Spitzeder | Personal life
She only allowed deposits after all payouts had been processed, which often took until noon, thereby creating long queues of waiting customers that enforced the impression that they should consider themselves lucky to be allowed to give her money. Customers who reached her were treated with crass and direct language, with Spitzeder telling them that she did not call them nor would she give them any securities. Her flaunted honesty combined with her demonstrative warnings and the focus on entertaining her customers served to enhance her standing with the common people. Spitzeder made generous donations to the Church, ostensibly for charity, and partook in regular pilgrimages to the Shrine of Our Lady of Altötting.
Adele Spitzeder | Public image
Because Ponzi schemes were not yet illegal, she was convicted instead of bad accounting and mishandling customers' money and sentenced to three years in prison. Her bank was closed and 32,000 people lost 38 million gulden, the equivalent of almost 400 million euros in 2017 money, causing a wave of suicides. Her personal fortune in art and cash was stripped from her. After her release from prison in 1876, Spitzeder lived off benefactors and unsuccessfully tried to act again in Altona and Berlin. She left Germany for Vienna but police there prevented her engagement, so she returned to Munich in 1878 to publish her memoir.
Adele Spitzeder | Introduction
Adele Mongan Fasick (born March 18, 1930) is an American author, scholar, professor emerita and former dean of library and information science for the Faculty of Information Studies, University of Toronto.
Adele M. Fasick | Introduction
Spitzeder soon had to borrow money from moneylenders to maintain her lifestyle. In late 1869, she met a carpenter's wife in Munich's Au district, then the city's poor neighborhood. After gaining her trust, Spitzeder claimed she knew someone who would pay the woman a return of 10 percent each month on her investments. The wife gave her 100 gulden and immediately received 20 gulden, two months of returns, with the promise of another 110 gulden within three months. According to a contemporary story in "Harper's Weekly", Spitzeder also placed an advertisement in the city's major newspaper, the "Münchner Neueste Nachrichten", asking to borrow 150 gulden with the promise of 10 percent interest after two months.
Adele Spitzeder | Spitzedersche Privatbank
Johann Josef Spitzeder (–1832) was a German actor and singer. A popular artist in his own right, he is today mostly remembered for being the father of confidence trickster and actress Adele Spitzeder. Spitzeder's year of birth is unclear. According to the "Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815-1950", Spitzeder was born on 2 September 1794 in Bonn (North Rhine-Westphalia). His entry in the "Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie" quotes a contemporary source as saying that he was born in 1795, similarly in Bonn, while the "Directory of German Biography" gives his birth year as 1796 and his place of birth as Kassel. He was educated by Joseph Weigl in Vienna where he got his start as an opera singer in 1816.
Josef Spitzeder | Introduction
Wanting to follow in her parents' footsteps and against her mother's wishes, Spitzeder studied with Munich actresses Konstanze Dahn and Charlotte von Hagn. In 1856 or 1857, she debuted at the Hofbühne in Coburg to great acclaim playing Deborah and Mary Stuart. In her memoirs, she claims that the Duke of Coburg and the Duke of Württemberg both praised her talent. Since there were no vacancies at Coburg, she left the Hofbühne to take an engagement at Mannheim before returning to Munich for a few guest roles at the National Theatre. Despite being offered a contract to play there, she knew that she would only be tasked with playing supporting roles due to fierce competition and thus decided to instead work at the theater of Brno.
Adele Spitzeder | Acting career
Adele Buffington (born Adele Burgdorfer, and sometimes billed as Jess Bowers) was an American screenwriter of the silent and sound film eras of Hollywood.
Adele Buffington | Introduction
Adele Stolte (12 October 1932 - 26 September 2020) was a German soprano singer in concert and Lieder, and an academic voice teacher.
Adele Stolte | Introduction
Adele Moroder-Lenèrt (Ortisei (now Urtijëi), 17 December 1887 – Ortisei, 11 February 1966) was an Austrian author who spent a considerable part of her life in Italy. She exclusively wrote in Ladin.
Adele Moroder | Introduction
Adele-Anaïs Colin Toudouze (1822 – 1899) was a fashion plate illustrator born in the Ukraine. She was born to a painter and lithographer, Alexandre-Marie Colin and his wife, who was also a painter.
Adele-Anaïs Colin Toudouze | Introduction
When Josef Spitzeder died suddenly on 13 December 1832, Ludwig I agreed to help Betty by paying for the children's tuition. Betty then married Franz Maurer and took an engagement at the Carltheater in Vienna in 1840, where Spitzeder attended a Höhere Mädchenschule run by the order of the Ursulines; after a year, she entered the convent's boarding school. In 1844, she and her mother moved back to Munich, where the family lived with Spitzeder's half-siblings and cousins. At age 16, she went to a renowned school led by Madame Tanche. After leaving Tanche's school, she was tutored in foreign languages, composing and piano-playing.
Adele Spitzeder | Early life
According to her autobiography, her success there led to conflicts with the other actors which in turn led her to leave the engagement after six months for health reasons. She then returned to Munich for six months to recuperate. Despite her mother's urging, she returned to acting at Nuremberg where she was engaged for a year. Afterwards, she played in Frankfurt, Bern, Zürich, Mainz and Karlsruhe. After returning to Munich to visit her mother, she was offered an acting job in Pest with annual salary of 3,000 gulden which she turned down at her mother's wishes. Her mother offered her 50 gulden per month for life if she turned the job down.
Adele Spitzeder | Acting career
Whenever she ventured to the hinterland, she treated the masses – who often welcomed her with cheers and gifts – to beer and hearty snacks. She also opened the "Münchner Volksküche" (Munich peoples' kitchen) at the Platzl, a tavern providing beer and food at discounted prices and with seating for up to 4,000 patrons, strengthening her image as the "angel for the poor". In total, she opened and operated twelve such soup kitchens. Her pious demeanor also persuaded local Catholic clergy to support her endeavors, bringing her new customers and shielding her from criticism by the government. The publicity Spitzeder generated soon attracted the interest of the local newspapers.
Adele Spitzeder | Public image
During her trial, the court's president emphasized the intimate relationship between both women, who shared a bed "breast to breast". The relationship continued into Spitzeder's banking career which Stier was actively supporting, with the "Münchner Neueste Nachrichten" soon reporting on "two tricksters that take people's money". However, the romantic relationship ended abruptly when after a fight Stier left the premises head over heels; the reason for their fight is unknown to this day. The end of the relationship depressed Spitzeder who locked herself in her rooms and only recovered because her customers, wishing to be able to invest in her bank again, cared for her until she recovered.
Adele Spitzeder | Personal life
Additionally, 60 customers, organized by rival private banks, visited her residence and demanded all of their money back, which was more than Spitzeder had available, leading to the bank's collapse. Ehinger tried to flee with 50,000 gulden that she claimed was a gift from Spitzeder but both women were arrested and the money seized. Spitzeder's house was closed by the police and soldiers and policemen were placed on the premises to safeguard the remaining items of value and prevent acts of aggression by the populace. During her bank's existence, 32,000 customers were defrauded of 38 million gulden, roughly 400 million euros in 2017 money.
Adele Spitzeder | Bankruptcy and criminal charges
Adele Lewing (6 August 1866 – 16 February 1943) was a German pianist and composer.
Adele Lewing | Introduction
Adele Passy-Cornet (22 January 1838 – 2 November 1915) was a German opera singer (soprano).
Adele Passy-Cornet | Introduction
Adele Neuhauser (born 17 January 1959 in Athens, Greece) is an Austrian actress. She began her career as a theater actress. Later she also worked for television and cinema. She is a member of the Akademie des Österreichischen Films.
Adele Neuhauser | Introduction
It was followed by "Barnafröjd: versifierade lekar och berättelser" in 1899. She also wrote for various newspapers and magazines and published plays and poetry.
Adéle Weman | Introduction
Spitzeder's banking services quickly became the talk of the town in Munich's poorer communities thanks to favorable word-of-mouth advertising and soon, more people gave her their savings. In 1869, she officially founded the Spitzedersche Privatbank. Because her customers were mostly workers from the northern outskirts of Munich, especially the town of Dachau, her bank also came to be known as "Dachauer Bank". Some farmers sold their farms to live off the interest alone. Many lower-class Christians mistrusted the Jewish moneylenders, preferring to bank with a Christian, and she soon had to rent additional rooms in her hotel to accommodate her up to forty employees.
Adele Spitzeder | Growth of business
To circumvent the official ban on lending money, she allowed her workers to take money from the bank and lend it to customers under their own name. Some of her workers used this opportunity to enrich themselves, such as Franz Wagner, a scribe with a monthly salary of 60 gulden, who later bought a house for 59,000 gulden. The success of the Dachauer Bank led to customers withdrawing large amounts of funds from other banks, especially the Sparkassen, threatening their existence. The Munich Sparkasse's leadership first discussed the competition by Spitzeder in May 1871, having lost some 50,000 gulden to her bank.
Adele Spitzeder | Clashes with authorities and competition
In 1980 she was posthumously awarded the Mathilde Schechter Award for her accomplishments.
Adele Ginzberg | Introduction
Adele Bildersee, (1883–1971) was an American educator and author.
Adele Bildersee | Introduction
The "Münchner Neueste Nachrichten" started a new attack on Spitzeder in the fall of 1872, repeating the warnings of the authorities, explaining the possible ways the government might intervene and prophesying the immediate demise of the bank. In November 1872, the withdrawals clearly exceeded the investments, forcing Spitzeder to limit withdrawals to an hour between six and seven in the morning, with no withdrawals on Wednesdays and Saturdays. The police persuaded 40 of her customers to present their claims to the district court, which then ordered a review of the bank's books. On 12 November 1872, a five-person inquiry commission arrived at the bank to perform a court-ordered review.
Adele Spitzeder | Bankruptcy and criminal charges
From 1871, the authorities tried to find legal reasons to stop her business but since she was fulfilling her obligations to her customers as promised, she avoided official intervention. While the city of Munich began taxing her as a "Bankier 2. Klasse" ("second class banker"), she avoided calls to be entered into the register of companies at this time. In 1872, the Munich Commerce Court decided that she had to enter her business in the register of companies, revising its earlier decision, which included rules about proper accounting. Since the court's ruling only applied to her money-lending business, she instead stopped lending and focused on taking in money.
Adele Spitzeder | Clashes with authorities and competition
Adele Reinhartz (born 1953) is a Canadian academic and a specialist in the history and literature of Christianity and Judaism in the Greco-Roman period, the Gospel of John, early Jewish–Christian relations, literary criticism including feminist literary criticism, feminist exegesis, and the impact of the Bible on popular cinema and television.
Adele Reinhartz | Introduction
Adele Garavaglia (1869–1944) was an Italian stage and film actress.
Adele Garavaglia | Introduction
She was the first woman to be nominated to the Board of Trustees of the University of Louisville and served various Kentucky art organizations.
Adele Brandeis | Introduction
Adele Lewisohn Lehman (May 17, 1882 – August 11, 1965) was an American philanthropist and member of the Lehman family.
Adele Lewisohn Lehman | Introduction
Adele "Delia" Lindley Straup (November 27, 1866 - September 15, 1947) was an American educator and club woman.
Delia L. Straup | Introduction
Adele Jergens (November 26, 1917 – November 22, 2002) was an American actress.
Adele Jergens | Introduction
Spitzeder withstood the pressure levied against her by the authorities and the "Münchner Neueste Nachrichten" for a while, mainly because banking laws and financial regulations were non-existent and because a few years prior, Bavaria had introduced legislation that allowed almost any business to operate with almost no oversight. In February 1872, an attempt by the "Münchner Neueste Nachrichten" to discredit her made a lot of customers ask for their investments back, but also brought a rise in new customers. In March 1872, Munich's police director had to admit that the attack, which the police had hoped would end Spitzeder's business, had failed.
Adele Spitzeder | Bankruptcy and criminal charges
The foremost of her critics was the liberal "Münchner Neueste Nachrichten" which in 1870 began calling Spitzeder a fraudster and kept questioning her honesty and business practices until the end. In reaction to it, she placed an ad in every major newspaper – except the "Münchner Neueste Nachrichten", which refused to print it – challenging her critics to demonstrate that she enticed her customers to give her money or that they were being disadvantaged. After attempts to bribe the "Münchner Neuste Nachrichten"'s editor in chief, August Napoleon Vecchioni, to cease their criticism failed, Spitzeder turned to the newspaper's main rival, the Catholic-conservative "Volksbote." A newspaper circulated in similar numbers as the "Münchner Neueste Nachrichten", the "Volksbote" was in serious financial troubles which it solved with a 13,000 gulden loan from Spitzeder; in turn, the "Volksbote" responded to each criticism in the "Münchner Neueste Nachrichten".
Adele Spitzeder | Public image
Adele Bloesch-Stöcker (12 June 1875 – 10 September 1978) was a Swiss-German violinist and composer. She was born in Gummersbach, Germany, and was associated with Fritz Brun and Othmar Schoeck. She performed in Cologne, Berlin, Leipzig and Bern and was a founding member of the Bern Chamber Orchestra. In 1909 she married Swiss author Hans Bloesch (1878-1945). She was responsible for the musical aspects of the Schweizeische Ausstellung für Frauenarbeit (SAFFA) in 1928, for which she composed a SAFFA walz and directed the women orchestra.
Adele Bloesch-Stöcker | Introduction
9 Schönfeld Street near the Englischer Garten which she bought for 54,000 gulden of her customers' money. Including bank employees, there were 83 people who worked from her house, many of whom were brokers who received a five-to-seven percent commission for each new customer. She soon expanded her business and started buying and selling houses and land throughout Bavaria, buying 17 houses in prime locations in Munich alone. By 1871, she received 50,000 to 60,000 gulden each day, although she had lowered her returns paid to 8% per month. Despite the size of her business, the bank had no premises of its own and all business was done first out of her hotel rooms and later her house.
Adele Spitzeder | Growth of business
Adele Marion Fielde (March 30, 1839 – February 23, 1916) was a social activist, Baptist missionary, scientist, and writer.
Adele M. Fielde | Introduction
Adele H. Cohen (born July 19, 1942) is an American lawyer and former politician. She is a 1964 graduate of Brooklyn College.
Adele Cohen | Introduction
Adèle Esquiros, née Adèle-Julie Battanchon (12 December 1819 – 22 December 1886) was a French feminist journalist and writer.
Adèle Esquiros | Introduction
Adèle Bayer (née Parmentier, born Belgium 4 July 1814 and died in Brooklyn, New York 22 January 1892) was a Philanthropist active in both missionary work to Native Americans and seafarers missions.
Adèle Bayer | Introduction
Adele Terese Katz (26 August 1887 – May 1979) was a music teacher and music theorist, and author. She was the first person to publish English-language writings about Schenkerian analysis. Katz was born in San Francisco, California, to Emanuel Katz (who was born in Missouri), who worked in advertising, and Hanna Gunst Katz (who was born in Talberton, Georgia), both Jewish of German descent. She had one brother, Sidney (born 1874), who followed his father in advertising. By 1910, Sidney and his father were living in Chicago, while Adele and her mother were living at 308 McDonough Street in Brooklyn, New York.
Adele T. Katz | Introduction
Johann Baptist Spitzeder (24 December 1764 – 2 October 1842) was an Austrian actor and bass singer.
Johann Baptist Spitzeder | Introduction
Luise Adelaide Lavinia Schopenhauer, known as Adele Schopenhauer (12 July 1797 – 25 August 1849), was a German author. She was the sister of the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer and daughter of author Johanna Schopenhauer. "Henriette Sommer" and "Adrian van der Venne" were pseudonyms used by her.
Adele Schopenhauer | Introduction
Adele and her husband were art collectors and enthusiastic patrons of the opera, but in 1910 she described herself as "a humble social worker".
Adele Meyer | Introduction
Jules Kyburz, chairman of the board MGB, portrayed with moving words Adele Duttweiler's life and work, and Reverend Peter Vogelsanger called and remembered the life stages of this "unusual woman".
Adele Duttweiler | Late life and death
Laetitia Grimaldi Spitzer is a French Lyric soprano ,and graduate of The Juilliard School in New York City.
Laetitia Grimaldi | Introduction
A small street in Kufstein was named after her: Adele-Stürzl-Weg.
Adele Stürzl | Remembrance
Adele was a Swiss cargo ship, later the merchant ship Sunadele. Initiated by Gottlieb Duttweiler and named after Adele Duttweiler, she served in the Merchant Marine of Switzerland.
Adele (1952 ship) | Introduction
Adele Farrington (1867 – 19 December 1936) was an American actress of the silent film era.
Adele Farrington | Introduction
Next came a daughter, Léopoldine, born in 1824. Léopoldine's death in 1843, shortly after her marriage, would cause great distress to her parents, and inspired many of her father's poems, especially those in "Contemplations".
Adèle Foucher | Early life
Adelė Daunoravičiūtė (; born 29 April 1991) is a Lithuanian pianist.
Adelė Daunoravičiūtė | Introduction
Ida Seltzer, later Adele Starr, was born in Brooklyn, New York, on February 10, 1920, the daughter of an accountant and a homemaker.
Adele Starr | Early life
Ernestine Spitzer (22 April 1836-13 March 1897) was an Austrian fashion businessperson. She was the founder of the fashion house G. & E. Spitzer in Vienna.
Ernestine Spitzer | Introduction
Adele Stürzl (November 23, 1892 – June 30, 1944) was an Austrian communist and resistance fighter against National Socialism.
Adele Stürzl | Introduction
Adele Mara (born Adelaida Delgado; April 28, 1923 – May 7, 2010) was an American actress, singer, and dancer, who appeared in films during the 1940s and 1950s and on television in the 1950s and 1960s. During the 1940s, the blonde actress was also a popular pinup girl.
Adele Mara | Introduction
Adele "Dele" Kurzweil (January 31, 1925 – September 9, 1942) was an Austrian girl of Jewish origin who was tracked down by Nazi Germany and murdered in Auschwitz concentration camp at arrival. Her fate became widely known after suitcases had been discovered in 1990 at her family's last refuge in the southern French town of Auvillar.
Adele Kurzweil | Introduction
Adèle Kindt (16 December 1804 – 8 May 1893) was a Belgian painter; known primarily for portraits and genre scenes.
Adèle Kindt | Introduction
Adele Ritchie (December 21, 1874 – April 24, 1930) was an American prima donna of comic opera and star of Edwardian musical comedies and vaudeville. Her career began in the early 1890s and continued for nearly twenty-five years. Her life would end tragically in a murder–suicide involving a close friend.
Adele Ritchie | Introduction
Adele (French: "Adèle"; also Adela or Adélaïde/Aelis) (? — 1053) was a French noble lady and the Countess "suo jure" of Bar-sur-Aube.
Adele of Bar-sur-Aube | Introduction
Commenting on Adele's nosey opinions on her colleague's lives a reporter from the "Daily Record" quipped, "As we've noted before, Adele is part human X-ray machine, part mind-reader, so watch this space."
Adele Effanga | Reception
Adele Schulenburg Gleeson (January 18, 1883 – 1971) was an American sculptor active in Missouri and Connecticut. She shared a studio with Nancy Coonsman and specialized in "vigorous" bas reliefs for St. Louis and New York City buildings.
Adele Schulenburg Gleeson | Introduction
In 2012–13 she was president of the Canadian Philosophical Association.
Adèle Mercier | Introduction
He set up his own business importing textiles into Hungary. Arthur's mother, Adele Jeiteles, was born on 25 June 1871 into a prominent Jewish family in Prague. Among her ancestors was , a prominent 18th-century physician and essayist, whose son Juda Jeitteles became a well-known poet. Beethoven set some of his poems to music. Adele's father, Jacob Jeiteles, moved the family to Vienna, where she grew up in relative prosperity until about 1890. Faced with financial difficulties, her father abandoned his wife and daughter, and emigrated to the United States. Adele and her mother moved from Vienna to Budapest to stay with Adele's older married sister.
Arthur Koestler | Origins and early life
She has served on the editorial boards of various scientific journals including Child Development.
Adele Eskeles Gottfried | Biography
Contemporary reports on the trial pointed to similarities to the case of Adele Spitzeder, who had run a similar business in Munich until November 1872; Spitzeder, however, unlike Placht, never claimed to invest the money people gave her or in fact explained how she intended to make a profit at all. In both cases, the customers were mainly from the lower classes of society.
Johann Baptist Placht | Similar cases
Upon her death, she left much of her collection to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Fogg Museum.
Adele Lewisohn Lehman | Personal life
Haenel continued her studies in economics and sociology, eventually receiving a master's degree. She also pursued studies in physics and marine biology.
Adèle Haenel | Early life
Adele Sandrock (, 19 August 1863 – 30 August 1937) was a German-Dutch actress. After a successful theatrical career, she became one of the first German movie stars.
Adele Sandrock | Introduction
Adèle de Pierre (1 April 1800 – 5 August 1890) was a Swiss educator and translator.
Adèle de Pierre | Introduction
Adele (born 1988) is an English singer-songwriter. Adele may also refer to:
Adele (disambiguation) | Introduction
Adela Mary Younghusband (née Roche, 3 April 1878 – 3 April 1969), generally known as Adele Younghusband, was a New Zealand painter and photographer.
Adele Younghusband | Introduction
Adele Goldberg (born July 22, 1945) is a computer scientist who participated in developing the programming language Smalltalk-80 and various concepts related to object-oriented programming while a researcher at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), in the 1970s.
Adele Goldberg (computer scientist) | Introduction
Adele Cambria (Reggio Calabria, 12 July 1931 – Rome, 5 November 2015.) was an Italian journalist, writer, and actress.
Adele Cambria | Introduction
Adele Maria Bertei (born 1955) is an American singer, songwriter, writer and director.
Adele Bertei | Introduction
She also blogs for the Huffington Post.
Adele Bertei | Writing
In the 1920s, she served as a member of parliament and a member of the District Committee for the People's Council of Burzenland. She remained active in educational and political movements until her death in 1928.
Adele Zay | Introduction
Adele Kibre was an expert in microphotography who participated in the clandestine discovery and filming of European academic documents during World War II at a time when Western libraries were otherwise unable to obtain scientific publications from countries with whom they were at war.
Adele Kibre | Introduction
By that time she was already teaching music. From 1896 to 1907, she attended the Packer Collegiate Institute where she studied harmony with Raymond Huntington Woodman and violin with Henry Schradieck. She also studied theory and composition with Alfredo Casella, Gena Branscombe and Mortimer Wilson. In 1927, she moved to 277 West End Avenue in Manhattan, where she lived until her death in 1979.
Adele T. Katz | Introduction
Adele Goodman Clark (September 27, 1882 – June 4, 1983) was an American artist and suffragist.
Adele Goodman Clark | Introduction
Adèle Van Reeth (born 1982), is a French philosopher, radio producer and columnist.
Adèle Van Reeth | Introduction