Since 1983, a combination of civil war and famine has taken the lives of nearly two million people in Sudan. It is estimated that as many as 200,000 people had been taken into slavery during the Second Sudanese Civil War. Sudan ranks 172 of 180 countries in terms of freedom of the press according to Reporters Without Borders. More curbs of press freedom to report official corruption are planned. Muslims who convert to Christianity can face the death penalty for apostasy, see Persecution of Christians in Sudan and the death sentence against Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag (who actually was raised as Christian).
Human rights
Sudan
Sudan | Human rights
Muslims who convert to Christianity can face the death penalty,  88% of women in Sudan had undergone female genital mutilation, restricting women's rights and allowing child marriage Nearly two million people have died due to civil war and famine, since 1983; Muslims who convert to Christianity can face the death penalty for apostasy. There are reports of slavery, restrictions on freedom of press, persecution of Christians, female genital mutilation and persecution of homosexuality. Is it very bad, slavery is common and it ranks 172 of 180 countries in terms of freedom of the press.
where is chad located?
user
North-central Africa.
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what kind of weather does it have?
user
Tropical
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which ethnic groups are based there?
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Sara, Arabs, Toubous
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is the first group based in any other country as well?
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Yes - Central African Republic, Sudan
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what is the status of human rights in the second place?
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The following chart shows Sudan's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".
Human rights in Sudan | Historical situation
Since 1983, a combination of civil war and famine has taken the lives of nearly two million people in Sudan. It is estimated that as many as 200,000 people had been taken into slavery during the Second Sudanese Civil War. Sudan ranks 172 of 180 countries in terms of freedom of the press according to Reporters Without Borders. More curbs of press freedom to report official corruption are planned. Muslims who convert to Christianity can face the death penalty for apostasy, see Persecution of Christians in Sudan and the death sentence against Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag (who actually was raised as Christian).
Sudan | Human rights
Sudan's stances on international human rights treaties are as follows: Hiwaar organisation
Human rights in Sudan | International treaties
Sudan is a developing nation that faces many challenges in regard to gender inequality. Freedom House gave Sudan the lowest possible ranking among repressive regimes during 2012. South Sudan received a slightly higher rating but it was also rated as "not free". In the 2013 report of 2012 data, Sudan ranks 171st out of 186 countries on the Human Development Index (HDI). Sudan also is one of very few countries that are not a signatory on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Despite all of this, there have been positive changes in regard to gender equality in Sudan.
Human rights in Sudan | Women's rights
The government responded by apparently giving military support to Arab militias. There are reports of Sudanese military planes bombing villages, after which Arab militias go in and rape and kill survivors.
Human rights in Sudan | Abuses in conflict settings
According to Ihsan Fagiri, leader of the No to Oppression Against Women Initiative, around 45,000 women were prosecuted under the Public Order Act in 2016 alone. In April 2020, the Criminal Code was amended to criminalise female genital mutilation (FGM), which was made punishable by a fine and 3 years imprisonment. In July 2020, the need for women to obtain permission from a male relative to travel, and flogging as a form of punishment, were abolished. Women's rights activists such as "500 Words" magazine editor Ola Diab and Redress legal advisor Charlie Loudon hailed the abolition of repressive measures and restrictions on women as 'great first steps'.
Human rights in Sudan | Democratic transition (2019–present)
Sudan's human rights record has been widely condemned. Some human rights organizations have documented a variety of abuses and atrocities carried out by the Sudanese government over the past several years under the rule of Omar al-Bashir. The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted serious concerns over human rights violations by the government and militia groups. Capital punishment, including crucifixion, is used for many crimes. In September, 2019, the government of Sudan signed an agreement with the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights to open a UN Human Rights Office in Khartoum and field offices in Darfur, Blue Nile, Southern Kordofan and East Sudan.
Human rights in Sudan | Introduction
Several hundred adults and children were imprisoned after members of the Justice and Equality Movement attacked Khartoum in May 2008, a disproportionate number from the Darfur region. Human Rights Watch criticised the Sudanese government for refusing to provide any information on their whereabouts. Evidence of widespread torture and abuse was found on released prisoners and was gathered in numerous interviews recorded by Human Rights Watch. In July 2020, flogging as a form of punishment was abolished.
Human rights in Sudan | Prisoner abuse
According to a 2013 UNICEF report, 88% of women in Sudan had undergone female genital mutilation. Sudan's Personal Status law on marriage has been criticised for restricting women's rights and allowing child marriage. Evidence suggests that support for female genital mutilation remains high, especially among rural and less well educated groups, although it has been declining in recent years. Homosexuality is illegal; as of July 2020 it was no longer a capital offense, with the highest punishment being life imprisonment.
Sudan | Human rights
As of 2012, women embodied 24.1% of the National Assembly of Sudan. Sudanese women account for a larger percentage of the national parliament than many Westernized nations. Notwithstanding that, gender inequalities in Sudan, particularly as they pertain to female genital mutilation and the disparity of women to men in the labor market, have received attention in the international community. Sudan signed the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol) on 30 June 2008, but as of July 2020 has not ratified it yet.
Human rights in Sudan | Women's rights
In the period from 2003 to 2011, Mudawi Ibrahim Adam was repeatedly arrested for charges related to his human rights work with the group Sudan Social Development Organization. These arrests were protested by groups including Human Rights Watch, Front Line, and Amnesty International, the latter of whom named him a "prisoner of conscience." On 5 March 2009, the same day that President Omar al-Bashir was indicted by the ICC, the Sudanese government ordered the closure of SUDO, and its offices were taken over by state security forces. The "New York Times" reported that the letter closing the offices "came from the Humanitarian Affairs Commission, which is run by Ahmed Haroun, one of the people facing an arrest warrant from the International Criminal Court for mass slaughter in Darfur." The Sudanese government simultaneously expelled "the International Rescue Committee, Oxfam UK, CARE, Mercy Corps and the Dutch section of Doctors Without Borders.
Human rights in Sudan | Persecution of human rights defenders
The Carter Center and the EU noted substantial progress in correcting these deficiencies prior to the second round.
Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | Elections and political participation
South Sudanese civil society groups called on Kenya to investigate the disappearance of South Sudanese activists in Nairobi. Many point to the presence of South Sudanese security in Kenya and the alleged complicity of some Kenyan authorities.
Human rights in South Sudan | Civil society
Sudan was not on the ballot for the 12 November 2012 election to UNHRC, but Ethiopia was elected.
United Nations Human Rights Council | Sudan and Ethiopia
Mudawi and SUDO appealed their closure in court, winning the appeal in April 2010. However, according to a 2011 SUDO press release, the organization remains effectively closed: "in Sudan you can win a case but nothing changes. SUDO’s offices remained locked, its assets remained frozen, and the organization in Sudan was not allowed to resume operations."
Human rights in Sudan | Persecution of human rights defenders
Human rights in South Sudan are a contentious issue, owing at least in part to the country's violent history.
Human rights in South Sudan | Introduction
In July 2020, during the 2019–2021 Sudanese transition to democracy, Justice Minister Nasredeen Abdulbari stated that "all the laws violating the human rights in Sudan" were to be scrapped, and for this reason, Parliament passed a series of laws in early July 2020.
Human rights in Sudan | Introduction
When the democratic transition was initiated in 2019 after large-scale protests led by Sudanese women, gradual legal reform has improved the status of women's rights in the country. In late 2019, the Public Order Act was repealed; it was controversial for various reasons, such as Article 152 of the Act, which stipulated that women who wore trousers in public should be lashed 40 times. Other restrictions targeting women that were repealed included the lack of freedom of dress (by the mandatory hijab and other measures), movement, association, work and study. Alleged violations (many of whom were considered 'arbitrary' by activists) were punished with arrest, beatings and deprivation of civil rights such as freedom of association and expression.
Human rights in Sudan | Democratic transition (2019–present)
Conflicts between the government and rebel groups—the civil war involving north-south tensions, the Darfur conflict involving Arab-tribespeople tensions in the Darfur region in the west—have resulted in rape, torture, killings, and massive population displacements (estimated at over 2 million in 2007), earning Sudan comparison to Rwanda in the press. There have also been several reported cases of crucifixions carried out in Sudan. According to "The Christian Science Monitor" on 25 March 2004: The Darfur region war boils down to this: African tribes have long been at odds with Arab groups in the region over access to good land. Then, last year, two armed African groups began a rebellion against the Khartoum regime.
Human rights in Sudan | Abuses in conflict settings
The Constitution of South Sudan describes the country as "a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, multi-lingual, multi-religious and multi-racial entity where such diversities peacefully coexist". Part One of the Constitution also states that "South Sudan is founded on justice, equality, respect for human dignity and advancement of human rights and fundamental freedoms". Part Two of the Constitution of South Sudan includes the Bill Rights and provides a comprehensive description of rights and liberties protected under the Constitution. It states that "[all] rights and freedoms enshrined in international human rights treaties, covenants and instruments ratified or acceded to by the Republic of South Sudan will be an integral part of this Bill".
Human rights in South Sudan | Constitutional provisions
In July 2012, it was reported that Sudan and Ethiopia were nominated for a UNHRC seat, despite being accused by human rights organizations of grave human rights violations. UN Watch condemned the move to nominate Sudan, pointing out that Sudan's President Omar Al-Bashir was indicted for genocide by the International Criminal Court. According to UN Watch, Sudan was virtually assured of securing a seat. A joint letter of 18 African and international civil society organizations urged foreign ministers of the African Union to reverse its endorsement of Ethiopia and Sudan for a seat, accusing them of serious human rights violations and listing examples of such violations, and stating that they should not be rewarded with a seat.
United Nations Human Rights Council | Sudan and Ethiopia
The national army, called the Sudan People's Liberation Army, is often accused of attacking civilians on suspicion of aiding rebels.
Human rights in South Sudan | Civilian collective punishment
The justice system of Sudan has insufficiently upheld equal rights for the South Sudanese people. According to Amnesty International, the government has failed to guarantee due process and fair trials, and it has also arbitrarily arrested and detained people without ensuring their right to legal counsel. The defection of many police officers, as well as other internal conflicts, has decreased the police and judiciary's ability to enforce the law, especially in areas like Jonglei, Unity, and Upper Nile.
Human rights in South Sudan | Justice system
In the 4 August Draft Constitutional Declaration, Chapter 14 defines "Rights and freedoms". Article 41.(2) states that all international human rights agreements, pacts, and charters ratified by the Republic of Sudan are considered to be "an integral part" of the Draft Constitutional Declaration.
2019–2022 Sudanese transition to democracy | Human rights
They claimed that the police had beat them, releasing a photo of one of the wounded.
Human rights in Western Sahara | Status at 2010
These treaties are the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and its Optional Protocol, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman of Degrading Treatment of Punishment and its Optional Protocol, and Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Human rights in South Sudan | International law framework
The Bill covers a wide range of rights in political, civil, economic, social, and cultural spheres and places an emphasis on the rights of women, children, and the disabled. The Bill also protects freedoms, such as freedom from torture, freedom of assembly and association, freedom of worship, and freedom of expression and media, among many others.
Human rights in South Sudan | Constitutional provisions
It recalled the primary responsibility of the Sudanese government to protect its civilians, respect human rights and maintain law and order. At the same time, the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM) also had to respect human rights. It emphasised that the ultimate resolution to the crisis in Darfur was the return of refugees and internally displaced persons, with the Council expressing its determination to end the suffering of people in Darfur.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1564 | Observations
A 2015 African Union report accused both sides of rape, torture and forced cannibalism.
Human rights in South Sudan | Ethnic violence
The U.S. Department of State's "2011 Human Rights Report" found "widespread" societal discrimination against gay men and lesbians, and stated that there were no known LGBT organisations.
LGBT rights in South Sudan | Public attitudes
The chart shows the CAR's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".
Human rights in the Central African Republic | Historical situation
A letter dated 14 August 2006, from the executive director of Human Rights Watch found that the Sudanese government is both incapable of protecting its own citizens in Darfur and unwilling to do so, and that its militias are guilty of crimes against humanity. The letter added that these human-rights abuses have existed since 2004. Some reports attribute part of the violations to the rebels as well as the government and the Janjaweed. The U.S. State Department's human-rights report issued in March 2007 claims that ""[a]"ll parties to the conflagration committed serious abuses, including widespread killing of civilians, rape as a tool of war, systematic torture, robbery and recruitment of child soldiers." Over 2.8 million civilians have been displaced and the death toll is estimated at 300,000 killed.
Sudan | Darfur
In the United Nations on 4 February 2011, International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association application for consultative status for the UN's Economic and Social Council was called for a vote. Sudan then called for a No Action Motion to prevent voting on the consultative status for the LGBT group, and their motion passed 9-7 so the issue was not voted on. Also, Sudan voted against every supportive resolution of LGBT rights at the United Nations.
LGBT rights in Sudan | Politics regarding LGBT rights
Many women in South Sudan are living “without basic forms of human security, health care or economic stability”. According to the United Nations, 33 percent of South Sudanese women are moderately or severely food insecure.
Human rights in South Sudan | Women's rights
A Kenyan aide worker was also abducted, and has not been seen since.
Human rights in Sudan | Slavery
The Republic of South Sudan voluntary pledged in October 2013 for candidature to the Human Rights Council. It stated that its interest in joining the Human Rights Council stemmed from “its desire both to contribute to the promotion of human rights, based on the principles that inspired its liberation struggle, and to take advantage of its membership to enhance its knowledge of international human rights and build its capacity to promote and protect those rights”. In 2013, South Sudan acceded to several treaties and submitted them to the Legislative Assembly for adoption. These treaties include: In 2015, South Sudan ratified five international human rights treaties.
Human rights in South Sudan | International law framework
The Sudanese National Human Rights Commission has been headed by Hurriya Ismail, appointed by former president Omar al-Bashir, since March 2018 or earlier and continued under her leadership during the 2019 Sudanese transition to democracy.
National Human Rights Commission (Sudan) | Introduction
Abdel Rahman Sule, the leader of the key opposition group United Democratic Forum, has been under arrest since November 3, 2011 over allegations linking him to the formation of a new rebel group fighting against the government. The SPLA is generally intolerant of opposition, and although there are officially five opposition parties in South Sudan, none of them have the resources or experience necessary to gain true political power.
Human rights in South Sudan | Political freedom
They were given guns and their pay was what they could loot and women they could capture, who were raped.
Human rights in South Sudan | Gender-based violence
The following chart shows the Democratic Republic of the Congo's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".
Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | Historical situation
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Sudan face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity has been illegal in Sudan, with sentences including but not limited to capital punishment. However, in July 2020, the sodomy law that previously punished gay men with up to 100 lashes for the first offence, five years in jail for the second and the death penalty the third time around was abolished, with new legislation reducing the penalty to prison terms ranging from five years to life. Sudanese LGBT+ activists hailed the reform as a 'great first step', but said it was not enough yet, and the end goal should be the decriminalisation of gay sexual activity altogether.
Human rights in Sudan | LGBT rights
The first LGBT association of the country is Freedom Sudan, founded in December 2006. However, no internet presence is seen from the group after 2013 on Facebook page. Another group Rainbow Sudan, was founded on 9 February 2012. Its founder, known as Mohammed, said,
LGBT rights in Sudan | Social attitudes
The CAR's stances on international human rights treaties are as follows:
Human rights in the Central African Republic | International treaties
Sudan Organisation Against Torture (SOAT) is a human rights group based in London, which works to combat human rights violations in Sudan, particularly in the Dafur region.
Sudan Organisation Against Torture | Introduction
The main body of the Declaration forms the four columns. The first column (articles 3-11) constitutes rights of the individual, such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery. The second column (articles 12-17) constitutes the rights of the individual in civil and political society. The third column (articles 18-21) is concerned with spiritual, public and political freedoms such as freedom of religion and freedom of association. The fourth column (articles 22-27) sets out social, economic and cultural rights. Finally, the last three articles provide the pediment which binds the structure together, as they emphasise the mutual duties of every individual to one another and to society.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights | Structure and content
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has existed since March 2018 or earlier. Hurriya Ismail (also: "Hurria") was appointed as its head by former president Omar al-Bashir, wanted by the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity carried out during the War in Darfur.
National Human Rights Commission (Sudan) | Creation
Leaders from all major religious groups in South Sudan are present at ceremonial public events, like the opening of the National Assembly and Independence Day celebrations. Public primary schools in South Sudan have a mandatory religious education course, and students can choose between a Christian and an Islamic religion course.
Human rights in South Sudan | Religious minority rights
The following chart shows Ethiopia's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".
Human rights in Ethiopia | Historical situation
Citizens of the African nations are provided supranational human rights protection by the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. See also Network of African National Human Rights Institutions.
List of human rights articles by country | Africa
See Human rights in Sudan
Death in custody | Sudan
On July 30, 2010, Bozizé decreed the first round of presidential and legislative elections would occur in January 2011. The elections did indeed take place in January, and Bozizé was re-elected.
Human rights in the Central African Republic | Historical background
The newly appointed Chief Justice of Sudan and head of the Sudanese judiciary, Nemat Abdullah Khair, and Attorney-General of Sudan, Tag el-Sir el-Hibir, both appeared publicly with Ismail in late October 2019 and stated their intention to cooperate with Ismail and the NHRC on human rights protection and prosecutions for human rights violations committed during the al-Bashir era and during the Sudanese Revolution.
National Human Rights Commission (Sudan) | Sudanese Revolution
These include extrajudicial executions by security forces; the torture, beating and rape of suspects and prisoners; impunity, particularly among the armed forces; harsh and life-threatening conditions in prisons and detention centers; arbitrary arrest and detention, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of fair trials; occasional intimidation and restrictions on the press; restrictions on freedom of movement; official corruption; and restrictions on workers' rights. The State Department report also cites widespread, and often fatal, mob violence; the prevalence of female genital mutilation; discrimination against women and Pygmies; trafficking in persons; forced labor; and child labor. Freedom of movement is limited in the northern part of the country "because of actions by state security forces, armed bandits, and other nonstate armed entities" and thanks to fighting between government and anti-government forces, many persons have been internally displaced.
Human rights in the Central African Republic | Introduction
They already enjoy more human rights than do their northern fellow citizens, in that the presence of security forces in the southern garrison towns is lessened and there has been more free speech, free press and free assembly in the south than for decades. The national army, however, has not withdrawn from the south but under the peace agreement it has about two years to complete this process.
CIA activities in Sudan | 2006
The right was first recognised in 1981 under Article 22 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and subsequently in the Arab Charter on Human Rights. It is now recognised in numerous international instruments, with the Rio Declaration asserting under principle 1 "Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development, they are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature". Other instruments include the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action the United Nations Millennium Declaration, the 2002 Monterrey Consensus, the 2005 World Summit and the 2007 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
Human rights and development | Sources
The Central African Republic has a system for helping refugees, and in practice it protects them from being returned to countries where their lives or freedom would be endangered for various reasons. Refugees are accepted without screening, and the government cooperates with the UNHCR and other groups, among them Doctors without Borders, Caritas, International Medical Corps, and the NGO Cooperazione Internazionale (COOPI), to aid refugees.
Human rights in the Central African Republic | Rights of refugees and asylum seekers
Sudan's stance indicated the lack of importance of gender equality. In November 2019, Abdalla Hamdok's government repealed all laws restricting women's freedom of dress, movement, association, work and study. On 22 April 2020, the Sovereignty Council of Sudan issued an amendment to its criminal legislation, which declares that anyone who performs Female Genital Mutilation either in a medical establishment or elsewhere will be punished by three years' imprisonment and a fine.
Gender inequality in Sudan | Legal status of gender
Four million people in southern Sudan were displaced at least once (and normally repeatedly) during the war. The civilian death toll is one of the highest of any war since World War II and was marked by numerous human rights violations. These include slavery and mass killings.
Second Sudanese Civil War | Introduction
They emphasised that the new laws needed to be enforced and the repealed laws also abandoned in practice, which would require revision of the internal policies of government agencies such as the police, the military and intelligence services. Several other laws that activists demanded to be removed included the prosecution of rape victims for 'adultery', and of women in mixed-sex settings for 'prostitution', other articles dictating women's dress code, and the disbandment of the public order police and dedicated courts that were part of the 'public order regime'.
Human rights in Sudan | Democratic transition (2019–present)
Despite Nimeiry's public assurances that the rights of non-Muslims would be respected, southerners and other non-Muslims remained deeply suspicious.
Second Sudanese Civil War | Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA)
The first United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Jose Ayala Lasso of Ecuador affirmed this right, which is reflected in the 13-point Declaration appended to the Final Report on "Human Rights and Population Transfers".
Heimat | Support in international law
These factors make it so that disabled people are in some senses second class citizens.
Human rights in the United States | Disability
Human-rights groups are able to operate in the Central African Republic with few official restrictions, but the government does not tend to be responsive to their concerns. Domestic human-rights NGOs limit their operations almost exclusively to the capital. Some NGOs have questioned the neutrality of the country's only officially recognized NGO umbrella group, the Inter-NGO Council in CAR (CIONGCA), which is run by a kinsman of the president. Among the active and effective local human-rights groups are the LCDH (Ligue Centrafricaine des Droits de l'Homme), the OCDH (Office centrafricain des Droits de l'Homme), the ACAT (l'Action des Chrétiens pour l'Abolition de la Torture), and AWJ (Association of Women Jurists).
Human rights in the Central African Republic | Human-rights organizations
Marshania D. Z. Human and civil rights in the Republic of Abkhazia, 2008.
Human rights in Abkhazia | Literature
The following chart shows Rwanda's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".
Human rights in Rwanda | Historical situation
Persons with HIV/AIDS are the objects of discrimination, but this has decreased thanks largely to efforts by UN agencies and NGOs to increase awareness.
Human rights in the Central African Republic | HIV/AIDS rights
Others join armed groups out of desperation or after being subjected to lies and brainwash. Many children are promised that they are going to attend school, which are actually military training facilities disguised as school. The facilities, despite being under the direction of the United Nations and international organizations, are where children were brainwashed to become ruthless killers. Improvements in technology have provided weapons which weigh less, cost less, and can be assembled, loaded, and fired by an illiterate child, adding additional appeal to child soldiers.
Human rights in Sudan | Child soldiers
The Constitution of South Sudan declares the separation of religion and state and prohibits religious discrimination. It states that “[all] religions shall be treated equally, and religion of religious beliefs shall not be used for divisive purposes. The majority of the South Sudanese population is Christian, and there is also a sizeable Muslim minority. In the past few years, the Central Equatoria State government destroyed three mosques on government land. The South Sudan Islamic Council worked with the executive office and state government to discuss compensation for the mosques that were destroyed. Religious leaders from both the Christian and Muslim religions frequently discuss the appropriate representation of religion in the government.
Human rights in South Sudan | Religious minority rights
The Central African Republic, which the United Nations High Commissioner has described as undergoing "the most neglected crisis in the world", has an extremely poor human rights record. It has been designated 'Not Free' by Freedom House from 1972 to 1990, in 2002 and 2003, and from 2014 to the present day. It was rated 'Partly Free' from 1991 to 2001 and from 2004 to 2013. On the United Nations Human Development Index, it ranks 179 out of 187 countries. Between 1988 and 2008, life expectancy decreased from 49 years to 47.7 years. According to build the U.S. State Department, major human rights abuses occur in the country.
Human rights in the Central African Republic | Introduction
45).
Human rights | Africa
The precarious situation of these children makes them particularly vulnerable to human rights abuses, rendering their protection critical, given the high risks to which they are exposed. Most of these children are boys aged 14 years and over, with diverse ethnic, cultural, religious and social backgrounds mainly originating from Afghanistan, Somalia, Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea and Iraq.
Missing person | International statistics and efforts
No action was taken against the soldiers.
Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | Arbitrary or unlawful deprivation of life
Ethiopia's stances on international human rights treaties are as follows:
Human rights in Ethiopia | International treaties
In the 2017 South Sudan famine, the government is accused by the US and aid groups among others of using starvation as a tactic of collection punishment for populations that support rebels by intentionally blocking aid. Amnesty international claimed the army suffocated to death in a shipping container more than 60 people accused of supporting the opposition.
Human rights in South Sudan | South Sudanese Civil War
Second-generation human rights are related to equality and began to be recognized by governments after World War II. They are fundamentally economic, social, and cultural in nature. They guarantee different members of the citizenry equal conditions and treatment. Secondary rights would include a right to be employed in just and favorable condition, rights to food, housing and health care, as well as social security and unemployment benefits. Like first-generation rights, they were also covered by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and further embodied in Articles 22 to 28 of the Universal Declaration, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.
Three generations of human rights | Second-generation human rights
The following chart shows Egypt's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".
Human rights in Egypt | Historical situation
Some organizations, in particular Christian Solidarity Worldwide and related organizations, argue that enslavement exists in Sudan and is encouraged by the Sudanese government. As an example of such allegations, in "The Wall Street Journal" on 12 December 2001, Michael Rubin said: ...[O]n 4 October, Sudanese Vice President Ali Uthman Taha declared, "The jihad is our way and we will not abandon it and will keep its banner high. Between 23–26 October, Sudanese government troops attacked villages near the southern town of Aweil, killing 93 men and enslaving 85 women and children. Then, on 2 November, the Sudanese military attacked villages near the town of Nyamlell, carrying off another 113 women and children.
Human rights in Sudan | Slavery
In 1983, the civil war in the south was reignited following the government's Islamification policy which would have instituted [[Sharia|Islamic law]], among other things. After several years of fighting, the government compromised with southern groups. In 1984 and 1985; after a period of drought, several million people were threatened by famine, particularly in western Sudan. The regime is trying to hide the situation internationally. In March 1985, the announcement of the increase in the prices of basic necessities, at the request of the IMF with which the regime was negotiating, triggered the first demonstrations. On April 2, eight unions called for mobilization and a "general political strike until the abolition of the current regime".
History of Sudan | Second Civil War
A first offense is now punished with up to five years and a second offense with up to seven years. Sudanese LGBT+ activists hailed the reform as a 'great first step', but said it was not enough yet, and the end goal should be the decriminalisation of gay sexual activity altogether.
LGBT rights in Sudan | Law regarding anal sex
In June 2020, Sudan was one of 53 countries that backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations.
China–Sudan relations | Human Rights
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Sudan face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. In July 2020, Sudan removed the death penalty, which had never been enforced, as well as corporal punishment as a punishment for anal sex (male or female), leaving imprisonment as the penalty for a male perpetrator. The penalty for a third offense remains life in prison, but there are no documented cases of this being applied.
LGBT rights in Sudan | Introduction
Alleged human rights abuses by the NIF regime included war crimes, ethnic cleansing, a revival of slavery, torture of opponents, and an unprecedented number of refugees fleeing into Uganda, Kenya, Eritrea, Egypt, Europe and North America. In 1994 a report issued by Human Rights Watch/Africa, conducted by Gáspár Bíró, a Hungarian law professor and the United Nations' special envoy to Sudan in 1993 found the Sudanese government to be practicing "widespread and systematic torture" of political detainees.Once uncommon in the Sudan, torture was now widespread, especially in the south. Non-Muslim women were raped, their children taken from them; paper bags filled with chili powder were placed over men's heads, and some were tied to anthills; testicles were crushed and burned by cigarettes and electric current, according to a 1994 report by Human Rights Watch/Africa.
Hassan Al-Turabi | Alleged abuses
Jordan was one of the first countries in the Middle East to establish a national human rights institution (NHRI). The National Centre for Human Rights (NCHR) in 2006 secured 'A-status' accreditation from the peer review process of the International Coordinating Committee of NHRIs, giving it enhanced access to the United Nations human rights bodies. That status was subjected to special review twice by the ICC in 2007, and reaffirmed; it was again accorded A status under the ordinary review procedure in 2010. In the ICC annual meeting in March 2012, the Jordanian institution was elected as chair of the network of 99 institutions.
Human rights in Jordan | National human rights institution
The following chart shows South Africa's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".
Human rights in South Africa | Historical situation
The following chart shows the ROC's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".
Human rights in the Republic of the Congo | Historical situation
They denied the charges of using violence. Both Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch had expressed serious concern over the trials, pointing to reports of torture and previous abuse of some of the prisoners.
Second Sahrawi Intifada | Demonstrations and arrests
The third periodic report of Civil and Political Rights in Serbia concluded in 2017 and the second periodic report on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights concluded in 2014. They highlight measures taken towards the realization of Human Rights since prior reporting in Serbia, as well as ongoing matters of concern. Positive aspects include: However, the authors also note persistent hate crimes, discrimination and/or a lack of legal protection, particularly for Roma peoples, LGBTI and HIV+ individuals, persons with disabilities, Internally Displaced peoples, Refugees and Asylum Seekers, religious minorities, and particularly women and children within these groups. They also note concerns in human trafficking and labor exploitation, inadequate application of asylum law and protection of children seeking asylum, a denial of state pensions for previously displaced peoples, inadequate legal accountability for past human rights violations, and low levels of rights protection through government monitoring.
Human rights in Serbia | Recent United Nations Reporting
See the following for more details on each country:
Human rights in the Middle East | By country
The following chart shows Niger's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".
Human rights in Niger | Historical situation
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Human rights in the Comoros | References
In addition, armed groups and security forces abducted children to serve as combatants in areas under their control (see section 1.g.).
Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | Trafficking in persons
The Liberal Party contested the elections under Father Philip Abbas Ghabboush. They won just one seat.
Liberal Party (Sudan) | Second democratic period
The right to a fair trial is often compromised by judicial corruption, with lawyers paying judges for favorable verdicts. Cases of witchcraft are tried frequently.
Human rights in the Central African Republic | Rights of persons on trial
Abidje remained in prison at year's end.
Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | Political prisoners and detainees
In 2002, the Human Rights First Society (HRFS) was created and led by Ibrahim al-Mugaiteeb whom applied to the Saudi government for legal recognition of the group. However, the application was denied. Although the HRFS was not granted governmental status, , it remained unrecognised, but was allowed by the government to exist informally. The Saudi Basic Law does not address freedom of association, and the government strictly limited this right in practice. The government prohibited the establishment of political parties or any group it considered as opposing the regime or challenging the King’s authority. All associations must therefore be licensed and comply with its rules and regulations.
Human Rights First Society | Founding and status
The Lord’s Resistance Army continues to abduct and harbor enslaved Sudanese, Congolese, Central African, and Ugandan children in the CAR for use as cooks, porters, and combatants; some of these children are also taken back and forth across borders into Sudan or the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Human rights observers reported that opposition militia groups in the north of the country continued to unlawfully conscript children as young as 12 years old in armed service. Two of the main rebel groups, however, the Union of Democratic Forces for Unity (UFDR) and the Army for the Restitution of Democracy (APRD), ceased all recruitment of children during the reporting period as a result of disarmament, demobilization, and reinsertion activities.
Human trafficking in the Central African Republic | Introduction
The issue of human rights in Djibouti, a small country situated within the Horn of Africa, is a matter of concern for several human rights organizations. In its 2011 Freedom in the World report, Freedom House ranked Djibouti as "Not Free", a downgrading from its former status as "Partly Free". The nation most recently saw martial violence in 2008, in the form of border clashes with neighbouring Eritrea.
Human rights in Djibouti | Introduction
In a 2013 study, Jennifer Scott et al. found “an overwhelming acceptance of violence against women, by both women and men,” in many communities in South Sudan. The majority of survey respondents agreed that “there are times when a woman deserves to be beaten and that a woman should tolerate violence to keep her family together”. A UN survey found that 70% of women who were sheltering in camps had been raped since the beginning of the conflict, with the vast majority of rapists being police and soldiers. The SPLA were reported to have recruited militias and young men in Unity state to take back rebel held areas.
Human rights in South Sudan | Gender-based violence
In the past Israel also granted an automatic "temporary protection group" status to all citizens of the Ivory Coast and South Sudan, although since then the validity of this status has expired. Regarding the other asylum requests filed by citizens of other countries and examined individually, the Interior Ministry stated that only a fraction of them were actually eligible for refugee status.
African immigration to Israel | Legal status
Since then, reports have shown good initial results but much work remaining to be done. The 2010 Arab Democracy Index from the Arab Reform Initiative ranked Jordan first in the state of democratic reforms out of fifteen Arab countries.
Human rights in Jordan | History