He became involved in student politics, joining the student branch of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), a party that his father had joined in 1912, and the "Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold", the party's paramilitary organisation. His father took up a new position as professor of religion at the Pedagogical Academy in Kiel, and in the autumn Fuchs transferred to the University of Kiel, which his brother Gerhard and sister Elisabeth also attended. Fuchs continued his studies in mathematics and physics at the university. In October 1931, his mother committed suicide by drinking hydrochloric acid. The family later discovered that his maternal grandmother had also taken her own life.
Early life
Klaus Fuchs
Klaus Fuchs | Early life
Mathematics and physics Theoretical physicist Theoretical physics. He supplied information from the American, British, and Canadian Manhattan Project to the Soviet Union during and shortly after World War II.
who headed up the manhattan project in britain
user
James Chadwick
assistant
who is he?
user
He was a British physicist.
assistant
what was he known for?
user
His discovery of the neutron.
assistant
can you describe this thing he discovered?
user
It is a subatomic particle, symbol or which has a neutral (not positive or negative) charge and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton.
assistant
why was the above project started?
user
It helped initiate the effort to build the first atomic bombs in the United States during World War II, and helped carry it through to completion in August 1945 by supplying crucial expertise.
assistant
any other scientist were involved in it?
user
Sir Geoffrey Taylor, James Tuck, Niels Bohr, Peierls, Frisch, and Klaus Fuchs
assistant
what field did the last scientist study?
user
Hofmann was born in Germany but when his father died, his mother returned with her one-year-old son to her family home in Switzerland. The family was business oriented but Klaus was determined to pursue a career in science. He studied steroid chemistry at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH) in the laboratories of Leopold Ružička. Here he developed a friendship with another faculty member, Tadeus Reichstein from whom he learned laboratory technique. For his postdoctoral experience he traveled to the United States to work with Max Bergmann on peptides, an entirely new field for him. From there he migrated across the street to the laboratory of Vincent du Vigneaud where he was introduced to a new vitamin, Biotin.
Klaus H. Hofmann | Early life and entry to science
Fuchs was born in Princeton, where his father worked as a bank clerk. He went to Memmingen school (graduating in 1956), was trained as an electrician and mechanic, and then studied electrical engineering at the Munich Technical University as well as physics, mathematics and philosophy at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. With a dissertation on "Logical problems of classical mechanics and quantum theory", he received his doctorate in 1961. In 1962 he was business editor at television program of Bavarian Radio studios, and since 1965 he had headed the editorial of Applied Science and Technology. Fuchs spent his life in Munich and died at the age of 39 from cancer.
Walter Robert Fuchs | Life and work
During his studies at the University, he was an assistant to Dr. August Karolus, television pioneer, in the laboratory of the Physical Institute of the University from May 1929 to Feb. 1938. From March 1938 until May 1945, he conducted independent research in the same laboratory as physicist in the fields of television, high frequency and amplification technology. Aside from television, his major field of work was the origination of extremely constant oscillation through tuning forks and oscillating crystals. During World War II, he was twice buried in the rubble of bomb attacks on the Institute of Physics at the University of Leipzig.
Erhard Kietz | Life
His early scientific peers included Oskar Heinroth, Werner Quenstedt and Heinrich Kuntzen and at university he was influenced by Werner Ulrich and Konrad Herter. During the war years he escaped conscription using the fact that he suffered a lung infection that he got during the compulsory Arbeitsdienst.
Günter Tembrock | Introduction
From 1996 to 2002 he was successively Assistant Professor at the Institute for the History of Science at the University of Göttingen, visiting scholar at MIT, and Visiting Professor at the Department of Philosophy at the University of Hamburg. From 2003 to 2005 he worked with a research grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft at the University of Bern and 2005/2006 at the University of Stuttgart in the Department of History of Science and Technology.
Klaus Hentschel | Life and work
in the fields of ethnology and Indology. He was able to complete his PhD in 1950, just two years, because of the large amount of field material he brought back from India to Austria and the articles he had already published on ethnography.
Stephen Fuchs | Early life and education
From 1964 to 1965, he was at the Graduate Research Center of the Southwest in Dallas. From 1965 to 1971, he held various positions in Alfred Schild's group at the University of Texas at Austin, starting as an associate professor and, in 1967, obtaining a position as full professor. During that time, he held visiting professorships at the universities of Würzburg and Bonn.
Jürgen Ehlers | Early life
Gurwitch was the son of a Jewish provincial lawyer: his family was artistic and intellectual and he decided to study medicine only after failing to gain a place studying painting. After research in the laboratory of Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer he began to specialise in embryology, publishing his first paper, on the biochemistry of gastrulation, in 1895. He graduated from Munich University in 1897, having studied under A.A. Boehm.
Alexander Gurwitsch | Early life
He studied at the London Hospital, and graduated in 1930 with first class honours in physiology and the Gotch Memorial Prize.
Konrad Hirschfeld | Early life
Fuchs grew up outside Chicago, in a family of scientists—her father, aunt, and sister were also scientists, and her family encouraged her to pursue higher education. She feels that those influences were especially important to her as a child. During an interview with Faiza Elmasry in 2010, Fuchs said, "I think like many of the children in our world, I got interested in science just from having a butterfly net and from having a few strainers and some boots and going down to the streams and creeks and being out in the fields." Even her mother, who was a homemaker, inspired her to pursue her interest in science at a time when not many women went into the scientific fields.
Elaine Fuchs | Early life and education
Wolfgang Heinrich Johannes Fuchs (May 19, 1915, Munich – February 24, 1997) was a mathematician specializing in complex analysis. His main area of research was Nevanlinna theory. Fuchs received his Ph.D. in 1941 from the University of Cambridge, under the direction of Albert Ingham. He joined the faculty of Cornell University in 1950 and spent the rest of his career there.
Wolfgang Heinrich Johannes Fuchs | Introduction
In 1878 Auer entered the University of Vienna, studying mathematics, general chemistry, engineering physics, and thermodynamics. He then moved to the University of Heidelberg in 1880, where he continued his studies in spectroscopy under the direction of Robert Bunsen, (inventor of the Bunsen burner). In 1882 he received his degree of Ph.D. and returned to Vienna to work as an unpaid assistant in Professor Adolf Lieben's laboratory, working with chemical separation methods for investigations on rare-earth elements.
Carl Auer von Welsbach | Early life
Fuchs was born in Germany in 1865 to Julius and Wilhelmina Fuchs. The family emigrated to Chicago in 1870. He returned to Germany to study electrical engineering at the University of Berlin and graduated in 1889. He then went on to Paris to study at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Upon returning to the United States, Fuchs completed his post-graduate work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston.
Wolfram Conrad Fuchs | Early life and education
Tesch studied mathematics and physics for one semester in 1910 at the University of Göttingen before studying chemistry at the University of Berlin, receiving his degree in 1914. He obtained a position at Kaiser Wilhelm Institute.
Bruno Tesch | Early life and education
He shifted focus, opting for history, philosophy and philology, though still linking them back to theology. With his mother's approval, he spent the autumn of his first semester taking the first of his characteristic trips, this time through Germany and Switzerland, of which trip he noted: "idque pene totum pedibus confeci". On returning to Göttingen, he resumed his studies, spending a year under professor Thibaut studying the Analysis of finite and infinite sizes, later stating, "Scientist quoque naturae indagatries, physicam et chemicam paululum attigi." His studies in ancient and recent history became more and more significant. At the midpoint of his study at Göttingen, he studied under Herbart.
Ernst Heinrich Toelken | Early life
from the university at that time. "To achieve his degree so early under these circumstances was an early, clear signal of the remarkable combination of high intellectual ability, photographic memory, and stamina that was to characterize his career." Stern had read and critiqued a paper on the basis for crossing-over by Richard Goldschmidt, the 45-year-old director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology. Six months later Goldschmidt returned the critique to Stern without comment, called him into his office and offered him a post-graduate fellowship financed by the Rockefeller University at Columbia University, N.Y. to study genetics in Thomas Hunt Morgan's lab, the famous "Fly Room", so-named for the fruit fly Drosophila, the subject of genetic research for Morgan.
Curt Stern | Life
Steven A. Benner’s laboratories at the ETH in Zürich, Switzerland, and thereafter he undertook his PhD studies at Harvard University with Prof. Stuart L. Schreiber. He then moved to the laboratory of Prof. Eric N. Jacobsen at Harvard University, where he was a Damon Runyon-Walter Winchell postdoctoral fellow.
Timothy F. Jamison | Early life and education
He became involved in student politics, joining the student branch of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), a party that his father had joined in 1912, and the "Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold", the party's paramilitary organisation. His father took up a new position as professor of religion at the Pedagogical Academy in Kiel, and in the autumn Fuchs transferred to the University of Kiel, which his brother Gerhard and sister Elisabeth also attended. Fuchs continued his studies in mathematics and physics at the university. In October 1931, his mother committed suicide by drinking hydrochloric acid. The family later discovered that his maternal grandmother had also taken her own life.
Klaus Fuchs | Early life
Nissl won the prize, and wrote his doctoral dissertation on the same topic in 1885.
Franz Nissl | Early life
He was an apothecary's apprentice and worked as a pharmacist for a while, but then took up the study of mineralogy, zoology and chemistry at Tübingen and Heidelberg, where he excelled academically and was awarded a PhD "summa cum laude" in 1836.
Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Krauss | Early life
Fritsche studied law at the University of Erlangen.
Klaus-Dieter Fritsche | Early life and education
Karl von Frisch was the son of the surgeon and urologist Anton von Frisch (1849-1917), by his marriage to Marie Exner. Karl was the youngest of four sons, all of whom became university professors. Von Frisch was of partial Jewish heritage. Karl studied in Vienna under Hans Leo Przibram and in Munich under Richard von Hertwig, initially in the field of medicine, but later turned to the natural sciences. He received his doctorate in 1910 and in the same year started work as an assistant in the zoology department of the University of Munich.
Karl von Frisch | Early life
Klausner was born in . His father was a chemist, and Klausner would visit his father's laboratory as a child. He began studying physics at Yale University, but changed his focus to biology, with the plan of becoming a doctor in a rural area. Klausner received his MD from Duke Medical School in 1976.
Richard Klausner | Early life and education
Dennison. The University of Michigan was no longer a backwater in theoretical physics. Bacher immediately signed up for Goudsmit's course on atomic structure. With Goudsmit he investigated the Zeeman effect of hyperfine structure of atomic levels, which became the subject of his 1930 PhD thesis.
Robert Bacher | Early life and career
Born in Bavaria, Deisenhofer earned his doctorate from the Technical University of Munich for research work done at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Martinsried, West Germany, in 1974. He conducted research there until 1988, when he joined the scientific staff of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the faculty of the Department of Biochemistry at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas.
Johann Deisenhofer | Early life and education
Franz studied industrial engineering at the Technical University of Darmstadt and completed his studies with a Ph.D. in economic sciences at the same university. He also studied at the École centrale de Lyon and conducted post-doctorate research at the University of California, Berkeley.
Christoph Franz | Early life and education
Johann Christoph Besch was head of the scientific service of the Bundestag. He was a member of the Bundestag for the CDU as successor to Karl Carstens from 3 July 1979.
Johann Christoph Besch | Life
Walter Robert Fuchs (March 18, 1937 in Princeton – 21 July, 1976 in Munich) was an American-German science communicator and science popularizer.
Walter Robert Fuchs | Introduction
Born and raised in Bruck an der Leitha, Austria in 1965, Fritz chose to attend a biochemistry high school in Vienna, Austria after becoming fascinated by the natural sciences presented in an Austrian television show Universum at the age of 10. He began his undergraduate studies at the University of Vienna, studying microbiology and genetics. At the age of 19, Fritz lost his father to cancer, which influenced him to further his studies to understand cancer and why the human body has troubles fending off the disease. After receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in 1999, he continued as a graduate student at the University of Vienna, in cooperation with Intercell AG (now Valneva) under the supervision of Drs.
Jörg Hermann Fritz | Early life and education
Rohde studied zoology, botany, physics, physiological chemistry in Potsdam (Brandenburgische Landeshochschule, Germany) from 1950–1952, and, after moving from East- to West-Germany, in Münster/Westfalen (Germany) from 1953–1956. He received the degree of Dr.rer.nat. at University of Münster (Germany) in 1956 for a thesis on the behaviour and physiology of Paramecium. Subsequently, (1957–1959), he did scientific work at ASTA-Werke, Brackwede/Westfalen (pharmaceutical industry) on the development of new tests for screening anthelminthic drugs (filariasis, hookworms, cysticercus).
Klaus Rohde | Early life and education
von der Malsburg obtained his PhD with a concentration in elementary particle physics at CERN and the University of Heidelberg in 1970.
Christoph von der Malsburg | Early life
He attended William Ellis School, for the first six years a boys' grammar school. He received his BSc in Zoology in 1983 from Bristol University and his PhD in Biogeochemistry in 1987 from Cambridge University where he worked with Professor Sir Nicholas Shackleton FRS on the greenhouse effect during the Paleocene Epoch.
Richard Corfield (scientist) | Early life
He obtained his doctorate in 1880 with the thesis "L'origine et la fonction du cœur accéléré." He left the institute in 1882.
Julius Wagner-Jauregg | Early life
In 1991 he was appointed assistant professor at the Institute for the History of Science of the University of Göttingen. In 1995 he obtained his habilitation in Hamburg with the thesis, entitled "Zum Zusammenspiel von Instrument, Experiment und Theorie. Rotverschiebung im Sonnenspektrum und verwandte spektrale Verschiebungseffekte von 1880 bis 1960." (About the interaction of instruments, experiment and theory. The shift in the solar spectrum, and related spectral shift effects from 1880 to 1960). In the year 1995/1996 Klaus Hentschel was Fellow at the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology of Bern Dibner, and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Klaus Hentschel | Life and work
However, in the meantime, his scientific fame had grown and he received a late appreciation of his achievement, although perhaps at a stage where he was no longer able to enjoy it. He continued to work vigorously as a physician until his death.
Julius von Mayer | Later life
Fuchs arrived in England on 24 September 1933. Jessie Gunn was a member of the Wills family, the heirs to Imperial Tobacco and benefactors of the University of Bristol. She arranged for Fuchs to meet Nevill Mott, Bristol's professor of physics, and he agreed to take Fuchs on as a research assistant. Fuchs earned his Ph.D. in physics there in 1937. A paper on "A Quantum Mechanical Calculation of the Elastic Constants of Monovalent Metals" was published in the "Proceedings of the Royal Society" in 1936. By this time, Mott had a number of German refugees working for him, and lacked positions for them all.
Klaus Fuchs | Refugee in Britain
He was born in Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine, and he lived in Breslau in his early childhood years. His elder brother was the mathematician Hans Samelson. Due to political circumstances, he waited until 1946 to study mathematics and physics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in Munich.
Klaus Samelson | Early life
Erhard Heinz, Konrad Jörgens, and Jürgen Moser were among of his doctoral students. His sister Camilla Juliana Anna was the wife of mathematician Bartel Leendert van der Waerden. Rellich died in Göttingen.
Franz Rellich | Biography
Heinrich Reichert studied physics, chemistry and biology at the University of Karlsruhe. After graduating with a doctorate in the field of genetics from the University of Freiburg, Germany, in 1979 he went to Stanford University, in California. In 1982 Reichert moved to the Zoological Institute at the University of Basel and between 1986 and 1991 he was a faculty member at the University of Geneva before returning to the University of Basel. Reichert remained as a professor at the Zoological Institute until 2006, when he moved to the Biozentrum of the University of Basel where he continued to teach and research.
Heinrich Reichert | Life
Aschoff was a scientific member and a member of the Kollegiums of the Max Planck Institute for Behavior Physiology, as well as senator of the Max Planck Society from 1972 to 1976. Aschoff was known as an excellent lecturer with a booming voice, and he took a special interest in creating a scientific community and encouraging young scientists. After his retirement in 1983 and return to Freiburg, Aschoff continued his scientific work in the form of further publications. Only the death of his wife Hilde broke his unusual vitality. Jürgen Aschoff died 10 months after his wife in 1998, after a short illness at the age of 85 years.
Jürgen Aschoff | Life
As a child, he showed a strong interest in biology and natural history. He went to the "Hindenburgschule" in Berlin-Oberschoeneweide. Supported by two high school teachers and his parents, he decided to study zoology. He entered the University of Berlin in 1920 at age 18. Stern conducted his doctoral studies at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, which was a one- to two-hour commute each way from his home. He chose the lab of Max Hartmann, a protozoologist, to study the reproduction of a protozoan of the order Heliozoa. In 1923 after only 3 years, he received a Ph.D. for the description of its mitosis, the youngest person to receive a Ph.D.
Curt Stern | Life
He started his thesis under the supervision of Hans Hübner, who died in 1884, and finished his Ph.D. in 1885. As successor of Hans Hübner, Victor Meyer came to Göttingen and some renowned chemists worked as assistants in his group, which consisted of Rudolf Leuckart, Emil Knoevenagel, Traugott Sandmeyer and Karl von Auwers. His private life in Heidelberg and Freiburg was overshadowed by his problematic 25-year-long marriage which was divorced. Gattermann had one daughter who cared for him during his illness which caused his death on 20 June 1920.
Ludwig Gattermann | Early life
Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs (29 December 1911 – 28 January 1988) was a German theoretical physicist and atomic spy who supplied information from the American, British, and Canadian Manhattan Project to the Soviet Union during and shortly after World War II. While at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Fuchs was responsible for many significant theoretical calculations relating to the first nuclear weapons and, later, early models of the hydrogen bomb. After his conviction in 1950, he served nine years in prison in the United Kingdom and then moved to East Germany where he resumed his career as a physicist and scientific leader.
Klaus Fuchs | Introduction
He is now acting professor emeritus in the imprinting group Lund Institute of Technology.
Klaus Mosbach | Early life and education
At the anatomical institute led by Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer, he analyzed the brains of individuals belonging to different races. The second visit, in 1911, involved a stop at the German Hygiene Museum in Dresden, at the anatomy institute of the University of Jena and at Leipzig. Near the trip's conclusion, while in Weimar, he visited Goethe's House.
Francisc Rainer | Early life
degree in zoology in 1941 and his Ph.D. degree in biophysics in 1947, his doctoral mentor being the well-known biophysicist and explorer of the quantal nature of vision, Professor Selig Hecht. During this time period he was also a Columbia University teaching fellow and he worked as an American Philosophical Society doctoral fellow on limb regeneration with Professor Oscar E. Schotte, of Amherst College, Massachusetts, and on neuromyal relaxation latency with Professor Alexander Sandow of New York University.
Alex Karczmar | Early life
The Fuchs lab was one of the few labs then studying epidermal stem cells. He was also a long-term fellow of NATO and the Human Frontier Science Program during this period.
Cédric Blanpain | Biography
Aschoff was born in Freiburg Im Breisgau as the fifth child of the pathologist Ludwig Aschoff (known for discovering the Aschoff-Tawara or atrioventricular node) and his wife Clara. He grew up in the liberal but morally strict world of Prussian academia. After the Abitur at a humanistic high school he – according to his own statement "lacking a specific interest" – studied medicine at the University of Bonn, where he joined the Burschenschaft Alemannia Bonn. Aschoff’s scientific career began in 1938, when he moved to the University of Göttingen to study thermoregulation physiology with Hermann Rein. In 1944, he received the venia legendi.
Jürgen Aschoff | Life
Late in life he constructed a database of information on the lives and careers of more than 600 scientists of the early modern era, his "Catalog of the Scientific Community in the 16th and 17th Centuries", which he made available to other researchers.
Richard S. Westfall | Work
For a postdoctoral position, he joined the laboratory of Adolf von Baeyer at the University of Straßburg. Goldschmiedt worked in the field of organic chemistry for two years, but he also studied mineralogy and crystallography with Paul Heinrich von Groth. During that time, Emil Fischer and Franz S. Exner also worked with Baeyer in Straßburg. For Goldschmiedt, the time in Straßburg ended abruptly because he joined the group of Schneiders at the University of Vienna. After his habilitation in 1875, he was sent as official observer to the world fair in Philadelphia in 1876. After visiting California, he went back to Vienna and married in 1886.
Guido Goldschmiedt | Life
Upon release in 1958, Svoboda attempted to continue his university studies with little success before taking on a research role at the Academy of Science in Brno.
Josef Svoboda (scientist) | Early life
His dissertation, under the direction of the philologist Gerhard Hess, was entitled "Zeit und Erinnerung in Marcel Prousts «À la recherche du temps perdu»".
Hans Robert Jauss | Early years and education
He completed his doctoral degree in biochemistry in 1962 from the Medical School of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
Constantin E. Sekeris | Early life
degree (doctorat ès sciences physiques et chimiques) from the University of Geneva (Geneva, Switzerland) in 1914 under the guidance of Philippe-Auguste Guye (1862–1922).
Albert Fredrick Ottomar Germann | Early life and education
For this work, Schrödinger was awarded the 1920 Haitinger Prize (Haitinger-Preis) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Other experimental studies conducted by the young researcher in 1914 were checking formulas for capillary pressure in gas bubbles and the study of the properties of soft beta-radiation appearing in the fall of gamma rays on the surface of metal. The last work he performed together with his friend Fritz Kohlrausch. In 1919, Schrödinger performed his last physical experiment on coherent light and subsequently focused on theoretical studies.
Erwin Schrödinger | Early career
After giving birth to two daughters in 1990 and 1992, in 1994 she submitted her PhD thesis on "German Polar research since the turn of the century and the influence of Erich von Drygalski" (Die deutsche Polarforschung seit der Jahrhundertwende und der Einfluß Erich von Drygalskis). Lüdecke completed her second thesis ("Habilitation") titled "Chapters from the history of earth-sciences – protagonists, theses, institutions" at the Centre for History of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Technology at the University of Hamburg in 2002 and attained the title "Privatdozent“ in 2003.
Cornelia Lüdecke | Early life and education
Brudermüller was born in Stuttgart in 1961. He earned a bachelor's degree and a doctorate in chemistry from the University of Karlsruhe, Germany, in 1985 and 1987 respectively. He did postdoctoral research at the University of California, Berkeley, US.
Martin Brudermüller | Early life
However, he soon realised that his knowledge was too limited, so he abandoned his childhood dream, until it was brought back to his attention at the age of 33 by Ken Ribet's 1986 proof of the epsilon conjecture, which Gerhard Frey had previously linked to Fermat's famous equation.
Andrew Wiles | Education and early life
On the basis of his background in bio-chemistry, Schemm became head of a bacteriological-chemical laboratory in Thale (Hubertusbad). After it closed in 1921 for financial reasons, Schemm returned to the classroom until 1928.
Hans Schemm | Early Life
Rohrer was born in Buchs, St. Gallen half an hour after his twin sister. He enjoyed a carefree country childhood until the family moved to Zürich in 1949. He enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in 1951, where he was student of Wolfgang Pauli and Paul Scherrer. His PhD thesis was supervised by Prof P. Grassmann who worked on cryogenic engineering. Rohrer measured the length changes of superconductors at the magnetic-field-induced superconducting transition, a project begun by Jørgen Lykke Olsen. In the course of his research, he found that he had to do most of his research at night after the city was asleep because his measurements were so sensitive to vibration.
Heinrich Rohrer | Biography
Kiessling's work was recognized throughout the scientific community and mention of it was given in numerous scientific periodicals and journals in Europe and the United States.
Karl Johann Kiessling | Biography
His father was a businessman and the head of the local Jewish community in Leipzig. Heinrich studied first Natural Sciences in Munich and Leipzig, and eventually awarded a Ph.D. in Geology. Only then he began the study of Medicine, graduating in 1892.
Heinrich Finkelstein | Life
Jentsch was born in Berlin and studied biology at the Free University of Berlin, where he also obtained his Diplom in 1979. He then completed his Ph.D. at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics in Berlin in 1983. After his Ph.D., he joined the laboratory of Alexander Varshavsky at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1988 he returned to Germany, becoming a junior group leader at the Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society in Tübingen in 1988 and then professor at the Center of Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg in 1993. From 1998 until his death he was a director of the Department of Molecular Cell Biology, the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Martinsried.
Stefan Jentsch | Life
Jockusch studied biology and chemistry in Frankfurt am Main, Tübingen and Munich. He did his thesis work at the Max Planck Institute for Biology in Tübingen in the group headed by Georg Melchers and finished 1966 with the doctoral thesis: Temperatursensitive Mutanten des Tabakmosaikvirus (Temperature sensitive mutants of tobacco mosaic virus) and an examination (rigorosum) at the University of Tübingen in genetics, microbiology and organic chemistry. As a student and doctoral candidate Jockusch was a freelance scientific journalist for the daily newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and the weekly DIE ZEIT). As a postdoc he worked at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Harald Jockusch | Scientific education as biologist
During the period 1912 to 1914, Fues studied at the University of Berlin and then the University of Munich. He served in the military in 1914 to circa 1915, and then attended the University of Tübingen from 1916 to 1918. During 1918, he became a student of Arnold Sommerfeld and he received the "doctor rerum naturalium" from the University of Munich in 1920. From 1922 he did postgraduate work at the Stuttgart "Technische Hochschule", under Paul Peter Ewald, also a former student of Arnold Sommerfeld, and he completed his Habilitation in 1924. At Stuttgart he served as a "Privatdozent" and assistant to Ewald until 1929, during which time he worked on atomic and molecular structure and spectroscopy based on the Sommerfeld-Bohr theory.
Erwin Fues | Education and career
Hartmut Beug was born in Hamburg, Germany in 1945, and raised there. From 1964 to 1971, he studied biology at the University of Freiburg. From 1971 to 1973, he studied the protist Dictyostelium in the frame of his PhD studies in Günther Gerisch’s lab at the Friedrich-Miescher-Laboratorium of the Max Planck Society in Tübingen.
Hartmut Beug | Early life and education
He studied at MIT and after dropping out in his junior year returned to receive his S.B. degree in 1955 and Ph.D. degree in 1962 from Jerrold Zacharias. He taught at Tufts University from 1960 to 1962, was a postdoctoral scholar at Princeton University from 1962 to 1964, and then joined the faculty at MIT in 1964.
Rainer Weiss | Early life and education
The son of a university professor, Ambros attended school and passed his Abitur exam in Munich. In 1920 he went to the University of Munich to study chemistry and agricultural science. In 1925 he gained a doctorate, studying under the 1915 Nobel Prize for Chemistry winner, Richard Willstätter.
Otto Ambros | Early life
Manske was born in Cologne, Germany. He studied biochemistry at the University of Cologne and graduated in 2006 with a PhD; his dissertation was an open source tool for molecular biology called GENtle.
Magnus Manske | Early life
He was graduated in medicine at Leipzig in 1800; became professor of physiology in the University of Dorpat in 1811, and four years later took a similar position at the University of Königsberg. He provided in 1822 the name, due to the arching shape of its longest fibres, of the arcuate fasciculus, the term amygdala, and in 1800 the name "Biology" in the modern sense of the term. Burdach was an advocate of vitalism. He believed in a life force that "created the whole world and produced each living thing."
Karl Friedrich Burdach | Life
Harald E. Esch was born on December 22, 1931 in Düsseldorf, Germany. His parents were Helene and Walter Esch. He studied physics and mathematics at the University of Bonn and the Free University of Berlin. For his doctorate, he studied biology at the University of Würzburg under Karl von Frisch. In 1960, he earned a doctorate in Zoology and Mathematics for his work on insect chemosensory physiology. Esch worked as an Assistant Professor in the Radiation Research Laboratory at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, before immigrating to the United States in 1964.
Harald E. Esch | Early life and education
Friedrich, Frederick, or Fritz was born in Cologne to a wealthy Jewish family: his father, Max Bodenheimer, was a prominent lawyer. He was educated in Greek, Latin, literature, arts, mathematics, natural history, and calligraphy. At 17 he wrote a study of Sappho. In 1914 he joined the University of Munich to study medicine but was interrupted by World War I where he served on the Eastern Front. He was influenced into entomology after coming across the works of Karl Escherich. He went to the University of Bonn for his Ph.D. on "Tipula" under Richard Hesse.
Friedrich Simon Bodenheimer | Early life
Joachim Seelig studied chemistry and physics from 1961 till 1966 at the University of Cologne. In 1968 he graduated with a doctorate under the guidance of Manfred Eigen at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen. As a postdoc he conducted research on electron spin resonance at Stanford University in 1968/69. In 1970 he moved as a postdoc to the Institute of Physical Chemistry at the University of Basel where he became a group leader and assistant professor in 1972. He became full professor in 1974 and in 1982 Professor of Structural Biology at the Biozentrum of the University of Basel.
Joachim Seelig | Life
Willsch attended the University of Mainz and received a masters degree in Economics and Political science. He served in the military service and began his career at Flughafen Frankfurt/Main AG.
Klaus-Peter Willsch | Early life and education
Görnnert was born in Karlsruhe in 1907, where he also died. He studied mathematics and sciences at the University Of Heidelberg, 1927 to 1928, and machine-construction and aircraft-construction at the Technical College of Karlsruhe from 1928 to 1933.
Fritz Görnnert | Early life
Fraenkel-Conrat was born in Breslau/Germany. He was the son of Lili Conrat and Professor Ludwig Fraenkel, director of the Women's Clinic of the University of Breslau, Germany. His father, Ludwig Fraenkel, was a prominent gynecologist and medical researcher who published regarding endocrine function, social gynecology, and sexology during the first decades of the 20th century, and was one of the legion of scientists summarily dismissed from their positions by the Nazis.
Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat | Early life
On graduating he travelled to France and Germany, meeting famous scientists, publishing on anthropology and animal pigments while in Paris.
Konstantin Mereschkowski | Early life
Sachs studied at the universities of Freiburg, Breslau (Wrocław) and Berlin. He was a student and research assistant of Paul Ehrlich. In 1900, he received his doctorate from the University of Leipzig.
Hans Sachs (serologist) | Early life and education
Gunten graduated in Bern, the Municipal Gymnasium (Matura 1948), studied at the University of Bern chemistry (major), physics and geology (minor subjects), doctored from 1954 to 1956 at the Physical Institute at FG Houtermans on age determinations of Congolese minerals and radioactive bleach (Cotunnites) from Mount Vesuvius. He refused a call to the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz. From 1970 until his retirement in 1993, he was a full professor of radiochemistry. He supervised numerous diploma and doctoral students. Gunten spent two sabbaticals at the Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago, USA (1957 & 1966) and one each at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in Berkeley, California USA (1980) and in Sydney, Australia (1990).
Hansruedi von Gunten | Early years and life
Newman also notes that a broader perspective on the topic would require reading the works of George Abram Miller. Promoted from a department head at the Karl-Sudhoff Institute, he headed the institute from 1977 to 1982. In 1971 he became a corresponding member of the International Academy of the History of Science, and a regular member in 1981. In 1984 he became a full member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig. Wussing retired in 1992.
Hans Wussing | Life
Bochner too is well known in the math world. He is a native of Germany and received his PhD in 1921 from the University of Berlin. His dissertation advisor was Erhard Schmidt. While at Princeton, Bochner advised many students who went on to achieve much academic success in their own right.
Fritz Joachim Weyl | Early life
These results have been archived with international cooperations with groups of scientists such as Joachim Burgdörfer, Paul Corkum, Theodor Hänsch, Misha Ivanov, Ulrich Heinzmann, Stephen Leone, Robin Santra, Mark Stockman and Marc Vrakking.
Ferenc Krausz | Research
He was one of the last Jews to graduate from that university. Some of the mathematicians working in Berlin while Theilheimer was there were Ludwig Bieberbach, Alfred Brauer, Georg Feigl, Erhard Schmidt, Richard von Mises, and Issai Schur, his thesis advisor.
Feodor Theilheimer | Early life and career
Little is documented about Hessel's early life. He was a student at the Realschule in Nuremberg and subsequently studied science and medicine at Erlangen and Würzburg. After receiving his PhD in mineralogy under Karl C. von Leonhard (1779–1862), Hessel went to the University of Marburg as an associate professor of mineralogy and became full professor in 1825. He remained there until his death. Hessel was also a Marburg city council member and was named an honorary citizen of Marburg on November 9, 1840.
Johann F. C. Hessel | Early life and education
There they intensified their joint researches. Karl Bergwitz (1875–1958), who continued their research, was one of their students there. In 1892 Geitel was elected a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.
Hans Friedrich Geitel | Biography
He submitted his PhD thesis in 1962, even though Olds was hesitant about the title "Self-Stimulation and Escape in Response to Stimulation of the Rat Amygdala". He went on for a post-doctoral research in the Physiology Department of Washington University in St. Louis.
Robert Wurtz | Early life and education
Fuchs was born on 30 April 1908 at Bruck an der Mur in Styria, Austria. Later, his family moved to Graz, where he studied at the advanced mission high school of the Society of the Divine Word (SVD) from 1922 to 1927. He joined the SVD in 1927, and studied philosophy at St. Augustine in Bonn, Germany from 1927 to 1930, and theology at St. Gabriel in Mödling, Austria from 1930 to 1934. In Mödling, he also took linguistics classes from Wilhelm Schmidt who taught ethnology and linguistics at the seminary of St. Gabriel. It was after coming in contact with Schmidt that he decided to become an anthropologist.
Stephen Fuchs | Early life and education
Also during this same time he was a resident at the Technical University of Karlsruhe, where he was a lecturer since 1959 and completed his habilitation in 1961. From 1963 to 1970 he was Director of the Institute for Applied Nuclear Physics at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and since 1964 was adjunct professor at the University of Karlsruhe. From 1967–1969 he was a visiting professor at the University of Heidelberg.
Karl Heinz Beckurts | Early life & education
In Heidelberg, between 1873 and 1875 he combined his studies with work as an assistant to Robert Bunsen. It was Bunsen who supervised him for his doctorate, which he received in 1875. There followed two years at the Polytechnikum where he worked as a research assistant with August Toepler (whose design for a mercury vacuum pump he subsequently improved). Then, for six years between 1878 and 1883, he worked with Hermann von Helmholtz at Berlin. It was at Berlin that in 1883 he received his habilitation for work on the thermal expansion of alkali metals. He then worked as a of Physical Observational Methodology (""Physikalische Beobachtungsmethodik""), and later of Physiological Optics (""Physiologische Optik"").
Ernst Bessel Hagen | Life
Gutfreund was born on 21 October 1921 in Vienna to a middle-class professional family. His father was a civil engineer, and on his mother's side there were several scientists. He had all his early education in Vienna. However, the political turmoil of the 1930s forced him to leave Austria for England after the Anschluss of 1938. He joined an agricultural training scheme and became an accomplished dairyman. His interest in physiology was stimulated by reading "Principles of General Physiology". by William Bayliss and he was much influenced by it. He earned his doctorate at Cambridge.
Herbert Gutfreund | Early life and education
After finishing his Fachabitur, Reithofer graduated in mechanical engineering at the Munich University of Applied Sciences in Munich. He then moved on to the Technical University Munich to study Engineering and Business Administration. After graduation, he became Research Assistant at the university at the Institute for Machine Tools and Business Administration of Joachim Milberg, under whom he gained his Doctorate.
Norbert Reithofer | Early life and education
VI of the "Theatrum Chemicum".
Johann Joachim Becher | Early years
In his later years he held the post of scientific director. In these years he was also awarded prizes for his work, such as the Dr. Walter-Eckhardt Award (1991) and the General Andrej Andrejewitsch Wlassow Cultural Prize (1992). After retiring in 1995, he continued to work as an independent author. He died at Freiburg in February, 2002.
Joachim Hoffmann | Life
His early works were studies on some freshwater mollusca from the Cretaceous rocks of the north-eastern Alps about which he wrote to the Vienna Academy in 1859. His scientific career proper started in the Austrian Geological Survey, which he joined in 1861, and his first papers there were based on work in the Alps and Hungary.
Ferdinand Stoliczka | Early life
Wolters sought to study under Professor Hans Poelzig, but there was no room in the course for the transfer student. Instead, Wolters studied under Heinrich Tessenow, as did Speer. Wolters obtained his degree in 1927, and earned his doctorate at the school two years later. In class prize competition, Wolters generally finished second to Speer.
Rudolf Wolters | Early life
Peierls commenced school a year late because he needed glasses, and his parents did not trust him not to lose them or break them. After two years at the local preparatory school, he entered his local "gymnasium", the , where he spent the next nine years, passing his "abitur" examinations in 1925. He wanted to study engineering, but his parents, who doubted his practical abilities, suggested physics instead. He entered the University of Berlin, where he listened to lectures by Max Planck, Walther Bothe and Walther Nernst. Fellow students included Kurt Hirsch and Käte Sperling. The physics laboratory classes were overcrowded, so the first year students were encouraged to take theoretical physics courses instead.
Rudolf Peierls | Early life
In 1947, he began to hold lectures in Freiburg on topics related to the history of mathematics. He also received support from Heinrich Behnke, which enabled him to publish his work. In 1952 he was appointed associate professor at the University of Freiburg. He took a professorship at the University of Munich in 1963, where he was appointed as the first Professor of the History of Science. There he founded the Institute for the History of Science. In 1964, against his stated will, he was chosen as deputy chairman of the German Society for the History of Medicine, Science and Technology.
Helmuth Gericke | Life
When he was fourteen, he moved to Magdalen College School, Oxford, where the science prizes now bear his name, becoming even more interested in science and studying subjects such as chemistry and zoology. In 1961, he was accepted into Clare College, Cambridge to study Natural Sciences, graduating in 1964 and immediately beginning work in the university Department of Biochemistry under Asher Korner. There, he worked with scientists such as Louis Reichardt and Tony Hunter. A 1965 talk by Vernon Ingram interested him in haemoglobin synthesis, and at a Greek conference in 1966 on the subject, he persuaded the haematologist and geneticist Irving London to allow him to work in his laboratory at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, staying from July to October 1966.
Tim Hunt | Early life and education
Schmarda was born at Olmütz where he attended the Grammar School and the Philosophical Course at the University of Olomouc. He graduated in 1841. He studied medicine and science at the Josephinum, now part of the Medical University of Vienna , particularly interested in zoology, graduating in 1843 as "Dr Med et Chir.", as well as Magister of Ophthalmology and Gynecology.
Ludwig Karl Schmarda | Early life and education
On arrival at Berlin Schönefeld Airport in the GDR, Fuchs was met by Grete (Margarete) Keilson, a friend from his years as a student communist. They were married on 9 September 1959. In the GDR, Fuchs continued his scientific career and achieved considerable prominence as a leader of research. He became a member of the SED central committee in 1967, and in 1972 was elected to the Academy of Sciences where from 1974 to 1978 he was the head of the research area of physics, nuclear and materials science; he was then appointed deputy director of the Institute for Nuclear Research in Rossendorf, where he served until he retired in 1979.
Klaus Fuchs | Career in East Germany