Jain "Tirtha" (pilgrim) sites are divided into the following categories: Outside contemporary India, Jain communities built temples in locations such as Nagarparkar, Sindh (Pakistan). However, according to a UNESCO tentative world heritage site application, Nagarparkar was not a "major religious centre or a place of pilgrimage" for Jainism, but it was once an important cultural landscape before "the last remaining Jain community left the area in 1947 at Partition".
Pilgrimages
Jainism
Jainism | Pilgrimages
Yes, they do. "Nagarparkar" located at Pakistan  is one of them. Jain communities built temples in locations such as Nagarparkar, Sindh (Pakistan). Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context. Nagarparkar, Sindh (Pakistan)
which of the following is not among the practices of jainism
user
Violence, attachment, sensual pleasures, lie and possessiveness are some of them.
assistant
and which are the practices?
user
Jains take five main vows: “ahiṃsā”, “satya”, “asteya”, “brahmacharya” and “aparigraha".
assistant
when did jainism begin?
user
Historians date it to 8th or 7th century BCE.
assistant
who is the leader?
user
Rishabhanatha
assistant
what are the beliefs?
user
It is transtheistic and forecasts that the universe evolves without violating the law of substance dualism, auto executed through the middle ground between the principles of parallelism and interactionism.
assistant
do jains fast?
user
They fast particularly during festivals and it is  practiced according to one's ability.
assistant
what food do they eat?
user
The practice of non-violence towards all living beings has led to them to follow vegetarian diet.
assistant
and what are they not allowed to eat?
user
Eggs, root vegetables such as potatoes, onions, and garlic are some of the food avoided.
assistant
which symbols are used by them?
user
"Swastika", "Om" and "Ashtamangala".
assistant
which symbols are used by them?
user
"Swastika", "Om" and "Ashtamangala".
assistant
do they have any pilgrimages?
user
Jain icons and arts incorporate symbols such as the swastika, "Om", and the "Ashtamangala". In Jainism, "Om" is a condensed reference to the initials "A-A-A-U-M" of the five parameshthis: ""Arihant", "Ashiri", "Acharya", "Upajjhaya", "Muni"", or the five lines of the "Ṇamōkāra" Mantra. The "Ashtamangala" is a set of eight auspicious symbols: in the Digambara tradition, these are Chatra, "Dhvaja", "Kalasha", Fly-whisk, Mirror, Chair, Hand fan and Vessel. In the Śvētāmbar tradition, they are Swastika, "Srivatsa", "Nandavarta", "Vardhmanaka" (food vessel), "Bhadrasana" (seat), "Kalasha" (pot), "Darpan" (mirror) and pair of fish. The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes "ahimsā". The wheel represents the "dharmachakra", which stands for the resolve to halt the "saṃsāra" (wandering) through the relentless pursuit of "ahimsā".
Jainism | Symbols
The Ashtamangala are a set of eight auspicious symbols. There is some variation among different traditions concerning the eight symbols. In the Digambara tradition, the eight symbols are: In the Śvētāmbara tradition, the eight symbols are:
Jain symbols | Ashtamangala
In Jainism, the Ashtamangala are a set of eight auspicious symbols. There is some variation among different traditions concerning the eight symbols. In the Digambara tradition, the eight symbols are: In the Śvētāmbara tradition, the eight symbols are:
Ashtamangala | Jain symbols
It has 16 different "kinds of fire", that is, fires gathered from 16 different sources. Currently there are 9 Atash Behram, one in Yazd, Iran and the rest in Western India. They have become a pilgrimage destination. In India the cathedral fire temple that houses the Iranshah Atash Behram, located in the small town of Udvada in the west coast province of Gujarat, is a pilgrimage destination.
Pilgrimage | Zoroastrianism
The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes "ahimsā" in Jainism with "ahiṃsā" written in the middle. The wheel represents the "dharmachakra" (Wheel of the Dharma), which stands for the resolve to halt the "saṃsāra" (wandering) through the relentless pursuit of "ahimsā" (compassion). In Jainism, "Om" is considered a condensed form of reference to the "Pañca-Parameṣṭhi", by their initials "A+A+A+U+M" (""). According to the "Dravyasamgraha" by Acharya Nemicandra, "AAAUM" (or just "Om") is a one syllable short form of the initials of the five parameshthis: ""Arihant", "Ashiri", "Acharya", "Upajjhaya", "Muni"". The "Om" symbol is also used in ancient Jain scriptures to represent the five lines of the "Ṇamōkāra" Mantra.
Jain art | Symbols
In Jainism, it is a symbol of the seventh tīrthaṅkara, Suparśvanātha. In the Śvētāmbara tradition, it is also one of the aṣṭamaṅgala or eight auspicious symbols. All Jain temples and holy books must contain the swastika and ceremonies typically begin and end with creating a swastika mark several times with rice around the altar. Jains use rice to make a swastika in front of statues and then put an offering on it, usually a ripe or dried fruit, a sweet ( ), or a coin or currency note. The four arms of the swastika symbolize the four places where a soul could be reborn in the cycle of birth and death – svarga "heaven", naraka "hell", manushya "humanity" or "tiryancha" "as flora or fauna" – before the soul attains moksha "salvation" as a siddha, having ended the cycle of birth and death and become omniscient.
Swastika | Jainism
The four arms of the swastika symbolize the four states of existence as per Jainism: It represents the perpetual nature of the universe in the material world, where a creature is destined to one of those states based on their karma. In contrast to this circle of rebirth and delusion is the concept of a straight path, constituted by correct faith, understanding and conduct, and visually symbolized by the three dots above the running cross "swastika", which leads the individual out of the transient imperfect world to a permanent perfect state of enlightenment and perfection. This perfect state of liberation is symbolized by the crescent and dot at the top of the "svastika".
Jain symbols | Swastika
The Federation of Jain Associations in North America uses a modified version of the standard Jain symbol, the Jain Emblem. It replaces the swastika with an om because the former is not considered a pious symbol in the western world.
Jainism in the United States | Jain symbols
It also represents the four columns of the Jain Sangha: sadhus, sadhvis, sravakas and shravikas - monks, nuns and female and male laymen.
Jain symbols | Swastika
Jain "Tirtha" (pilgrim) sites are divided into the following categories: Outside contemporary India, Jain communities built temples in locations such as Nagarparkar, Sindh (Pakistan). However, according to a UNESCO tentative world heritage site application, Nagarparkar was not a "major religious centre or a place of pilgrimage" for Jainism, but it was once an important cultural landscape before "the last remaining Jain community left the area in 1947 at Partition".
Jainism | Pilgrimages
The three dots above the swastika represent the "Ratnatraya" (three jewels) of Jainism: These are part of the Jainist paradigm by which "jīva" (living souls) seek to rid themselves of "karma" and the cycle of rebirth, "saṃsāra", which it develops.
Jain flag | Three Dots
It is important that an emblem or symbol is used consistently in the same format to preserve its value and the meaning. There are many variations of the symbol in use currently. However, they do not show all the fundamental concepts embedded in the current emblem. For example, JAINA in North America uses a modified version of the standard Jain symbol. It replaces the swastika with Om because the swastika is associated with Nazi Germany there.
Jain symbols | Usage
The pilgrimage is located in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is from the Nashik Road Railway station and from Nashik City, and is situated on the steep slopes of a hill. The pilgrimage site is accessible via a staircase built in black stone, which leads directly to the temple. The hill has 450 steps, three caves (known as "chamar leni"), and several temples belonging to the Digambara sect of the Jains. There is also a sculpture depicting samavasarana (divine preaching hall of tirthankara) on the hills of Gajpanth.
Gajpanth | Geography
The Jain swastika and the symbol of "Ahiṃsā" are included, with the Jain mantra "Parasparopagraho Jīvānām" from sūtra 5.21 of Umaswati's "Tattvarthasūtra", meaning "souls render service to one another".
Jainism | Symbols
In Jainism, Om is considered a condensed form of reference to the Pañca-Parameṣṭhi, by their initials "A+A+A+U+M" ("). The Dravyasamgraha quotes a Prakrit line: "AAAUM" (or just "Om") is one syllable short form of the initials of the five parameshthis: "Arihant, Asharira, Acharya, Upajjhaya, Muni". The Om symbol is also used in ancient Jain scriptures to represent the five lines of the Navakar mantra, which is the most important part of the daily prayer in the Jain religion. The Navakar mantra honors the "panch parmeshtis".
Jain symbols | Om
In 1974, on the 2500th anniversary of the nirvana of Mahāvīra, the Jain community chose one image as an emblem to be the main identifying symbol for Jainism. The overall shape depicts the three "loka" (realms of rebirth) of Jain cosmology i.e., heaven, human world and hell. The semi-circular topmost portion symbolizes "Siddhashila", which is a zone beyond the three realms. The Jain swastika is present in the top portion, and the symbol of "Ahiṃsā" in the lower portion. At the bottom of the emblem is the Jain mantra, "Parasparopagraho Jīvānām". According to Vilas Sangave, the mantra means "all life is bound together by mutual support and interdependence".
Jain art | Symbols
The five colours of the Jain flag represent the "Pañca-Parameṣṭhi" and the five vows. The swastika's four arms symbolise the four realms in which rebirth occurs according to Jainism: humans, heavenly beings, hellish beings and non-humans. The three dots on the top represent the three jewels mentioned in ancient texts: correct faith, correct understanding and correct conduct, believed to lead to spiritual perfection. In 1974, on the 2500th anniversary of the nirvana of Mahāvīra, the Jain community chose a single combined image for Jainism. It depicts the three "lokas", heaven, the human world and hell. The semi-circular topmost portion symbolizes "Siddhashila", a zone beyond the three realms.
Jainism | Symbols
The Nandavarta or Nandyavarta is one of the eight auspicious symbols of Jainism for the Svetambara sect. It is an ashtamangala which is used for worship, and could be made with rice grains. It is also the symbol of 18th Tirthankar Aranatha according to Śvētāmbara and 7th tirthankar Suparshvanatha according to digambar. The symbol has 4 arms with compulsorily 9 corners/ turns each.
Nandavarta | Introduction
Shikharji at Siddhachalam is the first Jain place of pilgrimage outside India. The main temple has idols of the tirthankaras Rishabha, Pārśva, Mahāvīra, Chandraprabha and Shantinatha. There is also a small temple where the main idol is Pārśva.
Siddhachalam | History
Every creature in this world can become free from the cycle of life and death. This gives the message that it is necessary to have the Ratnatraya in order to attain moksha. In the top portion, the "swastika" symbol is present.
Jain symbols | Fundamental concepts
Dharmachakra, Shrivatsa, Kalasha, Ashoka Tree and Nandavart.
Jain symbols | Other symbols
The Jain emblem is composed of many fundamental concepts and symbols. The outline of the image represents the universe as described in Jain Agamas. It consists of three "Loks" (realms). The upper portion indicates heaven, the middle portion indicates the material world and the lower portion indicates hell. The semi-circular topmost portion symbolizes siddhashila, which is a zone beyond the three realms. All of the siddhas or liberated bodiless souls reside on this forever, liberated from the cycle of life and death. The three dots on the top under the semi-circle symbolize the Ratnatraya – right belief, right knowledge, and right conduct.
Jain symbols | Fundamental concepts
Since they hold the trident during the trip, they are called 'Chhadidaars' (those who hold the stick or "chhadi"). The Chhadi is draped with saffron, red or pink coloured fabrics. The priests give a saffron cloth to every pilgrim and an oath is taken that each would help the other. However they are warned not to share their personal stores of water. This act is deemed to be a sort of fast and penance necessary for the journey.
Hinglaj | Pilgrimage
The swastika is an important Jain symbol. Its four arms symbolise the four realms of existence in which rebirth occurs according to Jainism: humans, heavenly beings, hellish beings and non-humans (plants and animals). This is conceptually similar to the six realms of rebirth represented by "bhavachakra" in Buddhism. It is usually shown with three dots on the top, which represent the three jewels mentioned in ancient texts such as "Tattvartha sūtra" and "Uttaradhyayana sūtra": correct faith, correct understanding and correct conduct. These jewels are the means believed in Jainism to lead one to the state of spiritual perfection, a state that is symbolically represented by a crescent and one dot on top representing the liberated soul.
Jain art | Symbols
In addition, he cites the 12th century CE text "Aparajitaprccha", which recommends that the Jain icons should be depicted on the "jamgha" (middle wall) of a temple along with Shaivite and Vaishnavite icons.
Samadhishvara Temple, Chittorgarh | Jain imagery
Chaumukha temple in Ranakpur is considered one of the most beautiful Jain temples and is famous for its detailed carvings. According to Jain texts, Shikharji is the place where twenty of the twenty-four Jain "Tīrthaṅkaras" along with many other monks attained "moksha" (died without being reborn, with their soul in "Siddhashila"). The Shikharji site in northeastern Jharkhand is therefore a revered pilgrimage site. The Palitana temples are the holiest shrine for the Śvētāmbara Murtipujaka sect. Along with Shikharji the two sites are considered the holiest of all pilgrimage sites by the Jain community. The Jain complex, Khajuraho and Jain Narayana temple are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Jainism | Temples
The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes Ahimsa in Jainism. The word in the middle is "ahiṃsā" (non-injury). The wheel represents the dharmachakra, which stands for the resolve to halt the saṃsāra through the relentless pursuit of "Ahimsa".
Jain symbols | Symbol of Ahimsa
In 1974, on the auspicious 2500th anniversary of the nirvana of the last Jain "Tirthankara", Mahavira, the Jain community at large collectively chose one image as an emblem to be the main identifying symbol for Jainism. Since then, this emblem is used in almost all of Jain magazines, on wedding cards, on Jain festival cards and in magazines with links to events related to Jain society.
Jain symbols | Jain emblem
Some scholars posit that the Indus Valley Civilisation symbols may be related to later Jain statues, and the bull icon may have a connection to Rishabhanatha. According to Dundas, outside of the Jain tradition, historians date the Mahavira as about contemporaneous with the Buddha in the 5th-century BCE, and accordingly the historical Parshvanatha, based on the c. 250-year gap, is placed in 8th or 7th century BCE.
Śramaṇa | Jainism
It is present in front of the temple. It is 31 feet high made in Albetta marble from Makrana in Rajasthan. It is the symbol of Humbleness in Jain philosophy. It kills the Ahankaar of the devotees as soon as they see the Manastambha they become humble.
Shantinath Jain Teerth | Manastambha
The Federation of Jain Associations in North America uses a modified version of the standard Jain symbol, the Jain Prateek Chihna. It replaces the swastika with an Jain Aum because of the negative connotations associated with the swastika in the western world.
JAINA | JAINA Symbol
Shri Digamber and Shwetambar Jain "tirth" (holy place) at Maksi is an ancient place of pilgrimage. There are two ancient temples here. First is the big temple called Bada Mandir, where the principal deity is Lord Parsvanath. This idol is supposed to be more than 2500 years old. According to archaeologists the temple itself is approximately 1000 years old. 42 idols installed by Jivaraj Papriwal in year 1491 (1548 V.S.) can also be found here. Second temple is of digambar sect shri suprshwanath bhagwan. In bada mandir or shwetambar mandir the principle deity is also worshipped by digambar sect from 6:00 to 9:00 daily.
Maksi | Jain Pilgrimage
A Jain temple which is known as a pilgrimage centre is often termed a Tirtha. The main image of a Jain temple is known as a "mula nayak". A Manastambha (column of honor) is a pillar that is often constructed in front of Jain temples. It has four 'Moortis' i.e. stone figures of the main god of that temple. One facing each direction: North, East, South and West.
Jain temple | Terms
They attend mass, novenas, flag-hoisting and carry a "palkhi" of Mary in a procession. A major event is the procession, where only women are allowed to pull the first car and a statue of Mary is in the last and most decorated one. People of other religions also take part. The pilgrims sometimes shave their heads as an offering and perform ear-piercing ceremonies, both being Hindu traditions. Another ritual considered sacred is dipping oneself in the pond. There is a holy flag which is lowered to signal the end of the festival. Due to the number of pilgrim visits during festival season, the Indian Railways introduced special train services to the town of Velankanni.
Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health | Significance and pilgrimage
Jain sculptures usually depict one of the twenty-four "tīrthaṅkaras"; Parshvanatha, Rishabhanatha and Mahāvīra are among the more popular, often seated in lotus position or "kayotsarga", along with "Arihant", Bahubali, and protector deities like Ambika. Quadruple images are also popular. "Tirthankar" idols look similar, differentiated by their individual symbol, except for Parshvanatha whose head is crowned by a snake. Digambara images are naked without any beautification, whereas Śvētāmbara depictions are clothed and ornamented. A monolithic, statue of Bahubali, "Gommateshvara", built in 981 CE by the Ganga minister and commander Chavundaraya, is situated on a hilltop in Shravanabelagola in Karnataka. This statue was voted first in the SMS poll Seven Wonders of India conducted by "The Times of India".
Jainism | Statues and sculptures
The ceiling of Parshvanatha temple bears an image of Parshvanatha with a hood of snakes similar to those of Vimal Vasahi. The temple's stone idol of Ajitnatha stands on a pedestal bearing an elephant symbol. The temple features nine highly decked "dev-kulikas". The torana-stambha features carvings of "vidyadevi", "aparaicakra", "Purusudatta", "Mahakali", "Vajrasnrnkhala", "Vajarankusa", and Rohini. The temple contains images of Sarvanha and Ambika as "shasan-devata" with the hood of a snake overhead.
Kumbharia Jain temples | Parshvanatha temple
In order to maintain peace and politeness around the Jeevasamaadhi of the nine shrines, a yellow circle is painted on the ground in front of the shrines. The pilgrims are requested to offer their prayers, in front of this line, to the Madhwa Saints. Please avoid crossing this line to avoid disturbing the meditation of the holy saints.
Nava Brindavana | Kindly avoid crossing the yellow line around the nine shrines
Since this site is associated with the ancient city of Dvārakā and the Vedic era Krishna of Mahabharata, it is an important place of pilgrimage for Hindus. It is one of 3 main pilgrimage sites related to ""Krishna"" circuit, namely "48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra" in Haryana state, Braj Parikarma in Mathura of Uttar Pradesh state and "Dwarka Parikrama" (Dwarkadish Yatra) at Dwarkadhish Temple in Gujarat state. The flag atop the temple shows the sun and moon, which is believed to indicate that Krishna would be there till Sun and Moon exist on Earth. The flag is changed up to five times a day, but the symbol remains the same.
Dwarkadhish Temple | Religious importance
On an average the flow of pilgrims is about 10,000 people a day. A mechanised kitchen provides free food for all pilgrims, and there are guest houses with modern amenities. Dharmastala represents religious tolerance. A Jain Tirthankara is worshiped beside Daivas and Lord Manjunatha (Shiva). The priests are Vaishnavite Brahmins and the guardian of the temple a Heggade (Jain). To those who come here for justice, the Heggade dispenses judgments that are said to represent the will of the deities.
Dharmasthala | Introduction
R. Nath disputes this theory, pointing out that the inscription clearly states that Kumarapala worshipped Shiva and Parvati during his visit to the temple. Moreover, according to the "Moha-Parajaya-Nataka" composed by Kumarapala's minister Yashahpala, the king converted to Jainism only at a later date, in 1159 CE. Nath explains that the Jain imagery does not have any religious connotation: it is one of the several scenes depicting life of the general public of Chittor, which included the Jains. He points out that other motifs at the temple depict women in erotic postures, battles, and hunting: these are not inline with the non-violence and celibacy themes of the Jain monasticism.
Samadhishvara Temple, Chittorgarh | Jain imagery
In Jain iconography, Shrivatsa often marks the chest of the Tirthankara image. It is one of the Ashtamangala (eight auspicious symbols) found in Jainism. The canonical texts such as Hemchandra's "Trīṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacaritra" and "Mahapurana" mentions it as one of the Ashtamangalas. Acharya Dinakara explains in his medieval work that the highest knowledge emerged from the heart of Tirthankaras in the form of Shrivatsa so they are marked as such. In North Indian Jain sculptures of the early centuries, it is marked in the centre of the chest.
Shrivatsa | In Jainism
There are an "upashray", an "ayambilshala", a "bhandar", a "pathshala", and a hall where food is given to pilgrims for their journeys.
Shankheshwar Jain Temple | Other buildings
Devotees of Vitthal were holding pilgrimages prior to the 14th century. In the present day, about 40 palkhis and their devotees from all over Maharashtra do so. Another pilgrimage is celebrated on the "Ekadashi" of the month of Kartika, which falls in November of the Gregorian Calendar. Events such as "Ringan" and "Dhava" are held during the pilgrimage. During the "Ringan", an unmounted sacred horse called Maulincha Ashva, who is believed to be the soul of the saint whose idol is being carried in the litter, runs through the rows of pilgrims, who try catching the dust particles kicked off and smear their head with the same.
Warkari | Pilgrimages
These are carved ornately in black stone and highly polished. The three Tirthankaras are Ajitanatha, Neminath and Shreyanasanatha. The central figure is adorned with the symbol of a wheel holding two deers in the left hand, and a globe on the right hand. The base of this image has a "winged figure" carving. Carved images also embellish the exterior faces of the temple.
Arang Jain temples | Bhand Dewal temple
The theory of Jain origins is supported by the Jain Hathigumpha inscription. It mentions the worship of a relic memorial in Khandagiri-Udayagiri, on the Kumara hill. This location is stated to be same as the Jagannath temple site. However, states Starza, a Jain text mentions the Jagannath shrine was restored by Jains, but the authenticity and date of this text is unclear. This is the plume for Oriya people to celebrate a special day in this Dham which is known as Ratha Yatra ("Chariot Festival").
Char Dham | Puri
The main idol in the temple is of "Tirthankara Rishabha", carved in black stone in padmasana posture, about tall. Two oxen are carved in the center of the "simhasana" (platform) of the main idol, which also has 14 dreams of the mother of Tirthankar. Surrounding the main deity, there are 23 idols, 2 standing and 21 seated, in an "ashtadhatu" (composed of eight metals) parikar. Here, pilgrims are bound to be lost in unstinted devotion; both Jain and non-Jain visitors and pilgrims experience a sort of sacredness, thanks due to the simply indescribable aura of the image of Shri Prabhu.
Rishabhdeo | The main idols in the temple
This is one of the most holy and revered sites for the Jain community. They call it Sammed Sikhar. It is a major pilgrimage site. Out of 24 Thirthankaras of Jains, 20 got nirvana on Parshvnatha Hills. On the mountain, there are the Shikharji Jain temples, an important tirthakshetra or Jain pilgrimage site.. For each Tirthankara there is a shrine (gumti or Tonk) on the hill. Some of the temples on the hill are believed to be more than 2,000 years old. However, although the place was inhabited since ancient times, the temples may be of more recent origin.
Parasnath | Jain Heritage
The idol of Lord Mahavir is carried out on a chariot, in a procession called "rath yatra". On the way stavans (religious rhymes) are recited. Statues of Mahavir are given a ceremonial anointment called the "abhisheka". During the day, most members of the Jain community engage in some sort of charitable act, prayers, pujas, and vratas. Many devotees visit temples dedicated to Mahavir to meditate and offer prayers. Lectures by monks and nuns are held in temples to preach the path of virtue as defined by Jainism. Donations are collected in order to promote charitable missions like saving cows from slaughter or helping to feed poor people.
Mahavir Janma Kalyanak | Celebrations
Even the shikhara has balconies at three levels. The carving on the interior is in most areas as lavish as ever. The large group of Palitana temples on the Shatrunjaya hills in Gujarat are another very important Jain pilgrimage site, with temples numbering into the hundreds (most very small, and all but one Svetambara). Though many were founded much earlier, the site was so thoroughly destroyed by Muslim armies, starting in 1311, that there is little surviving that dates back before the 16th century. The temples are packed tightly together in a number of high-walled compounds called "tuks" or "tonks".
Māru-Gurjara architecture | Later temples
In Indian and Hindu tradition, the Ashtamangala may be used during certain occasions including: pujas, weddings (of Hindus), and coronations. The ashtamangala finds wide mention in the texts associated with Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. They have been depicted in decorative motifs and cultural artifacts.
Ashtamangala | Hindu symbols
Char Dham (Famous Four Pilgrimage sites): The four holy sites Puri, Rameswaram, Dwarka, and Badrinath (or alternatively the Himalayan towns of Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri, and Yamunotri) compose the "Char Dham" ("four abodes") pilgrimage circuit. Kumbh Mela: The "Kumbh Mela" (the "pitcher festival") is one of the holiest of Hindu pilgrimages that is held every three years; the location is rotated among Prayagraj, Haridwar, Nashik, and Ujjain. Old Holy cities as per Puranic Texts: Varanasi formerly known as Kashi, Prayagraj also known as Prayag, Haridwar-Rishikesh, Mathura-Vrindavan, Kurukshetra, the Land of Bhagavad Gita in Haryana and Ayodhya.
Hindu pilgrimage sites | India
In Hindu religion and spirituality, the pilgrimage has great significance. Members of the faith participate in the following types of pilgrimage. The pilgrimage to each sacred site has its own religious significance. Holy Place: Tirupathi Himalayan Char Dham - Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri, and Yamunotri. Varanasi/Kashi, Prayagraj, Haridwar-Rishikesh, Mathura-Vrindavan, Somnath,and Dwarka Holy Fairs: The Kumbh Mela (the "pitcher festival") is one of the holiest of Hindu pilgrimages that is held four times every twelve years; the location is rotated among the four cities of Prayagraj, Haridwar, Nashik, and Ujjain. Shravani Mela of Deoghar and Pitrapaksha Mela of Gaya are also notable holy fairs.
Hindu pilgrimage sites in India | Introduction
The Śvētāmbara Jains hold five centers of pilgrimage to be most sacred. These places are Shatrunjaya and Girnar in Gujarat, Mount Abu in Rajasthan, Shikharji in Bihar and Ashtapada in Himalayas. People who are unable to go for the pilgrimage, can achieve its religious merits by viewing cartographical overview of the pilgrimage site on Tirth Pat. Every year (in Oct-Nov), Tirth Pat is hung in the vicinity of a Jain temple or at a prepared location for devotees to worship.
Tirth Pat | Belief
Jain symbols are symbols based on the Jain philosophy.
Jain symbols | Introduction
Each of the twenty-four "tirthankara" is associated with distinctive emblems, which are listed in such texts as "Tiloyapannati", "Kahavaali" and "Pravacanasaarodhara".
Jainism | Art and architecture
These statues later began to be very large, normally standing nude figures in the "kayotsarga" meditation position (which is similar to standing at attention). Examples include the Gopachal rock cut Jain monuments and the Siddhachal Caves, with groups of statues, and a number of single figures including the 12th-century Gommateshwara statue, and the modern Statue of Vasupujya and, largest of all at 108 feet (32.9 meters) tall, the Statue of Ahimsa. In recent times, the use of murti images has become controversial within Jainism, and some smaller sects reject them entirely, while others are selective in terms of which figures they allow images of.
Jain temple | Architecture
Suparshva's emblem of swastika is carved (or stamped) beneath his legs as an icon identifier.
Suparshvanatha | Iconography
For Goan and Konkani people, she is called "Shantadurga" (most compassionate one). This especially includes use of "Kotimaram", which has been described as an extended influence of Hinduism on Catholicism, thus making the Basilica a meeting point of two of the major religions of the world. Being a Roman Catholic Marian church, it is dedicated to Our Lady of Good Health. Virgin Mary is depicted wearing a "sari". The usual time for pilgrimage is during the annual festival between 29 August to 6 September and Christmas. Some pilgrims, instead of using a mode of transport, perform "walking pilgrimages" to it.
Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health | Significance and pilgrimage
The tall Statue of Ahiṃsā (depicting Rishabhanatha) was erected in the Nashik district in 2015. Idols are often made in "Ashtadhatu" (literally "eight metals"), namely Akota Bronze, brass, gold, silver, stone monoliths, rock cut, and precious stones.
Jainism | Statues and sculptures
He was not certain about the exact age of the ancient caves. One fragmentary inscription was found in Bava Pyara cave that affirms its affiliation to Jainism, because one term in that inscription is exclusively used by Jains. The inscription was read as "केवलज्ञान संप्राप्तानां जीतजरामरणानां ". The term "kevalgyan" was used exclusively by Jains. Scholar H. D. Sankalia attributes these caves to Jainism because of some auspicious symbols typical of Jainism that are depicted above the door's frame. Sankalia recorded about eleven auspicious symbols, "Nandhyavarta", "Swastika", "Darpan", "Bhadrasana", "Meen Yugal" and "Purna Ghata". Such symbols were also found on Ayagpattas from Kankali Teela Mathura.
Bava Pyara Caves | Caves
Though ideologically the temples are divided between the sects of Hinduism, namely Saivism and Vaishnavism, the Char Dham pilgrimage is an all Hindu affair. The journey across the four cardinal points in India is considered sacred by Hindus who aspire to visit these temples once in their lifetime. Traditionally the trip starts at the eastern end from Puri, proceeding in clockwise direction in a manner typically followed for circuambulation in Hindu temples. The temple is one of the famous pilgrimage sites historically – the Maratha kings who ruled Thanjavur established "chatrams" or rest houses all through Mayiladuthurai and Rameswaram between 1745 and 1837 CE and donated them to the temple.
Rameswaram | Hindu Pilgrimage
The emblem of Bihar depicts the Bodhi Tree with Prayer beads, flanked by two swastikas.The 'Bodhi Tree' or the 'Peepal Tree', is symbol of knowledge, it is considered very sacred in Indian culture, and is worshipped also. The praying beads or "Mala" signifies spiritualism, it is also used in meditation and prayers. The base of the tree is a rectangular brick. The Swastika resembles auspiciousness in Indian religions, it is very sacred symbol for Bihari people.
Emblem of Bihar | Design
The temple in a combined rock-cut and dravida architecture is an early example of Cholan Art, continuing the tradition of the Pallavas. It is believed that the temple was the inspiration for the Gangaikonda Cholesvarar Temple built by Rajendra Chola I (1014-44 CE). The sanctum ("garbhagriha") has four storeys in Omkara, shape of Hindu symbol Om. There were originally eight subsidiary shrines around the temple, out of which six are still existing. Each of them is identical with a semi-spherical top and a four pillared Madapa in the front. The Vimana, the shrine over the sanctum has sculptures of Uma, Shiva, Dakshinamurthy and Saptamatrikas.
Vijayalaya Choleeswaram | Significance
The five colours of the Jain flag represent the "Pañca-Parameṣṭhi" and the five vows, small as well as great:
Jain symbols | Jain flag
The Ashtamangala is a sacred suite of "Eight Auspicious Signs" endemic to a number of religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. The symbols or "symbolic attributes" () are yidam and teaching tools. Not only do these attributes (or energetic signatures) point to qualities of enlightened mindstream, but they are the investiture that ornaments these enlightened "qualities" (Sanskrit: "guṇa"; ). Many cultural enumerations and variations of the Ashtamangala are extant.
Ashtamangala | Introduction
He is always shown using symbols like the "Dharmachakra", the "Bodhi tree", empty throne, footprints, etc.
National Museum, New Delhi | Maurya, Shunga and Satvahana Arts Gallery
Tirthanakar images do not have distinctive facial features, clothing or (mostly) hair-styles, and are differentiated on the basis of the symbol or emblem ("Lanchhana") belonging to each tirthanakar except Parshvanatha. Statues of Parshvanath have a snake crown on the head. The first Tirthankara Rishabha can be identified by the locks of hair falling on his shoulders. Sometimes Suparshvanath is shown with a small snake-hood. The symbols are marked in the centre or in the corner of the pedestal of the statue. The sects of Jainism Digambara and Svetambara have different depictions of idols. Digambara images are naked without any ornamentation, whereas Svetambara ones may be clothed and in worship may be decorated with temporary ornaments.
Jain art | Iconography of tirthankaras
Besides the original sanctuary, the temple has an open square, a decorated square, a vast square and two assembly halls. The idol of Bhidbhanjan Parshvanath is in a small temple to the right of the main idol, and the idol of Ajitnatha is in a small temple to the left of the main idol. The idols of Dharanendra, Padmavati, Parshva and Chakreshwari are also in the temple. On the tenth day of the month of Posh, the tenth day of the dark half of the month of Magasar, and during the Diwali days, thousand of pilgrims come to observe a two-day-long fast.
Shankheshwar Jain Temple | History
Shantinatha temple is similar to Mahavira temple. According to inscriptions, Shantinatha temple was originally dedicated to Rishabhanatha. The temple houses an important icon depicting Ashtapad and dating to 1210 CE. The Ashtapad idol is a diamond-shaped altar that depicts the mountain with images of 24 tirthankars facing all four cardinal directions on two levels. The top of the icon depicts the Samavasarana of Rishabhanatha with a chaumukha image of Rishabhanatha.
Kumbharia Jain temples | Shantinatha temple
These tablets are decorated with objects and designs central to Jain worship such as the "stupa", "dharmacakra" and "triratna". They present simultaneous trends or image and symbol worship. Numerous such stone tablets were discovered during excavations at ancient Jain sites like Kankali Tila near Mathura in Uttar Pradesh, India. The practice of donating these tablets is documented from 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE. "Samavasarana", a preaching hall of "tirthankaras" with various beings concentrically placed, is an important theme of Jain art. The Jain tower in Chittor, Rajasthan, is a good example of Jain architecture. Decorated manuscripts are preserved in Jain libraries, containing diagrams from Jain cosmology.
Jainism | Art and architecture
A Buddhist image can be in one of several mudras. However the Jain tirthankara images can only be in one of the two format. In Padmasana, the statues of a Jina and a Buddha can be similar. The Buddha statue has folds of the cloth on the upperbody, with cloth behind the left arm, where as the Jina statue is without clothes, unless it is a Shwetambara image which shows a fan-like dhoti folds.
Jain sculpture | Jain vs Buddhist iconography
He initially had eleven Hanuman temples constructed in various regions of southern Maharashtra. These are now commonly referred to as the 11-Maruti (see list below). He also had Hanuman temples built in other parts of Maharashtra and across the Indian subcontinent. Temples established by him have been found across India in regions including Jaipur, Varanasi (also Kashi), Thanjavur (formerly Tanjore) and Ujjain. He also had a temple of the Hindu goddess Durga constructed at Pratapgad, a fort near Satara.
Samarth Ramdas | Pilgrimage and spiritual movement
There are five temples in Shri Mahavirji. Atishaya Kshetra Shri Mahavirji Shree Chandanpur Mahavirjee is one of the miraculous pilgrimages of Jains. This pilgrimage is situated at Sub District in the Karauli district of Rajasthan. Built at the bank of a river, this pilgrimage is a prominent centre of devotion for Jain devotees. Chandanpur Mahavirji temple is hailed as the heart of pilgrimages. This is a sacred place of the tradition of Jainism. The iconic idol of Lord Mahavira, the principal deity of the pilgrimage temple, was found during an excavation. Some 'Kāmadhenu' (self milching cow) used to pour out its milk everyday upon a mound near Chandanpur village.
Shri Mahaveer Ji temple | Temples in Shri Mahavirji
Very often numbers of rock-cut Jain temples and monasteries share a site with those of the other religions, as at Udayagiri, Bava Pyara, Ellora, Aihole, Badami, and Kalugumalai. The Ellora Caves are a late site, which contains temples of all three religions, as the earlier Buddhist ones give way to later Hindu excavations. There is considerable similarity between the styles of the different religions, but often the Jains placed large figures of one or more of the 24 tirthankaras in the open air rather than inside the shrine. These statues later began to be very large, normally standing nude figures in the "kayotsarga" meditation position (which is similar to standing at attention).
Architecture of India | Jain architecture
There is no Jain textual authority to the iconography of Ghantakarna described in "kalpa" texts or modern paintings. Until Buddhisagar Suri established anthropomorphic image of Ghantakarna at Mahudi Jain Temple, Ghantakarna was worshiped only in anthropomorphic yantras and in an abstract forms. In paintings, he is depicted as a two, four, six or eight armed with the bow and the arrow. He is also depicted with the shield, the sword, the mace, the shield, the vajra, the bow and arrow, the rosary, and the banner. The anthropomorphic image shows a standing man holding the bow and the arrow aimed towards left, having a crown on his head and the bell-shaped earrings.
Ghantakarna Mahavir | Iconography
Particularly important Jain shrines are the "Chhota Kailash" (cave 30, 4 excavations), the "Indra Sabha" (cave 32, 13 excavations) and the "Jagannath Sabha" (cave 33, 4 excavations); cave 31 is an unfinished four-pillared hall, and shrine. Cave 34 is a small cave, which can be accessed through an opening in the left side of Cave 33. The Jain caves contain some of the earliest "Samavasarana" images among its devotional carvings. The Samavasarana is of particular importance to Jains being the hall where the Tirthankara preaches after attaining "Kevala Jnana" (liberating omniscience). Another interesting feature found in these caves is the pairing of sacred figures in Jainism, specifically Parsvanatha and Bahubali, which appear 19 times.
Ellora Caves | The Jain monuments: Caves 30–34
Besides its use as a religious symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, which can be traced back to pre-modern traditions, the swastika is also used by adherents of a large number of new religious movements which were established in the modern period.
Swastika | New religious movements
The curve above the three dots denotes Siddhashila, a place in the highest realms of Universe, composed of pure energy. It is above hell, earth, or heaven. It is the place where souls that have attained salvation, for instance, Arihants and Siddhas reside eternally with supreme bliss. Respect for Jain Flag is respect for Pañca-Parameṣṭhi (Supreme Five). According to Jainism, respect for "Pañca-Parameṣṭhi" abiding the "Ratnatraya" (Three Jewels) destroys the sorrow of the four states of existence and finally guides one to the sweet home of infinite bliss (Siddhashila).
Jain flag | Siddhashila
This site is important to Jain pilgrims particularly on the full moon day in January. The site has a Rishabanatha statue carved from a volcanic rock. The Rishabhanatha Statue at Gopachal Hill, Gwalior Fort, Madhya Pradesh. Thousands of Jain idols including 58.4 foot idol of Rishabhanatha were carved in the Gopachal Hill idol from 1398 A.D. to 1536 A.D. by rulers of Tomar dynasty rulers — "Viramdev, Dungar Singh and Kirti Singh".
Rishabhanatha | Iconography
Access to the pilgrimage is either from Haridwar, or Rishikesh, or from Dehradun. The tradition is to visit the sites in the following order:
Chota Char Dham | Pilgrimage
The Palitana temples on Mount Shatrunjaya, located by the city of Palitana, in Bhavnagar district, Gujarat, India are considered one of the holiest places for Jains. Jains believes that a visit to this group of temples is essential once in a lifetime to achieve nirvana or salvation, although many Jains frequent it many times in their lifestyle. Shikharji or Śrī Sammed Śikharjī (श्री सम्मेद शिखरजी), also known as the Parasnath Hill, located in Giridih district in Jharkhand, India, is a major Jain pilgrimage destination and is one of the most sacred place for Jains in the world. According to Jain belief, twenty of the twenty-four Tirthankaras (teachers of the Jains) attained Moksha (Nirvana) from this place.
List of religious sites | Jainism
The object, described as an emblem and dated 1819, bears the names of 6 saints (Saint Julietta, Theodore Stratelates, John Chrysostom, Saint Charalampe, Saint Eleftherios, and Saint Polycarp) and allegedly contains bones of three of them. In order to prevent this very rare object from possible theft, the inhabitants of Dhuvjan change the place of the icon from time to time.
Dhuvjan Monastery | History
Excavations have revealed three kinds of structural remains: religious, secular and civil. Structures include a mahastupa, sixteen votive stupas, a stone-pillared congregation hall, eleven rock-cut cisterns, well-paved stone pathways, an apsidal chaitya-griha, three round chaitgya-grihas, two votive platforms, ten viharas and a kitchen complex with three halls and a refectory (dining hall). Apart from the structures, Buddhist treasures excavated include nine Satavahana and five Roman silver coins, terracotta tiles, stucco decorative pieces, sculptured panels, miniature stupa models in stone, Buddha padas depicted with ashtamangala symbols (i.e. the eight auspicious symbols of Swastika, Shrivasta, Nandhyavarta, Vardhamanaka, Bhadrasana, Kalasha, Minyugala and Darpan) and early pottery.
Visakhapatnam | Thotlakonda
Along with Shikharji in the state of Jharkhand, the two sites are considered the holiest of all pilgrimage places by the Jain community. Jains believe that a visit to this group of temples is essential as a once-in-a-lifetime chance to achieve nirvana or salvation. Of note, Digambara Jains have only one temple here on the hills.
Palitana temples | Introduction
In the past, a "mandapa" (an outdoor pavilion) and a porch probably existed as part of the temple. The temple has three free standing large images of Jain tirthankaras deified in the garbha griha or sanctum sanctorum. These are carved ornately in black stone and highly polished. The three tirthankaras are Ajitanatha, Neminath and Shreyanasanatha. The central figure is adorned with the symbol of a wheel holding two deers in the left hand, and a globe on the right hand. The base of this image has a "winged figure" carving. Carved images also embellish the exterior faces of the temple.
Arang | Bhand Dewal temple
The Jain idols are males depicted in both sitting and standing postures. The "tīrthaṅkaras" are represented either Padmasana (seated in yoga posture) or standing in the "Kayotsarga" posture. "Parshvanatha" statues are usually depicted with a snake crown on head, Bahubali statues are usually depicted covered with creepers. However, there are a few differences in Digambara and Svetambara depiction of idols. Digambara images are naked without any beautification whereas Svetambara ones are clothed and decorated with temporary ornaments.
Jain sculpture | Iconography
Important sites of pilgrimage for Vaishnavas include Guruvayur Temple, Srirangam, Vrindavan, Mathura, Ayodhya, Tirupati, Pandharpur (Vitthal), Puri (Jaggannath), Nira Narsingpur (Narasimha), Mayapur, Nathdwara, Dwarka Udipi (Karnataka), Shree Govindajee Temple(Imphal)and Muktinath. "Gowda Saraswath Brahmins(mothertongue-Konkani/Marathi) temples at Goa, Maharastra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu all these temples belong to Kashi Mutt Samsthan at Varanasi, Uttar Padesh. Lord Venkatramana is worshipped in these Temples across the Konkan Coast named after these Brahmins who were brought from North India to the South by Lord Parashuram."
Vaishnavism | Pilgrimage sites
The other attractions are finding out the mysteries behind the vibrating Om and how the Jain monks had lived during the 9th century. The fresco paintings are similar to the ones found in Ajanta caves and are made using vegetable dye have now disappeared and disfigured due to vandalism until the ASI took over in 1958. There are 287 steps which lead to the top of the hillock, which has around 17 rock beds where the monks used to rest. The ascent to the top gives you a panoramic view of the small town below dispersed with small agricultural fields and lakes.
Sithanavasal | Chithannavasal cave
A tirthankara or Jina is represented either seated in lotus position ("Padmasana") or standing in the meditation Khadgasana ("Kayotsarga") posture. This latter, which is similar to the military standing at attention is a difficult posture to hold for a long period, and has the attraction to Jains that it reduces to the minimum the amount of the body in contact with the earth, and so posing a risk to the sentient creatures living in or on it. If seated, they are usually depicted seated with their legs crossed in front, the toes of one foot resting close upon the knee of the other, and the right hand lying over the left in the lap.
Jain art | Iconography of tirthankaras
The pilgrimage is marked by long walks from Najaf or Basra to Karbala. People from different walks of life, ethnicity and sect participate in the march including toddlers in prams and elderly pushed in armchairs. Husayn ibn Ali, the Muslim saint for whom the pilgrimage is made, is believed to transcend all cultural boundaries and be a symbol of universal freedom and compassion. The mood of the pilgrimage has also been described as "one of intense piety and communal solidarity".
Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage | Features
The geese (hamsa) in particular are a very recurrent symbol on the pillars of Ashoka, and may refer to the devotees flocking to the faith. The same throne is also illustrated in later reliefs from Bharhut, dated to circa 100 BCE. The long frieze at the front is slightly different, and consists in stylized lotuses with multiple calyx, alternating with "flame palmettes of a slightly simpler design than on the side. A rather similar design can also be seen in of the Allahabad pillar of Ashoka.
Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya | Description
The symbol is generally considered a representation of a Buddhist Chaitya or a Meru. It has also been argued that it was the imperial symbol of the Mauryas. The symbol however, appears in many post-Mauryan contexts as seen with the coins of Taxila and the Shungas.
Arched-hill symbol | Introduction
The Emblem of Bihar contains two swastikas.
Swastika | Indian subcontinent
There is a mosaic of Jesus seated in a meditation pose above a lotus like an Indian holy man. The symbols depicted on the windows and doors are flame, flute and lotus. Each of the church's five domes is engraved with symbols of other religions. An oriental-style cross on a lotus flower stands atop the main dome.
Sacred Heart Cathedral, Rajkot | Introduction
Pilgrimage is spiritually- or religiously-motivated travel, sometimes over long distances; it has been practised since antiquity and in several of the world's religions. The world's largest mass religious assemblage takes place in India at the Kumbh Mela, which attracts over 120 million pilgrims. Other major pilgrimages include the annual Hajj to Mecca, required once in a Muslim's life.
Religious tourism | Pilgrimage
According to Anne Vallely, this mantra is from sūtra 5.21 of Umaswati's "Tattvarthasūtra", and it means "souls render service to one another".
Jain art | Symbols
The devotees are expected to follow a "Vratham" (41-day austerity period) prior to the pilgrimage. This begins with wearing of a special "Mala" (a chain made of Rudraksha or Tulasi beads is commonly used, though still other types of chains are available.). During the 41 days of Vratham, the devotee who has taken the vow, is required to strictly follow the rules that include follow only a lacto-vegetarian diet (In India, vegetarianism is synonymous with lacto-vegetarianism), follow celibacy, follow teetotalism, not use any profanity and have to control the anger, allow the hair and nails to grow without cutting. They must try their maximum to help others, and see everything around them as lord Ayyappa.
Sabarimala | Pilgrimage
Jainism has contributed significantly to Indian art and architecture. Jain arts depict life legends of "tirthankara" or other important people, particularly with them in a seated or standing meditative posture. "Yakshas" and "yakshinis", attendant spirits who guard the "tirthankara", are usually shown with them. The earliest known Jain image is in the Patna museum. It is dated approximately to the 3rd century BCE. Bronze images of Pārśva can be seen in the Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai, and in the Patna museum; these are dated to the 2nd century BCE. "Ayagapata" is a type of votive tablet used in Jainism for donation and worship in the early centuries.
Jainism | Art and architecture
Mahavira is usually depicted in a sitting (or standing) meditative pose, with a lion symbol beneath him; each "tīrthankara" has a distinct emblem, which allows worshippers to distinguish similar idols. Jivantasvami represents Munisuvrata as a princely state. The Jina is represented as standing in the kayotsarga pose wearing crown and ornaments.
Munisuvrata | Iconography
A sculpted sandstone statue from the site dated to 8th-9th century is of Chunda which is now revered as "Raja Rajeshwari" in a temple at Muhuripur. The image is carved with 18 arms in a posture called "Vajaparyankasana" deified over a "padmapitha" (lotus pedestal). A dharmachakra symbol of Vajrasattva and Ghanathapani decorate its two regular hands. The sculpting on the top part of this slab also includes five Dhyani Buddhas, each depicting the ring of light around its head. A new find from the Sundari Tilla is of a stupa dated to the 11th century similar to architectural features of the rule of "Palas of Bengal".
Pilak, Tripura | Buddhist antiquities