Insects can use Dicer as a potent antiviral. This finding is especially significant given that mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of many viral diseases including the potentially deadly arboviruses: West Nile virus, dengue fever and yellow fever. While mosquitoes, more specifically the "Aedes aegypti" species, serve as the vectors for these viruses, they are not the intended host of the virus. Transmission occurs as a result of the female mosquito's need for vertebrate blood to develop her eggs. The RNAi pathway in insects is very similar to that of other animals; Dicer-2 cleaves viral RNA and loads it onto the RISC complex where one strand serves as a template for the production of RNAi products and the other is degraded.
In insects
Dicer
Dicer | In insects
Yes, insects can use it  as potent anntiviral Yes Yes. Insects can use Dicer as a potent antiviral.
rna consists of how many chains of subunits
user
Small RNAs mainly include 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 5S rRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA) and small rDNA-derived RNA (srRNA)
assistant
are they also double-stranded?
user
Yes, Double-stranded RNA is RNA with two complementary strands
assistant
how is it different from dna?
user
Analysis of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNAs, and other non-coding RNAs  has revealed that self-complementary sequences that allow parts of the RNA to fold and pair with itself to form double helices and they are highly structured. Unlike DNA, their structures do not consist of long double helices, but rather collections of short helices packed together into structures akin to proteins
assistant
what is the function of the non-coding ones?
user
Silencing of blocks of chromatin via recruitment of Polycomb complex so that messenger RNA could not be transcribed from them
assistant
who discovered it?
user
Friedrich Miescher
assistant
what is its role in alzheimer?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
what is its double-stranded virus classified into?
user
The phylum "Duplornaviricota" and the class "Duplopiviricetes", which is in the phylum "Pisuviricota"
assistant
what is anti-viral in it?
user
Dicer
assistant
is this anti-viral found in insect?
user
Insects with mutations leading to non-functional components of their RNAi pathway show increased viral loads for viruses they carry or increased susceptibility to viruses for which they are hosts. Similarly to humans, insect viruses have evolved mechanisms to avoid the RNAi pathway. As an example, Drosophila C virus encodes for protein 1A which binds to dsRNA thus protecting it from dicer cleavage as well as RISC loading. "Heliothis virescens" ascovirus 3a encodes an RNase III enzyme similar to the RNase III domains of dicer which may compete for dsRNA substrate as well as degrade siRNA duplexes to prevent RISC loading.
Dicer | In insects
Insects can use Dicer as a potent antiviral. This finding is especially significant given that mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of many viral diseases including the potentially deadly arboviruses: West Nile virus, dengue fever and yellow fever. While mosquitoes, more specifically the "Aedes aegypti" species, serve as the vectors for these viruses, they are not the intended host of the virus. Transmission occurs as a result of the female mosquito's need for vertebrate blood to develop her eggs. The RNAi pathway in insects is very similar to that of other animals; Dicer-2 cleaves viral RNA and loads it onto the RISC complex where one strand serves as a template for the production of RNAi products and the other is degraded.
Dicer | In insects
Infection by RNA viruses can trigger the RNAi cascade. It is likely dicer is involved in viral immunity as viruses that infect both plant and animal cells contain proteins designed to inhibit the RNAi response. In humans, the viruses HIV-1, influenza, and vaccinia encode such RNAi suppressing proteins. Inhibition of dicer is beneficial to the virus as dicer is able to cleave viral dsRNA and load the product onto RISC resulting in targeted degradation of viral mRNA; thus fighting the infection. Another potential mechanism for viral pathogenesis is the blockade of dicer as a way to inhibit cellular miRNA pathways.
Dicer | Viral pathogenesis
Since cells do not produce double-stranded RNA during normal nucleic acid metabolism, natural selection has favored the evolution of enzymes that destroy dsRNA on contact. The best known class of this type of enzymes is Dicer. It is hoped that broad-spectrum anti-virals could be synthesized that take advantage of this vulnerability of double-stranded RNA viruses.
Double-stranded RNA viruses | Anti-virals
Plant genomes encode for dicer like proteins with similar functions and protein domains as animal and insect dicer. For example, in the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana, four dicer like proteins are made and are designated DCL1 to DCL4. DCL1 is involved with miRNA generation and sRNA production from inverted repeats. DCL2 creates siRNA from cis-acting antisense transcripts which aid in viral immunity and defense. DCL3 generates siRNA which aids in chromatin modification and DCL4 is involved in trans-acting siRNA metabolism and transcript silencing at the post-transcriptional level. Additionally, DCL 1 and 3 are important for Arabidopsis flowering. In Arabidopsis, DCL knockout does not cause severe developmental problems.
Dicer | Dicer-like proteins
In response, many plant viruses have evolved elaborate mechanisms to suppress the RNAi response. These include viral proteins that bind short double-stranded RNA fragments with single-stranded overhang ends, such as those produced by dicer. Some plant genomes also express endogenous siRNAs in response to infection by specific types of bacteria. These effects may be part of a generalized response to pathogens that downregulates any metabolic process in the host that aids the infection process. Although animals generally express fewer variants of the dicer enzyme than plants, RNAi in some animals produces an antiviral response. In both juvenile and adult "Drosophila", RNA interference is important in antiviral innate immunity and is active against pathogens such as Drosophila X virus.
RNA interference | Immunity
Dicerca divaricata is a species of black coloured beetle from Chrysochroinae subfamily which is long and is found throughout West Virginia. The species is known for feeding on various maples such as "Acer saccharum" and "Acer rubrum" as well as "Ulmus americana" and "Cercis" species. The species fly in June.
Dicerca divaricata | Introduction
Anti-CRISPR (Anti-Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats or Acr) is a group of proteins found in phages, that inhibit the normal activity of CRISPR-Cas, the immune system of certain bacteria. CRISPR consists of genomic sequences that can be found in prokaryotic organisms, that come from bacteriophages that infected the bacteria beforehand, and are used to defend the cell from further viral attacks. Anti-CRISPR results from an evolutionary process occurred in phages in order to avoid having their genomes destroyed by the prokaryotic cells that they will infect. Before the discovery of this type of family proteins, the acquisition of mutations was the only way known that phages could use to avoid CRISPR-Cas mediated shattering, by reducing the binding affinity of the phage and CRISPR.
Anti-CRISPR | Introduction
Dicerca pectorosa is a species of beetle from Buprestidae family which can be found in British Columbia, Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, as well as south to California and Montana. It feeds on various "Prunus" species.
Dicerca pectorosa | Introduction
Dicerca is a genus of beetles in the family Buprestidae, containing the following species:
Dicerca | Introduction
intestinalis" Dicer is due to at least five different domains being present within human Dicer. These domains are important in Dicer activity regulation, dsRNA processing, and RNA interference protein factor functioning.
Dicer | Discovery
Dicerca crassicollis is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca crassicollis | Introduction
Dicerapanorpa is a genus of scorpionflies endemic to China. They can be easily recognized by the two anal horns on the posterior margin of the sixth tergum in males. The anal horns of "Dicerapanorpa magna" (Chou, 1981) are used to grasp the female's abdomen during mating.
Dicerapanorpa | Introduction
Dicerca obscura is a species of brownish-black coloured beetle from Chrysochroinae subfamily which is found in central and eastern USA and Canada, where it feeds on various persimmon species (including "Diospyros virginiana") and staghorn sumac.
Dicerca obscura | Introduction
Dicer, also known as endoribonuclease Dicer or helicase with RNase motif, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the "DICER1" gene. Being part of the RNase III family, Dicer cleaves double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and pre-microRNA (pre-miRNA) into short double-stranded RNA fragments called small interfering RNA and microRNA, respectively. These fragments are approximately 20-25 base pairs long with a two-base overhang on the 3' ends. Dicer facilitates the activation of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which is essential for RNA interference. RISC has a catalytic component Argonaute, which is an endonuclease capable of degrading messenger RNA (mRNA).
Dicer | Introduction
Antisclerota is a monotypic moth genus in the family Xyloryctidae. Its only species, Antisclerota dicentris, is found in North Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Both the genus and species were first described by Edward Meyrick in 1938.
Antisclerota | Introduction
There are two yellowish subapical spots, which are usually indistinct. The hindwings are tinged creamy-white and there is a black marginal border.
Delias dice | Introduction
Dicerca hesperoborealis is a species of metallic wood-boring beetles in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca hesperoborealis | Introduction
Odontocera dice is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.
Odontocera dice | Introduction
Dicerca moesta is a species of beetle from Argante subgenus which can be found everywhere in Europe (except for various European islands).
Dicerca moesta | Introduction
Diceratothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae.
Diceratothrips | Introduction
Dicerca tuberculata is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca tuberculata | Introduction
"Abana" - "Acrobelus" - "Acrocampsa" - "Acrogonia" - "Amblydisca" - "Anacrocampsa" - "Anacuerna" - "Aulacizes" - "Catorthorrinus" - "Cicciana" - "Ciccus" - "Cleusiana" - "Cuerna" - "Cyrtodisca" - "Dechacona" - "Depanana" - "Depanisca" - "Desamera" - "Deselvana" - "Dichrophleps" - "Dictyodisca" - "Diestostemma" - "Egidemia" - "Homalodisca" - "Homoscarta" - "Hyogonia" - "Ichthyobelus" - "Lojata" - "Mareba" - "Molomea" - "Ochrostacta" - "Omagua" - "Oncometopia" - "Paracrocampsa" - "Paraulacizes" - "Peltocheiras" - "Phera" - "Procama" - "Procandea" - "Proconia" - "Proconobola" - "Proconopera" - "Proconosama" - "Propectes" - "Pseudometopia" - "Pseudophera" - "Quichira" - "Rhaphirrhinus" - "Splonia" - "Strictoscarta" - "Tapajosa" - "Teletusa" - "Tretogonia" - "Yotala" - "Yunga" - "Zyzzogeton"
Sharpshooter (insect) | Genera
Accumulation of DNA damage may result in cells with oncogenic mutations and thus the development of a tumor.
Dicer | Cancer
ADAR1 is an interferon ( IFN )-inducible protein (one released by a cell in response to a pathogen or virus), so it would make sense that it would assist with a cell’s immune pathway. This seems to be true for the HCV replicon, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis LCMV, and polyomavirus
ADAR | Antiviral
There are a number of AFPs found in insects, including those from "Dendroides", "Tenebrio" and "Rhagium" beetles, spruce budworm and pale beauty moths, and midges (same order as flies). Insect AFPs share certain similarities, with most having higher activity (i.e. greater thermal hysteresis value, termed hyperactive) and a repetitive structure with a flat ice-binding surface. Those from the closely-related "Tenebrio" and "Dendroides" beetles are homologous and each 12-13 amino-acid repeat is stabilized by an internal disulfide bond. Isoforms have between 6 and 10 of these repeats that form a coil, or beta-solenoid. One side of the solenoid has a flat ice-binding surface that consists of a double row of threonine residues.
Antifreeze protein | Insect AFPs
Diceroprocta vitripennis, known generally as the green winged cicada or green winged scrub cicada, is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
Diceroprocta vitripennis | Introduction
Rice and grapes also produce DCLs as the dicer mechanism is a common defense strategy of many organisms. Rice has evolved other functions for the 5 DCLs it produces and they play a more important role in function and development than in Arabidopsis. Additionally, expression patterns differ among the different plant cell types of rice while expression in Arabidopsis is more homogeneous. Rice DCL expression can be effected by biological stress conditions including drought, salinity, and cold, thus, these stressors may decrease a plants viral resistance. Unlike Arabidopsis, loss of function of DCL proteins causes developmental defects in rice.
Dicer | Dicer-like proteins
Dicerca punctulata is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca punctulata | Introduction
Dehydrocurvularin is an antimicrobial made by "Penicillium".
Dehydrocurvularin | Introduction
Dicer was given its name in 2001 by Emily Bernstein, a graduate student in Gregory Hannon's lab at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, who sought to discover the enzyme responsible for generating small RNA fragments from double-stranded RNA. Dicer's ability to generate ~22 nucleotide RNA fragments was discovered by separating it from the RISC enzyme complex after initiating the RNAi pathway with dsRNA transfection. This experiment showed that RISC was not responsible for generating the observable small nucleotide fragments. Subsequent experiments testing RNase III family enzymes abilities to create RNA fragments narrowed the search to "Drosophila" CG4792, now named Dicer. Dicer orthologs are present in many other organisms.
Dicer | Discovery
Diceroprocta semicincta is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
Diceroprocta semicincta | Introduction
Dicercomorpha is a genus of beetles in the family Buprestidae, containing the following species:
Dicercomorpha | Introduction
Delias dice is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It was described by Samuel Constantinus Snellen van Vollenhoven in 1865. It is endemic to New Guinea in the Australasian realm. The wingspan is about 48–56 mm. Males are white, the forewings with a diffuse inner edge along the black marginal border, its edge but slightly produced at vein 4. There are two small white subapical spots. The hindwings have a narrow black marginal border becoming more narrow from vein 4 to the costa. Females resemble "Delias enniana", but the postcellular white bar is narrower, isolated and extending only to vein 5, and the white proximal area reaches vein 4.
Delias dice | Introduction
Vaccines containing trophozoites inactivated with formalin and prepared in oil adjuvants have been developed and have shown good protection against the homologous serotype. Several "P. dicentrarchi" serotypes have been described. However, the protection induced against heterologous isolates appears to be very low or non-existent.
Philasterides dicentrarchi | Prevention
Dicellitis nigritula is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in India (Coorg) and Nepal.
Dicellitis nigritula | Introduction
They ripen to black while the pod is still green. Each has a white elaiosome prized by ants.
Dicentra eximia | Description
It has become clear that Acr proteins play an important role in allowing phage immune evasion, though it is still unclear how anti-CRISPR proteins synthesis can overcome the host’s CRISPR-Cas system, which can shatter the phage genome within minutes after the infection.
Anti-CRISPR | Phage immune evasion
Dicerca asperata is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca asperata | Introduction
Dicer can be used to identify whether tumors are present within the body based on the expression level of the enzyme. A study showed that many patients that had cancer had decreased expression levels of Dicer. The same study showed that lower Dicer expression correlated with lower patient survival length. Along with being a diagnostic tool, Dicer can be used for treating patients by injecting foreign siRNA intravenously to cause gene silencing. The siRNA was shown to be delivered in two ways in mammalian species such as mice. One way would be to directly inject into the system, which would not require Dicer function.
Dicer | Diagnostic and therapeutic applications
Dicerca lepida, the embossed hawthorn buprestid, is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca lepida | Introduction
Diceroprocta cinctifera is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae. It is found in North America.
Diceroprocta cinctifera | Introduction
Dicellitis cornucopiae is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on the Maluku Islands of Indonesia.
Dicellitis cornucopiae | Introduction
Dicercina is a subtribe of metallic wood-boring beetles in the family Buprestidae. There are at least 2 genera and 20 described species in Dicercina.
Dicercina | Introduction
"D. tenebrica" have a flat head (hence the name), while its vertex is slightly impressed from the middle. Both disk and vertex are coarsed and punctated. Its prothorax have lateral margins which are parallel at base and expanded closer to the middle. The lateral margins which are closer to elytron are subparallel and are wide farther from the middle. Females of the "D. tenebrica" are different from the rest of the genus due to reduced middle tooth or it complete absence off. Males are long and are wide while females' length can range from with width being from .
Dicerca tenebrica | Description
Diceroprocta delicata is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
Diceroprocta delicata | Introduction
Other beetles (genus "Rhagium") have longer repeats without internal disulfide bonds that form a compressed beta-solenoid (beta sandwich) with four rows of threonine residus, and this AFP is structurally similar to that modelled for the non-homologous AFP from the pale beauty moth. In contrast, the AFP from the spruce budworm moth is a solenoid that superficially resembles the "Tenebrio" protein, with a similar ice-binding surface, but it has a triangular cross-section, with longer repeats that lack the internal disulfide bonds. The AFP from midges is structurally similar to those from "Tenebrio" and "Dendroides", but the disulfide-braced beta-solenoid is formed from from shorter 10 amino-acids repeats, and instead of threonine, the ice-binding surface consists of a single row of tyrosine residues.
Antifreeze protein | Insect AFPs
Dicercini is a tribe of metallic wood-boring beetles in the family Buprestidae. There are at least 40 described species in Dicercini.
Dicercini | Introduction
In the moss "Physcomitrella patens" DCL1b, one of four DICER proteins, is not involved in miRNA biogenesis but in dicing miRNA target transcripts. Thus, a novel mechanism for regulation of gene expression, the epigenetic silencing of genes by miRNAs, was discovered. In terms of crystal structure, the first Dicer to be explored was that from the protozoan "Giardia intestinalis". A PAZ domain and two RNase III domains were discovered by X-ray crystallography. The protein size is 82 kDa, while it is larger in other organisms; for example, it is 219 kDa in humans. The difference in size from humans to "G.
Dicer | Discovery
Dicerogastra chersotoides is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Oman. Adults are on wing from September to November in semi-arid areas and from June to July in temperate regions. There are possibly two generations per year.
Dicerogastra chersotoides | Introduction
Diceratura diceratops is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in north-eastern Afghanistan.
Diceratura diceratops | Introduction
"Providencia rettgeri" is a natural pathogen of "Drosophila" fruit flies. Susceptibility to "P. rettgeri" is strongly tied to an allele of the antimicrobial peptide gene Diptericin. The fly's defence against "P. rettgeri" seems to rely almost exclusively on Diptericin, as deletion of Diptericin leads to complete mortality. Meanwhile deletion of multiple other antimicrobial peptides has no effect on "P. rettgeri" virulence. Yet defence against the related "Providencia burhodogranariea" is determined by multiple antimicrobial peptides beyond just Diptericin.
Providencia rettgeri | Research in insects
Dicerca tenebrosa, the flatheaded conifer borer, is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca tenebrosa | Introduction
Dicephalarcha is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae.
Dicephalarcha | Introduction
Diceromerus is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the following species:
Diceromerus | Introduction
Dicerogastra is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
Dicerogastra | Introduction
Diceratura porrectana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Transcaucasia and Golestan Province, Iran.
Diceratura porrectana | Introduction
Dicerca caudata is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca caudata | Introduction
Dicerca dumolini is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca dumolini | Introduction
Dicentrus bluthneri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1880.
Dicentrus bluthneri | Introduction
Diceroprocta is a genus of scrub cicadas in the family Cicadidae. There are at least 60 described species in "Diceroprocta".
Diceroprocta | Introduction
Dicerca spreta is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca spreta | Introduction
Dicellitis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Tortricinae of the family Tortricidae.
Dicellitis | Introduction
The genome of "D. innubila" was sequenced in 2019, and highlighted the importance of the interaction between "D. innubila" and its viruses as implied by patterns of immune evolution in antiviral genes. Notably, natural selection on the immunity and antiviral pathways in "D. innubila" differ markedly from "D. melanogaster", implying divergent evolutionary pressures. The DiNV DNA virus is similar to the "D. melanogaster" "Kallithea virus". As such, comparisons between "D. melanogaster" and "D. innubila" and their viruses promise to inform on the nature of host-virus interactions. The antimicrobial peptide gene Diptericin B has been pseudogenized in two independent lineages of mushroom-feeding fruit flies: the Quinaria group species "Drosophila guttifera" and the more distantly related "Drosophila neotestacea".
Drosophila quinaria species group | Immune response
Dicerca juncea is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca juncea | Introduction
There is also a small transverse-linear pale golden-metallic mark on the end of the cell. The dark fuscous hindwings are ovate-triangular, the termen is slightly rounded.
Asterivora antigrapha | Introduction
The acentric fragment is frequently lost, while the dicentric fragment forms a bridge at anaphase leading to another chromosomal break. This whole process then repeats itself, leading to the accumulation of serious imbalances in the genetic information of the daughter cells. The accumulation of this genetic damage finally leads to the death of the zygote). Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera orders can be classed as radiation-sensitive, while Lepidoptera, Homoptera and mites (Acari) orders are radiation-resistant. A major difference between these two groups of Insects is that the former group has a localized centromere (monokinetic), while the latter has a diffuse centromere (holokinetic).
Inherited sterility in insects | Genetic basis
Dicerca callosa is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca callosa | Introduction
Diceratura teheranica is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Darband, Iran.
Diceratura teheranica | Introduction
Antillocoris discretus is a species of dirt-colored seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae. It is found in North America.
Antillocoris discretus | Introduction
Diceratura is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tortricidae.
Diceratura | Introduction
Injected SiRNA has poor stability in blood and causes stimulations of non-specific immunity. Also, producing miRNA therapeutically lacks in specificity because only 6-8 nucleotide base pairing is required for miRNA to attach to mRNA.
Dicer | Diagnostic and therapeutic applications
Dicerca lugubris is a species of beetle from Chrysochroinae subfamily. It is dark-cupreous coloured on top and black-cupreous below. The length of the species may vary from while they can be as wide as . The species can be found on Lake Superior, Marquette, Michigan as well as Laniel, Quebec. It is also found in Iowa, Alberta, and Southeastern North America where it feeds on jack pine.
Dicerca lugubris | Introduction
Diceratura complicana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Uganda. The habitat consists of forests. The wingspan is 9–10 mm. The forewings are white with fuscous transverse striae. The costa is suffused with grey up to the middle. The hindwings are grey.
Diceratura complicana | Introduction
Dicellitis furcigera is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.
Dicellitis furcigera | Introduction
Diceratucha xenopis is a moth of the family Oenosandridae and only member of the monotypic genus Diceratucha. It is found in Australia.
Diceratucha | Introduction
Dicerca pugionata is a species of buprestid beetle from the Chrysochroinae subfamily that occurs in the Eastern North America. Its food includes witch-hazel species including "Hamamelis virginiana" in mid July. It also feeds on ninebark and alder species.
Dicerca pugionata | Introduction
Dicerca hornii is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
Dicerca hornii | Introduction
Dicladocerus is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.
Dicladocerus | Introduction
Lithophane contra, the anti-pinion, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It was first described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1924 and it is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for "Lithophane contra" is 9897.
Lithophane contra | Introduction
Antillocoris pilosulus is a species of dirt-colored seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae. It is found in North America.
Antillocoris pilosulus | Introduction
DCL1 (an abbreviation of Dicer-like 1) is a gene in plants that codes for the DCL1 protein, a ribonuclease III enzyme involved in processing microRNA (miRNA). Although DCL1 is named for its homology with the metazoan protein Dicer, its role in miRNA biogenesis is somewhat different, due to substantial differences in miRNA maturation processes between plants and animals. Unlike Dicer, DCL1 is localized to the cell nucleus, where it initiates miRNA processing as the catalytic component of the so-called Dicing complex, which also contains HYL1, a double-stranded RNA binding protein, and a zinc-finger protein known as SE or SERRATE. Within the nucleus, Dicing complexes co-localize in Dicing bodies or D-bodies.
Dcl | Introduction
The hindwings are light grey.
Dichomeris antizyga | Introduction
Diceroprocta aurantiaca is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae. It is found in North America.
Diceroprocta aurantiaca | Introduction
Diceratobasis melanogaster is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is endemic to the Dominican Republic. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Diceratobasis melanogaster | Introduction
Seeds with elaiosomes are borne in long capsules. All parts are poisonous if ingested.
Dicentra | Description
Dicerca tenebrica (commonly known as flatheaded wood borer) is a brassy to black coloured beetle from Chrysochroinae subfamily which can be found in Canada and both Southern and Northeastern United States.
Dicerca tenebrica | Introduction
Antillocoris is a genus of dirt-colored seed bugs in the family Rhyparochromidae. There are at least four described species in "Antillocoris".
Antillocoris | Introduction
Springtails (Collembola) are not insects, but like insects, they are arthropods with six legs. A species found in Canada, which is often called a "snow flea", produces hyperactive AFPs. Although they are also repetitive and have a flat ice-binding surface, the similarity ends there. Around 50% of the residues are glycine (Gly), with repeats of Gly-Gly- X or Gly-X-X, where X is any amino acid. Each 3-amino-acid repeat forms one turn of a polyproline type II helix. The helices then fold together, to form a bundle that is two helices thick, with an ice-binding face dominated by small hydrophobic residues like alanine, rather than threonine.
Antifreeze protein | Insect AFPs
The virus is concentrated in the heads and abdomens of infected adult bees with significantly reduced titers in the thorax. The genome is detectable by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in the head, thorax, abdomen and wings of infected bees. Only the legs are devoid of virus.
Deformed wing virus | Virology
Dicer is also involved in DNA repair. DNA damage increases in mammalian cells with decreased Dicer expression as a result of decreased efficiency of DNA damage repair and other mechanisms. For example, siRNA from double strand breaks (produced by Dicer) may act as guides for protein complexes involved in the double strand break repair mechanisms and can also direct chromatin modifications. Additionally, miRNAs expression patterns change as a result of DNA damage caused by ionizing or ultraviolet radiation. RNAi mechanisms are responsible for transposon silencing and in their absence, as when Dicer is knocked out/down, can lead to activated transposons that cause DNA damage.
Dicer | Cancer
There are surface residues which actively participate in the active site of AcrF1, two of which are tyrosines (Y6 and Y20) and the third amino acid is a glutamic acid (E31), as their mutation by an alanine causes a 100-fold decrease in the activity of the protein (with Y20A and E31A mutations), and a 10-fold decrease when Y6 is mutated.
Anti-CRISPR | AcrF1
Lecithocera dicentropa is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1938. It is found in North Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Lecithocera dicentropa | Introduction
Dicephalarcha anemodes is a moth of the family Tortricidae first described by Edward Meyrick in 1912. It is found in Sri Lanka.
Dicephalarcha anemodes | Introduction
Diceratura rhodograpta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Sardinia and in France, Italy, North Macedonia, Ukraine, the Transcaucasus, Asia Minor and northern Syria. The wingspan is 8–10 mm. Adults are on wing from July to August.
Diceratura rhodograpta | Introduction
Diceroprocta swalei is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
Diceroprocta swalei | Introduction
Drosocin is a 19-residue long antimicrobial peptide (AMP) of flies first isolated in the fruit fly "Drosophila melanogaster", and later shown to be conserved throughout the genus "Drosophila". Drosocin is regulated by the NF-κB Imd signalling pathway in the fly.
Drosocin | Introduction
Diceratobasis is a genus of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. The larva of species in this genus live in water that is trapped in bromeliads. It contains the following species:
Diceratobasis | Introduction
Most viruses in "Varidnaviria" contain a capsid that is made of major capsid proteins that contain vertical single (SJR) or double jelly roll (DJR) folds. The major capsid proteins are named so because they are the primary proteins that the capsid is made of. A jelly roll fold is a type of folded structure in a protein in which eight antiparallel beta strands are organized into four antiparallel beta sheets in a layout resembling a jelly roll, also called a Swiss roll. Each beta strand is a specific sequence of amino acids, and these strands bond to their antiparallel strands via hydrogen bonds.
Varidnaviria | MCP, mCP, and ATPase
The viral capsid is unenveloped and looks roughly spherical. The capsid is round with icosahedral symmetry with triangulation number (T) = 3 and 4. It is also isometric to quasi-isometric and has a diameter of 30-50 nm. LTR-retrotransposons are poorly characterized and lipids have not reported. The genome integrates into the host genome and gets transcribed by host cell enzymes such as eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase II. Genome replication takes place in the host cytoplasm, or the nucleus and assembly can occur in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus.
Pseudoviridae | Virology