The ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the human adult, the ureters are usually long and around in diameter. The ureter is lined by urothelial cells, a type of transitional epithelium, and has an additional smooth muscle layer in third closest to the bladder that assists with peristalsis. The ureters can be affected by a number of diseases; including urinary tract infections and kidney stone. is when a ureter is narrowed, due to for example chronic inflammation. Congenital abnormalities that affect the ureters can include the development of two ureters on the same side, or abnormally placed ureters.
Introduction
Ureter
Ureter | Introduction
urothelial cells The ureter is lined by urothelial cells, a type of transitional epithelium, and has an additional smooth muscle layer in third closest to the bladder that assists with peristalsis. Urothelial cells, smooth muscle Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
what tissue types form the wall of the ureter
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The ureter is lined by urothelium, a type of transitional epithelium that is capable of responding to stretches in the ureters. The transitional epithelium may appear as a layer of column-shaped cells when relaxed, and of flatter cells when distended. Below the epithelium sits the lamina propria. The lamina propria is made up of loose connective tissue with many elastic fibers interspersed with blood vessels, veins and lymphatics. The ureter is surrounded by two muscular layers, an inner longitudinal layer of muscle, and an outer circular or spiral layer of muscle. The lower third of the ureter has a third muscular layer.
Ureter | Microanatomy
The ureters are richly supplied by nerves that form a network () of nerves, the ureteric plexus that lies in the adventitia of the ureters. This plexus is formed from a number of nerve roots directly (T9-12, L1, and S2-4), as well as branches from other nerve plexuses and nerves; specifically, the upper third of the ureter receives nerve branches from the renal plexus and aortic plexus, the middle part receives branches from the upper hypogastric plexus and nerve, and the lower ureter receives branches from the lower hypogastric plexus and nerve. The plexus is in the adventitia. The these nerves travel in individual bundles and along small blood vessels to form the ureteric plexus.
Ureter | Nerve supply
The ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the human adult, the ureters are usually long and around in diameter. The ureter is lined by urothelial cells, a type of transitional epithelium, and has an additional smooth muscle layer in third closest to the bladder that assists with peristalsis. The ureters can be affected by a number of diseases; including urinary tract infections and kidney stone. is when a ureter is narrowed, due to for example chronic inflammation. Congenital abnormalities that affect the ureters can include the development of two ureters on the same side, or abnormally placed ureters.
Ureter | Introduction
Beyond these layers sits an adventitia containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and veins.
Ureter | Microanatomy
The wall of the urinary bladder is normally 3–5 mm thick. When well distended, the wall is normally less than 3 mm.
Urinary bladder | Structure
The ureters develop from the ureteric buds, which are outpouchings from the mesonephric duct. This is a duct, derived from mesoderm, found in the early embryo. Over time, the buds elongate, moving into surrounding mesodermal tissue, dilate, and divide into left and right ureters. Eventually, successive divisions from these buds form not only the ureters, but also the pelvis, major and minor calyces, and collecting ducts of the kidneys. The mesonephric duct is connected with the cloaca, which over the course of development splits into a urogenital sinus and the anorectal canal. The urinary bladder forms from the urogenital sinus.
Ureter | Development
The membranous urethra or intermediate part of male urethra is the shortest, least dilatable, and, with the exception of the urinary meatus, the narrowest part of the urethra. It extends downward and forward, with a slight anterior concavity, between the apex of the prostate and the bulb of the urethra, perforating the urogenital diaphragm about 2.5 cm below and behind the pubic symphysis. The hinder part of the urethral bulb lies in apposition with the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, but its upper portion diverges somewhat from this fascia: the anterior wall of the membranous urethra is thus prolonged for a short distance in front of the urogenital diaphragm; it measures about 2 cm in length, while the posterior wall which is between the two fasciæ of the diaphragm is only 1.25 cm long.
Membranous urethra | Introduction
IVU-shows Adder head appearance or Cobra head appearance. Cystoscopy-shows translucent cyst which is thin walled surrounding ureteric orifice
Ureterocele | Diagnosis
The anatomy of "Tomigerus clausus" was examined by Harold Heath in 1914. The mantle has more highly thickened margins and more glandular epithelium than in the genus"Anostoma", extending throughout the body whorl of the shell to the region adjacent to the aperture. It thus terminates at the point where the ureter bends abruptly upon itself. The external openings of the ureter and intestine occupy the usual positions on the right side, and from this point they pursue a course parallel to the external surface of the body, in close contact with the mantle cavity. The ureter bends sharply upon itself at the termination of the mantle cavity, and, dorsally placed with reference to this chamber, proceeds anteriorly to unite with the forward extremity of the kidney.
Tomigerus clausus | Anatomy
Sensation supplied is sparse close to the kidneys and increases closer to the bladder. Sensation to the ureters is provided by nerves that come from T11 - L2 segments of the spinal cord. When pain is caused, for example by spasm of the ureters or by a stone, the pain may be referred to the dermatomes of T11 - L2, namely the back and sides of the abdomen, the scrotum (males) or labia majora (females) and upper part of the front of the thigh.
Ureter | Nerve supply
The researchers stated, "In the mouse, as in human females, tissue organization in the corpora cavernosa of the clitoris is essentially similar to that of the penis except for the absence of a subalbugineal layer interposed between the tunica albuginea and the erectile tissue."
Clitoris | Cats, sheep and mice
In males the neck of the urinary bladder is next to the prostate gland. The bladder has three openings. The two ureters enter the bladder at ureteric orifices, and the urethra enters at the trigone of the bladder. These ureteric openings have mucosal flaps in front of them that act as valves in preventing the backflow of urine into the ureters, known as vesicoureteral reflux. Between the two ureteric openings is a raised area of tissue called the interureteric crest. This makes the upper boundary of the trigone. The trigone is an area of smooth muscle that forms the floor of the bladder above the urethra.
Urinary bladder | Structure
Related to the urinary bladder, anteriorly there are the following folds:
Umbilical folds | Introduction
The urethral sponge is a spongy cushion of tissue, found in the lower genital area of females, that sits against both the pubic bone and vaginal wall, and surrounds the urethra.
Urethral sponge | Introduction
From here, in males they cross under the vas deferens and in front of the seminal vesicles to enter the bladder near the trigone. In females, the ureters pass behind the ovaries, and then travel in the lower midline section of the broad ligament of the uterus. For a short part, the uterine arteries travel on top for a short (2.5 cm) period. They then pass by the cervix, travelling inwards towards the bladder.
Ureter | Structure
A ureteral neoplasm is a type of tumor that can be primary, or associated with a metastasis from another site. Treatment may involve removal of the kidney and ureter, or just the ureter. Classification of cancers often is oriented around the embryological origin of the tissue. In some contexts, the primary division is at the border of kidney and ureter, and in other contexts, the primary division is between derivatives of the metanephric blastema and those of the ureteric bud. Because of this, neoplasia of the ureters are sometimes grouped with tumors of the renal pelvis.
Ureteral neoplasm | Introduction
The UR is quite thin, the telson being fairly short in length.
Hyperia macrocephala | Description
As it passes down the muscle, it travels over the genitofemoral nerve and. The inferior vena cava and the abdominal aorta sit to the midline of the right and left ureters respectively. In the lower part of the abdomen, the right ureter sits behind the lower mesentery and the terminal ileum, and the left ureter sits behind the jejunum and the sigmoid colon. As the ureters enter the pelvis, they are surrounded by connective tissue, and travel backwards and outwards, passing in front of the internal iliac arteries and internal iliac veins. They then travel inwards and forwards, crossing the umbilical, inferior vesical and middle rectal arteries.
Ureter | Structure
The fibrous envelope of the corpus cavernosum urethrae is thinner, whiter in color, and more elastic than that of the corpora cavernosa penis. It is called the trabeculae of corpus spongiosum of penis. The trabeculae are more delicate, nearly uniform in size, and the meshes between them smaller than in the corpora cavernosa penis: their long diameters, for the most part, corresponding with that of the penis. The external envelope or outer coat of the corpus cavernosum urethrae is formed partly of unstriped muscular fibers, and a layer of the same tissue immediately surrounds the canal of the urethra.
Trabeculae of corpus spongiosum of penis | Introduction
The cells lining the urethra (the epithelium) start off as transitional cells as it exits the bladder, which are variable layers of flat to cuboidal cells that change shape depending on whether they are compressed by the contents of the urethra. Further along the urethra there are pseudostratified columnar and stratified columnar epithelia. The lining becomes multiple layers of flat cells near the end of the urethra, which is the same as the external skin around it. There are small mucus-secreting urethral glands, as well as bulbo-urethral glands of Cowper, that secret mucous acting to lubricate the urethra. The urethra consists of three coats: muscular, erectile, and mucous, the muscular layer being a continuation of that of the bladder.
Urethra | Microanatomy
The ureters are tubular structures, approximately in adults, that pass from the pelvis of each kidney into the bladder. From the renal pelvis, they descend on top of the psoas major muscle to reach the brim of the pelvis. Here, they cross in front of the common iliac arteries. They then pass down along the sides of the pelvis, and finally curve forwards and enter the bladder from its left and right sides at the back of the bladder. The ureters are between 1.5 - 6 mm in diameter, and surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle for 1 - 2 cm near their ends just before they enter the bladder.
Ureter | Structure
In the male the Müllerian ducts atrophy, but traces of their anterior ends are represented by the appendices testis (hydatids of Morgagni of the male), while their terminal fused portions form the utriculus in the floor of the prostatic urethra.
Development of the urinary system | Atrophy in males
In the human female, the urethra is about 4 cm long, and exits the body between the clitoris and the vagina, extending from the internal to the external urethral orifice. The meatus is located below the clitoris. It is placed behind the symphysis pubis, embedded in the anterior wall of the vagina, and its direction is obliquely downward and forward; it is slightly curved with the concavity directed forward. The proximal two-thirds of the urethra is lined by transitional epithelial cells, while the distal third is lined by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Between the superior and inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, the female urethra is surrounded by the urethral sphincter.
Urethra | Female
the bladder wall may show trabeculations or sacculations or even diverticuli. Diagnosis can also be made by cystoscopy, where a small camera is inserted into the urethra for direct visualization of the posteriorly positioned valve. A limitation of this technique is that posterior valve tissue is translucent and can be pushed against the wall of the urethra by inflowing irrigation fluid, making it difficult to visualize. Cystoscopy may also demonstrate the bladder changes.
Posterior urethral valve | Diagnosis
The ureters are muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the human adult, the ureters are usually 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long. In humans, the ureters arise from the renal pelvis on the medial aspect of each kidney before descending towards the bladder on the front of the psoas major muscle. The ureters cross the pelvic brim near the bifurcation of the iliac arteries (which they run over). This "pelviureteric junction" is a common site for the impaction of kidney stones (the other being the uteterovesical valve). The ureters run posteriorly on the lateral walls of the pelvis.
Excretory system | Ureter
The parietal wall is covered with a heavy callus, which gives the periostracum a completed aspect.
Parthenina meta | Description
When viewed under a microscope the bladder can be seen to have an inner lining (called epithelium), three layers of muscle fibres, and an outer adventitia. The inner wall of the bladder is called urothelium, a type of transitional epithelium formed by three to six layers of cells; the cells may become more cuboidal or flatter depending on whether the bladder is empty or full. Additionally, these are lined with a mucous membrane consisting of a surface glycocalyx that protects the cells beneath it from urine. The epithelium lies on a thin basement membrane, and a lamina propria. The mucosal lining also offers a urothelial barrier against the passing of infections.
Urinary bladder | Microanatomy
Since it has no muscles to regulate urination, urine collects in a bag. There are four common types of ureterostomies:
Ureterostomy | Types
The ureters enter the bladder from its back surface, traveling before opening into the bladder at an angle on its outer back surface at the slit-like "ureteric orifices". This location is also called the vesicoureteric junction. In the contracted bladder they are about apart and about the same distance from the internal urethral orifice; in the distended bladder these measurements may be increased to about . A number of structures pass by, above, and around the ureters on their path down from the kidneys to the bladder. In its upper part, the ureter travels on the psoas major muscle, and sits just behind the peritoneum.
Ureter | Structure
Blockage, or obstruction of the ureter can occur, as a result of narrowing within the ureter, or compression or fibrosis of structures around the ureter. Narrowing can result of ureteric stones, masses associated with cancer, and other lesions such as endometriosis tuberculosis and schistosomiasis. Things outside the ureters such as constipation and retroperitoneal fibrosis can also compress them. Some congenital abnormalities can also result in narrowing or the ureters. Congenital disorders of the ureter and urinary tract affect 10% of infants. These include partial or total duplication of the ureter (a duplex ureter), or the formation of a second irregularly placed () ureter; or where the junction with the bladder is malformed or a ureterocoele develops (usually in that location).
Ureter | Anatomical and surgical abnormalities
Pseudostratified columnar – proximally, Stratified squamous – distally
Spongy urethra | Epithelium
The remnants of the egg tissue enclose the base of the structure as a volva.
Colus hirudinosus | Description
The urethral crest is an anatomical feature present in the urinary system of both males and females. In males, the urethral crest is known as the "crista urethralis masculinae, or the crista phallica, and is a longitudinal fold on the posterior wall of the urethra extending from the uvula of the bladder through the prostatic urethra. It is from 15 to 17 mm. in length, and about 3 mm. in height, and contains muscular and erectile tissue. When distended, it may serve to prevent the passage of the semen backward into the bladder. In females, it is known as the crista urethralis femininae, and is a conspicuous longitudinal fold of mucosa on the posterior wall of the urethra.
Urethral crest | Introduction
The corpora cavernosa are homogeneous and relatively hypoechoic cylindrical structures lined with tunica albuginea, a thin membrane that has a thickness of approximately 2 mm when the penis is flaccid and 0.25 mm when it is erect. The corpus spongiosum, a ventral, medial body that is more echoic than the corpora cavernosa, is also covered by the tunica albuginea and contains the urethra. As can be seen in Figures 1 and 2, it is more dilated and prominent in its proximal segment, known as the bulb, and in its distal segment, constituting the glans. Buck's fascia is superficial to the tunica albuginea and covers all of the structures described.
Penile ultrasonography | Anatomy and physiology
The ureteric plexus is a nerve plexus covering and innervating the ureter. The plexus can be graduated into three parts, as the ureter itself can be divided: In the upper part of the ureter, the plexus gets its nerve fibers mainly from the renal plexus, but also from the abdominal aortic plexus. In the intermediate part the plexus receives nervous input from the superior hypogastric plexus and in the lower part from the inferior hypogastric plexus. The plexus contains both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, where the sympathetic components come from T11 to L2 levels of the spinal cord. Preganglionic vagal fibers (vagal fibers before passing through a ganglion) run through the celiac plexus and reach the ureteric plexus.
Ureteric plexus | Introduction
Ureteritis is a medical condition of the ureter that involves inflammation. One form is known as "ureteritis cystica". Eosinophilic ureteritis has been observed. Ureteritis is often considered part of a urinary tract infection.
Ureteritis | Introduction
It is an area of smooth tissue for the easy flow of urine into and from this part of the bladder - in contrast to the irregular surface formed by the rugae. The walls of the bladder have a series of ridges, thick mucosal folds known as rugae that allow for the expansion of the bladder. The detrusor muscle is the muscular layer of the wall made of smooth muscle fibers arranged in spiral, longitudinal, and circular bundles. The detrusor muscle is able to change its length. It can also contract for a long time whilst voiding, and it stays relaxed whilst the bladder is filling.
Urinary bladder | Structure
There are two basic types of urostomies. The first features the creation of a passage called an "ileal conduit." In this procedure, the ureters are detached from the bladder and joined to a short length of the small intestine (ileum). The other type of urostomy is cutaneous ureterostomy. With this technique, the surgeon detaches the ureters from the bladder and brings one or both to the surface of the abdomen. The hole created in the abdomen is called a stoma, a reddish, moist abdominal protrusion. The ileal conduit is not painful; it has no sensation. The ureterostomy stoma retains sensation.
Ureterostomy | Types
The difference between the two could lead to fluid entering or exiting the ureter due to the osmotic pressure. Histologie 1er cycle des études médicales, Lüllman-Rauch, 2008
Facet cells | Introduction
The other, more superficial, portion of the diverticulum, on the other hand, becomes the ureter.
Development of the urinary system | Ureteric bud
In the developing embryo, at the hind end lies a cloaca. This, over the fourth to the seventh week, divides into a urogenital sinus and the beginnings of the anal canal, with a wall forming between these two inpouchings called the urorectal septum. The urogenital sinus divides into three parts, with the middle part forming the urethra; the upper part is largest and becomes the urinary bladder, and the lower part then changes depending on the biological sex of the embryo. The cells lining the urethra (the epithelium) come from endoderm, whereas the connective tissue and smooth muscle parts are derived from mesoderm.
Urethra | Development
The internal sphincter is present both in males and females.
Urethra | Introduction
Anatomy of "Anostoma depressum" was examined by Harold Heath in 1914. The kidney, placed between the pericardial and body walls on the anterior face of the last fold, presents the usual sac-like appearance. Evidently the reno-pericardial opening is minute. The ureter, likewise, is difficult to trace throughout a portion of its course. Its external opening is immediately behind that of the alimentary canal, and from this point is readily followed to the region of the pericardium, where it decreases in caliber and passes into a network of blood vessels. It appears that the kidney is in contact, along its inner face, with a slender sack or tube with which the ureter communicates.
Anostoma depressum | Anatomy
The parietal wall is covered with a thin callus.
Odostomia oonisca | Description
According to the American Urological Association, the diagnostic criteria are the following: Tissue for histological analysis is usually obtained via a transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT).
Urachal cancer | Diagnosis
The urachus is a fibrous remnant of the allantois, a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins and runs within the umbilical cord. The fibrous remnant lies in the space of Retzius, between the transverse fascia anteriorly and the peritoneum posteriorly.
Urachus | Introduction
Not all agree to the amount of supportive tissue or fascia exists in the anterior vaginal wall. The major point of contention is whether the vaginal fascial layer exists. Some texts do not describe a fascial layer. Other sources state that the fascia is present under the urethra which is embedded in the anterior vaginal wall. Despite disagreement, the urethra is embedded in the anterior vaginal wall.
Vaginal support structures | Anterior vaginal support
The urethral sponge is composed of erectile tissue; during arousal, it becomes swollen with blood, compressing the urethra, helping, along with the pubococcygeus muscle, to prevent urination during sexual activity.
Urethral sponge | Functions
More invasive forms of imaging include ureteroscopy, which is the insertion of a flexible endoscope into the urinary tract to view the ureters. Ureteroscopy is most commonly used for medium to large-sized stones when less invasive methods of removal are not able to be used.
Ureter | Imaging
Over time, as the bladder enlarges, it absorbs the surrounding parts of the primitive ureters. Finally, the entry points of the ureters into the bladder move upwards, owing to the upward migration of the kidneys in the developing embryo.
Ureter | Development
The corpus spongiosum is the mass of spongy tissue surrounding the male urethra within the penis. It is also called the corpus cavernosum urethrae in older texts.
Corpus spongiosum penis | Introduction
The mesoderm around the tubules becomes condensed to form the connective tissue of the kidney. The ureter opens at first into the hind-end of the Wolffian duct; after the sixth week it separates from the Wolffian duct, and opens independently into the part of the cloaca which ultimately becomes the urinary bladder. The renal tubules become arranged into renal pyramids, and the lobulated condition of the kidneys exists for some time after birth, while traces of it may be found even in the adult. The kidney of the ox and many other animals, on the other hand, remains lobulated throughout life.
Development of the urinary system | Other changes
The parietal wall is wrinkled. The umbilicus penetrates deeper than the insertion of the columella and is bordered by a plicate rib. The peristome is much thickened inside.
Clanculus personatus | Description
Its fibers diverge; the most posterior form a thin layer, which is lost on the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm; the middle fibers encircle the bulb and adjacent parts, of the corpus cavernosum urethrae, and join with the fibers of the opposite side, on the upper part of the corpus cavernosum urethrae, in a strong aponeurosis; the anterior fibers, spread out over the side of the corpus cavernosum penis, to be inserted partly into that body, anterior to the Ischiocavernosus, occasionally extending to the pubis, and partly ending in a tendinous expansion which covers the dorsal vessels of the penis.
Bulbospongiosus muscle | Fibers
Alternatively, Edwards (1982) proposed that the inner tissue of "Nematothallus" comprised stringy tubes, with the cellular patterning produced by their ends.
Nematothallus | History of research
The urethra is a fibrous and muscular tube which connects the urinary bladder to the external urethral meatus. Its length differs between the sexes, because it passes through the penis in males.
Urethra | Structure
Under microscopy, the urinary system is covered in a unique lining called urothelium, a type of transitional epithelium. Unlike the epithelial lining of most organs, transitional epithelium can flatten and distend. Urothelium covers most of the urinary system, including the renal pelvis, ureters, and bladder.
Urinary system | Microanatomy
The two corpora cavernosa are expandable erectile tissues which fill with blood during clitoral erection. These formations are made of a sponge-like tissue containing irregular blood-filled spaces lined by endothelium and separated by connective tissue septa. United together along their medial surfaces by an incomplete fibrous pectiniform septum; each corpus is connected to the rami of the pubis and ischium by a clitoral crus. The female anatomy has two vestibular bulbs beneath the skin of the labia minora (at the entrance to the vagina), which expand at the same time as the glans clitoridis to cap the ends of the corpora cavernosa.
Corpus cavernosum of clitoris | Anatomy
An urothelial papilloma (or Transitional cell papilloma) is a papilloma developed from the urothelium.
Urothelial papilloma | Introduction
The hard walls of rock were left standing as softer surrounding material eroded away.
Angustus Labyrinthus | Introduction
A urethral diverticulum is a condition where the urethra or the periurethral glands push into the connective tissue layers (fascia) that surround it.
Urethral diverticulum | Introduction
Below is a cladogram from their analysis:
Eretmorhipis | Description
In this case, usually one ureter drains correctly to the bladder, with the duplicated ureter presenting as ectopic.
Ectopic ureter | Introduction
Cancer of the ureters is known as ureteral cancer. It is usually due to cancer of the urothelium, the cells that line the surface of the ureters. Urothelial cancer is more common after the age of 40, and more common in men than women; other risk factors include smoking and exposure to dyes such as aromatic amines and aldehydes. When cancer is present, the most common symptom in an affected person is blood in the urine; it may not cause symptoms, and a physical medical examination may be otherwise normal, except in late disease. Ureteral cancer is most often due to cancer of the cells lining the ureter, called transitional cell carcinoma, although it can more rarely occur as a squamous cell carcinoma if the type of cells lining the urethra have changed due to chronic inflammation, such as due to stones or schistosomiasis.
Ureter | Cancer
Ureteral development begins in the human fetus around the 4th week of embryonic development. A ureteric bud, arising from the mesonephric (or Wolffian) duct, gives rise to the ureter, as well as other parts of the collective system. In the case of a duplicated ureter, the ureteric bud either splits or arises twice. In most cases, the kidney is divided into two parts, an upper and lower lobe, with some overlap due to intermingling of collecting tubules. However, in some cases the division is so complete as to give rise to two separate parts, each with its own renal pelvis and ureter.
Duplicated ureter | Pathophysiology
Ureteroureterostomies are often performed because of injured or scarred ureters, especially when the ureter in question is damaged in its upper third section. Generally if the patient has distal uretral strictures (narrowing of the ureter), a ureteroureterostomy is not recommended and a ureter reimplantation would be favorable.
Ureteroureterostomy | Reasons for performing procedure
The body is long, cylindrical, and fusiform (pointed at both the ends). The body wall is composed of cuticle, epidermis and musculature. There is a pseudocoelom. Respiration is by simple diffusion. The nervous system consists of a nerve ring and many longitudinal nerve cords. Reproduction is exclusively sexual, and males are usually shorter than females.
Ascaris | Morphology
The parietal wall is covered by a thin callus.
Odostomia ovata | Description
The outer, basal and columella margins are well curved, thin, simple, and converging and united across the parietal wall by a thin layer of callus
Calliotrochus marmoreus | Description
Transitional epithelium is a type of stratified epithelium. This tissue consists of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand in order to adapt to the degree of distension needed. Transitional epithelium lines the organs of the urinary system and is known here as urothelium. The bladder for example has a need for great distension.
Transitional epithelium | Introduction
They then curve anteriormedially to enter the bladder through the back, at the vesicoureteric junction, running within the wall of the bladder for a few centimeters. The backflow of urine is prevented by valves known as ureterovesical valves. In the female, the ureters pass through the mesometrium on the way to the bladder.
Excretory system | Ureter
Urogenital tuberculosis may cause strictures of the ureter, which, however, may heal when infection is treated.
Urogenital tuberculosis | Complications
Cavernous tissue refers to blood-filled spaces lined by endothelium and surrounded by smooth muscle. It is present in the erectile tissue of the penis and clitoris.
Cavernous tissue | Introduction
Urethral rupture may be diagnosed with a cystourethrogram. Due to the tight adherence of the fascia lata, urine from a urethral rupture cannot spread into the thighs.
Urethral rupture | Introduction
The subcutaneous tissue of penis (or superficial penile fascia) is continuous above with the fascia of Scarpa, and below with the dartos tunic of the scrotum and the fascia of Colles. It is sometimes just called the "dartos layer". It attaches at the intersection of the body and glans.
Subcutaneous tissue of penis | Introduction
However, in free-walled forms, the frontal walls are uncalcified, and no contact is made with the vertical walls, creating a wider coelomic connection around the distal ends of the vertical walls.
Cyclostomatida | Anatomy
through diagnostic imaging performed for unrelated reasons.
Ureterocele | Introduction
The supravaginal portion of the cervix (also known as the uterine portion of the cervix) is separated in front from the bladder by fibrous tissue (parametrium), which extends also on to its sides and lateralward between the layers of the broad ligaments. The uterine arteries reach the margins of the cervix in this fibrous tissue, while on either side the ureter runs downward and forward in it at a distance of about 2 cm. from the cervix. Posteriorly, the supravaginal cervix is covered by peritoneum, which is prolonged below on to the posterior vaginal wall, when it is reflected on to the rectum, forming the recto-uterine pouch.
Supravaginal portion of cervix | Introduction
The four layers that make up the wall of the ileum are consistent with those of the gastrointestinal tract. From the inner to the outer surface, these are:
Ileum | Histology
The new urethral meatus is placed along the neophallus to the distal end and the skin of the neophallus and scrotum reconstructed using labia minora and majora flaps. The new neophallus ranges in size from 4–10 cm (with an average of 5.7 cm) and has the approximate girth of a human adult thumb.
Metoidioplasty | Introduction
Injuries to the ureter can occur after penetrating abdominal injuries, and injuries at high speeds followed by an abrupt stop (such as a high speed car accident). The ureter can be injured during surgery to nearby structures. It is injured in 2 per 10,000 cases of vaginal hysterectomies and 13 per 10,000 cases of abdominal hysterectomies, usually near the suspensory ligament of the ovary or near the cardinal ligament, where the ureter runs close to the blood vessels of the uterus.
Ureter | Injury
The two corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum (also known as the "corpus cavernosum urethrae" in older texts and in the adjacent diagram) are three expandable erectile tissues along the length of the penis, which fill with blood during penile erection. The two corpora cavernosa lie along the penis shaft, from the pubic bones to the head of the penis, where they join. These formations are made of a sponge-like tissue containing trabeculae, irregular blood-filled spaces lined by endothelium and separated by connective tissue septa. The male anatomy has no vestibular bulbs, but instead a corpus spongiosum, a smaller region along the bottom of the penis, which contains the urethra and forms the glans penis.
Corpus cavernosum penis | Anatomy
In amphiarthroses, the contiguous bony surfaces can be:
Amphiarthrosis | Types
Management depends on what part of the urethra was injured and to what extent. The two broad anatomical separations are the posterior and anterior urethra. The posterior urethra includes the prostatic and membranous urethra. The anterior urethra includes the bulbous and pendulous portion.
Genitourinary tract injury | Urethral Injuries
Behind, it is expanded to form the urethral bulb, and lies in apposition with the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, from which it receives a fibrous investment. The urethra enters the bulb nearer to the superior than to the inferior surface. On the latter there is a median sulcus (groove), from which a thin fibrous septum (wall) projects into the substance of the bulb and divides it imperfectly into two lateral lobes or hemispheres. The portion of the corpus spongiosum in front of the bulb lies in a groove on the under surface of the conjoined corpora cavernosa penis.
Corpus spongiosum penis | Anatomy
perversus" is not present in the Natuna Islands. Carl Arend Friedrich Wiegmann (1893, 1898) discussed portions of the anatomy of "A. adamsii", "A. porcellanus", "A. contrarius", and "A. sinistralis". Walter Edward Collinge (1901, 1902) briefly noted features of "A. palaceus" and "A. parakensis" (reported as "A. perversus"). Haniel (1921) dissected "A. contrarius" and "A. reflexilabris", and Bernhard Rensch published a few scattered notes in his various faunistic surveys. A few earlier notes are mentioned in Pilsbry (1900). Characters such as the long, narrow kidney with reflexed ureter and closed secondary ureter, the penial complex with distinct penis, which is continuous with the epiphallus, epiphallic caecum (a flagellum and an appendix), unbranched gametolytic duct, lack of vaginal accessory organs, and the basic condition of the nervous and retractor muscle systems support the inclusion of "Amphidromus" in the family Camaenidae.
Amphidromus | Anatomy
Ureteral cancer is cancer of the ureters, muscular tubes that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. It is also known as ureter cancer, renal pelvic cancer, and rarely ureteric cancer or uretal cancer. Cancer in this location is rare. Ureteral cancer is usually transitional cell carcinoma. Transitional cell carcinoma is "a common cause of ureter cancer and other urinary (renal pelvic) tract cancers."
Ureteral cancer | Introduction
A connective tissue nevus may be present at birth or appear within the first few years, is elevated, soft to firm, varying from 0.5 to several centimeters in diameter, and may be grouped, linear, or irregularly distributed.
Connective tissue nevus | Introduction
Smooth muscle bundles pass on either side of the urethra, and these fibers are sometimes called the internal urethral sphincter, although they do not encircle the urethra. Further along the urethra is a sphincter of skeletal muscle, the sphincter of the membranous urethra (external urethral sphincter). The bladder's epithelium is termed transitional epithelium which contains a superficial layer of dome-like cells and multiple layers of stratified cuboidal cells underneath when evacuated. When the bladder is fully distended the superficial cells become squamous (flat) and the stratification of the cuboidal cells is reduced in order to provide lateral stretching.
Urination | Anatomy of the bladder and outlet
state that this does not appear to be the case and tunica albuginea does not envelop the erectile tissue of the bulbs. In Yang et al.'s assessment of the bulbs' anatomy, they conclude that the bulbs "arch over the distal urethra, outlining what might be appropriately called the 'bulbar urethra' in women."
Clitoris | Bulbs
The tubules collectively constitute the mesonephros.
Mesonephros | Formation
These layers are surrounded by three layers of muscle fibres arranged as an inner layer of fibres orientated longitudinally, a middle layer of circular fibres, and an outermost layer of longitudinal fibres; these form the destrusor muscle, which can be seen with the naked eye.
Urinary bladder | Microanatomy
Additional tissues and organs reside inside the scrotum and are described in more detail in the following articles:
Scrotum | Internal structure
Without DHT, male external genitalia will not develop during embryo growth. Cells of urogenital ridges and underlying mesenchyme proliferate and form primary sex cords, which then undergo a series of mitotic division, under influence of TDF, develop into male gonad. Elongation of genital tubercle forms developing glans penis. As phallus elongates, it pulls forward urethral folds that surrounds urogenital sinus together. Fusion of urogenital folds forms urogenital groove on ventral (under) side of phallus, and the groove gradually closes towards the glans forming the penile urethra. The urogenital sinus differentiates into bladder and prostatic and posterior urethra. Erectile mesenchymal tissue develops into corpus spongiosum around the urethra and forms the glans penis, and into corpora cavenosa in the penile shaft.
Diphallia | External genitalia development
Different types of tuboplasty can be distinguished:.
Tuboplasty | Types
The urethra lies very near the last part of the intestine. Digestive system: The jaw has numerous ribs. Radula with tricuspid central tooth with square basal plate, as large as the bicuspid laterals, the marginals multicuspid. Reproductive system: Ovotestis forms two groups of follicles. Penis is continued in a long epiphallus and bears a long appendix, with swollen basal and distal divisions, the penial retractor bifurcate, one branch inserted on the epiphallus, the other on the base of the appendix (distally it attaches to the right ocular retractor, according to G. Dallas Hanna).
Strobilopsidae | Anatomy
The anatomy of the human urinary system differs between males and females at the level of the urinary bladder. In males, the urethra begins at the internal urethral orifice in the trigone of the bladder, continues through the external urethral orifice, and then becomes the prostatic, membranous, bulbar, and penile urethra. Urine exits through the external urethral meatus. The female urethra is much shorter, beginning at the bladder neck and terminating in the vaginal vestibule.
Urinary system | Structure
The arteries which supply the ureter vary along its course. The upper third of the ureter, closest to the kidney, is supplied by the renal arteries. The middle part of the ureter is supplied by the common iliac arteries, direct branches from the abdominal aorta, and gonadal arteries; the gonadal arteries being the testicular artery in men and the ovarian artery in women. The lower third of the ureter, closest to the bladder, is supplied by branches from the internal iliac arteries, mainly the superior and inferior vesical arteries. The arterial supply can be variable, with arteries that contribute include the middle rectal artery, branches directly from the aorta, and, in women, the uterine and vaginal arteries.
Ureter | Blood and lymphatic supply
The arteries that supply the ureters end in a network of vessels within the adventitia of the ureters. There are many connections () between the arteries of the ureter, particularly in the adventitia, which means damage to a single vessel does not compromise the blood supply of the ureter. Venous drainage mostly parallels that of the arterial supply; that is, it begins as a network of smaller veins in the adventitia; with the renal veins draining the upper ureters, and the vesicular and gonadal veins draining the lower ureters. Lymphatic drainage depends on the position of lymphatic vessels in the ureter.
Ureter | Blood and lymphatic supply
The clitoral crura (singular: clitoral crus) are two erectile tissue structures, which together form a V-shape. "Crus" is a Latin word that means "leg". Each "leg" of the "V" converges on the clitoral body. At each divergent point is a corpus cavernosum of clitoris. The crura are attached to the pubic arch, and are adjacent to the vestibular bulbs. The crura flank the urethra, urethral sponge, and vagina and extend back toward the pubis. Each clitoral crus connects to the rami of the pubis and the ischium. During sexual arousal, the crura become engorged with blood, as does all of the erectile tissue of the clitoris.
Crus of clitoris | Introduction