In 1899, Meitner began taking private lessons with two other young women, cramming the missing eight years of secondary education into just two. Physics was taught by Arthur Szarvasy. In July 1901 the girls sat an external examination at the Akademisches Gymnasium. Only four out of fourteen girls passed, including Meitner and Henriette Boltzmann, the daughter of physicist Ludwig Boltzmann. Meitner entered the University of Vienna in October 1901. She was particularly inspired by Boltzmann, and was said to often speak with contagious enthusiasm of his lectures. Her dissertation was supervised by Franz Exner and Hans Benndorf. Her thesis titled "Prüfung einer Formel Maxwells" (""Examination of Maxwell's Formula"") was submitted on 28 November 1905, evaluated by Exner and Boltzmann, and approved on 28 November 1905.
Education
Lise Meitner
Lise Meitner | Education
University of Vienna University of Vienna University of Vienna Friedrich Wilhelm University
who was lise meitner?
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She was an Austrian-Swedish physicist.
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in which country did she live in her early days?
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In the Leopoldstadt district of Vienna
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any particular educational institution that she attended as a student?
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Meitner's earliest research began at age eight, when she kept a notebook of her records underneath her pillow. She was particularly drawn to mathematics and science, and first studied colours of an oil slick, thin films, and reflected light. Women were not allowed to attend public institutions of higher education in Vienna until 1897, and she completed her final year of school in 1892. Her education included bookkeeping, arithmetic, history, geography, science, French and gymnastics. The only career available to women was teaching, so she trained as a French teacher. Her sister Gisela passed the "Matura", and entered medical school in 1900.
Lise Meitner | Education
Johanna Mikl-Leitner was born in Hollabrunn, Lower Austria. She grew up in Großharras, where she attended primary school from 1970 till 1974. She went to a grammar school which specializes in natural sciences (Realgymnasium) in Laa an der Thaya. In 1978, she switched to business school (Handelsakademie) in Laa, where she took her A-levels (Matura) in 1983. Mikl-Leitner studied Business Education at the Vienna University of Economics and Business and graduated with a Master of Social and Economic Sciences degree.
Johanna Mikl-Leitner | Early life and education
Born in Detroit, Meiser studied at the Liggett School, Kox Schule in Dresden, Germany, and the Ecole de la Cour de St. Pierre in Geneva, Switzerland before eventually attending Vassar College.
Edith Meiser | Early life
Born and educated in Vienna, Austria, she studied descriptive and projective geometry at the Technical University of Vienna and mathematics at the University of Vienna. Her teachers Moritz Schlick and Hans Hahn were among the luminaries of the Vienna Circle; and her fellow students included physicist Victor Weisskopf, sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld, and social psychologist Marie Jahoda. Her father, Rabbi , was head of the Maimonides Institute, and regularly led high holiday services at the famed Vienna Musikverein. He worked for the Alliance Israélite Universelle investigating pogroms in Eastern Europe and raised money in the U.S. and Western Europe to help victims.
Irene Fischer | Early life and education
However, although women were permitted to attend introductory courses in "applied arts" at the public art school, they were restricted from more advanced classes in "fine arts" like painting and architecture. Singer also studied at the Viennese Kunstschule für Frauen und Mädchen, or the Art School for Women and Girls, along with contemporaries Tina Blau, Adolf Böhm, and Otto Friedmann. Established in 1897, the school had no gendered admission restrictions and maintained a high level of art education. However, the school officially closed its doors to Jewish artists in 1938, after Nazi ideology spread through Vienna. It later became known as the "Wiener Frauen Akademie," or Vienna Women's Academy.
Susi Singer | Early life and education
This sexism was perpetuated in the male-dominated art world, where female artists were often forced to develop skills through private instruction rather than within a formal academic setting. Most Viennese art institutions refused admission to women until 1920, and those that did permit female students often had a low quality of artistic instruction. Singer and contemporaries like Valerie (Vally) Wieselthier (1895–1977) and Tina Blau were thus limited in their educational opportunities and often followed similar educational arcs. Singer attended at least two institutions that permitted admission to female students before 1920. She is referenced as studying at the Kunstgewerbeschule Vienna School of Arts and Crafts, which would later become the University of Applied Arts Vienna.
Susi Singer | Early life and education
Born in Vienna, with Styrian ancestry, Leitner studied at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna with Wolfgang Schulz and at the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg with Robert Aitken.
Karin Leitner | Early life and education
She was born Elise Meitner on 7 November 1878 into a Jewish upper-middle-class family at the family home in 27 Kaiser Josefstrasse in the Leopoldstadt district of Vienna, the third of eight children of Hedwig and Philipp Meitner. The birth register of Vienna's Jewish community lists her as being born on 17 November 1878, but all other documents list her date of birth as 7 November, which is what she used. She shortened her name from Elise to Lise. Her father was one of the first Jewish lawyers admitted to practice in Austria. She had two older siblings, Gisela and Auguste (Gusti), and five younger: Moriz (Fritz), Carola (Lola), Frida and Walter; all eight, including the five girls, ultimately pursued an advanced education.
Lise Meitner | Early years
In 1899, Meitner began taking private lessons with two other young women, cramming the missing eight years of secondary education into just two. Physics was taught by Arthur Szarvasy. In July 1901 the girls sat an external examination at the Akademisches Gymnasium. Only four out of fourteen girls passed, including Meitner and Henriette Boltzmann, the daughter of physicist Ludwig Boltzmann. Meitner entered the University of Vienna in October 1901. She was particularly inspired by Boltzmann, and was said to often speak with contagious enthusiasm of his lectures. Her dissertation was supervised by Franz Exner and Hans Benndorf. Her thesis titled "Prüfung einer Formel Maxwells" (""Examination of Maxwell's Formula"") was submitted on 28 November 1905, evaluated by Exner and Boltzmann, and approved on 28 November 1905.
Lise Meitner | Education
Encouraged and backed by her father's financial support, Meitner went to the Friedrich Wilhelm University in the Dahlem district of Berlin, where the renowned physicist Max Planck taught. Planck invited her to his home, and allowed her to attend his lectures, which was an unusual gesture by Planck, who was on the record as being opposing women being admitted to universities in general, but was willing to admit that there was the occasional exception; apparently he recognised Meitner as one of the exceptions. She became friends with Planck's twin daughters Emma and Grete, who shared her love of music. Attending Planck's lectures did not take up all her time, and Meitner approached Heinrich Rubens, the head of the experimental physics institute, about doing some research.
Lise Meitner | Friedrich Wilhelm University
Anna Elisabeth Kosak was born in Vienna, capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, on 30 March 1905. Her family moved to Bregenz when World War I started in 1914 and she attended the local gymnasium there. Hitzenberger wanted to study medicine despite her parents' preference for acting or writing, so they compromised on philology and history in her first year of university. Unhappy, she chose to pretend to take more of the same for her second year, but secretly took medical classes, much to her parents' displeasure. She ultimately was awarded her M.D. degree by the University of Vienna in 1931.
Anneliese Hitzenberger | Early life and education
If she wanted to go to the toilet, she had to use one at the restaurant down the street. The following year, women were admitted to Prussian universities, and Fischer lifted the restrictions, and had women's toilets installed in the building. Not all the chemists were happy about this. The Institute of Physics was more accepting, and she became friends with the physicists there, including , James Franck, Gustav Hertz, Robert Pohl, Max Planck, and Wilhelm Westphal.
Lise Meitner | Friedrich Wilhelm University
Lichtenberger attended the Academy of Education in Innsbruck from 1972 to 1974. At the University of Innsbruck, she studied psychology and art history from 1975 to 1982 and political science and psychology from 1982 to 1987, eventually graduating with a PhD.
Eva Lichtenberger | Early life and education
At the age of 20, Frankenthal passed her Abitur examination and enrolled at the University of Kiel. She also studied in Heidelberg, Erlangen, Munich, and Vienna. In all, she attended six universities over 10 semesters. Finally, in 1914, she earned her doctorate in Freiberg. Until she arrived in Heidelberg in 1910, she did not live the same carefree lifestyle as many of her classmates. Previously, she had lived at home with her parents. When she first arrived in the city, her father rented her a two bedroom apartment. Frankenthal objected, saying students typically only had a single room apartment and that she did not to wish to waste her father's money.
Käte Frankenthal | Education
Libermann was one of three sisters born to a family of Russian-Ukrainian Jewish immigrants to Paris. She began her studies in 1938 at the École normale supérieure de jeunes filles, a college in Sèvres for training women to become teachers, but was prevented from taking the agrégation and becoming a teacher because of anti-Jewish laws instituted by the German occupation. Instead, she began doing research under the supervision of Élie Cartan. In 1942, she and her family escaped Paris for Lyon, where they hid from the Nazis for two years. After the liberation of Paris in 1944, she returned to Sèvres and completed her studies.
Paulette Libermann | Early life and education
Margarete Lihotzky was born 23 January 1897 into a bourgeois family in Margareten, (since 1850 a part of) Vienna. Her grandfather Gustav Lihotzky was a mayor of Czernowitz, Ducal Bukovina, and her mother Julie Bode was relative of Wilhelm von Bode. Her father was a liberal-minded civil servant Erwin Lihotzky, whose pacifist tendencies made him welcome the end of the Habsburg Empire and the founding of the republic in 1918, Lihotzky became the first female student at the "Kunstgewerbeschule" (today University of Applied Arts Vienna), where renowned artists such as Josef Hoffmann, Anton Hanak or Oskar Kokoschka were teaching. Lihotzky almost did not get in.
Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky | Early life and education
"I am of Jewish descent", she told Frida, "I am not Jewish by belief, know nothing of the history of Judaism, and do not feel closer to Jews than to other people." On 25 January 1946, Meitner arrived in New York, where she was greeted by her sisters Lola and Frida, and by Frisch, who had made the two-day train trip from Los Alamos. Lola's husband Rudolf Allers arranged a visiting professorship for Meitner at the Catholic University of America. Meitner lectured at Princeton University, Harvard University and Columbia University, and discussed physics with Albert Einstein, Hermann Weyl, Tsung-Dao Lee, Yang Chen-Ning and Isidor Isaac Rabi.
Lise Meitner | Later life
According to interview testimony from her older brother, she was sexually molested by her father, though the full extent of his abuse remains unclear. She had a bourgeois upbringing, was primarily educated by a series of private tutors, achieving fluency in Italian, German, and French. Her private education even when the family suffered financial strain after WWI. Despite her privileged upbringing, she frequently recalled her childhood as difficult. At age 19, she began studying music with composer (and father of her childhood friend Gertrude) Arnold Schönberg, and was familiar to members of his circle. "If ever in my life I had one teacher and one great influence, it was Schönberg," she said.
Lisette Model | Early life and education
She attended Cooper Union in New York City to study typing, shorthand, and typography. Later, during her summers as a teacher, she would go on to study at Harvard University and the University of Chicago. In 1905, she started school at the University of Wisconsin, where she finished her undergraduate work and then completed a master's degree in history in 1908.
Julia Flisch | Early life and education
Noether showed early proficiency in French and English. In the spring of 1900, she took the examination for teachers of these languages and received an overall score of "sehr gut" (very good). Her performance qualified her to teach languages at schools reserved for girls, but she chose instead to continue her studies at the University of Erlangen. This was an unconventional decision; two years earlier, the Academic Senate of the university had declared that allowing mixed-sex education would "overthrow all academic order". One of only two women in a university of 986 students, Noether was allowed only to audit classes rather than participate fully, and required the permission of individual professors whose lectures she wished to attend.
Emmy Noether | University education
With the clear intention of learning from the best, she moved to the cradle of classical music, Munich, and passed the entrance examination at the University of Music and Performing Arts (Hochschule fuer Musik und Theater). From 2002 to 2008, she there attended the Masterclass of Professor Gitti Pirner, herself a student of the famous German's School master Wilhelm Kempff. In 2006, she won the master's degree with distinction, which granted her a special admission to study the Meisterklasse, the highest music degree in Germany.
Xie Jingxian | Education
Leichter was born Marianne Katharina Pick in 1895 in Vienna, the second daughter of a Jewish couple, lawyer Josef Pick (1849, Náchod1926) and his wife Charlotte "Lotte" Rubinstein (1871, Galați1939). Her older sister was the Austrian-American composer and music therapist Vally Weigl. Käthe graduated from the Beamten-Töchter-Lyceum in 1914 and subsequently began studying political science at the University of Vienna. Since, at the time, Austrian women were not allowed to graduate, she transferred to the German Heidelberg University in 1917; she graduated in July 1918 before returning to Vienna to complete two further semesters at the university.
Käthe Leichter | Early life
She attended Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and earned a doctorate in economics in 1996. Friends remember she wanted to become at least state secretary ("mindestens Staatssekretärin"). Her elder sister and a brother became physicians.
Maike Kohl-Richter | Early life and education
Steiner was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1927. Shortly after Adolf Hitler annexed Austria in 1938, she and her family emigrated to Buenos Aires, Argentina. She studied art at the University of Buenos Aires and the Fernando Fader School of Decorative Arts.
Lisl Steiner | Early life and education
She also studied at the Hochschule für Musik 'Franz Liszt' Weimar, where she earned her "Konzertexamen" degree “mit auszeichnung” (summa cum laude).
Hee-Young Lim | Introduction
In 1938 Charlotte was not allowed to attend the Gymnasium anymore, because of her pro-Austrian catholic-conservative beliefs and family. During World War II she served within the German Red Cross. In 1945 she took general qualification exams for the university entrance and studied Archaeology and History of art in Innsbruck. In 1956 she took her degrees. She studied Political Science in Harvard and made her master's degree in 1960 and her PhD in 1973. Between 1960 and 1973 she was also a college teacher. From 1982 to 1992 she taught as a visiting professor in the Institute of Political Science of the University of Vienna and worked also after 1992 with students in Vienna.
Charlotte Teuber-Weckersdorf | Education and career
Renate Meyer attended junior school locally in the Schlachtensee district on the south side of Berlin, and then moved to a senior school in the nearby Dahlem quarter. Looking back on her school days, she would recall that she seemed "always to be the youngest in the class". In 1943 the Berlin schools were evacuated because of the bombing and she ended up attending school in Potsdam. In 1944 she was conscripted for war work at the Telefunken factory. In 1945 she nevertheless succeeded in passing her Under normal conditions that would have opened the way to university-level education, and in the winter term of 1947 she enrolled at Berlin's Humboldt University.
Renate Lepsius | Education
Maria Leitner came from a bilingual Jewish family. She was born, the eldest of her parents' three recorded children, on 19 January 1892 in Varaždin, Austria-Hungary, today in Croatia. Her father, Leopold Leitner, ran a small building business. In 1896 the family relocated to Budapest where she grew up and attended "The Royal Senior Girls' School" between 1902 and 1910. It was probably here that she learned both her English and her French. She then studied art history in Vienna and Berlin, completing an internship in Paul Cassirer's Berlin gallery which resulted in a translation into German of William Hogarth's "Aufzeichnungen" (loosely: ""notes"")
Maria Leitner | Early years
In 1904 Grete moved from St. Pölten to Vienna to stay at the boarding school "Notre Dame de Sion". At this school she gained better opportunities to develop her talent. During the last year (1908–1909) of the "Higher French School" of this institute she was allowed to enroll at the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna at the same time. She was admitted into the second year, skipping the first, because of her musical abilities. She left the Conservatory however before the year was over. From autumn 1909 onwards Grete lived on her own in Vienna and was probably privately tutored by a (hitherto unknown) pianist, as was the practice with talented pupils.
Grete Trakl | Education
Physics researcher Lise Meitner, who directed the Department of Physics at the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, was able to remain in her post until 1938, but this was only due to her Austrian nationality, which ended with the Anschluss); she then left for the Netherlands, and then Sweden. In the scientific field, there were almost no nominations of women; in 1942, a woman was not permitted to direct a scientific institute, despite the fact that no male candidate had applied. The exile of women from political life was total: they could not sit in either the Reichstag, the regional parliaments or municipal councils.
Women in Nazi Germany | Withdrawal from higher education
In 1907, she started her studies in mathematics, chemistry and physics at the University of Copenhagen and University of Cambridge. These studies were interrupted by poor health. She continued her studies of mathematics in Cambridge from 1910 to 1911 at Newnham College. In 1911, she returned from Cambridge feeling exhausted from the work and put her studies aside for a while. She developed good computational skills in an actuary office she worked in for a few years until she resumed studies at Copenhagen University in 1918. She completed the candidata magisterii degree in physical science and mathematics in two years, graduating in 1920.
Inge Lehmann | Early life and education
Despite these obstacles, on 14 July 1903 she passed the graduation exam at a "Realgymnasium" in Nuremberg. During the 1903–1904 winter semester, she studied at the University of Göttingen, attending lectures given by astronomer Karl Schwarzschild and mathematicians Hermann Minkowski, Otto Blumenthal, Felix Klein, and David Hilbert. Soon thereafter, restrictions on women's participation in that university were rescinded.
Emmy Noether | University education
To avoid the Nazi reprisal of Sippenhaft (kin liability), Freda's parents divorced and the family moved back to Liberec. Freda continued her education there, and then in Vienna and Dresden. During this time many of Freda's relatives and friends perished during the war, and Freda's own experiences witnessing the bombing of Dresden galvanized her ambition to pursue progressive and activist causes. Freda returned to Vienna in 1947 and obtained a leaving certificate before going on to communication studies and journalism, working during her studies for the American occupation in Vienna. She travelled to England that same year to visit her father, before completing nursing school and then finally moving to Frankfurt, Germany to study medicine at the Goethe University Frankfurt.
Freda Meissner-Blau | Early life
Though Jewish, her father was a confirmed freethinker, and she was brought up as such. As an adult, she converted to Christianity, following Lutheranism, and was baptised in 1908. Her sisters Gisela and Lola converted to Catholicism that same year.
Lise Meitner | Early years
Kohlweis attended BRG Klagenfurt-Viktring Gymnasium, with an emphasis on musical education. From 2004 to 2009 she was enrolled at the University of Vienna, studying theater, film, and media studies; between 2008 and 2014 she completed her M.A. in Fine Arts at the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna.
Anna Kohlweis | Early life
On 27 June, Meitner received an offer of a one-year position at Manne Siegbahn's new in Stockholm, then under construction, which would be devoted to nuclear physics, and she decided to accept it. But on 4 July she learned that academics would no longer be granted permission to travel abroad. Through Bohr in Copenhagen, Peter Debye communicated with Coster and Fokker, and they approached the Netherlands Ministry of Education with an appeal to allow Meitner to come to the Netherlands. As foreigners were not allowed to work for pay, an appointment as a non-salaried "privaat-docente" was required. Wander Johannes de Haas and Anton Eduard van Arkel arranged for one at Leiden University.
Lise Meitner | Escape from Germany
Her parents had no sons, but they were determined - especially the girls' mother - that their three daughters should attended secondary school and have the opportunity to pass the schooling completion exam (""Abitur"") which, despite her gender, would clear Ilse's path to university-level education. In 1931 Härter passed her Abitur at the in Kleve. She moved on to study Theology at the University of Göttingen later in 1931. Meanwhile, the country was facing growing economic and social challenges in the political backwash from the Great Depression: politics were becoming polarised and dangerously contaminated by populist nationalism.
Ilse Härter | Education
With the "Anschluss", Germany's unification with Austria on 12 March 1938, Meitner lost her Austrian citizenship. Niels Bohr extended an offer to lecture in Copenhagen, and Paul Scherrer invited her to attend a congress in Switzerland, with all expenses paid. Carl Bosch still said that she could remain at the KWI for Chemistry, but by May she was aware that the Reich Ministry of Science, Education and Culture was looking into her case. On 9 May she decided to accept Bohr's invitation to go to Copenhagen, where Frisch worked, but when she went to the Danish consulate to get a travel visa, she was told that Denmark no longer recognised her Austrian passport as valid.
Lise Meitner | Escape from Germany
She went on to study piano under Gladys McKelvie Egbert in Calgary. At the age of 15 she received a full scholarship to study at the Juilliard School in New York City, where she studied under Ernest Hutcheson and Ania Dorfmann. She also studied composition under Ivan Langstroth at Juilliard. She graduated from Juilliard in 1934 and engaged in post-graduate studies until 1936, as well as taught piano at Juilliard for several years. She became a naturalized U.S. citizen around 1940.
Minuetta Kessler | Early life and education
After completing a higher girls' school in Sarajevo, Ber aspired to become a teacher. She left for Vienna in 1908, first enrolling in a private art school, then, in 1910, in a private women's art school. During her studies in Vienna, she lived in dire circumstances, unable to get a scholarship because she was a woman, the state feeling that money spent on educating women was "thrown away". Owing to her great talent, a college professor at the Vienna school decided to provide her with a free education.
Adela Ber Vukić | Education
Furthermore, under her reign, educational institutions were created to prepare officials for work in the state bureaucracy, the Theresianum was established in Vienna in 1746 to educate nobles' sons, a military school named the Theresian Military Academy was founded in Wiener Neustadt in 1751, and an Oriental Academy for future diplomats was created in 1754. In the 1750s she established the Theresian Institution of Noble Ladies at Prague Castle, which served as a religious lay order and educational institution for unmarried Austrian and Hungarian noblewomen.
Maria Theresa | Education
Frédérique Lenger was born on August 12, 1921 in Arlon, Belgium, one of three daughters of a lawyer. After studying classics in the Lycée Royal d’Arlon, she studied for a licentiate in mathematics at the Université libre de Bruxelles from 1939 to 1943. The University officially closed in 1941 to prevent its takeover by the German occupation, and her studies continued underground. In 1968, she completed a doctorate with a two-part thesis, one part on mathematics education and the other on geometric transformation groups.
Frédérique Lenger | Early life and education
Her rejection of the widespread view that women were not suited to further education, combined with her own private study which at the time was focused on Kantian philosophy, languages and linguistics, drove Kipfmüller to the conviction that she needed to obtain a degree in Philology. In order to access a university education it was necessary to pass the "Abitur" (school final exams). Unfortunately, in Germany none of the girls' secondary schools prepared their pupils for the "Abitur", so Bertha Kipfmüller had never been entered for the exam. She therefore prepared to prepare for and take the exams as a foreign student in Switzerland where, despite entrenched conservatism across much of the education system, the decentralised nature of political power meant that there was an element of flexibility, especially in one or two of the cities, that was absent from the more rigid German education framework.
Bertha Kipfmüller | Life-long learning
Born in Vienna, she was the oldest child of Oscar and (J)ekaterina Hock. She trained as a ballet dancer by the modernist teacher Gertrud Bodenwieser but growing rather rapidly, switched to the piano. From 1925 to 1931, she studied piano at the Vienna Conservatory, with organ as a second study. This became her first instrument from about 1928, when she began studies with the composer Franz Schmidt and the organist Franz Schütz. In 1931, she was heard by the organist and composer Charles-Marie Widor. After criticising her pedal technique, which he thought not legato enough, Widor invited her to become a student.
Susi Jeans | Personal life and education
In 1962, Schwan graduated ("Abitur") from the bilingual Französisches Gymnasium, a German-French secondary school in Berlin. In the same year, she began her studies in history, philosophy, romance languages, and political science at the Free University of Berlin and later at University of Freiburg.
Gesine Schwan | Education
In her final years of study, she lived in Voorburg in a 'community house' together with a group of politically conscious fellow students. Amongst the 15 or so residents were photographer Hans Wolf and academics Eva Loeb, Hans Ijzerman and Lex Metz. In this environment Andriesse and her friends came into contact with International Red Aid and various anti-fascist artists' organizations.
Emmy Andriesse | Early life and education
From 1971 to 1977, Ute Frevert studied History and Social Sciences at the Universities of Münster and at London School of Economics and Political Science. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Bielefeld in 1982 and was habilitated in 1989.
Ute Frevert | Education
Françoise Nyssen was raised and attended university in Belgium. She has a "maîtrise" (Master's degree) from the "Institut supérieur d’urbanisme et de rénovation urbaine" in Brussels.
Françoise Nyssen | Early life and education
Lichtwitz Krasso attended the Academy of Art for Women from 1911 to 1916 in Vienna, Austria, also known as the Vienna Women's Academy. At the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest, Hungary, she earned a Master of Fine Arts degree in 1917. She did postgraduate work at the State Textile School, and the State Institute of Graphical Arts at the University of Vienna. At the university in Budapest, she learned all techniques of painting, ending with the Old Master technique. From 1918 to 1938 she had her own studio in Vienna, where she taught students from 1925 to 1938.
Emmy Lichtwitz Krasso | Career
Havliza attended the Mallinckrodt-Gymnasium in her hometown and graduated in 1976. She then studied law at the Wilhelms-Universität in Münster.
Barbara Havliza | Early life and education
Eva Fischer was born on 22 January 1925 in Budapest, Hungary, to a well-to-do Jewish family. She attended private school, with an interest in sports, theater, and science (inspired by the life and work of Marie Curie). Her career choices were constrained by the political situation, with worsening anti-semitism and persecution when Hungary was occupied by Germany after she finished secondary school. Fischer attended medical school at the University of Budapest, and in 1944/45 she and several members of her family survived by hiding at the Histology Institute of the University of Budapest. They were helped by János Szirmai, including forging documents.
Eva Klein | Early life and education
Hertzka was born in Budapest. He studied chemistry and music at the University of Vienna.
Emil Hertzka | Early life and education
She became the second woman to earn a doctoral degree in physics, after Elsa Neumann who received the degree from the University of Berlin in 1899. Her thesis was published as "Wärmeleitung in inhomogenen Körpern" (""Thermal Conduction in Inhomogeneous Bodies"") on 22 February 1906.
Lise Meitner | Education
Falke von Lilienstein studied at the Vienna Kunstgewerbeschule (School of Applied Art) from 1895-1904 with Josef Hoffman and others.
Gisela Falke von Lilienstein | Education
Naomi Weisstein completed her academic degree at four different universities. All of these universities were attended for different reasons, and several accomplishments were completed at each.
Naomi Weisstein | Education
However, at this time she left research to raise a family. In 1997 she completed her habilitation at Goethe University Frankfurt. She worked as a "privatdozentin" at Goethe University until 1999, when she moved to the University of Regensburg.
Lis Brack-Bernsen | Education and career
In 1938, she returned to the United States and appeared in concert with the Kansas City Philharmonic. She continued her education at the Juilliard School, graduating in May 1945. In the same year, she received the Leventritt Award. Meiszner performed with most of major orchestras in the United States and Europe, including the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra.
Louise Meiszner | Introduction
The daughter of the civil engineer Herbert Meischner and his wife Lilly, she was born in 1935 in what was then the Free City of Danzig. After fleeing Danzig in January 1945 in the wake of World War II, she attended the Droste-Hülshoff High School in Berlin-Zehlendorf, where she passed her A-levels in 1954. At the Free University of Berlin, she studied classical philology, classical archeology, ancient history and completed studies of Greek and Latin. She spent the academic year 1958/59 at the University of Athens and Greece. The next year was dedicated to the study of Greek and Roman ancient collections of the major museums in order to prepare her dissertation on "The Female Portrait in the Severan Period".
Jutta Meischner | Biography
Friderike Maria Burger was born into a Viennese Jewish family, the daughter of Emanuel and Theresia Burger. She was one of the first women to have been permitted to attend the University of Vienna, where she studied literature and French. Her first marriage was to Felix Edler von Winternitz, a civil servant. Together they had two daughters, Alexia Elisabeth born in 1907 and Susana Benedictine in 1909.
Friderike Maria Zweig | Early life and education
Réthi was born in Vienna, Austria. In 1917 Réthi enrolled in the Art School for Women and Girls (Kunstschule für Frauen und Mädchen) in Vienna, Austria, where she studied under Otto Friedrich, a Jugendstil painter. She continued her training at the Graphischen Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt in Vienna.
Lili Réthi | Early life
Fukien Christian University had exchange programs with New York University at that time and many teachers who worked more than 2 years could study abroad. However, because she was not a Christian, she was excluded. So she applied to attend Dickinson College and earned a full scholarship and another bachelor's degree in mathematics with the help of her workmate Lairong Li in 1931. She then studied solid state physics at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1955, she received a doctorate degree there in solid-state physics and became the first Chinese national in a hundred years to earn a doctorate degree there.
Lin Lanying | Education in America
Brigitte Bierlein was born on 25 June 1949 in Vienna during the Allied occupation of Austria. Her father was a civil servant. Her mother, trained as an artist, was a homemaker. She was educated at the Gymnasium Kundmanngasse, from which she graduated in 1967. Bierlein originally wanted to study either art or architecture and came close to joining the University of Applied Arts. However, she ultimately chose to study law instead, partly on the advice of her mother and partly because she did not want to be a financial burden on her parents any longer than necessary. Bierlein enrolled at the University of Vienna, receiving her doctorate of law in 1971.
Brigitte Bierlein | Early life
Born in Vienna, the daughter of the Viennese teacher Carl Fröhlich and his wife Antonie received her first music education from her father. She studied from September 1879 with interruptions until 1888/89 at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna. Among her teachers was the voice teacher Selma Nicklass-Kempner (1850-1928) and (1842–1908) for the dramatic representation .
Mathilde Fröhlich | Life
Though she only attended eight grades, she spoke English, French, German, and Hungarian, and was able to read Dutch, Italian, Norwegian, and Swedish. In 1893 and 1894, she took evening classes at a business school until her father's bankruptcy forced the family to return to Budapest.
Rosika Schwimmer | Early years
She learned to speak Czech among other languages. Her father was then stationed permanently at the War Ministry in Vienna, where she remained for the rest of her life. She later described her upbringing as "completely free and open", with an active social life among Austria's cultural elite. Dinner conversations were learned and scholarly; her father was very educated, and her mother was very musical. She was privately tutored as a girl, and learned French and English from governesses. She then attended the Rahlgasse Mädchengymnasium, the first academic school for girls in Vienna. In 1920, impressed by an exhibition of tapestries at the Belvedere, she decided she wanted to be an art historian.
Anna Spitzmüller | Early life
Steiner was born in Austria and left the country with her mother shortly before the Anschluss. She spend the rest of her childhood in Queens, New York. She won the well-known Westinghouse Science Talent Search competition as a high school student but chose to major in mathematics at Swarthmore College, where she received her bachelor's degree. Deterred from pursuing graduate school in math at Princeton University because the department did not admit women at the time, she instead attended Harvard University for a short time before deciding to change her career path by applying to medical school. She received her M.D.
Lisa Steiner | Early life and education
Later as a teenager she played both as a soloist as well as with other musicians, giving concerts in Germany, where she studied from 15 years of age, and in Switzerland. She studied at the Stern Conservatory of Music in Berlin under Professor Martin Krause, Rudolf Maria Breithaupt and Professor Wilhelm Klatte where she was awarded the Professor Gustav Hollaender Medal in 1920, a few years after her fellow student, Claudio Arrau. An extract of the citation signed by the Director Professor Alexander von Fielitz and her teachers reads "Her predetermination, the clarity and purity of her comprehension, the simplicity and natural manner of her performance, give her rendition a rare objectivity, calmness and technical competence.
Lisy Fischer | Early life and career
Her next job was as a cashier at Her Majesty's Theatre. Interested in literature, she saved money to enroll at the University of Grenoble in 1926, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree. On her return from Grenoble, she joined her sister in New York City. In 1929, she went to Berlin to visit her brother Henri, a medical student. She learned the German language, took university courses, and taught English. She also visited England and Italy, developing a strong commitment to Communism.
Léa Roback | Early years
These included Arnold Flammersfeld, Kan-Chang Wang and Nikolaus Riehl. In 1926, she became an "außerordentlicher Professor" (extraordinary professor), the first woman university physics professor in Germany. Her physics section became larger, and she acquired a permanent assistant. Scientists from Germany and around the world came to the KWI for Chemistry to conduct research under her supervision. In 1930, Meitner taught a seminar on "Questions of Atomic Physics and Atomic Chemistry" with Leó Szilárd. Meitner had a Wilson cloud chamber constructed at the KWI for Chemistry, the first one in Berlin, and with her student Kurt Freitag studied the tracks of alpha particles that did not collide with a nucleus.
Lise Meitner | Beta radiation
As a child she had been in poor health and, unlike her siblings, had been educated at home. She learned all the subjects of the education curriculum, but with no formal exams — something that left her (in her own words) a "sophisticated naïve". Groag studied textile design in Vienna and thrived under the schooling of professor Franz Cižek, who was delighted by her lack of previous formal art education, during the 1920s. Franz Cižek also recommended her to Josef Hoffmann, head of the Wiener Werkstätte, where she became one of his students in the design school of the Kunstgewerbeschule.
Jacqueline Groag | Education
Born March 21, 1956 in Vienna, Austria she graduated from the Academy for Music and the Performing Arts in Vienna in June 1978, and went on to study law at the Faculty of Law, University of Vienna, where she obtained her Doctor of Law degree in 1981. She continued studying at the Economics University (Academy for International Trade) in Vienna for a master's degree (business administration), which she graduated in November 1983, and in January 1985 she received a Doctorate (business administration) from the same school. Since 2015 she has been an Attorney at Law at Lansky, Ganzger + partner in Vienna.
Elisabeth Steiner | Education
Aurelia Litsner was born in Hungary. She was educated in Germany, and from her earliest youth displayed wonderful aptitude and taste for music and singing. When she was fourteen years old, she appeared in public for the first time, having been chosen to sing a solo part in a festival in Mainz, Germany. The success she achieved on that occasion was such that it was determined that she should pursue a musical career. She presented herself at the customary examination of the National Conservatory of Music, of Paris, and was at once admitted. After four years of study, she won two second prizes for singing and opera, and the next year, she obtained two first prizes also for singing and opera, which were unanimously awarded to her.
Aurelia Litsner De Fere | Early years and education
When she was 16, she passed the Cambridge Matriculation Examination and while still residing at Museus College, was encouraged by her tutor to sit for the University's Scholarship Examination. Here, she won an exhibition at the scholarship examination and a scholarship to study English Honours at University College, Colombo. Upon discovering of her university place, Goonetilleke refused to let Vivienne study there. It was with the support of her Uncles and her Father's friends that she defied her father and was among the then very small group of women to enter university – later completing her studies, through his best efforts to frustrate her.
Vivienne Goonewardene | Later education
Her early education was provided by several governesses, many of whom taught in both French and English - a quality that proved to serve her well later in life. Her first formal schooling was at Frankfurt's all-girls' high school, known as the Schiller-Schule. Her father was unapproving of her following in his footsteps with taking an interest in neurology as he did not believe women belonged in science. Nevertheless, he later used his respected position in the scientific community to assist in finding strong connections to help further her career. Consequently, matriculating at Heidelberg University and the University of Munich in 1916, where she remained until 1918.
Tilly Edinger | Education
Schäferkordt grew up in the village of Henstorf, studied in a primary school in Kalletal and graduated in 1982 in "Marianne-Weber-Gymnasium", Lemgo. Then, she studied business administration at the Paderborn University.
Anke Schäferkordt | Early life and education
However, Nielsen was not satisfied with her studies in Austria and Germany and she ultimately completed her studies at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest under Jenö Sipos under the recommendation of Hungarian contralto Julia Hamari.
Inga Nielsen | Early life and education
Weyde was the second child of an Austrian grammar school teacher in Prague. She grew up in Aussig and finished her Abitur in 1919. Then, she worked for four years as a laboratory assistant for the Verein für chemische und metallurgische Produktion. In 1923, she began studying chemistry at the Technical University of Dresden. Four years later, she finished her doctorate with Robert Luther at the Photographic Institute of the Technical University of Dresden.
Edith Weyde | Early life and education
Elizabeth Roboz was born in 1904 in Szászváros, Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary (now Orăștie, Romania). Her father, a high school teacher and the town's chief rabbi, died in 1914, and her mother moved Elizabeth and her five siblings to Nyiregyháza, Hungary. She received a grade of excellent in all five of the "Matura" examination's subjects but during her last year in high school, the Hungarian parliament restricted the number of Jewish students who could be accepted to the University of Budapest. Recognizing that the restriction could prevent her from getting into the University of Budapest, she instead enrolled at the University of Vienna.
Elizabeth Roboz Einstein | Early life and education
Le Maître was educated at Angers Free University and received her bachelor's degree from the Catholic University of Lille in 1926. She remained there for her doctoral studies and earned her Ph.D. in 1934.
Dorothée Le Maître | Early life and education
Her teachers included and . She briefly attended the Berlin Arts Academy where she studied painting and illustration. However, the Nazi government came to power at the start of 1933. In 1936 it became impossible for Boden to progress with her studies due to her Jewish background. She was able briefly to pursue her studies at the Academy of "Arts and Crafts" in Vienna, where her studies focused on painting, graphic art and theatre costume design, until Austria was merged into an enlarged Nazi state in March 1938, and she left.
Sibylle Boden-Gerstner | Early years
He went to high school at the Royal Athenaeum of Dendermonde and graduated as licentiate in commercial and financial sciences at the Hoger instituut voor Handels- en Bestuurswetenschapen in Brussels (evening education).
Remi Vermeiren | Education
Next, Geppert moved to Rome, where from 1933 to 1936 she studied actuarial science and statistics for a second doctorate under the supervision of Guido Castelnuovo. She completed a habilitation in 1942 at the University of Giessen. Her dissertation was "Comparison of Two Observed Frequencies".
Maria-Pia Geppert | Early life and education
Felice Rix was born in Vienna. She studied at University of Applied Arts Vienna and Josef Hoffmann was her teacher.
Felice Rix-Ueno | Early life and education
Berta Karlik was born in Vienna to an upper-class family and was home-taught for her elementary education. While being taught at home she learned to play the piano as well as speak and write French, Dutch and English. From 1919 to 1923 she attended the Reform-Realgymnasium and upon graduating in 1923 she was accepted as a regular student to the Philosophical Faculty at the University of Vienna until 1928 when she received her Ph.D. While enrolled as a student at the university Karlik became an essential member of Hans Pettersson's research group at the Radium Institute with her specialty being the scintillation counter.
Berta Karlik | Early life and education
At Dörfelstraße 1, is the school for economic professionals ("Fachschule für wirtschaftliche Berufe"), which in 1904, was established as a home economics school for girls, and now, has college education priorities in health and social affairs and IT Support (PC technology and web design).
Meidling | Education
Regner grew up in the second district of Vienna and went to school at Sigmund-Freud-Gymnasium. She graduated from gymnasium and went on to study law in Vienna and Salzburg. After obtaining her degree in law studies at the University of Salzburg and finishing up her clerkship, she first worked at Amnesty International as a refugee consultant during 1992-1993.
Evelyn Regner | Early life and education
Bailer-Galanda enrolled in the in 1970 and studied sociology and economics. She graduated four years later. From 1990 to 1992, she underwent doctoral studies under Erika Weinzierl's direction at the University of Vienna.
Brigitte Bailer-Galanda | Education
Germaine Alice Schnitzer was born in Paris and studied music at the Conservatoire de Paris, with further training under Raoul Pugno and with Emil von Sauer at the Vienna Conservatory. She was sometimes referred to as "Viennese", and while in Vienna won a prize for music from the Austrian government.
Germaine Schnitzer | Early life
She returned to the United States where she studied design at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts for three years.
Elise Mercur | Early life and education
Her uncle, a professor of pediatrics, encouraged her to attend medical school, so she studied for and passed the university entrance examination. She was admitted to the medical school of the Karl-Ferdinands-Universität in Prague in 1914, an unusual achievement for women at that time.
Gerty Cori | Early life and education
Hahn was one of three daughters born to Klothilde and Leopold Hahn. Her parents owned and ran a restaurant. In June 1936 Leopold died while working at a hotel as the restaurant manager in the Alps. Although it was uncommon for a girl of that time to attend high school, Hahn's professor persuaded Leopold to send his daughter. After graduating, Hahn continued her studies at university and was studying law at the time of the Anschluss, when she was forced to leave the university because she was Jewish.
Edith Hahn Beer | Early life and education
In 1919, she successfully completed her studies by earning her doctorate.
Stella Kramrisch | Early life and education in Vienna
Margarete Bause was born in Wertheim. After passing the "Abitur" in Landsberg, she studied German studies, political science and sociology at the University of Munich.
Margarete Bause | Early life and education
According to the statutes the education was adapted to the talents of the students. Pupils could start from the age of 4 to 6, which was relatively young, as the "Landschaftsschule" of Linz did not accept pupils under the age of six. In the Loosdorfian school the pupils would learn to read, write and speak both German and Latin, music, religion, mathematics and a few other subjects.
Hohe Schule, Loosdorf, Austria | School Statutes
Lambrecht attended the Albertus-Magnus-Gymnasium in Viernheim, in the German state of Hessen and in 1984 she passed her Abitur. After this she studied law at the Universities of Mannheim and Mainz, where she graduated in 1992 and completed an internship at State Court in Darmstadt.
Christine Lambrecht | Education and early career
Hermine Louise Berkenkamp originally wanted to study medicine or German philologie. But Margarete Schall, who herself later enrolled in the Bauhaus for a semester, suggested she study at the art school as it was known for its progressive teaching methods.
Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp | Early life
The President of Germany, Theodor Heuss, awarded her the highest German order for scientists, the peace class of the Pour le Mérite in 1957, the same year as Hahn. Meitner became a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1945, and a full member in 1951, permitting her to participate in the Nobel Prize process. Four years later she was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society. She was also elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960. She received honorary doctorates from Adelphi College, the University of Rochester, Rutgers University and Smith College in the United States, and from the University of Stockholm in Sweden.
Lise Meitner | Awards and honours
In 1982 she graduated successfully from the prestigious Gymnasium Christianeum (secondary school) in Hamburg, and moved on to the local university where she studied History and Germanistics. Her university years also included a period studying Italian at Perugia.
Bettina Röhl | School and university years
After obtaining a doctorate in Political Science at FU Berlin in 1999, she worked as a research associate in the Department of Education at the University of Greifswald. From 2002 to 2010 she was Professor of General Education at the Protestant university, Evangelische Hochschule, in Darmstadt. In 2007, Miethe received her Habilitation in education at the University of Halle-Wittenberg.
Ingrid Miethe | Early career and education
Pauline Lowy was born at Theresienstadt, Bohemia, 31 August 1853. At the age of seven, she entered the Prague Conservatory, where she studied for four years.
Pauline Metzler-Löwy | Early years and education