Operation PBFortune, also known as Operation Fortune, was a covert United States operation to overthrow the democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz in 1952. The operation was authorized by U.S. President Harry Truman and planned by the Central Intelligence Agency. The United Fruit Company had lobbied intensively for the overthrow because land reform initiated by Árbenz threatened its economic interests. The US also feared that the government of Árbenz was being influenced by communists. The coup attempt was planned with the support of the United Fruit Company, and of Anastasio Somoza García, Rafael Trujillo and Marcos Pérez Jiménez, the US-backed right-wing dictators of Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, and Venezuela respectively, who felt threatened by the democratic Guatemalan Revolution, and had sought to undermine it.
Introduction
Operation PBFortune
Operation PBFortune | Introduction
It was a covert United States operation to overthrow the democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz A covert United States operation to overthrow the democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz It was a covert United States operation to overthrow the democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz in 1952. A covert United States operation.
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It emphasized the relatively small role the CIA was supposed to play, and stated that without the CIA's support, the plot would probably go ahead, but would likely fail and lead to a crackdown on anti-Communist forces.
Operation PBFortune | The plot
Nick Cullather writes that, due to Somoza spreading the word about the coup, the State Department decided the cover of the operation had been lost. Other diplomats began to learn of the operation, and on October 8, Acheson summoned Smith and called it off.
Operation PBFortune | Execution and termination
Operation PBFortune, also known as Operation Fortune, was a covert United States operation to overthrow the democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz in 1952. The operation was authorized by U.S. President Harry Truman and planned by the Central Intelligence Agency. The United Fruit Company had lobbied intensively for the overthrow because land reform initiated by Árbenz threatened its economic interests. The US also feared that the government of Árbenz was being influenced by communists. The coup attempt was planned with the support of the United Fruit Company, and of Anastasio Somoza García, Rafael Trujillo and Marcos Pérez Jiménez, the US-backed right-wing dictators of Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, and Venezuela respectively, who felt threatened by the democratic Guatemalan Revolution, and had sought to undermine it.
Operation PBFortune | Introduction
Truman's personal military advisor, Major General Harry H. Vaughan, persuaded Truman to explore the opportunity further, and Truman asked Smith to follow up.
Operation PBFortune | Somoza's visit
Castillo Armas told the CIA he had the support of the "Guardia Civil" (Civil Guard), the garrison at Quetzaltenango, Guatemala's second-largest city, and of the commander of Matamoros. The engineer dispatched by the CIA also told them Castillo Armas had the financial backing of Somoza and Trujillo.
Operation PBFortune | Carlos Castillo Armas
The plan was put into motion in autumn 1952 by the CIA. King had obtained weapons from the stock of those that had been confiscated by port authorities in the city of New York. These included 250 rifles, 380 pistols, 64 machine guns, and 4,500 grenades. The United Fruit Company lent one of its freighters to the CIA. The freighter was specially refitted in New Orleans, and loaded with weapons under the guise of agricultural machinery. It was scheduled to sail to Nicaragua in early October 1952. The CIA had encouraged Somoza and Gálvez to provide support to Castillo Armas' forces.
Operation PBFortune | Execution and termination
The plan involved providing weapons to the exiled Guatemalan military officer Carlos Castillo Armas, who was to lead an invasion from Nicaragua. The US State Department discovered that details of the plan had become widely known. US Secretary of State Dean Acheson became concerned that the coup attempt would damage the image of the US, which had committed to a policy of non-intervention, and so terminated the operation. Operation PBFortune was followed two years later by Operation PBSuccess, another covert operation in which Castillo Armas played a prominent role. PBSuccess toppled the Árbenz government and ended the Guatemalan Revolution.
Operation PBFortune | Introduction
Truman gave the CIA permission to go ahead with the plan, without informing the state department. The CIA placed a shipment of weapons on a vessel owned by the United Fruit Company, and the operation was paid for by Rafael Trujillo and Marcos Pérez Jiménez, the right-wing anti-communist dictators of the Dominican Republic and Venezuela, respectively. The operation was to be led by Carlos Castillo Armas. However, the US state department discovered the conspiracy, and secretary of state Dean Acheson persuaded Truman to abort the plan.
Guatemalan Revolution | Operation PBFortune
The British and and the US "John H. B. Latrobe" were recalled as a precaution.
Operation FB | 29 October – 2 November
Data for this section taken from Ruegg and Hague (1993)
Operation FB | Arrived
Data for this section taken from Ruegg and Hague (1993)
Operation FB | Recalled
The details of the plot were finalized over the next few weeks by the CIA, the United Fruit Company, and Somoza. The coup's plotters contacted Trujillo and Jiménez, who, along with Somoza and Juan Manuel Gálvez, the right-wing President of Honduras, had already been exchanging intelligence about the Árbenz government, and had considered the possibility of supporting an invasion by Guatemalan exiles. The two dictators were supportive of the plan, and agreed to contribute some funding. Although PBFortune was officially approved on September 9, 1952, planning had begun earlier in the year. In January 1952, officers in the CIA's Directorate of Plans compiled a list of "top flight Communists whom the new government would desire to eliminate immediately in the event of a successful anti-Communist coup".
Operation PBFortune | The plot
The termination of the operation caught the CIA by surprise, and King quickly attempted to salvage what he could. The freighter was redirected to Panama, where the arms were unloaded; King kept the weapons there in the hope that the project could be rejuvenated. Castillo Armas was paid a retainer of $3,000 a week, which allowed him to maintain a small force. The CIA remained in contact with him, and continued to provide support to the rebels. The CIA found it difficult to end the operation without drawing attention to it. Peréz Jimenez opened a line of credit that would allow Castillo Armas to purchase airplanes, and Trujillo and Somoza continued to support the operation, although they acknowledged it would have to be postponed.
Operation PBFortune | Aftermath
The work done by the PBHistory team assisted two existing CIA operations, Operation Kufire and Operation Kugown, both of which had been a part of Operation PBSuccess.
Operation PBHistory | Document exploitation
The assassination plans represented the first time the US had considered assassination in Guatemala. The list of targets had been drawn up by the CIA even before the operation had been formally authorized. They were created using a list of communists that the Guatemalan Army had compiled in 1949, as well as its own intelligence. Nine months later the CIA also received through "Seekford" a list of 58 Guatemalans whom Castillo Armas wanted killed, in addition to 74 others he wanted arrested or exiled. "Seekford" also said Trujillo's support was conditional on the assassination of four individuals from Santo Domingo who were at that point living in Guatemala.
Operation PBFortune | The plot
Frederick Thornton Peters
Operation Reservist | See also
The plan was to be carried out by Castillo Armas, and involve no direct intervention from the US. When contacted by the CIA agent dispatched by Smith, Castillo Armas had proposed a battle-plan to gain CIA support. This plan involved three forces invading Guatemala from Mexico, Honduras, and El Salvador. These invasions were supposed to be supported by internal rebellions. King formulated a plan to provide Castillo Armas with $225,000 as well as weaponry and transportation. His plan also suggested that Somoza and Gálvez be persuaded to provide air support, in addition to other help. The proposal went to Dulles.
Operation PBFortune | The plot
Somoza, however, informed several government officials across Central America of the CIA's role in the coup attempt. Somoza's son Tacho, for instance, casually asked Miller whether "the machinery" was on its way at a meeting in Panama. Accounts of the operation's termination vary between historians. Gleijeses said that while the freighter was on its way to Nicaragua, a CIA employee went to Miller, and asked him to sign a document on behalf of the munitions department. Miller refused, and instead showed the document to his superiors, who in turn informed Acheson. Gleijeses writes that Acheson immediately spoke to Truman as a result of this document, and the operation was cut short.
Operation PBFortune | Execution and termination
After failing to achieve the original objective, the government called off the operation.
Operation Jayasikurui | Introduction
For weeks after the battle, vultures feasted on unburied corpses.
Operation Phiboonpol | Introduction
Operation Feuerzauber or Operation Magic Fire or Operation Fire Magic may refer to:
Operation Feuerzauber | Introduction
In an analysis of the achievements of Operation Bulbasket, the author Paul McCue lists the following: Operation Bulbasket: Timeline
Operation Bulbasket | Summary of the operation
Amnon Biran, the mission's intelligence officer, later stated that the proper layout of the airport was unknown, as was the exact location of the hostages and whether the building had been prepared with explosives.
Operation Entebbe | Raid preparation
This unintentionally drew attention to Operation Washtub, a CIA effort to foist incriminating weapons on the Guatemalan government.
Operation PBHistory | Kersten committee
This was simply not possible.
Marcel Lefebvre | "Operation Survival"
Nevertheless, the besieged Royalists were radioing for help.
Operation Phiboonpol | Operation Phiboonpol
Books Theses Websites
Operation Alberich | References
Simonds began to reorganise the bulk of his armoured forces for a renewed push towards Trun to close the Falaise Pocket.
Operation Tractable | Initial drive for Falaise
Many senior figures in his cabinet, including John Foster Dulles and his brother Allen, had close connections to the United Fruit Company, which made Eisenhower more strongly predisposed than Truman to support Árbenz's overthrow. In June 1954, the US-trained and funded an invasion force led by Castillo Armas, backed by an intense campaign of psychological warfare by the CIA. Gálvez, Somoza, Jiménez, and Trujillo again offered the CIA their support in preparing for this operation. Árbenz resigned on June 27, 1954, ending the Guatemalan Revolution. Following his resignation, the CIA launched Operation PBHistory, an attempt to use documents from Árbenz's government and elsewhere to justify the coup in response to the negative international reactions to it.
Operation PBFortune | Aftermath
Thus the attack on PQ 18 was left to the and the U-boat arm.
Operation Doppelschlag | Operation
Thus, the CIA was interested in finding documents that would allow it to portray the administration of Árbenz as being controlled by Soviet communists, and thus to justify the coup.
Operation PBHistory | Background and origins
From the late 19th century until 1944, a series of authoritarian rulers governed Guatemala. Between 1898 and 1920, Manuel Estrada Cabrera granted significant concessions to the United Fruit Company and dispossessed many indigenous peoples of their communal land. Under Jorge Ubico, who ruled as a dictator between 1931 and 1944, this process was intensified with the institution of brutal labor regulations and the establishment of a police state. In June 1944, a popular pro-democracy movement led by university students and labor organizations forced Ubico to resign. Ubico handed over power to a military junta that was toppled in a military coup led by Jacobo Árbenz in October 1944, an event known as the October Revolution.
Operation PBFortune | Background
In World War II, Operation Harpune (Harpoon) was the major German deception plan of 1941. This operation (like Operation Haifisch) portrayed the so-called Operation Seelowe ("Sealion") as inevitable, to conceal preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union, called Operation Barbarossa. "Harpune" had two parts, "Harpune Süd" (Harpoon South) operated from Norway, Denmark, and France, while "Harpune Nord" (Harpoon North) did the same in Norway.
Operation Harpune | Introduction
nuclear testing. Approximately 18,000 members of the U.S. Air Force, Army, Navy and Marines participated in exercises Desert Rock VII and VIII during "Operation Plumbbob". The military was interested in knowing how the average foot-soldier would stand up, physically and psychologically, to the rigors of the tactical nuclear battlefield. Almost 1,200 pigs were subjected to bio-medical experiments and blast-effects studies during "Operation Plumbbob". On shot "Priscilla" (37 kt), 719 pigs were used in various experiments on Frenchman Flat. Some pigs were placed in elevated cages and provided with suits made of different materials, to test which materials provided best protection from the thermal radiation.
Operation Plumbbob | Background
Operation Bulbasket was an operation by 'B' Squadron, 1st Special Air Service (SAS), behind the German lines in German occupied France, between June and August 1944. The operation was located to the east of Poitiers in the Vienne department of south west France; its objective was to block the Paris to Bordeaux railway line near Poitiers and to hamper German reinforcements heading towards the Normandy beachheads, especially the 2nd SS Panzer Division – "Das Reich". During the course of the operation amongst other things, the SAS men discovered the whereabouts of a petrol supply train, which was destined for the 2nd SS Panzer Division.
Operation Bulbasket | Introduction
Operation Keyhole was a British special operation to recapture Thule Island in the South Sandwich Islands during Operation Corporate in the 1982 Falklands War. The operation took place from 19 to 20 June 1982.
Operation Keyhole | Introduction
Just before the aircraft began to take off, a He 111 aircraft was seen, foiling the attempt at surprise. The three Albacore and one Swordfish squadrons took off first and the Fulmars followed after twenty minutes, the Sea Hurricanes remaining to guard the ships.
Operation EF (1941) | Force P
There is debate as to who requested the attack and whether it was necessary.
Operation Jericho | Introduction
The air bases were widely spread and no swarms of Banquet aircraft would have descended on the landing beaches, the main effort would be by conventional Bomber Command squadrons. Army Cooperation Command was instructed that,
Operation Banquet | Plan
Operation Biting, also known as the Bruneval Raid, was a British Combined Operations raid on a German coastal radar installation at Bruneval in northern France during the Second World War, on the night . Several of these installations were identified from Royal Air Force (RAF) aerial reconnaissance photographs during 1941, but their exact purpose and the nature of the equipment that they possessed was not known. Some British scientists believed that these stations were connected with the heavy losses being experienced by RAF bombers conducting bombing raids against targets in Occupied Europe. The scientists requested that one of these installations be raided and the technology it possessed be studied and, if possible, extracted and brought back to Britain for further examination.
Operation Biting | Introduction
The operation began at 09:30 on 7 April with the deployment of 2/5 Cavalry at Landing Zone Montezuma. Company B, 8th Engineer Battalion landed shortly afterwards and began to develop the landing zone into an airfield capable of accommodating C-7 Caribou aircraft. 29 CH-54 and 15 CH-47 sorties brought in the heavy equipment required for airfield construction. By 8 April the remainder of the 2nd Brigade had deployed to LZ Montezuma and Lt. Col. Karhohs assumed operational control. By 16:30 on 8 April the C-7 strip was operational and work was continuing on extending the strip to make it capable of handling C-123 aircraft.
Operation Lejeune | Operation
Operation Biting, also known as the Bruneval Raid, was the codename for a raid by Combined Operations in 1942. Their objective was a German "Würzburg" radar installation at Bruneval in France. Due to the extensive coastal defences erected by the Germans to protect the array, it was thought a commando raid from the sea would incur heavy losses, and give the garrison sufficient time for the radar equipment to be destroyed. It was therefore decided that an airborne assault followed by sea-borne evacuation would be the ideal way to surprise the garrison and seize the technology intact. On the night of 27 February, 'C' Company, 2nd Parachute Battalion, under the command of Major John Frost, parachuted into France a few miles from the installation.
1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom) | France
A soldier from the 54th Battalion said of the airstrike:
Operation Pleshet | Operation
What happened from then on was no more than a dying flicker."
Operation Bodenplatte | Aftermath and casualties
The Falaise Gap had been permanently closed, with a large number of German forces still trapped in the pocket.
Operation Tractable | 21 August
It was executed in a much smaller form on 2 September 1942.
Operation Blücher | Introduction
By this time construction and testing of the BV 238 had started, so no useful data was gleaned from the programme.
FGP 227 | Operational history
By December 2008, the site hosted over 500,000 images.
FFFFOUND! | Operation
This was the BPF's first large-scale night operation.
Operation Inmate | 15 June
Operation Entebbe or Operation Thunderbolt was a successful counter-terrorist hostage-rescue mission carried out by commandos of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) at Entebbe Airport in Uganda on 4 July 1976. A week earlier, on 27 June, an Air France Airbus A300 jet airliner with 248 passengers had been hijacked by two members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations (PFLP-EO) under orders of Wadie Haddad (who had earlier broken away from the PFLP of George Habash), and two members of the German Revolutionary Cells. The hijackers had the stated objective to free 40 Palestinian and affiliated militants imprisoned in Israel and 13 prisoners in four other countries in exchange for the hostages.
Operation Entebbe | Introduction
After a report came back to the CIA from Seekford, Deputy Director Allen Dulles drafted a formal proposal to provide $225,000 worth of arms and ammunition to Armas. It also specified plans to enlist air support from Nicaragua and Honduras. On June 17, Arbenz enacted an Agrarian Reform Law, and distribution of land under it began on August 7.[12][13] On September 9, 1952, the plan was officially approved and named Operation PBFortune. It was the first official plan proposed by the CIA and approved by the State Department that sought the overthrow of the Arbenz government. A couple months of planning went into creating a list of officials to be targeted for assassination.
CIA activities in Guatemala | Operation PBFortune
The crews took their time to study the route and the model of the prison; by mid-morning the preparations were complete and the Mosquitos were lined up in their take-off order; few of the crews had flown before in such weather. Pickard, in "F-Freddie", was to bring up the rear of the second wave to assess the damage and to call on 21 Squadron if need be. If Pickard was unable to send the signal ("Red, Daddy, Red Daddy") the crew of "O-Orange", the FPU Mosquito, would broadcast it instead. Rendezvous with the Typhoons was at Littlehampton. The two Typhoon squadrons at RAF Westhampnett were briefed in a rush at 10:55 and began their take-offs at 10:10 without long-range tanks.
Operation Jericho | Briefing
On 29 May the Prime Minister of France, Paul Reynaud, replied to Weygand, rejecting his recommendation that an armistice be considered and asked him to study the possibility that a national redoubt could be established around a naval port in the Brittany peninsula to retain freedom of the seas and contact with French allies. The idea was discussed by the French and British governments on 31 May and an operational instruction was drawn up on 5 June, in which Brooke was appointed to command the new BEF ("2nd BEF") being prepared for France. Plan W, the original plan to land the BEF in 1939, was used with the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division being directed to Cherbourg and to assemble at Evreux, ready to support the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division north of the Seine.
Operation Aerial | Breton redoubt
The second phase of the mission fared little better. One robot BQ-7 had a control malfunction before it could dive onto its target and was shot down by German flak. The other one missed its target by . Several subsequent missions were attempted, one of them being a United States Navy PB4Y-1 which exploded over the village of Blythburgh, Suffolk, killing LT Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., the brother of future President John F. Kennedy.
RAF Fersfield | Operation Aphrodite
The presence of the Polish Armoured Division also alerted "Generalfeldmarshall" Walther Model of the need to keep the pocket open.
Operation Tractable | Drives for Trun and Chambois
This was the situation just prior to Operation Phiboonpol.
Operation Phiboonpol | <a href="Royal%20Lao%20Government">Royal Lao Government</a> (RLG) reverses
An operation, on the other hand, even though it may have to be drastic, will at least offer some hope that the patient's life may yet be saved. The passage of our ships is such an operation. It must be attempted". Not much operational detail was discussed. The "Luftwaffe" was ordered to provide air cover and diversion raids against British targets. Jeschonnek promised around 250 aircraft.
Operation Donnerkeil | Background
The mission of the Joint Special Operations Task Force in the Philippines (JSOTF-P) was
Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines | Mission
The operation had some temporary success, including extension of the statute of limitations.
Operation Neptune (espionage) | Introduction
Operation J V was a British Commando raid over the night of 11/12 April 1942, during the Second World War. It was carried out by two men Captain Gerald Montanaro, accompanied by Trooper Preece of 101 (Folbot) Troop, No. 6 Commando. The two men paddled a two-man canoe into Boulogne harbour, planted a limpet mine on a German tanker and withdrew unseen.
Operation J V | Introduction
Operation Roundup was the codename for a plan to invade Northern France in the spring of 1943 prepared by Allied forces during World War II.
Operation Roundup (1942) | Introduction
He further said that it was separately run by the Eastern Command.
Operation Chequerboard | Introduction
QP 15, the last of the PQ–QP convoys had departed Archangel on 17 November and arrived at Loch Ewe on 30 November. Subsequent convoys were given the codes JW for convoys to the USSR and RA for returning convoys.
Operation FB | Analysis
The return journey would be in the LCAs.
Operation Abercrombie | Preparation and plans
No damage was done at Le Culot airfield.
Operation Bodenplatte | Le Culot and Ophoven
This failed.
Operation Bagration | Vilnius Offensive
Although the administration of Harry Truman had become convinced that the Guatemalan government had been penetrated by communists, it relied on purely diplomatic and economic means to try and reduce the communist influence, at least until the end of its term. The United States had refused to sell arms to the Guatemalan government after 1944; in 1951 it began to block weapons purchases by Guatemala from other countries. In 1952 Truman became sufficiently convinced of the threat posed by Árbenz to start planning a covert overthrow, titled Operation PBFortune. The plan had originally been suggested by the US supported dictator of Nicaragua, Anastasio Somoza García, who said that if he were given weapons, he could overthrow the Guatemalan government.
Guatemalan Revolution | Operation PBFortune
At this juncture, the besieged BV 46 had become wholly dependent on air power to defend their fixed position.
Operation Diamond Arrow | Operation
Operation PX was the codename for a planned Japanese military attack on civilians in the United States, using biological weapons during World War II. Imperial Japanese Navy submarines were to launch seaplanes that would deliver weaponized bubonic plague, developed by Unit 731 of the Imperial Japanese Army, to the US West Coast. The planned operation was abandoned due to the strong opposition of General Yoshijirō Umezu, Chief of the Army General Staff. The abandonment also followed the Japanese surrender following the atomic bombings and the Soviet declaration of war.
Operation PX | Introduction
Johnson through the Task Force 96 command staff.
Operation Formation Star | Operation Clickbeetle
This concentration was already threatening the strategic Plain of Jars at the end of the wet season; the upcoming dry season was the usual time for communist offensives.
Operation Pigfat | Background
The bomber was carrying a TI that the bomb aimer had fused from his switching panel but had not dropped, and, as the Lancaster descended, the barometric fuse had blown the bomb's tail off and ejected the pyrotechnic candles into the bomb bay. Rodley opened the bomb doors and Sauvage's crew saw the fireball fall away into the sea. But the explosion had damaged the hydraulic lines: Rodley could not close the bomb doors properly and the flaps were drooping.
Operation Bellicose | Mediterranean crossing
It argued that it had been facing interference in its internal matters from communists in Guatemala.
Operation PBHistory | Other uses
The documents uncovered by the operation proved useful to the Guatemalan intelligence agencies, enabling the creation of a register of suspected communists. Operation PBHistory did not succeed in its chief objective of finding evidence that the Guatemalan communists were being controlled by the Soviet government, and was unable to counter the international narrative that the United States had toppled the government of Jacobo Árbenz to serve the interests of the United Fruit Company.
Operation PBHistory | Introduction
The civilian aid mission remained longer to provide technical assistance to the government.
Operation Grandslam | Fate of ONUC
Operation FB (29 October – 9 November 1942) took place as part of the Arctic Convoys of World War II. The operation consisted of independent sailings by unescorted merchant ships between Iceland and Murmansk. In late 1942, Allies had taken the offensive against Germany but the dispatch of supplies to the USSR by convoy via the Arctic route was suspended, due to the demands of the Mediterranean campaign. Convoy PQ 19 was cancelled because the Home Fleet diverted ships to the Mediterranean for Operation Torch (8–16 November 1942) which would have had to be postponed for three weeks had ships been provided for PQ 19.
Operation FB | Introduction
In the end, however, due to navigational difficulties the operation was eventually called off when the naval commander was unable to locate the fjord upon which Florø was located.
Operation Kitbag | Introduction
This freed the PBRs for operations along the previously uncontested smaller rivers and canals. These incursions into former Viet Cong bastions were possible only with the on-call support of naval aircraft and the heavily armed riverine assault craft.
Operation Sealords | Launching of Sealords
A German aircraft passed "Force P" and the carrier aircraft flew over a ship on their flights to Kirkenes and Petsamo, depriving the attackers of surprise. The Kirkenes force was intercepted by several German fighters as the aircraft attacked the few ships to be seen in the harbour, sinking one ship and setting another on fire. Eleven Fairey Albacores and two Fairey Fulmar fighters were shot down, for a loss of two aircraft.
Operation EF (1941) | Introduction
From 26 to 27 May, German troops recaptured the pass in Operation Skorpion. The British resumed preparations for Operation Battleaxe which began on 15 June.
Operation Sonnenblume | Operation Brevity
Operation Opera (), also known as Operation Babylon, was a surprise Israeli air strike carried out on 7 June 1981, which destroyed an Iraqi nuclear reactor under construction 17 kilometers (10.5 miles) southeast of Baghdad. The operation came after Iran's unsuccessful Operation Scorch Sword operation had caused minor damage to the same nuclear facility the previous year, the damage having been subsequently repaired by French technicians. Operation Opera, and related Israeli government statements following it, established the Begin Doctrine, which explicitly stated the strike was not an anomaly, but instead "a precedent for every future government in Israel". Israel's counter-proliferation preventive strike added another dimension to their existing policy of deliberate ambiguity, as it related to the nuclear capability of other states in the region.
Operation Opera | Introduction
As the bubble rose at , it stretched the spray dome into a hollow cylinder or chimney of spray called the "column", tall and wide, with walls thick.
Operation Crossroads | Sequence of blast events
Operation Josephine B (or Operation Josephine) was a military mission in June 1941 during the Second World War. The mission was organised jointly by the Free French and the British Special Operations Executive (SOE), together with the Royal Air Force for air drops. The operation was initially stalled by a lack of up-to-date information, but ultimately succeeded in its main objective, the destruction of an electrical transformer station in Pessac, near Bordeaux. Six of the eight transformers were destroyed, resulting in the Italian submarine base at Bordeaux being hampered for weeks and a variety of other problems for the Italian and German occupiers.
Operation Josephine B | Introduction
Special Forces camp located there was overrun.
Operation Delaware | Introduction
The losses of the USAAF were 22 destroyed, 11 damaged (all P-47ts). However, the negative effects of "Bodenplatte" on JG 53 outweighed any advantages gained.
Operation Bodenplatte | Metz-Frescaty
Repeat process until t-post can be removed.
Post pounder | Operation
They were to undertake parachute operations behind the German lines in France and then carry out operations supporting the Allied advance through Belgium, the Netherlands and eventually into Germany. In May 1944 the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) had issued an order for the Special Air Service Brigade to carry out two operations in France, "Houndsworth" in the area of Dijon for 'A' Squadron and "Bulbasket", near Poitiers, which was given to 'B' Squadron.
Operation Bulbasket | Background
There were many reactions to Operation Pillar of Defense:
Reactions to Operation Pillar of Defense | Introduction
Operation Kufire was a wide-ranging effort to track communists from various countries across Latin America who had come to Guatemala during the presidency of Árbenz. The CIA expected that these individuals would return to their home countries, or to other countries that had liberal policies about political asylum, and by tracking them, the CIA hoped to disrupt their activities. During the course of this operation, a CIA analyst asked Philips whether to open a file on a 25-year old physician, who did not at the time appear to be particularly threatening. Philips said yes, thereby opening a file on Ernesto "Che" Guevara, which would quickly become one of the thickest files the CIA had on a single individual.
Operation PBHistory | Operation Kufire
The operation consisted of three distinct smaller operations
Baltic Operation | Operational parts
This operation followed Operation Sceptic and preceded Operation Protea.
Operation Klipklop | Introduction
A request for a raid on the Bruneval site to capture a Würzburg system was passed on to Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, the commander of Combined Operations. Mountbatten, in turn, took the proposal to the Chiefs of Staff Committee, who approved the raid after a brief debate. Having received permission to conduct the raid, Mountbatten and his staff studied the Bruneval installation and its defences, rapidly coming to the conclusion that due to the extensive coastal defences in the area around the installation it was too well-guarded to permit a seaborne commando raid. They considered that such a raid would result in high casualties among the attacking troops and would not be fast enough to capture the Würzburg radar before it was destroyed by the Germans.
Operation Biting | Prelude
The CIA also contacted Marcos Pérez Jiménez of Venezuela and Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic; the two U.S.-backed dictators were supportive of the plan, and agreed to contribute some funding. Although PBFortune was officially approved on 9 September 1952, various planning steps had been taken earlier in the year. In January 1952, officers in the CIA's Directorate of Plans compiled a list of "top flight Communists whom the new government would desire to eliminate immediately in the event of a successful anti-Communist coup". The CIA plan called for the assassination of over 58 Guatemalans, as well as the arrest of many others.
1954 Guatemalan coup d'état | Operation PBFortune
The Royalists kept a tenuous hold on the Route 23 line of communication, preventing the PAVN from occupying it.
Operation Sinsay | Result
In the process, owners of infected computers were notified, many of whom were unaware of the exploitation. Some early results of the operation include charges against the following:
Operation: Bot Roast | Introduction
Operation Lightning may refer to one of the following military operations:
Operation Lightning | Introduction
During World War II, Operation Biting (also known as the Bruneval Raid) was a successful Combined Operations raid to capture components of a German Würzburg radar set at La Poterie-Cap-d’Antifer and evacuated by the Bruneval beach on 27/28 February 1942. On 6 June 1944, small boats simulated an invasion fleet headed towards the area as part of Operation Taxable.
La Poterie-Cap-d'Antifer | History
Some deception was also passed on via agents.
Operation Hardboiled | Operation
Operation Plumbbob was a series of nuclear tests conducted between May 28 and October 7, 1957, at the Nevada Test Site, following "Project 57", and preceding "Project 58/58A". It was the biggest, longest, and most controversial test series in the continental United States.
Operation Plumbbob | Introduction
This operation is sometimes referred to as "Jaboulay's amputation".
Mathieu Jaboulay | Introduction