Like other members of their family, they exhibit a viviparous mode of reproduction in which the developing embryos are sustained by a placental connection. The females give birth to three to six young in late spring or early summer, either annually or biennially, after a gestation period of eight to 11 months. This species is not known to attack humans, though it has been documented performing a threat display towards divers. It is of moderate commercial and recreational importance. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed this species as near threatened. In 2009, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced the populations of the blacknose shark off the United States are being overfished, and proposed new conservation measures.
Introduction
Blacknose shark
Blacknose shark | Introduction
the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced that it being overfished, and proposed new conservation measures. As per the International Union for Conservation of Nature, this species is near threatened. Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context. Large numbers of blacknose sharks are also caught incidentally by shrimp trawlers, which may pose a greater threat to its population, as many of the sharks taken are immature.
what is the scientific name of blacknose shark?
user
Carcharhinus acronotus
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where is it commonly found?
user
Tropical and subtropical waters of the western Atlantic Ocean
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who described it first?
user
Felipe Poey
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can you describe their habitat?
user
They inhabits the continental and insular shelves off the eastern coast of the Americas, as far north as North Carolina and as far south as southern Brazil.
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what can you tell me about its conservation status?
user
p. relicta" of the Black Sea endangered. In addition, the harbour porpoise is covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS), the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS) and the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia (Western African Aquatic Mammals MoU).
Harbour porpoise | Conservation status
In the Northern Territory the species is classified as ‘data deficient’ by the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (2000)NTG.
Grey nurse shark conservation | Conservation status in Australia
Action is being taken to preserve the dumb gulper, which includes being incorporated into the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act to create a plan to keep this species safe. In response to this species’ inherent low productivity and continuing reduced numbers, managers have introduced landing restrictions and area closures to enhance "C. harrissoni" stocks in southern Australian waters. The New Zealand Department of Conservation has classified the dumb gulper shark as "Data Deficient" with the qualifier "Threatened Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.
Dumb gulper shark | Conservation
In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the southern sleeper shark as "Not Threatened" with the qualifiers "Data Poor" and "Uncertain whether Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. The IUCN also does not regard it as threatened, noting a widespread distribution and no indication of a declining population, but believes it is not naturally abundant and that much more data and understanding of its population, interactions and biology is needed.
Southern sleeper shark | Conservation status
Some concern exists that populations of this slow-reproducing species may be declining in areas of sustained deepwater fishing, and it has been assessed as Near Threatened by the World Conservation Union. In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the sharpnose sevengill shark as "At Risk – Naturally Uncommon" with the qualifiers "Data Poor" and "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.
Sharpnose sevengill shark | Conservation status
Like other members of their family, they exhibit a viviparous mode of reproduction in which the developing embryos are sustained by a placental connection. The females give birth to three to six young in late spring or early summer, either annually or biennially, after a gestation period of eight to 11 months. This species is not known to attack humans, though it has been documented performing a threat display towards divers. It is of moderate commercial and recreational importance. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed this species as near threatened. In 2009, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced the populations of the blacknose shark off the United States are being overfished, and proposed new conservation measures.
Blacknose shark | Introduction
It is unclear how much of a concurrent increase in fishing for great white sharks has caused the decline of great white shark populations from the 1970s to the present. No accurate global population numbers are available, but the great white shark is now considered vulnerable. Sharks taken during the long interval between birth and sexual maturity never reproduce, making population recovery and growth difficult. The IUCN notes that very little is known about the actual status of the great white shark, but as it appears uncommon compared to other widely distributed species, it is considered vulnerable. It is included in Appendix II of CITES, meaning that international trade in the species requires a permit.
Great white shark | Conservation status
The New Zealand Department of Conservation has classified the sandbar shark as "Data Deficient" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.
Sandbar shark | Conservation status
This species is classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with the following criteria: C1+2a(i) (v3.1, 2001). A species is listed as such when the best available evidence indicates that the population size is estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, a decline of at least 10% is estimated to continue within 10 years or three generations, whichever is longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), and a continuing decline has been observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals and no subpopulation is estimated to contain more than 1,000 mature individuals.
Southern hognose snake | Conservation status
It is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. The population trend is down. Year assessed: 2007. The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources has listed the species as possibly extirpated within the state.
Southern hognose snake | Conservation status
This species is classified as critically endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List for the following criteria: CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) (v3.1 (2001). This means that the "geographic range" is estimated to be less than 100 km², that this area is severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location, and that a continuing decline has been observed, inferred or projected for the area, extent and/or quality of the habitat. Furthermore, the "area of occupancy" is estimated to be less than 10 km². The population trend is stable. Year assessed: 2004.
Bothrops insularis | Conservation status
However, changes in fishing practices and data collection methods complicate estimates. As a result of these findings, its status on the IUCN Red List was moved to "Critically Endangered" globally. Under the 1995 UN Agreement on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, coastal and fishing states are specifically required to adopt measures to conserve listed species, but little progress is visible on the oceanic whitetip.
Oceanic whitetip shark | Conservation status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed the bignose shark as Data Deficient overall, due to inadequate population and fishery monitoring. The species is considered to be of concern, however, given it is slow-reproducing and faces widespread heavy fishing pressure. There is evidence that its numbers have recently declined in the Maldives. Furthermore, most bignose shark bycatch occurs in international waters, where a single stock may be affected by multiple fisheries. It is listed as a "highly migratory species" under the 1995 UN Agreement on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, but thus far this has not led to significant conservation measures.
Bignose shark | Human interactions
In 2012 the Department of Conservation (DOC) classified "M. kahutarae" as Nationally Vulnerable under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. This was based on it existing in just a few subpopulations, the largest of less than 500 individuals, predicted to decline. It was noted as being data-poor, and sparsely distributed with a restricted range.
Black-eyed gecko | Conservation status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature has been unable to evaluate the conservation status of this shark because of insufficient data on the number caught by fisheries and little information on the fish's reproductive habits. The only place at which egg cases have been found is the estuary of the Deseado River in Argentina, and none have been found there for a number of years, perhaps reflecting an increased level of noise and disturbance by vessels using it as a port. For these reasons, the IUCN has assessed this species as "data deficient".
Narrowmouthed catshark | Status
It is listed as a special concern in Connecticut, as threatened in Michigan, New York, and Ohio, as endangered in New Jersey, as extirpated in Pennsylvania, and as historical in Rhode Island.
Draba reptans | Conservation status in the United States
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed this species as Endangered worldwide. The American Fisheries Society has assessed North American dusky shark populations as Vulnerable. Its very low reproductive rate renders the dusky shark extremely susceptible to overfishing. Stocks off the eastern United States are severely overfished; a 2006 stock assessment survey by the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) showed that its population had dropped to 15–20% of 1970s levels. In 1997, the dusky shark was identified as a Species of Concern by the NMFS, meaning that it warranted conservation concern but there was insufficient information for listing on the U.S.
Dusky shark | Conservation
The species is considered "vulnerable" by IUCN because its known distribution area is restricted and because of habitat loss related to agricultural and mining activities in the area.
Bokermannohyla vulcaniae | Conservation status
Highly restricted distribution. A ROTAP conservation code of 2VCit appropriate using Briggs and Leigh (1996) criteria. IUCN (2010) considered vulnerable.
Homoranthus croftianus | Conservation status
Its range occurs in one protected marine area, but its population is still in decline, listed as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List. Its threats include residential and commercial development, shipping lanes, aquatic resources being harvested, invasive species, diseases, pollution, and climate change.
Anacropora matthai | Conservation
The New Zealand Department of Conservation has classified the black roughscale catshark as "Data deficient" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.
Black roughscale catshark | Conservation status
This common species has a large range, with an estimated extent of 50,000-100,000 km². The population size is believed to be large, and the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as least concern.
Drakensberg prinia | Conservation status
There is no habitat data for the type series. The Mato Grosso records are from the Amazon biome or from its transition zone with the Cerrado. Most of the records are from areas affected by hydropower development. In 2004 it was assessed as "data deficient" for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Caecilia mertensi | Habitat and conservation
The mating grounds off Newfoundland were also closed to shark fishing. In 2004, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada listed the porbeagle as endangered, largely on the basis of the low population abundance (<25% of original numbers). Canada decided not to list the species under its Species At Risk Act, but further reduced the total fishing quota to 185 tons. In US waters, the 1993 Fishery Management Plan for Sharks of the Atlantic Ocean sets an annual quota of 92 tons (after processing) for the porbeagle. In 2006, this species was listed as a species of concern by the NMFS, meaning that it merits conservation concern, but data are insufficient for inclusion on the US Endangered Species Act.
Porbeagle | Western North Atlantic
Foundation of protected marine areas is particularly valuable for protecting sharks and a new method, taggingCSIRO, can reveal their preferred forage and breeding areas. A good example of managed marine areas is to be found in Jervis Bay, NSW. Jervis Bay has been divided into time zones, some for fishing and some for diving, and the strategy has been approved by both fishermen and divers. However, “Divers that regularly dive at places like South West Rocks in New South Wales will tell you that up to 70 per cent of the sharks there are trailing hooks from line fishing.” says Nicola Beynon from the Humane Society International (HSI).
Grey nurse shark conservation | Conservation efforts
This species is classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List with the following criteria: B1ab(v) (v3.1, 2001). This means that the best available evidence indicates it is considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild because its geographic range is estimated to be less than 100 km, it exists at only a single location, and a continuing decline has been observed, inferred, or projected in the number of mature individuals. It was assessed in 2007. It is threatened due to collecting and the introduction of alien predator species, such as feral cats.
Crotalus catalinensis | Conservation status
This species is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Year assessed: 2007). However, it is a species of increasing conservation concern, especially in the northeastern part of its range. Of the five states in the northeast U.S. where the eastern hognose snake occurs, it currently has "listed" conservation status in four (Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, and Rhode Island). Noted declines are believed to be the result of direct anthropogenic pressures including habitat loss and fragmentation, road mortality, environmental degradation, and intentional killing.
Eastern hognose snake | Conservation status
In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the school shark as "Not Threatened" with the qualifiers "Conservation Dependent" and "Threatened Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.
School shark | Conservation status
In New Zealand its conservation status was declared to be "Not Threatened" in 2004, 2009 and 2012 under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, and this New Zealand classification was reaffirmed in 2018, with the further comment that it was safe overseas.
Leucopogon fraseri | Conservation status
"Procambarus natchitochae" live in streams and ditches with flowing current, clear to cloudy water, and rocky to sandy substrates. The species is endemic to the United States and is listed as a species of least concern by the IUCN. NatureServe gives "P. natchitochae" a global rating of G5, or 'secure', and a national ranking of N5 for 'secure', while at the state level, Louisiana ranks it as S4, for 'Apparently secure', and Arkansas and Texas rate it as SNR, or 'State Not Ranked'. The American Fisheries Society ranks it as 'Currently Stable'. Conservation assessment is lacking for this species because there are little available data on the population or threats, other than the current species distribution.
Procambarus natchitochae | Conservation status
In both 2009 and 2012 it was deemed to be "Not Threatened" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, and this New Zealand classification was reaffirmed in 2018, with the further comment that it is DP or "Data Poor".
Actinotus novae-zelandiae | Conservation status
Once the most abundant shark species in the world, populations of "Squalus acanthias" have declined significantly. They are classified in the IUCN Red List of threatened species as Vulnerable globally and Critically endangered in the Northeast Atlantic, meaning stocks around Europe have decreased by at least 95%. This is a direct result of overfishing to supply northern Europe's taste for rock salmon, saumonette, and zeepaling. Despite these alarming figures, very few management or conservation measures are in place for "Squalus acanthias". In EU waters, a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) has been in place since 1999, but until 2007 it only applied to ICES Areas IIa and IV.
Spiny dogfish | Conservation status and management
This species is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List (v3.1, 2001). Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population trend was stable when assessed in 2007.
Crotalus enyo | Conservation status
Sources from the 19th and early 20th centuries indicate that the angelshark was once abundant all around the coasts of Western Europe. Yarrell (1836), Day (1880–04), and Garstang (1903) all noted that the angelshark was common around the British Isles, and Rey (1928) recorded that this species was common around the Iberian Peninsula and in the Mediterranean. However, from the latter half of the 20th century onwards, the angelshark has come under intense pressure from commercial fisheries operating across much of its range. Due to its benthic, near-shore habits, individuals of all ages are susceptible to incidental capture by bottom trawls, trammel nets, and bottom longlines; the low reproductive rate of this shark limits its capacity to withstand population depletion.
Squatina squatina | Conservation status
Gunther Köhler found the species at the brink of extinction, perhaps even functionally extinct in the wild as of 1994 due to overhunting and its restricted habitat. As a result, the Iguana Research and Breeding Station was built in April 1997 with the help and funds of various organizations such as the Frankfurt Zoological Society, the Senckenberg Nature Research Society, AFE-COHDEFOR (State Forestry Administration-Honduran Forestry Development Corporation), BICA (Bay Islands Conservation Association) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras. This species currently has an estimated wild population of 10,000 animals in 2–3 subpopulations, but is greatly threatened by loss of habitat, as mangrove forests are being used as garbage dump sites and deforested for the construction of homes, resorts, and marinas.
Ctenosaura bakeri | Conservation status
As the African dwarf sawshark was only recently discovered in 2011, the IUCN Red List has yet to evaluate the conservation status of this animal. Though it is not known to be utilized for food, this shark is at great risk of being caught as bycatch in shrimping and bottom trawling operations. Considering its habitat, rarity, and behavior, the African dwarf sawshark poses no threat to humans.
Pristiophorus nancyae | Conservation
It is listed as a special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut. It is endangered in Indiana and extirpated in Pennsylvania.
Croton michauxii | Conservation status in the United States
In 2009, the NOAA proposed instituting a separate quota for blacknose sharks of 6,065 sharks per year, and a ban on using gillnets to catch sharks in the Atlantic. By contrast, blacknose shark stocks off northern Brazil appear to be stable, while no fishery data are available from the Caribbean. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed this species as near threatened globally.
Blacknose shark | Human interactions
As of March 2010, it has also been included in Annex I of the CMS Migratory Sharks MoU, which strives for increased international understanding and coordination for the protection of certain migratory sharks. A February 2010 study by Barbara Block of Stanford University estimated the world population of great white sharks to be lower than 3,500 individuals, making the species more vulnerable to extinction than the tiger, whose population is in the same range. According to another study from 2014 by George H. Burgess, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, there are about 2,000 great white sharks near the California coast, which is 10 times higher than the previous estimate of 219 by Barbara Block.
Great white shark | Conservation status
This common species has a large range, with an estimated extent of 4,100,000 km. The population size is believed to be large, and the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as least concern.
Neddicky | Conservation status
The species is threatened in some parts of its range by habitat loss, but in general it is not very rare, and in some places common.
Afrixalus fornasini | Conservation status
In October 2016, a 1.55 million km region of the Ross Sea was designed as a marine protected area, meaning that most fishing is banned in the area. The area will remain protected until 2052.
Dissostichus | Conservation efforts
The IUCN has categorised the species as "Data Deficient" because the species is only known from a few records and localities, and its habitat preferences, population status, threats and ecology are not known. If it is restricted to mangroves, mangrove harvesting and coastal development are major threats to the species.
Vordermann's pipistrelle | Conservation status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the Caribbean reef shark as Near Threatened; its population has declined off Belize and Cuba from overfishing and exploitation continues in other regions. They are also threatened by the degradation and destruction of their coral reef habitat. Commercial fishing for this species is prohibited in United States waters. They are protected in the Bahamas due to their significance to ecotourism, as well as in a number of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) off Brazil and elsewhere. However, enforcement against illegal fishing is lacking in some of these reserves, and many areas in which this species is abundant are not protected.
Caribbean reef shark | Conservation
Active restoration experiments began in 2007 at Tarplant Hill in Watsonville by the owners, with support from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Partners in Restoration Program.
Holocarpha macradenia | Protection and current status
Restricted distribution and considered rare by Briggs and Leigh (1996) given a ROTAP conservation code of 2R.
Homoranthus tropicus | Conservation status
It is listed as endangered and extirpated in Maryland, as endangered in Indiana and Pennsylvania, as threatened in Connecticut, as presumed extirpated in Ohio, and as a special concern in Rhode Island.
Schoenoplectus torreyi | Conservation status in the United States
The New Zealand Department of Conservation has classified the draughtsboard shark as "Not Threatened" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. Because its population seems healthy and free from significant threats, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed this species as of Least Concern.
Draughtsboard shark | Conservation status
"N. heterodon" is currently not of ecological concern. There may be some minor threats, but populations appears to be fairly stable, as it is represented across a large and broad spectrum of locations. Whether the fish are remaining stable or in slight decline is currently unknown due to a lack of data, but they are ranked as a species of 'Least Concern'. However, it is thought that they were once widely populous in Illinois as well as Ohio, and are now only lightly scattered throughout those states. It was thought to have vanished from Ohio before 1940, until it was found in Myers Lake in Canton, Ohio, and a single fish turned up in Nettle Lake in northwestern Ohio in the early 1980s.
Blackchin shiner | Conservation status
The North Sea, Baltic, Mediterranean and Black Sea populations of the common bottlenose dolphin are listed on Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) of the Bonn Convention, since they have an unfavorable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international cooperation organized by tailored agreements. Estimated population of a few specific areas are including: The species is covered by the Agreement on Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS), the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS), the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region, and the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia.
Common bottlenose dolphin | Conservation
The International Union for Conservation of Nature last assessed this species as endangered. Although more specimens have since been discovered, the conservation status of this species remains precarious due to heavy fishing and habitat degradation within its range.
Smoothtooth blacktip shark | Introduction
The rapid collapse of porbeagle stocks on both sides of the North Atlantic is often cited as archetypal of the "boom and bust" pattern of most shark fisheries. Factors including a small litter size, long maturation time, and the capture of multiple age classes all contribute to this shark's susceptibility to overfishing. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the porbeagle globally as vulnerable, endangered in the western North Atlantic (including the Baltic), and critically endangered in the eastern North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. The porbeagle is listed on Annex 1 (Highly Migratory Species) of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and on Annex 1 of the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS; also known as the Bonn Convention) Migratory Shark Memorandum of Understanding.
Porbeagle | Conservation
Moderately restricted distribution although well reserved and often locally common.
Homoranthus homoranthoides | Conservation status
In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the blue shark as "Not Threatened" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. The species is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN.
Blue shark | Conservation status
Due to its small population a ROTAP conservation code 2ECit using Briggs and Leigh criteria (1996). IUCN (2010) 'Endangered'.
Homoranthus brevistylis | Conservation status
In 1969, Lineaweaver and Backus wrote of the oceanic whitetip: "[it is] extraordinarily abundant, perhaps the most abundant large animal, large being over 100 pounds [45 kg], on the face of the earth". Little further population study occurred until 2003, when the numbers were estimated to have dropped by as much as 70% in the Northwest and Western Central Atlantic between 1992 and 2000. Another study focusing on the Gulf of Mexico, using a mix of data from US pelagic longline surveys from the mid-1950s and observations from the late 1990s, estimated a decline in numbers in this location of 99.3% over this period.
Oceanic whitetip shark | Conservation status
In 2017 the International Union for Conservation of Nature assesses this species as Data Deficient. In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the McMillan's catshark as "Data Deficient" with the qualifier "Uncertain whether Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.
McMillan's catshark | Conservation status
This fish is listed as "least concern" by the IUCN, on the basis that "significant global population declines have not been reported and are not suspected. Its range coincides with numerous marine protected areas."
Seriola dorsalis | Conservation status
"N. tridentiger" has been found only along the Argentinean continental shelf and southern Chile and has not been reported since 1968. Its shallow depth range and medium body size make it very likely to be exposed to extensive trawling activities throughout its range, although it has not been reported in any bycatch surveys. It is listed as data deficient by the IUCN. More research is needed to understand the distribution, population status, habitat, biology, ecology, and impact of potential major threats to this species.
Notomyxine tridentiger | Conservation status
In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the prickly shark as "At Risk – Naturally Uncommon" with the qualifiers "Data Poor" and "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the prickly shark as Data Deficient, citing its patchy known distribution and the continuing expansion of deepwater fisheries.
Prickly shark | Conservation status
No particular threats to this fish have been recognised, but not enough is known about it to determine its population trends and conservation needs, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its status as "data deficient". As a denizen of coral reefs, the degradation of the reefs may well have an adverse future effect on the species. However, parts of its known range are within the boundaries of some marine protected areas.
Arothron carduus | Status
Exceptions are made in the case of individuals collected for scientific purposes. "H. patagonicus" is considered a flagship species in Mar del Plata and is used to educate the community about the importance of coastal ecosystems.
Hippocampus patagonicus | Conservation
The blacknose shark inhabits the continental and insular shelves off the eastern coast of the Americas, as far north as North Carolina and as far south as southern Brazil, including the Bahamas, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. They frequent coastal waters over beds of seagrass, sandy flats, and shell or coral rubble. This species is spatially segregated by size and sex. Generally, only young sharks are encountered in shallow water, as the adults prefer depths greater than and is most common at . Blacknose sharks in the South Atlantic Bight (off the Atlantic coast of the southern United States) migrate northward in the summer and southward (or possibly offshore) in the winter; a similar migration occurs for sharks in the Gulf of Mexico.
Blacknose shark | Distribution and habitat
"Akodon spegazzinii" is listed as "least concern" on the IUCN Red List in view of its wide distribution and apparently stable population; in addition, it occurs in several protected areas. Both "Akodon oenos" and "Akodon leucolimnaeus" are listed as "data deficient" with a trend of declining populations; they are said to be threatened by agricultural development.
Akodon spegazzinii | Conservation status
It is classified as an endangered species due to its small and declining population and destruction of its habitat. Threats include drainage, sand extraction, burning of grassland and the flooding of land due to the construction of dams. Despite the recently discovered populations in Minas Gerais, some of which are within protected areas (the national parks of Serra do Cipó and Serra da Canastra, and the private reserve Serra do Caraça), it has been recommended not downgrading it to a lower threatened status, but it remains to be seen if this will be followed.
Marsh tapaculo | Status and conservation
Unfortunately, while exporting from the island is illegal, it has no other legal protection on the island either. The snake is now a part of the Species Survival Plan for captive breeding.
Crotalus unicolor | Conservation status
This is a rare species with a restricted distribution and given an appropriated ROTAP conservation code of 2RC-t (Briggs and Leigh 1996).
Homoranthus floydii | Conservation status
This species is therefore listed as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, and as "endangered" under Queensland's Nature Conservation Act 1992. It is a U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service "[Species of Concern]", which are those species that the U.S. Government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. According to the National Marine Fisheries Service, any shark caught must be released immediately with minimal harm, and is considered a prohibited species, making it illegal to harvest any part of the sand tiger shark on the United States' Atlantic coast.
Sand tiger shark | Conservation status
The species has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List. NatureServe ranks the species global conservation status as G5 (secure - very low risk of extinction or elimination). Its national rank in Canada is N5 (secure), and NNR (not ranked) in the United States, though some individual states are ranked, ranging from imperiled on the fringes of the species' range to secure nearer the center. The species is listed as "Threatened" by the states of Maryland and Tennessee, both near the southern edge of its known range.
Carex lacustris | Conservation status
Very rare and facing threats from commercial and recreational fishing, and perhaps also habitat degradation, this species has been assessed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Northern river shark | Introduction
kalopterus"), and most rainbow sharks ("E. frenatum") seen in the aquarium trade are believed to be farm-bred. The main problem for their status is damming of rivers between the fishes' usual haunts and the breeding grounds. While otherwise a considerable take of wild "Epalzeorhynchus" could be sustained, dams will literally stand in the way of successful reproduction, and such isolated subpopulations are easily extinguished by overfishing. Water pollution is also problematic. Due to these threats, the red-tailed black shark is very rare and was believed to be extinct in the wild, but a tiny wild population is now known, leading to its current IUCN rating as critically endangered.
Epalzeorhynchos | Description and ecology
The New Zealand Department of Conservation has classified the copper shark as "Not Threatened" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System but with the qualifiers "Conservation Dependent", "Data Poor" and "Secure Overseas".
Copper shark | Conservation
The conservation status of this species was changed from near threatened to vulnerable in the 2008 World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List because the species has declined at least 30% over the past 30 years (three generations) due to hunting and habitat loss. This is considerably better than the 1994 assessment which found it to be endangered, followed by the 2003 assessment which found the species to be near threatened. Although the conservation status has improved, actual population numbers are on a decreasing trend. Since it only lives in white water flooded forests, it is very susceptible to human impact (i.e.: land acquisition for agriculture and/or pastures).
Bald uakari | Conservation
Very little is known about this shark and its ecology. It has a restricted range but is subject to little fishing pressure because there are no commercial trawl fisheries operating in the Caribbean Sea at the depths at which this fish lives. In the absence of known threats, the population is presumed to be stable, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".
Narrowtail catshark | Status
The bonnethead is an abundant species and is currently classified as a least-concern species by the IUCN. It is heavily targeted by commercial and recreational fisheries, and constitutes up to 50% of all small shark landings in the Eastern US.
Bonnethead | Conservation
It has no threats; its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas, and its population is stable, and is listed as "Least Concern" by the IUCN Red List.
Gonichthys cocco | Conservation
The broadnose sevengill is listed by the IUCN Red List as Data Deficient throughout most of its range, and as possibly Vulnerable in the northeast Pacific and Near Threatened in the eastern Pacific. This species likely suffers great ongoing pressure from various types of fisheries, and from frequently being caught as bycatch. In Argentina, it's fished by rod and reel and broadnose sevengill shark fishing competitions have been occurring since the 1960s. It is also threatened by water pollution and is hunted for its liveroil and hide which is considered good quality in places such as China. In the early 1980s, intense fishing in the San Francisco Bay caused a local decline.
Broadnose sevengill shark | Conservation and relationship to humans
The New Zealand Department of Conservation has classified the flaccid catshark as "Data deficient" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.
Bulldog catshark | Conservation status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the copper shark as Near Threatened worldwide. While the global population is unknown, the long maturation time and low reproductive rate of this species render it highly susceptible to overfishing. Regionally, the IUCN has listed this species under Least Concern off Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, where fisheries are generally well-managed; the local copper shark population for each of those three countries is contained almost entirely within their respective Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). Reported catches by New Zealand have steadily declined from a peak of 40 tons in 1995/96 to 20 tons 2001/02, though it is uncertain whether this reflects a genuine decline or changing fishing habits.
Copper shark | Conservation
Uncommon and restricted in distribution, but well reserved in Wollemi National Park. Listed as a rare species by Briggs and Leigh (1996) with a ROTAP conservation 2RCa.
Homoranthus cernuus | Conservation status
"Microcondylaea compressa" has lost many populations in the area during the last century. Main reasons are construction works and changed structures of rivers, dredging of drenches and rivers and chemical pollution. According to IUCN it is classified as "VU" - vulnerable, actual research that the species is critically endangered "CR". Conservation measures should therefore carried out in rivers with viable populations.
Microcondylaea compressa | Conservation status
Although some local declines have been reported, the species "H. nasicus" is widespread, has a large overall population size (> 100,000), and is effectively protected by a variety of conservation programs. It is therefore currently classified as Least Concern by the IUCN. The eastern hognose snake ("Heterodon platirhinos") is classified as a threatened species in some regions of its range and is therefore protected under those states' laws.
Western hognose snake | Conservation
The species is classified as vulnerable due to their small estimated population size (a few thousand) and restricted distribution. It is heavily in demand in the aquarium trade, and likely impacted to some degree by increases in sedimentation in its natural habitat.
Tropheus duboisi | Conservation
An uncommon species but well reserved in several national parks. ROTAP conservation code of 3RCa using Briggs and Leigh (1996)
Homoranthus decasetus | Conservation status
It is listed as historical in Rhode Island.
Monarda fistulosa | Conservation status in the United States
With the building in 1993 of the Yacyretá Dam, almost all the suitable habitat for "Aylacostoma" living in this region was flooded. Consequently, "A. guaraniticum" and "A. stigmaticum" became entirely extinct, "A. brunneum" extinct in the wild (survives in captivity), and "A. chloroticum" restricted to single small wild population and a captive "safety" population. The captive populations of the last two species are jointly managed by the National University of Misiones and Bernardino Rivadavia Natural Sciences Museum.
Aylacostoma | Conservation status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the conservation status of this species as being of "least concern". This is because it is a common species with a wide range, no particular threats have been identified, and the population seems stable.
Northern black korhaan | Status
Therefore, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed it as data deficient overall and as vulnerable in Brazil.
Smalltail shark | Introduction
Considered rare with a restricted distribution. ROTAP conservation code 2RC-, Briggs and Leigh (1996).
Homoranthus zeteticorum | Conservation status
It is listed as "G5 - Secure" under the NatureServe conservation status system. However it is listed as an endangered species by the states of Illinois, Kentucky, and Maryland, and as "exploitably vulnerable" by New York.
Calopogon tuberosus | Conservation status
"C. stejnegeri" is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with the following criteria: B1ab(iii) (v3.1, 2001). A species is listed as such when the best available evidence indicates its extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 20,000 km (7,720 mi), estimates indicate it is severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations, and a continuing decline has been observed, inferred, or projected in its area, extent, and/or quality of habitat. Therefore, it is considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. The population trend was down when assessed in 2007.
Crotalus stejnegeri | Conservation status
First assessed as "vulnerable" in 2004, this species is now listed as "least concern" due to the discovery that it occurs more widely than previously thought (now a 73,498 km² estimated extent of occurrence) and because, despite ongoing habitat loss, there is currently an abundance of suitable habitats within its range. It is considered to be an abundant species. It is present in several national parks.
Hyperolius castaneus | Conservation
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed this species as Near Threatened, as its numbers have dropped in recent decades due to increasing, and thus far unregulated, fishing pressure in the tropics. Its restricted habitat, low dispersal, and slow reproduction are factors that limit this shark's capacity for recovering from overfishing. On the Great Barrier Reef, populations of whitetip reef sharks in fishing zones have been reduced by 80% relative to no-entry zones. Furthermore, populations in no-take zones, where boats are allowed but fishing prohibited, exhibit levels of depletion comparable to fishing zones due to poaching. Demographic models indicate that these depleted populations will continue to decline by 6.6–8.3% per year without additional conservation measures.
Whitetip reef shark | Human interactions
In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the pale ghost shark as "Not Threatened" with the qualifier "Conservation Dependent " under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.
Pale ghost shark | Conservation status
Because the population is restricted to one small area, they are very susceptible to disease and inbreeding depression. Conservation geneticists estimate a population of 100 rhinos would be needed to preserve the genetic diversity of this conservation-reliant species.
Javan rhinoceros | Conservation
This species is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List (v3.1, 2001). Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population trend was stable when assessed in 2007.
Crotalus cerastes | Conservation status
The New Zealand Department of Conservation has classified the leafscale gulper shark as "Not Threatened" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.
Leafscale gulper shark | Conservation status
Endangered Species Act (ESA). Commercial and recreational retention of dusky sharks was prohibited in 1998, but this has been of limited effectiveness due to high bycatch mortality on multi-species gear. In addition, some 2,000 dusky sharks were caught by recreational fishers in 2003 despite the ban. In 2005, North Carolina implemented a time/area closure to reduce the impact of recreational fishing. To aid conservation efforts, molecular techniques using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been developed that can identify whether marketed shark parts (e.g. fins) are from prohibited species like the dusky shark, versus similar allowed species such as the sandbar shark.
Dusky shark | Conservation
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, and heavily degraded former forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Astylosternus batesi | Habitat and conservation
Endangered Species Act (ESA). The IUCN Red List indicates this as an endangered species.
Basking shark | Conservation