Ammonium acetate is produced by the neutralization of acetic acid with ammonium carbonate or by saturating glacial acetic acid with ammonia. Obtaining crystalline ammonium acetate is difficult on account of its hygroscopic nature.
Production
Ammonium acetate
Ammonium acetate | Production
Ammonium acetate is produced by the neutralization of acetic acid with ammonium carbonate or by saturating glacial acetic acid with ammonia. Ammonium acetate is produced by the neutralization of acetic acid with ammonium carbonate or by saturating glacial acetic acid with ammonia. It  is produced by the neutralization of acetic acid with ammonium carbonate or by saturating glacial acetic acid with ammonia. It is produced by the neutralization of acetic acid with ammonium carbonate or by saturating glacial acetic acid with ammonia
describe in general terms the structure of ionic solids such as nacl
user
Ions typically pack into extremely regular crystalline structures, in an arrangement that minimizes the lattice energy.
assistant
what can you tell me about their boiling point?
user
Boiling points exhibit similar trends to melting points in terms of the size of ions and strength of other interactions. When vapourized, the ions are still not freed of one another.
assistant
can you name any compounds?
user
Ammonium acetate, zinc oxide, aluminum hydroxide,  aluminium oxide and lead(II) oxide.
assistant
what are the uses of the aforesaid initial one?
user
It is also used as a diuretic.
assistant
what can you tell me about its production?
user
Ammonium acetate is produced by the neutralization of acetic acid with ammonium carbonate or by saturating glacial acetic acid with ammonia. Obtaining crystalline ammonium acetate is difficult on account of its hygroscopic nature.
Ammonium acetate | Production
It is commonly collected as a byproduct of the "acetone cyanohydrin route" to the commodity chemical methyl methacrylate. It can also be obtained by hydrolysis of sulfamic acid in aqueous solution, which produces the salt in high purity: It also arises by the thermal decomposition of ammonium sulfate:
Ammonium bisulfate | Production
It is the main precursor to acetamide: It is also used as a diuretic.
Ammonium acetate | Uses
Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is produced by reaction between ammonia and perchloric acid. This process is the main outlet for the industrial production of perchloric acid. The salt also can be produced by salt metathesis reaction of ammonium salts with sodium perchlorate. This process exploits the relatively low solubility of NHClO, which is about 10% of that for sodium perchlorate. AP crystallises as colorless rhombohedra.
Ammonium perchlorate | Production
In a similar fashion to some laboratory methods, acetamide is produced by dehydrating ammonium acetate or via the hydration of acetonitrile, a byproduct of the production of acrylonitrile:
Acetamide | Industrial scale
Commercial preparations of uranyl acetate are usually made from depleted uranium and are prepared by reacting metallic uranium with acetic acid.
Uranyl acetate | Production
It is produced by treating ammonium sulfite with sulfur:
Ammonium thiosulfate | Production
As the filaments emerge, the solvent is evaporated in warm air via dry spinning, producing fine cellulose acetate fibers.
Cellulose acetate | Production
Most of the approximately 5 billion kilograms of acetic acid produced annually in industry are used in the production of acetates, which usually take the form of polymers. In nature, acetate is the most common building block for biosynthesis. For example, the fatty acids are produced by connecting the two carbon atoms from acetate to a growing fatty acid.
Acetate | Introduction
Acetamide can be produced in the laboratory from ammonium acetate by dehydration: Alternatively acetamide can be obtained in excellent yield via ammonolysis of acetylacetone under conditions commonly used in reductive amination. It can also be made from anhydrous acetic acid, acetonitrile and very well dried hydrogen chloride gas, using an ice bath, alongside more valuable reagent acetyl chloride. Yield is typically low (up to 35%), and the acetamide made this way is generated as a salt with HCl.
Acetamide | Laboratory scale
Acetic acid can also undergo a dismutation reaction to produce methane and carbon dioxide: This disproportionation reaction is catalysed by methanogen archaea in their fermentative metabolism. One electron is transferred from the carbonyl function (e donor) of the carboxylic group to the methyl group (e acceptor) of acetic acid to respectively produce CO and methane gas.
Acetate | Fermentation of acetate
Ammonium diuranate or (ADU) ((NH)UO), is one of the radioactive intermediate chemical forms of uranium produced during yellowcake production. The name "yellowcake" originally given to this bright yellow substance, now applies to mixtures of uranium oxides which are actually hardly ever yellow. It also is an intermediate in mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel fabrication. It is precipitated by adding aqueous ammonium hydroxide after uranium extraction by tertiary amines in kerosene. This precipitate is then thickened and centrifuged before being calcined to uranium oxide. Canadian practice favours the production of uranium oxide from ammonium diuranate, rather than from uranyl nitrate as is the case elsewhere.
Ammonium diuranate | Introduction
It is the product of the reaction trichloromethylsulfenyl chloride with sodium salt of tetrahydrophthalamide.
Captan | Production
The industrial production of ammonium nitrate entails the acid-base reaction of ammonia with nitric acid: Ammonia is used in its anhydrous form (a gas) and the nitric acid is concentrated. The reaction is violent owing to its highly exothermic nature. After the solution is formed, typically at about 83% concentration, the excess water is evaporated off to leave an ammonium nitrate (AN) content of 95% to 99.9% concentration (AN melt), depending on grade. The AN melt is then made into "prills" or small beads in a spray tower, or into granules by spraying and tumbling in a rotating drum. The prills or granules may be further dried, cooled, and then coated to prevent caking.
Ammonium nitrate | Production, reactions and crystalline phases
It is produced by ammonolysis of the methyl ester:
Chloroacetamide | Production
In other studies it was found to approximate to the gross formulas 3UO·NH·5HO, The asymmetric stretching frequency of the uranyl ion was found to decrease with increasing NH content. This decrease is continuous and no band splitting was observed, indicating that the ammonium uranate system is homogeneous and continuous. ADU is an intermediate in the production of uranium oxides to be used as nuclear fuel; it is converted directly into an oxide by heating. β-UO is produced at about 350 °C and UO is obtained at higher temperatures. When the alkali used is sodium hydroxide, so-called sodium diuranate, SDU, is produced.
Uranate | Properties and uses
Methyl acetate is produced industrially via the carbonylation of methanol as a byproduct of the production of acetic acid. Methyl acetate also arises by esterification of acetic acid with methanol in the presence of strong acids such as sulfuric acid; this production process is famous because of Eastman Kodak's intensified process using a reactive distillation.
Methyl acetate | Preparation and reactions
Another synthesis known as the urethane synthesis method requires four synthesis steps and results in a yield of up to 60 %. The processing method is not difficult and the amount of waste produced is relatively low. The urethane can be cleaned and recycled within the process. C2H5O2C-NHNO2 + NH3 W C2H5O2C-NNO2NH4 C2H5O2C-NNO2NH4 + N2O5 W C2H5O2C-N(NO2)2 + NH4NO3 C2H5O2C-N(NO2)2 + 2NH3 W C2H5O2C-NH2 + NH4N(NO2)2 |https://application.wiley-vch.de/books/sample/3527302409_c01.pdf }}
Ammonium dinitramide | Preparation
This is known as "regeneration", since the ammonium can be used by phytoplankton, and again enter the food-web. Primary production fuelled by ammonium in this way is thus referred to as regenerated production. However, ammonium can also be oxidised to nitrate (via nitrite), by the process of nitrification. This is performed by different bacteria in two stages :
F-ratio | "New" and "regenerated" production
Ammonium carbamate is an intermediate in the industrial production of urea. A typical industrial plant that makes urea can produce up to 1500 tons a day. in this reactor and can then be dehydrated to urea according to the following equation:
Ammonium carbamate | Urea synthesis
It is a product of the Solvay process used to produce sodium carbonate: In addition to being the principal method for the manufacture of ammonium chloride, that method is used to minimize ammonia release in some industrial operations. Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by combining ammonia (NH) with either hydrogen chloride (gas) or hydrochloric acid (water solution):
Ammonium chloride | Production
Diacetyl is produced industrially by dehydrogenation of 2,3-butanediol. Acetoin is an intermediate.
Diacetyl | Production
Butyl acetates are commonly manufactured by the Fischer esterification of butanol (or its isomer to make an isomer of butyl acetate) and acetic acid with the presence of catalytic sulfuric acid under reflux conditions with this reaction:
Butyl acetate | Production
This is known as regeneration, since the ammonium can be used by phytoplankton, and again enter the food-web. Primary production fuelled by ammonium in this way is thus referred to as regenerated production. However, ammonium can also be oxidised to nitrate (via nitrite), by the process of nitrification. This is performed by different bacteria in two stages :
New production | New and regenerated production
Ethyl acetoacetate is produced industrially by treatment of diketene with ethanol. The preparation of ethyl acetoacetate is a classic laboratory procedure. It is prepared via the Claisen condensation of ethyl acetate. Two moles of ethyl acetate condense to form one mole each of ethyl acetoacetate and ethanol.
Ethyl acetoacetate | Preparation
In this industry, acetate is recovered during the manufacturing of polymers. In this case, the wanted product is actually the polymer; however, the acetate is not a waste either since it is recovered. While the polymer solids are discharged through the solid exit port and further processed, the acetate that is recovered through the liquid exit port and further separated from the washing liquid to recover pure acetate.
Solid bowl centrifuge | Polymer Manufacture
Sodium lauroamphoacetate is produced in a 2 step process. Firstly lauric acid reacts with aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA); this initially produces the amide however heating causes this to cyclize to give the imidazoline group. This reacts with 1 equivalent of sodium chloroacetate to give the final product. A reaction with 2 equivalents gives the di-acetate, which is also marketed as di-sodium lauroamphoacetate.
Sodium lauroamphoacetate | Synthesis
Tetrolic acid is manufactured on a commercial scale by treatment of propyne with a strong base (to form an acetylide), followed by carbon dioxide: Strong bases such as "n"-BuLi and NaNH can be used.
Tetrolic acid | Production
Aminopropionitrile is prepared by the reaction of ammonia with acrylonitrile.
Aminopropionitrile | Production
They are used to check manufacturing quality before mass production begins.
Promotional recording | Acetates and test pressings
On an industrial scale, the reaction of acetic anhydride with hydrogen chloride produces a mixture of acetyl chloride and acetic acid:
Acetyl chloride | Synthesis
One method of manufacture entails the transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with 2-ethylhexanol: A second method of manufacture is a direct esterification of terephthalic acid with 2-ethylhexanol:
Dioctyl terephthalate | Production
In the past, formamide was produced by treating formic acid with ammonia, which produces ammonium formate, which in turn yields formamide upon heating: Formamide is also generated by aminolysis of ethyl formate:
Formamide | Historical production
Isethionic acid is used as a starting material in the industrial production of taurine. Dehydration of isethionic acid gives vinylsulfonic acid.
Isethionic acid | Reactions
Phthalyl content of the derivatives produced by this method is inversely dependent on the reaction temperature, although the rate of phthalyl introduction is faster at high temperatures. Phthalyl content also depends on proportions of acetic acid, as a reaction solvent
Cellulose acetate phthalate | Synthesis
Because it entirely decomposes to volatile compounds, this allows rapid recovery of the compound of interest by freeze-drying.
Ammonium bicarbonate | Uses
Sodium nitrite is made industrially by passing "nitrous fumes" into aqueous sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate solution: The product is purified by recrystallization. Alkali metal nitrites are thermally stable up to and beyond their melting point (441 °C for KNO). Ammonium nitrite can be made from dinitrogen trioxide, NO, which is formally the anhydride of nitrous acid:
Nitrite | Production
There are at least 20 different synthesis routes that produce Ammonium dinitramide In the laboratory ammonium dinitramide, can be prepared by nitration of sulfamic acid or its salt under low temperatures. KO3S-NH2 + 2HNO3 W KHSO4 + NH4N(NO2)2 + H2O The process is performed under red light, since the compound is decomposed by higher energy photons. The details of the synthesis remain classified. Other sources report ammonium synthesis from ammonium nitrate, anhydrous nitric acid, and fuming sulfuric acid containing 20% free sulfur trioxide. A base other than ammonia must be added before the acid dinitramide decomposes. The final product is obtained by fractional crystallization.
Ammonium dinitramide | Preparation
According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information, "the common esters & diesters of the common polyols are prepared commercially by esterifying the particular polyol with the acid, acid anhydride, or acid chloride of choice in presence of a catalyst. Mono- or diesters result, depending upon the proportions of each reactant employed."
Methacrolein diacetate | Production
This led to industry experts fearing that the vinyl production supply chain would be put under stress with heavy demand and only one factory worldwide.
Acetate disc | Production
The material produced was 35% CuO, 27% CuO, and 38% CuO. The process consists of the leaching of copper or its oxides with concentrated aqueous ammonia in a Soxhlet extractor. The reaction forms a deep blue complex of cupric ammonium that is converted to a residue of black oxide in the apparatus.
Paramelaconite | Synthesis
Ammonium thiocyanate is made by the reaction of carbon disulfide with aqueous ammonia. Ammonium dithiocarbamate is formed as an intermediate in this reaction, which upon heating, decomposes to ammonium thiocyanate and hydrogen sulfide:
Ammonium thiocyanate | Preparation
Acetone can be transformed into isopropylamine as follows:
Ammonium formate | Reductive amination
Acetonitrile is a byproduct from the manufacture of acrylonitrile. Most is combusted to support the intended process but an estimated several thousand tons are retained for the above-mentioned applications. Production trends for acetonitrile thus generally follow those of acrylonitrile. Acetonitrile can also be produced by many other methods, but these are of no commercial importance as of 2002. Illustrative routes are by dehydration of acetamide or by hydrogenation of mixtures of carbon monoxide and ammonia. In , of acetonitrile were produced in the US. Catalytic ammoxidation of ethylene was also researched.
Acetonitrile | Production
"m"-Phenylenediamine is produced by hydrogenation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene. The dinitrobenzene is prepared by dinitration of benzene.
M-Phenylenediamine | Production
NHOH can be produced via several routes. The main route is via the Raschig process: aqueous ammonium nitrite is reduced by HSO and SO at 0 °C to yield a hydroxylamido-N,N-disulfonate anion: This anion is then hydrolyzed to give : Solid NHOH can be collected by treatment with liquid ammonia. Ammonium sulfate, , a side-product insoluble in liquid ammonia, is removed by filtration; the liquid ammonia is evaporated to give the desired product. The net reaction is:
Hydroxylamine | Production
The aqueous solution consists of acrylonitrile, acetonitrile, hydrocyanic acid, and ammonium sulfate (from excess ammonia). A recovery column removes bulk water, and acrylonitrile and acetonitrile are separated by distillation. Historically, one of the first successful catalysts was bismuth phosphomolybdate (BiPMoO) supported on silica as a heterogeneous catalyst. Further improvements have since been made.
Acrylonitrile | Production
Ammonium alum is made from aluminium hydroxide, sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate. It forms a solid solution with potassium alum. Pyrolysis leaves alumina. Such alumina is used in the production of grinding powders and as precursors to synthetic gems.
Ammonium aluminium sulfate | Production and basic properties
The standard industrial reaction for producing methyl acrylate is esterification with methanol under acid catalysis (sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid or acidic ion exchangers.). The transesterification is facilitated because methanol and methyl acrylate form a low boiling azeotrope (boiling point 62–63 °C). The patent literature describes a one-pot route involving vapor-phase oxidation of propene or 2-propenal with oxygen in the presence of methanol.
Methyl acrylate | Production
It is produced by thermal reactions of compounds of the type HNCHCHX (X = OH, NH, or NHR) in the presence of zeolitic catalysts. An idealized conversion is shown for the conversion from ethanolamine:
DABCO | Production
DMA is prepared commercially by the reaction of dimethylamine with acetic anhydride or acetic acid. Dehydration of the salt of dimethylamine and acetic acid also furnishes this compound: Dimethylacetamide can also be produced by the reaction of dimethylamine with methyl acetate. The separation and purification of the product is carried out by multistage distillation in rectification columns. DMA is obtained with 99% yield referred to methyl acetate.
Dimethylacetamide | Synthesis and production
Selenites are also formed during this process, but they can be separated by adding sulfuric acid. The hydrotellurites are converted into the insoluble tellurium dioxide while the selenites stay in solution.
Tellurium | Production
Then, a double displacement reaction will result in precipitation of potassium bitartrate.
Ammonium chlorate | Introduction
However, this production process has not been used again industrially after the end of the war, because of high associated costs. For commercial use a cheaper method starting from acetylene has been used. First, nitric acid containing mercuric nitrate is reduced by acetylene, resulting in trinitromethane (nitroform) and a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide as waste gas. The nitrogen oxides are valuable and normally recovered as nitric acid in an absorption tower. The resulting nitroform is converted to TNM by adding nitric and sulfuric acid at higher temperatures. With this method a yield of 90% (based on nitric acid) before purification can be reached.
Tetranitromethane | Preparation
These prills or granules are the typical AN products in commerce. The ammonia required for this process is obtained by the Haber process from nitrogen and hydrogen. Ammonia produced by the Haber process can be oxidized to nitric acid by the Ostwald process. Another production method is a variant of the nitrophosphate process: The products, calcium carbonate and ammonium nitrate, may be separately purified or sold combined as calcium ammonium nitrate.
Ammonium nitrate | Production, reactions and crystalline phases
The precipitate that comes out of this centrifugation will contain salt-less concentrated protein.
Ammonium sulfate precipitation | Procedure
It is a salt formed from ammonia and sulfamic acid. Ammonium sulfamate is distributed under the following tradenames, which are principally herbicidal product names: Amicide, Amidosulfate, Ammate, Amcide, Ammate X-NI, AMS, Fyran 206k, Ikurin, Sulfamate, AMS and Root-Out.
Ammonium sulfamate | Manufacture and distribution
Ammonium diuranate was once used to produce colored glazes in ceramics. However when being fired this will decompose to uranium oxide, so the uranate was only used as a lower cost material than the fully purified uranium oxide.
Ammonium diuranate | Introduction
Ammonium acetate is also used as a food additive as an acidity regulator; INS number 264. It is approved for usage in Australia and New Zealand.
Ammonium acetate | Food additive
DNRA's production of NO may be enhanced at higher pH levels.
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium | Cellular process
"Am"-UO is produced by the thermal decomposition of uranyl peroxide tetrahydrate at temperatures between 150 and 500 °C, in either an air or nitrogen atmosphere. The resultant powder is tan orange in colour. Further heating results in the formation of alpha uranium trioxide (α-UO).
Amorphous uranium(VI) oxide | Production
Even in the absenceof a base, phthalic anhydride and hydroxylamine phosphate react to produce "N"-hydroxyphthalimide in 86% yield when heated to 130 °C.
N-Hydroxyphthalimide | Occurrence and production
To achieve a high reaction yield, the ethanol is distilled off from the reaction mixture. The product is purified by vacuum distillation and stabilized with about 1,000 ppm 4-methoxyphenol (MEHQ).
Dimethylaminoethyl acrylate | Preparation
Billions of kilograms are generated annually in the production of acetic acid. The hydroxyl group of a sulfonic acid may also be replaced by a halogen to produce the corresponding sulfonyl halide. In practical terms this is almost always chloride to give the sulfonyl chloride.
Acyl halide | Introduction
The metal form is prepared by reducing ammonium perrhenate with hydrogen at high temperatures:
Rhenium | Production
Acetic acid is a chemical reagent for the production of chemical compounds. The largest single use of acetic acid is in the production of vinyl acetate monomer, closely followed by acetic anhydride and ester production. The volume of acetic acid used in vinegar is comparatively small.
Acetic acid | Uses
Ammonium carbonate is produced by combining carbon dioxide and aqueous ammonia. About 80,000 tons/year were produced as of 1997.
Ammonium carbonate | Production
In the absence of ammonia, secondary and tertiary amines are produced.
Fatty amine | Production and reactions
The production is a discontinuous procedure.
Helical extrusion | Introduction
The laboratory synthesis is analogous.
Hydrogen peroxide - urea | Production
Americium-241 is sometimes used as a starting material for the production of other transuranic elements and transactinides – for example, neutron bombardment of Am yields Am: formula_3 From there, 82.7% of Am decays to Cm and 17.3% to Pu: 82.7% → formula_10
Americium-241 | Production of other elements
Ethyl cyanoacetate may be prepared in various ways:
Ethyl cyanoacetate | Production
Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate is obtained in the reaction of ethyl cyanoacetate and nitrous acid (from sodium nitrite and acetic acid) in 87% yield. Because of the rapid hydrolysis of the ester, the reaction should be carried out at pH 4.5, in buffered phosphoric acid the product can even be obtained in virtually quantitative yield. The compound can be purified by recrystallization from ethanol or ethyl acetate.
Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate | Production
Isoamyl acetate is prepared by the acid catalyzed reaction (Fischer esterification) between isoamyl alcohol and glacial acetic acid as shown in the reaction equation below. Typically, sulfuric acid is used as the catalyst. Alternatively, "p"-toluenesulfonic acid or an acidic ion exchange resin can be used as the catalyst.
Isoamyl acetate | Production
DNRA also produces NH (in addition to remineralisation) but from organic matter which has been exported from the photic zone; this may be subsequently reintroduced by mixing or upwelling of deeper water back to the surface, thereby, stimulating primary productivity; thus, in areas where high amounts of DNRA is occurring, f-ratio calculations will not be accurate.
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium | Changes to f-ratio calculation
The poly(methyl-ethanolamine) formed by further addition of ethylene oxide to methylethanolamine remains in the distillation bottoms.
N-Methylethanolamine | Production
The primary use of acetic acid is the production of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM). In 2008, this application was estimated to consume a third of the world's production of acetic acid. The reaction consists of ethylene and acetic acid with oxygen over a palladium catalyst, conducted in the gas phase. Vinyl acetate can be polymerised to polyvinyl acetate or other polymers, which are components in paints and adhesives.
Acetic acid | Vinyl acetate monomer
The mixture is aged 20 hours during which partial hydrolysis occurs and acid resin precipitates as flakes. These are dissolved in acetone and the solution is purified by filtering. The solution is extruded by spinning in a column of warm air. Solvent is recovered. Filaments are stretched and wound onto beams, cones, or bobbins ready for use. Filaments are finally spun into fiber. The production is divided into the following process stages:
Cellulose acetate | Method
The product of the condensation of two molecules of acetic acid is acetic anhydride. The worldwide production of acetic anhydride is a major application, and uses approximately 25% to 30% of the global production of acetic acid. The main process involves dehydration of acetic acid to give ketene at 700–750 °C. Ketene is thereafter reacted with acetic acid to obtain the anhydride: Acetic anhydride is an acetylation agent. As such, its major application is for cellulose acetate, a synthetic textile also used for photographic film. Acetic anhydride is also a reagent for the production of heroin and other compounds.
Acetic acid | Acetic anhydride
In a chemical laboratory, it is prepared by treating an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride with sodium nitrite. Small amounts of the impurities NO and HNO are also formed in this reaction. The impurities can be removed by passing the gas through aqueous sulfuric acid containing potassium dichromate. Very pure nitrogen can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of barium azide or sodium azide.
Nitrogen | Production
Tetrahydroxyborate is produced by boric acid alkalinisation. In this process boric acid and hydroxide anions react to produce tetrahydroxyborate according to the following reaction: This process also involves aquatrihydroxyboron as an intermediate, and occurs in two steps. No catalyst is needed for alkalinisation (step 2). Catalytic amounts of water are used for the process. By altering the process conditions, other borate anions may also be produced on the same production site.
Tetrahydroxyborate | Production
Then, there is a rehydration of the double bond of cis-aconitate to form the product.
ACO2 | Mechanism
Copper(II) acetate is prepared industrially by heating copper(II) hydroxide or basic copper(II) carbonate with acetic acid.
Copper(II) acetate | Synthesis
Acetic formic anhydride can be produced by reacting sodium formate with acetyl chloride in anhydrous diethyl ether between 23–27 °C. It can also be prepared by the reaction of acetic anhydride and formic acid at 0 °C.
Acetic formic anhydride | Preparation
Iron(II) cyanide can be produced by dissolving ammonium ferrocyanide at 320 °C. 3 (NH)Fe(CN) → FeFe(CN) + 12 NHCN
Iron(II) cyanide | Production
The first method of production of "sec"-butyl acetate was the esterification of "sec"-butanol and acetic anhydride It was experimentally determined and published in 1946 by Rolf Altschul.
Sec-Butyl acetate | History
the acetate discs used in audio record production. Cellulose acetate can be found in many household products. Many industrial solvents are acetates, including methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, ethylhexyl acetate. Butyl acetate is a fragrance used in food products.
Acetate | Esters
Ammonium bicarbonate is produced by combining carbon dioxide and ammonia: Since ammonium bicarbonate is thermally unstable, the reaction solution is kept cold, which allows the precipitation of the product as white solid. About 100,000 tons were produced in this way in 1997. Ammonia gas passed into a strong aqueous solution of the sesquicarbonate (a 2:1:1 mixture of (NH)HCO, (NH)CO, and HO) converts it into normal ammonium carbonate ((NH)CO), which can be obtained in the crystalline condition from a solution prepared at about 30 °C. This compound on exposure to air gives off ammonia and reverts to ammonium bicarbonate.
Ammonium bicarbonate | Production
A major industrial route involves the reaction of acetaldehyde and acetic anhydride in the presence of a ferric chloride catalyst: It can be converted to the valuable monomer vinyl acetate by thermal elimination of acetic acid:
Ethylidene diacetate | Preparation
Ethyl nitrite, prepared from the reaction of ethanol with sodium nitrite and sulfuric acid, was formerly used as a diuretic.
Ethanol | Ester formation
Racemic lactic acid is synthesized industrially by reacting acetaldehyde with hydrogen cyanide and hydrolysing the resultant lactonitrile. When hydrolysis is performed by hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride forms as a by-product; the Japanese company Musashino is one of the last big manufacturers of lactic acid by this route. Synthesis of both racemic and enantiopure lactic acids is also possible from other starting materials (vinyl acetate, glycerol, etc.) by application of catalytic procedures..
Lactic acid | Chemical production
The final result also removed the cement-like base.
Audrey Pauley | Production
Pure rhenium powder can be produced from APR by heating it in the presence of hydrogen: Heating must be done slowly because ammonium perrhenate decomposes to volatile ReO starting at 250 °C. When heated in a sealed tube at 500 °C, APR decomposes to rhenium dioxide:
Ammonium perrhenate | Reactions
Pentamethylbismuth is produced in a two step process. First, trimethylbismuth is reacted with sulfuryl chloride to yield dichloro trimethylbismuth, which is then reacted with twice as much methyllithium dissolved in ether. The blue solution is cooled to −110 °C to precipitate the solid product.
Pentamethylbismuth | Production
Upon prolonged exposure to air, butyraldehyde oxidizes to form butyric acid.
Butyraldehyde | Production
SF is produced by the reaction of SCl and NaF in acetonitrile: SF is also produced in the absence of solvent at elevated temperatures. Alternatively, SF at high yield is produced using sulfur (S), NaF and chlorine (Cl) in the absence of reaction medium, also at less-desirable elevated reaction temperatures (e.g. 225–450 °C).
Sulfur tetrafluoride | Synthesis and manufacture
α-Ketoglutarate can be produced by: Alpha-ketoglutarate can be used to produce:
Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid | Production
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate's U.N. Shipping Number is 1611.
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate | Production
Sodium ascorbate is produced by dissolving ascorbic acid in water and adding an equivalent amount of sodium bicarbonate in water. After cessation of effervescence, the sodium ascorbate is precipitated by the addition of isopropanol.
Sodium ascorbate | Production
This is an example of an esterification reaction where one molecule acetic acid (also called ethanoic acid) reacts with one molecule ethanol, yielding one molecule ethyl acetate (a bimolecular second-order reaction of the type A + B → C):
Yield (chemistry) | Example