The formal titles of the currency are "euro" for the major unit and "cent" for the minor (one-hundredth) unit and for official use in most eurozone languages; according to the ECB, all languages should use the same spelling for the nominative singular. This may contradict normal rules for word formation in some languages, e.g., those in which there is no "eu" diphthong. Bulgaria has negotiated an exception; "euro" in the Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet is spelled as eвро ("evro") and not eуро ("euro") in all official documents. In the Greek script the term ευρώ (evró) is used; the Greek "cent" coins are denominated in λεπτό/ά (leptó/á).
Linguistic issues
Euro
Euro | Linguistic issues
Bulgaria has negotiated an exception; "euro" in the Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet is spelled as eвро and not eуро in all official documents. In the Greek script the term ευρώ (evró) is used The formal titles of the currency are "euro" for the major unit and "cent" for the minor (one-hundredth) unit and for official use in most eurozone languages; according to the ECB, all languages should use the same spelling for the nominative singular. This may contradict normal rules for word formation in some languages. It may contradict normal rules for word formation in some languages, e.g., those in which there is no "eu" diphthong. The formal titles of the currency are "euro" for the major unit and "cent" for the minor (one-hundredth) unit and for official use in most eurozone languages; according to the ECB, all languages should use the same spelling for the nominative singular. This may contradict normal rules for word formation in some languages
when did the euro come out in spain
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2002
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what is this ?
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The euro (symbol: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 of the member states of the European Union.
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are there any inflation risk associated with it ?
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In the short term, there was a widespread impression in the population of the eurozone that the introduction of the euro had led to an increase in prices, but this impression was not confirmed by general indices of inflation and other studies.
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what are its linguistic issues ?
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Official practice for English-language EU legislation is to use the words euro and cent as both singular and plural, although the European Commission's Directorate-General for Translation states that the plural forms "euros" and "cents" should be used in English.
Euro | Linguistic issues
This tolerant linguistic attitude is also the reason why the EU's general rule is that every official national language is also an official EU language. However, Letzebuergish/Luxemburgish is not an official EU language, because there are also other (stronger) official languages with "EU status" in that country. Several concepts for an EU language policy are being debated:
Eurolinguistics | Issues in language politics
(cf. also next section).
Eurolinguistics | Linguistic minorities
In Europe—e.g. thanks to the European Charter of Regional and Minority Language—some languages are in quite a strong position, in the sense that they are given special status, such as Basque, Irish, Welsh, Catalan, Rhaeto-Romance/Romansh and Romani, native language of the Roma/Gypsies in southern Europe), whereas others are in a rather weak position (e.g. Frisian, Scottish Gaelic, Turkish, Saami/Lappish, Sorbian/Wendish and Yiddish, the once common language of Ashkenazi Jews in Eastern Europe). Especially allochthonous minority languages are not given official status in the EU. Some minor languages don't even have a standard yet, i.e. they have not even reached the level of an ausbausprache yet, which could be changed, e.g., if these languages were given official status.
Eurolinguistics | Linguistic minorities
France is the origin of two laws, or decrees, concerning language: the Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts (1239), which says that every document in France should be written in French (i.e. not in Latin nor Occitan) and the French Loi Toubon, which aims at eliminating Anglicisms from official documents. But a characteristic feature of Europe is linguistic diversity and tolerance, which is not only shown by the European Charta of Regional and Minority Languages. An illustrative proof of the promotion of linguistic diversity in the Middle Ages is the translation school in Toledo, Spain, founded in the 12th century (in medieval Toledo the Christian, the Jewish and the Arab civilizations lived together remarkably peacefully).
Eurolinguistics | Issues in language politics
Several linguistic issues have arisen in relation to the spelling of the words euro and cent in the many languages of the member states of the European Union, as well as in relation to grammar and the formation of plurals. In official documents, the name "euro" must be used for the nominative singular in all languages, though different alphabets are taken into account and plural forms and declensions are accepted. In documents other than EU legal texts, including national legislation, other spellings are accepted according to the various grammatical rules of the respective language. For European Union legislation, the spelling of the words for the currency is prescribed for each language; in the English-language version of European Union legislation the forms "euro" and "cent" are used invariantly in the singular and plural, even though this departs from usual English practice for currencies.
Language and the euro | Introduction
Though regional and minority languages can benefit from European Union programmes, protection of linguistic rights is a matter for the member states.
Leonard Orban | Portfolio as European Commissioner
According to its author, there are only three pages of grammar rules.
Eurolengo | Linguistic features
All languages, in which was originally drawn up or was translated due to enlargement, are legally equally authentic. Every citizen of the Union may write to any of the EU institutions or bodies in one of these languages and receive an answer in the same language (Article 314). In the Charter of Fundamental Rights, legally binding since its inclusion in the Lisbon Treaty, the EU declares that it respects linguistic diversity (Article 22) and prohibits discrimination on grounds of language (Article 21). Respect for linguistic diversity is a fundamental value of the European Union, in the same way as respect for the person, openness towards other cultures, and tolerance and acceptance of other people.
Languages of the European Union | Policy
The linguistic disenfranchisement rate in the EU can significantly vary across countries. For residents in two EU-countries that are either native speakers of English or proficient in English as a foreign language the disenfranchisement rate is equal to zero. In his study ""Multilingual communication for whom? Language policy and fairness in the European Union"" Michele Gazzola comes to the conclusion that the current multilingual policy of the EU is not in the absolute the most effective way to inform Europeans about the EU; in certain countries, additional languages may be useful to minimize linguistic exclusion. In the 24 countries examined, an English-only language policy would exclude 51% to 90% of adult residents.
Linguistic discrimination | Linguistic disenfranchisement rate
The formal titles of the currency are "euro" for the major unit and "cent" for the minor (one-hundredth) unit and for official use in most eurozone languages; according to the ECB, all languages should use the same spelling for the nominative singular. This may contradict normal rules for word formation in some languages, e.g., those in which there is no "eu" diphthong. Bulgaria has negotiated an exception; "euro" in the Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet is spelled as eвро ("evro") and not eуро ("euro") in all official documents. In the Greek script the term ευρώ (evró) is used; the Greek "cent" coins are denominated in λεπτό/ά (leptó/á).
Euro | Linguistic issues
But the issue was then re-examined many times. Finally, in 2001 the consensus of the Accademia coalesced in favour of invariability. The rationale was based on the fact that abbreviated words originating from a longer word (for example "auto" from "automobile" (car) or "moto" from "motocicletta" (motorbike)) do not have a plural form, as well as the fact that the word "euro" is considered an abbreviation of the word "Eurovaluta" (European currency). In 2002 an amendment to the financial act was proposed to adopt "euri" as the plural form for public official deeds, but was quickly rejected by the Parliament.
Language and the euro | Italian
In Leonese, a language spoken in the Spanish provinces of León and Zamora, the word for "euro" is "euru", the plural being "euros".
Language and the euro | Leonese
EuroVoc, a multilingual thesaurus maintained by the Publications Office of the European Union, has entries for "23 EU languages" ("Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech", Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, "Hungarian", Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, "Polish", Portuguese, "Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian", Spanish and Swedish), plus the languages of candidate countries ("Albanian", "Macedonian" and "Serbian"). Of these, those in italics are classified as Central and Eastern Europe in this source.
Eastern Europe | EuroVoc
According to the 2011 census, 99.23% of the population speak German, 0.61% Italian and 0.15% Ladin as first language.
Prags | Linguistic distribution
2005, for grammar studies). The internet platform "EuroLinguistiX (ELiX)" (edited by Joachim Grzega) offers a bibliography of Eurolinguistic publications as well as a wiki, a discussion forum, an academic internet journal in order to address also aspects of "linguistic and cultural history", "sociology of languages", "language politics" and "intercultural communication". In 2006, Joachim Grzega published a basic reader on common features of European languages.
Eurolinguistics | Introduction
A language regime based on English, French and German would disenfranchise 30% to 56% of residents, whereas a regime based on six languages would bring the shares of excluded population down to 9–22%. After Brexit, the rates of linguistic exclusion associated with a monolingual policy and with a trilingual and a hexalingual regime are likely to increase.
Linguistic discrimination | Linguistic disenfranchisement rate
The original EuroWordNet project dealt with Dutch, Italian, Spanish, German, French, Czech, and Estonian. These wordnets are now frozen, but wordnets for other languages have been developed to varying degrees.
EuroWordNet | Languages
The sound systems of languages may differ considerably between languages. European languages can thus rather be characterized negatively, e.g. by the absence of click sounds. One could also think of specific prosodic features, such as tonal accents. But there are also tonal languages in Europe: Serbian and Croatian (e.g. "lètī" ‘he flies, is flying’ with long rising accent vs. "lêta" ‘years’ with long falling accent) and Slovene (e.g. "sûda" ‘of the vessel’ with long falling accent vs. "súda" ‘of the court’ with long rising accent). In Slovene, the use of the musical accent is declining though (cf. Rehder 1998: 234) --but there are hardly any contexts where intelligibility is endangered.
Eurolinguistics | Sound features
The Bulgarian language's use of a Cyrillic script and its not straightforward transliteration of the word "euro" have caused some issues regarding the official use of the language relating to the euro. The European Central Bank and the European Commission initially insisted that Bulgaria adopt the name ЕУРО (i.e., euro), rather than the original ЕВРО (i.e., evro) (from Bulgarian , meaning "Europe"), claiming the currency's name should be standardised across the EU as much as possible. Bulgaria maintained that its language's alphabet and phonetic orthography warranted the exception. At the 2007 EU Summit in Lisbon the issue was decided in Bulgaria's favour, making евро the official Cyrillic spelling from 13 December 2007.
Bulgaria and the euro | Linguistic issues
The introduction of the euro has led to extensive discussion about its possible effect on inflation. In the short term, there was a widespread impression in the population of the eurozone that the introduction of the euro had led to an increase in prices, but this impression was not confirmed by general indices of inflation and other studies. A study of this paradox found that this was due to an asymmetric effect of the introduction of the euro on prices: while it had no effect on most goods, it had an effect on cheap goods which have seen their price round up after the introduction of the euro.
Euro | Inflation
Annual subvention: nearly 10 million Euros. In conformity with the above legal arrangements:
Municipalities with language facilities | Schools
Danuta Hübner, the head of the European Parliament's Constitutional Affairs Committee, has claimed that, after Brexit, English will no longer be an official EU language. However, this statement has been contradicted by the European Commission Representation in Ireland, whose spokesperson described Ms Hübner's claim as "incorrect", as well as by President Jean-Claude Juncker in an answer to a Parliamentary Question on 9 August 2017.
Languages of the European Union | Future of English in the EU
In the Middle Ages the two most important definitory elements of Europe were "Christianitas" and "Latinitas". Thus language—at least the supranational language—played an elementary role. This changed with the spread of the national languages in official contexts and the rise of a national feeling. Among other things, this led to projects of standardizing national language and gave birth to a number of language academies (e.g. 1582 Accademia della Crusca in Florence, 1617 Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft, 1635 Académie française, 1713 Real Academia de la Lengua in Madrid). "Language" was then (and still is today) more connected with "nation" than with "civilization" (particularly in France).
Eurolinguistics | Language and identity, standardization processes
Prior to 2006, the inter-institutional style guide recommended use of "euro" and "cent" without the plural "s", and the translation style guide recommended use of invariant plurals (without "s") when amending or referring to original legislation but use of regular plurals in documents intended for the general public.
Language and the euro | English
Despite the importance of English as an international lingua franca in Europe, Europe is also linguistically diverse, and minority languages are protected, e.g. by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages founded in the 1990s. This underlines that the popular view of "one nation = one language" (cf. Wirrer 2003) is mostly false. A minority language can be defined as a language used by a group that defines itself as an ethnic minority group, whereby the language of this group is typologically different and not a dialect of the standard language. For several years now, Jan Wirrer has been working on the status of minority languages in Europe (cf., e.g., Wirrer 2000 and 2003).
Eurolinguistics | Linguistic minorities
The print version is distributed every morning in Brussels by mail (delivery times in other countries vary according to distance). The printable version (PDF) is available the day before publication, at around 19.00.
Europolitics | Number of issues
Many European countries were founded on ideas of linguistic unity and, because of the sometimes unwelcome dominance of the English language in modern pop music, the language of a country's Eurovision entry can be a contentious issue. Some entries are performed in English to reach broader audiences, though this is sometimes looked upon as unpatriotic and likewise criticised by the British people for their country not doing well in the contest. From 1999 to 2007, the number of non-English language entrants decreased, with mostly , Ex-Yugoslavia (mainly and ) and French language countries, , and performing in their native language.
Rules of the Eurovision Song Contest | Language issues and English-language prevalence
Most official EU languages are written in the Latin script. The two exceptions are Greek, which is written in the Greek script, and Bulgarian, which is written in Cyrillic script. With the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the European Union, following the Latin and Greek scripts. The current design of euro banknotes has the word "euro" written in both the Latin and Greek (Ευρώ) alphabets; the Cyrillic spelling (Eвро) was added to the new Europa series of banknotes started in 2013 (see Linguistic issues concerning the euro).
Languages of the European Union | Writing systems
Currently all European countries except France, Andorra and Turkey have signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, while Greece, Iceland and Luxembourg have signed it, but have not ratified it; this framework entered into force in 1998. Another European treaty, the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, was adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe: it entered into force in 1998, and while it is legally binding for 24 countries, France, Iceland, Italy, North Macedonia, Moldova and Russia have chosen to sign without ratifying the convention.
Languages of Europe | Linguistic minorities
According to the 2011 census, 98.76% of the population speak German, 0.93% Italian and 0.31% Ladin as first language.
Ahrntal | Linguistic distribution
French-speaking political parties, especially, protested against the Flemish ministerial circular letters from the socialist minister Leo Peeters (see supra). These circular letters, various additional restrictions put on the use of French in those municipalities, and the claims made by more and more Flemish politicians for the abolition of the facilities have caused a radicalisation of part of the French speakers, many of whom now think their linguistic rights would be better protected if the "rim" municipalities joined the bilingual Brussels-Capital Region. At the same time, French speakers from the civil society like Professor Philippe Van Parijs and French speakers among the members of the Brussels Enterprises Commerce and Industry Association (BECI) made proposals meant at addressing these issues (among others) while addressing at the same time Flemish concerns and demand for respect of the Flemish 'principle of territoriality':
Municipalities with language facilities | Recent trends
According to the 2011 census, 97.77% of the population speak German, 2.14% Italian and 0.10% Ladin as first language.
Ratschings | Linguistic distribution
Currently, both Dutch and French speakers complain about poor or absent respect by certain authorities for their linguistic rights. Belgian and European courts are frequently solicited to arbitrate. Related political debates often take place in the various Belgian assemblies i.e. the federal, regional and community Parliaments.
Municipalities with language facilities | Implementation
It has yet to enter widespread colloquial use, however.
Language and the euro | Turkish
The languages of the European Union are languages used by people within the member states of the European Union. They include the 23 official languages of the European Union plus many others. EU policy is to encourage all its citizens to be multilingual; specifically, it encourages them to be able to speak two languages in addition to their mother tongue. The reason for this is not only to promote easier communication between Europeans, but also to encourage greater tolerance and respect for diversity. A number of EU funding programmes actively promote language learning and linguistic diversity. The content of educational systems remains the responsibility of individual Member States.
Cultural policies of the European Union | Languages
The Council of Europe adopted the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950, which makes some reference to linguistic rights. In Article 5.2, reasons for arrest and charges have to be communicated in a language understood by the person. Secondly, Article 6.3 grants an interpreter for free in a court, if the language used cannot be spoken or understood. The Council for Local and Regional Authorities, part of the Council of Europe, formulated the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 1992. This Charter grants recognition, protection, and promotion to regional and/or minority languages in European states, though explicitly not immigrant languages, in domains of "education, judicial authorities, administrative and public services, media, cultural activities, and socio-economic life" in Articles 8 to 13.
Linguistic rights | Europe
Finland's participation was further thrown in doubt as it was the only eurozone country to require parliamentary approval of any such measure. Should a new Finnish administration opt out of the bailout, this could throw into doubt the eurozone's capacity to maintain financial stability. Yet another important issue during the campaign was that of the languages in the country. The status of the Swedish and Russian languages was an hot-button issue. A growing number of people believe that the Swedish language should be abolished as the country's second official language, as only a small percentage of the country use Swedish as their first language and that a large number of government officials do not use Swedish.
2011 Finnish parliamentary election | Campaign
These are usually solved by selling language or translation rights rather than national rights. Thus, internet access across the European Union is relatively open because of the laws forbidding discrimination based on nationality, but the fact of publication in, say, France, limits the target market to those who read French.
Publishing | Acceptance and negotiation
According to the 2011 census, 71.50% of the population speak Italian, 27.99% German and 0.51% Ladin as first language.
Laives | Linguistic distribution
The impact of the 1995 enlargement was smaller than most as the members were wealthy and already culturally aligned with existing members. It did however create a Nordic bloc in the Council, with Sweden and Finland backing up Denmark on environmental and human rights issues (which Austria also backed up) and the Nordic countries also called for membership of the Baltic states. As net contributors to the EU budget, they also increased the voice for budgetary reform. Before the 1995 enlargement, the EU had ten treaty languages: Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Irish, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish. However, due to the 1995 enlargement, two new official languages were added: Swedish (which is an official language of both Sweden and Finland) and Finnish.
1995 enlargement of the European Union | Impact
Further information can be found at language policy.
Cultural policies of the European Union | Languages
in arts, education, mining, trading from the 12th to the 20th centuries with varying importance). As far as the structuring or "wording" of the world is concerned changes occur relatively fast due to progress in knowledge, sociopolitical changes etc. Lexical items that seem more conservative are proverbs and metaphorical idioms. Many European proverbs and idioms go back to antiquity and the Bible; some originate in national stories and were spread over other languages via Latin. A typical European proverb to express that there is no profit without working can be paraphrased as "Roasted pigeons/larks/sparrows/geese/chickens/birds don't fly into one's mouth", e.g.:
Eurolinguistics | Vocabulary
Under the category of aspect linguists basically understand the distinction between perfective actions (activity finished, has led to a result; single event) and imperfective actions (activity not yet finished, w/out information on termination; long duration, repetitive). The Slavic languages have a fine and rigid aspect system; in English there's the distinction between progressive and non-progressive (simple) and a distinction between present perfect and past; in the Romanic languages the imperfect serves to denote background actions.
Eurolinguistics | Grammatical features
There is a lack of consensus in national legal authorities about this subject as they seem divided between French and Dutch speakers. The French-speaking Community and the Flemish Community have a different interpretation of the language facilities enjoyed by the French-speaking population in some municipalities. There are binding rulings (as early as from 1968) from the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, an institution with direct authority in all EU states, to confirm that the recognition of specific minority rights for the French-speakers is to be limited to a very few number of municipalities and to a limited set of public services.
Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde | Legal and political considerations
According to the 2011 census, 78.68% of the population speak German, 20.33% Italian and 0.99% Ladin as first language.
Gargazon | Linguistic distribution
The German Bundestag has repeatedly called for German to receive an equal position in the EU Commission alongside English and French. The language situation also disappoints many in France, and Kristalina Georgieva, who is from Bulgaria, gained a round of applause when she told Parliament she would learn French while in the commission. The German language is, however, on the rise within both the EU-27, as in the higher echelons.
Languages of the European Union | European Commission
National or official languages: English, Welsh, French (regional).
List of linguistic rights in European constitutions | <a href="United%20Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>
Multilingualism is a core value in Europe: it is one of its unique qualities and contributes to its richness. However, learning a lingua franca such as English is not enough. Every European citizen should speak their mother tongue and at least two other European languages.
STELLA (language courses) | Overarching EU policy goal
Living Latin enthusiasts use "euro", -"onis" (pl. "eurones"); sometimes also "euronummus", "-i" (pl. "euronummi"), "eurum", "-i" (pl. "eura") or even "euronus", "-i" (pl. "euroni").
Language and the euro | Latin
According to the 2011 census, 99.65% of the population speak German, 0.26% Italian and 0.09% Ladin as first language.
Rodeneck | Linguistic distribution
In normative Slovene language usage ‘evro’ spelling should only be used, except as noted.
Language and the euro | Slovene
Maltese is the only Semitic language that is official within the EU, while Basque is the only European language isolate. Multilingualism and the protection of regional and minority languages are recognised political goals in Europe today. The Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Council of Europe's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages set up a legal framework for language rights in Europe.
Europe | Languages
These states would gain the right to adopt the euro and issue a national variant of euro coins, but would not get a seat in ECB or the Eurogroup until they met all the convergence criteria. However, the EU has not agreed to this alternative accession process.
Enlargement of the eurozone | Alternative proposals
"Language" was also used to create a feeling of "religious/ethnic identity" (e.g. different Bible translations by Catholics and Protestants of the same language). Among the first standardization discussions and processes are the ones for Italian ("questione della lingua": Modern Tuscan/Florentine vs. Old Tuscan/Florentine vs. Venetian > Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian), French (standard is based on Parisian), English (standard is based on the London dialect) and (High) German (based on: chancellery of Meißen/Saxony + Middle German + chancellery of Prague/Bohemia ["Common German"]). But also a number of other nations began to look for and develop a standard variety in the 16th century.
Eurolinguistics | Language and identity, standardization processes
See also Arabic diglossia to understand why the pronunciation differs from region to region.
Language and the euro | Arabic
Belgian courts are extremely reluctant to arbitrate in all matters related to the linguistic and ethnic rights of the various ethnic and language groups in Belgium. An attempt was made in Belgium's highest administrative court: in 2004, in a rare case of disavowing the recommendation of its Auditor, the 12th Flemish Chamber of the Belgian Council of State judged that the Flemish interpretation of the linguistic laws did not contradict the aforementioned laws. French speakers have generally considered that this ruling was politically motivated and legally unsound; and have kept demanding that the Flemish interpretation of linguistic laws be softened and that Belgium ratifies the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities as per the Council of Europe's recommendations (a demand presently blocked by most Flemish political parties).
Municipalities with language facilities | Courts
Eurolinguistics is a neologistic term for the study of the languages of Europe. The term "Eurolinguistics" was first used by Norbert Reiter in 1991 (German equivalent: "Eurolinguistik"). Apart from a series of works dealing with only a part of the European languages, the work of Harald Haarmann pursues a "pan- or trans-European perspective". This goal is also pursued by Mario Wandruszka. Typological questions have mainly been dealt with by the "Eurolinguistischer Arbeitskreis Mannheim (ELAMA; led by Per Sture Ureland)" and the "EUROTYP" projects. Important sources of linguistic data for Eurolinguistic studies are the "Atlas Linguarum Europae" (for vocabulary studies) and the "World Atlas of Linguistic Structures" (Haspelmath et al.
Eurolinguistics | Introduction
Pronunciation: The word "euro" is phonemically. This can be pronounced the same phonetically, but commonly also as , , and others depending on the dialect and speaker (see Dutch phonology).
Language and the euro | Dutch
They are based on the conclusions of the Grin Report, which concluded that it would hypothetically allow savings to the EU of €25 billion a year (€54 for every citizen) and have other benefits. However, the EU Parliament has stated clearly that language education is the responsibility of member states.
Languages of the European Union | Esperanto
Latin, French and English not only served or still serve as "linguae francae" (cf. below), but also influenced the vernacular/national languages due to their high prestige. Due to this prestige, there are not only "necessity loans", but also "luxury loans" and pseudo-loans. Many loans from these three languages (esp. Neo-Latin with its Greek elements) can be considered internationalisms, although occasionally the meanings vary from one language to another, which might even lead to misunderstandings. Examples: Three minor source languages for European borrowings are Arabic (esp. in mathematics and science, foreign plants and fruits), Italian (esp. in arts, esp. from the 15th to the 17th centuries), German (esp.
Eurolinguistics | Vocabulary
Russia currently borders four eurozone members, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. They supply much of the euro inflow in Russia in trade exchange and tourism. In Russian, just like in Bulgarian, euro is spelt евро ("jevro", pronounced ) both in the singular and the plural, while "cent" is цент (sg.) and центы (pl.), though there are many colloquial semi-ironic forms such as евры 'jevry' or еврики 'jevriki' (there's no plural form for "euro" in Russian), копейки for cents and others. Just as in Italian, although евро could have been declined as a regular neuter noun, it was made indeclinable like many neutral loanwords ending in a vowel: бюро "bureau, office, writing-desk", пальто "overcoat", бордо "Bordeaux wine, claret" etc.; the same form is used in the singular and the plural.
Language and the euro | Russian
In Italian the word "euro" is used, as both singular and plural. Its standard pronunciation is , although in several northern accents it is pronounced as instead. The plural form "euri" is uncommon, but not considered incorrect. The issue of whether the correct plural form would be "euri" or "euro" remained open for a long time, predating the actual introduction of the currency. The Accademia della Crusca assigned to Severina Parodi, lexicographer, and to Luca Serianni, language historian, the task to give a response. They deliberated in favour of "euri" in 1999 with the motivation that "euro is a masculine noun".
Language and the euro | Italian
For elections to the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, which is usually done by province, voters from Halle-Vilvoorde can vote for parties in Brussels, and vice versa. It was feared that, if BHV was divided, the francophones living in Halle-Vilvoorde would no longer be able to vote for candidates in Brussels, and they would lose the right to judicial proceedings in French. If a division were to take place, francophone political parties would demand that the Brussels-Capital Region be expanded, a proposal that is unacceptable to Flemish parties. This issue was one of the chief reasons for the 200-day impasse in Belgian government formation in 2007, and it remained a hotly contested issue between the linguistic Communities, until this issue was resolved mid-2012.
Francization of Brussels | National political concerns
With the enlargement of the European Union, the balance between French and German is slowly changing. More citizens in the new member states speak German (23% compared with 12% in the EU15) while fewer speak French or Spanish (3% and 1% respectively compared with 16% and 7% among the EU15 group). A notable exception is Romania, where 24% of the population speaks French as a foreign language compared to 6% who speak German as a foreign language. At the same time, the balance is being changed in the opposite direction by growth of the French-speaking population and decrease of the German-speaking population.
Languages of the European Union | Knowledge
In this study, statistically relevant samples of the population in each country were asked to fill out a survey form concerning the languages that they spoke with sufficient competency "to be able to have a conversation".
Languages of Europe | European Union
Historical attitudes towards linguistic diversity are illustrated by two French laws: the Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts (1539), which said that every document in France should be written in French (neither in Latin nor in Occitan) and the Loi Toubon (1994), which aimed to eliminate anglicisms from official documents. States and populations within a state have often resorted to war to settle their differences. There have been attempts to prevent such hostilities: two such initiatives were promoted by the Council of Europe, founded in 1949, which affirms the right of minority language speakers to use their language fully and freely. The Council of Europe is committed to protecting linguistic diversity.
Languages of Europe | Linguistic minorities
Some European politicians and intellectuals have criticized Google's effort on linguistic imperialism grounds. They argue that because the vast majority of books proposed to be scanned are in English, it will result in disproportionate representation of natural languages in the digital world. German, Russian, French, and Spanish, for instance, are popular languages in scholarship. The disproportionate online emphasis on English, however, could shape access to historical scholarship, and, ultimately, the growth and direction of future scholarship. Among these critics is Jean-Noël Jeanneney, the former president of the "Bibliothèque nationale de France".
Google Books | Language issues
Euro English or European English, less commonly known as EU English and EU Speak, is a pidgin dialect of English based on the technical jargon of the European Union and the native languages of its non-native English speaking population. It is mostly used among EU staff, expatriates from EU countries, young international travellers (such as exchange students in the EU’s Erasmus programme), European diplomats, and sometimes by other Europeans that use English as a second or foreign language (especially Continental Europeans).
Euro English | Introduction
In Norwegian there could be a problem concerning the spelling, since euro is masculine and would normally take a plural -er ending in Bokmål and -ar in Nynorsk. But since words for foreign currencies (like "dollar" and "yen") normally do not have the endings -er or -ar in Norwegian the Norwegian Language Council reached a decision in 1996 that the proper declension of the word euro should be in Bokmål: in Nynorsk:
Language and the euro | Norwegian
(If евро had been treated as a regular neuter noun instead of being indeclinable, it would have the forms *евра (regular plural or genitive singular) and *евр (genitive plural), but this treatment would have been unusual for a loanword.)
Language and the euro | Russian
However the Greek government-debt crisis led to former British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw claiming the eurozone could not last in its current form. Part of the problem seems to be the rules that were created when the euro was set up. John Lanchester, writing for "The New Yorker", explains it:
Euro | Optimal currency area
In Romansh, the words are "euro" and "cent"; these are regular masculine nouns forming their plurals with -s, as "euros" and "cents", respectively.
Language and the euro | Romansh
Considerations such as acknowledging the primary human rights of minority peoples (e.g. issues of physical survival) are, instead, regarded as more dire than an issue like linguistic rights. Linguistic rights will hence be ignored before primary human rights can be properly attended to. Furthermore, the cost involved in executing sanctions is another cause of concern. The main issue, however, is the fact that the article is not legally binding and duty-holders are never specified. Other responses include the issue that more rights are given to ‘language communities’ in the Declaration. In the context of education, it is observed that other than language communities (equivalent to ‘national territorially based minorities'), those who do not fit under this category will have to ‘assimilate’, as having the right to education in the language of the territory does not necessarily equate to having the right to an education in one's own language.
Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights | Reactions
In Sweden Swedish (but not in Finland Swedish) there also is a pitch accent in some words, which can be meaningful, e.g. "´anden" ‘the duck’ vs. "ˇanden" ‘the ghost, spirit’.
Eurolinguistics | Sound features
In 1972, Georges Pompidou, the President of France and a native of an Occitan-speaking region, declared that "there is no room for regional languages in a France whose fate is to mark Europe with its seal". In a pre-election speech in Lorient, on March 14, 1981, François Mitterrand asserted that: These declarations however were not followed by any effective measures.
Vergonha | Constitutional issues
However, Orban agreed that the protection of language rights was a matter for individual member states and his view is that, "When it comes to language rights, I am not in favour of adopting legislation at European level to be imposed on Member States."
Leonard Orban | Views on multilingualism
Quoting extracts from a book by French economist Alain Cotta, she claimed that devaluation of the franc would not bring about inflation.
Political positions of Marine Le Pen | Euro and eurozone
Also, when a state has financial or economic difficulties, a fair amount of money is automatically transferred to the state. The US government does not impose restrictions on state budget policies. This is different from the fiscal policies of the eurozone, where Treaty of Maastricht requires each eurozone member country to run its budget deficit smaller than 3 percent of its GDP. In February 2019, a study from the Centre for European Policy concluded that while some countries had gained from adopting the euro, several countries were poorer than they would have been had they not adopted it, with France and Italy being particularly affected.
Eurozone | Criticism
The Armenian word for euro is , pronounced in exactly the same way as the Greek, with an added initial "y" sound. It is derived from the Armenian word for Europe, , which is pronounced , as stress in Armenian usually falls on the final syllable. Cent in Armenian is pronounced (). The plural of euro, in accordance with the formation of plurals in Armenian, is . The plural of cent, however, is , pronounced .
Language and the euro | Armenian
Official practice for English-language EU legislation (not necessarily in national legislation) is to use the words "euro" and "cent" as both singular and plural. This practice originally arose out of legislation intended to ensure that the banknotes were uncluttered with a string of plurals. Because the "s"-less plurals had become "enshrined" in EU legislation, the Commission decided to retain those plurals in English in legislation even while allowing regular plurals in other languages. The Directorate-General for Translation now recommends that the regular plurals, "euros" and "cents", be used. The European Commission Directorate-General for Translation's "English Style Guide" (a handbook for authors and translators in the European Commission) previously recommended the use of regular plurals for documents intended for the general public but now has no restriction on usage.
Language and the euro | English
In Georgian, the euro is called ("evro", pronounced ), derived from the Georgian word for Europe, . Unlike in Greek and Armenian, the stress of the word "evro" falls on the first syllable, as is usual in Georgian. Cent is , as nativized Georgian words cannot end in a consonant, so an extra vowel 'i' is added. The respective plurals of euro and cent are and .
Language and the euro | Georgian
According to the 2011 census, 85.06% of the population spoke German, 14.64% Italian and 0.30% Ladin as first language.
Innichen | Linguistic Distribution
EuroVoc is a multilingual thesaurus maintained by the Publications Office of the European Union. It exists in the 24 official languages of the European Union (Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish and Swedish) plus Albanian, Macedonian and Serbian, although the user interface is not yet available in these languages. EuroVoc is used by the European Parliament, the Publications Office of the European Union, the national and regional parliaments in Europe, some national government departments, and other European organisations. It serves as the basis for the domain names used in the European Union's terminology database: Inter-Active Terminology for Europe.
Eurovoc | Introduction
In Asturian, there has been a controversy about the spelling of the word. The official academic dictionary uses the spelling "euru", respecting the Asturian tendency to write nouns with a final "-u". However, considering that the international use is "euro" and that there is a tendency in Asturian to write some short forms with a final "-o" (like "euro" from "Europa"), other linguists, like Ramón d'Andrés, defend the spelling "euro".
Language and the euro | Asturian
Eggcorn - Ecolinguistics - Elative case - Endangered language - English pronunciation - Entailment - Ergative case - Error - Essive case - Ethnologue - Etymology - Etymologist - Eurolinguistics - Evolution of languages - Evolutionary linguistics - Example-based machine translation - Exegesis - Expletive attributive
Index of linguistics articles | E
According to the 2011 census, 94.92% of the population speak German, 4.46% Italian and 0.62% Ladin as first language.
Völs am Schlern | Linguistic distribution
The result was to stay with France like before. If the three collectivities decide to adopt the euro, the French government would make an application on their behalf to the European Council, and the switch to the euro could be made after a couple of years. If the collectivities fail to reach a unanimous decision about the future of the CFP franc, it would be technically possible to implement an individual currency decision for each territory.
Enlargement of the eurozone | French overseas territories
The applicants submitted six applications (Applications No: 1474/62, 1677/62, 1691/62, 1769/63, 1994/63, 2126/64) between 1962 and 1964 on their own behalf and on the behalf of their children, alleging that Belgian linguistic legislation, relating to education, infringed on their rights under the European Convention, namely Article 8 (family life) in conjunction with Article 14 (non-discrimination), and Article 2 of the Protocol 1 (right to education) of March 1952. The Acts they brought litigation against basically stated the language of education shall be Dutch in the Dutch-speaking region, French in the French-speaking region and German in the German-speaking region.
Belgian Linguistic Case (No. 2) | Facts
A study commissioned by the EC's Directorate-General for Translation estimated the language industry in European member states to be worth 8.4 billion euro in 2008. The largest portion, 5.7 billion euro, was ascribed to the activities of translation, interpreting, software localisation and website globalisation. Editing was not taken into consideration. The study projected an annual growth rate of 10% for the language industry. At the time the study was published, in 2009, the language industry was less affected by the economic crisis than other industry sectors.
Language industry | Evolution
According to the 2011 census, 90.58% of the population speak German, 8.78% Italian and 0.64% Ladin as first language.
Nals | Linguistic distribution
In order to offset Flemish fears of uninterrupted progression of the French language into the Dutch-speaking area, a deal was struck in 1961–1962, during the Lefèvre-Spaak government; that the language border would be officially fixed and would not be changed. The linguistic census and dynamic system would be abolished and replaced with a static system: the linguistic status of every municipality would be fixed once and for all. However, the process of deciding on the geographical position of such a static linguistic border led to bitter resentment, by both communities, including within political parties which had transcended language cleavages until then.
Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde | Static system
indirect style, status-oriented, reservation, silence). Most European nations use "low context" communication.
Eurolinguistics | Communicative strategies
Danuta Hübner, the head of the European Parliament Committee on Constitutional Affairs, has argued that after Brexit, English would no longer be an official EU language: "We have a regulation … where every EU country has the right to notify one official language. The Irish have notified Gaelic, and the Maltese have notified Maltese, so you have only the U.K. notifying English ... If we don’t have the U.K., we don't have English." However, this statement has been contradicted by the European Commission Representation in Ireland, whose spokesperson argued that changing the current language regime would require a unanimous vote by the Council, as well as by President Jean-Claude Juncker in an answer to a Parliamentary Question on 9 August 2017.
Impact of Brexit on the European Union | Languages
According to the 2011 census, 97.21% of the population speak German, 2.73% Italian and 0.06% Ladin as first language.
Prad am Stilfser Joch | Linguistic distribution
According to the 2011 census, 82.47% of the population speak German, 15.24% Italian and 2.29% Ladin as first language.
Bruneck | Linguistic distribution
Examples include:
Rules of the Eurovision Song Contest | Language issues and English-language prevalence
National or official languages: Danish, Standard German (regional), Faroese (regional), Greenlandic (regional)
List of linguistic rights in European constitutions | <a href="Denmark">Denmark</a>
The European microstates of Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican City are not covered by convergence criteria, but by special monetary agreements that allow them to issue their own euro coins. However, they have no input into the economic affairs of the euro. In 2009 the authors of a confidential International Monetary Fund (IMF) report suggested that in light of the ongoing global financial crisis, the EU Council should consider granting EU member states which are having difficulty complying with all five convergence criteria the option to "partially adopt" the euro, along the lines of the monetary agreements signed with the microstates outside the EU.
Enlargement of the eurozone | Alternative proposals
Does not have constitutions or constitutional provisions related to linguistic rights.
List of linguistic rights in European constitutions | <a href="San%20Marino">San Marino</a>