A ship now called the "Mardi Gras" sank around the early 19th century about off the coast of Louisiana in of water. She is believed to have been a privateer or trader. The shipwreck, whose real identity remains a mystery, lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the Okeanos Gas Gathering Company (OGGC). In May 2007, an expedition, led by Texas A&M University and funded by OGGC under an agreement with the Minerals Management Service (now BOEM), was launched to undertake the deepest scientific archaeological excavation ever attempted at that time to study the site on the seafloor and recover artifacts for eventual public display in the Louisiana State Museum.
Shipwrecks
Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Mexico | Shipwrecks
A ship "Mardi Gras" sank around the early 19th century about off the coast of Louisiana in of water. The German submarine "U-166" was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II was laid down. Yes - Mardi Gras, Robert E. Lee, U-166 Yes, Mardi Gras Yes, the Mardi Gras.
what does gulf stream refer to?
user
It is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current
assistant
where does it originate?
user
It originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean as the North Atlantic Current.
assistant
does it help a cyclone to form?
user
Its presence has led to the development of strong cyclones of all types, both within the atmosphere and within the ocean.
assistant
does it have any specific properties?
user
It is a western-intensified current, driven largely by wind stress.
assistant
did it's origin witness any shipwreck?
user
Based on initial observations, archaeologists believe the shipwreck likely post-dates 1830 and may have been a merchant ship built for distance over speed.
NOAAS Okeanos Explorer Gulf of Mexico 2017 Expedition | ROV Dives
A ship now called the "Mardi Gras" sank around the early 19th century about off the coast of Louisiana in of water. She is believed to have been a privateer or trader. The shipwreck, whose real identity remains a mystery, lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the Okeanos Gas Gathering Company (OGGC). In May 2007, an expedition, led by Texas A&M University and funded by OGGC under an agreement with the Minerals Management Service (now BOEM), was launched to undertake the deepest scientific archaeological excavation ever attempted at that time to study the site on the seafloor and recover artifacts for eventual public display in the Louisiana State Museum.
Gulf of Mexico | Shipwrecks
Even in deep water, commercial activities such as pipe-laying operations and deep sea trawling can place a wreck at risk. Such a wreck is the "Mardi Gras" shipwreck sunk in the Gulf of Mexico in 4,000 feet (1220 meters) of water. The shipwreck lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the Okeanos Gas Gathering Company (OGGC). Large pipelines can crush sites and render some of their remnants inaccessible as pipe is dropped from the ocean surface to the substrate thousands of feet below. Trawl nets snag and tear superstructures and separate artifacts from their context.
Archaeology of shipwrecks | Preservation of material underwater
As part of the project educational outreach Nautilus Productions in partnership with BOEM, Texas A&M University, the Florida Public Archaeology Network and Veolia Environmental produced a one-hour HD documentary about the project, short videos for public viewing and provided video updates during the expedition. Video footage from the ROV was an integral part of this outreach and used extensively in the "Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck" documentary. On July 30, 1942, the "Robert E. Lee", captained by William C. Heath, was torpedoed by the . She was sailing southeast of the entrance to the Mississippi River when the explosion destroyed the #3 hold, vented through the B and C decks and damaged the engines, the radio compartment and the steering gear.
Gulf of Mexico | Shipwrecks
The event occurred near the Cuba Fracture Zone and was well away from the edge of the North American Plate. Randy Cox, an associate professor of earth science at the University of Memphis in Tennessee stated that the source of strain was the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where seafloor spreading was causing compression of the North American Plate. A magnitude 5.2 event in February 2006 may have been associated with the same fault zone. The epicenter of the earthquake was too far offshore for it to be well covered by onshore seismographs and the event's characteristics are therefore poorly constrained. The focal mechanism indicated reverse faulting.
2006 Gulf of Mexico earthquake | Characteristics
The C&C work formed part of a larger project concerning archaeological and biological analysis of World War II shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico, and particularly their artificial reef effect in deep water. Other vessels included in the study were the oil tankers "Virginia," "Halo," and "Gulfpenn"; the German U-boat ; the steamer "Robert E. Lee"; and the "Anona" (a steam yacht, repurposed as a freighter). All were concluded to be eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, for both their historical and archaeological import.
SS Alcoa Puritan (1941) | Discovery
Pensacola: After years of training US Navy divers, this shipwreck is now a dive destination itself. Depth: 90 feet Sink Date: April 2000 Gulf storms have buried this diving tender to her decks, but the upper structure around 65 feet below sea level offers boundless exploration for divers.
Florida Public Archaeology Network | "YDT-14"
As interpreted by Roy Van Arsdale and Randel T. Cox, this mountain range was breached in Late Cretaceous times by the formation of the Mississippi Embayment. Geologists and other Earth scientists agree in general that the present Gulf of Mexico basin originated in Late Triassic time as the result of rifting within Pangea. The rifting was associated with zones of weakness within Pangea, including sutures where the Laurentia, South American, and African plates collided to create it. First, there was a Late Triassic-Early Jurassic phase of rifting during which rift valleys formed and filled with continental red beds. Second, as rifting progressed through Early and Middle Jurassic time, continental crust was stretched and thinned.
Gulf of Mexico | Geology
In May 2007, an expedition, led by Texas A&M University and funded by the Okeanos Gas Gathering Company (OGGC), under an agreement with the Minerals Management Service (now BOEM), was launched to undertake the deepest scientific archaeological excavation ever attempted at that time to study a wreck site on the seafloor and recover artifacts for eventual public display in the Louisiana State Museum. The "Mardi Gras Shipwreck" sank some 200 years ago about 35 miles off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico in 4,000 feet (1220 meters) of water. The shipwreck, whose real identity remains a mystery, lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the OGGC.
Florida Public Archaeology Network | Mardi Gras Shipwreck
The "Mardi Gras Shipwreck" sank some 200 years ago about 35 miles off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico in 4,000 feet (1220 meters) of water. The shipwreck, whose real identity remains a mystery, lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the Okeanos Gas Gathering Company (OGGC). In May 2007, an expedition, led by Texas A&M University and funded by OGGC under an agreement with the Minerals Management Service (now BOEM), was launched to undertake the deepest scientific archaeological excavation ever attempted at that time to study the site on the seafloor and recover artifacts for eventual public display in the Louisiana State Museum.
Center for Maritime Archaeology and Conservation (CMAC) | Projects
The Gulf of Khambhat was formed by a major rift that resulted in a down sliding of the Khambhat region. The area is very tectonically active today, and several faults can be found in the gulf. Periodic earthquakes also occur here. This knowledge has led several archeologists to state that the site is not in a secure enough context to be reliably dated. Because of the tectonic activity and strong currents, these archeologists claim that there is not sufficient stratification to be sure the recovered artifacts can be associated with the site.
Marine archaeology in the Gulf of Cambay | Geography
After the attack she was under escort by USS "PC-566", captained by Lieutenant Commander Herbert G. Claudius, en route to New Orleans. "PC-566" began dropping depth charges on a sonar contact, sinking "U-166". The badly damaged "Robert E. Lee" first listed to port then to starboard and finally sank within about 15 minutes of the attack. One officer, nine crewmen and 15 passengers were lost. The passengers aboard "Robert E. Lee" were primarily survivors of previous torpedo attacks by German U-boats. The wreck's precise location was discovered during the C & C Marine survey that located the "U-166". The German submarine "U-166" was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II.
Gulf of Mexico | Shipwrecks
Motion along this fault in the past pulled Baja California away from the coast, creating the Gulf of California. Continued motion along this fault is the source of earthquakes in western Mexico.
Geography of Mexico | Seismic activity
The focal depth of between 14–31 km show that it occurred within the seismogenic zone, rather than on any of the many shallow growth faults in the area. The earthquake led to a reassessment of the geohazard for hydrocarbon exploration and production facilities in the Gulf.
2006 Gulf of Mexico earthquake | Characteristics
The wreck site of Vicente and Bras Sodré's ships was first discovered just off the north-eastern coast of Al Hallaniyah island, Oman, in May 1998 by a two-person team from Blue Water Recoveries Ltd (BWR); location was based on the company's own analysis of historical documents. Later that year, a larger team from BWR, including a contracted nautical archaeologist from Portugal, conducted a reconnaissance survey of the bay and wreck site. They recovered a number of artifacts consistent with an early 16th-century shipwreck, including lead-covered iron shot, stone cannonballs of varying sizes, and a sounding lead. Expeditions were conducted under a permit from the Oman Government.
Vicente Sodré | Shipwrecks
Shipwrecks in some freshwater lakes, such as the Great Lakes of North America, have remained intact with little degradation. In some sea areas, most notably in Gulf of Bothnia and Gulf of Finland, salinity is very low, and centuries-old wrecks have been preserved in reasonable condition. However, bacteria found in fresh water cause the wood on ships to rot more quickly than in seawater unless it is deprived of oxygen. Two shipwrecks, and , have been at the bottom of Lake Ontario since they sunk during a violent storm on August 8, 1813, during the War of 1812. They are in "remarkably good" condition.
Shipwreck | Freshwater and low saline
In 1733, 19 ships of the Spanish treasure fleet wrecked during a hurricane in the middle and upper keys. In the 19th century the Straits became the major route for shipping between the eastern coast of the United States and ports in the Gulf of Mexico and the western Caribbean Sea. The combination of heavy shipping and a powerful current flowing close to dangerous reefs made the Florida Reef the site of many wrecks. By the middle of the 19th century ships were wrecking on the Florida Reef at the rate of almost once a week (the collector of customs in Key West reported a rate of 48 wrecks a year in 1848).
Florida Reef | Shipwrecks and lighthouses
The consensus among geologists who have studied the geology of the Gulf of Mexico is that before the Late Triassic, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist. Before the Late Triassic, the area now occupied by the Gulf of Mexico consisted of dry land, which included continental crust that now underlies Yucatán, within the middle of the large supercontinent of Pangea. This land lay south of a continuous mountain range that extended from north-central Mexico, through the Marathon Uplift in West Texas and the Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma, and to Alabama where it linked directly to the Appalachian Mountains. It was created by the collision of continental plates that formed Pangea.
Gulf of Mexico | Geology
The hull of "Hatteras" rests in approximately of water off of Galveston, Texas and is buried under about of sand. Her steam engine and two iron paddle wheels remain on the ocean bottom. The wreck is monitored to ensure that it is not damaged by oil and gas development in the area. The wreck of "Hatteras" is the property of the United States Navy, though the Texas Historical Commission, Texas A&M University at Galveston and the federal Minerals Management Service (now Bureau of Ocean Energy Management) cooperate in preserving the important historical site. At one time, local treasure hunters filed suit claiming the right to salvage the ship, but the courts found in favor of the United States government, in one of the few times courts have ruled in favor of historic preservation of a shipwreck site versus commercial interests.
USS Hatteras (1861) | Present day
Present-day knowledge of the original materials and methods used in construction of this particular Arab dhow stems largely from the shipwreck itself. The "Jewel of Muscat" reconstruction, a replica made as an exact copy of the wreck, has shown that the ship resembles a "baitl qarib", a type of ship still found in Oman today. Amongst the hull of the shipwreck were large lumps of concretion containing artefacts from the ship's cargo dated to the Tang dynasty of China around 800 AD, and from where the wreck gets its other names, the "Tang shipwreck" or "Tang treasure ship". The ship's timbers and artefacts were shown to the public for the first time in 2011.
Belitung shipwreck | Legacy
Lands adjacent to Laguna Salada in Baja California, and between the Gulf of California and the Salton Sea, regularly receive wind-blown sand from the desiccated delta of the much-diverted Colorado River, generating vast sand dune systems. Aerial searches using ground-penetrating radar might reveal ships' remains, but there has not yet been an agency that undertook this project and revealed its findings. Whether or not any such ships actually existed, the legends persist and remain entertaining to many.
Lost Ship of the Desert | Evaluation of the legends
The "Mardi Gras Shipwreck" sank some 200 years ago about 35 miles off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico in 4,000 feet (1220 meters) of water. The shipwreck, whose real identity remains a mystery, lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the Okeanos Gas Gathering Company (OGGC). In May 2007, an expedition, led by Texas A&M University and funded by OGGC under an agreement with the Minerals Management Service (now BOEM), was launched to undertake the deepest scientific archaeological excavation ever attempted at that time to study the site on the seafloor and recover artifacts for eventual public display in the Louisiana State Museum.
Remotely operated underwater vehicle | Educational outreach
The shipwreck has been found, in the general area of Coral Bay, off Saint Thomas in what is now the U.S. Virgin Islands. It was listed on he National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Its specific location is not disclosed.
HMS Santa Monica | History
Post rift sediments are the results of a several million year story involving various carbonate reef formations, and heavy erosion events which flooded the gulf with terrestrial clastic sediments from inland North America, essentially recording the tectonic history of the North American continent since the Cretaceous. The first post-rift sediments deposited on the Florida Platform were also Mid-Jurassic evaporites, followed by deltaic and shallow-marine siliciclastics; eventually sediments grade into the Cretaceous carbonates, evaporites, and chalks. More recently, the Laramide Orogeny and consequential uplift of the Rocky Mountains, which led to increased sediments flooding the gulf, is responsible for the rapid loading and burial of the Wilcox Formation (pg 43), which is one of the deepwater Gulf of Mexico formations currently being exploited for hydrocarbons.
Gulf of Mexico basin | Post-rift
Many factors determine the state of preservation of a wreck: The above - especially the stratification (silt/sand sediments piled up on the shipwrecks) and the damages caused by marine creatures - is better described as "stratification and contamination" of shipwrecks. The stratification not only creates another challenge for marine archaeology, but also a challenge to determine its primary state, i.e. the state that it was in when it sank. Stratification includes several different types of sand and silt, as well as tumulus and encrustations. These "sediments" are tightly linked to the type of currents, depth, and the type of water (salinity, pH, etc.), which implies any chemical reactions that would affect potential cargo (such as wine, olive oil, spices, etc.).
Shipwreck | State of preservation
This chain of reefs and shoals is approximately long, separated from the Keys by the narrow and relatively shallow Hawk Channel. The Gulf Stream passes close to the Florida Reef through the Straits of Florida, which is the major route for shipping between the eastern coast of the United States and ports in the Gulf of Mexico and the western Caribbean Sea. The combination of heavy shipping and a powerful current flowing close to dangerous reefs made the Florida Keys the site of a great many wrecks, especially during the 19th century. Ships were wrecking on the Florida Reef at the rate of almost once a week in the middle of the 19th century (the collector of customs in Key West reported a rate of 48 wrecks a year in 1848).
Wrecking (shipwreck) | The Florida Keys
The salt structures, which include anticlines, pillows, plugs and walls, in addition to extensive sheets, were created long after deposition by the rapid overlying sedimentation. Nearer the depocenter, which for the Gulf of Mexico basin was towards the spreading center, terrestrial sediments grade into marine shales and limestones. Post salt deposition, the strata recorded millions of years of marine flooding sediments, carbonates from coral reefs, thick sandstones, and eventual deltaic sediments, all of which helped shape the characteristic features within the Gulf. A large, marine shelf platform, the Florida Platform, and underwater marine canyons formed in the 150 million years after the opening of the gulf.
Gulf of Mexico basin | Early-mid Jurassic
Most of the ship's wooden hull was lost, but the layout of the ship could be seen from the placement of the anchors, guns and fasteners. Corrosion and chemical interactions had melded many of the metal artifacts into conglomerates. One of these weighed more than two tons and was more than in length. It held two anchors, a hooped barrel gun of wrought-iron, and various other objects. The divers made careful maps of the material they recovered, but had no way of determining on the spot what was inside the metal conglomerates encrusted by marine growth. The divers recovered some of the conglomerates and some individual artifacts in 1972.
San Esteban (1554 shipwreck) | "San Esteban" excavation
Afonso de Albuquerque was saved in the most difficult conditions, using an improvised raft, but the cargo was irremediably lost. Also lost were more than 400 men on board. "Flor de la Mar" still lies undiscovered in the seabed.
Flor de la Mar | Shipwreck
The Lost Ship of the Desert is the subject of legends about various historical maritime vessels having supposedly become stranded and subsequently lost in the deserts of the American Southwest, most commonly in California's Colorado Desert. Since the period following the American Civil War, stories about Spanish treasure galleons buried beneath the desert sands north of the Gulf of California have emerged as popular legends in American folklore.
Lost Ship of the Desert | Introduction
The age of the salts are supported by the stratigraphy in the northern Gulf of Mexico where the Eagle Mills red beds, as discussed above, contain dikes as young as 180 Ma, and the Smackover formation above the salts contain index ammonite fossils placing the salts at an age no younger than 156 Ma. Deformation of this nearly 4-kilometer halite formation would eventually be caused by differential pressure due to uneven and heavy sediment loading on top, by siliciclastic, eolian, playa and other sediments characteristic of arid terrestrial environments closer to shore, implying that at certain times during deposition, sediments accumulated almost up to sea level.
Gulf of Mexico basin | Early-mid Jurassic
On 27 October 1959, while in Manzanillo, Mexico, the 1959 Mexico Hurricane swept through, driving her aground. She was declared a total constructive loss.
USS Brontes (AGP-17) | Ship's Fate
On this basis, due to a concern that the excavation should be conducted using scientific archaeological methods, and since this was the oldest shipwreck site to be examined in the Western Hemisphere, the state launched a suit against Platoro. The Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory (TARL) at the University of Texas at Austin received the objects for study in the interim. There was a lengthy argument in the courts over state versus federal jurisdiction and compensation to Platoro. The outcome was that Platoro was offered a cash settlement of $313,000. The state of Texas was acknowledged to be the custodian of the artifacts that had been recovered.
San Esteban (1554 shipwreck) | Rediscovery and "Espíritu Santo" excavations
As the structural elements of the wreck were made from the locally-available wood Acacia Totilis/Radiana, the team believes that shipwreck 43. was Egyptian in origin and thus probably involves a shipbuilding tradition that developed in accordance with the availability of local supplies of timber and the realities of nautical life at the margins of the Nile Delta.
Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology | Shipwreck 43, Aboukir Bay
The synchronous development of the Colorado River Delta and the associated Gran Desierto sand sink continues offshore into the Gulf of California. Reports on the submarine topography of the Gulf of California by van Andel describe three former river channels on the seafloor: one originating at the present-day Colorado delta, another from the area of the paleo-delta between El Golfo and Salina Grande, and a third to the area of present-day Puerto Peñasco. Rusnak reported on sonar soundings which discovered the valleys and also describe two elongate depressions, each about in length, into which the valley networks terminate at a depth of approximately below sea level.
Gran Desierto de Altar | Offshore features
Because subsidence occurred faster than sediment could fill it, the Gulf of Mexico expanded and deepened.
Gulf of Mexico | Geology
The Parcel de Manuel Luís is in an area of strong currents and variable tides, and for many years was poorly charted. At low tide depths may be no more than . There are over 200 shipwrecks, second only to the Bermuda Triangle. Wrecks on the reef include: The "Navio do Cobre", as its name implies, was carrying a cargo of copper. This was recovered by looters. The "Vandyck" was an English liner that was carrying 200 passengers from Buenos Aires bound for New York, and was sunk in 1914 by a German ship during World War I (1914–18). All the passengers were saved.
Parcel de Manuel Luís Marine State Park | Shipwrecks
The "Mexico", joined by the British Royal Navy, searched for the "København" for several months, but found no sign of it. The Danish government officially declared the ship and its crew were lost at sea. A number of theories for the "København"'s disappearance have been advanced. The most commonly accepted is that the ship struck an iceberg in the dark or fog. If so, the ship may have sunk too quickly for the crew to react. The lack of wreckage found later may have been the result of the ship's particularly secure loading and rigging, a necessity against the strong winds known as the Roaring Forties.
København (ship) | Search and legacy
In 2011, the most valuable cargo of a sunken shipwreck was identified near the western edge of the Celtic Sea. This World War II era sinking of led to a treasure almost deep. A U.S. federal court and a panel from the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit have upheld the Spanish claim to the contents of the ship ; Spain took control of the treasure in February 2012. A very small number of coins and effects recovered from the ship were deposited in Gibraltar, because they showed clear signs coherent with an internal explosion on the ship and thus confirmed Spanish claims to the wreck being that of the Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes.
Shipwreck | Notable salvages
The unique shape of the Gulf of Mexico, surrounded on all sides by continental crust, is the result of two different tectonic boundaries: an ocean-continent transform boundary, and a magmatic plume fueled seafloor spreading center active contemporaneously in regards to geologic time. The transform boundary caused two approximately 22° counterclockwise rotations of the Yucatan Block away from the North American plate. One rotation happened prior to seafloor spreading, and the second rotation happened while the basin spread, creating the current geographical shape of the Gulf of Mexico and the current placement of the Yucatan Peninsula. The active rifting of the Late-Triassic to Mid-Jurassic, and the stratigraphy which depended strongly on that tectonic development, is followed by a relatively calm tectonic period in the Late-Jurassic.
Gulf of Mexico basin | Early to mid-Jurassic
The Florida Current (which merges with the Antilles Current near the northern end of the barrier reef to form the Gulf Stream) passes close to the Florida Reef through the Straits of Florida. Ships began wrecking along the Florida Reef almost as soon as Europeans reached the New World. From early in the 16th century Spanish ships returning from the New World to Spain sailed from Havana to catch the Gulf Stream, which meant they passed close to the Florida Reef, with some wrecking on the reefs. In 1622, six ships of the Spanish treasure fleet, including the "Nuestra Señora de Atocha", wrecked during a hurricane in the lower Keys.
Florida Reef | Shipwrecks and lighthouses
This thinning created a broad zone of transitional crust, which displays modest and uneven thinning with block faulting, and a broad zone of uniformly thinned transitional crust, which is half the typical thickness of normal continental crust. It was at this time that rifting first created a connection to the Pacific Ocean across central Mexico and later eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. This flooded the opening basin to create the Gulf of Mexico as an enclosed marginal sea. While the Gulf of Mexico was a restricted basin, the subsiding transitional crust was blanketed by the widespread deposition of Louann Salt and associated anhydrite evaporites.
Gulf of Mexico | Geology
Eight offshore oil platforms were destroyed during Betsy, with others experiencing damage. A Shell oil platform off the Mouth of the Mississippi River was not seen again. The oil rig Maverick, owned by future president George H. W. Bush's Zapata corporation also disappeared during the cyclone. It was insured by Lloyd's of London for US$5.7 million (1965 dollars).
Hurricane Betsy | Gulf of Mexico
The details of the "Santa Maria"'s end were given in Columbus' journal, and his son Ferdinand's "Life of Columbus". The two often differ. Ferdinand had access to the original journal, while moderns can access only the summary of Las Casas. Only hypothetical reconstructions of the sequence of events are available. They depend on, or determine, (unknown which) the meaning of certain features and events in the now unknown original. The overall location is certain. Various investigators have examined it in person, drawing different conclusions, among them Samuel Eliot Morison. The archaeologists also have been at work. No evidence is for certain.
Santa María (ship) | Shipwreck
That weather turned into a violent nor'easter, a storm with gale force winds out of the east and northeast, which forced the vessel dangerously close to the breaking waves along the shoals of Cape Cod. The ship was eventually driven aground at what today is Marconi Beach at Wellfleet, Massachusetts. At midnight she hit a sandbar, bow first in of water about from shore. Pummeled by winds and waves, the main mast snapped, pulling the ship into about of water, where she violently capsized, sending over of silver and gold, more than 60 cannons and 144 people to the ocean floor.
Whydah Gally | Shipwreck
Due to prevailing winds and currents, the best route from Veracruz to Havana ran along the shore of what became Texas and Louisiana. The four vessels took this route. On 29 April 1554 the ships were nearing Havana when they ran into a severe storm. Three of the ships were blown back to the west and wrecked on the Padre Island sandbars. Only "San Andrés" escaped. "Santa Maria de Yciar" sank about north of the Rio Grande's mouth, where the Mansfield Channel is today. "Espiritu Santo" sank about to the north of this point and "San Esteban" was wrecked further north again.
San Esteban (1554 shipwreck) | Shipwreck
The Gulf of Mexico basin red beds are specifically named the Eagle Mills formation, located directly beneath the salt, evaporite and marine sediments deposited during the Jurassic, and often found with the diabase dikes and basalt flows mentioned above. Basement rocks in the northeastern region of the Gulf of Mexico basin are fragments of the African plate which remained behind during the breakup of Pangaea and date back to the late Precambrian through the Cambrian. It is atop these Precambrian plate fragments that the mainly carbonate and evaporite sediments deposited after the opening of the Gulf of Mexico has become the Florida Platform.
Gulf of Mexico basin | Pre-rift
This has given us an insight into how ships of this period were constructed—something which has not been seen before as no Arabian ship of this type had previously been found, nor any with their cargo intact. Pieces of the original timbers were preserved enough to allow scientists to analyse them and determine some of the types of wood used. It is possible that the ship was constructed in western Asia and bought by Arabian merchants to be used for the Oman to China route; the cargo contains many Arabian-inspired artefacts.
Belitung shipwreck | Ship and construction
Interpretations depend on a perceived preponderance of circumstantial evidence. The wreck did not occur on any planned return trip, as though the mere discovery of new lands was enough for the great explorer. On the contrary, Columbus was on a hunt for portable valuables, having already claimed the entire region as the property of Spain, even though it was inhabited by a populous trading and agricultural nation. That nation was told nothing of Columbus' intent. The main commodities that he was now seeking were gold, spices, and people, in that order. On 24 December (1492), not having slept for two days, Columbus decided at 11:00 p.m.
Santa María (ship) | Shipwreck
During World War II, the area close to the cape was a naval minefield, and there were many losses of ships and human lives. On 29 May 1945, the Dutch cargo ship "Mars" hit a mine and was sunk. Today it is one of the most well-preserved shipwrecks of the Gulf of Patras.
Cape Araxos | Naval minefield and shipwrecks
The earliest tales of a lost Spanish galleon appeared shortly after the Colorado River flood of 1862. Colonel Albert S. Evans reported seeing such a ship in 1863. In the "Los Angeles Daily News" of August 1870, the ship was described as a half-buried hulk in a drying alkali marsh or saline lake, west of Dos Palmas, California, and 40 miles north of Yuma, Arizona. It could easily be viewed at a distance of several miles from a mesa that lay between Dos Palmas and Palma Seca, California. The stories have given Palma Seca other names: Soda Springs, Indian Springs, and Bitter Springs, as the area was not well mapped in 1870.
Lost Ship of the Desert | The "Lost Galleon"
The ships remains were re-discovered in sand, during an archaeological impact assessment in the northwest part of the Bay of Angra in 1996 for the eventual construction of a new marina. In the course of the examination, divers identified two boilers on the remains of the ship, in the area known as "Angra D". Iron plates and "odd-dimensioned" artefacts were also discovered around the shipwreck, which were being transported to the Confederate states for production of munitions. There was evidence that the flattened wreck and its components were strewn over a debris field covered up by sand and fine silt to an average depth of .
CSS Run'her (steamship) | Excavation
In 1995, the shipwreck was discovered in Matagorda Bay. Researchers excavated a cast-bronze cannon from the waters, as well as musket balls, bronze straight pins, and trade beads. Large sections of the wooden hull were intact, protected from the damaging effects of warm salt water by layers of muddy sediment which "essentially creat[ed] an oxygen-free time capsule". "La Belle" was the oldest French shipwreck discovered in the Western Hemisphere to that date. To enable the archaeologists to recover as many of the artifacts as possible, a cofferdam was constructed around the ship. The cofferdam held back the waters of the bay, allowing archaeologists to conduct the excavation as if it were on land.
French colonization of Texas | Excavation
Many factors will contribute to the causes of a shipwreck: poor design and construction, instability, navigation error, warfare, or overloading, among other factors. Other causes of shipwrecks are related to nature, such as atmospheric (tropical storm, hurricane, rain, etc.), climatic (iceberg), oceanic (current, tide, reef, etc.), or tectonic (earthquake, volcano, tsunami, etc.).
Conservation and restoration of shipwreck artifacts | Causes of shipwreck
A large amount of material was recovered, which was conserved and is held at the Heritage Victoria conservation laboratory. The wreckage was also found to be vulnerable to scouring and erosion due to strong currents. Scour holes had increased in size exposing more of the hull. In 1984 to 1985 the site was also constantly monitored by the Maritime Archaeological Unit to gage the amount of damage done by visitors and environmental conditions.
William Salthouse (ship) | Archaeological Background
In 1970, the Texas Antiquities Committee commissioned the Institute of Underwater Research to survey about of the coast over a one-month period. The institute found "San Esteban" during the survey. Where the magnetometer indicated that iron was present, they used a "blower" to make a vertical jet of water that blew a layer of sand and shell away from the Pleistocene clay bottom and exposed the artifacts of the wreck. The Antiquities Committee arranged for the site of the "San Esteban" to be excavated in the summer of 1972, with follow-up work in the summers of 1973 and 1975. They focused on this wreck, since it had not been disturbed.
San Esteban (1554 shipwreck) | "San Esteban" excavation
El Nuevo Constante was a Spanish merchant ship that was run aground on the coast of Louisiana, U.S., after serious leaks had been incurred during a hurricane in September 1766. Much of the cargo was salvaged at the time by the Spanish working into November after burning the part of the ship that was above the water line, but then the wreck was abandoned and forgotten. It was rediscovered in 1979, making it the first historic shipwreck found off that state's coast. Excavation of the wreck and its well-preserved artifacts has revealed details of the construction of this British-made vessel, and of life aboard ship and of the cargo carried.
El Nuevo Constante | Introduction
Archaeologists have searched for the sites of the sunken "Guerrero" and grounding of "Nimble". One area of interest was the entrance to Turtle Harbor, four miles east of the northern end of Key Largo and three and a half miles north of the Carysfort Reef Light. Artifacts found in a search of the area from 2003 to 2006 did not specifically identify any ship. Swanson maintained that the wreck sites were likely further north, near Pacific Reef. One problem was that various accounts placed the wreck sites at six to ten miles from the Carysfort Reef lightship, but the position of that lightship is not well established (contemporary sources vary wildly, even putting the lightship inland).
Guerrero (ship) | Search for wreck site
Extreme cold (such as in a glacial-fed lake, Arctic waters, the Great Lakes, etc.) slows the degradation of organic ship materials. Decay, corrosion and marine encrustation are inhibited or largely absent in cold waters.
Shipwreck | Temperature
The reef is home to at least nine shipwrecks, including two Spanish Galleons. The names of the known wrecked ships are: SS "Caldera", SS "Escasell", SS "Far Star", SS "Ginger Screw", SS "Glen View", SS" Penelopez", SS "San Andreas", and SS "Tropic". There is also a large ferry from Cozumel that washed up on Chinchorro during Hurricane Wilma.
Banco Chinchorro | Shipwrecks
This coefficient of elongation-rate of length to width allows the ship to be much faster than those with a lower coefficient.
Madrague de Giens (shipwreck) | Ship construction
This is a list of shipwrecks located in or around South America.
List of shipwrecks of South America | Introduction
There are five known shipwrecks in the Gulf of İzmir. At a depth of 16.4 meters off the Sancakburnu Castle, there are wrecks of two ships, one of which is 118 meters and the other is 86 meters long, which crashed into each other in 1957. There is another shipwreck located off Güzelbahçe at a depth of 42 meters, which was discovered at the beginning of 2017, thought to be a 78 meters long cargo ship that sank in the late 1800s. It is also stated that one to four ships were sunk in the gulf during the First World War.
Gulf of İzmir | Shipwrecks
In December 2007, off the coast of Catalina Island in the Dominican Republic, the remains of a shipwreck were discovered by a local resident and then investigated by archaeologists from Indiana University. The team was surprised that this ship, that had been sought after by many a treasure hunter over the centuries, was located so close to shore in shallow, crystal clear water. Confidence among the investigators was high that this was the remains of "Quedagh Merchant" due to consistencies of historical records, and the cannons found in the wreckage. The Indiana University team has been licensed to investigate the site, and convert the site into an underwater preserve, where it will be accessible to the public.
Quedagh Merchant | Discovery
The "Vamar" is a shipwreck (which sank on March 21, 1942) near Mexico Beach, Florida, United States. It is located 3.7 miles offshore from Mexico Beach. It became the ninth Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve when it was dedicated in 2004. On April 10, 2006, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
Vamar Shipwreck Site | Introduction
The vessel's entire hull and cargo are intact, buried in sediments. Its deck structures are also intact, including a mast rising some into the water column. Radiocarbon dating of wood from the wreck provides a date of 410-520 AD This ship has been named "Sinop D" by the Ballard team.
Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks | Archaeology
No further investigation of the site was conducted, primarily because of the considerable complexity and cost of supporting a full archaeological excavation in this remote location. These challenges were addressed in 2013 by David L. Mearns, owner and Director of BWR, and an agreement was made with Oman's Ministry of Heritage and Culture (MHC) to jointly conduct and co-manage the project. The MHC is the official government body responsible for the protection of Oman's underwater cultural heritage, and this was the first collaborative archaeological excavation of a historic wreck-site in Omani waters. Additional funding and support was provided by National Geographic's Expeditions Council and the non-profit Waitt Institute.
Vicente Sodré | Shipwrecks
Dozens of shipwrecks off the Sancakburnu Castle were removed from the sea in 1967 and in the following years.
Gulf of İzmir | Shipwrecks
As mentioned above, the pre-rift stratigraphy of the central Gulf of Mexico basin, which now lies beneath nearly 20 kilometers of sediment deposited during the Jurassic through the Holocene, is made up primarily of extensional graben formations filled with "red beds," basalt flows, and diabase dikes and sills deposited and intruded during the break-up of Pangaea and the explosion of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Plume. Red beds, also referred to as non-marine clastic sequences, which are often red in color, have been found in wells drilled in the Gulf of Mexico which penetrated the Late-Triassic and Early-Jurassic strata, filling the extensional graben features.
Gulf of Mexico basin | Pre-rift
In 2001, when the wreck of "Robert E. Lee" was located in more than of water, the wreck of "U-166" was also located, less than two miles from where it had attacked her. An archaeological survey of the seafloor prior to construction of a natural gas pipeline led to the discoveries by C & C Marine archaeologists Robert A. Church and Daniel J. Warren. The sonar contacts consisted of two large sections lying approximately 500 feet apart at either end of a debris field that indicated the presence of a U-boat. Petroleum companies operating in the Gulf of Mexico's outer continental shelf are required to provide sonar data in areas that have archaeological potential.
German submarine U-166 (1941) | Wreckage located in 2001
The wreck lies north of Havana in the Gulf of Mexico at ().
SS Nicholas Cuneo | Wreck
The formation of the Gulf of Mexico, an oceanic rift basin located between North America and the Yucatan Block, was preceded by the breakup of the Supercontinent Pangaea in the Late-Triassic, weakening the lithosphere. Rifting between the North and South American plates continued in the Early-Jurassic, approximately 160 million years ago, and formation of the Gulf of Mexico, including subsidence due to crustal thinning, was complete by 140 Ma. Stratigraphy of the basin, which can be split into several regions, includes sediments deposited from the Jurassic through the Holocene, currently totaling a thickness between 15 and 20 kilometers.
Gulf of Mexico basin | Introduction
During the morning of January 11, 1986 the "Castillo de Salas", property of the Spanish company "Elcano", ran aground over rocks 740 metres North/North-west of Gijón. The ship was anchored outside Gijón's seaport (El Musel) when the ship's anchor came loose in bad weather. Efforts to re-anchor, self-propel and even tow the ship away from the coast failed due to harsh seas. The cargo was nearly 100,000 metric tonnes of coal loaded in Norfolk, Virginia as well as over 1000 tonnes of fuel-oil used for propulsion. On January 15, 1986 the hull broke in two during efforts to bring the ship afloat, therefore releasing a spill of diesel oil and coal ore.
Castillo de Salas (ship) | Disaster
Blake"s executive officer in 1876. Though other work was done in the stream, that meter was not used until Pillsbury took command of the ship in 1884. It was in association with that work that the deep soundings across the current would reveal the Blake Plateau. By 1878 the Gulf Stream and Gulf work would see the addition of Alexander Agassiz, who joined the ship in December 1877 in Havana, with dredges and trawls for deep biological sampling. By June 1879 the ship had been completely refitted for deep sea sounding and dredging work. Under the command of John Pillsbury, from 1884 to 1889, the ship intensified Gulf Stream work with current measurements using his device, sounding lines from shore to beyond the current, temperatures and biological sampling.
USC&amp;GS George S. Blake | The Gulf of Mexico
Wrecks of Spanish treasure ships, whether sunk in naval combat or by storms (those of 1622, 1715, 1733 and 1750 being among the worst), are a prime target for modern treasure hunters. Many, such as the "Nuestra Señora de Atocha", and the "Santa Margarita" have been salvaged. In August 1750, at least three Spanish merchantmen ran aground in North Carolina during a hurricane. The "El Salvador" sank near Cape Lookout, the "Nuestra Señora De Soledad" went ashore near present-day Core Banks and the "Nuestra Señora De Guadalupe" went ashore near present-day Ocracoke.
Spanish treasure fleet | Shipwrecks
The Emanuel Point Shipwreck Site is a historic site near Pensacola, Florida, United States. It is located off Emanuel Point. It has been identified as the galleon San Juan, of the fleet that carried conquistador Tristan de Luna and his army to La Florida in 1559. It sank along with most of the fleet during a hurricane that struck the coast shortly after Luna's arrival. On March 4, 1996, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
Emanuel Point Shipwreck Site | Introduction
On the morning of 1 June 1773, near mid-winter in the southern hemisphere, a sailing ship named "De Jonge Thomas" was driven ashore in a gale onto a sand bar at the mouth of the Salt River in Table Bay. Many lives were lost as the ship started to break up but a substantial number of survivors were left clinging to the hull. The stricken ship was not too far from dry land and many sailors attempted to swim ashore. Most of those who did so perished; the water was cold and the current from the nearby Salt River too great.
Wolraad Woltemade | Shipwreck
The Farallon Islands, Channel Islands of California and the rocky mainland coast have historically provided hazardous navigational obstacles to shipping. Intermittent fogs and dangerous winds and storms often led ships to rocks, dangerous beaches and islands to be pounded by the Pacific Ocean's Swell and storms. Fierce currents have always swept in and out of the entrance to the Golden Gate as the tide shifts direction. More than 140 shipwrecks have been reported in the waters of the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. One of the first recorded shipwrecks in California is that of the "San Augustin", a richly laden Spanish Manila galleon, which was driven ashore in a gale in 1595 in Drake's Bay, northwest of San Francisco.
Maritime history of California | California shipwrecks
Mexico bought the ship December 1996 under the Security Assistance Act.
USNS James M. Gilliss (T-AGOR-4) | Introduction
This attracts fish, shrimp, and squid. River drainage and atmospheric fallout from industrial coastal cities also provide nutrients to the coastal zone. The Gulf Stream, a warm Atlantic Ocean current and one of the strongest ocean currents known, originates in the gulf, as a continuation of the Caribbean Current-Yucatán Current-Loop Current system. Other circulation features include the anticyclonic gyres which are shed by the Loop Current and travel westward where they eventually dissipate, and a permanent cyclonic gyre in the Bay of Campeche. The Bay of Campeche in Mexico constitutes a major arm of the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, the gulf's shoreline is fringed by numerous bays and smaller inlets.
Gulf of Mexico | Geography
In 1980, a French marine archaeological expedition led by Jean-Yves Blot located the "Méduse" shipwreck site off the coast of modern-day Mauritania. The team operated out of the port city of Nouadhibou, approximately north of the wreck site, and used four sailboats as the expedition's working vessels. The primary search tool was a one-of-a-kind magnetometer developed by the CEA. The search area was defined on the basis of the accounts of survivors of "Méduse" and, more importantly, on the records of an 1817 French coastal mapping expedition that found the vessel's remains still projecting above the waves. The background research proved to be so good that the expedition team located the shipwreck site on the first day of searching.
French frigate Méduse (1810) | Shipwreck site found
The disc was later confirmed to be a unique and rare mariner's astrolabe that has been named the Sodré Astrolabe. Salvaged objects also included a large quantity of ordinance (stone, iron and lead shot, and 19 copper-alloy breech chambers). They underscore the military mission of the Sodré squadron. On 15 March 2016, the MHC formally announced the discovery of the wreck site at a press conference in Muscat, and simultaneously published an interim print report by Mearns, Parham and Frohlich in the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. A project-specific website was also launched. The IJNA article, which relies on extensive scientific testing of the recovered objects and contributions from numerous other experts, also concludes that the probable source of the remaining, unsalvaged wreckage is from Vicente Sodré's ship "Esmeralda".
Vicente Sodré | Shipwrecks
Ships began wrecking along the Florida Reef almost as soon as Europeans reached the New World. From early in the 16th century, Spanish ships returning from the New World to Spain sailed from Havana to catch the Gulf Stream, which meant they passed close to the Florida Reef, with some wrecking. The first wreckers in the Keys were Indians; when Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda's ship was wrecked in 1549, he was taken prisoner by Indians who were experienced in plundering wrecked ships. In 1622, six ships of the Spanish treasure fleet wrecked during a hurricane in the lower Keys. Spanish operations to recover the gold and silver from the lost ships continued intermittently for 21 years, but the Spanish lost track of the "Nuestra Señora de Atocha", which was finally found and excavated in the 20th century.
Wrecking (shipwreck) | Early history
Separation of the North and South American Plates in the Early-Mid Jurassic beginning with the rotation of the Yucatan Block, along with changes in sea level and thermal activity from the active rift, created a shallow marine basin wherein thick Jurassic salts and evaporites could be deposited. These evaporites overlay a thick transitional crust, the local basement rock prior to rifting, and deposition of salts continued over the forming oceanic crust as rifting spread the sea floor throughout the Jurassic. It was during the Jurassic, approximately 140–160 million years ago, that the shape of the Gulf of Mexico as we know it was formed.
Gulf of Mexico basin | Early to mid-Jurassic
The earliest phase of the Seaway began in the mid-Cretaceous when an arm of the Arctic Ocean transgressed south over western North America; this formed the Mowry Sea, so named for the Mowry Shale, an organic-rich rock formation. In the south, the Gulf of Mexico was originally an extension of the Tethys Sea. By Late-Cretaceous times, Eurasia and the Americas had separated along the south Atlantic and subduction on the west coast of the Americas had commenced - identified as the Laramide orogeny - the early phase of growth of the modern Rocky Mountains. The Western Interior seaway may be seen as a downwarping of the US continental crust ahead of the growing Laramide/Rockies mountain chain.
Western Interior Seaway | Origin and geology
This legend may refer to the same ship as the Lost Galleon, but its own story has always placed it in a distinct location, closer to the sand hills west of El Centro, California. Descriptions suggest it is closer to the size of one of Christopher Columbus' small caravels. The pearl ship is rumored to have been seen as recently as the 1970s. The story goes that in 1615, Spanish explorer Juan de Iturbe embarked on a pearl-harvesting expedition, during which his crew sailed a shallow-drafted caravel up the Gulf of California. A high tidal bore carried him across a strait into Lake Cahuilla, a postulated contemporaneous saltwater basin periodically connected to the gulf which was already in the process of drying up permanently.
Lost Ship of the Desert | Pearl ship of Juan de Iturbe
Artifacts found at the wreck site included items typically carried on Spanish ships in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. "Haquebuts", a type of arquebus, which ceased being part of a Spanish ship's usual equipment after about 1515, and a type of bowl called "melado escudilla" (literally, "honey bowl"), which stopped being used after about 1520, were found in the wreck. Other types of artifacts which were commonly carried on Spanish ships later in the 16th century were not found at the wreck site. This evidence indicates that the ship probably wrecked within a few years of 1513, making it the earliest wreck of a European ship in the Americas that has been scientifically excavated.
Molasses Reef Wreck | Origin and age
This rapid loading is also responsible for the first salt flows from beneath the basin-margin region towards the continental slope.
Gulf of Mexico basin | Post-rift
This marine species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico. This species is also found in the North Atlantic Ocean off Florida and on shipwrecks in North Carolina.
Conasprella delessertii | Distribution
This is a list of shipwrecks located in or around North America, within the territorial waters of countries which for political purposes are considered a part of the North American continent, including Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, and the island nations of the Caribbean.
List of shipwrecks of North America | Introduction
This story grew out of an effort to explain or debunk the Lost Galleon story. It is thought that an abandoned ferry or steamboat that had broken away during a Colorado River flood and had been left dry in the vast sands of the river delta is the origin of the rumors. Others claim that it was a schooner that gold-seekers wishing to search the more inaccessible portions of the Colorado River had built in Los Angeles and hauled through the desert by a mule or oxen team until the animals perished, leaving the boat mired in soft sand. The ferry boat story changed over time more often than the Lost Galleon story.
Lost Ship of the Desert | Ferry boat or river schooner
The material remains should provide clues to the functions of seaworthiness, navigation and propulsion as well as to ship-board life. These clues can also infer how a ship functioned, in special regards to social, political, and economic systems. These underwater shipwreck sites are protected under the UNESCO Convention.
Archaeology of shipwrecks | Introduction
Sources written later still give different accounts. The bishop of Nicaragua, Benito Garret y Arlovi writing in 1711, but basing himself on reports by missionaries who worked in Nueva Segovia and Chontales as well as the testimony of an "ancient" former slave named Juan Ramón, said that the Africans violently overthrew their hosts, and intermarried with their women. The date and circumstances of the shipwreck are also uncertain. Bishop Garret y Arlovi related that the ship wrecked in 1641, while an English buccaneer only known as M. W., writing in 1699 mentions two different dates in two different places: in one instance he places it as 50 years earlier (or 1649) while in another he places it 60 years earlier (1639), which might mean that his informants told him contradictory information, or that there were two shipwrecks.
Miskito Sambu | Origin
Along with the ships, an oil drilling rig in the Gulf was ripped from its location and ran aground near Matagorda Island by the storm. The 19 crew members of the rig were rescued by helicopter. As the rig had not yet begun drilling, there was no threat from an oil spill. In Port Isabel, there was some flooding on the southeast part of the town which was alleviated when some of the manhole covers were opened. In addition, a tornado was thought to have touched down, causing minor damage. South Padre Island reported power outages after receiving over of rain and the Queen Isabella Causeway was rendered nearly impassable due to rainfall.
Tropical Storm Amelia (1978) | Gulf of Mexico and the Texas Coast
In addition to simple sounding, dredge samples, current measurements and even water column sampling with a "water cup devised" by Sigsbee, temperatures and other observations were made during surveys. By the close of the Gulf of Mexico surveys in 1876 the sounding lines and concurrent sampling by "George S. Blake" led to the assessment that "the data gathered this season may afford means for developing the main peculiarities of this large body of water" During 1876 the ship became involved in work undertaken to understand the Gulf Stream and John E. Pillsbury designed the Pillsbury current meter when he was "George S.
USC&amp;GS George S. Blake | The Gulf of Mexico
In March 1983 the Historic Shipwreck Unit conducted a six-week excavation on the "William Salthouse" wrecksite. This also involved an extensive stabilization programme. The main objectives were to examine the archaeological potential of the site, and prevent the further loss of loose material that had been previously disturbed by divers and the strong water current. Two 2 metre by 8 metre trenches were cut across the site, one through the main cargo hold area, and the other aft of the mainmast. It was discovered that the site had a very large archaeological potential with the integrity of the hull able to provide information on ship construction, as well as details about food and cargo being carried and packing methods.
William Salthouse (ship) | Archaeological Background
Though Southack did salvage some nearly worthless items from the ship, little of the massive treasure hoard was recovered. Southack wrote in his account of his findings, that, "The riches, with the guns, would be buried in the sand." With that, the exact location of the ship, its riches and its guns were lost, and came to be thought of as nothing more than legend.
Whydah Gally | Shipwreck
In some places, the same outcrop had both massive gas hydrate that had probably formed below the seafloor and clear, porous gas hydrate made up of hydrate-encased bubbles. Video recording of methane emissions adjacent to one of the massive hydrate deposits provided insights into seafloor gas dynamics. For example, rapid gas emissions produced bubbles, with some bubbles emerging from clear tubes formed from gas hydrate. Slow gas emissions led to the formation of hydrate-coated gas droplets that initially blocked the gas conduit until the pressure inside the droplet increased, causing the droplet to detach. Similar phenomena were filmed on bare seafloor in the Gulf of Mexico during a 2014 Okeanos Explorer expedition.
NOAAS Okeanos Explorer Gulf of Mexico 2017 Expedition | Gas Hydrate
Florida's Shipwrecks is a 2008 history book by Michael C. Barnette about shipwrecks in the coastal waters of Florida. Barnette has been actively diving and researching shipwrecks for close to twenty years, and this has resulted in the identification of seventeen wreck sites. He applies this knowledge and passion for wrecks to this overview of shipwrecks around Florida. Barnette's "diligent research" details famous ship owners and those who used the ships. The photographs are a "truly amazing" collection of yachts and tankers in "their full glory" and before they sank below the surface. The first chapter, "After the Storm", begins by reviewing shipwrecks left following the many hurricanes that have disrupted the shipping trade.
Florida's Shipwrecks | Introduction
Subsequently, a substantial part of its remaining cargo of silver, gold and emeralds was discovered. It was Fisher's son, Kane, who radioed the news to Treasure Salvors headquarters on the Florida coast, from the salvage boat "Dauntless". The salvaged coins, both gold and silver, were minted primarily between 1598 and 1621, although numerous earlier dates were represented as well, some of the dates extending well back into the 16th century. Many of the dates and types of the period had been either rare or unknown prior to the salvage of the wreck. It is understood by experts that the sterncastle, the part of the ship that would hold most of the gold and rare Muzo emeralds, is still missing from the shipwreck.
Nuestra Señora de Atocha | Modern recovery and legal battle