The terms used to designate civil unions are not standardized, and vary widely from country to country. Government-sanctioned relationships that may be similar or equivalent to civil unions include civil partnerships, registered partnerships, domestic partnerships, significant relationships, reciprocal beneficiary relationships, common-law marriage, adult interdependent relationships, life partnerships, stable unions, civil solidarity pacts, and so on. The exact level of rights, benefits, obligations, and responsibilities also varies, depending on the laws of a particular country. Some jurisdictions allow same-sex couples to adopt, while others forbid them to do so, or allow adoption only in specified circumstances. As used in the United States, beginning with the state of Vermont in 2000, the term "civil union" has connoted a status equivalent to marriage for same-sex couples; "domestic partnership", offered by some states, counties, cities, and employers since as early as 1985, has generally connoted a lesser status with fewer benefits.
Overview and terminology
Civil union
Civil union | Overview and terminology
The term vary widely from country to country. Some other terms include  civil partnerships, registered partnerships, domestic partnerships, significant relationships. It is  used in the United States, beginning with the state of Vermont in 2000. As used in the United States, beginning with the state of Vermont in 2000, the term "civil union" has connoted a status equivalent to marriage for same-sex couples. Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
are the oldest rocks in the world in the grand canyon
user
Yes, the rock layers exposed in the Grand Canyon and in the Grand Canyon National Park area range in age from about 200 million to nearly 2 billion years old.
assistant
is there any river flowing through or alongside it?
user
Yes, Colorado River
assistant
what exactly is that canyon mentioned above?
user
It is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in Arizona, United States.
assistant
what are some of the tributaries of the water body mentioned above?
user
The Colorado is joined by over 25 significant tributaries: Green River,  Gila River ,
assistant
what are some of the flora found near this larger river?
user
Creosote bush, saguaro cactus, and Joshua trees
assistant
who were the first to explore this area?
user
The Spanish began to explore and colonize western North America.
assistant
has the state where the canyon is located, experienced any natural disasters?
user
The first damaging earthquake known to be centered within Arizona occurred on January 25, 1906, also including a series of other earthquakes centered near Socorro, New Mexico.
assistant
how many people live there?
user
The United States Census Bureau estimates Arizona's population was 7,278,717 on July 1, 2019, a 13.87% increase since the 2010 United States Census.
assistant
what is the state's policy on marriage between homosexual partners?
user
Arizona became the first state in the United States to reject a proposition, Prop 107, that would have banned same-sex marriage and civil unions.
assistant
what is this form of union mentioned here?
user
A civil union  is a legally recognized arrangement similar to marriage, created primarily as a means to provide recognition in law for same-sex couples.
assistant
what is the origin of this term?
user
A "civil union", also referred to as a "civil partnership", is a legally recognized form of partnership similar to marriage. Beginning with Denmark in 1989, civil unions under one name or another have been established by law in several countries in order to provide same-sex couples rights, benefits, and responsibilities similar (in some countries, identical) to opposite-sex civil marriage. In some jurisdictions, such as Brazil, New Zealand, Uruguay, Ecuador, France and the U.S. states of Hawaii and Illinois, civil unions are also open to opposite-sex couples.
Marriage | Civil unions
Civil unions are a means of establishing kinship in a manner similar to that of marriage. The formalities for entering a civil union and the benefits and responsibilities of the parties tend to be similar or identical to those relating to marriage. Various names are used for similar relationships in other countries, but "civil union" was first applied in Vermont. The Supreme Court's invalidation of DOMA Section 3 in 2013 heightened the difference between marriage and civil unions; while marriage provides federal benefits, civil unions do not. Following the legalization of same-sex marriage in their jurisdiction Vermont, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Delaware, ceased to offer civil unions.
Same-sex unions in the United States | Civil unions
However, the legislatures of the West Coast states of California, Oregon and Washington have preferred the term "domestic partnership" for enactments similar or equivalent to civil union laws in East Coast states. Civil unions are not seen as a replacement for marriage by many in the LGBT community. "Marriage in the United States is a civil union; but a civil union, as it has come to be called, is not marriage," said Evan Wolfson of Freedom to Marry. "It is a proposed hypothetical legal mechanism, since it doesn't exist in most places, to give some of the protections but also withhold something precious from gay people.
Civil union | Overview and terminology
A civil union (also known as a civil partnership) is a legally recognized arrangement similar to marriage, created primarily as a means to provide recognition in law for same-sex couples. Civil unions grant most or all of the rights of marriage except the title itself. Around the world, developed democracies began establishing civil unions in the late 1990s, often developing them from less formal domestic partnerships, which grant only some of the rights of marriage. In the majority of countries that established these unions in laws, they have since been either supplemented or replaced by same-sex marriage. Civil unions are viewed by LGBT rights campaigners as a "first step" towards establishing same-sex marriage, as civil unions are viewed by supporters of LGBT rights as a "separate but equal" or "second class" status.
Civil union | Introduction
The term "Union" occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the [[Articles of Confederation| Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union.]] The subsequent [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of "We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union..." "Union", for the United States of America, is then repeated in such clauses as the [[Admission to the Union]] clause in Article IV, Section 3. Even before the war started, the phrase "preserve the Union" was commonplace, and a "union of states" had been used to refer to the entire United States of America.
Union (American Civil War) | Etymology
In South Africa, a "civil union" is either a marriage or a civil partnership, although confusingly the term "civil union" is commonly used when "civil partnership" is meant. Same-sex and opposite-sex couples may register their unions either as marriages or as civil partnerships. In laws where "marriage" is mentioned, its definition now retroactively includes civil partnerships.
Civil union | South Africa
The terms used to designate civil unions are not standardized, and vary widely from country to country. Government-sanctioned relationships that may be similar or equivalent to civil unions include civil partnerships, registered partnerships, domestic partnerships, significant relationships, reciprocal beneficiary relationships, common-law marriage, adult interdependent relationships, life partnerships, stable unions, civil solidarity pacts, and so on. The exact level of rights, benefits, obligations, and responsibilities also varies, depending on the laws of a particular country. Some jurisdictions allow same-sex couples to adopt, while others forbid them to do so, or allow adoption only in specified circumstances. As used in the United States, beginning with the state of Vermont in 2000, the term "civil union" has connoted a status equivalent to marriage for same-sex couples; "domestic partnership", offered by some states, counties, cities, and employers since as early as 1985, has generally connoted a lesser status with fewer benefits.
Civil union | Overview and terminology
Many jurisdictions with civil unions recognize foreign unions if those are essentially equivalent to their own; for example, the United Kingdom lists equivalent unions in the Civil Partnership Act 2004 Schedule 20. The marriages of same-sex couples performed abroad may be recognized as civil unions in jurisdictions that only have the latter.
Civil union | Introduction
Using the term "Union" to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the pre-existing political entity.
Union (American Civil War) | Etymology
A civil union may be contracted under the act by a same-sex or opposite-sex couple, and they may choose to form it either as a marriage or as a civil partnership. Whichever name is chosen, the legal consequences of a civil union are the same as those of a marriage under the Marriage Act. Any reference to marriage in any law is deemed to include a civil union, and any reference to a husband, wife or spouse is deemed to include a spouse or partner in a civil union. A person may not contract a marriage or civil partnership if he or she is already married (or civilly partnered) under the Civil Union Act, the Marriage Act, or the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act.
Civil Union Act, 2006 | Provisions
with domestic partnerships or similar status granting some of the rights of marriage include:
Civil union | United States
[[Category:American Civil War industrialists]] [[Category:Politics of the American Civil War]] [[Category:Social history of the American Civil War]] [[Category:Social history of the United States]] [[Category:History of the Midwestern United States]] [[Category:History of the Northeastern United States]] [[Category:Unionism]]
Union (American Civil War) | External links
The following is a list of countries and other jurisdictions which have established civil unions for same-sex couples or opposite-sex couples, categorized by continent, with the year in which the law establishing civil unions in the listed country or other jurisdiction came into effect in brackets:
Civil union | List of jurisdictions recognizing same-sex unions
In January 1988 the union joined with the Society of Civil and Public Servants to form the National Union of Civil and Public Servants.
Civil Service Union | History
The first civil unions in the United States were offered by the state of Vermont in 2000. The federal government does not recognize these unions. By the end of 2006, Connecticut and New Jersey had also enacted civil union laws; New Hampshire followed in 2007. Furthermore, California's domestic partnership law had been expanded to the point that it became practically a civil union law, as well. The same might be said for domestic partnership in the District of Columbia, domestic partnership in Washington, and domestic partnership in Oregon. Jurisdictions in the U.S. that offer civil unions or domestic partnerships granting nearly all of the state-recognized rights of marriage to same-sex couples include: States in the U.S.
Civil union | United States
In 2006, however, after a state Supreme Court ruling that same-sex couples must be extended all the rights and benefits of marriage, the Legislature passed a civil unions law, effective in 2007, which is an attempt to satisfy the court's ruling.
Civil union | New Jersey
The first post-modern usage of civil society as denoting political opposition stems from writings of Aleksander Smolar in 1978–79. However the term was not in use by Solidarity labor union in 1980–1981.
Civil society | Etymology
Southerners thought they were merely demanding equality, in that they wanted Southern property in slaves to get the same (or more) protection as Northern forms of property.
Origins of the American Civil War | Split in the Democratic Party
There's no good reason to do that." However, some opponents of same-sex marriage claim that civil unions rob marriage of its unique status; Randy Thomasson, Executive Director of the Campaign for California Families, calls civil unions "homosexual marriage by another name" and contends that civil unions provide same-sex couples "all the rights of marriage available under state law." The California Supreme Court, in the In Re Marriage Cases decision, noted nine differences in state law.
Civil union | Overview and terminology
While civil unions are often established for both opposite-sex couples and same-sex couples, in a number of countries they are available to same-sex couples only. Beginning with Denmark in 1989, civil unions under one name or another have been established by law in several, mostly developed, countries in order to provide legal recognition of relationships formed by unmarried same-sex couples and to afford them rights, benefits, tax breaks, and responsibilities similar or identical to those of legally married couples. In Brazil, civil unions were first created for opposite-sex couples in 2002, and then expanded to include same-sex couples through a supreme court ruling in 2011.
Civil union | Introduction
[[File: Charleston Mercury Secession Broadside, 1860.jpg|thumb|[[Charleston Mercury]] Secession Broadside, 1860—"The Union" had been a way to refer to the American Republic.]] In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as "the North", both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was "the South". The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacy's secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America. In foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government.
Union (American Civil War) | Etymology
The Civil Union Act, 2006 (Act No. 17 of 2006) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa which legalised same-sex marriage. It allows two people, regardless of gender, to form either a marriage or a civil partnership. The act was enacted as a consequence of the judgment of the Constitutional Court in the case of "Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie", which ruled that it was unconstitutional for the state to provide the benefits of marriage to opposite-sex couples while denying them to same-sex couples.
Civil Union Act, 2006 | Introduction
There had been a continuing contest between the states and the national government over the power of the latter—and over the loyalty of the citizenry—almost since the founding of the republic. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798, for example, had defied the Alien and Sedition Acts, and at the Hartford Convention, New England voiced its opposition to President James Madison and the War of 1812, and discussed secession from the Union.
Origins of the American Civil War | Antebellum South and the Union
While questions of tariffs, banking policy, public land, and subsidies to railroads did not always unite all elements in the North and the Northwest against the interests of slaveholders in the South under the pre-1854 party system, they were translated in terms of sectional conflict—with the expansion of slavery in the West involved.
Origins of the American Civil War | Southern response
The Union Election Commission is mandated by the Union Election Commission Law, enacted on 8 March 2010.
Union Election Commission | Origins
From this traditional meaning found in Roman law comes the contemporary usage of concubinage as a synonym for civil union, used in legal contexts. In some countries, such as France, concubinage is the official name given by the law to civil unions. Concubinage has existed in all cultures, though the prevalence of concubinage and the rights and expectations of the persons involved have varied somewhat, as have the rights of the offspring born from such relationships. A relationship of concubinage can take place voluntarily, due to the lack of the parties involved to enter into a full marriage, or involuntarily (e.g.
Concubinage | Introduction
The term "civil law" comes from English legal scholarship and is used in English-speaking countries to lump together all legal systems of the "jus commune" tradition. However, legal comparativists and economists promoting the legal origins theory prefer to subdivide civil law jurisdictions into four distinct groups: However, some of these legal systems are often and more correctly said to be of hybrid nature: Napoleonic to Germanistic influence: The Italian civil code of 1942 replaced the original one of 1865, introducing germanistic elements due to the geopolitical alliances of the time. This approach has been imitated by other countries, including Portugal (1966), the Netherlands (1992), Brazil (2002) and Argentina (2014).
Civil law (legal system) | Subgroups
But Democrats suffered a significant reverse in the electoral realignment of the mid-1850s. 1860 was a critical election that marked a stark change in existing patterns of party loyalties among groups of voters; Abraham Lincoln's election was a watershed in the balance of power of competing national and parochial interests and affiliations. Immediately after finding out the election results, a special South Carolina convention declared "that the Union now subsisting between South Carolina and other states under the name of the 'United States of America' is hereby dissolved;" by February six more cotton states would follow (Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas), forming the Confederate States of America.
Origins of the American Civil War | Southern secession
A bill to establish civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples passed both chambers of the Colorado legislature and was signed into law by Governor John Hickenlooper. Civil unions began on May 1, 2013.
Civil union | Colorado
Adding to Lincoln's advantage, ex-Whigs from the border states had earlier formed the Constitutional Union Party, nominating John C. Bell for president. Thus, party nominees waged regional campaigns. Douglas and Lincoln competed for Northern votes, while Bell, Douglas and Breckinridge competed for Southern votes.
Origins of the American Civil War | Elections of 1860
The civil union carries obligations and benefits equivalent to that of marriage including the obligation of support (CCQ art. 585) and the establishment of a family patrimony and family residence (CCQ art. 521.6) and may otherwise be modified by a contract (CCQ 521.8) similar to a pre-nuptial agreement and may agree to a particular property regime similar to available matrimonial regimes. It creates a family connection between the spouses and their relatives (CCQ art. 521.7).
Civil unions in Quebec | Introduction
By 1858, they were mostly gone, and politics divided four ways. Republicans controlled most Northern states with a strong Democratic minority. The Democrats were split North and South and fielded two tickets in 1860. Southern non-Democrats tried different coalitions; most supported the Constitutional Union party in 1860. Many Southern states held constitutional conventions in 1851 to consider the questions of nullification and secession. With the exception of South Carolina, whose convention election did not even offer the option of "no secession" but rather "no secession without the collaboration of other states", the Southern conventions were dominated by Unionists who voted down articles of secession.
Origins of the American Civil War | Sectional tensions and the emergence of mass politics
The cohabitation requirement was dropped on January 1, 2012, and a "confidential option" for domestic partners became available the same day.
Civil union | California
To avoid the use of the term "marriage", some governments provide civil unions, which are open to couples of the same sex, and in some jurisdictions also to those of opposite sexes who do not want to marry, to confer all or a portion of the benefits of married status. Civil unions (and registered/domestic partnerships) are currently recognized and accepted in approximately 30 out of 193 countries worldwide and in some U.S. states. However, in countries where it has been adopted, applications for marriage licenses have far exceeded governmental estimates of demand. Some jurisdictions, such as the nations of Israel, Aruba, and the Netherlands Antilles, as well as the U.S.
Marriage law | Europe
The Council of Civil Service Unions (CCSU) was a trade union federation in the United Kingdom. The federation's origins lay in the Civil Service National Whitley Council, a joint bargaining organisation consisting of trade unions and representatives of the civil service as an employer. By the 1970s, most unions were unsatisfied with the arrangement, feeling that the trade union members of the council were unrepresentative, and that it was an overly bureaucratic system. As a result, in 1980, they formed the independent "Council of Civil Service Unions". The founding members of the federation, with the number of seats they initially held, were:
Council of Civil Service Unions | Introduction
Delaware Governor Jack Markell signed a civil union bill on May 12, 2011, that establishes civil unions in the state effective January 1, 2012. The law was repealed on July 1, 2014, and replaced with a law making marriage gender-neutral.
Civil union | Delaware
Though the civil union law intended to provide "all the rights and ... obligations and responsibilities provided for in state law that apply to parties who are joined together," they actually entailed a more limited set of benefits and limitations. The benefits included: The limitations associated with civil unions included:
Same-sex marriage in New Hampshire | Civil unions in practice
Due to the High Court's ruling striking down the ACT's same-sex marriage law as invalid, the repeal of the "Civil Unions Act 2012" was of no effect and civil unions could take place in the ACT until 2017. As of 2017, forming a new civil union is not possible as section 7 of the "Civil Union Act 2012" requires that potential couples be unable to marry under the "Marriage Act 1961". When same-sex marriage was legalised, it became legally impossible to form a civil union, though existing ones remain valid and entering into a domestic relationship remains an option. The law required couples to enter into a civil union ceremony (also known as a "declaration") in the presence of at least a civil union celebrant and a witness.
LGBT rights in the Australian Capital Territory | Civil Unions Act 2012
Both partners must be 18 or older and mentally competent. The same prohibited degrees of consanguinuity and affinity apply as would apply under the Marriage Act. A marriage or civil partnership must be solemnized by a marriage officer in the presence of the partners and two witnesses. The solemnization may occur in a public office, a private house, or in premises used for the purpose by the marriage officer. The marriage officer asks each partner:
Civil Union Act, 2006 | Provisions
In 2017, a draft of a Uniform Civil Code that would legalise same-sex marriage was proposed. Under the proposed code, marriage is defined as "the legal union as prescribed under this Act of a man with a woman, a man with another man, a woman with another woman, a transgender with another transgender or a transgender with a man or a woman". A partnership is similarly defined as the "living together of a man with a woman, a man with another man, a woman with another woman, a transgender with another transgender or a transgender with a man or a woman".
Recognition of same-sex unions in India | Uniform Civil Code
Those couples will be exempt from paying a fee. The date of the marriage will be recorded as the date of the original civil union. Couples who wait longer than one year will have to perform a new ceremony and pay a fee.
Same-sex marriage in Illinois | Civil unions
Created in Utica, New York, United States, it originated as women's wear during the 19th-century United States clothing reform efforts, as an alternative to constricting garments, and soon gained popularity among men as well. The first union suit was patented in 1868 as "emancipation union under flannel". Traditionally made of red flannel with long arms and long legs, it buttoned up the front and had a button-up flap in the rear covering the buttocks (colloquially known as the "access hatch", "drop seat", "fireman's flap", "crap flap", and other names). Depending on the size, some union suits can have a dozen buttons on the front to be fastened through buttonholes from the neck down to the groin area.
Union suit | History
Opponents of the law have supported the Defense of Marriage Act and the proposed Federal Marriage Amendment in order to prevent obligatory recognition of same-sex couples in other jurisdictions. This means that many of the advantages of marriage, which fall in the federal jurisdiction (over 1,100 federal laws, such as joint federal income tax returns, visas and work permits for the foreign partner of a U.S. citizen, etc.), are not extended to the partners of a Vermont civil union. As far as voluntary recognition of the civil union in other jurisdictions is concerned, New York City's Domestic Partnership Law, passed in 2002, recognizes civil unions formalized in other jurisdictions.
Civil union | Vermont
Although the law was passed with same-sex couples in mind, the great majority of couples taking advantage have been heterosexual couples who, for one reason or another, choose civil union rather than marriage; moreover, more heterosexual couples are opting for civil union rather than marriage. In fact, this trend was already in place in 2000, with 75% of unions between heterosexual couples (42% the previous years) and 95% in 2009. The process is commonly referred to as "se pacser" (, "getting PACSed").
Civil solidarity pact | Current trends
The union's origins thus lie in the wave of militant and ambitious organizing precipitated by the CIO in the 1930s and 1940s, as the immigrant workers who had built and staffed Yale's new residential colleges began to organize themselves into an industrial union with the aid of CIO organizer John Clark and several sympathetic professors in Yale's Divinity School. For a detailed account of this story see Deborah Sue Elkin, Labor and The Left: The Limits of Acceptable Dissent at Yale University, 1920s to 1950s, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1995. In 1953 the union engaged in a two-week strike for a maintenance of membership clause in its contract with the university.
Federation of Hospital and University Employees | History
Proposals included:
Origins of the American Civil War | Slavery question in territories acquired from Mexico
As human beings, we have to protect them as they are. It has to do with civil liberty," said Congresswoman Julieta López, who pushed the bill, from the centrist Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), whose 19 members voted for the law. Deputy Luis Alberto Mendoza, of the center-right National Action Party (PAN), which opposed the law, said it was an "attack against the family, which is society's natural group and is formed by a man and a woman." Other than that, the PCS drew little opposition. Bishop Raúl Vera, who headed the Catholic Diocese of Saltillo, declined to condemn the law.
Same-sex marriage in Coahuila | Civil unions
As understood in the United States, a civil union is a legally recognized status almost identical to marriage, whereas domestic partnership often connotes a lesser status that may or may not be recognized by local law. However, the terminology is still evolving; the exact level of rights and responsibilities of domestic partnership depends on the particular law of a given jurisdiction. Since 1999, the West Coast states of California, Oregon, Washington, and Nevada have all passed "domestic partnership" statutes; in contrast, most legislatures in the New England region and New Jersey have preferred the term "civil unions". In many other countries, the equivalent legal status is referred to as registered partnership, and domestic partnership refers to cohabitation, rather than a legal status.
Domestic partnership in the United States | Terminology
The term "supranational" occurs in an international treaty for the first time (twice) in the Treaty of Paris, 18 April 1951. This new legal term defined the community method in creating the European Coal and Steel Community and the beginning of the democratic re-organisation of Europe. It defines the relationship between the High Authority or European Commission and the other four institutions. In the treaty, it relates to a new democratic and legal concept. The Founding Fathers of the European Community and the present European Union said that supranationalism was the cornerstone of the governmental system. This is enshrined in the "Europe Declaration" made on 18 April 1951, the same day as the European Founding Fathers signed the Treaty of Paris.
Supranational union | Origin as a legal concept
The following unions were created after Schedule 20 was last updated:
Civil Partnership Act 2004 | Unions adopted since Schedule 20 last amended
Hawaii legalized civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples on January 1, 2012. Same-sex marriage became legal on December 2, 2013.
Civil union | Hawaii
The Civil Service Alliance was a trade union federation bringing together civil servants in the United Kingdom.
Civil Service Alliance | Introduction
These rights extend to immigration, next-of-kin status, social welfare, matrimonial property and other areas. The Civil Union Act 2004 came into effect on 26 April 2005 with the first unions able to occur from Friday 29 April 2005.
Civil union | New Zealand
Southerners felt a loss of federal concern for Southern pro-slavery political demands, and their continued domination of the federal government was threatened. This political calculus provided a very real basis for Southerners' worry about the relative political decline of their region, due to the North growing much faster in terms of population and industrial output. In the interest of maintaining unity, politicians had mostly moderated opposition to slavery, resulting in numerous compromises such as the Missouri Compromise of 1820 under the presidency of James Monroe. After the Mexican–American War of 1846 to 1848, the issue of slavery in the new territories led to the Compromise of 1850.
Origins of the American Civil War | Geography and demographics
The "Civil Union Act" makes no explicit provisions for the recognition of foreign same-sex unions. As a consequence of the extension of the common-law definition of marriage, and based on the principle of "lex loci celebrationis", a foreign same-sex marriage is recognised as a marriage in South African law. However, the status of foreign forms of partnership other than marriage, such as civil unions or domestic partnerships, is not clear. In a 2010 divorce case, the Western Cape High Court recognised the validity of a British civil partnership as equivalent to a marriage or civil partnership in South African law.
Same-sex marriage in South Africa | Recognition of foreign unions
The Code was approved by Parliament in October 2014 and promulgated by the President on 7 October 2014. Civil unions are not given the same treatment and status as marriages. However, they are regarded as valid options to form a family and to be legally recognized as one.
Same-sex marriage in Argentina | Civil unions
Union is the aim and foundation of the order. This article must be inserted into the order's statutes. Perhaps it would be convenient to make it the first one?".
Order of the Union | Variants
Maryland's final ratification of the Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union established the requisite unanimous consent for the legal creation of the United States of America.
Perpetual Union | Historical origins
It is not legal to be in both a civil partnership and a marriage at the same time. Nevertheless, some of those in favour of legal same-sex marriage object that civil partnerships fall short of granting equality. Both same-sex marriages and civil unions of other nations will be automatically considered civil partnerships under UK law providing they came within Section 20 of the Act. This means, in some cases, non-Britons from nations with civil unions will have greater rights in the UK than in their native countries. For example, a Vermont civil union would have legal standing in the UK, however in cases where one partner was American and the other British, the Vermont civil union would not provide the Briton with right of abode in Vermont (or any other US state or territory), whereas it would provide the American with right of abode in the UK.
Civil union | United Kingdom
Separate provisions were included in the first Finance Act 2005 to allow regulations to be made to amend tax laws to give the same tax advantages and disadvantages to couples in civil partnerships as apply to married couples. At that time, the Church of England, the state church in England, permitted clergy to enter into same-sex civil partnerships. Aside from the manner in which couples register and the non-use of the word "marriage", civil partnerships grant most of the same legal rights as marriage and generally operate under the same constrictions (one difference being that marriage requires dissolution by divorce while a civil union does not).
Civil union | United Kingdom
Deputy Secretary of State David Scanlan said, "As far as we're concerned, everything is on schedule."
Same-sex marriage in New Hampshire | Civil unions
Due to the High Court holding the ACT's same-sex marriage law to be invalid, the Civil Unions Act 2012 remains in force. Since 9 December 2017, no new civil unions can be registered, as same-sex couples became eligible to get married under federal law. On 8 December 2018, the government stated that civil unions performed prior to that date and not yet converted into marriages remain valid.
Same-sex marriage in the Australian Capital Territory | Civil Unions Act 2012
Several states offered alternative legal certifications that recognized same-sex relationships. Before states enacted these laws, U.S. cities began offering recognition of these unions. These laws bestowed marriage-like rights to these couples, and were referred to as civil unions, domestic partnerships, or reciprocal beneficiaries depending on the state. The extent to which these unions resembled marriage varied by state, and several states had enhanced the rights afforded to them over time. The U.S. jurisdictions that used these forms of same-sex union recognition instead of marriage were Colorado, Wisconsin, and Nevada, all beginning in 2009.
Legal status of same-sex marriage | Civil unions
The Constitutional Court's judgment set a deadline of 1 December 2006 for Parliament to rectify the situation. If Parliament missed the deadline, words would be "read in" to the Marriage Act to allow same-sex marriages to take place. On 24 August 2006, the Cabinet approved the Civil Union Bill for submission to Parliament. It was introduced in the National Assembly by the Minister of Home Affairs on 12 September. The original bill only allowed for civil partnerships between same-sex partners, and also included provisions to recognise domestic partnerships between unmarried partners, both same-sex and opposite-sex. The bill was amended by the Portfolio Committee on Home Affairs to allow both marriages and civil partnerships, and to open them to opposite-sex as well as same-sex couples.
Civil Union Act, 2006 | Legislative history
The Upper Southern States were in a dilemma: they wanted to retain their slaves but were afraid that if they joined with the lower southern states that were rebelling they would be caught in the middle of a conflict, and their states would be the battle ground. By staying in the Union the Upper Southern states felt that their slave rights would continue to be recognized by the Union.
Origins of the American Civil War | Southern secession
The SJC had stayed implementation of its ruling for 180 days in order to allow the legislature to respond as it found necessary. On December 11, 2003, the State Senate asked the SJC whether establishing civil unions for same-sex couples would meet the ruling's requirements. The SJC replied on February 4, 2004, that civil unions would not suffice to satisfy its finding in "Goodridge". The 4 justices who formed the majority in the "Goodridge" decision wrote: "The dissimilitude between the terms 'civil marriage' and 'civil union' is not innocuous; it is a considered choice of language that reflects a demonstrable assigning of same-sex, largely homosexual, couples to second-class status." They continued: "For no rational reason the marriage laws of the Commonwealth discriminate against a defined class; no amount of tinkering with language will eradicate that stain."
Goodridge v. Department of Public Health | Reaction and first same-sex weddings
Same-sex marriage in the District of Columbia was legalized on December 18, 2009. Marriage licenses became available on March 3, 2010, and marriages began on March 9, 2010. Domestic Partnerships in the District of Columbia (1992 law implemented, 2002 law came into effect – expanded over time to 2009)
Civil union | District of Columbia
Civil unions in Uruguay were allowed nationwide from January 1, 2008.
Civil union | Uruguay
All the unions were small, and together they represented only 26,253 members. However, the alliance was able to employ a full-time general secretary, Hugh Shayler. Meanwhile, the Civil Service Federation was struggling. In 1919, the post office clerks' unions had formed the Union of Post Office Workers, which did not affiliate to the federation. At the start of 1921, it agreed to merge with the Alliance, to form a new Civil Service Confederation, with Shayler as its leader. Initially, this represented 87 unions, with a total membership of 66,209. Many were members of the Civil Service Clerical Association (CSCA), which became increasingly unhappy that it could be outvoted by a combination of smaller unions.
Civil Service Alliance | Predecessors
The Union of Professional and Technical Civil Servants was a trade union representing civil servants in Ireland. The union was founded in 1919 as the Institution of Professional Civil Servants, a name it shared with a British union founded the same year. In 1979, the union renamed itself as the "Union of Professional and Technical Civil Servants". By 1990, it had more than 7,000 members.
Union of Professional and Technical Civil Servants | Introduction
Between 2000 and 2010, the number of marriages decreased while the number of PACS strongly increased. In 2010, there were 3 PACS for every 4 marriages celebrated in France.
Civil union | France
Guiteau.
United States Civil Service Commission | History
Late Middle English: from Old French "civilite", from Latin "civilitas", from civilis 'relating to citizens' (see civil). In early use, the term denoted the state of being a citizen and hence good citizenship or orderly behavior. The sense 'politeness' arose in the mid-16th century.
Civility | Etymology
Greek parliament voted in favor of a Cohabitation Pact (Greek: Σύμφωνο Συμβίωσης) giving almost same rights as marriage to couples regardless of their sex. The draft has been approved in the relevant Greek parliament committee and during voting on 22 December 2015, the law was passed with 194 positive votes (out of 300).
Civil union | Greece
A gay couple has filed an appeal with the Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica asking that their union be recognized under the new law. Gay rights activists reacting to the law said it needs to survive a constitutional challenge in court. Some constitutional lawyers stated that same-sex couples will "still lack legal capacity" to formalize their unions, despite passage of the bill.
Civil union | Costa Rica
In "Vallianatos and Others v Greece" (7 November 2013), the Court held that exclusion of same-sex couples from registering a civil union, a legal form of partnership available to opposite-sex couples, violates the Convention. Greece had enacted a law in 2008 that established civil unions for opposite-sex couples only. A 2015 law extended partnership rights to same-sex couples.
Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe | European Court of Human Rights
At the Select Committee stage, the bill was broadened to cover civil unions and de facto relationships in addition to marriages, and was retitled the Minors (Court Consent to Relationships) Legislation Bill. The bill passed its third reading on 8 August 2018, received Royal Assent on 13 August and came into force the following day.
Civil union in New Zealand | Forced civil unions
In 2003, the British government announced plans to introduce civil partnerships which would allow same-sex couples the rights and responsibilities resulting from marriage. The Civil Partnership Bill was introduced into the House of Lords on 30 March 2004. After considering amendments made by the House of Commons, it was passed by the House of Lords, its final legislative hurdle, on 17 November 2004, and received Royal Assent on 18 November. The Act came into force on 5 December 2005, and same-sex, but not opposite-sex, couples were able to form the civil partnerships from 19 December 2005 in Northern Ireland, 20 December 2005 in Scotland and 21 December 2005 in England and Wales.
Civil union | United Kingdom
The organisation's origins lay in the Civil Service Federation, established by nine unions in 1911. By the following year, it represented 102,000 civil servants. It focused on giving evidence to government commissions and discussing the possibility of political action. The unions representing clerical workers objected to this focus, and in 1916 all except the post office clerks' unions left the federation. In 1917, the Assistant Clerks' Association, Civil Service Typists' Association, Federation of Women Civil Servants and Second Division Clerks' Association established a new Civil Service Alliance. The Association of Superintendents and Deputy Superintendents of the Board of Trade Mercantile Marine Offices, Association of Tax Clerks and Boy Clerks' Association also joined before the end of the year, and by 1920 the alliance had 28 full members, 7 associate members, and also affiliations from the Irish Civil Service Association, Isle of Man Civil Service Association and Jamaica Civil Service Association.
Civil Service Alliance | Predecessors
The American Civil Rights Union (ACRU) is an American legal organization founded by former Reagan Administration official Robert B. Carleson in 1998 as a conservative counter to the American Civil Liberties Union.
American Civil Rights Union | Introduction
Texts: § 8. Marriage definition. "Marriage is the legally recognized union of two people. When used in this chapter or in any other statute, the word "marriage" shall mean a civil marriage. Terms relating to the marital relationship or familial relationships shall be construed consistently with this section for all purposes throughout the law, whether in the context of statute, administrative or court rule, policy, common law, or any other source of civil law."
Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state | Vermont
The Union was dedicated to the defeat and termination of the [[Confederate States of America]], informally called "the Confederacy" or "the South". The [[Union Army]] was a new formation comprising mostly state units, together with units from the regular U.S. Army. The Border states were essential as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy, and Lincoln realized he could not win the war without control of them, especially [[Maryland in the American Civil War|Maryland and Delaware]], which lay north of the national capital of [[Washington, D.C.]] The Northeast and upper Midwest provided the industrial resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies, as well as financing for the war.
Union (American Civil War) | Introduction
The Civil Union "Roma" ("Graždansko Obedinenie "Roma"") is a political party in Bulgaria. It is part of the Coalition for Bulgaria, an alliance led by the Bulgarian Socialist Party.
Civil Union &quot;Roma&quot; | Introduction
The first union was performed on April 17, 2008. Following the approval of the bill, both same-sex and opposite-sex couples are allowed to enter into a civil union () after they have lived together for at least five years, and are entitled to most of the benefits that married couples are afforded, including social security entitlements, inheritance rights and joint ownership of goods and property.
Same-sex marriage in Uruguay | Civil union
In 1960, Lipset examined the secessionist vote in each Southern state in 1860–61. In each state he divided the counties by the proportion of slaves, low, medium and high. He found that in the 181 high-slavery counties, the vote was 72% for secession. In the 205 low-slavery counties, the vote was only 37% for secession, and in the 153 middle counties, the vote for secession was at 60%. Both the outgoing Buchanan administration and the incoming Lincoln administration refused to recognize the legality of secession or the legitimacy of the Confederacy. After Lincoln called for troops, four border states (that lacked cotton) seceded (Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee).
Origins of the American Civil War | Southern secession
Depending on the jurisdiction, de facto union may refer to:
De facto union | Introduction
The concept of a Union of the American States originated gradually during the 1770s as the struggle for independence unfolded. In his first inaugural address on March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln stated: A significant step was taken on June 12, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress approved the drafting of the Articles of Confederation, following a similar approval to draft the Declaration of Independence on June 11. The purpose of the former document was not only to define the relationship among the new states but also to stipulate the permanent nature of the new union. Accordingly, Article XIII states that the Union "shall be perpetual".
Perpetual Union | Historical origins
"(a) Marriage is the legally recognized union of 2 persons. Any person may enter into a marriage in the District of Columbia with another person, regardless of gender, unless the marriage is expressly prohibited by § 46- 401.01 or § 46-403." "(b) Where necessary to implement the rights and responsibilities relating to the marital relationship or familial relationships, gender-specific terms shall be construed to be gender neutral for all purposes throughout the law, whether in the context of statute, administrative or court rule, policy, common law, or any other source of civil law." Chapter 3: The contract of marriage
Same-sex marriage law in the United States by territory | District of Columbia
Anti-slavery forces in northern legislatures had resisted this constitutional right in the form of state personal liberty laws that placed state laws above the federal mandate.
Origins of the American Civil War | States' rights
The origin of the term is from "Gosi" () and "Chon" (), literally "town of civil service examinees".
Gosichon | Etymology
The Civil Service Union (CSU) was a trade union in the United Kingdom which existed between 1917 and 1988. It represented lower-paid staff within the British Civil Service such as cleaners and messengers.
Civil Service Union | Introduction
The National Union of Civil and Public Servants (NUCPS) was a trade union in the United Kingdom. The union was formed in 1988 with the merger of the Civil Service Union and the Society of Civil and Public Servants. John Sheldon, former General Secretary of the CSU, became its General Secretary. The union primarily worked in the UK Civil Service, but also in other public organisations.
National Union of Civil and Public Servants | Introduction
The South Carolina extremist Robert Barnwell Rhett hoped that the lower South would completely break with the Northern Democrats and attend a separate convention at Richmond, Virginia, but lower South delegates gave the national Democrats one last chance at unification by going to the convention at Baltimore, Maryland, before the split became permanent. The end result was that John C. Breckinridge became the candidate of the Southern Democrats, and Stephen Douglas became the candidate of the Northern Democrats. Yancey's previous 1848 attempt at demanding a slave code for the territories was his Alabama Platform, which was in response to the Northern Wilmot Proviso attempt at banning slavery in territories conquered from Mexico.
Origins of the American Civil War | Split in the Democratic Party
Marriages are to be voluntary unions by equal rights-bearing partners who hold property and children mutually and dispense of same by agreement. All children produced during this union have the right to their mother’s and father’s name, "from whatever bed they come."
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen | Postscript to the Declaration
In 2005 the Act was amended again to include civil union partners following commencement of the controversial Civil Union Act 2004.
Property (Relationships) Act 1976 | Introduction
On July 3, 2013, the plaintiffs filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that the U.S. Supreme Court's June 26 decision in "United States v. Windsor" meant that civil unions are not equivalent to marriage because same-sex couples in civil unions do not have access to the same federal benefits available to married couples. A hearing on the motion was held on August 15, 2013.
Garden State Equality v. Dow | Preliminary hearings
This implies a Roman origin
Écouché | History timeline
The term is relatively common in classical texts, and has the meaning of "union" or "unity".
Henosis | Etymology
The Civil Servants' Confederation (Greek: Ανώτατη Διοίκηση Ενώσεων Δημοσίων Υπαλλήλων) mostly known by its acronym ADEDY (Α.Δ.Ε.Δ.Υ) is a trade union centre in Greece. It is affiliated with the European Trade Union Confederation.
Civil Servants' Confederation | Introduction
Arguing that civil partnerships carry the same legal rights as a marriage, but generally do not include the ceremony and exchanges of wedding vows, this would make marriage and civil unions effectively identical "in substance", the government lawyer added. The High Court dismissed the case in October 2019. The court held that the issue of same-sex unions "is beyond the proper scope of the functions or powers of the court". Nevertheless, it stated that "there is much to be said for the Government to undertake a comprehensive review on this matter."
Recognition of same-sex unions in China | Civil partnerships court case