In Manitoba, the Cree were first contacted by Europeans in 1682, at the mouth of the Nelson and Hayes rivers by a Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) party traveling about inland. In the south, contact was later. In 1732 in what is now northwestern Ontario, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye, met with an assembled group of 200 Cree warriors near present-day Fort Frances, as well as with the Monsoni, (a branch of the Ojibwe). Both groups had donned war paint in preparation to an attack on the Dakota and another group of Ojibwe. After acquiring firearms from the HBC, the Cree moved as traders into the plains, acting as middlemen with the HBC.
First contact
Cree
Cree | First contact
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what is parnassius smintheus?
user
It is a high-altitude butterfly found in the Rocky Mountains.
assistant
where did this mountain take its name from?
user
It is a translation of the Cree name ' is given as, "When seen from across the prairies, they looked like a rocky mass".
assistant
what is the history behind this first mentioned name?
user
The name is derived from the Algonkian-language exonym "Kirištino.
assistant
what are some different types of it?
user
The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves as "nêhiyaw" and "nêhirawisiw"; the Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais as "iriniw" etc.
assistant
what are its people?
user
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assistant
what is its first contact?
user
In Manitoba, the Cree were first contacted by Europeans in 1682.
assistant
what is its relation with the un?
user
In Manitoba, the Cree were first contacted by Europeans in 1682, at the mouth of the Nelson and Hayes rivers by a Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) party traveling about inland. In the south, contact was later. In 1732 in what is now northwestern Ontario, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye, met with an assembled group of 200 Cree warriors near present-day Fort Frances, as well as with the Monsoni, (a branch of the Ojibwe). Both groups had donned war paint in preparation to an attack on the Dakota and another group of Ojibwe. After acquiring firearms from the HBC, the Cree moved as traders into the plains, acting as middlemen with the HBC.
Cree | First contact
After the diversion, scoop-net fishing pools were unusable. By 2011 there were larger concentrations of cisco at Gravel Pit, they were smaller than previous years. Pre-contact trade relations between Cree and other aboriginal groups were "mostly centered on trading moose hides for ‘cereals’, ‘indian corn’, and tobacco." There was a pre-contact intertribal Cree-Montagnais trade route from Waskaganish to the Saint Lawrence River via Rupert River and the Saguenay River.
Waskaganish | Pre-contact
In the early days of contact, the First Nations and Inuit populations welcomed the Europeans, assisting them in living off the land and joining forces with the French and British in their various battles. It was not until the colonial and imperial forces of Britain and France established dominant settlements and, no longer needing the help of the First Nations people, began to break treaties and force them off the land that the antagonism between the two groups grew.
First Nations | European contact
Both Canada and Yugoslavia were among 51 original members of the United Nations.
Canada–Yugoslavia relations | Introduction
The Woodland Cree were one of the first Aboriginal nations west of Hudson Bay to trade with European fur traders, as early as the 17th century. They became very closely associated with the fur trade and adapted their clothing and many aspects of their lifestyle and culture to European ways. Considered excellent hunters and trappers, they provided meat and pemmican to the fur trade posts and furs, either directly, or indirectly from trade with other tribes. Marriages or alliances between Cree women and fur traders became an essential link in fur trade negotiations. Because families were on the move most of the time, women in childbirth often had their babies on the trail.
Woodland Cree | Post-Contact
The reason is still unclear as to how these negotiations played out.
Misipawistik Cree Nation | Treaty 5 Adhesion
The Swampy Cree's first recorded contact was in 1682 at the mouth of the Nelson and Hayes rivers in northern Manitoba by an Hudson's Bay Company party travelling about inland.
Swampy Cree | First contact
In October 1669 they returned to England with a load of beaver pelts they had acquired from the Cree people in exchange for good such as knives, kettles, beads, needles and blankets. The post was occupied sporadically thereafter and new buildings were added. By the 1680s there were a string of trading posts on James Bay Cree traditional land and the Cree had an extensive trade alliance with the HBC. As middlemen, the Cree hunters, trappers and traders collected furs from other First Nations in the interior. As the first trappers with the HBC, the Cree became the homeguard for the HBC, helping with the supply and maintenance of the trading posts in winter.
Waskaganish | Post-contact
Historically, the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum were classified by their relationship to Hudson Bay and James Bay: Lowland (Homeguard) Cree who were found along the coast, Lowland (Half-Homeguard) Cree who seasonally transitioned between the coast and the interior, and the Upland Cree in the deep interior who often were intermixed with the Ojibwe. West of these Lowland and Upland Cree were the Woodland and Plains Cree. Linguistically, the Cree are divided by their general language features, where the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum are classified as "th-Cree", "n-Cree" and "l-Cree", from west to east; Cree traditionally associated with the Woodland Cree make no distinction between "s" and "š", while the Lowland and Upland Cree do.
Swampy Cree | First Nations
The relationship between the Canadian Crown and the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples of Canada stretches back to the first interactions between European colonialists and North American indigenous people. Over centuries of interaction, treaties were established, and Canada's First Nations have, like the Māori and the Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand, come to generally view these agreements as being between them and the Crown of Canada, and not the ever-changing governments. The associations exist between the Aboriginal peoples of Canada and the reigning monarch of Canada; as was stated in the proposed First NationsFederal Crown Political Accord: "cooperation will be a cornerstone for partnership between Canada and First Nations, wherein Canada is the short-form reference to Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada".
First Nations | Canadian Crown and First Nations relations
They had generally poor relations with Northern and Eastern Shoshone.
Ute people | Relationships with Other First Nations
The force built cordial personal relationships with the First Nations' leaders, which led to a much lower level of violence between the government and indigenous peoples than in the United States. The herds of buffalo migrated elsewhere on the plains in 1876 and starvation among the Blackfoot loomed. Crowfoot rejected a proposed alliance with the Sioux against the United States, arguing that the collapse of buffalo hunting and white immigration meant that his people needed a long-term alliance with the mounted police. Formal negotiations between the Canadian government and the Blackfoot began in 1877, with Macleod representing Queen Victoria. The resulting Treaty 7 established reserves for the Blackfoot, in exchange for gratuities and the promise of annuities.
North-West Mounted Police | Relations with First Nations
This 50-year agreement allows for joint jurisdiction between the Quebec government and Cree in the seven municipalities of James Bay and surrounding territories. In exchange, the Cree consented to hydroelectric development of the Eastmain and Rupert Rivers by Hydro-Québec. In Quebec, "La Paix des Braves" is one of the most popular and consensual achievements of the Bernard Landry government (2001–2003). The Agreement followed recommendation made by the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, abandoning the notion that First Nation peoples in Canada must extinguish claims to their territories in order to settle land claim disputes. Moses declared: "Quebec becomes a leader in the application of the principles recognized by the United Nations in regards of aboriginal development.
Agreement Respecting a New Relationship Between the Cree Nation and the Government of Quebec | Summary
The offspring of this alliance formed the basis of a new nation of people, the Métis, who adopted the lifestyle of their mother's people or of Europeans and received education in order to become clerks and traders for the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. By 1800, the Cree were well established in Alberta, from Athabasca-Peace delta in the north, along the Peace River and south as far as the Saskatchewan River. Woodland Cree use legends to convey stories throughout time. Many legends are about aspects of the environment, such as "How the raven stole the sun" and "Deawitchita and the fire rock." It is said that those who tell the legends have the most "ikanisha", which means wisdom in woodland cree.
Woodland Cree | Post-Contact
Some organizations have a relationship with the UN defined by an arrangement different from the agreements between the specialized agencies and the UN, which are established under Articles 57 and 63 of the United Nations Charter.
United Nations System | Related organizations
Goddard also points out that there is clear evidence for pre-historical contact between Eastern Algonquian and Cree-Montagnais, as well as between Cheyenne and Arapaho-Gros Ventre. There has long been especially extensive back-and-forth influence between Cree and Ojibwe.
Algonquian languages | Subgroups
There was a feeling amongst the Cree of Northern Quebec, that should the province separate, they would remain part of Canada, and would force the province to return to its pre-1912 boundaries, and re-establish the Ungava district of the Northwest Territories, or a new territory or province created in its place.
Quebec sovereignty movement | Cree separation
The people of Nisichawayasihk are largely ancestral descendants of indigenous Cree peoples who have populated the Canadian Shield region of northern and central Canada since the retreat of the glaciers about 10,000 years ago. Largely left alone by the Government of Canada during initial colonization and settlement of Western Canada. In the mid-1870s, the Indigenous peoples of the Lake Winnipeg area were interested in making a treaty with the Government of Canada. They had heard about the concessions offered to the Indigenous nations of Treaties 1 to 4 (see Numbered Treaties), and subsequently demanded the government provide similar economic assistance, provisions of tools and protection against the encroachment of outsiders (such as surveyors and settlers) on their territories.
Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation | History
Bands would usually have strong ties to their neighbours through intermarriage and would assemble together at different parts of the year to hunt and socialize together. Besides these regional gatherings, there was no higher-level formal structure, and decisions of war and peace were made by consensus with allied bands meeting together in council. People could be identified by their "clan", which is a group of people claiming descent from the same common ancestor; each clan would have a representative and a vote in all important councils held by the band (compare: Anishinaabe clan system). Each band remained independent of each other.
Cree | Historical
Moses was instrumental in obtaining formal recognition for the James Bay Crees as a Non-Governmental Organization in consultative status to the United Nations. He currently serves as the Ambassador of the Council at the UN.
Ted Moses | UN recognition
This was appealed by the Wetʼsuwetʼen and Gitxsan First Nations to the Supreme Court of Canada, which ruled that Aboriginal title had not been extinguished. It ordered a new trial, but recommended negotiation. Treaty negotiations broke down after the BC government refused to agree to the nations having sovereignty over more than 4-6 per cent of its traditional territory. The Canadian government's continued support for extraction industries over the recognition of Indigenous sovereignty and adhesion to the United Nations' Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), of which Canada is a signatory, is a major friction point in some segments of contemporary Canadian society.
Unistʼotʼen Camp | Indigenous sovereignty and title
The Government of Canada negotiated with Woodland and Plains Cree, and some Nakota as well as with the Denesuline Peoples around Cold Lake. Treaty 6, which covers modern-day central Alberta and Saskatchewan, was signed in 1876 at Carlton and Fort Pitt. A Cree decided to go to a piece of land at Willow Point, a territory reaching about south and westwards. It included the Cold Lake, which the Denesuline called or and where they spent the summers, while the winters were spent on Primrose Lake (called in the Chipewyan language ). When chief Uldahi died in June 1882, he had no successor.
Cold Lake First Nations | Treaty No. 6 of the Numbered Treaties
Within these boundaries there is much fluidity, however, as intermarriages and bilingual bands are once very common. Scholar Neal McLeod points out that bands were loose, temporary groupings which were often polyethnic and multilingual, so that most mentions of "the Cree" by historians of previous decades actually refer to mixed Cree-Assiniboine-Saulteax groups. As well the smallpox outbreak of 1780–1781 and the whooping cough outbreak of 1819–1820 decimated many bands, forcing them to merge with neighbours.
First Nations in Alberta | Classifications
The legacy of Treaty 6 continues to affect the Cree till the modern day. Issues arise from the mixed interpretations of the Treaty by both the Indigenous groups and the Government. As this agreement is the first legal agreement between these Indigenous groups and the new Canadian government, which continued to impact and facilitate interactions between them. This has led to conflict over the clauses of the agreement. The disagreement on Treaty 6 stems from three major issues; language barriers, verbal agreements made during the negotiation, and the rights for chiefs to sign the agreement. In Cree cultural the chiefs do not always hold the legal right to make choices for the entire band.
Sweet Grass (Cree chief) | Debate of the Treaty
The Government of Canada believes the terms of the treaty were written down clearly within the document, but due to the oral traditions of the Indigenous peoples, they have a different understanding of the treaty terms. Although there were three interpreters presents at the negotiations for Treaty 6, two from the Crown and one from the Indigenous peoples, direct translation of words between English and Cree was not possible. Certain words in either language did not have a corresponding word in the opposite language. This meant that both groups did not understand each other fully as the concepts were changed due to the word changes between the languages.
Treaty 6 | Miscommunication
The Cree (, , etc.; ) are one of the largest groups of First Nations in North America. In Canada, over 350,000 people are Cree or have Cree ancestry. The major proportion of Cree in Canada live north and west of Lake Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories. About 27,000 live in Quebec. In the United States, Cree people historically lived from Lake Superior westward. Today, they live mostly in Montana, where they share the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation with Ojibwe (Chippewa) people.
Cree | Introduction
Some French words have also been incorporated into its lexicon. This language flourished at and around the Red River Settlement (modern day location of Winnipeg, Manitoba) by the mid to late 1800s. Bungi is now virtually extinct, as its features are being abandoned in favor of standard English.
Cree language | Contact languages
For example, during the late 1630s, smallpox killed more than half of the Huron, who controlled most of the early fur trade in what became Canada. Reduced to fewer than 10,000 people, the Huron Wendat were attacked by the Iroquois, their traditional enemies. In the Maritimes, the Beothuk disappeared entirely. There are reports of contact made before Christopher Columbus between the first peoples and those from other continents. Even in Columbus' time there was much speculation that other Europeans had made the trip in ancient or contemporary times; Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés records accounts of these in his "General y natural historia de las Indias" of 1526, which includes biographical information on Columbus.
First Nations | European contact
Just as the bison disappeared (the last Canadian hunt was in 1879), Lieutenant-Governor Edgar Dewdney cut rations to indigenous people in an attempt to reduce government costs. Between 1880 and 1885, approximately 3,000 Indigenous people starved to death in the North-Western Territory/Northwest Territories. Offended by the concepts of the treaties, Cree chiefs resisted them. Big Bear refused to sign Treaty 6 until starvation among his people forced his hand in 1882. His attempts to unite Indigenous nations made progress. In 1884 the Métis (including the Anglo-Métis) asked Louis Riel to return from the United States, where he had fled after the Red River Rebellion, to appeal to the government on their behalf.
First Nations | 19th century
By establishing contacts with fellow societies in friendly countries as well as with the World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA), it seeks to invalidate assertions contrary to the main principles of the UN.
United Nations Association of Turkey | Introduction
The Cree are an indigenous people of the Subarctic, who historically hunted and gathered in seasonal migrations. In summer, they traveled on waterways by canoe: fishing and harvesting berries and other food staples. In fall, they hunted waterfowl along the shores of James Bay. Prior to winter, Cree families traveled to their winter settlements, where they hunted and trapped big game and small, fur-bearing animals. Prior to spring thaw, the families hunted waterfowl as they migrated north. This was an historical, annual cycle for the Swampy Cree. Early exposure to European society heavily influenced Cree lifestyles. The Hudson's Bay Company establishing a trading post for fur in 1673 in the Moose Factory region.
Moose Cree First Nation | History
A traditional view among 20th century anthropologists and historians of the fur trade posits that the Western Woods Cree and the Plains Cree (and therefore their dialects) did not diverge from other Cree peoples before 1670, when the Cree expanded out of their homeland near James Bay because of access to European firearms. By contrast, James Smith of the Museum of the American Indian stated, in 1987, that the weight of archeological and linguistic evidence puts the Cree as far west as the Peace River Region of Alberta before European contact.
Cree language | Origin and diffusion
Cree is also a component language in two contact languages, Michif and Bungi. Both languages were spoken by members of the Métis, the Voyageurs, and European settlers of Western Canada and parts of the Northern United States. Michif is a mixed language which combines Cree with French. For the most part, Michif uses Cree verbs, question words, and demonstratives while using French nouns. Michif is unique to the Canadian prairie provinces as well as to North Dakota and Montana in the United States. Michif is still spoken in central Canada and in North Dakota. Bungi is a creole based on Scottish English, Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Cree, and Ojibwe.
Cree language | Contact languages
Quebec will be able to show that the respect of aboriginals is compatible with her national interest. The federal government should inspire itself with this agreement in its negotiations with Natives across Canada." Moses lauded Premier Landry's new attitude: "He understands that the Crees must be part of Quebec's vibrant economy and a living part of its economic and cultural mosaic." Matthew Coon Come, a former Grand Chief who had opposed the Quebec Government (notably on hydroelectric development) and the sovereigntist movement in the past, said: "This is the type of cooperation and financial engagement that the federal government should offer to other native nations", calling on the federal government to follow the recommendation of the Royal Commission.
Agreement Respecting a New Relationship Between the Cree Nation and the Government of Quebec | Summary
Papaschase First Nation, removed from land that now makes up southeast Edmonton, were a party to Treaty 6 but are not recognized by the Canadian government.
Cree | Other First Nations
The First Nations understanding is radically different from the British version; due to the nature of oral histories, translations (for example there is no concept of "land ownership" or "cede", which follows from the concept of land ownership, in the Cree language), and British customs, there continues to be a controversy as to possible different understanding of the terms as they were used at the time of the Treaty signings, creating no , and subsequently leading to an invalid contract. During the treaty negotiations the Indigenous peoples requested for agricultural tools, animals such as an ox and a cow for each family, assistance for the poor and those unable to work, the ban of alcohol in the province of Saskatchewan, and education to be provided for each reserve.
Treaty 6 | Terms
Aboriginal first contact period is not well defined. The earliest accounts of contact occurred in the late 10th century, between the Beothuk and Norsemen. According to the Sagas of Icelanders, the first European to see what is now Canada was Bjarni Herjólfsson, who was blown off course en route from Iceland to Greenland in the summer of 985 or 986 CE. The first European explorers and settlers of what is now Canada relied on the First Nations peoples, for resources and trade to sustain a living. The first written accounts of interaction show a predominantly Old world bias, labelling the indigenous peoples as "savages", although the indigenous peoples were organized and self-sufficient.
First Nations | European contact
whoever was responsible for conveying these concerns did not do so effectively as many of the requests were not met, at least not when they needed it most.
Sweet Grass (Cree chief) | Relationship with Canadian Government
Aboriginal people in Canada interacted with Europeans as far back as 1000 AD, but prolonged contact came only after Europeans established permanent settlements in the 17th and 18th centuries. European written accounts noted friendliness on the part of the First Nations, who profited in trade with Europeans. Such trade strengthened the more organized political entities such as the Iroquois Confederation. The Aboriginal population is estimated to have been between 200,000 and two million in the late 15th century. The effect of European colonization was a 40 to 80 percent Aboriginal population decrease post-contact. This is attributed to various factors, including repeated outbreaks of European infectious diseases such as influenza, measles and smallpox (to which they had not developed immunity), inter-nation conflicts over the fur trade, conflicts with colonial authorities and settlers and loss of land and a subsequent loss of nation self-suffiency.
First Nations | European contact
Nishnawbe Aski Nation (ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓈᐯ ᐊᔅᑭ ᐃᔥᑯᓂᑲᓇᓐ ᐅᑭᒫᐎᓐ ("Anishinaabe-aski Ishkoniganan Ogimaawin"), unpointed: ᐊᓂᔑᓇᐯ ᐊᔅᑭ ᐃᔥᑯᓂᐊᓇᓐ ᐅᑭᒪᐎᓐ; NAN for short) is a political organization representing 49 First Nation communities across Treaty 9 and Treaty 5 areas of Northern Ontario, Canada. Re-organized to its present form in 1981, NAN's original objective was "to represent the social and economic aspirations of our people at all levels of government in Canada and Ontario until such time as real effective action is taken to remedy our problems." Its member-First Nations are Ojibwa, Oji-Cree and Cree, and thus the languages within NAN include Ojibwe, Oji-cree and Cree.
Nishnawbe Aski Nation | Introduction
Negotiated by Parti Québécois Premier of Quebec Bernard Landry and Grand Chief of the Crees Ted Moses, the Agreement implemented existing obligations of the Quebec government to the Cree people under section 28 of the James Bay Agreement of 1975 after decades of court battles. It provided for the sharing of revenues and joint management by the Cree and the Quebec government of mining, forestry and hydroelectric resources on traditional Cree lands in Quebec, known as the Eeyou Istchee. It aimed at developing more equitable Cree participation in employment and revenue in natural resource industries in Northern Quebec. The preamble of the Agreement recognize the treaty as a symbolic "nation to nation" agreement between the Cree and Quebec.
Agreement Respecting a New Relationship Between the Cree Nation and the Government of Quebec | Summary
The Cree people of Misipawistik had signed Treaty 5 in September 1875. According to Alexander Morris, the rationale behind the negotiation was due in part because of improvements in boating technology, but also because of the economic necessity of the region. As he would state in his self-written book, "The Treaties of Canada with the Indians of Manitoba and the North-west Territories": "The progress of navigation by steamer on Lake Winnipeg, the establishment of Missions and of saw milling enterprises, the discovery of minerals on the shores and vicinity of the lake as well as migration of the Norway House Indians." Initially, the Cree people negotiating an adhesion to Treaty 5 wished to have their reserve lands cover both sides of the Saskatchewan River entering into the Lake Winnipeg, but were nonetheless convinced to accept the Southern shore.
Misipawistik Cree Nation | Treaty 5 Adhesion
These cultures had evolved and changed by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th–early 16th centuries), and have been brought forward through archaeological investigations. There are indications of contact made before Christopher Columbus between the first peoples and those from other continents. Aboriginal people in Canada interacted with Europeans around 1000 CE, but prolonged contact came after Europeans established permanent settlements in the 17th and 18th centuries. European written accounts generally recorded friendliness of the First Nations, who profited in trade with Europeans. Such trade generally strengthened the more organized political entities such as the Iroquois Confederation.
Indigenous peoples in Canada | First Nations
The distributive locative suffix /ena:hk/ is used with nouns that reference humans or animals. In this way, "ayīsiyiniw-" "human being" becomes "ayīsiyinināk" "among humans" or "in this world". Similarly, the noun "sāsīw" "Sarci Indian" changes to "at Sarci Reserve" "sāsīnāhk".
Plains Cree | Locative suffix
As a result, Cree congregated in and around the fur trade post and became exposed to European customs. Moose Factory became Ontario's first English-speaking settlement. In 1905, on behalf of the British Crown, treaty commissioners negotiated a treaty with Moose Cree First Nation. Treaty No. 9 was signed on 9 August 1905. The treaty defined two tracts of land to beset aside for use and "benefit" of Moose Cree First Nation. The first tract, Moose Factory Indian Reserve No. 1 occupies approximately two-thirds of Moose Factory Island. The second tract, Moose Factory Indian reserve No. 68 is located approximately 10 miles south of Moose Factory at the mouth of the French River.
Moose Cree First Nation | History
Strong first met with a leading UN official in 1947 who arranged for him to have a temporary low-level appointment, to serve as a junior security officer at the UN headquarters in Lake Success, New York. He soon returned to Canada, and with the support of Lester B. Pearson, directed the founding of the Canadian International Development Agency in 1968.
Maurice Strong | United Nations work
Efficient competitors of the HBC did not come from Louisiana, but from the North West Company of Montreal. At the end of the 17th century, Cree and the Assiniboine became intermediaries between the HBC and more distant Indian nations, maintaining their position with the aid of English muskets. The two nations formed a close alliance in war and trade, further strengthened by the enmity of both the French and the Sioux. The Sioux were during the 18th century gradually forced westward by the Cree and the Ojibwe, who had access to firearms, moving into the plains and transforming their economy and culture from a Woodland to a Plains pattern, at the same time forcing the Cheyenne further west.
Great Plains Indian Trading Networks before Lewis and Clark | Northern Great Plains
The Nakota people shared an allied relationship with the Nehiyawak or Cree, who occupied the Canadian Shield and boreal forest from what is now northern Quebec to northern Alberta. As allies, the Nehiyawak and Nakota traded with the Mandan south to the Missouri River, and occasionally made war on the Lakota (Sioux), Dakota (Sioux) and Atsina (Gros Ventre) to the southeast and southwest. In the early 1800s, fur traders traveled the southern plain (formerly North West Territories) to make exchanges with the Cree, Sioux and Assiniboine people. These groups joined together were referred to as the Iron Confederacy. After the fur traders discovered indigenous nations, they began referring to the people as the "Plains Indians".
Montmartre, Saskatchewan | First Peoples
In normal, everyday spoken Plains Cree, several phonological contractions are observed. For instance, final vowels can merge with the initial vowel of the following word. This is how the phrase "nāpēw mīna atim" is reduced to "nāpēw mīn ātim" "a man and a dog". In this case, the contraction involved the same vowel; the first vowel is taken and included in the second word in its long form. When the contraction involves different vowels, the first vowel is deleted and the second is lengthened: "nāpēw mīna iskwēw" "a man and a woman" is reduced to "nāpēw mīn īskwēw". Contraction does not always occur, and the word boundary may also be distinguished by the insertion of the sound: "mīna iskwēw" and "mīna(h) iskwēw" respectively.
Plains Cree | Surface variations
The Cree use "Cree," "cri," "Naskapi, or "montagnais" to refer to their people only when speaking French or English.
Cree | Sub-groups / Geography
The question arose as to what would happen with the Treaty and aboriginal rights that had been guaranteed by the Imperial Crown if Canada took over its own governance. Strong national leadership from the Chiefs became essential. The Chiefs formalized their governance structure, compromised by incorporating a "Confederacy" composed largely of the NIB leadership, and made the NIB, an incorporated body, its administrative secretariat. They used the United Nations General Assembly as a model in conceiving what the new Assembly of First Nations would become.
Assembly of First Nations | Shift toward representation for chiefs
The Oji-Cree are a First Nation in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba, residing in a narrow band extending from the Missinaibi River region in Northeastern Ontario at the east to Lake Winnipeg at the west. The Oji-Cree people are descended from historical intermarriage between the Ojibwa and Cree cultures, but are generally considered a nation distinct from either of their ancestral groups. They are considered one of the component groups of Anishinaabe, and reside primarily in a transitional zone between traditional Ojibwa lands to their south and traditional Cree lands to their north. Historically, the Oji-Cree were identified by the British and Canadian governments as "Cree." The Oji-Cree have identified with the Cree (or more specifically, the Swampy Cree) and not with the Ojibwa located to the south of them.
Oji-Cree | Introduction
Tough, Frank. ‘As Their Natural Resources Fail’: Native Peoples and the Economic History of Northern Manitoba, 1870-1930. Vancouver, British Columbia: University of British Columbia Press, 1996.
Misipawistik Cree Nation | References
Star Blanket Cree Nation has proposed a plan to declare the institution's property an Urban Indian reserve under a Saskatchewan Treaty Land Entitlement Agreement involving Star Blanket, the provincial and federal governments. Band members of the Star Blanket Nation unanimously voted in favour of this plan during a 2008 referendum.
First Nations University of Canada | History
In 1884, 2,000 Cree from reserves met near Battleford to organise into a large, cohesive resistance. Discouraged by the lack of government response but encouraged by the efforts of the Métis at armed rebellion, Wandering Spirit and other young militant Cree attacked the small town of Frog Lake, killing Thomas Quinn, the hated Indian Agent and eight others. Although Big Bear actively opposed the attacks, he was charged and tried for treason and sentenced to three years in prison. After the Red River Rebellion of 1869–1870, Métis moved from Manitoba to the District of Saskatchewan, where they founded a settlement at Batoche on the South Saskatchewan River.
First Nations | 19th century
In 2001, the Quebec government, the federal government, and the Cree Nation signed "La Paix des Braves" ("The Peace of the Braves", a reference to the 1701 peace treaty between the French and the Iroquois League). The agreement allowed Hydro-Québec to exploit the province's hydroelectric resources in exchange for an allocation of $3.5 billion to be given to the government of the Cree Nation. Later, the Inuit of northern Quebec (Nunavik) joined in the agreement. In 2005, the leaders of the First Nations, various provincial governments, and the federal government produced an agreement called the Kelowna Accord, which would have yielded $5 billion over 10 years, but the new federal government of Stephen Harper (2006) did not follow through on the working paper.
First Nations | Early 21st century
This organization, however, collapsed in 1967 as the three groups failed to act as one.
Assembly of First Nations | History
Also in 1994, the United Nations Secretariat "recognized the full treaty-making capacity ... of Niue".
Foreign relations of Niue | Introduction
Canada has been a member of the United Nations since it was established, and has served six separate terms on the UN Security Council. Canada has also participated in United Nations peacekeeping missions.
Canada and the United Nations | Introduction
The Agreement Respecting a New Relationship Between the Cree Nation and the Government of Quebec (dubbed as "La Paix des Braves", French for "The Peace of the Braves" by the Parti Québécois government) is an agreement between the Government of Quebec, Canada, and the Grand Council of the Crees. It was signed on February 7, 2002 in Waskaganish, Jamésie, Quebec, after decades of court battles between the Cree and the Government of Quebec. The name was inspired by the 1701 Great Peace of Montreal, also known as "La Paix des Braves".
Agreement Respecting a New Relationship Between the Cree Nation and the Government of Quebec | Introduction
The possible relationship of CRY in the Isle of Man to Cree is the subject of speculation at present.
Cree (surname) | Variants
These relations are governed by the established treaties; the Supreme Court stated that treaties "served to reconcile pre-existing Aboriginal sovereignty with assumed Crown sovereignty, and to define Aboriginal rights", and the First Nations saw these agreements as meant to last "as long as the sun shines, grass grows and rivers flow".
First Nations | Canadian Crown and First Nations relations
Modern-day Manitoba was inhabited by the First Nations people shortly after the last ice age glaciers retreated in the southwest about 10,000 years ago; the first exposed land was the Turtle Mountain area. The Ojibwe, Cree, Dene, Sioux, Mandan, and Assiniboine peoples founded settlements, and other tribes entered the area to trade. In Northern Manitoba, quartz was mined to make arrowheads. The first farming in Manitoba was along the Red River, where corn and other seed crops were planted before contact with Europeans. In 1611, Henry Hudson was one of the first Europeans to sail into what is now known as Hudson Bay, where he was abandoned by his crew.
Manitoba | First Nations Homeland and European settlement
Missanabie Cree First Nation is a "Treaty 9" Nation.
Missanabie Cree First Nation | Introduction
This office was different from that of the "peace chief", a leader who had a role more like that of diplomat. In the run-up to the 1885 North-West Rebellion, Big Bear was the leader of his band, but once the fighting started Wandering Spirit became war leader.
Cree | Historical
A key demand of the Cree and the Saulteaux First Nations was for education. Since the buffalo had nearly vanished from the prairies, they wanted to acquire new tools that would ensure a strong and prosperous future. Under Treaty 4, the Cree and Salteaux First Nations relinquished most of current day southern Saskatchewan. In return, they received small parcels of land, as well as long-term government commitments in a number of areas, including education. Treaty 4 signatories from the chiefs as follows: Ka-kii-shi-way (Ochapowace), Pis-qua (Pasqua), Ka-wez-ance (Cowessess), Ka-kee-na-wup (Muskowekwan), Kus-kee-tew-mus-coo-musqua (Little Black Bear), Ka-ne-on-us-ka-tew (Gordon), Can-ah-ha-cha-pew (Peepeekisis), Kii-si-caw-chuck (Day Star), Ka-ra-ca-toose (Kawacatoose), Ka-kii-nis-ta-haw (Kahkewistehaw), Cha-ca-chas (Ochapowace), Wa-pii-moose-too-sus (Star Blanket), Meemay (Cote)
Muskowekwan First Nation | History
From 1953 to 1955, he was with the Canadian delegation at the United Nations.
Derek Bedson | Introduction
Informally, however, Canada had had relations with the United States in particular, with trade and other relationships pre-dating Confederation.
Global Affairs Canada | Nomenclature
The Assembly of First Nations (AFN) is an assembly, modelled on the United Nations General Assembly, of First Nations (Indian bands) represented by their chiefs. It emerged from and replaced the Canadian National Indian Brotherhood in the early 1980s. The aims of the organization are to protect and advance the aboriginal and treaty rights and interests of First Nations in Canada, including health, education, culture and language.
Assembly of First Nations | Introduction
The Yuchi isolate may be the closest relative of Sioux–Catawban, based on both sound changes and morphological comparison. In the 19th century, Robert Latham suggested that the Siouan languages are related to the Caddoan and Iroquoian languages. In 1931, Louis Allen presented the first list of systematic correspondences between a set of 25 lexical items in Siouan and Iroquoian. In the 1960s and 1970s, Wallace Chafe further explored the link between Siouan and Caddoan languages. In the 1990s, Marianne Mithun compared the morphology and syntax of all the three families. At present, this Macro-Siouan hypothesis is not considered proved, and the similarities between the three families may instead be due to their protolanguages having been part of a sprachbund.
Siouan languages | External relations
He trekked another 300 miles to a fort. In the context of shifting tribal politics due to the spread of horses and guns, the Niitsitapi initially tried to increase their trade with the HBC traders in Rupert's Land whilst blocking access to the HBC by neighboring peoples to the West. But the HBC trade eventually reached into what is now inland British Columbia.
Blackfoot Confederacy | First contact with Europeans and the fur trade
Treaty 5 was the response from the government that ensure the homelands of the Cree were protected for their use. Treaty 5, a document which established that Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation members and their descendants were guaranteed certain rights and benefits.
Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation | History
The Inuit were in conflict with the Basque and French whalers beginning in the mid-1500s.
NunatuKavut people | Contact with Europeans
Smaller groups would disperse into the interior where they hunted moose and caribou. The most important animal hunted by the Miꞌkmaq was the moose, which was used in every part: the meat for food, the skin for clothing, tendons and sinew for cordage, and bones for carving and tools. Other animals hunted/trapped included deer, bear, rabbit, beaver and porcupine.
Miꞌkmaq | Pre-contact period
Radio-carbon dating of a human burial site nearby suggests that the region has been occupied for at least 7000 years. The people of the region are called "Inninuwug". The first Europeans gave various names to people of the region including "Kiristinon" or "Kritinou" which was eventually shortened to "Cree". This reservation is located at the major head-water lake of the Fawn River and subsequently the Severn River to Hudson Bay. Consequently, it has been a traditional gathering place for centuries. The first recorded European trader was James Swain who, in 1807, was charged with establishing a trading post at "Trout Lake" for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC).
Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug First Nation | History
The Department of Indian Affairs was created to govern the reserves, supported by the police. By 1879, the last of the Canadian buffalo herds had been eliminated by hunting, and the Indians became dependent on supplies issued by the police to avoid starvation.
North-West Mounted Police | Relations with First Nations
Mackenzie and his group of nine voyageurs were on the outlook for fur trading possibilities as well as a route to the Pacific. During the winter of 1792-93, the group had camped at Fort Fork, just upriver from the confluence of the Peace and Smoky. Here, they encountered members of the Beaver First Nation and learned much about their culture and some about that of their rivals, the Cree. The Beaver (Dunne-za) were an Athapaskan (Dene) people who had entered the region from the north over a century earlier. In recent times, they had encountered hostility from bands of Cree coming in from the southeast who were themselves in search of hunting and trading possibilities.
Dunvegan Provincial Park | The First Nations
Long before contemporary uncontacted peoples, there were many more cases of communities and states being isolated from each other, sometimes only having poor knowledge of each other and poor contact. One such case is the poor formal contact between Europe and China in the course of the long history of the Silk Road trade and later contact with the Mongol Empire. Frustration with the lack of contact gave rise to the characterization of China as isolationist, and after being identified with Greater India and the Prester John European powers, like the Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator, attempted to reach the isolated Greater India westward.
First contact (anthropology) | History
The Association meets its mandate with a national network of 20,000 members and supporters, 20 volunteer branches spread from coast to coast and north into the Territories, and education programmes that are inspiring and mobilizing Canadians in support of the principles and critical work of the UN.
United Nations Association in Canada | Introduction
MCN is a Cree-speaking community in Northern Manitoba, Canada. The people of Misipawistik are largely ancestral descendants of indigenous Cree peoples who have populated the Canadian Shield region of northern and central Canada for 10,000 to 35,000 years. Cree peoples had been migrating to the area during the summer seasons for thousands of years prior to establishing a year-round settlement with the advent of the North American fur trade. Cree and Mixed families would continue to follow their seasonal cycles well into the latter half of the 20th century. Many famous Canadian figures would pass through Misipawistik on the way through to Western Canada as transportation at the time relied heavily on waterways prior to the late 1800s.
Misipawistik Cree Nation | History
The unpreparedness or perhaps unwillingness of the Canadian government to deal with the problems of indigenous peoples continued long after the signing of Treaty 6 but it was Sweet Grass’ firm belief that this was the best way to ensure that indigenous culture survived.
Sweet Grass (Cree chief) | Treaty 6
As with salmon, many of these foods were preserved by way of drying and smoking. The earliest contact Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ had with Europeans was in the 1770s, as fur traders entered the region. The changing political and economic dynamics in the region dramatically shifted the composition of Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ, with the nation becoming more consolidated through the amalgamation of the various independent villages that comprised the nation. In the mid to late 1800s, Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ territory expanded through warfare in north eastern Barkley Sound, bringing the Nahmint and Effingham river valleys under its jurisdiction (where much of these territories remain today). The Nahmint River in particular became valuable as Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ's major salmon source.
Ucluelet First Nation | History
The result was a complete about-face by the federal government on the policies of the White Paper and the establishment of joint meetings between First Nations and the federal cabinet in the early 1970.
Harold Cardinal | The "White Paper" and "The Unjust Society"
Colonel Jean Berthiaume of the Royal 22e Regiment led the UN effort as the mission's first Chief of staff. Berthiaume was congratulated for his impressive organizational skills, but also for his bravery and for his "initiative, linguistic ability, and special aptitude for negotiating. He became the first Canadian since the Korean War to become an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. It was during this time that the first formal request for troops in the support of the UN mission was given to Canada, the request included Canadian signals and logistics personnel be sent to the Congo. From Canada the UN needed specifically signals personnel as well as quartermaster and maintenance personnel.
United Nations Operation in the Congo | Canadian Army involvement
Hydro One states that it "is committed to continuing efforts to develop and maintain respectful and positive relationships with First Nations and Métis communities across the province." as did its antecedent companies. The company adds that it "understands the value and importance of building relationships with communities on a foundation of mutual trust, confidence and accountability. The First Nations and Métis Relations team has staff committed to each region of Ontario. According to Hydro One, it "owns and operates transmission assets located on 24 First Nations reserves in Ontario and provides electricity distribution services to nearly 100 First Nations communities across the province." It also operates and maintains the generation and distribution assets used to supply electricity to 21 communities across northern Ontario that are not connected to the province’s electricity grid, 15 of which are First Nations.
Hydro One | First Nations and Métis relations
As the treaty process never included women in the discussion it ignored an important cultural pressure. Many of the Cree who participated in the treaty were unable to understand legal English. While there was a Cree verbal translation, the Treaty was made in English. The next biggest problem comes from a lack of follow through on verbal agreements. To the Canadian delegation, the only legally binding contracts were what was written into the treaty. In Cree culture, verbal agreements hold the same amount weight as any other agreements. Those who signed Treaty Six argue that understanding the treaty can only be understood when put into a context of the discussions that occurred during the treaty-making process.
Sweet Grass (Cree chief) | Debate of the Treaty
First Nations and Europeans engaged in a complex set of relationships that took place in a cultural, social, and political "middle ground" of the Great Lakes of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries with the expansion of colonialism. The fur trade proper is merely a selected moment of time from a fuller spectrum of exchange that was embedded in particular social relations. The fur trade was based on a complex set of relationships between two very different groups who held jagged worldviews. Various women belonging to the tribes of Ojibway, the Cree, and Chipewayan who were part of forming this relationship created a unique situation for Indigenous women.
Red River Colony | Broken relationships: the origin of Metis women as a tool of colonial expansion
It is part of the Cree language group, and is unrelated to neighboring Inuit languages.
Innu | Introduction
However, Cree-speaking bands tended to work together and with their neighbours against outside enemies. Those Cree who moved onto the Great Plains and adopted bison hunting, called the Plains Cree, were allied with the Assiniboine, the Metis Nation, and the Saulteaux in what was known as the "Iron Confederacy", which was a major force in the North American fur trade from the 1730s to the 1870s. The Cree and the Assiniboine were important intermediaries in the Indian trading networks on the northern plains. When a band went to war, they would nominate a temporary military commander, called a "okimahkan". loosely translated as "war chief".
Cree | Historical
In the initial set-up of the UN, McGill University law professor John Peters Humphrey established the Division for Human Rights in the UN Secretariat, and remained in charge of the division for twenty years. The initial work of the Division for Human Rights was the creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of which Humphrey created the first draft and remained a champion of until its adoption by approval of the UN General Assembly in 1948. In 1947, Canada played an important role in the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP). Canada was one of the 33 countries that voted in favour of the 1947 UN partition resolution, which led to the establishment of the State of Israel despite heavy pressure from the United Kingdom on the Commonwealth of Nations Secretary of State for External Affairs Lester B.
Canada and the United Nations | History
, the band is in negotiations with the Canadian Crown regarding land claim settlements over the use of reserve land by the Department of Defence as a bombing range during the Second World War.
Enoch Cree Nation | Environment
In UNT the common coordinating conjunctions are “ʔe” (and) and “ʔo” (or) and are suspected to have been borrowed from the Spanish “y” and “o” and are used in much the same way as their Spanish and English counterparts, as seen here:"tsamá: puská:t laʔatʃu:yá:ɬ tsí:sa naka:takúʃtu ʔe: xikwánli the woman had a vision in the wee hours in the bush and was afraid antsá iʃtawi:laná:ɬ tsamá: tʃa:tú: tsamá ʔawátʃa ʔe tsumaxát
Totonac languages | Coordination
During the Soviet occupation, the United Nations was highly critical of the U.S.S.R.'s interference in the internal affairs of Afghanistan and was instrumental in obtaining a negotiated Soviet withdrawal under the terms of the Geneva Accords. In the aftermath of the Accords and subsequent Soviet withdrawal, the United Nations has assisted in the repatriation of refugees and has provided humanitarian aid such as health care, educational programs, and food and has supported mine-clearing operations. The UNDP and associated agencies have undertaken a limited number of development projects. However, the UN reduced its role in Afghanistan in 1992 in the wake of fierce factional strife in and around Kabul.
Foreign relations of Afghanistan | United Nations
In 1876, the "Amiskwacīwiyiniwak", who were a loose confederation of Cree and Assiniboine band societies (part of the wider Iron Confederation), entered into a treaty relationship with Canada through Treaty 6. Chief Onchaminahos ("Little Hunter"), representing the Saddle Lake Band of Cree, and Chief "Pakân" ("Nut"), representing Whitefish Lake Band of Cree together represented the people of the Saddle Lake Cree Nation at the negotiations and signing at Fort Pitt (now in Saskatchewan). Chief Pakan, along with Big Bear argued for one large reserve of for all the Plains and Woods Cree in the West, so they could hunt and farm together.
Saddle Lake Cree Nation | History
In 2010, Canada signed the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. In 2011 and again in 2012 the United Nations criticized the federal government over Attawapiskat. In 2012 in "Daniels v. Canada" the Federal Court of Canada ruled that 200,000 off-reserve First Nations people and 400,000 Métis were also "Indians" under s. 91(24) of the "Constitution Act, 1867". These however had no formal representation at the Assembly of First Nations, which had hitherto been assumed by the federal government to speak authoritatively on all matters involving "Indians". In 2012 the Idle No More movement and subsequent hunger strike by Attawapiskat First Nation Chief Theresa Spence brought the assertion that the treaties provide for direct Crown recourse back to public attention.
Numbered Treaties | Legacy
The reserve is connected to areas beyond by local roads connecting with Highway 671. This highway provides connection to Kenora, to the south. The closest airport is Kenora Airport and provides connections to other large communities including Thunder Bay and Winnipeg. The reserve has one school, Sakatcheway Anishinabe School, the serves students from junior kindergarten to grade 12. From 1876 to 1969 McIntosh Indian Residential School was the closest school in McIntosh, Ontario.
Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation | Local services and transportation
Scouting and Guiding maintain close relations with the United Nations today, as with the work of World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, World Organization of the Scout Movement and International Scout and Guide Fellowship with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts and the World Organization of the Scout Movement have formal consultative relations with UNESCO. The International Scout and Guide Fellowship has also official relations with UNESCO.
Boy Scouts of the United Nations | Today
The first United Nations Conference on Indians in the Americas was held in Geneva in 1977. It was organised by Jimmie Durham, head of the International Indian Treaty Council, with Mapuche leaders exiled from Chile under Pinochet and supported by the American activist Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz. The lobbyists went on to set up a formal working group, but the United Nations widened its scope from the Americas to indigenous peoples of the world. The conference was therefore seen as the first UN conference on Indigenous Peoples.
Conference on Indians in the Americas | Introduction
The impact of the signing of the treaty had a significant effect on Cree life for both those who signed the treaty and those who did not. Those who did began to move onto the reserve land and being affected by the agreements made in the treaty. Not all Plains Cree would sign the treaty at first, and many would become disillusioned after signing. Big Bear resisted signing of the treaty, hoping that he could hold out for a better deal with the Canadian government. The Canadian government could hold out for longer than any of the Cree groups who were slowly dying from starvation and disease.
Sweet Grass (Cree chief) | Short-term Effects
University officials responded by accusing the federal and provincial governments of being uncooperative and unnecessarily negative in their attempts to address alleged governance problems. On February 3, 2010, the provincial government of Saskatchewan officially suspended funding the FNUniv effective April 1, 2010. The next day, the FNUniv's board of governors was dissolved.
First Nations University of Canada | Financial support