The peoples of Chad carry significant ancestry from Eastern, Central, Western, and Northern Africa. Chad has more than 200 distinct ethnic groups, which create diverse social structures. The colonial administration and independent governments have attempted to impose a national society, but for most Chadians the local or regional society remains the most important influence outside the immediate family. Nevertheless, Chad's people may be classified according to the geographical region in which they live. In the south live sedentary people such as the Sara, the nation's main ethnic group, whose essential social unit is the lineage. In the Sahel sedentary peoples live side by side with nomadic ones, such as the Arabs, the country's second major ethnic group.
Ethnic groups
Chad
Chad | Ethnic groups
Sara, Arabs, Toubous Sara, Arabs and Toubous There are over 200 ethnic groups including the Sara, the Arabs and the Toubous. There are over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups - Sara and Toubous.
where is chad located?
user
North-central Africa.
assistant
what kind of weather does it have?
user
Tropical
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which ethnic groups are based there?
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The north is inhabited by nomads, mostly Toubous.
Chad | Ethnic groups
The peoples of Chad carry significant ancestry from Eastern, Central, Western, and Northern Africa. Chad has more than 200 distinct ethnic groups, which create diverse social structures. The colonial administration and independent governments have attempted to impose a national society, but for most Chadians the local or regional society remains the most important influence outside the immediate family. Nevertheless, Chad's people may be classified according to the geographical region in which they live. In the south live sedentary people such as the Sara, the nation's main ethnic group, whose essential social unit is the lineage. In the Sahel sedentary peoples live side by side with nomadic ones, such as the Arabs, the country's second major ethnic group.
Chad | Ethnic groups
The peoples of Chad carry significant ancestry from Eastern, Central, Western, and Northern Africa. About 5,000 French citizens live in Chad.
Demographics of Chad | Ethnic groups
Ethno-linguistically, the groups may be divided into:
Ethnic groups in Chad | Language and ethnic groups
The population of Chad has numerous ethnic groups. SIL Ethnologue reports more than 130 distinct languages spoken in Chad.
Ethnic groups in Chad | Introduction
Among the non-Muslim indigenous peoples, the most important (and the largest single group in Chad) are the Sara, about 30 percent of the population. They live in the valleys of the Chari and Logone rivers and are farmers of considerable skill. Others include the Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, and Massa.
Ethnic groups in Chad | Non-Muslim groups
The CIA Factbook estimates the largest ethnic groups as of the 2014-2015 census as: Other little-known ethnic groups believed to be living in Chad include the Kujarke people.
Ethnic groups in Chad | History and demographics
The city has a Tropical savanna climate .
Goré, Chad | Climate
This is a list of ethnic groups in Chad. (Indented entries in the list are subdivisions of the main entry above them.)
List of ethnic groups in Chad | Introduction
The 14 million Chad people belong to some 200 ethnicities, who speak numerous languages. The peoples of Chad carry significant ancestry from Eastern, Central, Western, and Northern Africa. The population can be broadly divided between those in the east, north and west who follow Islam, and the peoples of the south, the five southernmost prefectures, who are mostly Christian or animist. The southern part of the country was historically the cross roads of the caravan routes below the Sahara, forming a link between West Africa and the Arabic region, as well as one between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. The slave trade between sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East passed through the slave markets of Chad and Western Sudan, slave-trading was a key component of Chad's historic economy, and this brought people of various ethnicities into Chad.
Ethnic groups in Chad | History and demographics
At the height of the rainy season, the front may reach as far as Kanem Prefecture. By the middle of the dry season, the intertropical convergence zone moves south of Chad, taking the rain with it. This weather system contributes to the formation of three major regions of climate and vegetation.
Geography of Chad | Climate
There were 590,580 sedentary staff, constituting 5.50 of the population. The main ethnolinguistic groups are Chadian Arabs (generally speaking Chadian Arabic), Bagirmi, Fula, Gadang, Kanuri, Kwang, Lagwan, Majera, Mbara, Mser, Ndam and Sarua.
Chari-Baguirmi (region) | Demographics
The main ethnolinguistic groups are the Dazaga Toubou and the Kanembu.
Bahr el Gazel (region of Chad) | Demographics
Each year a tropical weather system known as the intertropical front crosses Chad from south to north, bringing a wet season that lasts from May to October in the south, and from June to September in the Sahel. Variations in local rainfall create three major geographical zones. The Sahara lies in the country's northern third. Yearly precipitations throughout this belt are under ; only occasional spontaneous palm groves survive, all of them south of the Tropic of Cancer. The Sahara gives way to a Sahelian belt in Chad's centre; precipitation there varies from per year. In the Sahel, a steppe of thorny bushes (mostly acacias) gradually gives way to the south to East Sudanian savanna in Chad's Sudanese zone.
Chad | Climate
The Lake Chad Basin embraces a great range of tropical climates from north to south, although most of these climates tend to be dry. Apart from the far north, most regions are characterized by a cycle of alternating rainy and dry seasons. In any given year, the duration of each season is determined largely by the positions of two great air masses—a maritime mass over the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest and a much drier continental mass. During the rainy season, winds from the southwest push the moister maritime system north over the African continent where it meets and slips under the continental mass along a front called the "intertropical convergence zone".
Geography of Chad | Climate
As per the 2009 Chadian census, the region's population was 588,008 inhabitants. The main ethnolinguistic groups are Arab groups such as the Baggara, generally speaking Chadian Arabic, Bagirmi, Boor, Bua, Gula groups such as the Gula Iro and Zan Gula, Kaba groups (speaking language such as Kaba Deme, Kaba Náà and Kulfa), Laal, Lutos, Ndam, Niellim, Sara, Tumak and Tunia.
Moyen-Chari (region) | Demographics
The main ethnolinguistic groups are broadly split into Arabs groups such as the Baggara, generally speaking Chadian Arabic (21.11%), and a diverse group of peoples collectively termed the Hadjarai (66.18%). Hadjarai is an Arabic term and comprises numerous separate groups within Guéra. These Hadjerai ethnic groups speak a variety of East Chadic B languages, Bagirmi languages, and Bua languages, including: Other groups in the region include:
Guéra (region) | Ethnic groups
The humid "sudanian" zone includes the Sahel, the southern prefectures of Mayo-Kebbi, Tandjilé, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Moyen-Chari, and southern Salamat. Between April and October, the rainy season brings between of precipitation. Temperatures are high throughout the year. Daytime readings in Moundou, the major city in the southwest, range from in the middle of the cool season in January to about in the hot months of March, April, and May. The sudanian region is predominantly East Sudanian savanna, or plains covered with a mixture of tropical or subtropical grasses and woodlands. The growth is lush during the rainy season but turns brown and dormant during the five-month dry season between November and March.
Geography of Chad | Sudanian region
Islamization began as early as the 8th century and was mostly complete by the 11th, when Islam became the official religion of the Kanem-Bornu Empire. The Arab invaders established an economy of slave trade across the Sudan region, and in Chad there was a tradition of slave raids (ghazw) under the Ouaddai and Baguirmi which persisted well into the 20th century. The Arabs of Chad form a relatively homogeneous group, localized in the regions of Chari Baguirmi and Ouaddai, but mostly seminomadic. Other Muslim groups include the Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe/Fulani, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba. Some indigenous groups, such as the Salamat and the Taundjor, were largely Arabized by intermarriage over the years.
Ethnic groups in Chad | Muslim groups
As per the 2009 Chadian census, the region had 564,470 inhabitants. The main ethnolinguistic groups are the Fula, Gidar, Mangbai, Mundang, Ngeté-Herdé peoples, Peve, Sara groups such as the Ngambay, and Tupuri.
Mayo-Kebbi Ouest Region | Demographics
As per the 2009 Chadian census the total population was 661,906. The region had 458,240 inhabitants in 1993, of whom 442,876 sedentary (rural, 385,537; urban, 57,339) and 15,364 nomad. The main ethnolinguistic groups are the Besme, Gabri, Goundo, Kabalai, Kim, Kimré, Kwang, Lele, Mango, Marba, Mesme, Mire, Nangtchéré, Ndam, the Sara Ngambay, Somrai, Tobanga and Tumak.
Tandjilé (region) | Demography
The 2009 Chadian census reported a population for the region of 779,339. In 1993 the population was 440,342. The main ethnolinguistic groups are Doba peoples (speaking the closely related Bedjond, Mango and Gor languages), Karang, Kuo, Nzakambay, Pana and Sara groups (speaking language/dialects such as Kabba, Laka and Ngambay).
Logone Oriental (region) | Demography
The majority of Arabised and indigenous tribes like the Fur, Zaghawa, Borgo, Masalit and some Baggara ethnic groups, who speak Chadian Arabic, show less cultural integration because of cultural, linguistic and genealogical variations with other Arab and Arabised tribes.
Sudan | Ethnic groups
The people of Chad speak more than 100 different languages and divide themselves into many ethnic groups. However, language and ethnicity are not the same. Moreover, neither element can be tied to a particular physical type. Although the possession of a common language shows that its speakers have lived together and have a common history, peoples also change languages. This is particularly so in Chad, where the openness of the terrain, marginal rainfall, frequent drought and famine, and low population densities have encouraged physical and linguistic mobility. Slave raids among non-Muslim peoples, internal slave trade, and exports of captives northward from the ninth to the twentieth centuries also have resulted in language changes.
Demographics of Chad | Introduction
The semiarid sahelian zone, or Sahel, forms a belt about wide that runs from Lac and Chari-Baguirmi prefectures eastward through Guéra, Ouaddaï, and northern Salamat prefectures to the Sudanese frontier. The climate in this transition zone between the desert and the southern sudanian zone is divided into a rainy season (from June to September) and a dry period (from October to May). In the northern Sahel, thorny shrubs and acacia trees grow wild, while date palms, cereals, and garden crops are raised in scattered oases. Outside these settlements, nomads tend their flocks during the rainy season, moving southward as forage and surface water disappear with the onset of the dry part of the year.
Geography of Chad | Sahelian region
The climate is tropical and dry, with 320 mm of annual rainfall on the lake. Rainfall is concentrated during the June through October rainy season. March to June is hot and dry, and the November through February winter months are dry and cooler. Evaporation exceeds precipitation during most months.
Lake Chad flooded savanna | Climate
The Dazaga and Tedaga Toubou are the dominant ethnic group in the region.
Borkou (region of Chad) | Demographics
The Saharan region covers roughly the northern half of the country, including Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture along with the northern parts of Kanem, Batha, and Biltine prefectures. Much of this area receives only traces of rain during the entire year; at Faya Largeau, for example, annual rainfall averages less than . Scattered small oases and occasional wells provide water for a few date palms or small plots of millet and garden crops. In much of the north, the average daily maximum temperature is about during January, the coolest month of the year, and about during May, the hottest month. On occasion, strong winds from the northeast produce violent sandstorms.
Geography of Chad | Saharan region
The main ethnolinguistic groups are Arab groups (generally speaking Chadian Arabic), Buduma, Dazaga Tubou, Kanuri, Malgbe and Mpade.
Hadjer-Lamis (region) | Demographics
Chad has four bioclimatic zones. The northernmost Saharan zone averages less than of rainfall annually. The sparse human population is largely nomadic, with some livestock, mostly small ruminants and camels. The central Sahelian zone receives between rainfall and has vegetation ranging from grass/shrub steppe to thorny, open savanna. The southern zone, often referred to as the Sudan zone, receives between , with woodland savanna and deciduous forests for vegetation. Rainfall in the Guinea zone, located in Chad's southwestern tip, ranges between . The country's topography is generally flat, with the elevation gradually rising as one moves north and east away from Lake Chad.
Geography of Chad | Introduction
Anthropologists view ethnicity as being more than genetics. Like language, ethnicity implies a shared heritage, partly economic, where people of the same ethnic group may share a livelihood, and partly social, taking the form of shared ways of doing things and organizing relations among individuals and groups. Ethnicity also involves a cultural component made up of shared values and a common worldview. Like language, ethnicity is not immutable. Shared ways of doing things change over time and alter a group's perception of its own identity.
Demographics of Chad | Introduction
The Sara (Kameeni) are the largest ethnic group in the Republic of Chad, they're concentrated in the Moyen-Chari, the Logone Oriental, the Logone Occidental, and parts of the Tandjile regions. After their arrival, they continued to be the target of violent raids by northern Fulani and Arab people. The local Muslim groups of what is now Chad, referred to the Sara as ""Kirdi"", with the term "Kirdi" denoting a non-Muslim person. The Muslim raiders of what is now Chad were autonomously called ""Bagirmi"", and this geo-political conflict between the "Kirdi" and the "Bagirmi" continued through the nineteenth century. The French colonial empire entered the ongoing hostilities in the early twentieth century, and the Sara people became a part of the French Equatorial Africa, more specifically as part of the ""le Tchad utile"".
Sara people | In Chad
As per the 2009 Chadian census, the region has a population of 721,166. The main ethnolinguistic groups are the Assangori, Baggara (generally speakers of Chadian Arabic), Dar Sila Daju, Kajakse, Karanga, Kendeje, Maba (including the Marfa sub-group), Mararit, Masalit and Surbakhal.
Ouaddaï Region | Demography
The capital N'Djamena is the largest city. Chad's official languages are Arabic and French. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Islam (51.8%) and Christianity (44.1%) are the main religions practiced in Chad. Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium AD, a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region.
Chad | Introduction
The Hadjarai are a group of peoples comprising 6.7% of the population of Chad, or more than 150,000 people. The name is an Arabic exonym, literally meaning "[those] of the stones" (i.e. of the mountains). It is used collectively to describe several distinct ethnic groups living in the hilly Guéra Region.
Hadjarai peoples | Introduction
As per the Chadian census of 2009, the population of the region was 527,031, 51.9% female. The average size of household as of 2009 is 5.1 in rural households and 5.4 in urban areas. The number of households was 103,261: 89,991 in rural areas and 13,270 in urban areas. The number of nomads in the region was 37,419, 9.6% of the population. There were 526,008 people residing in private households. There were 221,810 people above 18 years of age: 98,651 male and 123,159 female. The sex ratio was 0.93 (93 females per 100 males). The main ethnolinguistic groups are Arab groups such as the Baggara, who predominantly speak Chadian Arabic (33.62%), Dar Daju Daju (percentage not known), Lisi groups such as the Bilala (18.11%) and Naba-Kuka (15.71%), the Masalit (5.73%) and the Masmaje (5.61%).
Batha (region) | Demographics
Abéché is the hottest major city in Chad. It gets 336 days a year above . Its rainy season is in mid-year, from June to September. The hottest months are from March to June. Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot semi-arid climate (BSh). It is one of the hottest cities on earth with average year-round daily high of over 36 degrees Celsius, and an average daily mean of around 29 degrees Celsius.
Abéché | Climate
The country has an area of and a population of 9,885,700. More than half of the population is Muslim, approximately one-third is Christian, and the remainder practice traditional indigenous religious beliefs or no religion at all. Most northerners practice Islam, and many southerners practice Christianity or traditional indigenous religious beliefs; however, population patterns are becoming more complex, especially in urban areas, and anecdotal evidence indicates that Muslim conversion is on the rise in areas that were previously Christian or animist. Many citizens, despite having stated religious affiliations, do not practice their religion regularly. The vast majority of Muslims are adherents of a moderate branch of mystical Islam known locally as Tijaniyah, which incorporates some local African religious elements.
Freedom of religion in Chad | Religious demography
Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second largest in Africa. Chad's highest peak is the Emi Koussi in the Sahara, and N'Djamena, the capital, is the largest city. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Arabic and French are the official languages. Islam is the most widely practiced religion. While many political parties are active, power lies firmly in the hands of President Déby and his political party, the Patriotic Salvation Movement. Chad remains plagued by political violence and recurrent attempted coups d'état (see Battle of N'Djamena (2006) and Battle of N'Djamena (2008)).
Outline of Chad | Introduction
Chadra is classified by Köppen-Geiger climate classification system as hot desert (BWh). In Chadra, the average annual temperature is . Rainfall averages .
Chadra, Chad | Climate
This seasonal migration entails the displacement of people between southeastern Chad and Darfur (Sudan), being the dry season when people are more mobile, roads are open and regional markets are integrated. Chadians move to southeastern areas into Sudan looking for food, water and income until the rainy seasons, when they return to their villages and sow their crops.
Sudanese refugees in Chad | Displacement between Chad and Sudan
Chad's animal and plant life correspond to the three climatic zones. In the Saharan region, the only flora is the date-palm groves of the oasis. Palms and acacia trees grow in the Sahelian region. The southern, or Sudanic, zone consists of broad grasslands or prairies suitable for grazing. As of 2002, there were at least 134 species of mammals, 509 species of birds (354 species of residents and 155 migrants), and over 1,600 species of plants throughout the country. Elephants, lions, buffalo, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, giraffes, antelopes, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas, and many species of snakes are found here, although most large carnivore populations have been drastically reduced since the early 20th century.
Chad | Wildlife
As per the census of 2009, the population of the region was 260,865, 46.3% female. The average size of household as of 2009 is 5.90: 5.90 in rural households and 5.80 in urban areas. The total number of households was 43,478: 38,160 in rural areas and 5,318 in urban areas. The number of nomads in the region was 126,855, 32.7% of the population. There were 257,804 people residing in private households. There were 111,278 above 18 years of age: 56,407 male and 54,871 female. The sex ratio was 116.00 females for every 100 males. There were 134,010 sedentary staff, 1.20 of the total population.
Bahr el Gazel (region of Chad) | Demographics
This group of over four million people live in cities and large towns along the banks of the Nile River, especially in the ancient town of Shendi which has historically served as their tribal capital. The area is very hot and dry, with an average yearly rainfall of about three inches. In the summer, which lasts from April through November, daytime temperatures can reach as high as
Ja'alin tribe | Location
Chad is a religiously diverse country. Estimates from Pew Research Center in 2010 found that 57.7% of the population was Muslim, while 21.5% was Catholic and a further 16.6% was Protestant. Among Muslims, 48% professed to be Sunni, 21% Shia, 4% Ahmadi and 23% just Muslim. A small proportion of the population continues to practice indigenous religions. Animism includes a variety of ancestor and place-oriented religions whose expression is highly specific. Islam is expressed in diverse ways; for example, 55% of Muslim Chadians belong to Sufi orders. Christianity arrived in Chad with the French and American missionaries; as with Chadian Islam, it syncretises aspects of pre-Christian religious beliefs.
Chad | Religion
The separation of religion from social structure in Chad represents a false dichotomy, for they are perceived as two sides of the same coin. Three religious traditions coexist in Chad- classical African religions, Islam, and Christianity. None is monolithic. The first tradition includes a variety of ancestor and/or place-oriented religions whose expression is highly specific. Islam, although characterized by an orthodox set of beliefs and observances, also is expressed in diverse ways. Christianity arrived in Chad much more recently with the arrival of Europeans. Its followers are divided into Roman Catholics and Protestants (including several denominations); as with Chadian Islam, Chadian Christianity retains aspects of pre-Christian religious belief.
Demographics of Chad | Religions
The climate is dry most of the year, with moderate rainfall from June through September.
Lake Chad | Geography and hydrology
Chad has a general elevation of in Lake Chad Depression towards Guera massif located at an elevation of and eastwards towards mountainous Saharan region of . The only rivers in the country of importance are Chari and Logone, flowing into Lake Chad. The region receives an annual rainfall of to and has Savannah woodland region. There are open grasslands and it is predominantly covered with pastures. There is limited amount of groundnut and local grains. During the drought of 1970s and 1980s, the region was heavily affected and the number of cattle herds has reduced. The northernmost zone of the region has sparse rainfall and desert vegetation.
Ennedi (region) | Geography
The region had a population of 25,483 at the time of the 2009 Chadian census. The main ethnolinguistic group is the Tedaga Toubou.
Tibesti Region | Demographics
Yearly rainfall in this belt is over .
Chad | Climate
The number of followers of each tradition in Chad is unknown. Estimates made in 1962 suggested that 35 percent of Chadians practiced classical African religions, 55 percent were Muslims, and 10 percent were Christians. In the 1970s and 1980s, this distribution undoubtedly changed. Observers report that Islam has spread among the Hajerai and among other non-Muslim populations of the Saharan and sahelian zones. However, the proportion of Muslims may have fallen because the birthrate among the followers of traditional religions and Christians in southern Chad is thought to be higher than that among Muslims. In addition, the upheavals since the mid-1970s have resulted in the departure of some missionaries; whether or not Chadian Christians have been numerous enough and organized enough to have attracted more converts since that time is unknown.
Demographics of Chad | Religions
In northern Biltine Prefecture, a region called the Mortcha plays a major role in animal husbandry. Dry for nine months of the year, it receives or more of rain, mostly during July and August. A carpet of green springs from the desert during this brief wet season, attracting herders from throughout the region who come to pasture their cattle and camels. Because very few wells and springs have water throughout the year, the herders leave with the end of the rains, turning over the land to the antelopes, gazelles, and ostriches that can survive with little groundwater. Northern Chad averages over 3500 hours of sunlight per year, the south somewhat less.
Geography of Chad | Saharan region
The Far North is hot and dry. Beginning at 10° N, the climate is tropical and Sahelian, and rainfall is a relatively small per year, with rains falling a bit more frequently in the Mandara region. South of 10°, the region west of the Mayo Kébi and south to the border with Chad, in the Cameroonian beak. Here, climate is tropical of the Sudan type, with higher rainfalls of per year. Temperatures average , except for the Chad Basin, where they climb to . Actual temperatures of course fluctuate with the seasons, however. At Kousséri, for example, there is an difference between January () and August ().
Far North Region, Cameroon | Climate
In the central Sahara, Mandinka or Mande groups are most significant. Chadic-speaking groups, including the Hausa, are found in more northerly parts of the region nearest to the Sahara, and Nilo-Saharan communities, such as the Songhai, Kanuri and Zarma, are found in the eastern parts of West Africa bordering Central Africa.
Africa | Demographics
The township enjoys a plateau monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of , total annual rainfall of , a frost-free period of 220 days.
Buga Hui Ethnic Township | Climate
The dominant physical structure is a wide basin bounded to the north and east by the Ennedi Plateau and Tibesti Mountains, which include Emi Koussi, a dormant volcano that reaches above sea level. Lake Chad, after which the country is named (and which in turn takes its name from the Kanuri word for "lake"), is the remains of an immense lake that occupied of the Chad Basin 7,000 years ago. Although in the 21st century it covers only , and its surface area is subject to heavy seasonal fluctuations, the lake is Africa's second largest wetland. The region's tall grasses and extensive marshes make it favourable for birds, reptiles, and large mammals.
Chad | Geography, climate and environment
As of 2011, there are The northern part of the country which has the Sahara desert and which borders Libya and the volcanic massif of Tibesti () forms part of the northern zone. Vegetation is dominantly tropical in the tropical zone of the country with deserts having least vegetative growth. However, a large area of desert dunes lie between Lake Chad and the Ouaddai massif, where fringes of xerophytic scrubland is noted. The montane vegetation on the massif is rich, unlike the vegetation that is in the lowlands. Woody vegetation occurs in some deep gorges of the Ennedi massif, which rises to .
Wildlife of Chad | Vegetation
The Far North has two seasons: one dry, and one wet. These are further broken down based on average temperatures, yielding four distinct periods in the Sudan area: dry and relatively cool from November to January as the province experiences a shade of winter from climes further north, dry and hot from January to April, torrentially rainy from April to June, and cool and sporadically wet from June to November. In the Sahel zone, the wet periods are shorter, lasting only five to seven months in the south but shortening toward Lake Chad. Temperatures reach their highest levels from January to May.
Far North Region, Cameroon | Climate
As of 2011, over 30 million people lived in the Chad Basin. The population is growing rapidly. Ethnic groups include Kanuri, Maba, Buduma, Hausa, Kanembu, Kotoko, Bagger, Haddad, Kuri, Fulani and Manga. The largest cities are Kano and Maiduguri in Nigeria, Maroua in Cameroon, N'Djamena in Chad and Diffa in Niger.
Chad Basin | Population
Muslims make up a clear majority of Chadians, with surveys and estimates between 51-58%; Christians, roughly evenly divided between Catholics and Protestants, constitute about 40-45% of the population. There are small populations of animists and unaffiliated individuals.
Religion in Chad | Demographics
Sudan and Chad are both guests and hosts to thousands of refugees from the other country. There are 304,650 Sudanese refugees in Chad as of April, 2016 and 8,000 Chadian refugees in Sudan, the majority of which sought refuge escaping from violence and conflicts. Droughts, famines and political and armed conflicts have pushed Chadians and Sudanese alike in and out of their territories. For instance, Chadians have sought refuge in Sudan during the 1913-4 famine, the 1973 drought, and between 1979 and 1982 Sudan hosted 16,000 supporters of the Chadian leader Hissene Habre. Sudan and Chad have also shared seasonal migratory patterns, in particular the area inhabited by the Masalit people, an ethnic group that shares a common language and that was separated when the contemporary borders of the states of Sudan and Chad were drawn.
Sudanese refugees in Chad | Displacement between Chad and Sudan
Nilo-Saharan populations formed their own cluster. Chadic populations clustered with the Nilo-Saharan groups, suggesting that most present-day Chadic speakers originally spoke languages from the Nilo-Saharan family and later adopted Afro-Asiatic languages. Nilotic populations from the African Great Lakes largely belonged to this Nilo-Saharan cluster too, but also had some Afro-Asiatic influence due to assimilation of Cushitic groups over the last 3,000 years. Khoisan populations formed their own cluster, which grouped closest with the Pygmy cluster. The Cape Coloured showed assignments from the Khoisan, European and other clusters due to the population's mixed heritage. The Hadza and Sandawe populations formed their own cluster.
Human genetic clustering | Clusters in Tishkoff et al. 2009
According to the total population was in , compared to only 2 429 000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 45.4%, 51.7% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.9% was 65 years or the country is projected to have a population of 34 millions peoples in 2050 and 61 millions peoples in 2100
Demographics of Chad | Population
Chad enumerated people by ethnicity in 1993 and 2009.
Race and ethnicity in censuses | Chad
The central Sahel is characterized by drought-resistant grasses and small woods. Rainfall is more abundant there than in the Saharan region. For example, N'Djamena records a maximum annual average rainfall of , while Ouaddaï Prefecture receives just a bit less. During the hot season, in April and May, maximum temperatures frequently rise above . In the southern part of the Sahel, rainfall is sufficient to permit crop production on unirrigated land, and millet and sorghum are grown. Agriculture is also common in the marshlands east of Lake Chad and near swamps or wells. Many farmers in the region combine subsistence agriculture with the raising of cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry.
Geography of Chad | Sahelian region
Chad is one of the 48 landlocked countries in the world and is located in North Central Africa, measuring , nearly twice the size of France and slightly more than three times the size of California. Most of its ethnically and linguistically diverse population lives in the south, with densities ranging from 54 persons per square kilometer in the Logone River basin to 0.1 persons in the northern B.E.T. (Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti) desert region, which itself is larger than France. The capital city of N'Djaména, situated at the confluence of the Chari and Logone Rivers, is cosmopolitan in nature, with a current population in excess of 700,000 people.
Geography of Chad | Introduction
As per the 2009 Chadian census, the population of Salamat is 302,301. The main ethnolinguistic groups are Arab groups such as the Baggara (generally speakers of Chadian Arabic), Birgit, Gula groups such as the Gula Iro and Bon Gula, Jonkor Bourmataguil, Kibet, Runga and Toram.
Salamat (region) | Demographics
The ethnicity of the Iriban people is referred to as "Zaghawa". The ethnic group lives on the two sides of the border in Chad and Sudan, with the local language being Zaghawa, an afro-native language not related to the formal languages of the area, Arabic and French. Zaghawas have their traditional leadership, under the Sultan of Zaghawa.
Iriba | Introduction
As per the census of 2009, the population of the region was 97,251, 46.6% female. The average size of household as of 2009 is 6.00: 6.00 in rural households and 5.80 in urban areas. The total number of households was 16,191: 10,584 in rural areas and 5,607 in urban areas. The number of nomads in the region was 8,221, 2.1% of the population. There were 96,459 people residing in private households. There were 47,285 above 18 years of ages: 24,775 male and 22,510 female. The sex ratio was 114.00 females for every hundred males. There were 89,030 sedentary staff, 0.80 of the total population.
Borkou (region of Chad) | Demographics
Niger's climate is largely hot and dry, with most of the country in a desert region. The terrain is predominantly desert plains and sand dunes. There are also large plains in the south and hills in the north. In the extreme south, there is a tropical climate near the edges of the Niger River Basin. Lake Chad at the southeast corner of the country is shared between Niger, Nigeria, Chad, and Cameroon.
Geography of Niger | Climate
On 22 June, the temperature reached in Faya, breaking a record set in 1961 at the same location. Similar temperature rises were also reported in Niger, which began to enter a famine situation. On 26 July the heat reached near-record levels over Chad and Niger.
Geography of Chad | 2010 drought
The average temperature is , while during the night it reaches . Due to the geography, the inhabitants historically, have been nomadic. In modern times, people have migrated to urban centres during the drought in 1970 and 1980. There are a few sedentary cultivators, who are located only in the Southern regions of the country. Research has indicated that the Saharan movement has resulted in reduction of rains in the region from the 1960s, when it received close to of rainfall.
Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region | Geography
Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019. The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook.
Demographics of Chad | Other demographic statistics
Registration of vital events is in Chad not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.
Demographics of Chad | Vital statistics
The small city's population consists mainly of three ethnic groups, which can be geographically divided into three districts: the Aith Nasse occupying the southern district, the Aith Abdi occupying the northern district and finally the Aith Bouzina living in the middle district. All Bouzina natives speak a Berber dialect known as Chawi. Residents of this mountainous area experience tough living conditions such as volatile weather, relative isolation and lack of governmental support.
Bouzina | People
The Chad Basin is the largest endorheic basin in Africa, centered on Lake Chad. It has no outlet to the sea and contains large areas of semi-arid desert and savanna. The drainage basin is roughly coterminous with the sedimentary basin of the same name, but extends further to the northeast and east. The basin spans eight countries, including most of Chad and a large part of Niger. The region has an ethnically diverse population of about 30 million people as of 2011, growing rapidly. A combination of dams, increased irrigation, climate change, and reduced rainfall are causing water shortages, contributing to terrorism and the rise of Boko Haram in the region.
Chad Basin | Introduction
Over a large part of the region, however, natural vegetation has yielded to agriculture.
Geography of Chad | Sudanian region
As per the Chadian census of 2009, the total population in the region was 683,293, 51.50 per cent female. The average size of household as of 2009 was 5.20: 5.20 in rural households and 4.90 in urban areas. The number of households was 132,349: 99,255 in rural areas and 33,094 in urban areas. The number of nomads in the region was 54, 0.01 per cent of the population. There were 682,235 people residing in private households. There were 299,305 over 18 years of age: 138,679 male and 160,626 female. The sex ratio was 94.00 females for every hundred males. There were 683,239 sedentary staff, 6.30 of the population.
Logone Occidental (region) | Demographics
The average temperature is , while during the night it reaches . Due to the geography, the inhabitants historically, have been nomadic. In modern times, people have migrated to urban centres during the drought in 1970 and 1980. There are a few sedentary cultivators, who are located only in the southern regions of the country. Research has indicated that the Saharan movement has resulted in reduction of rains in the region from the 1960s, when it received close to of rainfall.
Trarza Region | Geography
The major ethnic groupings in 1996 were 99.55% Afar, and 0.34% Amhara. Of the school-age school-age children, 1.06% (1.49% male and 0.51% female) were currently attending school, which is lower than the Regional average; 2.20% of the total population over the age of 10 (3.48% male and 0.55% female) are reported to be literate.
Administrative Zone 4 (Afar) | Demographics
The township enjoys a plateau monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of , total annual rainfall of , a frost-free period of 220 days.
Shouwang Hui Ethnic Township | Climate
Ethnic composition by canton in 2016: Dangueléat Est Canton (population: 38,125; villages: 15): Dangueléat Ouest Canton (population: 26,462; villages: 8):
Bang Bang, Chad | Demographics
Chad is an ethnically diverse Central African country in Africa. Each of its regions has its own unique varieties of music and dance. The Fulani people, for example, use single-reeded flutes, while the ancient griot tradition uses five-string kinde and various kinds of horns, and the Tibesti region uses lutes and fiddles. Musical ensembles playing horns and trumpets such as the long royal trumpets known as "waza" or "kakaki" are used in coronations and other upper-class ceremonies throughout both Chad and Sudan. The national anthem of Chad is "La Tchadienne," written in 1960 by Paul Villard and Louis Gidrol with help from Gidrol's student group.
Music of Chad | Introduction
The area was traditionally inhabited by the settled Songhay, and the nomadic Tuareg, Moors, and Fulas (; ). The ethnic composition of the regions in 1950 (at that time, Kidal Region was a part of Gao Region) and in 2009 is shown in the adjacent diagrams.
Azawad | Ethnic groups
Much of the vegetation is protected by the presence of deep canyons and gueltas. Only 2% of Chadian land is currently cultivated, about 50% is grazed, and cereal grains make up the main food groups. During arid periods, this site serves as a refuge for subtropical taxa, such as palms and grasses. The most common types of soils in Chad include "Leptosols", "Regosols", and "Arenosols" in the central and northern regions, and "Fluvisols", "Plinthosols", "Planosols", "Solonchaks", and "Vertisols" in the southern region. The Desert Locust is known for its deleterious impacts on the local flora, specifically crops and pastures.
Ennedi Plateau | Flora
The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 199,352 in 39,245 households, of whom 99,829 were men and 99,523 were women; 20,554 or 10.31% of its population were urban dwellers. The largest ethnic group reported in Hulet Ej Enese was the Amhara (99.93%). The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 93.37% reporting that as their religion, while 6.55% were Muslim.
Hulet Ej Enese | Demographics
Bahir Dar has a borderline tropical savanna climate (Köppen "Aw"), very close to a subtropical highland climate ("Cwb"). Afternoon temperatures are very warm to hot year-round, and morning temperatures cool; however, the diurnal range is much larger in the largely cloudless dry season.
Bahir Dar | Climate
Due to close proximity to the equator and the warm Indian Ocean, the city experiences tropical climatic conditions, typified by hot and humid weather throughout much of the year. It has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen: Aw). Annual rainfall is approximately , and in a normal year there are two rainy seasons: "the long rains" in April and May and "the short rains" in November and December.
Dar es Salaam | Climate
At , Chad is the world's 20th-largest country. It is slightly smaller than Peru and slightly larger than South Africa. Chad is in north central Africa, lying between latitudes 7° and 24°N, and 13° and 24°E. Chad is bounded to the north by Libya, to the east by Sudan, to the west by Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, and to the south by the Central African Republic. The country's capital is from the nearest seaport, Douala, Cameroon. Because of this distance from the sea and the country's largely desert climate, Chad is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".
Chad | Geography, climate and environment
The majority of the population is of Beniwal's, a Jat clan. There are a few households inhabited by members of the Godara, Saharan, and Birda clans. Inhabitants speak Rajasthani. They are said to have come from two villages, namely Jatan and Bhojasar, located in the Bhadra District of Rajasthan. The main industry is agriculture, which depends on rudimentary irrigation.
Chadiwal | Jat gotras
The population of Mandoul is 628,065 inhabitants, as per the Chadian census of 2009. The main ethnolinguistic groups are the Day, Doba peoples (speaking the closely related Bedjond, Mango and Gor languages), Gulay, Lutos, Mbay, Ndam, Sara and Tumak.
Mandoul Region | Demography
Demographics of Chad
Outline of Chad | Demography of Chad
Chad in 2018 is 51-58% Muslim, 40-45% Christian, with small populations of animists and unaffiliated individuals. During the inauguration of the new government, two Christian ministers refused to swear the required oath of office in the name of "Allah"; one minister who refused to take any oath in the name of Allah was immediately fired by President Idriss Deby. Chad
Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era | Chad
Chad's major rivers—the Chari, Logone and their tributaries—flow through the southern savannas from the southeast into Lake Chad.
Chad | Geography, climate and environment
Roi Et has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification "Aw"). Winters are dry and very warm. Temperatures rise until April, which is hot with the average daily maximum at . The monsoon season runs from May through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm.
Roi Et | Climate
The largest ethnic group reported in Boh was the Somali 79,399 (99.9%).
Boh (woreda) | Demographics
High mountains are interspersed with hills and flatlands, and local inhabitants settle in both the high mountains and valleys. In addition to the rainy climate, which influences the way they build their houses as well as their special agricultural practices, there are also numerous cultural characteristics that contribute to an emphasised sense of identity and make the Jbala people clearly distinguishable from their neighbours from the eastern part of the Rif Mountains ("Riafa" or "Rwafa") where the climate is more arid, and from the former shepherds from the Atlantic coast ("‘Arab"). There are only a few cities in the country of the Jbala, and its population remains mostly rural.
Jebala people | Introduction
The ethnic township is in the subtropical plateau monsoon climate zone, with an average annual temperature of , total annual rainfall of , and a frost-free period of 260 days.
Pingdi Yi Ethnic Township | Geography
Other instruments and their combinations are more linked to specific ethnic groups: the Sara prefer whistles, balafones, harps and "kodjo" drums; and the Kanembu combine the sounds of drums with those of flute-like instruments. Millet is the staple food of Chadian cuisine. It is used to make balls of paste that are dipped in sauces. In the north this dish is known as "alysh"; in the south, as "biya". Fish is popular, which is generally prepared and sold either as "salanga" (sun-dried and lightly smoked "Alestes" and "Hydrocynus") or as "banda" (smoked large fish). "Carcaje" is a popular sweet red tea extracted from hibiscus leaves.
Chad | Culture
The saharan zone encompasses roughly the northern half of Chad. Except for some dates and legumes grown in the scattered oases, the area is not productive. Annual rainfall averages less than 350 millimeters (13.8"), and the land is sparsely populated by nomadic tribes. Many of Chad's camel herds are found in the region, but there are few cattle or horses.
Agriculture in Chad | Saharan zone