All these veins drain into the superior vena cava, with the exception of the left gastric vein, which is a branch of the portal vein. Lymphatically, the upper third of the esophagus drains into the deep cervical lymph nodes, the middle into the superior and posterior mediastinal lymph nodes, and the lower esophagus into the gastric and celiac lymph nodes. This is similar to the lymphatic drainage of the abdominal structures that arise from the foregut, which all drain into the celiac nodes. The upper esophagus lies at the back of the mediastinum behind the trachea, adjoining along the tracheoesophageal stripe, and in front of the erector spinae muscles and the vertebral column.
Structure
Esophagus
Esophagus | Structure
Taste buds, mediastinum, diaphragm, trachea, etc. There are taste buds on its upper part. It begins at the back of the mouth, passing downwards through the rear part of the mediastinum, through the diaphragm, and into the stomach. Taste buds, mediastinum, diaphragm, stomach The esophagus is one of the upper parts of the digestive system. There are taste buds on its upper part. It begins at the back of the mouth, passing downwards through the rear part of the mediastinum, through the diaphragm, and into the stomach.
the movement of food in food pipe is called
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Peristaltic contractions.
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enumerate any notable structural mention?
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He speculated that the muscular nature of the esophagus enabled it to act as a pipe, moving food between the mouth and the stomach. In examining teeth, Schwann was the first to notice "cylindrical cells" connected to both the inner surface of the enamel and the pulp. He also identified fibrils in the dentinal tubes, which later became known as "Tomes's fibers". He speculated on the possible structural and functional significance of the tubes and fibrils.
Theodor Schwann | Specialized cells
The esophagus, (American English) or oesophagus (British English; see spelling differences) (), informally known as the food pipe or gullet, is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is a fibromuscular tube, about long in adults, which travels behind the trachea and heart, passes through the diaphragm and empties into the uppermost region of the stomach. During swallowing, the epiglottis tilts backwards to prevent food from going down the larynx and lungs. The word "oesophagus" is from Ancient Greek οἰσοφάγος (oisophágos), from οἴσω (oísō), future form of φέρω (phérō, “I carry”) + ἔφαγον (éphagon, “I ate”).
Esophagus | Introduction
The opening of the upper sphincter is triggered by the swallowing reflex so that food is allowed through. The sphincter also serves to prevent back flow from the esophagus into the pharynx. The esophagus has a mucous membrane and the epithelium which has a protective function is continuously replaced due to the volume of food that passes inside the esophagus. During swallowing, food passes from the mouth through the pharynx into the esophagus. The epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position to direct the food into the esophagus, and away from the trachea. Once in the esophagus, the bolus travels down to the stomach via rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles known as peristalsis.
Human digestive system | Esophagus
Food is ingested through the mouth and when swallowed passes first into the pharynx and then into the esophagus. The esophagus is thus one of the first components of the digestive system and the gastrointestinal tract. After food passes through the esophagus, it enters the stomach. When food is being swallowed, the epiglottis moves backward to cover the larynx, preventing food from entering the trachea. At the same time, the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing a bolus of food to enter. Peristaltic contractions of the esophageal muscle push the food down the esophagus. These rhythmic contractions occur both as a reflex response to food that is in the mouth, and also as a response to the sensation of food within the esophagus itself.
Esophagus | Swallowing
The esophagus is reduced.
Rotylenchulus reniformis | Morphology
Knowledge of the exact structure of the muscular wall of the esophagus forms the basis of surgical procedures for treatment of achalasia and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Friedrich Stelzner | 1955-1967: Member of the Surgical Faculty at the University of Hamburg
After food is chewed into a bolus, it is swallowed and moved through the esophagus. Smooth muscles contract behind the bolus to prevent it from being squeezed back into the mouth. Then rhythmic, unidirectional waves of contractions work to rapidly force the food into the stomach. The migrating motor complex (MMC) helps trigger peristaltic waves. This process works in one direction only and its sole esophageal function is to move food from the mouth into the stomach (the MMC also functions to clear out remaining food in the stomach to the small bowel, and remaining particles in the small bowel into the colon).
Peristalsis | Esophagus
The main conditions affecting the esophagus are described here. For a more complete list, see esophageal disease.
Esophagus | Clinical significance
In the esophagus, two types of peristalsis occur: During vomiting, the propulsion of food up the esophagus and out the mouth comes from contraction of the abdominal muscles; peristalsis does not reverse in the esophagus.
Peristalsis | Esophagus
The surrounded sac becomes the primitive gut. Sections of this gut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. The esophagus develops as part of the foregut tube. The innervation of the esophagus develops from the pharyngeal arches.
Esophagus | Development
Food Structure was a peer-reviewed scientific journal which specialized in electron microscopy of foods, feeds, and their ingredients in addition to other methods of structural research including all kinds of optical microscopy. It was printed on glossy paper to ensure high quality of micrographs. It is not published any more but all papers are available at no charge and without registration.
Food Structure | Introduction
Along with peristalsis, the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes.
Esophagus | Swallowing
The outermost layer of the esophagus is the adventitia in most of its length, with the abdominal part being covered in serosa. This makes it distinct from many other structures in the gastrointestinal tract that only have a serosa.
Esophagus | Microanatomy
It was later found that mice were the culprits responsible for the missing food.
Eastcheap | Notable structures
The esophagus is a muscular tube made of both voluntary and involuntary muscles. It is responsible for peristalsis of food. It is about 8 inches long and passes through the diaphragm before entering the stomach. The esophagus is made up of three layers: from the inside out, they are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa. The mucosa, the inner most layer and lining of the esophagus, is composed of stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. At the end of the esophagus is the lower esophageal sphincter, which normally prevents stomach acid from entering the esophagus. If the sphincter is not sufficiently tight, it may allow acid to enter the esophagus, causing inflammation of one or more layers.
Esophagitis | Mechanism
A total of 386 papers were published: 279 research papers, 76 reviews, and 31 papers on methods and tutorials. By subject, there were 79 research papers on dairy subjects, 61 on meat research, 53 on cereals, 47 on food lipids and their emulsions, and 32 papers on legumes research. A "Cumulative Index for 1982-1989" with 243 entries and an extensive compilation with 882 entries, an "Author Index" with 876 names, and a "Subject Index" with 451 entries published a year later facilitated the search for literature on the structure of milk products in the pre-Internet times. The journal is referred to in Infocus.
Food Structure | Contents
The esophagus, commonly known as the foodpipe or gullet, consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is continuous with the laryngopharynx. It passes through the posterior mediastinum in the thorax and enters the stomach through a hole in the thoracic diaphragm—the esophageal hiatus, at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra (T10). Its length averages 25 cm, varying with an individual's height. It is divided into cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts. The pharynx joins the esophagus at the esophageal inlet which is behind the cricoid cartilage. At rest the esophagus is closed at both ends, by the upper and lower esophageal sphincters.
Human digestive system | Esophagus
The red cinnabar lay in a fashion which gave the impression that it had been inside of wrapped bundles. Probably the bodies had been thus wrapped before interment."
La Venta | Structure A-2
There are contractions along the lower esophagus when this condition happens. These contractions prevent the passage of food.
Esophageal motility disorder | Symptoms
The net is rolled up on the dorsal side of the pharynx, and it and the trapped particles are drawn into the oesophagus. The gut is U-shaped and also ciliated to move the contents along. The stomach is an enlarged region at the lowest part of the U-bend. Here, digestive enzymes are secreted and a pyloric gland adds further secretions. After digestion, the food is moved on through the intestine, where absorption takes place, and the rectum, where undigested remains are formed into faecal pellets or strings. The anus opens into the dorsal or cloacal part of the peribranchial cavity near the atrial siphon.
Tunicate | Feeding
In the aggregate there were excavated 22 structures of several sizes and morphology. The majority of structure are of more or less circular and / or oval plant; also there were located a few small pits of uncertain functionality. Between the structures of the deposit they stand out: It is necessary the possibility that it is a question of a pit of warm stones, done to cook food, treating itself about a class of oven that is in use for the celebration of big dinners since in the same ones there is consumed a great quantity of fuelwood, ideal for cooking an entire animal.
Pepelillo's Mas | The structures
The digestive tract can mostly be traced, either because the intestines are still present or by the presence of food items. The position of the oesophagus is indicated by a five millimetre long series of small food particles. Below the ninth dorsal vertebra the location of the stomach is shown by a cluster of bones of prey animals, the organ itself likely having been dissolved by its own stomach acid shortly after death. The rather backward position of the cluster suggests the stomach was dual in structure, with a forward enzyme-secreting proventriculus preceding a muscular gizzard. Gastroliths have not been reported.
Scipionyx | Digestive system
Peristalsis is one of the patterns that occur during and shortly after a meal. The contractions occur in wave patterns traveling down short lengths of the GI tract from one section to the next. The contractions occur directly behind the bolus of food that is in the system, forcing it toward the anus into the next relaxed section of smooth muscle. This relaxed section then contracts, generating smooth forward movement of the bolus at between 2–25 cm per second. This contraction pattern depends upon hormones, paracrine signals, and the autonomic nervous system for proper regulation.
Gastrointestinal physiology | Peristalsis
A structure with the same name is often found in invertebrates, including molluscs and arthropods, connecting the oral cavity with the stomach. In terms of the digestive system of snails and slugs, the mouth opens into an esophagus, which connects to the stomach. Because of torsion, which is the rotation of the main body of the animal during larval development, the esophagus usually passes around the stomach, and opens into its back, furthest from the mouth. In species that have undergone de-torsion, however, the esophagus may open into the anterior of the stomach, which is the reverse of the usual gastropod arrangement.
Esophagus | Invertebrates
12) Esophageal peristalsis Like the pharyngeal phase of swallowing, the esophageal phase of swallowing is under involuntary neuromuscular control. However, propagation of the food bolus is significantly slower than in the pharynx. The bolus enters the esophagus and is propelled downwards first by striated muscle (recurrent laryngeal, X) then by the smooth muscle (X) at a rate of 3–5 cm/s. The upper esophageal sphincter relaxes to let food pass, after which various striated constrictor muscles of the pharynx as well as peristalsis and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter sequentially push the bolus of food through the esophagus into the stomach.
Swallowing | Esophageal phase
An esophagus and truncated pharnyx make up the adult digestive system.
Paragonimus skrjabini | Morphology
Due to the similarity in its shape to a dish, the structure, sometimes also referred to as dish-and-pillar or dish-and-pipe , was named after the common kitchen item.
Dish structure | Terminology
Castell also noted that the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes normally in nutcracker esophagus, but has an elevated pressure of greater than 40 mm Hg at baseline. Three other criteria for definition of the nutcracker esophagus have been defined. The Gothenburg criterion consists of the presence of peristaltic contractions, with an amplitude of 180 mm Hg at any place in the esophagus. The Richter criterion involves the presence of peristaltic contractions with an amplitude of greater than 180 mm Hg from an average of measurements taken 3 and 8 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter. It has been incorporated into a number of clinical guidelines for the evaluation of dysphagia.
Nutcracker esophagus | Esophageal motility studies
The esophagus contains a muscular bulb which is 80 μm long and 20 μm wide. The valve between the esophagus and the intestine is amorphous. The vulva is 46-54% of the total body length, and is located equatorially with a transverse slit shape, with the vagina having a diameter of 1/3 of the body diameter. The ovaries normally occur in pairs, and are amphidelphic and relexed. The prerectum of "X. americanum" measures 120–140 μm long, with a rectum that is roughly the same length as the body diameter at the anus. The tail contains 2-3 pairs of caudal pores, is conoid, and curves dorsally with a subacute terminus.
Xiphinema americanum | Morphology and anatomy
The gastro-esophageal junction (also known as the esophagogastric junction) is the junction between the esophagus and the stomach, at the lower end of the esophagus. The pink color of the esophageal mucosa contrasts to the deeper red of the gastric mucosa, and the mucosal transition can be seen as an irregular zig-zag line, which is often called the z-line. Histological examination reveals abrupt transition between the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus and the simple columnar epithelium of the stomach. Normally, the cardia of the stomach is immediately distal to the z-line and the z-line coincides with the upper limit of the gastric folds of the cardia; however, when the anatomy of the mucosa is distorted in Barrets esophagus the true gastro-eshophageal junction can be identified by the upper limit of the gastric folds rather than the mucosal transition.
Esophagus | Gastro-esophageal junction
The patterns of GI contraction as a whole can be divided into two distinct patterns, peristalsis and segmentation. Occurring between meals, the migrating motor complex is a series of peristaltic wave cycles in distinct phases starting with relaxation, followed by an increasing level of activity to a peak level of peristaltic activity lasting for 5–15 minutes. This cycle repeats every 1.5–2 hours but is interrupted by food ingestion. The role of this process is likely to clean excess bacteria and food from the digestive system.
Gastrointestinal physiology | Contraction patterns
The stomach produces gastric acid, a strongly acidic mixture consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and potassium and sodium salts to enable food digestion. Constriction of the upper and lower esophageal sphincters helps to prevent reflux (backflow) of gastric contents and acid into the esophagus, protecting the esophageal mucosa. The acute angle of His and the lower crura of the diaphragm also help this sphincteric action.
Esophagus | Reducing gastric reflux
The functional location of the lower oesophageal sphincter is generally situated about below the z-line.
Esophagus | Gastro-esophageal junction
On it is a curved fissure, the hiatus semilunaris, limited below by the edge of the uncinate process of the ethmoid and above by an elevation named the bulla ethmoidalis; the middle ethmoidal cells are contained within this bulla and open on or near to it. Through the hiatus semilunaris the meatus communicates with a curved passage termed the infundibulum, which communicates in front with the anterior ethmoidal cells and in rather more than fifty percent of skulls is continued upward as the frontonasal duct into the frontal air-sinus; when this continuity fails, the frontonasal duct opens directly into the anterior part of the meatus.
Nasal meatus | Structure
The layers are not truly longitudinal or circular, rather the layers of muscle are helical with different pitches. The inner circular is helical with a steep pitch and the outer longitudinal is helical with a much shallower pitch. The coordinated contractions of these layers is called peristalsis and propels the food through the tract. Food in the GI tract is called a bolus (ball of food) from the mouth down to the stomach. After the stomach, the food is partially digested and semi-liquid, and is referred to as chyme. In the large intestine the remaining semi-solid substance is referred to as faeces.
Gastrointestinal wall | Muscular layer
The esophagus is one of the upper parts of the digestive system. There are taste buds on its upper part. It begins at the back of the mouth, passing downwards through the rear part of the mediastinum, through the diaphragm, and into the stomach. In humans, the esophagus generally starts around the level of the sixth cervical vertebra behind the cricoid cartilage of the trachea, enters the diaphragm at about the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra, and ends at the cardia of the stomach, at the level of the eleventh thoracic vertebra. The esophagus is usually about 25 cm (10 in) in length.
Esophagus | Structure
When viewed under the microscope, the gastrointestinal wall has a consistent general form, but with certain parts differing along its course.
Gastrointestinal wall | Structure
Its esophagus measures 0.318-0.326mm long.
Protostrongylus shiozawai | Morphology
The jejunum and the ileum are suspended by mesentery which gives the bowel great mobility within the abdomen. It also contains circular and longitudinal smooth muscle which helps to move food along by a process known as peristalsis.
Jejunum | Structure
Sclerosis of the esophagus, such as with systemic sclerosis or in CREST syndrome may cause hardening of the walls of the esophagus and interfere with peristalsis.
Esophagus | Motility disorders
Every -Endomysium Person- Perimysium Eats- Epimysium Food - Fascia
List of anatomy mnemonics | Connective Tissue and Fascicles
The diagnosis of nutcracker esophagus is typically made with an esophageal motility study, which shows characteristic features of the disorder. Esophageal motility studies involve pressure measurements of the esophagus after a patient takes a wet (fluid-containing) or dry (solid-containing) swallow. Measurements are usually taken at various points in the esophagus. Nutcracker esophagus is characterized by a number of criteria described in the literature. The most commonly used criteria are the Castell criteria, named after American gastroenterologist D.O. Castell. The Castell criteria include one major criterion: a mean peristaltic amplitude in the distal esophagus of more than 180 mm Hg. The minor criterion is the presence of repetitive contractions (meaning two or more) that are greater than six seconds in duration.
Nutcracker esophagus | Esophageal motility studies
Structures that lie behind the peritoneum are termed "retroperitoneal". Organs that were once suspended within the abdominal cavity by mesentery but migrated posterior to the peritoneum during the course of embryogenesis to become retroperitoneal are considered to be secondarily retroperitoneal organs. It is also called the perinephric space. Bounded by the anterior and posterior leafs of the renal fascia. It contains the following structures: Bounded by the posterior layer of peritoneum and the anterior leaf of the renal fascia. It contains the following structures:
Retroperitoneal space | Retroperitoneal structures
Megaesophagus may occur secondary to diseases such as achalasia or Chagas disease. Achalasia is caused by a loss of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus. There is a marked lack of contraction within the muscles involved in peristalsis with a constant contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter. Dilation of the esophagus results in difficulty swallowing. Retention of food bolus is also noted.
Megaesophagus | Humans
The circular muscle keeps the material moving forward and also prevents any back flow of waste. Also of help in the action of peristalsis is the basal electrical rhythm that determines the frequency of contractions. The taeniae coli can be seen and are responsible for the bulges (haustra) present in the colon. Most parts of the GI tract are covered with serous membranes and have a mesentery. Other more muscular parts are lined with adventitia.
Human digestive system | Large intestine
As soon as the bolus of food is received in the pharynx, the elevator muscles relax, the pharynx descends, and the constrictors contract upon the bolus, and convey it downward into the esophagus. During deglutition, they contract and cause peristaltic movement in the pharynx.
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle | Action
The structures in the abdomen are classified as intraperitoneal, retroperitoneal or infraperitoneal depending on whether they are covered with visceral peritoneum and whether they are attached by mesenteries (mensentery, mesocolon). Structures that are "intraperitoneal" are generally mobile, while those that are "retroperitoneal" are relatively fixed in their location. Some structures, such as the kidneys, are "primarily retroperitoneal", while others such as the majority of the duodenum, are "secondarily retroperitoneal", meaning that structure developed intraperitoneally but lost its mesentery and thus became retroperitoneal.
Peritoneum | Classification of abdominal structures
Presence of nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, food vacuole, mitochondria with tubular cristae, two flagellated basal bodies and two unflagellated basal bodies, three major microtubular roots, four major fibers, one Microtubule organizing center (MTOC), several "internal" microtubules and absence of Golgi apparatus.
Tsukubea | Structure
The diagnosis is generally confirmed by esophageal manometry. DES is present when more than a fifth of swallows results in distal esophageal contractions. NE is present if the average strength of the contractions of the distal esophagus is greater than 180 mmHg but the contraction of the esophagus is otherwise normal.
Esophageal spasm | Diagnosis
Though not associated with tools, dental anatomy suggests some processing of plant or meat fiber before consumption, though the mouth could still effectively chew through mechanically challenging food, indicating tool use did not greatly affect diet.
Homo rudolfensis | Introduction
The celiac plexus includes a number of smaller plexuses: Other plexuses that are derived from the celiac plexus:
Celiac plexus | Structure
Before he died on March 18, 2015, Om Johari declared in writing as the publisher and copyright holder his desire that everything he had published be made freely available. D. J. McMahon has fulfilled his desire by digitizing the journal and placing all papers in PDF format on the Internet. The Tables of Contents facilitate searching.
Food Structure | History
Two openings are found in the body wall: the buccal siphon at the top through which water flows into the interior, and the atrial siphon on the ventral side through which it is expelled. A large pharynx occupies most of the interior of the body. It is a muscular tube linking the buccal opening with the rest of the gut. It has a ciliated groove known as an endostyle on its ventral surface, and this secretes a mucous net which collects food particles and is wound up on the dorsal side of the pharynx. The gullet, at the lower end of the pharynx, links it to a loop of gut which terminates near the atrial siphon.
Tunicate | Body structure
The structures within the intraperitoneal space are called "intraperitoneal" (e.g., the stomach and intestines), the structures in the abdominal cavity that are located behind the intraperitoneal space are called "retroperitoneal" (e.g., the kidneys), and those structures below the intraperitoneal space are called "subperitoneal" or "infraperitoneal" (e.g., the bladder).
Peritoneum | Introduction
These include muscles, which enable locomotion, and nerve tissues, which transmit signals and coordinate the body. Typically, there is also an internal digestive chamber with either one opening (in Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and flatworms) or two openings (in most bilaterians).
Animal | Structure
The right crus of the diaphragm loops around forming a sling around the esophagus. Upon inspiration, this sling would constrict the esophagus, forming a functional (not anatomical) sphincter that prevents stomach contents from refluxing up the esophagus when intra-abdominal pressure rises during inspiration.
Esophageal hiatus | Introduction
The human esophagus has a mucous membrane consisting of a tough stratified squamous epithelium without keratin, a smooth lamina propria, and a muscularis mucosae. The epithelium of the esophagus has a relatively rapid turnover, and serves a protective function against the abrasive effects of food. In many animals the epithelium contains a layer of keratin, representing a coarser diet. There are two types of glands, with mucus-secreting esophageal glands being found in the submucosa, and esophageal cardiac glands, similar to cardiac glands of the stomach, located in the lamina propria and most frequent in the terminal part of the organ.
Esophagus | Microanatomy
Presents as a sensation of food getting stuck (dysphagia) in the mid- or lower esophagus, atypical chest pain, or cough. People often state they must drink liquids to swallow solid food. This motility problem results from atrophy of the gastrointestinal tract wall smooth muscle. This change may occur with or without pathologic evidence of significant tissue fibrosis.
CREST syndrome | Esophageal dysmotility
The esophagus is surrounded at the top and bottom by two muscular rings, known respectively as the upper esophageal sphincter and the lower esophageal sphincter. These sphincters act to close the esophagus when food is not being swallowed. The upper esophageal sphincter is an anatomical sphincter, which is formed by lower portion of inferior pharyngeal constrictor, also known as cricopharyngeal sphincter due to its relation with cricoid cartilage of the larynx anteriorly. However, the lower esophageal sphincter is not an anatomical but rather a functional sphincter, meaning that it acts as a sphincter but does not have a distinct thickening like other sphincters.
Esophagus | Sphincters
The consequences of oral step can be observed at the beginning of the gastric digestion, the first stage. As there is no enzymatic proteolytic activity at this stage, the level of H-NMR, a spectrum used to determine the structure, is still constant because there is no change going on. However, when pepsin takes action, TD-NMR, a special technique used for measuring mobile water population with macromolecular solutes, reveals that progressive unbundling of meat fibers helps pepsin activity to digest. TD-NMR data proves that bolus structure changes considerably during the first part of digestion and water molecules, consequently, leave the spaces inside the myofibrils and fiber bundles.
Foodomics | Processed meat
"Microcotyle argenticus" has the general morphology of all species of "Microcotyle", with a symmetrical slender elongated body, comprising an anterior part which contains most organs and a posterior part called the haptor. The haptor is symmetrical, not distinctly marked off from body proper and bears 75-80 clamps, arranged as two rows, one on each side (35-40 on each side). The clamps of the haptor attach the animal to the gill of the fish. There are also two buccal suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a muscular pharynx, an oesophagus and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches; both branches extends into the haptor.
Microcotyle argenticus | Description
Emphasis was placed on drinking with the meal as eating without drinking (any liquid) causes stomach trouble.
Jewish cuisine | Structure of meal
During this last period it seems that there was no defensive concern.
Crosskirk Broch | Structure
The word "esophagus" (British English: "oesophagus"), comes from the () meaning "gullet". It derives from two roots "(eosin)" to carry and () to eat. The use of the word oesophagus, has been documented in anatomical literature since at least the time of Hippocrates, who noted that "the oesophagus ... receives the greatest amount of what we consume." Its existence in other animals and its relationship with the stomach was documented by the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder (AD23–AD79), and the peristaltic contractions of the esophagus have been documented since at least the time of Galen. The first attempt at surgery on the esophagus focused in the neck, and was conducted in dogs by Theodore Billroth in 1871.
Esophagus | History
The food gathering system of blastoids consisted of several types of ambulacra. Food entered the brachiolar ambulacra, was transferred to the side ambulacra through the brachiolar pit, then transferred to the main (median) ambulacra, and finally entered the mouth. Each of these ambulacra was roofed by cover plates. The cover plates of the brachiolar groove were movable and could open, allowing food to enter, or close as needed. Other cover plates may also have been movable.
Blastoid | Description
The pharynx is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus of the vagus nerve. Muscles in the pharynx push the food into the esophagus. The pharynx joins the esophagus at the oesophageal inlet which is located behind the cricoid cartilage.
Human digestive system | Pharynx
The digestive system contains enormous buccal mass in size and muscular development. The pharynx (the largest part of buccal mass) is so large, occupying almost the whole length of the visceral cavity. The esophagus enters to the buccal cavity dorsally in the anterior fourth. The stomach forms a simple elongated sac.
Schizoglossa novoseelandica | Anatomy
The use of glucagon, while common, has not been found to be useful.
Esophageal food bolus obstruction | Introduction
"Microcotyle stenotomi" has the general morphology of all species of "Microcotyle", with a symmetrical narrow body, comprising an anterior part which contains most organs and a posterior part called the haptor. The haptor is symmetrical, occupies about one-third of body length and bears 46 pairs of minute clamps, arranged as two rows, one on each side. The clamps of the haptor attach the animal to the gill of the fish. There are also two small buccal suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a muscular pharynx, a short oesophagus and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches on the outer side and very short diverticula on the inner side.
Microcotyle stenotomi | Morphology
The kidneys possess no overtly moving structures.
Kidney | Gross anatomy
In the colon and esophagus, loss of nervous system control is the major driver of organ dysfunction. Loss of nerves impairs the movement of food through the digestive tract, which can lead to blockage of the esophagus or colon and restriction of their blood supply.
Chagas disease | Pathophysiology
The mucus from the glands gives a good protection to the lining. The submucosa also contains the submucosal plexus, a network of nerve cells that is part of the enteric nervous system. The muscular layer of the esophagus has two types of muscle. The upper third of the esophagus contains striated muscle, the lower third contains smooth muscle, and the middle third contains a mixture of both. Muscle is arranged in two layers: one in which the muscle fibers run longitudinal to the esophagus, and the other in which the fibers encircle the esophagus. These are separated by the myenteric plexus, a tangled network of nerve fibers involved in the secretion of mucus and in peristalsis of the smooth muscle of the esophagus.
Esophagus | Microanatomy
They can also completely block the esophagus. Stomach diseases are often chronic conditions and include gastroparesis, gastritis, and peptic ulcers.
Human digestive system | Clinical significance
"Microcotyle constricta" has the general morphology of all species of "Microcotyle", with a symmetrical elongate body, rounded anteriorly and comprising an anterior part which contains most organs and a posterior part called the haptor. The haptor is symmetrical, and bears 74-82 rectangular clamps, arranged as two rows, one on each side. The clamps of the haptor attach the animal to the gill of the fish. There are also two oval septate buccal suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a rounded pharynx, an enlarged oesophagus immediately posterior to the pharynx and, which extends to the level of the posterior margin of the genital atrium, and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches.
Microcotyle constricta | Morphology
Through its life cycle, "Obelia" take two forms: polyp and medusa. They are diploblastic, with two true tissue layers—an epidermis (ectodermis) and a gastrodermis (endodermis)—with a jelly-like mesoglea filling the area between the two true tissue layers. They carry a nerve net with no brain or ganglia. A gastrovascular cavity is present where the digestion starts and later becomes intracellular. They have incomplete digestive tracts where the food enters, is digested, and expelled through the same opening. During the polyp stage, the mouth is situated at the top of the body, surrounded by tentacles, whereas during the medusa stage, the mouth is situated at the distal end of the main body structure.
Obelia | Structure
"Microcotyle omani" has the general morphology of all species of "Microcotyle", with a symmetrical fusiform elongate body, comprising an anterior part which contains most organs and a posterior part called the haptor. The haptor is subsymmetrical, and bears 94–120 clamps, arranged as two equal rows, one on each side. The clamps of the haptor attach the animal to the gill of the fish. There are also two oval septal buccal suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a subcircular pharynx, an oesophagus with lateral diverticula and a posterior intestine bifurcating at the level of the genital atrium into two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches; its left branch extends into the haptor.
Microcotyle omani | Morphology
Four gonads lie in this main body structure, or "manubrium". When food is taken in through the mouth, it enters the manubrium. The food is then distributed through a canal system, consisting of four radial canals and an outer ring. Defence and the capture of prey are helped by unique stinging cells called cnidocytes that contain "nematocysts", which are triggered by the "cnidocil". It has a ridge-like structure on the inner margin, called a velum. If the velum is present, it is called a craspedote medusa.
Obelia | Structure
The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a spherical pharynx, an esophagus extending just posterior to the genital atrium, and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches ramified laterally and fusing in a single peduncle that extends into the haptor. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an genital atrium, armed with numerous conical spines arranged in concentric circles, opening near anterior end, a single relatively long ovary, a uterus, vitelline glands that extends along both sides from the genital atrium to the beginning of the haptor and are joined posteriorly, and 13-24 testes which are posterior to the ovary.
Microcotyle peprili | Morphology
It is listed in library databases such as Ovid. A new, unrelated journal with the same title was established by Elsevier in 2014. In his first Editorial, Editor-in-Chief, D. Rousseau refers to the now defunct journal and declares that, in the new Elsevier journal, the spirit and essence of Food Structure remain the same: to provide a dedicated international venue devoted to innovative food structure and functionality research.
Food Structure | Contents
They resemble flattened spoons and have been made with great care. None of them show signs of wear and their purpose is unknown. Other finds from this structure included a whalebone mace head and a whale's tooth set in stone.
Ness of Brodgar | Structure 8
"Microcotyle odacis" has the general morphology of all species of "Microcotyle", with an elongated symmetrical body, comprising an anterior part which contains most organs and a posterior part called the haptor. The haptor is symmetrical, distinctly separated from the rest of the body and bears clamps, arranged as two rows, one on each side (28 on the right and 30 on the left). The clamps of the haptor attach the animal to the gill of the fish. There are also two muscular septated buccal suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a subcircular pharynx, an oesophagus bifurcating immediately posterior to the genital atrium and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches; both branches enter the haptor.
Microcotyle odacis | Morphology
These are small and fragmentary, and little information can be gained from them. It is possible that they are, in fact, stomach or throat contents of the actual "Dasygnathoides" fossil.
Dasygnathoides | Haemal arch & phalanx (ELGNM 15) and possible articular (ELGNM 29)
There is a palate in the roof of the mouth, separating the breathing passage from the eating area. This suggests an efficient eating mechanism that may indicate a warm-blooded lifestyle.
Ericiolacerta | Introduction
The organizational structure of the ESNM consists of :
European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility | Structure
Water flowing inwards brings food through the vestibule, between the inner and outer membranes. The vestibule is a passage for both food entrance and waste exit. The vestibular membranes push the food inwards, where they then congregate in a spindle-shaped food vacuole in the pharynx. Once the food vacuoles leave the non-ciliated pharyngeal tube, they become rounded. When the water flows outwards, contractile vacuoles and full food vacuoles may empty their contents. Contractile vacuoles are located between or beside the macronucleus and vestibule.
Vorticella | Feeding
Four dorso- and ventro-lateral papillae and two small lateral amphids are present. The mouth is conspicuously depressed, the anterior margin of the buccal capsule being 0.027mm-0.030mm from the anterior extremity; the mouth opening is circular. The buccal capsule is well sclerotised, trapezium-shaped in lateral view, its anterior rim bearing one row of 26 circular teeth. Its oesophagus is strongly muscular and expanded at its posterior half, its lumen being triangular. The valvular apparatus of the oesophagus is well developed. The excretory pore is located near the junction of the oesophagus and intestine. The intestine is dark, almost straight, broad, being narrowed at its anterior and posterior ends only.
Anguillicoloides papernai | Description
2".
The Hermetic Organ | Introduction
Figure 2 of Subbotin, et al., shows an illustration of this structure.
Tumchaite | Structure
The blood vessels supplying these structures remain constant throughout development.
Gastrointestinal tract | Development
The superior meatus is the smallest of the three. It is a narrow cavity located obliquely below the superior concha. This meatus is short, lies above and extends from the middle part of the middle concha below. From behind, the sphenopalatine foramen opens into the cavity of the superior meatus and the meatus communicates with the posterior ethmoidal cells. Above and at the back of the superior concha is the sphenoethmoidal recess which the sphenoidal sinus opens into. The superior meatus occupies the middle third of the nasal cavity’s lateral wall. The middle meatus is the middle-sized and located nasal opening, lying underneath the middle concha and above the inferior concha where the meatus extends along its length.
Nasal meatus | Structure
Between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers is the myenteric plexus. This controls peristalsis. Activity is initiated by the pacemaker cells, (myenteric interstitial cells of Cajal). The gut has intrinsic peristaltic activity (basal electrical rhythm) due to its self-contained enteric nervous system. The rate can be modulated by the rest of the autonomic nervous system. The coordinated contractions of these layers is called peristalsis and propels the food through the tract. Food in the GI tract is called a bolus (ball of food) from the mouth down to the stomach. After the stomach, the food is partially digested and semi-liquid, and is referred to as chyme.
Gastrointestinal tract | Muscular layer
The junctional layer appears to function like a circular muscle layer, capable of peristaltic and anti-peristaltic activity, equivalent to the muscular layer of the intestines.
Myometrium | Structure
It has an elongate body, with a length of about 670 µm and a width of about 290 µm. It possesses a scaly tegument, 3 pairs of head organs and 2 pairs of eyespots. The haptor is differentiated from its body, being less wide (about 220 µm), and exhibits 2 round squamodiscs, 2 pairs of lateral hamuli, 3 bars and 14 hooklets. There is a groove visible on the ventral side of its flat ventral bar. It has a subspherical pharynx, with a length of about 50 µm, and lacks an esophagus, its intestinal bifurcation following the latter organ. It shows a simple caeca that terminates at the level of the posterior margin of its vitellarium.
Pseudorhabdosynochus manifestus | Description
Meal structure varies by culture. Here are some examples:
Outline of cuisines | Meal structure in cuisines
"Microcotyle fusiformis" has the general morphology of all species of "Microcotyle", with a flat symmetrical body, fusiform in outline, comprising an anterior part which contains most organs and a posterior part called the haptor. The haptor is symmetrical, continuous with the rest of the body and bears clamps, arranged as two rows, one on each side. The clamps of the haptor attach the animal to the gill of the fish. There are also two small septated buccal suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a muscular pharynx, and a posterior intestine with two lateral blind-ending branches; the left branch is longer.
Microcotyle fusiformis | Description
[[Category:Embryology of digestive system]] [[Category:Liver anatomy]]
Hepatic diverticulum | External links
At every flexure, a continuous peritoneal fold lies outside the colonic/mesocolic complex tethering this to the posterior abdominal wall.
Mesentery | Flexural anatomy
Kahn left the entire ground floor of that tower open as an entry porch and exposed the structural elements in its ceiling so the public could see how the building was constructed. Particularly interesting are the Vierendeel trusses that support each floor and whose large rectangular openings allow ducts and pipes to be easily routed through the laboratory ceilings.
Richards Medical Research Laboratories | Structure
The structure of the lower pharynx is often associated with the species of food of the species.
Fish jaw | Cichlids
The subhorizontal dish structure consists of two parts, the dish itself and the [sediment] contained within the dish plus the region stretching up to the bounding surface of the overlying dish(or dishes) above. The bounding surface of the dish can take on variable shapes, from substantially flat to bowl-like and to strongly concave up. The bounding surfaces are thin, (and usually) dark(er) laminae; they are richer in clay, silt or organic material than the surrounding sediment. The individual dishes are arranged "en echelon". Their width can vary from 2 centimeters to over 50 centimeters, the vertical spacing ranges usually from less than 1 centimeter to about 8 centimeters.
Dish structure | Description