In Manitoba, the Cree were first contacted by Europeans in 1682, at the mouth of the Nelson and Hayes rivers by a Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) party traveling about inland. In the south, contact was later. In 1732 in what is now northwestern Ontario, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye, met with an assembled group of 200 Cree warriors near present-day Fort Frances, as well as with the Monsoni, (a branch of the Ojibwe). Both groups had donned war paint in preparation to an attack on the Dakota and another group of Ojibwe. After acquiring firearms from the HBC, the Cree moved as traders into the plains, acting as middlemen with the HBC.
First contact
Cree
Cree | First contact
In Manitoba, the Cree were first contacted by Europeans in 1682. Europeans In Manitoba, the Cree were first contacted by Europeans in 1682. Europeans
what is parnassius smintheus?
user
It is a high-altitude butterfly found in the Rocky Mountains.
assistant
where did this mountain take its name from?
user
It is a translation of the Cree name ' is given as, "When seen from across the prairies, they looked like a rocky mass".
assistant
what is the history behind this first mentioned name?
user
The name is derived from the Algonkian-language exonym "Kirištino.
assistant
what are some different types of it?
user
The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves as "nêhiyaw" and "nêhirawisiw"; the Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais as "iriniw" etc.
assistant
what are its people?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
what is its first contact?
user
In Manitoba, the Cree were first contacted by Europeans in 1682, at the mouth of the Nelson and Hayes rivers by a Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) party traveling about inland. In the south, contact was later. In 1732 in what is now northwestern Ontario, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye, met with an assembled group of 200 Cree warriors near present-day Fort Frances, as well as with the Monsoni, (a branch of the Ojibwe). Both groups had donned war paint in preparation to an attack on the Dakota and another group of Ojibwe. After acquiring firearms from the HBC, the Cree moved as traders into the plains, acting as middlemen with the HBC.
Cree | First contact
The Swampy Cree's first recorded contact was in 1682 at the mouth of the Nelson and Hayes rivers in northern Manitoba by an Hudson's Bay Company party travelling about inland.
Swampy Cree | First contact
In October 1669 they returned to England with a load of beaver pelts they had acquired from the Cree people in exchange for good such as knives, kettles, beads, needles and blankets. The post was occupied sporadically thereafter and new buildings were added. By the 1680s there were a string of trading posts on James Bay Cree traditional land and the Cree had an extensive trade alliance with the HBC. As middlemen, the Cree hunters, trappers and traders collected furs from other First Nations in the interior. As the first trappers with the HBC, the Cree became the homeguard for the HBC, helping with the supply and maintenance of the trading posts in winter.
Waskaganish | Post-contact
The Cree (, , etc.; ) are one of the largest groups of First Nations in North America. In Canada, over 350,000 people are Cree or have Cree ancestry. The major proportion of Cree in Canada live north and west of Lake Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories. About 27,000 live in Quebec. In the United States, Cree people historically lived from Lake Superior westward. Today, they live mostly in Montana, where they share the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation with Ojibwe (Chippewa) people.
Cree | Introduction
Aboriginal first contact period is not well defined. The earliest accounts of contact occurred in the late 10th century, between the Beothuk and Norsemen. According to the Sagas of Icelanders, the first European to see what is now Canada was Bjarni Herjólfsson, who was blown off course en route from Iceland to Greenland in the summer of 985 or 986 CE. The first European explorers and settlers of what is now Canada relied on the First Nations peoples, for resources and trade to sustain a living. The first written accounts of interaction show a predominantly Old world bias, labelling the indigenous peoples as "savages", although the indigenous peoples were organized and self-sufficient.
First Nations | European contact
First Contact is a Canadian documentary television series, which premiered on APTN in 2018. Based on the Australian series "First Contact", the show profiles six Canadians who are challenged over a period of 28 days about their pre-existing perceptions of First Nations peoples by experiencing indigenous Canadian life firsthand. The series was narrated by George Stroumboulopoulos. The series received Canadian Screen Award nominations for Best Factual Program or Series at the 7th Canadian Screen Awards in 2019 and at the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020.
First Contact (Canadian TV series) | Introduction
After the diversion, scoop-net fishing pools were unusable. By 2011 there were larger concentrations of cisco at Gravel Pit, they were smaller than previous years. Pre-contact trade relations between Cree and other aboriginal groups were "mostly centered on trading moose hides for ‘cereals’, ‘indian corn’, and tobacco." There was a pre-contact intertribal Cree-Montagnais trade route from Waskaganish to the Saint Lawrence River via Rupert River and the Saguenay River.
Waskaganish | Pre-contact
The Cree are an indigenous people of the Subarctic, who historically hunted and gathered in seasonal migrations. In summer, they traveled on waterways by canoe: fishing and harvesting berries and other food staples. In fall, they hunted waterfowl along the shores of James Bay. Prior to winter, Cree families traveled to their winter settlements, where they hunted and trapped big game and small, fur-bearing animals. Prior to spring thaw, the families hunted waterfowl as they migrated north. This was an historical, annual cycle for the Swampy Cree. Early exposure to European society heavily influenced Cree lifestyles. The Hudson's Bay Company establishing a trading post for fur in 1673 in the Moose Factory region.
Moose Cree First Nation | History
The Woodland Cree were one of the first Aboriginal nations west of Hudson Bay to trade with European fur traders, as early as the 17th century. They became very closely associated with the fur trade and adapted their clothing and many aspects of their lifestyle and culture to European ways. Considered excellent hunters and trappers, they provided meat and pemmican to the fur trade posts and furs, either directly, or indirectly from trade with other tribes. Marriages or alliances between Cree women and fur traders became an essential link in fur trade negotiations. Because families were on the move most of the time, women in childbirth often had their babies on the trail.
Woodland Cree | Post-Contact
Constance Lake First Nation in Constance Lake, Ontario is the only Cree member of Matawa First Nations. Mushkegowuk Council, based in Moose Factory, Ontario, represents chiefs from six First Nations across Ontario. Moose Cree members are: Chapleau Cree First Nation, Kashechewan First Nation, Missanabie Cree First Nation, Moose Cree First Nation, and Taykwa Tagamou Nation. Wabun Tribal Council is a regional chief's council based in Timmins, Ontario representing Ojibway and Cree First Nations in northern Ontario. Moose Cree members are: Brunswick House First Nation and Matachewan First Nation.
Cree | Moose Cree
In the early days of contact, the First Nations and Inuit populations welcomed the Europeans, assisting them in living off the land and joining forces with the French and British in their various battles. It was not until the colonial and imperial forces of Britain and France established dominant settlements and, no longer needing the help of the First Nations people, began to break treaties and force them off the land that the antagonism between the two groups grew.
First Nations | European contact
In 1884, 2,000 Cree from reserves met near Battleford to organise into a large, cohesive resistance. Discouraged by the lack of government response but encouraged by the efforts of the Métis at armed rebellion, Wandering Spirit and other young militant Cree attacked the small town of Frog Lake, killing Thomas Quinn, the hated Indian Agent and eight others. Although Big Bear actively opposed the attacks, he was charged and tried for treason and sentenced to three years in prison. After the Red River Rebellion of 1869–1870, Métis moved from Manitoba to the District of Saskatchewan, where they founded a settlement at Batoche on the South Saskatchewan River.
First Nations | 19th century
These verbs are often the equivalent of the English construction that begins with the empty subject "it" (examples: it is raining, it is snowing, it is day, it is poison, etc.): Some of the elements, such as "tahk-", cannot stand on their own, but others are free morphemes, such as "kīšik." Unsurprisingly, first and second person never appear in this context, leaving only the third person and obviative forms.
Swampy Cree language | Inanimate intransitive verbs
In anthropology, first contact is the first meeting of two communities previously without contact with one another. Notable examples of first contact are those between the Spanish Empire and the Arawak (and ultimately all of the Americas) in 1492; and the Aboriginal Australians with Europeans in 1788 when the First Fleet arrived in Sydney. Such contact is sometimes described as a "discovery", such as the British and United States did with the legal theory using a "Doctrine of Discovery". It is generally the more technologically complex society that is able to travel to new geographic regions to make contact with those more isolated, less technologically developed societies.
First contact (anthropology) | Introduction
Wemindji is one of the nine Cree First Nations Communities from The Cree Nation of Eeyou Istchee. The Cree Nation live on the land of Eeyou Istchee, which means people's land. The people call themselves “Eeyou”. Along with their eleven Cree Communities, there are over three hundred traditional family hunting and trapping grounds which they call “Traplines”. Each of the Cree First Nations Communities has their own different and individual history. Every community through their local government is administered independently, while Cree Nation issues are discussed by the elected chiefs on the board of directors of the Grand Council of Cree and the Council of the Cree Nation Government.
Wemindji | Cree First Nations Communities
Radio-carbon dating of a human burial site nearby suggests that the region has been occupied for at least 7000 years. The people of the region are called "Inninuwug". The first Europeans gave various names to people of the region including "Kiristinon" or "Kritinou" which was eventually shortened to "Cree". This reservation is located at the major head-water lake of the Fawn River and subsequently the Severn River to Hudson Bay. Consequently, it has been a traditional gathering place for centuries. The first recorded European trader was James Swain who, in 1807, was charged with establishing a trading post at "Trout Lake" for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC).
Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug First Nation | History
Mackenzie and his group of nine voyageurs were on the outlook for fur trading possibilities as well as a route to the Pacific. During the winter of 1792-93, the group had camped at Fort Fork, just upriver from the confluence of the Peace and Smoky. Here, they encountered members of the Beaver First Nation and learned much about their culture and some about that of their rivals, the Cree. The Beaver (Dunne-za) were an Athapaskan (Dene) people who had entered the region from the north over a century earlier. In recent times, they had encountered hostility from bands of Cree coming in from the southeast who were themselves in search of hunting and trading possibilities.
Dunvegan Provincial Park | The First Nations
The Crees of the Waskaganish First Nation or Cree Nation of Waskaganish is a Cree First Nation of Canada. Waskaganish () means "Little House". It is headquartered in the Cree village of Waskaganish, Eeyou Istchee territory equivalent in "Nord-du-Québec" (Northern Quebec), Canada. Waskaganish "terre réservée crie", or Cree reserved land, is a reserve for the Nation. The village is at the north end of the reserve. The reserve is situated on the southern shore at the mouth of the Rupert River as it empties into the southeast end of James Bay.
The Crees of the Waskaganish First Nation | Introduction
Today, together with the "n-Cree" dialect-speaking Woodland Cree, those who live in the Lowlands and Uplands who speak the "n-Cree" dialect are called "Swampy Cree", but culturally Moose Cree (the Cree speaking the "l-dialect") and other peoples of the Upland including the Oji-Cree occasionally self-identify as being "Swampy Cree".
Swampy Cree | First Nations
For example, during the late 1630s, smallpox killed more than half of the Huron, who controlled most of the early fur trade in what became Canada. Reduced to fewer than 10,000 people, the Huron Wendat were attacked by the Iroquois, their traditional enemies. In the Maritimes, the Beothuk disappeared entirely. There are reports of contact made before Christopher Columbus between the first peoples and those from other continents. Even in Columbus' time there was much speculation that other Europeans had made the trip in ancient or contemporary times; Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés records accounts of these in his "General y natural historia de las Indias" of 1526, which includes biographical information on Columbus.
First Nations | European contact
Agency Chiefs Tribal Council is a Tribal Council located in Spiritwood, Saskatchewan representing three First Nations: Pelican Lake First Nation, Big River First Nation, and Witchekan Lake First Nation. Battlefords Tribal Council is based in North Battleford, Saskatchewan, The three member Nations are Lucky Man Cree Nation, Little Pine First Nation, and Poundmaker First Nation. Interlake Reserves Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Fairford, Manitoba. The only Cree member is Peguis First Nation.
Cree | Upstream people
The offspring of this alliance formed the basis of a new nation of people, the Métis, who adopted the lifestyle of their mother's people or of Europeans and received education in order to become clerks and traders for the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. By 1800, the Cree were well established in Alberta, from Athabasca-Peace delta in the north, along the Peace River and south as far as the Saskatchewan River. Woodland Cree use legends to convey stories throughout time. Many legends are about aspects of the environment, such as "How the raven stole the sun" and "Deawitchita and the fire rock." It is said that those who tell the legends have the most "ikanisha", which means wisdom in woodland cree.
Woodland Cree | Post-Contact
The Moose Cree First Nation (formerly known as Moose Factory Band of Indians) is a Cree First Nation band government in northern Ontario, Canada. Their traditional territory is on the west side of James Bay. The nation has two reserves: Factory Island 1 (the northern two-thirds of Moose Factory Island); and Moose Factory 68, a tract of land about 15 km upstream on the Moose River covering .
Moose Cree First Nation | Introduction
Marie) gathered to fish, trade and do ceremonies.
Missanabie Cree First Nation | Historical Timeline
In the Cree language, "Peawanuck" means "a place where flint is found," while "Weenusk" means "ground hog." The community, being primarily Swampy Cree, speaks the n-dialect of the Cree language. Being that the community is composed of Cree, Oji-cree, Ojibwa and Métis peoples, in addition to Cree, "Anishininiimowin" and "Ojibwemowin" are also spoken there.
Weenusk First Nation | Introduction
Ancestors of today's First Nations occupied the region around James Bay for more than 7000 years with artifacts dated to 3000–3500 years ago. Nomad hunters followed game as the last glaciers melted. Eventually, the groups later permanently establishing themselves in what is known as "Eeyou Istchee" (the Cree traditional territory in eastern James Bay). Henry Hudson, during his exploration of the bay with his name, first made contact with the Crees of James Bay in 1610. After spending the winter of 1668–1669, explorers Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers convinced the English Crown, primarily Prince Rupert of the Rhine that a colonial enterprise in the bay would yield wealth in minerals and fur.
Eastmain (Cree Nation) | History
Within these boundaries there is much fluidity, however, as intermarriages and bilingual bands are once very common. Scholar Neal McLeod points out that bands were loose, temporary groupings which were often polyethnic and multilingual, so that most mentions of "the Cree" by historians of previous decades actually refer to mixed Cree-Assiniboine-Saulteax groups. As well the smallpox outbreak of 1780–1781 and the whooping cough outbreak of 1819–1820 decimated many bands, forcing them to merge with neighbours.
First Nations in Alberta | Classifications
Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw, officially named Atikamekw Sipi – Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw, is a tribal council in Quebec, Canada. It is composed of three Atikamekw First Nations. The council is based in La Tuque, Quebec. The Atikamekw are inhabitants of the area they refer to as Nitaskinan ("Our Land"), in the upper Saint-Maurice River valley. The First Nations:
Cree | Atikamekw ("Nehiraw")
The Nakota people shared an allied relationship with the Nehiyawak or Cree, who occupied the Canadian Shield and boreal forest from what is now northern Quebec to northern Alberta. As allies, the Nehiyawak and Nakota traded with the Mandan south to the Missouri River, and occasionally made war on the Lakota (Sioux), Dakota (Sioux) and Atsina (Gros Ventre) to the southeast and southwest. In the early 1800s, fur traders traveled the southern plain (formerly North West Territories) to make exchanges with the Cree, Sioux and Assiniboine people. These groups joined together were referred to as the Iron Confederacy. After the fur traders discovered indigenous nations, they began referring to the people as the "Plains Indians".
Montmartre, Saskatchewan | First Peoples
Cross Lake First Nation ( or "" 'Otter People') is a band of Cree First Nations people in Canada governed under the Indian Act. Its members occupy several reserves within the town of Cross Lake situated on the east shore of Cross Lake in the province of Manitoba. In October, 2008, its recorded registered membership was 6,969, of which 4,953 people of this First Nation lived on their reserve. Cross Lake is the principal community of the Pimicikamak indigenous people that made treaty with the British Crown in 1875. Its indigenous language is Woods Cree. Cross Lake was the site of a residential school operated under Canada's assimilation policy.
Cross Lake First Nation | Introduction
The Cree expanded steadily westward from the Hudson-James Bay country. Although the arrival of the Cree in the Lac la Biche region, is unknown, archaeological evidence in the form of pre-contact pottery indicates that the Cree were in this region in the 1500s.
Fort McKay First Nation | History
Evidence and records suggest that by as early as the 1570s, members of the Missanabie Cree had settled in the areas surrounding present day Missinaibi Lake, Dog Lake and Wabatongushi Lake. According to Elders’ testimony and anthropological evidence, the Missanabie Cree had utilized these lands from time immemorial to hunt, fish and trap for food, for ceremonial purposes and to provide for the cultural, spiritual and economic well being of their people. In the 1660s Father Allouez confirmed that the Cree people regularly traveled between Lake Superior and James Bay. In the 1730s Cree speaking people with summer encampments at Bawating (Sault Ste.
Missanabie Cree First Nation | Historical Timeline
As a result, Cree congregated in and around the fur trade post and became exposed to European customs. Moose Factory became Ontario's first English-speaking settlement. In 1905, on behalf of the British Crown, treaty commissioners negotiated a treaty with Moose Cree First Nation. Treaty No. 9 was signed on 9 August 1905. The treaty defined two tracts of land to beset aside for use and "benefit" of Moose Cree First Nation. The first tract, Moose Factory Indian Reserve No. 1 occupies approximately two-thirds of Moose Factory Island. The second tract, Moose Factory Indian reserve No. 68 is located approximately 10 miles south of Moose Factory at the mouth of the French River.
Moose Cree First Nation | History
The members with Plains Cree populations are Flying Dust First Nation, Makwa Sahgaiehcan First Nation, Ministikwan Lake Cree Nation, and Waterhen Lake First Nation
Cree | Downstream people
The Mathias Colomb Cree Nation was originally part of the Pelican Narrows band, Saskatchewan. Pelican Narrows join Mirond and Pelican Lakes which lie between the Sturgeon-Weir and Churchill River systems. The Mathias Colomb band first settled along the Churchill River or Missinipi, meaning "big water" in Woodland Cree, at Highrock Lake in the Prayer River area after their separation in 1910 from the Peter Ballantyne band. The Mathias Colomb Indian band, now Mathias Colomb Cree Nation, was formed as a separate reserve in 1910 and officially recognized by the Canadian federal government in 2011. In 1910, the inspector of Indian Affairs recognized Pukatawagan as a separate reserve with Mathias Colomb as the first chief of the reserve.
Mathias Colomb First Nation | History
Archaeologists have dated the first human settlements to 9,500 BCE. The four groups inhabiting the area at the time of the first European contact were the Cree, Assiniboine, Salteaux and Dene. Henry Kelsey of the Hudson's Bay Company is considered the first European person to see this area. The earliest trading posts were made by the French; however, the first permanent settlement was established at Cumberland House in 1774 by the HBC. In addition, several more ports were set up by British fur traders among the area's waterways. The forested area of the Canadian Shield was the favoured area for early settlement, and the economy was heavily dependent on hunting and trapping.
Geography of Saskatchewan | Historical geography
These cultures had evolved and changed by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th–early 16th centuries), and have been brought forward through archaeological investigations. There are indications of contact made before Christopher Columbus between the first peoples and those from other continents. Aboriginal people in Canada interacted with Europeans around 1000 CE, but prolonged contact came after Europeans established permanent settlements in the 17th and 18th centuries. European written accounts generally recorded friendliness of the First Nations, who profited in trade with Europeans. Such trade generally strengthened the more organized political entities such as the Iroquois Confederation.
Indigenous peoples in Canada | First Nations
GoldenEagle described how she first got to know other First Nations people, as a journalist. She singled out First Nations artist Allen Sapp as a mentor. When they were introduced he started speaking to her in the Cree language, assuming she too could speak it. She describes him as a wise and gentle man who encouraged her to find her heritage, learn to speak Cree, and encouraged her to paint. She did connect with her birth family, did learn Cree, and now helps lead cultural workshops. She has worked to help re-introduce traditional First Nations drumming back to Saskatchewan - an activity the Government suppressed after the North-West Rebellion.
Carol Rose GoldenEagle | Connecting with her First Nations heritage
The Swampy Cree Tribal Council Incorporated is the Tribal Council affiliated with this First Nation. The Swampy Cree Tribal Council lists the Mathias Colomb Cree Nation and the Marcel Colomb First Nation with its head office in Lynn Lake, as Missinippi Cree.
Mathias Colomb First Nation | Affiliations
Historically, the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum were classified by their relationship to Hudson Bay and James Bay: Lowland (Homeguard) Cree who were found along the coast, Lowland (Half-Homeguard) Cree who seasonally transitioned between the coast and the interior, and the Upland Cree in the deep interior who often were intermixed with the Ojibwe. West of these Lowland and Upland Cree were the Woodland and Plains Cree. Linguistically, the Cree are divided by their general language features, where the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum are classified as "th-Cree", "n-Cree" and "l-Cree", from west to east; Cree traditionally associated with the Woodland Cree make no distinction between "s" and "š", while the Lowland and Upland Cree do.
Swampy Cree | First Nations
The Oji-Cree are a First Nation in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba, residing in a narrow band extending from the Missinaibi River region in Northeastern Ontario at the east to Lake Winnipeg at the west. The Oji-Cree people are descended from historical intermarriage between the Ojibwa and Cree cultures, but are generally considered a nation distinct from either of their ancestral groups. They are considered one of the component groups of Anishinaabe, and reside primarily in a transitional zone between traditional Ojibwa lands to their south and traditional Cree lands to their north. Historically, the Oji-Cree were identified by the British and Canadian governments as "Cree." The Oji-Cree have identified with the Cree (or more specifically, the Swampy Cree) and not with the Ojibwa located to the south of them.
Oji-Cree | Introduction
The First Nation is led by a Chief and five Councillors. Chapleau Cree First Nation is member of Mushkegowuk Council, a regional tribal council affiliated with the Nishnawbe Aski Nation.
Chapleau Cree First Nation | Governance
Papaschase First Nation, removed from land that now makes up southeast Edmonton, were a party to Treaty 6 but are not recognized by the Canadian government.
Cree | Other First Nations
The first white contact with the Ngaatjatjarra came relatively late. Tindale describes in detail one nuclear family of the tribe encountered in August 1935 during the Expedition of the Board for Anthropological Research of the University of Adelaide. Source:
Ngaatjatjarra people | History of contact
Missanabie Cree First Nation is a "Treaty 9" Nation.
Missanabie Cree First Nation | Introduction
Almost all of the Aboriginal population of Attawapiskat speak the Swampy Cree language, one of the varieties of the Cree language, as their first language. Many elders understand very little English; they speak Cree and other Aboriginal languages. Some of these elders, such as Shano Fireman, self-identify as Inninew (person, part of the people Cree).
Attawapiskat First Nation | Language
The name "Moose Factory" comes from its location on the Moose River, as well as from the fur trade era. The officer in charge of the trading post was referred to as the "factor." Another account is that the name originates from the name of the river and a furniture factory that was once located within the community.
Moose Cree First Nation | Name
The first known person of European descent to visit Inyan Ceyaka was Jean-Baptiste Faribault, though he may have been preceded by trader Archibald John Campbell. Faribault worked for the North West Company and began trading for furs at the village in 1802. He married a mixed-race Dakota woman and acted as a cultural middleman. Some historians believe he spent several summers at Inyan Ceyaka. From Faribault's arrival until 1851, the village hosted fur traders. The Wahpeton exchanged furs for trade goods like beads, blankets, awls, and knives. A trading post may have been constructed just north of the village. Whether a physical post existed or not, the fur trade had a dramatic effect on the Wahpeton economy.
Inyan Ceyaka Otonwe | Post-contact history
Aboriginal people in Canada interacted with Europeans as far back as 1000 AD, but prolonged contact came only after Europeans established permanent settlements in the 17th and 18th centuries. European written accounts noted friendliness on the part of the First Nations, who profited in trade with Europeans. Such trade strengthened the more organized political entities such as the Iroquois Confederation. The Aboriginal population is estimated to have been between 200,000 and two million in the late 15th century. The effect of European colonization was a 40 to 80 percent Aboriginal population decrease post-contact. This is attributed to various factors, including repeated outbreaks of European infectious diseases such as influenza, measles and smallpox (to which they had not developed immunity), inter-nation conflicts over the fur trade, conflicts with colonial authorities and settlers and loss of land and a subsequent loss of nation self-suffiency.
First Nations | European contact
Canoe Lake Cree First Nation is a Cree First Nation based in the settlement of Canoe Narrows, Saskatchewan. The Nation is a member of Meadow Lake Tribal Council Tribal Council. Their reserves include:
Canoe Lake Cree First Nation | Introduction
Attawapiskat (, unpointed: ) means "people of the parting of the rocks" from the Swampy Cree language (). The Attawapiskat River carved out several clusters of spectacular high limestone islands less than from its mouth that are unique to the region. These formations (and therefore the river and community) are called in Swampy Cree.
Attawapiskat First Nation | Etymology
The majority of the population speaks Mushkegowuk Cree. Many men and women, younger and to the age of fifty, are bilingual in Cree and English. Children are taught in Cree and English at an early age. The community consists of quite a mixture of linguistics, with English, French, Cree, Ojibway, and Oji-Cree spoken.
Fort Albany First Nation | Language
The first dated contact between the Baháʼí Faith and Indigenous Americans was second hand through the life of Honoré Jackson who had been involved in a First Nations protest movement in Canada circa the early 1880s and then in the late 1890s joined the religion, but after some efforts in Canada and in the New York area he was not much heard of after circa 1910.
Baháʼí Faith and Native Americans | First contact
The people of Nisichawayasihk are largely ancestral descendants of indigenous Cree peoples who have populated the Canadian Shield region of northern and central Canada since the retreat of the glaciers about 10,000 years ago. Largely left alone by the Government of Canada during initial colonization and settlement of Western Canada. In the mid-1870s, the Indigenous peoples of the Lake Winnipeg area were interested in making a treaty with the Government of Canada. They had heard about the concessions offered to the Indigenous nations of Treaties 1 to 4 (see Numbered Treaties), and subsequently demanded the government provide similar economic assistance, provisions of tools and protection against the encroachment of outsiders (such as surveyors and settlers) on their territories.
Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation | History
A key demand of the Cree and the Saulteaux First Nations was for education. Since the buffalo had nearly vanished from the prairies, they wanted to acquire new tools that would ensure a strong and prosperous future. Under Treaty 4, the Cree and Salteaux First Nations relinquished most of current day southern Saskatchewan. In return, they received small parcels of land, as well as long-term government commitments in a number of areas, including education. Treaty 4 signatories from the chiefs as follows: Ka-kii-shi-way (Ochapowace), Pis-qua (Pasqua), Ka-wez-ance (Cowessess), Ka-kee-na-wup (Muskowekwan), Kus-kee-tew-mus-coo-musqua (Little Black Bear), Ka-ne-on-us-ka-tew (Gordon), Can-ah-ha-cha-pew (Peepeekisis), Kii-si-caw-chuck (Day Star), Ka-ra-ca-toose (Kawacatoose), Ka-kii-nis-ta-haw (Kahkewistehaw), Cha-ca-chas (Ochapowace), Wa-pii-moose-too-sus (Star Blanket), Meemay (Cote)
Muskowekwan First Nation | History
Thunderchild First Nation is an independent Cree First Nations band government in Turtleford, Saskatchewan, Canada with no affiliation with any Tribal Council. It is located approximately 113 kilometers northwest of North Battleford. European settlement in 1909 caused the reserve to be moved by the Government of Canada from its original location near Delmas, Saskatchewan to where it now currently resides near Turtleford, Saskatchewan. Also known as ka-pitikonahk, the membership population is approximately 1,868 of which approximately 630 reside on the reserve. This reserve came about after Chief Piyesiw-awasis' headmen were forced to sign an adhesion to Treaty Six in August, 1879 at Special Area No.
Thunderchild First Nation | Introduction
Fort Severn First Nation on Hudson Bay, is the most northern community in Ontario. It is a member of Keewaytinook Okimakanak Council. Keewatin Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Thompson, Manitoba that represents eleven First Nations across northern Manitoba. The Swampy Cree members are: Fox Lake Cree Nation, Shamattawa First Nation, Tataskweyak Cree Nation (also Rocky Cree), War Lake First Nation, York Factory First Nation. Mushkegowuk Council, based in Moose Factory, Ontario, represents chiefs from six First Nations across Ontario. Swampy Cree members are: Fort Albany First Nation and Attawapiskat First Nation.
Cree | Swampy Cree
The Kawacatoose First Nation is a Plains Cree First Nations band government in Saskatchewan. Their reserves include: The First Nation is named for Chief Kawacatoose, an original signatory to Treaty 4. His name derives from the Cree "kawâhkatoso", "be weak with hunger". Although "hungry skinny man" is a more accurate translation, "poor man" has been used historically and is still the official name of the Poor Man 88 reserve.
Kawacatoose First Nation | Introduction
The relationships between Indigenous people and local police in Roebourne are notoriously poor.
First Contact (Australian TV series) | Overview
Mistawasis Nêhiyawak is a Cree First Nation band government in Leask, Saskatchewan, Canada. Their settlement is roughly sixty-eight kilometres west of Prince Albert. The Nation has one reserve with an area of approximately 125.44 square kilometres. The First Nation has a registered population of 2171 people as of November 2005 . Approximately 1036 members of the First Nation live on-reserve, and approximately 1135 live off-reserve. The First Nation is affiliated with the Saskatoon Tribal Council, along with six other First Nations.
Mistawasis Nêhiyawak | Introduction
The Mathias Colomb First Nation, Mathias Colomb Cree Nation (MCCN), Mathias Colomb (Cree) First Nation, Pukatawagan/Mathias Colomb Cree Nation is a remote northern Manitoba First Nations, located north of The Pas and northwest of Winnipeg, Manitoba, which had two reserves under its jurisdiction, Indian Rreserve (IR) 198 and IR No. 199. They are part of the Treaty 6 and the main community is at Pukatawagan and consists of on the shore of Pukatawagan Lake and lies about north of The Pas. Their second reserve was the Highrock reserve (IR No. 199) (CSD) located on Highrock Lake, downstream from Pukatawagan, which was dissolved by 2006.
Mathias Colomb First Nation | Introduction
He trekked another 300 miles to a fort. In the context of shifting tribal politics due to the spread of horses and guns, the Niitsitapi initially tried to increase their trade with the HBC traders in Rupert's Land whilst blocking access to the HBC by neighboring peoples to the West. But the HBC trade eventually reached into what is now inland British Columbia.
Blackfoot Confederacy | First contact with Europeans and the fur trade
In the 1820s, Peter Skene Ogden, an explorer for the Hudson's Bay Company, established trade with the Klamath people north of the Modoc.
Modoc people | First contact
There have been several attempts to create a national political organization that would represent all Cree peoples, at least as far back as a 1994 gathering at the Opaskwayak Cree First Nation reserve.
Cree | Contemporary
They were perfectly mild and cheerful, and laugh at everything they see and repeat everything they hear". Macquarie then spent a week touring the surrounding area, meeting with a number of the other indigenous inhabitants. On 10 May he wrote:
Windradyne | First contact
Those lands, as I said before belong to my forefathers, and therefore we say it is our own. In its final report issued in 1916, the commission confirmed six reserves of the "Mahteelthpe or Matilipi Tribe": According to the commission's final report, the village of Etsekin was largely abandoned due to a smallpox outbreak in the 1880s. These six reserves were confirmed in the 1943 Schedule of Indian Reserves in the Dominion of Canada.
Ma'amtagila First Nation | Post-Contact
Prominent Canadian artist Duane Linklater is Omaskeko Cree, of Moose Cree First Nations. He is represented by Catriona Jeffries Gallery, Vancouver, British Columbia, and his work has been shown locally, nationally, and internationally.
Moose Cree First Nation | People
Muskrat were plentiful and trapped for pelts and food. There were deer and moose on the reserve which were hunted for meat and supplemented by fish. Work was available as hunting and fishing guides and cleaning tourist lodges. White people seldom entered the reserve except for the treaty agent who visited once a year. The only access to the reserve was by canoe or plane. From 1876 to 1969 schooling was at McIntosh Indian Residential School, a residential school in McIntosh, Ontario.
Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation | Old reserve
The lands of the Yalarnnga were first occupied by white settlers in 1877, at which time their numbers were estimated to be around 200 people.
Yalarnnga | History of contact
The Moosomin First Nation is a Cree First Nation band government in Cochin, Saskatchewan, Canada. Its reserves are approximately thirty-five kilometres and twenty-two kilometres north of North Battleford. It borders the rural municipalities of Meota No. 468 and Round Hill No. 467. Moosomin First Nation has over 1,500 Band members and control of more than of land.
Moosomin First Nation | Introduction
Wuskwi Sipihk First Nation is a Swampy Cree First Nations band government whose reserve community is located northeast Birch River, Manitoba, along the western shores of Swan Lake. The Rural Municipality of Mountain (North) forms the western and southern borders of the reserve. As of April, 2011, the First Nation had a total registered population of 623 people, of which 197 people lived on their own Indian Reserve. The current Chief for the First Nation is Elwood Zastre.
Wuskwi Sipihk First Nation | Introduction
Chapleau Cree First Nation is a Mushkegowuk Cree First Nation located by Chapleau Township, Sudbury District, Ontario, Canada. The First Nation have reserved for themselves the Chapleau 75 Indian Reserve and the Chapleau Cree Fox Lake Indian Reserve. , their on-reserve population was 57 compared to 2011 with 79 and 2006 with 92. Chapleau Cree First Nation is policed by the Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service, an Aboriginal-based service.
Chapleau Cree First Nation | Introduction
The Cree are the largest group of First Nations in Canada, with 220,000 members and 135 registered bands. Together, their reserve lands are the largest of any First Nations group in the country. The largest Cree band and the second largest First Nations Band in Canada after the Six Nations Iroquois is the Lac La Ronge Band in northern Saskatchewan. Given the traditional Cree acceptance of mixed marriages, it is acknowledged by academics that all bands are ultimately of mixed heritage and multilingualism and multiculturalism was the norm. In the West, mixed bands of Cree, Saulteaux and Assiniboine, all partners in the Iron Confederacy, are the norm.
Cree | In Canada
Nishnawbe Aski Nation (ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓈᐯ ᐊᔅᑭ ᐃᔥᑯᓂᑲᓇᓐ ᐅᑭᒫᐎᓐ ("Anishinaabe-aski Ishkoniganan Ogimaawin"), unpointed: ᐊᓂᔑᓇᐯ ᐊᔅᑭ ᐃᔥᑯᓂᐊᓇᓐ ᐅᑭᒪᐎᓐ; NAN for short) is a political organization representing 49 First Nation communities across Treaty 9 and Treaty 5 areas of Northern Ontario, Canada. Re-organized to its present form in 1981, NAN's original objective was "to represent the social and economic aspirations of our people at all levels of government in Canada and Ontario until such time as real effective action is taken to remedy our problems." Its member-First Nations are Ojibwa, Oji-Cree and Cree, and thus the languages within NAN include Ojibwe, Oji-cree and Cree.
Nishnawbe Aski Nation | Introduction
God's Lake First Nation is a First Nations band government whose reserve is primarily located at an area known as God's Lake Narrows, about 250 kilometers southeast of Thompson, Manitoba. There are about 2,638 registered members of First Nation # 296. They are Swampy Cree, and more specifically, Rocky Cree (Asinīskāwiyiniwak). The First Nation is a member of the Keewatin Tribal Council.
God's Lake First Nation | Introduction
Lucky Man Cree Nation is a Cree First Nation in Saskatchewan, Canada. The reserve is located at Lucky Man, on the eastern border of the Rural Municipality of Meeting Lake No. 466. Re-established in 1989 after spending more than a hundred years amalgamated into the Little Pine First Nation, Lucky Man has the smallest membership in Treaty 6.
Lucky Man Cree Nation | Introduction
Mikisew Cree First Nation is an Indigenous First Nations government of Woodland Cree people in northeastern Alberta and in Northwest Territories, Canada. Most Mikisew Cree First Nation members live in Fort McMurray, Edmonton, and Fort Chipewyan in Alberta and in Fort Smith, Northwest Territories. The Mikisew Cree First Nation is one of the five Athabasca Tribal Council Nations. The group signed a treaty in 1986 with Canada establishing several reserves. The Mikisew Cree won a case in the Supreme Court of Canada in 2005 over title interests to areas of the Wood Buffalo National Park.
Mikisew Cree First Nation | Introduction
Yes/no questions are formed by adding the question marker "nā" to the first full word of the sentence: "kimawāpin nā?" Are you visiting? "Tāpwē nā?" Really? Content questions use not "nā" but a special form of the verb. The structure of the sentence then reads: question word - predicate (in conjunct form). Because verbs in their conjunct form do not use prefixes but express the subject as part of the suffix, the form of the sentence can be described as Question word - Verb - (Object) - Subject (with VOS all one word).
Swampy Cree language | Questions
In 1886, the Dominion of Canada recognized the existence of the Ma'amtagila, then called the Mahteelthpe or Matilpi Tribe. In 1902, the band was allotted 145 acres of reserve land. In 1914, the Royal Commission on Indian Affairs in British Columbia visited with the members of the "Mahteelthpe" Tribe. Chief Lagis addressed the commissioners, speaking on behalf of the community:I am glad to meet you for this reason that we are so much in trouble about our lands. There are hardly any of my lands left now for our use — it is all taken by the whites —it is given to them by the people from whom you come.
Ma'amtagila First Nation | Post-Contact
Some French words have also been incorporated into its lexicon. This language flourished at and around the Red River Settlement (modern day location of Winnipeg, Manitoba) by the mid to late 1800s. Bungi is now virtually extinct, as its features are being abandoned in favor of standard English.
Cree language | Contact languages
"First Peoples" is a broad term that includes First Nations, Inuit, Inuvialuit, and Métis (equivalent to "Aboriginal" or "indigenous" peoples)—and could be extended outside the Canadian context to comprise all descendants of pre-Columbian ethnic groups in the Americas, including (self-identified) ethnic groups whose ancestry is only partially of pre-Columbian groups (e.g., Mestizo). Due to its similarity with the term "First Nations", the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably.
Native American name controversy | "First Peoples"
The Plains Cree people were hunter-gatherers roaming the Canadian plains. Once the Hudson's Bay Company created forts, the First Nations largely embraced the fur trade. Chief Lapotac was the earliest known leader of the Enoch Cree; he was probably descended from the Strongwood Cree, the original people of the Beaver River area east of Fort Edmonton. The Lapotac band was recognized by the Crown in 1842. When Chef Lapotac died in 1861, his son Thomas Lapotac became the Chief of the “Tommy’s Band”. In 1883 Chief Tommy Lapotac died and his brother Enoch Lapotac became chief. In 1884, Chief Enoch Lapotac joined other chiefs and signed Treaty Six.
Enoch Cree Nation | History
In the Mississippi valley, their population is believed to have declined by one-third between 1680 and 1805 due to those reasons.
Sioux | First contact with Europeans
Current Chiefs: Robert Head, Calvin Sanderson, Justin Burns The First Nation takes its name after Chief James Smith, a brother of Chief John Smith who founded the Muskoday First Nation. James Smith signed Treaty Six at Fort Carlton in 1876. The population at the time of the signing was 134 members or 32 families. The original language spoken was Cree. James Smith, alongside John Smith, migrated to the area from the Red River district of Manitoba, and his Cree name has been recorded as "Notaw(k)eecheekanis".
James Smith Cree Nation | Background and diversity of bands
Cree is also a component language in two contact languages, Michif and Bungi. Both languages were spoken by members of the Métis, the Voyageurs, and European settlers of Western Canada and parts of the Northern United States. Michif is a mixed language which combines Cree with French. For the most part, Michif uses Cree verbs, question words, and demonstratives while using French nouns. Michif is unique to the Canadian prairie provinces as well as to North Dakota and Montana in the United States. Michif is still spoken in central Canada and in North Dakota. Bungi is a creole based on Scottish English, Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Cree, and Ojibwe.
Cree language | Contact languages
The First Nation have reserved for themselves 13 separate tracts, of which Oxford House 24 IR serves as their main reserve, containing the Settlement of Oxford House, Manitoba.
Bunibonibee Cree Nation | Indian Reserves
Western Cree Tribal Council is a Tribal Council representing First Nation communities in the Peace River Country of Alberta, Canada. The council is based in Valleyview, Alberta.
Western Cree Tribal Council | Introduction
The Woodland Cree First Nation is a First Nation in Alberta, Canada adjacent to the Cadotte Lake in Northern Sunrise County northeast of the Town of Peace River. The hamlet of Cadotte Lake is located within the reserve. As of September, 2010, there were 986 registered residents in Woodland Cree First Nation, 697 of which were living on reserve. The reserve covers a total of 16,106.0 hectares.
Woodland Cree First Nation | Introduction
The population of Moose Cree First Nation was 4,440 in September 2014.
Moose Cree First Nation | Population
When asking a yes-no question in Cree, the question marker "ci•" is found at the end of the first word of the clause. For example: "kikisiwahitin ci•?" ('Have I made you angry?)
Woods Cree | Questions
When the settler then locates his stock on a piece of country hitherto in the sole possession of a tribe, the roots, grass-seeds, and game on which the people habitually live quickly fail. Then come hunger and also anger, for amongst themselves the hunting or gathering of food by a tribe on land which does not belong to it is always considered a casus belli by the rightful proprietors; just as in our case to take or destroy a neighbour's sheep or cabbages is a punishable act. Then some cattle are speared, or frightened off the run by the mere presence of the Blacks in search of food.
Miyan people | History of contact
Wawakapewin First Nation (Oji-Cree: ᐙᐙᑲᐯᐎᐣ ᓂᐢᑕᒼ ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓂᓂᐗᐠ ("Waawaagabewin Nistam Anishininiwag"); unpointed: ᐗᐗᑲᐯᐎᐣ ᓂᐢᑕᒼ ᐊᓂᔑᓂᓂᐗᐠ) is an Oji-Cree First Nation reserve located 350 kilometers north of Sioux Lookout, Ontario. It is only accessible by air and the winter road system from Pickle Lake. It is a small community in which the registered population in June 2013 was 73, of which 43 lived on their own Reserve. The current Chief is Anne-Marie Beardy. Wawakapewin First Nation is a member of Shibogama First Nations Council.
Wawakapewin First Nation | Introduction
This made colonial powers identify the Americas as West Indies a part of Greater India and named the indigenous peoples of the Americas incorrectly as "Indians". This contacting has been called one-sided "discovery", like in the case of the discovery doctrine, and reinvented contemporarily by narratives of first contact beyond Earth finding its way into actual space exploration (for example the Pioneer plaque). It has been argued that for colonialism this seeking out contact proved to be a crucial element to gain control over knowledge and representation of the other, fetishizing and objectifying contact and its place the frontier drawing a long history of one-sided contact until today with indigenous peoples and specifically uncontacted peoples.
First contact (anthropology) | History
The O'Chiese First Nation () is a Saulteaux First Nation in Alberta, Canada. The First Nation's homeland is the O'Chiese 203A Indian reserve, located approximately 52 km northwest of Rocky Mountain House. Also reserved is the O'Chiese Cemetery 203A. As of November 2013, the First Nation had the population of 1,250 registered people, of which the on-reserve population was 831 people. The primary language spoken on the reserve is the Western Ojibwa language. Though the ancestors of O'Chiese First Nation made the area about Baptiste River their winter camp site where they hunted moose and deer, and trapped small game for the fur trade, they also migrated as far south as the Milk River in Montana in the summer.
O'Chiese First Nation | Introduction
With Mirasta's project cancelled, she asks Picard if she can join his crew, and Picard agrees.
First Contact (Star Trek: The Next Generation) | Plot
The first colonizer who travelled through their territory, Thomas Mitchell, appears to be referring to the Barkindji when he mentions the "Occa" tribe in the area of Wilcannia. One estimate of the population for the period immediately before contact with whites, taking into account the hard climatic conditions, suggested that the could have sustained no more than 100 people. On the other hand, Simpson Newland, a contemporary familiar with the district where they lived, wrote in illustration of the point that:" we cannot but admit that our happy prosperous lot in these bright colonies is purchased at the cost of the welfare, nay, even the lives of the possessors of the soil," and illustrated the point in the following words: A few years ago the aboriginals of the Upper Darling were comparatively numerous; now they, in common with other tribes wherever the European has settled, have nearly passed away.
Paakantyi | History of contact
First Contact is an Australian reality television documentary series that aired on SBS One, SBS Two and NITV. It documents the journey of six European Australians who are challenged over a period of 28 days about their pre-existing perceptions of Indigenous Australians.
First Contact (Australian TV series) | Introduction
The Quebec government announced plans in April 1971 for a hydroelectric project in the Baie-James region of northern Quebec. It followed typical practice of neither informing the Cree people living in the area, nor estimating the consequences of the development as far as they were concerned. The Cree decision to present a unified front in negotiations in order to protect their lands and future autonomy provided the foundation for increased contact between the different communities and the start of a regional identity for the James Bay Cree. The Quebec Association of Indians, an "ad hoc" association of native northern Quebecers, won an injunction on 15 November 1973 blocking the construction of the hydroelectric project.
James Bay Cree hydroelectric conflict | The First Phase
Kashechewan is policed by the Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service, an Aboriginal-based service. A fire at the detachment on January 9, 2006, severely injured an officer and killed two inmates as they could not be rescued. When the community of Kashechewan came into being, the new residents chose the name "Keeshechewan". (This has the meaning, in Cree, of "where the water flows fast".) However, when the sign for the new post office arrived, it had the misspelling "Kashechewan", and this became the official name of the community. This official name has no real meaning in the Cree language.
Kashechewan First Nation | Introduction
Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs is a Tribal Council located in North Battleford, Saskatchewan. Members are: Ahtahkakoop First Nation, Moosomin First Nation, Mosquito-Grizzly Bear's Head-Lean Man, Red Pheasant First Nation, Saulteaux First Nation, and Sweetgrass First Nation. File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan. Cree member Nations are: Little Black Bear First Nation, Muscowpetung Saulteaux Nation, Nekaneet Cree Nation, Okanese First Nation, Pasqua First Nation, Peepeekisis Cree Nation, Piapot Cree Nation, and Star Blanket Cree Nation Meadow Lake Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan with nine member First Nations.
Cree | Downstream people