New York Harbor, between the Narrows and the George Washington Bridge, has a mix of fresh and ocean water, mixed by wind and tides to create an increasing gradient of salinity from the river's top to its bottom. This varies with season, weather, variation of water circulation, and other factors; snowmelt at winter's end increases the freshwater flow downstream. The salt line of the river varies from the north in Poughkeepsie to the south at Battery Park in New York City, though it usually lies near Newburgh.
Salinity
Hudson River
Hudson River | Salinity
The salt line of the river varies from the north in Poughkeepsie to the south at Battery Park in New York City, though it usually lies near Newburgh New York Harbor has a mix of fresh and ocean water, mixed by wind and tides to create an increasing gradient of salinity New York Harbor, between the Narrows and the George Washington Bridge, has a mix of fresh and ocean water, mixed by wind and tides to create an increasing gradient of salinity from the river's top to its bottom. New York Harbor, between the Narrows and the George Washington Bridge, has a mix of fresh and ocean water, mixed by wind and tides to create an increasing gradient of salinity from the river's top to its bottom.
where is the oakwood cemetery?
user
northeastern Troy, New York, United States
assistant
and what is oakwood cemetery?
user
It is a nonsectarian rural cemetery.
assistant
mention a few landmarks at that cemetery?
user
The monolithic obelisk and Celtic Cross
assistant
name a few famous interments over there?
user
E. Harold Cluett, John Paine Cushman, John Dean Dickinson, etc
assistant
who is the third person?
user
He was a U.S. Representative from New York.
assistant
when was the cemetery made?
user
1848
assistant
what are some famous buildings from troy?
user
Frear's Troy Cash Bazaar,Corinthian Courthouse, Troy Public Library,etc.
assistant
describe something about the roads of troy?
user
U.S. Route 4 runs north-south through the city. New York Route 7 passes through, east-west through the city, with a bridge west across the Hudson River, as does New York Route 2.
assistant
what are some events that happen at some period?
user
In 1707,  Dirck Van der Heyden purchased a farm of , which in 1787 was laid out as a village.
assistant
what is troy to new york?
user
It is a city in the U.S. state of New York.
assistant
any rivers flowing through troy?
user
Hudson River
assistant
how is the salinity of the river?
user
New York Harbor, between the Narrows and the George Washington Bridge, has a mix of fresh and ocean water, mixed by wind and tides to create an increasing gradient of salinity from the river's top to its bottom. This varies with season, weather, variation of water circulation, and other factors; snowmelt at winter's end increases the freshwater flow downstream. The salt line of the river varies from the north in Poughkeepsie to the south at Battery Park in New York City, though it usually lies near Newburgh.
Hudson River | Salinity
The lower Hudson is actually a tidal estuary, with tidal influence extending as far as the Federal Dam in Troy. There are about two high tides and two low tides per day. As the tide rises, the tidal current moves northward, taking enough time that part of the river can be at high tide while another part can be at the bottom of its low tide. Strong tides make parts of New York Harbor difficult and dangerous to navigate. During the winter, ice floes may drift south or north, depending upon the tides. The Mahican name of the river represents its partially estuarine nature: "muh-he-kun-ne-tuk" means "the river that flows both ways." Due to tidal influence from the ocean extending to Troy, NY, freshwater discharge is only about per second on average.
Hudson River | Geography and watershed
The oxygen-producing phytoplankton have also been inhibited by the relatively recent invasion of the zebra mussel species. The Hudson River estuary is the site of wetlands from New York City all the way up to Troy. It has one of the largest concentrations of freshwater wetlands in the Northeast. Even though the river can be considered brackish further south, 80 percent of the wetlands are outside the influence of the saltwater coming from the Atlantic Ocean. Currently, the river has about acres of wetlands, and rising sea levels due to climate change are expected to lead to an expansion of that area.
Hudson River | Habitats
The mean fresh water discharge at the river's mouth in New York is approximately per second. The Hudson River is long, with depths of for the stretch south of the Federal Dam, dredged to maintain the river as a shipping route. Some sections there are around 160 feet deep, and the deepest part of the Hudson, known as "World's End" (between the US Military Academy and Constitution Island) has a depth of .
Hudson River | Geography and watershed
Further south the Hudson takes in water from the Batten Kill River and Fish Creek near Schuylerville. The river then forms the boundary between Saratoga and Rensselaer counties. The river then enters the heart of the Capital District. It takes in water from the Hoosic River, which extends into Massachusetts. Shortly thereafter the river has its confluence with the Mohawk River, the largest tributary of the Hudson River, in Waterford. The river then reaches the Federal Dam in Troy, marking an impoundment of the river. At an elevation of , the bottom of the dam marks the beginning of the tidal influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River.
Hudson River | Upper Hudson River
He also proceeded upstream as far as present-day Troy before concluding that no such strait existed there.
History of the Hudson River | Exploration of the Hudson River
Hudson Bay has a lower average salinity level than that of ocean water. The main causes are the low rate of evaporation (the bay is ice-covered for much of the year), the large volume of terrestrial runoff entering the bay (about annually, the Hudson Bay watershed covering much of Canada, many rivers and streams discharging into the bay), and the limited connection with the Atlantic Ocean and its higher salinity. Sea ice is about three times the annual river flow into the bay, and its annual freezing and thawing significantly alters the salinity of the surface layer. One consequence of the lower salinity of the bay is that the freezing point of the water is higher than in the rest of the world's oceans, thus decreasing the time that the bay remains ice-free.
Hudson Bay | Waters
The Hudson and Mohawk rivers play their part, as does the Erie Canal and its lesser tributary canal systems, and later the railroads that linked Troy to the rest of the Empire State, New York City to the south, and Utica, New York, Syracuse, New York, Rochester, New York, Buffalo, New York and the myriad of emergent Great Lakes' cities in the burgeoning United States.
Troy, New York | Architecture
The Hudson River is navigable by large steamers up to Troy, and by ocean-faring vessels to the Port of Albany. The original Erie Canal, opened in 1825 to connect the Hudson with Lake Erie, emptied into the Hudson at the Albany Basin, just south of the Federal Dam in Troy (at mile 134). The canal enabled shipping between cities on the Great Lakes and Europe via the Atlantic Ocean. The New York State Canal System, the successor to the Erie Canal, runs into the Hudson River north of Troy. It also uses the Federal Dam as a lock. Along the east side of the river runs the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line, from Manhattan to Poughkeepsie.
Hudson River | Transportation and crossings
He also proceeded upstream as far as present-day Troy before concluding that no such strait existed there.
History of the Hudson Valley | Exploration of the Hudson River
The source of the Hudson River is Lake Tear of the Clouds in the Adirondack Park at an altitude of . However, the river is not cartographically called the Hudson River until miles downstream. The river is named Feldspar Brook until its confluence with the Opalescent River, and then is named the Opalescent River until the river reaches Calamity Brook, flowing south from the outlet of Henderson Lake. From that point on, the stream is cartographically known as the Hudson River. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) uses this cartographical definition. The longest source of the Hudson River as shown on the most detailed USGS maps is the "Opalescent River" on the west slopes of Little Marcy Mountain, originating two miles north of Lake Tear of the Clouds, several miles, past the Flowed Lands, to the Hudson River.
Hudson River | Sources
Prior to its rise as an industrial center, Troy was the transshipment point for meat and vegetables from Vermont, which were sent by the Hudson River to New York City. The Federal Dam at Troy is the head of the tides in the Hudson River and Hudson River sloops and steamboats plied the river on a regular basis. This trade was vastly increased after the construction of the Erie Canal, with its eastern terminus directly across the Hudson from Troy at Cohoes in 1825. Another artery constructed was the Champlain canal.
Troy, New York | The 1800s: Canals, shipping, early industrialization
Using river names as seen on maps, Indian Pass Brook flows into Henderson Lake, and the outlet from Henderson Lake flows east and meets the southwest flowing Calamity Brook. The confluence of the two rivers is where maps begin to use the Hudson River name. South of the outlet of Sanford Lake, the Opalescent River flows into the Hudson. The Hudson then flows south, taking in Beaver Brook and the outlet of Lake Harris. After its confluence with the Indian River, the Hudson forms the boundary between Essex and Hamilton counties. In the hamlet of North River, the Hudson flows entirely in Warren County and takes in the Schroon River.
Hudson River | Upper Hudson River
The Hudson River is a river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows southward through the Hudson Valley to the Upper New York Bay between New York City and Jersey City. It eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean at New York Harbor. The river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York at its southern end. Farther north, it marks local boundaries between several New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary, deeper than the body of water into which it flows, occupying the Hudson Fjord, an inlet which formed during the most recent period of North American glaciation, estimated at 26,000 to 13,300 years ago.
Hudson River | Introduction
Tidal waters influence the Hudson's flow from as far north as the city of Troy. The river is named after Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, who explored it in 1609, and after whom Hudson Bay in Canada is also named. It had previously been observed by Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano sailing for King Francis I of France in 1524, as he became the first European known to have entered the Upper New York Bay, but he considered the river to be an estuary. The Dutch called the river the "North River" – with the Delaware River called the "South River" – and it formed the spine of the Dutch colony of New Netherland.
Hudson River | Introduction
The Federal Dam is a manmade dam built across the Hudson River in the U.S. state of New York from Troy on the east bank to Green Island on the west bank. The major function of the dam is to improve navigability. It is located at mile 153 of the Hudson River, measuring from the beginning of the Hudson as a Federally Navigable Waterway near the Battery in Manhattan. The location of the dam marks the upper end of the Hudson River estuary.
Federal Dam (Troy) | Introduction
The Hudson is sometimes called, in geological terms, a drowned river. The rising sea levels after the retreat of the Wisconsin glaciation, the most recent ice age, have resulted in a marine incursion that drowned the coastal plain and brought salt water well above the mouth of the river. The deeply eroded old riverbed beyond the current shoreline, Hudson Canyon, is a rich fishing area. The former riverbed is clearly delineated beneath the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, extending to the edge of the continental shelf. As a result of the glaciation and the rising sea levels, the lower half of the river is now a tidal estuary that occupies the Hudson Fjord.
Hudson River | Geology
This could possibly influence the convection and stratification patterns of water in the bay due to the warm temperature of run-off water and ice melt. Differences in salinity can also affect these convection patterns. One study showed that run-off water stayed largely in the coastal current; but also reached deeper waters. This happens when there is sufficient brine rejection from ice formation to force run-off into deeper waters. Some studies suggest the effects of climate change could be quite deleterious to this current balance. As climate change occurs, it continues to increase ice melt on land and sea. Both surface water melt and river discharge are occurring earlier and in greater volume.
Hudson Plains Ecoregion | Hydrology
and a mile longer than "Feldspar Brook", which flows out of that lake in the Adirondack Mountains. Popular culture and convention, however, more often cite the photogenic Lake Tear of the Clouds as the source.
Hudson River | Sources
The city of Troy is across the river from Watervliet. Watervliet is mostly flat, but begins an extreme slope in the center of its most westerly edge (especially between the Watervliet Arsenal and 19th Street, an area once called "Temperance Hill").
Watervliet, New York | Geography
Tidal flow occurs as far north as Troy, over 150 miles away. The salt front (dilute salt water) can reach Poughkeepsie in drought conditions and is present in the lower reaches of the Raritan River for most of the year.
Marine life of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary | Introduction
Further south, the river forms the boundary between Warren and Saratoga Counties. The river then takes in the Sacandaga River from the Great Sacandaga Lake. Shortly thereafter, the river leaves the Adirondack Park, flows under Interstate 87, and through Glens Falls, just south of Lake George although receiving no streamflow from the lake. It next goes through Hudson Falls. At this point the river forms the boundary between Washington and Saratoga Counties. Here the river has an elevation of . Just south in Fort Edward, the river reaches its confluence with the Champlain Canal, which historically provided boat traffic between New York City and Montreal and the rest of Eastern Canada via the Hudson, Lake Champlain and the Saint Lawrence Seaway.
Hudson River | Upper Hudson River
Zooplankton are abundant throughout the fresh and saltwater portions of the river, and provide a crucial food source for larval and juvenile fish.
Hudson River | Plankton
The river narrows considerably here before flowing under the Bear Mountain Bridge, which connects Westchester and Rockland Counties. Afterward, leaving the Hudson Highlands, the river enters Haverstraw Bay, the widest point of the river at wide. Shortly thereafter, the river forms the Tappan Zee and flows under the Tappan Zee Bridge, which carries the New York State Thruway between Tarrytown and Nyack in Westchester and Rockland Counties respectively. At the state line with New Jersey the west bank of the Hudson enters Bergen County. The Palisades are large, rocky cliffs along the west bank of the river; also known as Bergen Hill at their lower end in Hudson County.
Hudson River | Lower Hudson River
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land and , or 7.38%, is water. Hudson is located 120 miles from New York Harbor, at the head of navigation on the Hudson River, on what originally was a spit of land jutting into the Hudson River between the South Bay and North Bay. Both bays have been largely filled in. Across the Hudson River lies the town of Athens in Greene County, New York; a ferry connected the two municipalities during much of the 19th century. Between them lies Middle Ground Flats, a former sandbar that grew due to both natural silting and also from dumping the spoils of dredging; today it is inhabited by deer and a few occupants of quasi-legal summer shanties.
Hudson, New York | Geography
The Hudson River begins near Lake Tear of the Clouds and flows south through the eastern part of the state, without draining Lakes George or Champlain. Lake George empties at its north end into Lake Champlain, whose northern end extends into Canada, where it drains into the Richelieu River and then ultimately the Saint Lawrence River. The western section of the state is drained by the Allegheny River and rivers of the Susquehanna and Delaware River systems. Niagara Falls is shared between New York and Ontario as it flows on the Niagara River from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. The Delaware River Basin Compact, signed in 1961 by New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and the federal government, regulates the utilization of water of the Delaware system.
New York (state) | Drainage
South of the Federal Dam, the Hudson River begins to widen considerably. The river enters the Hudson Valley, flowing along the west bank of Albany and the east bank of Rensselaer. Interstate 90 crosses the Hudson into Albany at this point in the river. The Hudson then leaves the Capital District, forming the boundary between Greene and Columbia Counties. It then meets its confluence with Schodack Creek, widening considerably at this point. After flowing by Hudson, the river forms the boundary between Ulster and Columbia Counties and Ulster and Dutchess Counties, passing Germantown and Kingston. The Delaware and Hudson Canal meets the river at this point.
Hudson River | Lower Hudson River
The Roeliff Jansen Kill is a major tributary to the Hudson River. Roeliff Jansen Kill was the traditional boundary between the Native American Mahican and Wappinger tribes. Its source is in the town of Austerlitz, New York, and its mouth is at the Hudson River at Linlithgo in the town of Livingston. The stream flows for through Dutchess and Columbia counties before entering the Hudson River about south of Hudson. Most of the watershed lies in Columbia County, although parts of the northern Dutchess County towns of North East, Stanford, Pine Plains, Milan, and Red Hook are within the stream's watershed of approximately .
Roeliff Jansen Kill | Introduction
U.S. Route 4 runs north-south through the city. New York Route 7 passes through, east-west through the city, with a bridge west across the Hudson River, as does New York Route 2.
Troy, New York | Roads
The Saw Kill's discharge is not regularly measured, but 1968 data from the United States Geological Survey, based on measurements close to Red Hook, gives it a 10th–90th percentile range of per second, for an average of per second. Precipitation ranges from annually; it is uniformly distributed throughout the year. Mean January and July temperatures are and respectively. The 1975–82 sampling project found the Saw Kill and its tributaries at that time to generally be healthy. There were occasionally surges of coliform bacteria near the Bard wastewater treatment plant and on the tributary flowing from behind the Orchard Hill plant, but those did not seem to be a regular trend.
Saw Kill (Hudson River tributary) | Hydrology
It is believed to add more pollution to the Hudson than any other single tributary. Unusually for a river, the Saw Mill's waters have consistently had a slightly alkaline pH, suggesting it has not been as affected by acid rain as other Hudson tributaries. In 1951, a state Department of Health survey reported pH between 7.25 and 9.1. Four decades later, another study found pH readings rising steadily from 7.59 in Chappaqua to 8.24 in Yonkers. Similarly, a 2007 Manhattan College study done for the New York State Water Resources Institute found a median low of 7.36 in Chappaqua and a median high of 7.81 near Torre Road in Yonkers, with a drop to 7.67 at the tunnel, for a total median for the river of 7.59.
Saw Mill River | Hydrology
Oyster beds were once pervasive in the saltwater portion, but are now reduced through pollution and exploitation.
Hudson River | Invertebrates
This list of Hudson Bay rivers includes the principal rivers draining into the Hudson, James and Ungava bays of the Arctic Ocean. The total surface area of the Hudson Bay watershed is about , with a mean discharge of about . The drainage basin includes parts of five Canadian provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec), territories (Northwest Territories and Nunavut) and four American states (Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota and Minnesota). The two principal waterways are the La Grande Rivière, in Québec, and the Nelson River in Manitoba, each with an average waterflow of over . The rivers are presented by coastline, clockwise, starting with the George River in northeastern Quebec, just south of Cape Chidley and the entrance to the Atlantic Ocean.
List of Hudson Bay rivers | Introduction
The Hudson River is a major river and estuary in the state of New York, United States. "Hudson River" may also refer to:
Hudson River (disambiguation) | Introduction
Ocean breezes channeled north up the river help to moderate the climate in the region, making it cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter than surrounding areas. The hardiness zone ranges from 7a to 6a. The most important grape varieties in the area are French hybrids and cool-climate "Vitis vinifera" varieties.
Hudson River Region AVA | Introduction
The history of Troy, New York extends back to the Mohican Indians. Troy is a city on the east bank of the Hudson River about north of Albany in the US State of New York.
History of Troy, New York | Introduction
The Hudson has a diverse array of habitat types. Most of the river consists of deep water habitats, though its tidal wetlands of freshwater and salt marshes are among the most ecologically important. There is strong biological diversity, including intertidal vegetation like freshwater cattails and saltwater cordgrasses. Shallow coves and bays are often covered with submarine vegetation; shallower areas harbor diverse benthic fauna. Abundance of food varies over location and time, stemming from seasonal flows of nutrients. The Hudson's large volume of suspended sediments reduces light penetration in the area's water column, which reduces photoplankton photosynthesis and prevents sub-aquatic vegetation from growing beyond shallow depths.
Hudson River | Habitats
Its outflow continues through the Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island, under the Verrazzano Bridge, and into Lower New York Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.
Hudson River | Lower Hudson River
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Troy area was inhabited by the "Muh-he ka-ne-ok", known to the Europeans as the Mohican Indian tribe. This Algonquian-speaking people had probably lived in the area for thousands of years. The Mohican called the general Troy area "Paanpack" and referred to the Hudson River as "Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk", or "where the waters were never still". It's not surprising that the area would be populated by hunter-gatherers: the land was arable, the forests were filled with game, and the river was known for being well populated with fish; one Dutch settler described the Hudson as ""seer visryck"", which is Dutch for "very fish rich".
History of Troy, New York | The Mohican
Terrain in the watershed is hilly and wooded at its eastern end, with the highest point, an unnamed hill, north of Willow Glen Road in Milan. Just east of the Red Hook–Milan town line, the hills level off into gently rolling land, much of which is under cultivation. As the stream approaches the Hudson, the land becomes wooded again and slightly hillier, as it reaches the sloping land adjacent to the river bank. According to a 1991 study, land in the watershed is 51.1% forested, with 31% second-growth deciduous, 14% coniferous and 4% mixed cover. Another 25.8% is agricultural, mostly hayfields or row crops.
Saw Kill (Hudson River tributary) | Watershed
The river's waters eventually flow via the Gods River and the Hayes River into Hudson Bay.
Wesachewan River | Introduction
Large variations in salinity and turbidity result in a wide variety of physicochemical conditions and planktonic communities on the river.
Estuary of Saint Lawrence | Situation
Fishing is allowed in the river, although the state Department of Health recommends eating no fish caught from the South Glens Falls Dam to the Federal Dam at Troy. Women under 50 and children under 15 are not advised to eat any fish caught south of the Palmer Falls Dam in Corinth, while others are advised to eat anywhere from one to four meals per month of Hudson River fish, depending on species and location caught. The Department of Health cites mercury, PCBs, dioxin, and cadmium as the chemicals impacting fish in these areas.
Hudson River | Activities
A buildup of water in the Upper New York Bay eventually allowed the Hudson River to break through previous land mass that was connecting Staten Island and Brooklyn to form the Narrows as it exists today. This allowed the Hudson River to find a shorter route to the Atlantic Ocean via its present course between New Jersey and New York City.
Hudson River | Geology
The Saw Kill, like its watershed, exhibits two different geologies, reflecting its formation. In the west, below in elevation, the stream is underlain by silt, sand and gravel, remnants of the lake bed and glacial outwash plain it once was. In the east, as the land rises to areas that were not submerged in Lake Albany, glacial till covers shale bedrock of the Normanskill Formation. Soil complexes consisting of silt loams covering bedrock to depths of cover 45% of the watershed. A 1998 study by two foresters compared soil erosion in the Saw Kill watershed with that of Stony Creek, the Hudson subwatershed directly to the north, since both streams empty into the very similar Tivoli Bays, where sediment from the streams themselves can easily be distinguished, and the two streams' watersheds are almost the same size.
Saw Kill (Hudson River tributary) | Geology
The Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve is a National Estuarine Research Reserve in the state of New York. Home to more than 200 species of fish, the Hudson River serves as a nursery ground for such important fish as sturgeon, striped bass and American shad. It also supports a corresponding abundance of other river-dependent wildlife, especially birds. The river is profoundly influenced by the ocean's tides for over half its length, creating an estuary which stretches and includes a wide range of wetland habitats. The reserve sites reflect this diversity, from the brackish marshes of Piermont to the slightly brackish wetlands of Iona Island, and the freshwater tidal mudflats and marshes of Tivoli Bays and Stockport Flats.
Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve | Introduction
A stretch on the east bank of the Hudson has been designated the Hudson River Historic District, a National Historic Landmark. The Palisades Interstate Park Commission protects the Palisades on the west bank of the river. The Hudson River was designated as an American Heritage River in 1997. The Hudson River estuary system is part of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System as the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve.
Hudson River | Landmark status and protection
The third diverts the waters of Lake St. Joseph via the English River and Nelson River into Hudson Bay (diversion of per second).
Albany River | Watershed
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (5.44%) is water. Troy is located several miles north of Albany near the junction of the Erie and Champlain canals, via the Hudson River and is the terminus of the New York Barge Canal. It is the distributing center for a large area. The city is on the central part of the western border of Rensselaer County. The Hudson River makes up the western border of the city and the county's border with Albany County. The city borders within Rensselaer County, Schaghticoke to the north, Brunswick to the east, and North Greenbush to the south; to the west the city borders the Albany County town of Colonie, the villages of Menands and Green Island, and the cities of Watervliet and Cohoes.
Troy, New York | Geography
At the east end of Swampy Lake, about northeast of Molson Lake and from Hudson bay is the Dramstone where west-bound travelers took a dram to celebrate leaving the most difficult part of the river. Including the rapids downstream from Knee Lake, in a stretch the Hayes loses 5/7ths of its elevation in 1/6 of its length. From Swampy Lake it runs through a stretch of constant rapids, past Brassy Hill, rising above the river, and takes in the right tributary High Hill River. The river continues northeast through a small canyon for about , therein passing over the Whitemud Falls and Berwick Falls, and takes in the major left tributary Fox River at an elevation of .
Hayes River | Course
He docked his ship on the western shore of Haverstraw Bay and claimed the territory as the first Dutch settlement in North America. He also proceeded upstream as far as present-day Troy before concluding that no such strait existed there.
Hudson Valley | Hudson River exploration
The Patroon Creek is long from a grate at the eastern end of Rensselaer Lake to a culvert that empties into the Hudson River. About 1/3 of the creek has been moved from its original course and/or buried in culverts since the 19th century to make way for railroads and highways. The creek passes through three nature preserves, the Albany Pine Bush at its source, the Tivoli Park Preserve, and the Corning Preserve at its mouth. The creek's watershed is roughly . The watershed is in an urban environment with a population density of 2,550 inhabitants/mi (965 inhabitants/km), and approximately 17% of the watershed is forested.
Patroon Creek | Geography
Hudson's surface water flows into five major watersheds. The three most prominent are Brandywine Creek, Mud Brook, and Tinkers Creek. A small part of the western edge of town drains into the Cuyahoga River, and the southeastern corner of the city drains into Fish Creek.
Hudson, Ohio | Watersheds
The river is a salt wedge estuary in which saltwater, being more dense than freshwater, penetrates into the estuary in a layer below the freshwater, which floats on the surface. Salinity fronts, or haloclines, form at the bottom and on the surface, where fresh and brackish waters meet. The salinity fronts are also pycnoclines due to the water density discontinuities. They play an important role in the reproductive processes of fish species.
Río de la Plata | Hydrology
Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island. The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River—a tidal strait—flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely freshwater river in the city.
New York City | Geography
During the Industrial Revolution, the Hudson River became a major location for production, especially around Albany and Troy. The river allowed for fast and easy transport of goods from the interior of the Northeast to the coast. Hundreds of factories were built around the Hudson, in towns including Poughkeepise, Newburgh, Kingston, and Hudson. The North Tarrytown Assembly (later owned by General Motors), on the river in Sleepy Hollow, was a large and notable example. The River links to the Erie Canal and Great Lakes, allowing manufacturing in the Midwest, including automobiles in Detroit, to use the river for transport. With industrialization came new technologies for transport, including steamboats for faster transport.
Hudson River | 19th century
To the east the Hudson River separates the island from the Lansingburgh neighborhood of the city of Troy.
Van Schaick Island | Geography
Bard College and two protected areas, Margaret Lewis Norrie State Park and Tivoli Bays Unique Area, are also within the district. From the colonial era to the early 20th century, it was characterized by the large "country seats" built by members of the Livingston family, such as Clermont Manor and Montgomery Place, both National Historic Landmarks. For most of that period, these estates were worked by tenant farmers, with much of the rest of the population concentrated in the small riverside communities. This semi-feudal arrangement is still reflected in land use and architecture within the district today, since it has not seen major development.
Hudson River Historic District | Introduction
He notes the following in reference to the North and Hudson Rivers:
North River (Hudson River) | Origin of the name and early usage
Only to the east does the delineation get complicated. It follows an irregular line parallel to US 9 north to Weys Corners, the junction with NY 9G north of Rhinebeck, and then 9G from there to the north boundary. It has been drawn very tightly to exclude some newer properties that do not reflect the traditional character of the area yet include some lands still reflecting their development as estates that had not previously been recognized. There are no signs or other indicators of the district boundary along the local and county roads that serve it.
Hudson River Historic District | Geography
These ice sheet also contributed to the formation Lake Albany, a 160-mile inland body of water that stretched from Glens Falls NY to Poughkeepsie NY, but eventually drained.
Upper Hudson AVA | Geology
Both are irregular in shape. In total, water bodies cover 12.2% of the basin's area. Wetlands, mainly ombrotrophic bog on the coastal plain, cover 1.63% of the area.
Sault Plat River | Hydrology
The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) has listed various portions of the Hudson as having impaired water quality due to PCBs, cadmium, and other toxic compounds. Hudson River tributaries with impaired water quality (not necessarily the same pollutants as the Hudson main stem) are Mohawk River, Dwaas Kill, Schuyler Creek, Saw Mill River, Esopus Creek, Hoosic River, Quaker Creek, and Batten Kill. Many lakes in the Hudson drainage basin are also listed. Other ongoing pollution problems affecting the river include: accidental sewage discharges, urban runoff, heavy metals, furans, dioxin, pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Numerous factories that once lined the Hudson River poured garbage and industrial waste directly into the river.
Pollution of the Hudson River | Types of pollution and other environmental impacts
To the north is the Wappinger Creek watershed. The Ten Mile River basin, the only portion of New York that drains into the Housatonic River, is to the east. On the southeast are the headwaters of the Croton River, an important part of New York City's water supply, with smaller tributaries of the Hudson like Melzingah Brook and Surprise Brook rising on the southeast. The creek's valley is mostly low-lying level land, with the exception of the area above its headwaters in Union Vale. Most of its descent takes place either in its uppermost 10 miles (16 km), above Poughquag, or its lowermost 5 miles (8 km), below the village of Fishkill, both stretches of which account for each of its total drop.
Fishkill Creek | Watershed
Geologists assert that the lower Raritan provided the course of the mouth of the Hudson River approximately 6,000 years ago. Following the end of the last ice age, the Narrows had not yet been formed and the Hudson flowed along the Watchung Mountains to present-day Bound Brook, then followed the course of the Raritan eastward into Lower New York Bay.
Raritan River | Geological history
through the W. part. Pascack Creek flows through the extreme W. angle, and Spar Kil is a tributary of the Hudson. Near the N. line are several bog or peat meadows, generally well drained and under cultivation. The red sandstone which crops out on the E. declivities of the hills, within a few rods of the river, between Piermont and Nyack, is extensively quarried and exported for building stone. The soil is a reddish, sandy loam intermixed with clay. Fruit growing and furnishing milk for the New York market have become leading pursuits. Nyack, (p.v.,) upon the Hudson, in the N.E.
Orangetown, New York | History
After exiting the reservoir it heads south toward the City of Rome receiving Hurlbut Glen Brook and passing the Rome Fish Hatchery along the way. On the south side of the City it enters the Erie Canal and begins to flow east. After Rome the river flows generally east through the Mohawk Valley, passing by the cities of Utica, Little Falls, Canajoharie, Amsterdam, and Schenectady before entering the Hudson River at Cohoes, just north of Albany.
Mohawk River | Course
The Hudson River is a river in New York. The river is named after Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, who explored it in 1609, and after whom Canada's Hudson Bay is also named. It had previously been observed by Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano sailing for King Francis I of France in 1524, as he became the first European known to have entered the Upper New York Bay, but he considered the river to be an estuary. The Dutch called the river the "North River" – with the Delaware River called the "South River" – and it formed the spine of the Dutch colony of New Netherland.
History of the Hudson River | Introduction
He found the water too shallow to proceed several days later at the site of Troy, New York.
New Netherland | Origin
The flutes and grooves are elongated in the direction of the ice flow.
Sault Plat River | Terrain
Limnologists and chemists often define salinity in terms of mass of salt per unit volume, expressed in units of mg per litre or g per litre. It is implied, although often not stated, that this value applies accurately only at some reference temperature. Values presented in this way are typically accurate to the order of 1%. Limnologists also use electrical conductivity, or "reference conductivity", as a proxy for salinity. This measurement may be corrected for temperature effects, and is usually expressed in units of μS/cm. A river or lake water with a salinity of around 70 mg/L will typically have a specific conductivity at 25 °C of between 80 and 130 μS/cm.
Salinity | Lakes and rivers
The Hudson Plains greatly influence the bay to the North. During the brief summer months, fresh water ice melt pours into the bay. This warm water causes convection patterns which influence water temperatures throughout the year. Additionally, melting of surface ice on the bay itself also occurs during this time. Not only do these thawing events introduce warm water into the bay; they affect the salinity also. Hudson Bay has a very high portion of freshwater. Researchers are exploring the role of this interplay between hot and cold, as well as fresh and saltwater. Studies have shown that spring thaw of ice sheets on the bay is occurring 5.6 days earlier per decade.
Hudson Plains Ecoregion | Hydrology
Past NY 32, NY 2 crosses over I-787 and the Hudson River on the Congress Street Bridge, which links Watervliet to the city of Troy on the opposite bank. Just east of the bridge, the route enters a partial interchange with Front Street and splits into a one-way pair along Congress Street (westbound) and Ferry Street (eastbound), both two lanes wide. The couplet takes the route through the Central Troy Historic District, where NY 2 eastbound heads into a two-block tunnel that carries the highway underneath the campus of Russell Sage College. Ferry Street returns to surface level at 3rd Street, where NY 2 meets the southbound half of US 4, which is also routed along a one-way pair through the city.
New York State Route 2 | Albany County and Troy
Recent increases in water use, primarily in the agricultural sector, and the damming of the river and its tributaries may be contributing factors causing the now mostly dry condition of the riverbed.
Salinas River (California) | Hydrology
The Salmon River includes several distinct reaches and features between its headwaters and mouth.
Salmon River (New York) | Course
The river then flows by Hyde Park, former residence of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and alongside the city of Poughkeepsie, flowing under the Walkway over the Hudson and the Mid-Hudson Bridge. Afterwards, the Hudson passes Wappingers Falls and takes in Wappinger Creek. The river then forms the boundary between Orange and Dutchess Counties. It flows between Newburgh and Beacon and under the Newburgh Beacon Bridge, taking in the Fishkill Creek. In this area, between Gee's Point at the US Military Academy and Constitution Island, an area known as "World's End" marks the deepest part of the Hudson, at . Shortly thereafter, the river enters the Hudson Highlands between Putnam and Orange Counties, flowing between mountains such as Storm King Mountain, Breakneck Ridge, and Bear Mountain.
Hudson River | Lower Hudson River
In 1976 NYSDEC banned all fishing in the Upper Hudson because of health concerns with PCBs. It also issued advisories restricting the consumption of fish caught within a long segment of the Hudson River from Hudson Falls to Troy. The New York State Department of Health recommends eating no fish caught from the South Glens Falls Dam to the Federal Dam at Troy. Women under 50 and children under 15 are not advised to eat any fish caught south of the Palmer Falls Dam in Corinth, while others are advised to eat anywhere from one to four meals per month of Hudson River fish, depending on species and location caught.
Pollution of the Hudson River | Effects
The Miami River is a stream in upstate New York and is a part of the Hudson River watershed. The river's headwaters rise in the Adirondack Mountains at about northwest of Speculator and flows southeast for about with Pillsbury Mountain on the southwest and Page Mountain to the northeast. It turns sharply southwest for about one mile and then turns sharply east for about a mile, after which it flows mostly northeast for about before flowing into Lewey Lake at . Lewey Lake empties into Indian Lake, which is drained by the Indian River, which then flows into the Hudson River approximately to the northeast of Lewey Lake.
Miami River (New York) | Introduction
Ninety percent of this region is covered in wetlands; as high a proportion as is found in the world. The land slopes gradually into Hudson Bay to the north, continuing the process of draining what was once an ocean with relative speed. In some areas, the land rises at about one meter per century. The inland areas are primarily peat bogs and shallow open waters. Along the coast, tidal flats and marshes are broken by raised beaches formed the receding ice sheets. Long, cold winters keep much of this region's water frozen; although increasing temperatures are proving to have effects on both the plains and the bay.
Hudson Plains Ecoregion | Hydrology
Owing to the intense glaciation, the basin is generally flat and does not rise to elevations beyond three hundred metres above sea level even after major post-glacial rebound. The climate is polar (Köppen "ET") with temperatures ranging from about in January to in July. The river probably flowed into Hudson Bay before the Pleistocene. However, the fact that for ninety percent of the Quaternary Nunavik has been covered with glacial ice up to four kilometres thick has meant that, during the very brief deglaciations, ice dams and/or moraines have tended to prevent the river from flowing westwards. Hence, during the brief periods of deglaciation (generally only the "latter half" of interglacials), the river has flowed into the Koksoak River.
Rivière aux Mélèzes | Introduction
The Wallkill River, a tributary of the Hudson, drains Lake Mohawk in Sparta, New Jersey, flowing from there generally northeasterly to Rondout Creek in New York, just downstream of Sturgeon Pool, near Rosendale, with the combined flows reaching the Hudson at Kingston. The river is unusual because it flows north between two major south-flowing rivers, the Hudson and the Delaware River. It also has the unusual distinction of being a river that drains into a creek, due to being impounded shortly before the Rondout confluence into a small body of water called Sturgeon Pool near Rifton, and what reaches the Rondout from there is the lesser flow.
Wallkill River | Introduction
The Clyde River is a main tributary which feeds the Seneca River in Seneca County, New York, United States. It begins at the hamlet of Lyons in nearby Wayne County and meanders for approximately 27 miles (43 kilometers) from west to east before emptying into the Seneca River in the town of Tyre at Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge. Much of the original river has been channeled through to form part of the Erie Canal. A number of tributaries feed the Clyde River along its route. The Clyde River is part of the Seneca River watershed which feeds the Oswego River.
Clyde River (New York) | Introduction
The Hudson River in New York drains into New York Bay.
List of rivers of Vermont | Hudson River
The Wallkill River drains the northeastern portion of the valley, flowing north to the Hudson River watershed.
Paulins Kill | Watershed
The Port of Albany is just south of where the New York State Canal System begins at the Federal Dam in Troy. The Erie Canal allows for water navigation to the Great Lakes, and the Champlain Canal connects the Hudson River to Lake Champlain. The Richelieu River/Chambly Canal then connects Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence Seaway and Montreal.
Port of Albany–Rensselaer | Water-to-water
Painters like Thomas Cole depicted them in many works that sold far and wide.
North–South Lake | Hudson River School
This list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented by order of confluence with their main stem, from mouth to source.
List of rivers of New York | By drainage basin
The northern portions of the Hudson Valley fall within the Eastern Great Lakes and Hudson Lowlands Ecoregion. During the last ice age, the valley was filled by a large glacier that pushed south as far as Long Island. Near the end of the last ice age, the Great Lakes drained south down the Hudson River, from a large glacial lake called Lake Iroquois. Lake Ontario is the remnant of that Lake. Large sand deposits remain from where Lake Iroquois drained into the Hudson; these are now part of the Rome Sand Plains.
Hudson Valley | Geology and physiography
The Salmon River passes through a region with sedimentary bedrock composed of limestone, shale, siltstone and sandstone. After the uplifting of the Appalachian Plateau approximately 220 million years ago, numerous streams in the area, including the Salmon River and its tributaries, began to cut gorges (locally known as "gulfs") through the bedrock. The geologically recent Pleistocene glaciations further influenced the landscape approximately 12,000 years ago; the region's soils in particular are the result of deposits of glacial till from this time. Soils in the Salmon River region are generally stony, acidic, and poorly drained.
Salmon River (New York) | Geology
Water temperature peaks at on the western side of the bay in late summer. It is largely frozen over from mid-December to mid-June when it usually clears from its eastern end westwards and southwards. A steady increase in regional temperatures over the last 100 years has been reflected in a lengthening of the ice-free period which was as short as four months in the late 17th century.
Hudson Bay | Climate
They traded with both the Lenape to the south and the Mahicans to the north. The Mahicans lived in the northern part of the valley from present-day Kingston to Lake Champlain, with their capital located near present-day Albany.
Hudson River | Pre-Columbian era
To the north of the lake and preserve is the town of Guilderland and CSXT railroad tracks. West of the lake is Rapp Road; to the east is Fuller Road and Exit 2 of I-90. The Patroon Creek flows east from the lake towards the Hudson River. The western section of the lake has two forks fed by inlet streams; the northern fork by groundwater, and the southern fork by a stream created by two drainage culverts and groundwater seepage. The two forks merge past the southern inlet stream. The lake has a surface area of . It has a mean depth of with a maximum depth of over .
Rensselaer Lake | Geography
The actual ratio depends on the ions present. The actual conductivity usually changes by about 2% per degree Celsius, so the measured conductivity at 5 °C might only be in the range of 50–80 μS/cm. Direct density measurements are also used to estimate salinities, particularly in highly saline lakes. Sometimes density at a specific temperature is used as a proxy for salinity. At other times an empirical salinity/density relationship developed for a particular body of water is used to estimate the salinity of samples from a measured density.
Salinity | Lakes and rivers
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Mohican Indians had a number of settlements along the Hudson River near the confluence with the Mohawk River. The land comprising the Poesten Kill and Wynants Kill areas were owned by two Mohican groups. The land around the Poesten Kill was owned by "Skiwias" and was called "Panhooseck". The area around the Wynants Kill, was known as "Paanpack", was owned by "Peyhaunet". The land between the creeks, which makes up most of downtown and South Troy, was owned by "Annape". South of the Wynants Kill and into present-day North Greenbush, the land was owned by "Pachquolapiet".
Troy, New York | 1500 to 1700: the Mohican and the Skiwia Indians
Their main settlements flanked the then "Saeck Kill"—today's Saw Mill River—at its confluence with the Hudson at Getty Square in present-day Yonkers.
Wecquaesgeek | Introduction
The Hoosic River, also known as the Hoosac, the Hoosick (primarily in New York) and the Hoosuck (mostly archaic), is a tributary of the Hudson River in the northeastern United States. The different spellings are the result of varying transliterations of the river's original Algonquian name. It can be translated either as "the beyond place" (as in beyond, or east of, the Hudson) or as "the stony place" (perhaps because the river's stony bottom is usually exposed except in spring, or perhaps because local soils are so stony). The Hoosic River Watershed is formed from tributaries originating in the Berkshire Hills of Massachusetts, the Green Mountains of Vermont, and the Taconic Mountains.
Hoosic River | Introduction
At Corinth the river deepens and widens as it approaches the "big bend" where Interstate 87 crosses near Glens Falls.
Upper Hudson River Valley | Introduction
Additionally, the tidal variation extends approximately upriver from its mouth.
Quinnipiac River | Watershed and course
Severe drought in 2005 greatly reduced runoff in the entire Grand River watershed. This caused levels of the reservoirs along the river to fall. In particular, the water level of Lake Hudson dropped to by January 2006. The SPSP agreement with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) requires that Lake Hudson elevation be a minimum of in order to pump water into Lake W. R. Holway. This required GRDA to lower Grand Lake by .
Salina Pumped Storage Project | Effects of drought on operation
The Hudson River Historic District, also known as Hudson River Heritage Historic District, is the largest such district on the mainland of the contiguous United States. It covers an area of 22,205 acres (34.6 square miles, 89 km²) extending inland roughly a mile (1.6 km) from the east bank of the Hudson River between Staatsburg and Germantown in Dutchess and Columbia counties in the U.S. state of New York. This area includes the riverfront sections of the towns of Clermont, Red Hook, Rhinebeck and part of Hyde Park. This strip includes in their entirety the hamlets of Annandale, Barrytown, Rhinecliff and the village of Tivoli.
Hudson River Historic District | Introduction