The French and Indian War (1754–1763) pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France, each side supported by military units from the parent country and by Native American allies. At the start of the war, the French colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers, compared with 2 million in the British colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on the natives. The European nations declared a wider war upon one another overseas in 1756, two years into the French and Indian War, and some view the French and Indian War as being merely the American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War of 1756–63; however, the French and Indian War is viewed in the United States as a singular conflict which was not associated with any European war.
Introduction
French and Indian War
French and Indian War | Introduction
1754 Between 1754 and 1763 1754. 1754
who is john sherman?
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He was a politician from the U.S. state of Ohio
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did he stand in any election?
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Yes - in the election of 1880
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what connection does he have with the senate house?
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Sherman was elevated to the Senate in 1861.
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is he related to any war?
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Yes - the American Civil War
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when did he retire?
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1898
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what was his position then in politics?
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A politician from the U.S. state of Ohio, a member of the Republican Party, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of State
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is this mentioned state prone to earthquakes?
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Yes -  more than 200 earthquakes with a magnitude of 2.0 or higher have occurred in Ohio since 1776.
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who is known as the father of this state?
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Rufus Putnam
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why is he called so?
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He served in both the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War. He organized and led the first group of veterans to the Ohio territory.
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where was he from?
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Massachusetts
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when did his first served war take place?
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He was born in Ireland in 1734 and at age 19 arrived in Connecticut (1753). He married Elizabeth Wetmore on May 10, 1755 in Christ Church, Middletown and they had 10 children. During the French and Indian War, in 1755 he was in the Connecticut Regiment, under the command of Sir William Johnston, when he fought in the Battle of Lake George. In 1756, he was stationed at Fort Edward under the command of the Earl of Loudon and then in 1757 under the command of General Webb. In 1758, under the command of General Abercrombie he fought in the Battle of Ticonderoga.
Timothy Hierlihy | French and Indian War
Marion began his military career shortly before his 25th birthday. On January 1, 1757, Francis and his brother, Job, were recruited by Captain John Postell to serve in the French and Indian War.
Francis Marion | French and Indian War
The French and Indian War did not affect his mission until 1756, when he was forced to leave. He then went to Boston and joined the army as chaplain of Colonel Richard Gridley's regiment, and attempted after this campaign to return to the Iroquois mission, but the enterprise proved too hazardous. He spent the winter in West Springfield, Massachusetts and tried to rejoin his mission in the spring of 1757, but an outbreak of small pox there prevented him from returning. The commissioners of the Society for propagating the gospel appointed him pastor of the Indian tribes at Mashpee, Massachusetts, where he was installed in April 1758 and remained as a missionary until his death in 1807.
Gideon Hawley | French and Indian War
Arriving in America in 1757, he served in the French and Indian War as a captain in the Pennsylvania militia. He was part of the Forbes expedition that captured Fort Duquesne in November 1758. He wrote a letter describing the condition of the fort.
John Haslet | French and Indian War
In the winter of 1754, Governor Charles Lawrence of Nova Scotia and Massachusetts Governor William Shirley, under a general British directive, made plans to deal with French "encroachments" on the frontier of the British North American colonies. This process ultimately led to the beginning of the final French and Indian War and the onset of the Seven Years' War in North America. One of the first actions of this war was to be at Fort Beausejour and Robert Monckton, with his intimate knowledge of the terrain and the local fortifications, was invited to spend the winter in Boston to assist in the planning process.
Robert Monckton | French and Indian War
In 1755, John Butler was appointed to the rank of Captain in the Indian Department of the British colonial government. He served in the French and Indian War under Sir William Johnson. In 1758, he saw action with James Abercromby at Fort Ticonderoga and John Bradstreet at the Battle of Fort Frontenac. In 1759, he was made second in command of the Indians with Johnson at the Battle of Fort Niagara. In 1760, he continued as a second in command of the Indians in Jeffery Amherst's force at Montreal.
John Butler (pioneer) | French and Indian War
During 1754, Washington, Gist, and a detachment of the Virginia Regiment attempted to drive the French from the region. At the Battle of Fort Necessity on July 3, 1754, the French defeated the Virginian colonists. This was the beginning of the French and Indian War, a part of the Seven Years' War between France and England. Gist owned land near the present city of Uniontown, Pennsylvania. He named it Gist's Plantation and began to build a town there. At the outset of the war, the French burned all the buildings. Gist was a member of the Braddock Expedition during 1755 when it was defeated by the French and their Native American allies.
Christopher Gist | French and Indian War service
During the French and Indian War, Dixson moved to Fort Cumberland, Nova Scotia, soon after, and served as a militiaman in the capture of Fort Beauséjour in 1755. Dixson also served with Amherst at Montreal in 1760 and with Monckton in Havana in 1762.
Thomas Dixson | French and Indian War
Hazen was apprenticed to a tanner when the French and Indian War broke out. In 1756, he enlisted with the local militia, which included a number of family members. He first served at Fort William Henry near Lake George, where he probably first met, and may have served under, Robert Rogers of Rogers' Rangers. Rogers eventually recommended him for an officer's commission in a new company of the Rangers; in 1758, after having worked for his brother providing supplies for the British Siege of Louisbourg, he was commissioned as a first lieutenant in John McCurdy's company of the Rangers at Fort Edward.
Moses Hazen | French and Indian War
Cook lived in the Mohawk village of Kahnawake. He fought with the Mohawk nation on the side of the French against the British in the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War. A friend and minister, Eleazer Williams, later wrote that Cook was at the battle against the Braddock expedition in 1755 (the Braddock party included the young George Washington), and served under General Montcalm at the Battle of Fort Oswego in 1756. The same year, he was wounded in a skirmish with Rogers' Rangers near Fort Ticonderoga. Cook was given his first command in the 1758 Battle of Carillon, where he was praised by General Montcalm.
Joseph Louis Cook | French and Indian War
The following year, he fought again at Ticonderoga and Crown Point under Sir Jeffrey Amherst. In 1759 he fought in the siege of Oswego, taking of Fort William Augustus, Montreal and Canada. In 1761 he fought at Crown Point and then in 1762, he was at the capturing of Havana under the command of Earl of Albemarle. He became a major in General Phineas Lyman to capture the Spanish Caribbean Islands, the campaign that concluded the war.
Timothy Hierlihy | French and Indian War
Major-General Francis Henry French (27 September 1857 - 10 March 1921) served in three wars: American Indian Wars, the Spanish–American War, and World War I.
Francis Henry French | Introduction
In 1755, war engulfed the colonies, spreading also to Europe. Britain and France declared war on each other. The British in America suffered a string of defeats including Braddock's at the Battle of the Monongahela trying to capture Fort Dusquense. Encouraged by the French victories, American Indians launched a series of attacks along the colonial frontier. During the French and Indian War, Israel Putnam (who would go on to later fame in the Revolutionary War) fought as a Connecticut militia captain in conjunction with Rogers, and at one point saved his life.
Robert Rogers (British Army officer) | French and Indian War
About a month later, he was part of the group which made the Shawenon Purchase, which encompassed most of modern Alford, Massachusetts.
Timothy Woodbridge | French and Indian War
First, the French and Indian War broke out immediately upon his return to America, so upon leaving the university he entered the army, reaching the rank of captain. He is said to have served aide to James Abercrombie in the Lake George campaign of 1758 and was involved in the capture of Fort Niagara in 1759. His military activities ended with the death of his father. The news of his father's death on July 30, 1760, reached him after he had left Oswego in the vanguard of the army headed for Crown Point. This left James with the responsibilities of the headship of one of the wealthiest and most powerful families of the provincial aristocracy.
James De Lancey (politician) | French and Indian War
In 1755, Arnold was attracted by the sound of a drummer and attempted to enlist in the provincial militia for service in the French and Indian War, but his mother refused permission. In 1757 when he was 16, he did enlist in the Connecticut militia, which marched off toward Albany, New York and Lake George. The French had besieged Fort William Henry in northeastern New York, and their Indian allies had committed atrocities after their victory. Word of the siege's disastrous outcome led the company to turn around, and Arnold served for only 13 days. A commonly accepted story that he deserted from militia service in 1758 is based on uncertain documentary evidence.
Benedict Arnold | French and Indian War
During the French and Indian War he first served on the privateer "Defiance" operating in the Caribbean, before enlisting in the provincial militia, where his father held the rank of Colonel. During the French and Indian War George rose to the rank of Lieutenant, accompanying his father in 1758 on Bradstreet's 1758 seizure of Fort Frontenac, cutting one of the major communication and supply lines between the eastern centres of Montreal and Quebec City and France's western territories. He and his brother James were instrumental in capturing a French vessel.
George Clinton (vice president) | French and Indian War service
In 1755 the militia was restructured for the war, and Ward was made a major in the 3rd Regiment which mainly came from Worcester County. They served as garrison forces along the frontier in western Massachusetts. This duty called him at intervals between 1755 and 1757, and alternated with his attendance at the General Court. In 1757 he was made the colonel of the 3rd Regiment or the militia of Middlesex and Worcester Counties. In 1758 the regiment marched with Abercrombie's force to Fort Ticonderoga. Ward himself was sidelined during the battle by an "attack of the stone."
Artemas Ward | French and Indian War (1754–1758)
During the next 74 years, six colonial wars between New France and New England, along with their respective native allies, took place, starting with King William's War in 1689. (See the French and Indian Wars, Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War.) The conflict was over the border between New England and Acadia, which New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine.
First Abenaki War | Afterwards
Mackellar first saw active service when he took part in the Braddock Expedition (along with the young George Washington) against Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) in 1755. He was severely wounded in the Battle of the Monongahela on 9 July, when Braddock and 976 British and provincial soldiers out of the 1459 deployed were killed, but by the following spring he was at Fort Oswego as chief engineer of the frontier forts. During the summer Mackellar was engaged in repairing and strengthening the obsolete fortifications at Oswego, a difficult task as the original defences had been poorly sited and laid out.
Patrick MacKellar | Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)
Swartwout continued the tradition of family military service when, 21 days after his wedding to Aeltje in 1759, he was appointed captain of a company of Dutchess County volunteers. He began his military training under Lord Jeffrey Amherst at Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point.
Jacobus Swartwout | French and Indian War
James Clinton's military experience began in the French and Indian War, where he served in the provincial troops of New York. He was commissioned an ensign in 1757 and achieved the rank of captain in the New York Regiment in 1759. In 1758, commanding a company, he participated, along with his father (Colonel) and brother George (Lieutenant), in General John Bradstreet’s capture of Fort Frontenac (now Kingston, Ontario). He and his brother played a key role in capturing a French vessel. James remained in the army, stationed at various frontier posts. In 1763 he raised and commanded a corps of two hundred men, who were designated as "Guards of the Frontier".
James Clinton | French and Indian War
His one shot from the musket got the wolf. He fought with Roger's Rangers in the French & Indian War. At one point the Indians captured him, had tied him to a tree, and were going to burn him alive. A French officer rescued him in the nick of time. When the first shots of the American Revolution were fired at the Battle of Lexington and Concord, word reached Putnam on his farm. He literally "came off the plow" to ride off to war again. Without bothering to change his clothes, he mounted his horse and rode the 25 miles to the scene in 18 hours.
Danvers, Massachusetts | 18th century
Many of the early settlers in this region were soldiers stationed at Fort Massachusetts during the war, including Williams himself. However, within just a few years, Williams was again called into service as part of the French and Indian War (1754–1763). Williams, now a colonel, took part in William Johnson's expedition against Crown Point, New York, leading a regiment of ten companies. Among those companies were Burke's Rangers and Rogers' Rangers. Among his aides was William Williams from Connecticut, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
Ephraim Williams | Military service
At the outbreak of war in 1914, Willcocks assumed command of the Indian Corps despatched to France. He took Lieutenant Langhorne with him as ADC. Langhorne served as such during the battle of La Bassee in October and November 1914. In October 1914 Langhorne was promoted to Captain and became Camp Commandant of the Indian Corps. He served in World War I and was mentioned in dispatches.
Algernon Langhorne | First World War
Dr. French was born in Middlesex, New York on January 20, 1822. He was the son of Harvey and Amanda Hazelton French. His father was a veteran of the War of 1812. He attended local schools before moving to Michigan where he attended Albion Seminary. While in Hillsdale County he studied medicine and practiced as a doctor for some years. In 1845 he went to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas where he enlisted in the US Army at the start of the Mexican American War and entered the service as a private even though he was a practicing physician in civilian life.
Darwin French | Early years
In 1755, when the French and Indian War widened, he saw action at the Battle of Fort Beausejour. He turned down an offer to join the British Army for his service in that war.
William Prescott | Life
He enlisted in various militias and regiments throughout the war, serving in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York under numerous commanding officers. He was discharged from service in 1781 at the approximate age of 61. He died in Natick in 1799 at the approximate age of 79.
Praying Indian | Soldiers of Praying Indian origin
He was with Robert in the Battle on Snowshoes in January 1757, the Siege of Louisbourg (1758), the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign and the Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759). In 1765, he was granted the township of Kent, a parcel in Vermont later known as the townships of Londonderry and Windham.
James Rogers (British Army officer) | French and Indian War
The British sent out their fleet in February 1755, intending to blockade French ports, but the French fleet had already sailed. Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept them.
French and Indian War | Early engagements
He was also present at the Battle of Sainte-Foy in 1760, serving under the Chevalier de Levis. Following the war, Cook returned to Caughnawaga and married Marie-Charlotte. As he never fully accepted the British victory and found his homeland increasingly overrun by American colonists, he moved with his family to Akwesasne, a Mohawk village along the St. Lawrence River in what was then Quebec.
Joseph Louis Cook | French and Indian War
In the spring of 1753, Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000-man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians. His orders were to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British. Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years earlier. Céloron, however, had limited the record of French claims to the burial of lead plates, whereas Marin constructed and garrisoned forts. He first constructed Fort Presque Isle on Lake Erie's south shore near Erie, Pennsylvania, and he had a road built to the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek. He then constructed a second fort at Fort Le Boeuf in Waterford, Pennsylvania, designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek.
French and Indian War | Construction of French fortifications
However the contributions of Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island were essential.
Provincial troops in the French and Indian Wars | Introduction
During the War he served in France, 1915 – 1919.
A. R. Whatmore | Early life
These actions contributed to beginning of the French and Indian War with the eventual formal declarations of war in spring 1756.
Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre | Military life
At the outbreak of the French and Indian War in 1754, Goffe rejoined the New Hampshire Militia and served in Joseph Blanchard's Regiment. He saw action at the battles of Lake George, Fort William Henry, Carillon, Ticonderoga and Montreal, during which time he rose to the rank of colonel and became the commander of the New Hampshire Provincial Regiment. In 1760, while en route to Crown Point, the regiment completed work begun in the fall of 1759 by Major Hawks on the Crown Point Military Road, from Fort at Number 4 in present-day Charlestown, New Hampshire, to the northernmost Black River Pond (Lake Amherst).
John Goffe | Service in the Colonial Wars
Frenchtown residents had sent word to the Americans asking for relief from an occupying force of the British and their Indian allies. During the First Battle of Frenchtown on January 18, 1813, the American forces under Lt. Colonel William Lewis were successful in forcing the retreat of the small British force stationed there. The British commander of the Fort Malden garrison in Amherstburg, Colonel Henry Procter, made plans to take back Frenchtown and he ordered troops to the area. On the morning of January 22, 1813, Procter's forces, including hundreds of Indian warriors, attacked the American troops and overwhelmed the right flank of regulars under Winchester, forcing him and much of the general staff to surrender.
Nathaniel G. S. Hart | Military service and death
Gridley was a military engineer during the French and Indian Wars from the reduction of Fortress Louisbourg in 1745 to the fall of Quebec. For his services he was awarded a captain's commission in 65th, or Shirley's Regiment of Foot, a grant of the Magdalen Islands, 3,000 acres (12 km²) of land in New Hampshire, and a life annuity. Placed on half-pay in 1749, he was colonel of a Massachusetts provincial regiment during William Johnson's 1755 expedition against Fort Saint-Frédéric. In John Winslow's failed 1756 expedition against Fort Saint-Frédéric, he served as provincial colonel of artillery and chief engineer. He vehemently supported Winslow's resistance against a merger of the regular and provincial forces.
Richard Gridley | French and Indian Wars
When the First World War began in August 1914, Ranjitsinhji declared that the resources of his state were available to Britain, including a house that he owned at Staines which was converted into a hospital. In November 1914, he left to serve at the Western Front, leaving Berthon as administrator.Ranjitsinhji was made an honorary major in the British Army, but as any serving Indian princes were not allowed near the fighting by the British because of the risk involved, he did not see active service. Ranjitsinhji went to France but the cold weather badly affected his health and he returned to England several times.
Ranjitsinhji | War service and loss of eye
In May, 1756, Gist and elements of the 1st Virginia Regiment, 17th Company 'Rangers' accompanied Thomas Cresap on a retaliatory strike against Indian attacks. That military action originated at Fort Cumberland, but had to make a fighting retreat after being ambushed. Details of the action and Gist's role in it were printed in the June 17, 1756 issue of the Pennsylvania Gazette. After the defeat, Gist traveled into Tennessee, where he met with various native groups to seek their help during the war. His whereabouts, during the final years of the war, were uncertain.
Christopher Gist | French and Indian War service
Sirois joined the Massachusetts National Guard at the age of 17. In 1916 he was sent to the Mexican border during the Border War. During World War I he went to France with the 102nd Field Artillery Regiment. He took part in favor major engagements and was wounded. In 1919 he was promoted to lieutenant. His promotion required an act of Congress as he was only 20 years old (officers were supposed to be at least 21 years old).
Edward Sirois | Border War and World War I
John and remained a prisoner at Montreal until being released in a prisoner exchange on Nov 15, 1759. He continued to serve his company until Nov. 1, 1760, when it was disbanded.
James Hackett (shipbuilder) | French and Indian war
During the Forbes Expedition, Lewis was captured during Major James Grant's attack on Fort Duquesne in September 1758. Taken to Quebec, Lewis remained a prisoner until late 1759.
Andrew Lewis (soldier) | French and Indian War
Following the death of Braddock, William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America, and he laid out his plans for 1756 at a meeting in Albany in December 1755. He proposed renewing the efforts to capture Niagara, Crown Point, and Duquesne, with attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec. His plan, however, got bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others, including William Johnson and New York's Governor Sir Charles Hardy, and consequently gained little support.
French and Indian War | French victories, 1756–1757
The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754, during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old George Washington ambushed a French patrol.
French and Indian War | Introduction
At the start of the French and Indian War Joseph Blanchard was already a colonel in the militia, and in 1754 he ordered Capt. John Goffe along with a company of men (Robert Rogers was part of this company) to patrol the upper reaches of the Merrimack River valley. In 1755 Joseph Blanchard was appointed as Colonel of the New Hampshire Provincial Regiment sent to serve under Sir William Johnson in an attack on Crown Point on Lake Champlain. Along the march they built Fort Wentworth at Northumberland, New Hampshire on the Connecticut River. The regiment was at Fort Edward and fought at the Battle of Lake George.
Joseph Blanchard | Introduction
Salem took part in the war's first battles at Concord on April 19, 1775. He is on the roll of Captain Simon Edgell's militia company from Framingham as having served four days from April 19, 1775. On April 24, he enlisted in Captain Drury's company of Colonel John Nixon's 6th Massachusetts Regiment.
Peter Salem | Military service
George Washington's military experience began in the French and Indian War with a commission as a major in the militia of the British Province of Virginia. In 1753 Washington was sent as an ambassador from the British crown to the French officials and Indians as far north as present-day Erie, Pennsylvania. The following year he led another expedition to the area to assist in the construction of a fort at present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Before reaching that point, he and some of his men, ambushed a French scouting party. Its leader was killed, although the exact circumstances of his death were disputed.
George Washington in the French and Indian War | Introduction
This peacetime act of aggression is seen as one of the first military steps leading to the global Seven Years' War. The French responded by attacking fortifications Washington erected following the ambush, forcing his surrender. Released on parole, Washington and his troops returned to Virginia. In 1755 he participated as a volunteer aide in the ill-fated expedition of General Edward Braddock, where he distinguished himself in the retreat following the climactic Battle of Monongahela. He served from 1755 until 1758 as colonel and commander of the Virginia Regiment, directing the provincial defenses against French and Indian raids and building the regiment into one of the best-trained provincial militias of the time.
George Washington in the French and Indian War | Introduction
He married Cathrin Elizabeth Guth and the couple had two daughters, Catherina (b. 1760) and Sarah who was born on 2 November 1761 in Myerstown, Pennsylvania and died on 19 October 1826 in Jonestown, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania.
Nicholas Haussegger | French and Indian War
Ross was born in Scotland in 1744. He was commissioned lieutenant in the 34th Regiment of Foot in July, 1762, and was present for the capture of Havana that year and then went on to garrison West Florida. In 1764, following the conclusion of the French and Indian War he was sent to the Illinois Country as an emissary to the French Commander at Fort de Chartres. On this trip he mapped the Mississippi Valley from New Orleans to de Chartres. He was promoted to captain in March, 1772.
John Ross (1744–1809) | Early career and the French and Indian War
During the Battle of Jumonville Glen, considered the first battle of the French and Indian War in North America, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville was killed. He was the son of Nicolas-Antoine Coulon de Villiers and the half-brother of Captain Louis Coulon de Villiers, who was stationed at Fort St. Joseph. Louis Coulon de Villiers vowed revenge for his brother's death. After the British defeat of France in the Seven Years' War, France transferred the fort to the British, who occupied it in October 1761.
Fort St. Joseph (Niles, Michigan) | French and Indian War
Brattle served in two French and Indian Wars. By 1745, during King Georges War, Brattle was appointed commander of the forces at Castle William. He served in the French and Indian War, joining the governor's council in 1755. He was active in raising troops and with the general administration of military affairs in the Province. During the war he became Adjutant-general in 1758 and Brigadier-general in 1760.
William Brattle | French and Indian Wars
Hoghton took passage and met his regiment in Bombay. For unknown reasons Hoghton did not accompany his men to Egypt for the final defeat of the French army stationed there in 1801 and instead spent some years on the staff of Lord Mornington, returning to England with dispatches in 1804.
Daniel Hoghton | French Revolutionary Wars
Woodford served in the French and Indian War, as an ensign, in Colonel George Washington's Virginia Regiment, and was promoted to lieutenant, in 1761. During that year, he served in the Cherokee Expedition, under William Byrd and Adam Stephen.
William Woodford | French and Indian War
The first was built after Washington returned from his diplomatic mission warning the French to leave the Ohio Country. Trent and his forces built Fort Hanger (Hangard) later that year on Redstone Creek. It was at its confluence with the Monongahela River and near the Ford of the river by Nemacolin's Trail. Trent and his men had not completed Fort Prince George when a large French military expedition of 600 soldiers, led by Sieur de Contrecoeur, surrounded the English colonists. They forced Trent to surrender and return with his men to Virginia. The French force included engineers. After demolishing Fort St.
William Trent | French and Indian War (1754-1763)
John Brady fought in the French and Indian War. The French and Indian War was a colonial war fought between the British, the French and the Indian allies of the French. The British possessions in North America were located on the Atlantic Coast of North America and the French possessions were located in present-day Canada, centered mostly in Quebec. Both the British and the French made conflicting territorial claims on their respective frontiers, principally in present-day Michigan, western Pennsylvania and Ohio. The dispute simmered and flashed for many years. In the end, the Britain declared war on France on May 15, 1756.
Samuel Brady | French and Indian War
In 1761, he commanded an expedition against the Cherokee during the Anglo-Cherokee War.
James Grant (British Army officer, born 1720) | French and Indian War
His successes in military and political spheres during that conflict led to his election as the first President of the United States of America.
George Washington in the French and Indian War | Introduction
Enlisted in the air force in August 1914, he was taken prisoner of war the following October 10. Until the 19th of July 1915, he is prisoner of war in the camp of Mersebourg in Germany. Part of an exchange of prisoners, as severely wounded, he is however back in service soon after, with one arm left. He passes his pilot's license, flying on Nieuport and receive several military promotions, up to "adjudant" in July 1917.
Count Renaud de la Frégeolière | First World War
William H. French was born in Baltimore. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1837 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Artillery. He briefly served in the Second Seminole War and was then assigned to garrison duty along the Canada–US border from late 1837 through 1838, when he was reassigned to other military posts for the next decade. During the Mexican–American War, French was aide-de-camp to General Franklin Pierce, and also on the staff of General Robert Patterson. He was engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz, and received two brevet promotions for bravery: to captain for Cerro Gordo and to major for Contreras and Churubusco.
William H. French | Early life and career
Allen was forced to end his studies upon his father's death. He volunteered for militia service in 1757 in response to the French siege of Fort William Henry, but his unit received word that the fort had fallen while they were en route, and they turned back. The French and Indian War continued over the next several years, but Allen did not participate in any further military activities and is presumed to have tended his farm. In 1762, he became part owner of an iron furnace in Salisbury. He also married Mary Brownson from Roxbury in July 1762, who was five years his senior.
Ethan Allen | First marriage and early adulthood
As he also wanted to "study the Indian books", he decided to travel to the French colony at Chandannagar also known in French as Chandernagor in Bengal, where he arrived in April 1756. He promptly fell sick; by coincidence, he landed in the hospital of the Jesuit missionary Antoine Mozac, who some years earlier had copied the "Pondicherry Vedas". Anquetil-Duperron remained in the hospital until September or October 1756 and began to wonder whether he should not instead become a priest as he had intended years earlier. Meanwhile, the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in Europe had renewed hostilities between French and British forces in India, where the conflict is known as the Third Carnatic War.
Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron | First travels
After the entry of England into the opening of the conflict in August 1914, Macpherson relinquished his post at the War Office and entered France on 7 October 1914, with the rank of a brigadier-general in the Army Medical Service Staff, first occupying the post of Advisor attached to the Indian Crops. Whilst with the Indian Corps his only child, Duncan, fell in action whilst serving as a lieutenant with the 7th Gurkha Rifles at Festubert on 23 November 1914 at the age of 25; Macpherson had spoken with him last only a few hours previously. This was the greatest sorrow of Macpherson's life, and he would not discuss the issue ever afterwards.
William Macpherson | World War I
Between 1850 and 1852, he again served against the Seminole Indians in Florida and was the commanding officer of Stonewall Jackson. The two disagreed often and French's assignment with Jackson led to the two filing numerous charges against each other with U.S. Army authorities. After Florida, French served on frontier duty until 1861.
William H. French | Early life and career
Washington surrendered and negotiated a withdrawal under arms. One of his men reported that the Canadian force was accompanied by Shawnee, Delaware, and Mingo warriors—just those whom Tanaghrisson was seeking to influence. News of the two battles reached England in August. After several months of negotiations, the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French. They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition. Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America. In response, King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755.
French and Indian War | Early engagements
In June 1754 Chartier was present with his Shawnee warriors and his two sons, Francois and René, at the death of Captain Joseph Coulon de Jumonville at the Battle of Jumonville Glen. In July 1754 he and his sons participated in the French victory over George Washington at the Battle of Fort Necessity. Both of Chartier's sons fought against the British in numerous engagements during the French and Indian War. René may have been killed with Cornstalk when he was detained at Fort Randolph in November 1777.
Peter Chartier | Participation in the French and Indian War
In 1754 during the French and Indian War his regiment was selected for service in Canada. He arrived at Fort Frontenac in July, 1755 and then was sent to Fort Niagara to improve its defenses.
Pierre Pouchot | Introduction
His son Andrew Le Mercier Jr would serve in the British colonial forces during the French and Indian War.
Andrew Le Mercier | Personal
In 1755, the colonial militias were mustered to repel an attack by the French. During this time, Butler was commissioned as an ensign to Captain Andrew Ward in the 3rd regiment of the Connecticut army. The 3rd regiment was stationed at Fort William Henry in 1756. On May 27, 1758, Butler was promoted to lieutenant of the 9th company of the 4th Connecticut regiment, stationed at Fort Edward. On October 4, he participated in a scouting mission to Fort Carillon and Crown Point. Shortly after, he took part in a failed attack on those places. In March 1759, he was made Captain of the 9th Company and participated in a successful attack on Crown Point.
Zebulon Butler | French and Indian War
He was born in Verchères, Quebec, the son of Nicolas-Antoine Coulon de Villiers and Angelique Jarret de Verchères. In 1744, he was the first commandant of Fort de Cavagnal on the bluffs above the Missouri River, in what was then known as the Illinois country of upper Louisiana, near modern-day Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. It was the furthest west of the French forts in Louisiana (New France). A member of a military family, his brother Joseph Coulon de Jumonville was slaughtered while in custody of George Washington in what has been called the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754. The incident ignited the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War.
François Coulon de Villiers | Overview
The French and Indian War started in 1754 over territorial disputes between the North American colonies of France and Great Britain in areas that are now western Pennsylvania and upstate New York. The first few years of the war had not gone particularly well for the British. A major expedition by General Edward Braddock in 1755 ended in disaster, and British military leaders were unable to mount any campaigns the following year. In a major setback, a French and Indian army led by General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm captured the garrison and destroyed fortifications in the Battle of Fort Oswego in August 1756.
Siege of Fort William Henry | Background
He was appointed to the United States Military Academy in 1875, and graduated in 1879. He served frontier duty from 1879 to 1889 in the American Indian Wars. During his career, he served in and or commanded the 2nd, 11th, 12th, 16th, 21st and 28th Infantry Regiments. He was appointed Brigadier general in September 1916.
Francis Henry French | Military career
King William's War (1688–1697, also known as the Second Indian War, Father Baudoin's War, Castin's War, or the First Intercolonial War in French) was the North American theater of the Nine Years' War (1688–1697), also known as the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg. It was the first of six colonial wars (see the four French and Indian Wars, Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War) fought between New France and New England along with their respective Native allies before France ceded its remaining mainland territories in North America east of the Mississippi River in 1763.
King William's War | Introduction
Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, U.S. Army, Company M, 60th Infantry, 5th Division. Place and date: At Cunel, France; 12 October 1918. Entered service at: Bryantsburg Indiana. Birth: January 6, 1883; Jefferson County, Indiana. General Orders: War Department, General Orders No. 16 (January 22, 1919). Citation: While he was leading his company against the enemy, First Lieutenant Woodfill's line came under heavy machinegun fire, which threatened to hold up the advance. Followed by two soldiers at 25 yards, this officer went out ahead of his first line toward a machinegun nest and worked his way around its flank, leaving the two soldiers in front.
Samuel Woodfill | Medal of Honor Citation
He was later sent to the United States with a group of military engineers, including Captain L'Enfant and French Colonel Louis Lebègue Duportail to support the Americans during the Revolutionary War, who lacked military engineers. It is pointed out that the massive French military participation took place in 1781. Starting in January 1777, he was under the direction of General John Sullivan. In March 1778, he was promoted to Major in the US Army Corps of Engineers by the Continental Congress. He participated in the Massachusetts Campaign in 1778. Then, with General George Washington, he served in the Sullivan Expedition against the 'six Indians Nations', up to the current Wyoming.
Jean-Bernard Gauthier de Murnan | American Revolutionary War Service
Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers whom France sent to North America. French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756, led by Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François-Charles de Bourlamaque, all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession. On May 18, 1756, Britain formally declared war on France, which expanded the war into Europe and came to be known as the Seven Years' War.
French and Indian War | French victories, 1756–1757
He served in Tonkin in 1902 during wartime, in peacetime Tunisia in 1906, to the French Antilles in 1908, in Cochinchina in 1909, wartime Tonkin in 1912, wartime Madagascar 1911-1912, French Equatorial Africa 1913-1914 and in the First World War in France August 2, 1914 to March 31, 1916. His school admission records to the École Polytechnique note that he was 1.67m tall with dark blonde hair and grey-blue eyes.
Maurice Antoine François Monguillot | Introduction
George, they began building the larger, more complex Fort Duquesne (at present-day Pittsburgh).
William Trent | French and Indian War (1754-1763)
When Massachusetts undertook an expedition against the French in Nova Scotia, Major Pomeroy answered Governor William Shirley's call for volunteers. He was part of the expedition led by William Pepperrell that captured Fortress Louisbourg in Nova Scotia in 1745. He used his professional skills in support of Richard Gridley, the expedition's chief engineering officer. He reconditioned the guns captured from an outlying position after the French had spiked them and supported 46 days of heavy bombardment.
Seth Pomeroy | King George's War
On 7 March 1754, Craik resumed his military career, accepting a commission as a surgeon in Colonel Joshua Fry's Virginia Provincial Regiment. While with this force, he became good friends with George Washington, at that time a lieutenant colonel in the regiment. Craik saw a great deal of action in various battles of the French and Indian War. He fought at the Battle of the Great Meadows and participated in the surrender of Fort Necessity, then accompanied General Edward Braddock on Braddock's unsuccessful attempt to recapture the region in 1755, treating Braddock's ultimately fatal wounds. Craik then served under Washington in actions in Virginia and Maryland, during various engagements with Indians.
James Craik | French and Indian War career
Both France and Britain responded by sending troops to North America in 1755, although war was not formally declared until 1756.
Military career of George Washington | French and Indian War service
Between 1914 and 1918, Mignet served in the French army. He was a radio operator during World War I. In 1918, he was hospitalized with malaria.
Henri Mignet | Service in the First World War
The first provincial forces in British North America were organized in the 1670s. The major operations during King William's War were conducted by provincial troops from Massachusetts Bay. During Queen Anne's War provincial troops from Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Hampshire made up the bulk of the English forces. During King George's War the land forces that took Louisbourg were entirely supplied by Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. During the French and Indian War the imperial government in London took an increasingly more leading part, relegating the provincial troops to a non-combat role, largely as pioneers and transportation troops, while the bulk of the fighting was done by the regular British Army.
Provincial troops in the French and Indian Wars | Introduction
In 1754 six battalions from the regiments Artois, Béarn, Bourgogne, Guyenne, Languedoc, and La Reine were transferred to New France. In 1757 two additional battalions arrived from Royal Roussilon and La Sarre, followed the next year by two battalions from de Berry. An artillery company was also sent over the Atlantic.
French and Indian Wars | French Army
He was said to have sired Sequoyah in 1760 or 1761, but this is unlikely because the Anglo-Cherokee War was raging and Gist was serving in Adam Stephen's colonial Virginia regiment against the Cherokees. This unit advanced as far as Long Island before peace was made between the two sides.
Nathaniel Gist | French and Indian War
In 1753, Dinwiddie learned the French had built Fort Presque Isle near Lake Erie and Fort Le Boeuf, which he saw as threatening Virginia's interests in the Ohio Valley. In fact, he considered Winchester, Virginia, to be "exposed to the enemy"; Cumberland, Maryland, was only to be fortified the next year. Dinwiddie sent an eight-man expedition under George Washington to warn the French to withdraw. Washington, then only 21 years old, made the journey in midwinter of 1753–54. Washington arrived at Fort Le Boeuf on 11 December 1753. Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, commandant at Fort Le Boeuf, a tough veteran of the west, received Washington politely, but rejected his ultimatum.
Robert Dinwiddie | French and Indian War
At the outbreak of the American War of Independence in 1775 Jervis was given the command of ; however, she was surveyed by the dockyard and found unfit for service. He was therefore appointed instead to command of HMS "Foudroyant", the ship he had brought to England as a prize seventeen years earlier. For the first few years of the war, the French supplied arms, funding, and military advice on an informal and limited basis to the newly emerging nation of America. With the signing of the Treaty of Alliance in 1778 and the creation of the Franco-American alliance, the war widened.
John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent | First Battle of Ushant
He served during the Monmouth Campaign in June 1778 and fought in Rhode Island in August. While leading one of the attacking columns at Stony Point in July 1779, Fleury won an award for being the first attacker to enter the British bastion. Granted leave to return to France later that year, he returned to fight at Yorktown in October 1781. Back in the French army, he held commands in India and the Indian Ocean until 1790 when he returned to France. In the early part of the French Revolutionary War he was badly wounded and later resigned from the army.
François de Fleury | Introduction
In 1755, General Edward Braddock led an expedition against Fort Duquesne, and although they were numerically superior to the French militia and their Indian allies, Braddock's army was routed and Braddock was killed. Later that same year at the Battle of Lake George, the British General William Johnson with a force of 1700 American and Iroquois troops defeated a French force of 2800 French and Canadians and 700 Native Americans led by Baron Dieskau (Military commander of New France). The fight for control over Ohio Country led to the French and Indian War, which began as the North American phase of the Seven Years' War (which did not technically begin in Europe until 1756).
New France | French and Indian War
The British formed an aggressive plan of operations for 1755. General Braddock was to lead the expedition to Fort Duquesne, while Massachusetts governor William Shirley was given the task of fortifying Fort Oswego and attacking Fort Niagara. Sir William Johnson was to capture Fort St. Frédéric at Crown Point, New York, and Lieutenant Colonel Robert Monckton was to capture Fort Beauséjour to the east on the frontier between Nova Scotia and Acadia. Braddock led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on the Braddock expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne, with George Washington as one of his aides.
French and Indian War | British campaigns, 1755
They took heavy losses and Grant was captured. Bullitt took to the woods, but rallied the militia, and counterattacked their pursuers. He then led more than half of the original party back to their main force. The French were forced to abandon the fort in November.
Thomas Bullitt | French and Indian War
On 11 August a French force of 3000 men under the command of the Marquis de Montcalm appeared and the Battle of Fort Oswego (1756) ensued. The British surrendered during the afternoon of 14 August and Mackellar, having survived the subsequent massacre perpetrated by Montcalm's Indian allies, was taken to Quebec City where he was kept closely guarded. He was able, however, to make detailed notes on the city's defences and his report, bearing the initials "PM" and of which several copies still exist, is dated September 1756. At some time in September he was transferred to Montreal and after some months as a prisoner-of-war, Mackellar was exchanged.
Patrick MacKellar | Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)
In the French and Indian War, Todd served with the Pennsylvania troops. He fought at the Battle of Kittaning and was involved in the capture of Fort Duquesne, earning the honor of joining the Rangers.
William Todd (soldier) | French and Indian War
He briefly returned to the Army in the Second Boer War in 1899–1900 as a staff officer with the 2nd Cavalry Brigade.
Houston French | Introduction
He was initially a lieutenant in the New Hampshire Provisional Regiment and spent the fall of 1755 scouting the area around Lake Champlain. Promoted to captain, he raised a company that was among the defenders at the siege of Fort William Henry in August 1757. When the British surrendered on the promise by the French victors that they would be protected from the latter's Native American allies. However, the terms of capitulation were violated; the Native Americans attacked the British soldiers and their dependents as they withdrew, killing many soldiers and capturing women, children, servants and slaves. Captain Bayley was among those who managed to escape.
Jacob Bayley | French and Indian War
In 1720 France effectively nationalised the French East India Company, and began using it to expand its imperial interests. This became a source of conflict with the British in India with the entry of Britain into the War of the Austrian Succession in 1744. Hostilities in India began with a British naval attack on a French fleet in 1745, which led the French Governor-General Dupleix to request additional forces. This resulted in the despatch of a fleet under La Bourdonnais that arrived in 1746. In July of that year La Bourdonnais and British Admiral Edward Peyton fought an indecisive action off Negapatam, after which La Bourdonnais put in at Pondicherry for repairs and strategising with Dupleix.
First Carnatic War | Course of the war
In 1754 Massachusetts Bay voted 800 provincial soldiers under John Winslow, who built Fort Halifax and Fort Western on the Kennebec River. In 1755, the province first voted 1,200 provincial soldiers for William Johnson's expedition against Fort Saint-Frédéric, who participated in the Battle of Lake George. Then another 2,000 to serve for two months, but a full year if necessary, for the Bay of Fundy Campaign, under John Winslow. The soldiers from Johnson's expedition returned in the fall of 1755, except 600 men posted at Fort William Henry and Fort Edward over the winter. In 1756 the General Court voted 3,000 men to dislodge the French from Crown Point, and the commander-in-chief, governor William Shirley appointed John Winslow to command the force.
Provincial troops in the French and Indian Wars | Massachusetts
He then served on a variety of posts around the country and took a leave of absence for an extended trip to Europe. He was serving in the Indian Territory when the Civil War erupted.
Delos Bennett Sackett | Early life and career
According to family tradition, he fled, running barefoot to Fort Edward; the Provincial Assembly of New Hampshire awarded him £14, 11s, 6p for his losses during the retreat, which included his shoes. The war turned in favor of the British. Bayley participated in General Amherst's capture of Fort Carillon and of Montreal in New France, which essentially ended the fighting in North America. By the end of the war, Bayley had been promoted, first to lieutenant-colonel, then to colonel.
Jacob Bayley | French and Indian War