Eastern Mediterranean is a loose definition of the eastern approximate half, or third, of the Mediterranean Sea (its lowest common denominator being the Levantine Sea). It typically embraces all of that sea's coastal zones, referring to communities connected with the sea and land greatly climatically influenced, in Southeast Europe, northern Egypt and far Western Asia. It includes the southern half of Turkey's main region Anatolia, its smaller Hatay Province, the island of Cyprus, the Greek Dodecanese islands, the region of Syria (in the Levant), Lebanon, Gaza and Israel. Its broadest uses can embrace the Libyan Sea thus Libya; the Aegean Sea thus European Turkey (East Thrace), the mainland and islands of Greece; and a central part of the Mediterranean, the Ionian Sea, thus southern Albania in Southeast Europe reaching, west, to Italy's farthest south-eastern coasts.
Introduction
Eastern Mediterranean
Eastern Mediterranean | Introduction
All of that sea's coastal zones in Southeast Europe, northern Egypt and far Western Asia. It includes the southern half of Turkey's main region Anatolia, its smaller Hatay Province, the island of Cyprus, the Greek Dodecanese islands, the region of Syria (in the Levant), Lebanon, Gaza and Israel. Southeast Europe, northern Egypt and far Western Asia It includes the southern half of Turkey's main region Anatolia, its smaller Hatay Province, the island of Cyprus, the Greek Dodecanese islands, the region of Syria (in the Levant), Lebanon, Gaza and Israel.
where may have the mycenaeans ultimately ended up
user
Cyprus and the Levantine coast
assistant
where is the former place located?
user
In the Eastern Mediterranean - south of Turkey; west of Syria and Lebanon; north of Egypt, Israel, and Palestine; and southeast of Greece.
assistant
how was the place during the middle ages?
user
When the Roman Empire was divided into Eastern and Western parts in 395, Cyprus became part of the East Roman, or Byzantine Empire.
assistant
what cultural influence does it have?
user
Greek Cypriots have influences from Greece and Christianity, while Turkish Cypriots have influences from Turkey and Islam.
assistant
what is the aforesaid place which is located at the southern turkey?
user
Cyprus is an island country
assistant
where is the aforesaid eastern mediterranean located?
user
It is a loose definition of the eastern approximate half, or third, of the Mediterranean Sea.
assistant
which are the places it surrounds?
user
Eastern Mediterranean is a loose definition of the eastern approximate half, or third, of the Mediterranean Sea (its lowest common denominator being the Levantine Sea). It typically embraces all of that sea's coastal zones, referring to communities connected with the sea and land greatly climatically influenced, in Southeast Europe, northern Egypt and far Western Asia. It includes the southern half of Turkey's main region Anatolia, its smaller Hatay Province, the island of Cyprus, the Greek Dodecanese islands, the region of Syria (in the Levant), Lebanon, Gaza and Israel. Its broadest uses can embrace the Libyan Sea thus Libya; the Aegean Sea thus European Turkey (East Thrace), the mainland and islands of Greece; and a central part of the Mediterranean, the Ionian Sea, thus southern Albania in Southeast Europe reaching, west, to Italy's farthest south-eastern coasts.
Eastern Mediterranean | Introduction
"Eastern Mediterranean" is a term that denotes the lands or states geographically in the eastern, to the east of, or around the east of the Mediterranean Sea, or with cultural affinities to this region. The Eastern Mediterranean includes Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and Jordan. The term "Mediterranean" derives from the Latin word "mediterraneus", meaning "in the middle of earth" or "between lands" ("medius", "middle, between" + "terra", "land, earth"). This is on account of the sea's intermediary position between the continents of Africa and Europe.
Names of the Levant | Eastern Mediterranean
The Eastern Mediterranean region, as covered by the journal, includes Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal | Scope
This eastern Mediterranean region is commonly interpreted in two ways:
Eastern Mediterranean | Regions
Its west–east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Iskenderun, on the southeastern coast of Turkey, is about .
Mediterranean Sea | Introduction
It includes the Mediterranean climate Levant at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, bounded on the east and south by the Syrian and Negev deserts.
Mediterranean Basin | Geography
Jordan is climatically, and economically, part of the region.
Eastern Mediterranean | Introduction
This region contains all entities of countries that are located around the Mediterranean Sea. There are entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, France, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain and Turkey. "* = candidating entity"
European Geography Association | Euro-Mediterranean Region
The ecoregion covers an area of . In southern Turkey, it occupies the coastal lowlands between the mountains and the Mediterranean, extending from Antalya to Iskenderun and including the Çukurova plain in between. It then extends eastwards through southern Turkey to where the borders of Iraq, Syria, and Turkey meet, and southwards along the eastern Mediterranean through the Levant – western Syria, Lebanon, West Bank, northern Israel, and the Jordanian Highlands. The Druze Mountains in central Syria are an outlier. Isolated mountaintop pockets (Jabal al-Lawz, etc.) are found in the Midian Mountains and Hijaz Mountains of northwestern Saudi Arabia. The ecoregion is bounded by forest ecoregions to the north in Anatolia, and deserts to the east and south.
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests | Geography
The map of Emelan and the surrounding countries is noticeably based on the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions, both in geographical features and in culture. Emelan itself resides on the northern shore of the Pebbled Sea, the fictional equivalent of the Mediterranean Sea. Its location parallels that of Greece on the world map, extending a peninsula surrounded by many islands of various sizes into the sea. However, Emelan seems to extend over a larger and more diverse territory.
Emelan | Overview
The ecoregion covers coastal plains, low mountains, and interior plateaus. The higher elevations in the Taurus Mountains to the north, and the Syrian Coastal Mountains, Lebanon Mountains, and Anti-Lebanon Mountains which run parallel to the Eastern Mediterranean coast, are in the Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests ecoregion. Several large cities are in the ecoregion, including Adana, Gaziantep, Antalya, and Mersin in Turkey; Aleppo, Homs, Hama, and Latakia in Syria; Beirut and Tripoli in Lebanon; Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, and Haifa in Israel; Gaza, Hebron and Nablus in Palestine; and Amman in Jordan.
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests | Geography
The countries and territories of the Eastern Mediterranean include Cyprus, Greece, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Turkey, Egypt, and Israel. "North-eastern Mediterranean" has been put to print as a term for the Greater Balkans: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece Slovenia, North Macedonia, Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Romania. A five-author statistics-rich study of 2019 has sought to add Moldova and Ukraine beyond, which others link more to the Black Sea's economy and history. The three-word term is mainly a complex euphemism for the Balkan peninsula used by those who stigmatise the word due to the term, as the signifier for the breakup of a empire's provinces, Balkanisation and narrower civil wars almost 100 years later.
Eastern Mediterranean | Countries
The following is a list of islands in the Mediterranean Sea
List of islands in the Mediterranean | Introduction
Cities are ordered by their position on the Mediterranean, from west to east. They can be reordered by name (alphabetically), country, subdivision of the Mediterranean, population size, or main language spoken in the city.
List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea | Introduction
East side of The Rock behind oil tanks (circa 1940).
Mediterranean Cave | Location
Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen.
List of WHO regions | Eastern Mediterranean Region <a href="WHO%20Regional%20Office%20for%20the%20Eastern%20Mediterranean">(EMRO)</a>
Major cities (municipalities), with populations larger than 200,000 people, bordering the Mediterranean Sea include:
Mediterranean Sea | Coastal cities
The Mediterranean Region () is a geographical region of Turkey. It is bordered by the Aegean Region to the west, the Central Anatolia Region to the north, the Eastern Anatolia Region to the northeast, the Southeastern Anatolia Region to the east, Syria to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.
Mediterranean Region, Turkey | Introduction
The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East defined in the CIA-published on-line resource, "The World Factbook". Its list of countries is limited by the Red Sea, comprises the entire eastern coast of the Mediterranean, including Israel, Turkey, the small nations of the Caucasus, Iran and the states of the Arabian Peninsula.
Near East | Other regional systems
Much of these forests and shrublands have been altered beyond recognition by thousands of years of human habitation. There are now very few relatively intact natural areas in what was once a heavily wooded region.
Mediterranean Sea | Shift to a "Mediterranean climate"
It is also used as a reminder or argument that social issues have parallels and links, such as in arms provision, to other conflicts of the Eastern Mediterranean. The WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean includes the Eastern Mediterranean as well as the other Muslim-majority regions of contiguous Afro-Eurasia: the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Central Asia.
Eastern Mediterranean | Countries
North -> Mediterranean Sea North-East -> Mediterranean Sea East -> Souk El Ténine South-East -> Souk El Ténine and Taskriout South -> Taskriout South-West -> Taskriout and Tizi N'Berber West -> Tizi N'Berber North-West -> Tichy
Aokas | Borders
The climate and ecology of land immediately surrounding the Mediterranean Sea is influenced by several factors. Overall, the land has a Mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. The climate induces characteristic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub vegetation. Plant life immediately near the Mediterranean is in the Mediterranean Floristic region, while mountainous areas further from the sea supports the Sub-Mediterranean Floristic province. An important factor in the local climate and ecology of the lands in the Mediterranean basin is the elevation: an increase of elevation by causes the average air temperature to drop by 5 C/ 9 F and decreases the amount of water that can be held by the atmosphere by 30%.
Life zones of the Mediterranean region | Introduction
The area is bounded by the limestone mass of Jabel Al-Akhdar, a mountain of forming a rectangular area bordered by the coast line of the Mediterranean Sea.
El-Kouf National Park | Background and location
The Levantine Sea is bounded by Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Egypt. Cyprus is the largest island in the Levantine sea and it is located in the middle. Many countries in the region are in disputes with neighbors. The seafloor of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin is dotted with mud volcanoes which spew gas and occasionally oil into the benthic zone. Geologically it consists of sediment columns up to 12 km thick capped by evaporites. These geological and oceanographic facts led to speculation that Levantine sea contains big gas and oil deposits trapped in evaporites. Recently Eni discovered the Zohr gas field, largest known gas field in the Mediterranean.
EuroAsia Interconnector | Eastern Mediterranean Hydrocarbon Findings
The following countries have a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea: Several other territories also border the Mediterranean Sea (from west to east):
Mediterranean Sea | Coastal countries
Much of these forests and shrublands have been altered beyond recognition by thousands of years of human habitation. There are now very few relatively intact natural areas in what was once a heavily wooded region.
Mediterranean Basin | Geology and paleoclimatology
The Mediterranean countries are those that surround the Mediterranean Sea. Twenty sovereign countries in Southern Europe, the Levant and North Africa regions border the Mediterranean, in addition to two island nations completely located in it (Malta and Cyprus). While Portugal is considered a Mediterranean country, and Portuguese people are considered as Mediterranean people, in terms of culture, history, language, and climate, Portugal does not border the Mediterranean sea. Below is the list of the countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean, listed clockwise from Gibraltar on the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula:
List of Mediterranean countries | Introduction
A 2017 assessment found that 1,147 km², or less than 1%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Another 1% of the ecoregion had relatively intact habitat but is outside protected areas. Some protected areas include:
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests | Protected areas
The Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests, also known as the Eastern Mediterranean conifer-broadleaf forests, is an ecoregion in the eastern Mediterranean Basin. It covers portions of Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. The ecoregion has a Mediterranean climate, and is part of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome.
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests | Introduction
The easternmost portion of the ecoregion is a small coastal enclave lying just west of the Nile Delta in Egypt, near the city of Alexandria.
Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe | Setting
Areas with this climate are where the so-called "Mediterranean trinity" of agricultural products have traditionally developed: wheat, grapes and olives. Most historic cities of the Mediterranean basin lie within Mediterranean climatic zones, including Algiers, Athens, Barcelona, Beirut, İzmir, Jerusalem, Marseille, Naples, Rome, Tunis, Valencia, and Valletta. Major cities with Mediterranean climates outside of the Mediterranean basin include Adelaide, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dushanbe, Lisbon, Los Angeles, Perth, Porto, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, CA, Santiago, Tashkent and Victoria.
Mediterranean climate | Introduction
The Levantine Sea is the easternmost part of the Mediterranean Sea.
Levantine Sea | Introduction
The capital of each province is a city bearing the name of the province except Antakya which is the capital city of Hatay Province. However, as the provinces are the administrative units their border lines do not exactly match that of the region. Thus the region includes also the eastern part of Muğla Province as well as southern parts of the neighbouring provinces like Konya Province, Karaman Province and Niğde Province. On the other hand, northern and eastern parts of Kahramanmaraş Province are not included in Mediterranean region.
Mediterranean Region, Turkey | Geography
Italy: North Africa: Greece:
Presidio | Mediterranean
Since 1991, part of the cape is protected as a natural monument, which is also home to the only salt meadow on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. It is forbidden to build anything there. The natural monument area spans on . It covers about of coastline around the western edge, including the cliffs and the abrasion terrace. The area also includes the sea area of belt along the coastline, and the small forest of about 50 trees.
Debeli Rtič | Natural monument
It now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the nineteenth century, "Near East" came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term "Far East" appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia and Vietnam. "Near East" applied to what had been mainly known as the Levant, which was in the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Porte, or government. Those who used the term had little choice about its meaning. They could not set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean from the Gulf of Sidra to Albania without permits from the Ottoman Empire.
Near East | Eastern Question
Frequent cold mountain wave wind situations during winter associated with cold high pressure systems over the mainland prevail in the innermost Bay at Risan and vegetational zones are compressed by the impact of bora. In addition the thermophylic communities of maquies and phrygana formations show the noticeable absence of some mediterranean species.
Iris orjenii | Climate
Further east is the second level of the Jebel Akhdar, between and over above sea level, often thickly wooded and cut by ravines. Annual rainfall here, especially around Cyrene, can reach . It was this fertile site northeast of Benghazi that the Greeks chose for their settlement. The soil in Benghazi is a rich red colour and very clayey. Sirocco winds are not uncommon in the city, and as such, many of Benghazi's smaller streets and buildings can be quite dusty. To the north, below the steep cliffs of the plateau, lies a narrow belt of Mediterranean farmland. Olives and other mediterranean fruits and vegetables are grown here.
Benghazi | Geography
Prince Nicolas of Montenegro wrote a letter thanking him for his article. Throughout this article Norman uses "Near East" to mean the countries where "the eastern question" applied; that is, to all of the Balkans. The countries and regions mentioned are Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina (which was Muslim and needed, in his view, to be suppressed), Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, Romania. The rest of the Ottoman domain is demoted to just "the east".
Near East | Sir Henry Norman and his first wife
Levantine Sea is bounded by Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Egypt, with Cyprus in the middle as its largest island. The seafloor of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin is dotted with mud volcanoes which spew gas and occasionally oil into the benthic zone. Geologically it consists of sediment columns up to 12 km thick capped by evaporites. Geological and oceanographers facts lead to speculation that Levantine sea contains big gas and oil deposits trapped in evaporites. Recently in Egypts Exclusive Economic Zone Eni discovered Zohr gas field , largest known gas field in Mediterranean. The Zohr gas field holds around of gas.
EuroAfrica Interconnector | Offshore Eastern Mediterranean hydrocarbon findings
Mediterranean Region is a mountainous region. Toros Mountains, a mountain chain from west to east, covers most of the region. Another chain is Amonos Mountains which run from north to south in the extreme east of the region. The mountains run in parallel to sea and in most places the mountains meet the sea except in coastal plains. The coastal plains were formed in the lower courses of the rivers. The most important coastal plain is Çukurova (Cilicia of the antiquity) in the eastern part of the region. It was formed by three rivers, Berdan, Seyhan and Ceyhan. Main lakes of the region, like Lake Beyşehir, Lake Eğridir and Lake Burdur which form a closed basin are in the north west of the region.
Mediterranean Region, Turkey | Geography
Located 100 km away from the Mediterranean Sea, Oued Essalem experiences a warm and dry climate, with a slight alpine tendency, its winters are often rainy, and snowfall can sometimes occur.
Oued Essalem | Introduction
The Mediterranean plants endemic to the area are the Palestine oak ("Quercus calliprinos"), terebinth ("Pistacia atlantica"), lentisk ("Pistacia lentiscus"), buckthorn ("Rhamnus lycioides"), and strawberry tree ("Arbutus andrachne"). Some of these trees have protected status. The area abounds also in fowl such as the partridge ("Alectoris chukar"), the honey-sucker, the bulbul ("Pycnonotus xanthopygos"), the black-headed bunting, and the titmouse. The species of agamid lizard, Stellagama, and hares ("Lepus") are also common to this region. Although more rare, the region is home to the mongoose ("Herpestes ichneumon") and to the honey-badger ("Mellivora capensis").
Lavnin | Flora and fauna
The Mediterranean Biogeographic Region is the biogeographic region around and including the Mediterranean Sea. The term is defined by the European Environment Agency as applying to the land areas of Europe that border on the Mediterranean Sea, and the corresponding territorial waters. The region is rich in biodiversity and has many endemic species. The term may also be used in the broader sense of all the lands of the Mediterranean Basin, or in the narrow sense of just the Mediterranean Sea.
Mediterranean Biogeographic Region | Introduction
The eastern Mediterranean seaboard the Levant stretches 400 miles north to south from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai Peninsula, and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the Arabian Desert. The coastal plain of the southern Levant, broad in the south and narrowing to the north, is backed in its southernmost portion by a zone of foothills, the Shfela; like the plain this narrows as it goes northwards, ending in the promontory of Mount Carmel. East of the plain and the Shfela is a mountainous ridge, the "hill country of Judah" in the south, the "hill country of Ephraim" north of that, then Galilee and Mount Lebanon.
History of ancient Israel and Judah | Late Bronze Age background (1550–1150 BCE)
The Neotethys grew larger during the episodes of collisions (and associated foldings and subductions) that occurred during the Oligocene and Miocene epochs (34 to 5.33 mya); see animation: Africa-Arabia colliding with Eurasia. Accordingly, the Mediterranean basin consists of several stretched tectonic plates in subduction which are the foundation of the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. Various zones of subduction contain the highest oceanic ridges, east of the Ionian Sea and south of the Aegean. The Central Indian Ridge runs east of the Mediterranean Sea south-east across the in-between of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula into the Indian Ocean.
Mediterranean Sea | Tectonics and paleoenvironmental analysis
In addition to the seas, a number of gulfs and straits are recognised:
Mediterranean Sea | Other features
Goods from Greece made their way into the ancient Near East, directly in Anatolia and via the island of Cyprus in the rest of the region and Egypt. A Hittite king, Tudhaliya IV, even captured Cyprus as part of an attempt to enforce a blockade of the Assyrians. The eruption of the Thera volcano provides a possible time marker for the region. A large eruption, it would have sent a plume of ash directly over Anatolia and filled the sea in the area with floating pumice. This pumice appeared in Egypt, apparently via trade. Current excavations in the Levant may also add to the timeline.
Chronology of the ancient Near East | Thera and Eastern Mediterranean
Western Mediterranean, extending east along the Silk Road to Asia Minor, Kashmir, China and Japan.
Narcisseae | Distribution
The Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome mostly occurs in, but not limited to, the Mediterranean climate zones, in the mid-latitudes: The biome is not limited to the Mediterranean climate zone. It can also be present in other climate zones (which typically border the Mediterranean climate zone), such as the drier regions of the oceanic and humid subtropical climates, and as well as the lusher areas of the semi-arid climate zone. Non-Mediterranean climate regions that would feature Mediterranean vegetation include the Nile River Valley in Egypt (extending upstream along the riverbanks), parts of the Eastern Cape in South Africa, southeastern Australia, southeastern Azerbaijan, southeastern Turkey, far Northern Iraq, the Mazandaran Province in Iran, Central Italy and parts of the Balkans (including Northern Greece).
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub | Distribution
The European Commission defines the Mediterranean Biogeographic Region as consisting of the Mediterranean Sea, Greece, Malta, Cyprus, large parts of Portugal, Spain and Italy, and a smaller part of France. The region includes 20.6% of European Union territory.
Mediterranean Biogeographic Region | Extent
The Levantine Sea is bordered by Turkey in the north and north-east corner, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and the Gaza Strip in the east, Egypt in the south, and the Aegean Sea in the northwest. Where it is used as a term its western border is amorphous hence Mediterreanean is more commonly used. The open western border to the next part of the Mediterranean (the Libyan Sea) is defined as a line from headland Ras al-Helal in Libya to Gavdos, south of the western half of Crete. The largest island in its subset of water is Cyprus. The greatest depth of is found in the Pliny Trench, about south of Crete.
Levantine Sea | Geography
The town is located on a hill overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. Its area is 2 km². It is surrounded by plantations of carobs, olive trees, and various vegetable crops. Thus several carob presses and olive oil mills are located within the village.
Jeddayel | Geography
However owing to dominant lodos winds of the Mediterranean coast, the Pirates' bay is not as sheltered as the Cleopatra's bay.
Cape Tisan | The cape and the surrounding
The Mediterranean woodlands and forests are bounded on the south by the drier Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe, which occupies the plateaus and mountain ranges bordering the Sahara; and on the north by the Alboran Sea which is the westernmost part of the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets, which occupy the coastal plain of southern Morocco, bounds the Mediterranean woodlands and forests on the southwest.
Mediterranean woodlands and forests | Geography
The Mediterranean Sea connects: The long artificial Suez Canal in the southeast connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. Large islands in the Mediterranean include:
Mediterranean Sea | Geography
35,864 km², or 40%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include:
Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests | Protected areas
The campus includes tennis and basketball courts as well as astro-turf football pitches, next to an outdoor athletics stadium. Another main sports facility is the Lala Mustafa Pasha indoor sports centre, which serves as the venue for major sporting and cultural events.
Eastern Mediterranean University | Sports
Archaeologically, it is distinguished from the heartland of Egypt, the Nile Valley and Delta. The term northern Levant can be used to refer to Lebanon, the Syrian littoral and portions of the Mediterranean coast of Turkey in the province of Hatay. More usually, these regions are included in greater Syria, a name used to refer to the whole area between Anatolia, Mesopotamia and Arabia. The Mediterranean coast of Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic and parts of Northern Israel are also known as Phoenicia, after the ancient kingdom. However, this term suffers from the same problems as Canaan and equivalents and so is generally now only used in a strict historical sense.
Near Eastern archaeology | Geographic subdivisions
In the circumscription in which "Mandragora officinarum" is the only Mediterranean species, it is native to regions around the Mediterranean Sea, within the borders of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco in north Africa; southern Spain, southern Portugal, Italy included Sardinia and Sicily, (Niccolò Machiavelli wrote a novel about it), former Yugoslavia, Greece and Cyprus in southern Europe; southern Turkey; Syria, Lebanon, Israel, the Palestinian territories and Jordan in the Levant. It is usually found in open habitats, such as light woodland and disturbed sites, including olive groves, fallow land, waysides, railway embankments and ruins, from sea level to . When "Mandragora autumnalis" is regarded as the main Mediterranean species, "M.
Mandragora officinarum | Distribution and habitat
and The Eastern Roman or Byzantine empire began its domination of the Levant during its wars with neighbouring Sassanid Persia. The rule through the 6th century CE saw climatic instability, causing inconsistent production, distribution, and a general economic decline. The Sasanians gained territory on Mediterranean land regularly, but the Eastern Romans remained superior in the Mediterranean sea for centuries. In the first quarter of the 7th century CE, the Sasanians took swaths of the Mediterranean region from the Eastern Romans during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, though the Sasanians lost territories by the end of the war. Ultimately, Byzantine domination in the region was forever finished by invasions of the Arabs and later the Turks.
History of the Mediterranean region | Sasanian and Byzantine times
The Mediterranean is divided at its center into eastern and western basins by an underwater mountain range, which extends between Sicily and Tunisia. There are several differences between the eastern and western basins. Ryan (Ryan W.B.), in his article on the Mediterranean in the Encyclopedia of Oceanography, writes: "The Mediterranean is the largest poor water body on the planet earth." The low quantity of algae is the cause of the low number of fish in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean, although there are regional differences. The Southeastern area, from Tel Aviv to Port Said, contains clay and minerals deposited by the Nile waters.
Fishing in Israel | Mediterranean fishing
This species occurs in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea off Greece, Lebanon, Syria and Egypt.
Nassarius gibbosulus | Distribution
Four geographical areas in the Mediterranean, apart from the Balearic Islands, have close links to sobrassada for different reasons:
Sobrassada | Sobrassada outside the Balearic Islands
The ecoregion has a Mediterranean climate, with a mild, rainy winter and hot dry summer. Rainfall varies across the ecoregion. It is generally higher on coastal-facing slopes, ranging from 1,000-1,250 mm annually near Antalya to 650-850 mm in Mersin, Adana, Iskendurun, and coastal Syria and Lebanon. Rainfall is lowest in the eastern and southernmost parts of the ecoregion, with less than 450 mm annually in eastern Anatolia, the interior of Syria, southern Israel and Palestine, and the Jordanian Highlands.
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests | Climate
The coastline extends for . A shallow submarine ridge (the Strait of Sicily) between the island of Sicily and the coast of Tunisia divides the sea in two main subregions: the Western Mediterranean, with an area of about 850,000 km (330,000 mi); and the Eastern Mediterranean, of about 1.65 million km (640,000 mi). Coastal areas have submarine karst springs or s, which discharge pressurised groundwater into the water from below the surface; the discharge water is usually fresh, and sometimes may be thermal.
Mediterranean Sea | Geology
Beyond Entropy Mediterranean focuses on Sardinia as the paradigm of the Mediterranean Coastline, a region where irreconcilable territorial conditions coexist: natural reserve and touristic exploitation, large infrastructures and unspoiled islands, overcrowded coastlines during summer and deserted villages during winter. Beyond Entropy Mediterranean focuses on the proposal of a Mediterranean Kunsthalle articulated around the Museum of Contemporary Art of Calasetta and the Open Air Gallery of Mangiabarche.
Beyond Entropy | Beyond Entropy Mediterranean
Lézignan-la-Cèbe in France, Orce in Spain, Monte Poggiolo in Italy and Kozarnika in Bulgaria are amongst the oldest Palaeolithic sites in Europe and are located around the Mediterranean Basin. There is evidence of stone tools on Crete, 130,000 years BC, which indicates that early man was capable of using boats to reach the island. The cultural stage of civilization (organised society structured around urban centers) first arises in Southwest Asia, as an extension of the Neolithic trend, from as early as the 8th millennium BC, of proto-urban centers such as Çatal Hüyük. Urban civilizations proper begin to emerge in the Chalcolithic, in 5th-to-4th-millennium Egypt and in Mesopotamia.
History of the Mediterranean region | Early history
The Mediterranean Region (Turkish: "Akdeniz Bölgesi") (TR6) is a statistical region in Turkey.
Mediterranean Region (statistical) | Introduction
Specialized French, Italian, and Spanish vessels undertook mapping and research in the Strait of Gibraltar, the Bosphorus, the Strait of Messina, and the Gulf of Gabès. The membership expanded to include Romania (1925), Serbia (1927), Cyprus (1919), Palestine (1929), Syria (1930), Lebanon (1930) and Morocco (1933). The commission published a journal and annual reports.
Mediterranean Science Commission | Early years
Provinces that are entirely in the Mediterranean Region: Provinces that are mostly in the Mediterranean Region: Provinces that are partially in the Mediterranean Region:
Mediterranean Region, Turkey | Provinces
A valley to the northeast is covered with fig, almond, and cypress trees."
Sar'a | Israel
The Mediterranean States are the two countries of Cyprus and Malta. They are the only two Island countries in the Mediterranean Sea. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus would be a third, but no nation besides Turkey has recognized it as independent. The Mediterranean States are not to be confused with the Mediterranean-bordering countries of Southern Europe such as Italy, Greece and Turkey.
Mediterranean States | Introduction
In the eastern Mediterranean, the Byzantine Empire struggled with the incursion from invading Muslim Arabs from the 7th century, leading to fierce competition, a buildup of fleet, and war galleys of increasing size. Soon after conquering Egypt and the Levant, the Arab rulers built ships highly similar to Byzantine dromons with the help of local Coptic shipwrights from former Byzantine naval bases. By the 9th century, the struggle between the Byzantines and Arabs had turned the Eastern Mediterranean into a no-man's land for merchant activity. In the 820s Crete was captured by Andalusian Muslims displaced by a failed revolt against the Emirate of Cordoba, turning the island into a base for (galley) attacks on Christian shipping until the island was recaptured by the Byzantines in 960.
Galley | Eastern Mediterranean
Between 1275 and 1344 a struggle for the control of the Strait of Gibraltar took place. Featuring the Marinid Sultanate, the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, the Crown of Castile, the Crown of Aragón, the Kingdom of Portugal and the Republic of Genoa, it was characterized by changing alliances between the main actors. The iberian cities of Tarifa, Ceuta, Algeciras or Ronda and the African port of Ceuta were at stake. The Western Mediterranean sea was dominated by the Crown of Aragon: thanks to their possessions of Sicily, the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Balearic Islands, the Duchy of Athens the Duchy of Neopatria, and several northern African cities.
History of the Mediterranean region | Late Middle Ages
The university is a member of the Caucasus University Association.
Eastern Mediterranean University | Affiliations
The greatest human-induced changes, however, came after World War II, in line with the "1950s syndrome" as rural populations throughout the region abandoned traditional subsistence economies. Grove and Rackham suggest that the locals left the traditional agricultural patterns and instead became scenery-setting agents for tourism. This resulted in more uniform, large-scale formations. Among further current important threats to Mediterranean landscapes are overdevelopment of coastal areas, abandonment of mountains and, as mentioned, the loss of variety via the reduction of traditional agricultural occupations.
Mediterranean Sea | Environmental issues
Water circulation in the Mediterranean can be described from the surface waters entering from the Atlantic through the Strait of Gibraltar. These cool and relatively low-salinity waters circulate eastwards along the North African coasts. A part of these surface waters does not pass the Strait of Sicily, but deviates towards Corsica before exiting the Mediterranean. The surface waters entering the eastern Mediterranean basin circulate along the Libyan and Israelian coasts. Upon reaching the Levantine Sea, the surface waters having experienced warming and saltening from their initial Atlantic state, are now more dense and sink to form the Levantine Intermediate Waters (LIW).
Mediterranean Sea | General circulation
In biogeography, the Mediterranean Basin (also known as the Mediterranean region or sometimes Mediterranea) is the region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have a Mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, which supports characteristic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub vegetation.
Mediterranean Basin | Introduction
Gal On stands on a hill approximately twenty kilometers from the Mediterranean Sea. The hill on which it is located borders the Guvrin stream, an auxiliary of Lachish River. With average rainfall and temperate weather, Gal On’s Mediterranean climate facilitates agricultural production.
Gal On | Environs
The site was extended to include a number of establishments around the south-eastern corner of the Mediterranean.
HMS Mosquito (shore establishment) | Other locations
It is located directly beneath Rabieh. It consists of mostly pine trees. It also overlooks the Mediterranean Sea and the American embassy.
Naccache | Geography
Eastern Mediterranean littoral, from Greece, Albania, southern Turkey and Syria to Israel with sporadic extension east to northern Iraq and west along the Mediterranean shores of Italy, southern France and North Africa. "Anemone coronaria" grows wild all over the regions of Syria and Palestine.
Anemone coronaria | Distribution and habitat
A 2017 assessment found that 28,451 km², or 8%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include Al Hoceima National Park and Tazekka National Park in Morocco, Chrea National Park, El Kala National Park, Gouraya National Park, and Tlemcen National Park in Algeria, and Bou-Hedma National Park, Chambi National Park, Jebel Chitana-Cap Négro National Park, Jebel Mghilla National Park, Jebel Serj National Park, and Jebel Zaghdoud National Park in Tunisia.
Mediterranean woodlands and forests | Protected areas
It is found in the Balkans, and in the southern and eastern Mediterranean, including the Greek Islands, Turkey, Israel, and Morocco.
Quercus macrolepis | Geographical range
The Mediterranean woodlands and forests occupy an area of in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. The main portion of the ecoregions extends from the southern slopes of the High Atlas in eastern Morocco across Algeria and Tunisia, where it meets the Mediterranean shore at the Gulf of Gabes. In Algeria, it lies south of the coastal Tell Atlas, covering the high plateau and Saharan Atlas. Further east, several enclaves of the ecoregion lie nearer the coast. In western Tripolitania it lies to the Mediterranean shore, and on the Cyrenaica peninsula it forms a belt between the Mediterranean woodlands and forests and the Sahara.
Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe | Setting
The Gulf of Alexandretta forms the easternmost bay or inlet of the Mediterranean Sea. It lies beside the southern coast of Turkey, near its border with Syria. In antiquity, the adjacent Nur Mountains were usually thought to separate the regions of Cilicia and Syria, although Herodotus at one point places the division further south at Ras al-Bassit (the classical Posidium).
Gulf of Alexandretta | Geography
The Mediterranean Sea lies to the south.
Marbella | Geography
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. Although the sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, it is usually referred to as a separate body of water. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago, the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely desiccated over a period of some 600,000 years during the Messinian salinity crisis before being refilled by the Zanclean flood about 5.3 million years ago.
Mediterranean Sea | Introduction
Near Eastern crops spread to southeastern Europe in the 7th millennium BCE. Poppy and oats were domesticated in Europe from the 6th to the 3rd millennium BCE. Agricultural settlements spread around the Mediterranean Basin. Megaliths were constructed in Europe from 4500 – 1500 BCE.
Mediterranean Basin | History
This is a socio-economic marginal region, while bio-geographically, there is altitudinal stratification and a gradient between the mountainous centre and the mediterranean littoral ecologies.
Cévennes | Description
East shore line of Paradeniz lies more or less parallel to Mediterranean Sea shore. The average distance to sea is less than . At the north east end there is a narrow channel to sea. The salinity is ‰ 19, which is less than that of Mediterranean Sea. The surface area of the lagoon is about and the average dept is
Paradeniz | Geology
The region has generally hilly terrain and includes islands, high mountains, semi-arid steppes and thick Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub with many aromatic plants. There are rocky shorelines and sandy beaches. The region has been greatly affected by human activity such as livestock grazing, cultivation, forest clearance and forest fires. In recent years tourism has put greater pressure on the shoreline environment.
Mediterranean Biogeographic Region | Terrain
Being nearly landlocked affects conditions in the Mediterranean Sea: for instance, tides are very limited as a result of the narrow connection with the Atlantic Ocean. The Mediterranean is characterised and immediately recognised by its deep blue colour. Evaporation greatly exceeds precipitation and river runoff in the Mediterranean, a fact that is central to the water circulation within the basin. Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and salinity to increase eastward. The average salinity in the basin is 38 PSU at 5 m depth. The temperature of the water in the deepest part of the Mediterranean Sea is .
Mediterranean Sea | Oceanography
• Hawarte • Palmyra (suspended) • Tell Abu Hafur • Tell Amarna • Tell Djassa • Tell Arbid (suspended) • Tell Rad Shakrah • Tell Qaramel (suspended)
Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw | Syria
While the next on-site phase of AAEM is being planned, its volunteers continue to provide manuscript editing support via email for researchers in the Eastern Mediterranean region.
AuthorAID | AuthorAID in the Eastern Mediterranean (AAEM)
The Syrian Desert, a 200,000-square-miles wide rocky and flat desert, occupies the center of the Levant and is considered a continuation of the Arabian Desert. To its east lies Mesopotamia, fertile agricultural plains traversed by two rivers: Euphrates and Tigris. Both rivers originate from Anatolia and are fed by numerous tributaries; the entire river system drains a vast mountainous region. In the western Levant, hilly terrains and mountain ranges rise parallel to the Mediterranean coastline from the north to the south encompassing the: An-Nusayriyah Mountains, Lebanon Mountains, Galilee Hills, Samarian Hills, and Judaean Mountains. This mountainous barrier receives a substantial amount of precipitation and snow, and enjoys a thick forest cover, mainly Mediterranean woodlands and forests.
Tourism in the Arab world | Levant
For the next 400 years, the Roman Empire completely controlled the Mediterranean Sea and virtually all its coastal regions from Gibraltar to the Levant.
Mediterranean Sea | Ancient civilizations
Archipelagos of the Mediterranean Sea:
List of archipelagos | Mediterranean Sea