The Surety Kohala Corporation assessed the structural integrity to their Kohala Ditch, which functioned as a tourist attraction for 10 years. Many roads and bridges collapsed or had deep cracks, and clean-up crews had to work for days to remove debris from the countless landslides. Many landmarks on the island were greatly affected. The Kalahikiola Congregational Church in Kohala was destroyed due to the collapse of the church's stone walls; the Hawi smoke stack, a relic of the old sugarcane trade, completely collapsed as well. The Hulihee Palace in Kailua Kona suffered extensive structural damage. Another popular tourist area, Kealakekua Bay, home of the white monument to Captain James Cook, was swept over by massive landslides that caused the entire bay and its surrounding areas to momentarily disappear in a thick cloud of brown dust.
Damage
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Damage
Significant structural damages at least 61 buildings were destroyed and red-tagged by officials, roads and bridges collapsed or had deep cracks. Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context. Hualālai last erupted in 1800–1801. This eruption produced very fluid alkalic basalt lava flows that entered the ocean off the western tip of Hawaii island. On its way down, it overran a village and a valuable fishing pond.
when was the last time mauna loa volcano erupted
user
March 24 to April 15, 1984.
assistant
what is the main entity?
user
It is one of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaiʻi in the Pacific Ocean.
assistant
what is its weather like?
user
It has a tropical climate with warm temperatures at lower elevations and cool to cold temperatures higher up year-round.
assistant
who monitors this volcano?
user
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, a branch of the United States Geological Survey.
assistant
who founded it ?
user
Thomas A. Jaggar.
assistant
where is it located?
user
A temporary offices located in Hilo on the Island of Hawaii.
assistant
mention few volcanoes it monitors?
user
Kīlauea, Mauna Loa, Hualālai, and Haleakalā.
assistant
name few dangers of the second?
user
It is a sudden, massive collapse of the volcano's flanks,  large earthquakes could trigger rapid flank collapses along these lines, creating massive landslides and possibly triggering equally large tsunamis.
assistant
any recent updates seen in the third?
user
The 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake.
assistant
where did this natural calamity occur?
user
The epicenter was just to the north in Kiholo Bay near Māhukona.
assistant
mention few destructions it caused?
user
The Surety Kohala Corporation assessed the structural integrity to their Kohala Ditch, which functioned as a tourist attraction for 10 years. Many roads and bridges collapsed or had deep cracks, and clean-up crews had to work for days to remove debris from the countless landslides. Many landmarks on the island were greatly affected. The Kalahikiola Congregational Church in Kohala was destroyed due to the collapse of the church's stone walls; the Hawi smoke stack, a relic of the old sugarcane trade, completely collapsed as well. The Hulihee Palace in Kailua Kona suffered extensive structural damage. Another popular tourist area, Kealakekua Bay, home of the white monument to Captain James Cook, was swept over by massive landslides that caused the entire bay and its surrounding areas to momentarily disappear in a thick cloud of brown dust.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Damage
The earthquake caused property damage, injuries, landslides, power outages, and airport delays and closures. Governor Linda Lingle issued a disaster declaration for the entire state.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Earthquake
On Sunday, October 15, 2006, Kīholo Bay was struck by a 6.7 magnitude earthquake followed by a 6.0 magnitude earthquake seven minutes after the first. While no fatalities occurred due to the incident, over 60 residential buildings were red tagged by officials. The entire island suffered over $100 million worth of damage as a result of the earthquake.
Kiholo Bay | 2006 earthquake
The most severe damage caused by the earthquake was focused on the north and western sides of the island of Hawaii. Damage was also quite heavy on the eastern side of Maui, and minor damage spread all the way out to western Oahu, away from the earthquake's epicenter. On the Big Island, many houses had large cracks and broken windows, and at least 61 buildings were destroyed and red-tagged by officials. Almost all houses in west Hawaii reported extensive internal damage but most avoided significant structural damage, the reason being that most of the buildings in the area around the epicenter of the earthquake have been built in the last few decades and are well constructed.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Damage
Hualālai last erupted in 1801. A severe earthquake swarm shook the volcano in 1929, lasting about a month. This caused $100,000 worth of damage to the Kona district ($1.2 million as of 2010), and two earthquakes with magnitudes of 5.5 and 6.5 were felt as far away as Honolulu. This was probably caused by magma movement near the surface, but there was no surface activity or eruption. The 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake, with epicenter just to the north in Kiholo Bay near Māhukona, caused much damage in the area.
Hualālai | Recent activity
Even so, over $200 million in damage occurred. The largest and most luxurious hotels on the Island of Hawaii also happened to be clustered within ten miles (16 km) of the earthquake's epicenter along the Kohala coast. The 1965 Mauna Kea Beach Hotel had its entire south end collapse, and the hotel's top floor was considered "destroyed." The hotel closed December 1 after a month-long inspection revealed that the building was unsafe and in danger of collapse. After a $150 million renovation, the hotel had a soft reopening on December 20, 2008, and officially reopened in March 2009. The Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel was temporarily evacuated after the earthquake due to structural damage, broken glass and flooding caused by broken water pipes.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Damage
A number of the telescopes sustained minor damage during the October 15, 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake and aftershocks. JCMT was performing an inclinometry run and recorded the earthquake on its tilt sensors. Both CFHT and W. M. Keck Observatory were operational and back online by October 19.
Mauna Kea Observatories | 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake
During the earthquake and aftershocks, a number of the telescopes at the Mauna Kea Observatories sustained minor damage, primarily Kecks 1 and 2 at the W. M. Keck Observatory, and the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). The CFHT was operational and back online as of October 19, but the Kecks were not restored to full operation until February 28, 2007.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Mauna Kea Observatory
The earthquake had a hypocentral depth of 38.2 km and a focal mechanism of normal faulting. The depth shows that it was in the mantle lithosphere, beneath the neutral surface with a mechanism consistent with tangential tension. The largest aftershock was significantly shallower at 18 km and had a focal mechanism of reverse faulting. The depth and mechanism are consistent with tangential compression above the neutral surface. Modified Mercalli Intensities were VII–VIII ("Very strong–Severe") on the western side of the island of Hawaii, and VI ("Strong") on the eastern side of Maui. Intensity V ("Moderate") shaking was felt all the way to Oahu, where patches of moderate damage were reported.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Earthquake
The 2006 Kīholo Bay earthquake occurred on October 15 at with a magnitude of 6.7 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII ("Severe"). The shock was centered southwest of Puakō and north of Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, just offshore of the Kona Airport, at a depth of . It produced several aftershocks, including one that measured a magnitude of 6.1 seven minutes after the main shock. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center measured a nondestructive tsunami of on the coast of the Big Island.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Introduction
Earthquakes of this type can have focal depths as deep as 60 km.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Tectonic setting
The island of Hawaii is effected by earthquakes related to three main causes. Some are associated with the movement of magma and tend to be shallow focus (less than 5 km depth). The largest earthquakes are those caused by overall gravitational spreading of the volcano, whether within the volcano's flanks or at the base of the volcanic pile. They tend to have focal depths in the range 5–13 km. The final group of earthquakes are those caused by flexure of the oceanic lithosphere underlying the island as a result of loading by the volcano. The type of stresses within the flexing lithosphere depends on depth relative to the neutral surface, with radial compression and associated tangential tension below about 22 km and radial tension and tangential compression above that level.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Tectonic setting
The church suffered even more major damage after the 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake; one wall was reduced to a pile of rubble. Governor Linda Lingle met with members of the church at the site in a tour of the damage.
Bond District | Kalahikiola Church
Originating in 1820, Kīholo Bay was created as a man-made fishing pond for King Kamehameha the Great. The recreational area was bordered by rock walls 6 feet tall and 20 feet wide. These walls were destroyed in 1859 when an eruption from Mauna Loa, located 48 km away, caused the pond to be submerged in a flow of lava. The hardened lava from the eruption created the characteristic black pebble beaches of Kīholo Bay. The large stones that surround the tide pools are remnants of the walls built by Kamehameha. This historic area is now under government regulation and protection as the Kīholo State Park Reserve.
Kiholo Bay | History
Updated reports on the damage assessment revealed that more than 2,700 houses had been damaged or destroyed by the quake, of which 1,500 homes suffered slight damage while the other 1,200 suffered heavy damage. Labuha's Babang Harbour, the main and crucial harbour in Labuha, was damaged in the quake. The harbour, however, was not closed and transport services were not affected. Following the earthquake, electrical problems such as blackouts and short circuits were immediately reported across South Halmahera. Officials from the Government-owned electrical company (PLN) stated that several power plants suffered some damage in the quake. 6 days after the earthquake, officials announced that approximately 99% of electricity had been restored to the affected areas.
2019 North Maluku earthquake | Damage
On July 19, 2007, a strong earthquake hit the town with magnitude 6 on Richter scale and damaged some properties. The partial assessment report of Hinunangan dated July 20, a copy of which was obtained by PIA through Gov. Mercado, placed the estimated cost of damage to properties at P1,650,000.00 broken down as P790,000 for government infrastructure and P860,000 from private infrastructure. Among the public properties destroyed were the water system - P 500,000; Das-ay Bridge railguard - P100,000; East Central School Concrete Fence - P80,000; Otama Elementary School - P50,000; Patong Elementary School - P40,000; and Tahusan Elementary School—P20,000.
Hinunangan | 2007 earthquake
The earthquake had a focal mechanism consistent with normal faulting and a hypocentral depth of 11.0 km. These observations have been combined with the analysis of InSAR data and the known geology of the area to conclude that the earthquake was a result of movement on one of the east-dipping rift border faults. The earthquake was preceded by an eruption in the Nyiragongo volcanic area to the north of Lake Kivu, in January 2002. This is interpreted to be a diking event. Analysis of the effect of the diking on the stress field to the south suggests that faulting like that seen in the earthquake may have been promoted by this event.
2002 Kalehe earthquake | Earthquake
Over 1000 houses collapsed, 4 people were killed and 300 people were wounded in this earthquake sequence. The majority of the building collapse was caused by liquefaction that occurred within a shallow layer of saturated unconsolidated lake sediments along the shoreline. The locations of ground damage and liquefaction align with the fault that ruptured the earthquake.
2009 Karonga earthquakes | Damage
The earthquake was most severe in the Hawke's Bay and northern Wairarapa regions (now the Tararua District est. 1989), and caused widespread damage from Porangahau to Castlepoint. Much of this area, particularly towards the east coast, was sparsely populated at the time, but the shaking caused extensive damage in the town of Pahiatua, where a number of poorly constructed buildings were severely damaged or collapsed entirely. Two people with existing health problems died from heart failure, and one person sustained injuries that required hospitalisation. The movement also triggered numerous small landslides in the cliffs along the coast from Cape Turnagain to Castlepoint, and deformed the ground surface in a number of localities.
1934 Pahiatua earthquake | Damage
In 1990-91, the line was severed for a year by landslides caused by torrential rain, with a further eight-month period of disruption occurring in 1993-94. A three-month period of disruption occurred in 2004, and the line was severed from July 2012 until August 2013 due to further landslides induced by torrential rainfall. In 2016, the Kumamoto Earthquakes damage resulted in the closure of the section between Higo Ozu and Aso. The line has been restored since 8 August 2020.
Hōhi Main Line | Damages by natural disasters
Power plants on Maui and the Big Island automatically shut off power to prevent damage, and generators tripped on Oahu, causing overloads in the electrical grid. The Oahu power outages lasted 14 hours in some locations; only half of Hawaiian Electric Company's (HECO) Oahu customers had power restored before 9 pm, while outages generally lasted to about 5 pm on Maui and Hawaii. Power was restored to all HECO circuits by 1:55 am; however, there were isolated blackouts due to local problems, such as blown fuses. Power in Laie and Kahuku was not restored until 3 am. In Honolulu and Kahe, HECO generators shut down, and other generators tried to compensate, resulting in uneven loads on Oahu's electrical network and causing the system to shut down to prevent damage.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Blackouts
In the early hours of 4 September 2010, a major earthquake caused extensive damage throughout the Canterbury region. The Arts Centre Te Matatiki Toi Ora buildings were damaged – collapsing chimneys damaged the Great Hall, the Observatory Tower and the Clock Tower. The then Arts Centre director Ken Franklin commented that prior measures taken to reinforce the buildings may have prevented additional damage. The buildings had been insured for NZ$95 million, and this was increased to NZ$120m in January 2011.
Christchurch Arts Centre | 2010 earthquake damage
The earthquake caused massive amounts of damage to the surrounding landscape, with landslides being reported in an area of over 3,500 km² between Napier and Featherston. Liquefaction and sand fountains were also reported in several towns, including Napier, Porangahau and Carterton. Property damage occurred on a mass scale, with cracked walls, broken windows and fallen chimneys being the most common structural problems. In Gladstone, a hillside house was completely destroyed, and multiple buildings across the lower North Island burnt down. Personal items such as cutlery, glassware and furniture were reportedly damaged from as far afield as Wellington and Wairoa, both about from the epicentre.
1904 Cape Turnagain earthquake | Damage
The December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami caused (only) coastal damage to Nias, but the March 2005 Nias earthquake had a devastating effect on the island. More than 80% of modern public buildings were destroyed. Traditional homes were more earthquake-resistant and most survived. Reconstruction efforts were hampered by the death of many traditional craftsmen, and the fact that NGOs lacked knowledge of Niasian building methods. The cost of repairing damaged traditional homes was estimated to be similar to building new ones, because collapsing support pillars meant that the house had to be dismantled and reconstructed. NGO house designs were typically smaller than traditional ones, and lacked many elements that were fundamental to Nias' culture.
Omo sebua | 2005 Earthquake damage
The earthquake had devastating consequences in the coastal area of southern Mangalia, many villages being ruined (maximum intensity of X on the Mercalli intensity scale); likewise, the earthquake generated a high tsunami wave and there occurred bank dislocations and other local geomorphological phenomena. Maximum damage was sustained by a small number of villages situated on the alluvial lowlands along the coast between Balchik, Kavarna, Durankulak and Limanu. Slumping of the coast destroyed many landing-places and coastal settlements including the lighthouse at Kaliakra. Largescale landslides along the coast continued to develop for almost two weeks after the earthquake, disrupting communications and causing additional damage.
1901 Black Sea earthquake | Damage
The earthquake of 2015 destroyed or damaged 750 (out of 960) houses. Many buildings that had survived a 1934 quake did not survive in 2015. Most of the building were traditional brick masonry building with Newari Architecture
Sankhu | Damage by Earthquake
With 154,000 houses destroyed and 260,000 units experiencing damage, the event was one of the most costly natural disasters in the previous ten years. With 7% of housing units lost, more houses were damaged than during the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman and the 2005 Nias–Simuele events combined. With 66,000 homes destroyed, the Klaten District saw the heaviest damage, followed by Bantul, with 47,000 destroyed. In the most heavily damaged areas, 70–90% of units destroyed, contributing to a total of 4.1 million cubic meters of debris. Of the three home construction styles used in the area, the most common type fared badly. Low quality materials and improper construction styles led to unreinforced masonry buildings being responsible for the large loss of life and the high number of injuries.
2006 Yogyakarta earthquake | Housing
Preliminary assessment conducted by the government of North Maluku showed that more than 980 structures had either been heavily damaged or destroyed. Many houses located near the epicentre had been heavily damaged by the quake. In Yomen Village in Joronga Island, one of the hardest hit areas, all of the residents' 164 houses and a mosque were flattened by the quake, forcing its 686 residents to evacuate to the mountain. As many as 19 elementary schools and 7 junior high schools were damaged. Widespread damage were reported across 21 villages and 5 districts in South Halmahera. At least 110 public facilities were damaged, 78 of which were heavily damaged.
2019 North Maluku earthquake | Damage
It was felt strongly down the country, from Auckland in the north to Dunedin in the south, and more than 9,000 reports were submitted by the public to GeoNet, the geological hazards monitoring network. "The New Zealand Herald" newspaper reported damage to walls and chimneys and road closures in the lower North Island. The Earthquake Commission, (EQC) received 5,013 claims, 1,514 of them from Palmerston North. Minor to moderate damage was also reported in Eketahuna, Wellington, Masterton, Carterton, Kapiti Coast, Pahiatua, Levin and Otaki. Three 1920s-style buildings in Masterton were evacuated after cracks appeared. One building needed to be demolished.
2014 Eketahuna earthquake | Damage
These waves destroyed all the buildings that were made of woven grass and corrugated metal roofs. The maximum height of the waves above sea level was . To the west of the epicenter on the island of Malakula, a moderate runup of just caused the wooden cargo ship "Halimon" to sink while it was at anchor in of water. The ship was loaded with 18 tons of copra (dried coconut meat). While the crew were asleep on board, the initial withdrawal of the tsunami caused the vessel to settle onto the bottom of the bay and list severely. Later, the first positive tsunami wave entered the harbor and swamped the vessel.
1999 Ambrym earthquake | Damage
Kailua-Kona was the closest major settlement to the epicenter of the 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake.
Kailua-Kona, Hawaii | Introduction
Wooden houses were knocked off their foundations in Keaīwa, Punaluu Beach and Nīnole, while thatched houses supported by posts in the same areas were torn to shreds. The earthquake demolished nearly every stone wall and house within the Kaū district in an instant. At Waiōhinu, a large stone church built by Reverend John D. Paris collapsed, and in Hilo the shaking destroyed the few stone buildings and most walls.
1868 Hawaii earthquake | Damage
Villages couldn't be accessed by authorities as road access were blocked due to fallen debris, hampering the search and rescue effort. Calculations conducted by the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management estimated that a total damage of Rp 87 billion (US$6 million) had been inflicted. Updated calculation revealed that the quake inflicted a total of Rp 238 billion (US$16 million) in damage.
2019 North Maluku earthquake | Damage
The event caused very limited damage. The previous large earthquake in Tonga, in 1977, was of a lower magnitude but resulted in more severe damage. A likely cause is that the 2006 quake generated other frequencies that only resulted in resonance in small items. In shops, cans and bottles which contained fluids fell from shelves, while the bigger items and those containing dry goods were largely unaffected. There was very little damage reported in Tonga apart from pictures fallen from the walls or items tumbled down from cupboards and shelves.
2006 Tonga earthquake | Damage
Nearly all buildings in the central areas of Napier and Hastings were levelled ("The Dominion" noted that "Napier as a town has been wiped off the map") and the death toll included 161 people in Napier, 93 in Hastings, and two in Wairoa. Thousands more were injured, with over 400 hospitalised. The local landscape changed dramatically, with the coastal areas around Napier being lifted by around two metres. The most noticeable land change was the uplifting of some 40 km of sea-bed to become dry land. This included Ahuriri Lagoon, which was lifted more than 2.7 metres and resulted in draining 2230 hectares of the lagoon.
1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake | Effects
The earthquake occurred around west of Bengkulu, close to the Mentawai Islands, southwest of South Pagai. The USGS first reported the hypocenter of the quake at deep, but later changed it to deep and then . The USGS also estimated the magnitude at 7.5 before revising the measurement to 7.8. The intensity was MM IV in Bengkulu and MM III in Padang. The October 2010 earthquake is thought to have been a result of thrust faulting along or near the plate interface from the calculated focal mechanism and the focal depth. According to seismic hazard potentials and deformation features, the Sunda Trench can be divided into several segments.
2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami | Earthquake
Mahumapelo said that counselling, social relief and temporary accommodation were being provided, and that the buildings and infrastructure damaged in the earthquake might take years to repair. The North West provincial government started the North West Disaster Relief Fund to help residents affected by the earthquake. Teams were sent to investigate damage to parts of the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality by the municipality. The Cabinet of South Africa sent its condolences to the family of the man who was killed by the earthquake. On 30 September 2014, the Inkatha Freedom Party expressed its concern for the residents of Khuma as repairs to their homes were delayed and had not yet commenced.
2014 Orkney earthquake | Response
Considering the large surface wave magnitude (7.1) and widespread surface rupturing, structural damage to buildings was surprisingly small; variations in damage were related to the materials used and construction method of individual buildings, rather than the proximity to the fault break. Some villages suffered 70% destruction of property, while others nearby with fault lines running right through them had only a few houses damaged.
1967 Mudurnu earthquake | Damage
Only a few buildings in the central Napier area survived. Some withstood the earthquake only to be gutted by fire. Trapped people had to be left to burn as people were unable to free them in time. By Wednesday morning, the main fires were out, but the ruins still smouldered for several days.
1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake | Effects
Its maximum intensity of VIII ("Severe") was restricted to a zone from the epicenter (including the epicenter). Up to away from the epicenter, damage measuring intensity VII ("Very strong") was recorded. Landslides caused most of the deaths (which the "Catalog of Tsunamis in the Pacific, 1969–1982" lists as 15), which occurred in wooden huts damaged by the shock and crushed by rock. The number of huts damaged totaled more than 800. The city most damaged was Madang. Houses with poor earthquake engineering such as those with weakly reinforced frames performed poorly. Forty-five percent of the city's steel water tanks were beyond repair.
1970 New Guinea earthquake | Damage and casualties
Both cyclones caused severe coastal erosion and destruction to food crops, on the southern islands of Niulakita and Nukulaelae, while damage in northern and central islands was confined mostly to houses. The cyclones waves, storm surge and strong winds both caused a severe amount of coastal erosion on all of the country's nine atolls, with about 6.7% of the land washed into the sea. It was later estimated after Keli had affected the islands between June 12–16, 1996, that collectively the three cyclones had been responsible for about of land disappearing into the sea.
Cyclone Gavin | Tuvalu
Due to the collapse of the 4-story Chuzon Supermarket, the Department of Interior and Local Government had to suspend all business permits of Chuzon Supermarket and its branches, as well as to conduct an investigation regarding the collapse of the 4-storey commercial establishment, which was built 4 years ago. There have been at least 421 aftershocks reported but only 8 were felt. in Central Luzon 5 dams were damaged and "needed immediate repairs", with an estimated cost of 20 million pesos, according to the National Irrigation Administration (NIA). PHIVOLCS stated that the volcano Mount Pinatubo, located near the earthquake's epicenter, has not shown any "anomalous activity".
2019 Luzon earthquake | Damage and effects
A complex sequence of ruptures with a combined magnitude of 7.8 started at 00:02:56 NZDT on 14 November 2016 and lasted approximately two minutes. The hypocentre (the point where the ruptures started) was at a depth of 15 kilometres (9 mi). The epicentre (the point on the Earth's surface above the hypocentre) was north-east of Culverden and from Christchurch. From the hypocentre, ruptures ripped northwards at a speed of 2 km per second, over a distance of up to 200 km (124 mi). The largest amount of energy released did not occur at the epicentre, rather 100 km (62 mi) to the north near Seddon.
2016 Kaikōura earthquake | Earthquake
A hotel in Kidapawan City collapsed following the earthquake; fortunately, according National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), no one was inside in the building when the earthquake struck. The Davao City government suspended the classes on all levels. Affected residents in Makilala, Cotabato have begged on the highway for basic needs such as rice and tents. According to the NDRRMC, about 30,000 families or 150,000 individuals affected by the earthquake.
2019 Cotabato earthquakes | October 31
The cost of the damage from these two quakes was more than £2 million (pounds), a considerable amount for a war-straitened economy. In Masterton damage from the two quakes was still apparent some 12 years later. Another result was the establishment by the government of the Earthquake Commission in 1945.
1942 Wairarapa earthquakes | Overall cost and effect
The Arts Centre Te Matatiki Toi Ora was very badly damaged in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, but no people were hurt at the centre. All historic buildings became inaccessible to the public and the entire complex was closed until the first restored and strengthened building, Registry, reopened in 2013.
Christchurch Arts Centre | 2011 earthquake damage
One 6.4 earthquake in 1979 killed 37 people, with a more recent 5.7 event in 2013 causing extensive damage but no deaths. Simulations by scientists from the University of Mataram suggested that an earthquake stronger than 6.0 could cause a small tsunami which would be in height, reaching Mataram within 18–20 minutes after the earthquake.
5 August 2018 Lombok earthquake | Tectonic setting
A tsunami was caused by coastal subsidence associated with reactivation of the Hilina slump, triggered by the earthquake. At Kapapala the land subsided by as much as 2 m and formerly dry land was flooded to a depth of 1.5 m. The tsunami on the Kaū and Puna coasts caused major destruction at Honuapo, Keauhou and Punaluu. The greatest damage was caused at Keauhou, where a wave height of 12–15 m was reported. All houses and warehouses were destroyed and 46 people were drowned. Many villages, such as Āpua, were never resettled.
1868 Hawaii earthquake | Tsunami
A more recent study, based on the size of affected settlements and the likely population density, gave an estimate of 7,200 of which about 800 were caused by the Khait landslide and 4,000 by the Yasman valley flowslide.
1949 Khait earthquake | Damage
Papanui's location in the north western area of the city saved it from the worst of the liquefaction that was suffered by the eastern and southern areas. The Papanui Building (the first photo on this page) at 1 Main North Road was severely damaged by the first two main earthquakes and demolition commenced on 23 February 2011, the day after the second earthquake. All of the churches in the area were damaged to some extent. The St Paul's Vicarage was particularly badly damaged and has been demolished. St Paul's Anglican Church is still under repair with the scaffolding now being removed from the bell tower.
Papanui | 2010–2011 earthquakes
Pahiatua was the location of one of New Zealand's most powerful earthquakes when on 5 March 1934 a magnitude 7.6 quake struck at Horoeka. It was felt as far away as Auckland and Dunedin.
Pahiatua | Natural disasters
The earthquake destroyed nine villages, namely Aiyari, Randawaya, Hamtimoi, Karowaiti, Waita, Waridoni, Tare, Larelahiti and Wabudayar, and killed 17 people. More than 2,500 houses were destroyed. While Mercalli intensities of VI ("Strong") affected the island of Biak, intensities of more than VII ("Very strong") affected Serui (on Yapen) and on the neighbouring coast of the mainland. Many buildings were damaged on Yapen Island.
2010 Papua earthquake | Damage
Killing 15 and injuring roughly 100, the earthquake damaged as many as 800 buildings throughout the southern and central parts of Mindanao. It spawned landslides in South Cotabato Province which flowed through the crater lake on Mount Parker, creating a widespread flood. These large flows of water surged past homes – sweeping them away – and enveloped at least nine districts of the Province. It also created local tsunamis reaching a maximum height of at Kiamba, Maitum and Palimbang. The earthquake was powerful enough to knock over concrete walls and fences. Sending debris raining down on people, the earthquake rocked homes and sent objects flying off of shelves.
2002 Mindanao earthquake | Damage and casualties
Minor damage was reported during this earthquake, including fallen light objects, a damaged ventilation pipe and fractures in plaster. Its epicenter was very close to that of the 1935 Timiskaming earthquake and lies in a group of 76 located earthquakes since 1935. Seventeen aftershocks were recorded.
2000 Kipawa earthquake | Introduction
4 September 2010: This 7.1 magnitude earthquake struck what was then New Zealand's second largest city, Christchurch. damaging many buildings, but with no loss of life. This was mainly due to New Zealand's building standards, the epicentre being approximately from the city, and the quake hitting at 4:35am. 22 February 2011: A 6.3 magnitude earthquake caused far more damage in Christchurch, including 181 deaths. This quake struck at about lunchtime and was centred closer at Lyttelton, and shallower than the prior quake, explaining the resultant destruction. 21 July 2013: A 6.5 magnitude earthquake struct in the Cook Strait near the town of Seddon and caused moderate damage in New Zealand's capital, Wellington.
Shaky Isles | Significant recent earthquakes
The quake resulted in varying degrees of damage to thirty-five buildings within the Wellington CBD with glass from broken windows falling onto the main thoroughfares of Lambton Quay, Featherston Street, and Willis Street. Damage was also caused in Paraparaumu, Wainuiomata, Porirua and the Hutt Valley in the North Island. The Wellington Region emergency management office was activated on the evening of 21 July, as were those in the lower part of the North Island. On 22 July parts of Wellington's central business district were closed to the public to allow for inspections to buildings with damaged and potentially dangerous façades.
2013 Seddon earthquake | Damage
Widespread damage was reported in Lombok Island. Officials stated that structures in North Lombok Regency, in which the epicentre of the earthquake was located, reportedly suffered the greatest damage. Telecommunications went down and blackouts were reported throughout Lombok. Thousands of houses were damaged, many of which had already been struck by the foreshock. A lack of construction regulations and technical knowledge of builders regarding earthquake resistance, coupled with low economic ability, exacerbated the damage. At least three bridges reportedly had collapsed in Lombok. Immediately after the earthquake, most of Mataram lost electrical power. Although some parts of Lombok still received electricity, the load was only 50 MW compared to the normal 220 MW.
5 August 2018 Lombok earthquake | Damage
An earthquake on April 2, 1868, rocked the southeast coast of Hawaiʻi with a magnitude estimated between 7.25 and 7.75. It triggered a landslide on the slopes of the Mauna Loa volcano, five miles (8 km) north of Pāhala, killing 31 people. A tsunami claimed 46 additional lives. The villages of Punaluʻu, Nīnole, Kāwāʻa, Honuʻapo, and Keauhou Landing were severely damaged. According to one account, the tsunami "rolled in over the tops of the coconut trees, probably 60 feet (20 m) high ... inland a distance of a quarter of a mile in some places, taking out to sea when it returned, houses, men, women, and almost everything movable."
Hilina Slump | 1868
The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.6 on the surface wave magnitude scale and 7.2–7.4 on the moment magnitude scale. The epicentre was originally assumed to be near Pahiatua, based on the severity of damage, but further analysis of seismograms from the event, the distribution of felt intensities and the location of aftershocks suggested that it was located near Horoeka. Results of trenching across the Waipukaka Fault suggests that this was the causative fault for the earthquake.
1934 Pahiatua earthquake | Earthquake characteristics
State seismologists said that Zambales had been spared from the earthquake destruction, despite the location of the epicenter being there, although the reports of fatalities and the damage have yet to be received by the local authorities. The neighboring province of Pampanga suffered damage to 29 structures/buildings and was the area most affected by the earthquake, due to the province sitting on soft sediment and alluvial soil. According to governor Lilia Pineda, several structures in the province were damaged by the quake, including a 4-story supermarket in Porac, the Bataan-Pampanga boundary arch and the main terminal of Clark International Airport, as well as old churches in Lubao and Porac, where the stone bell tower of the 19th-century Santa Catalina de Alejandria Church collapsed.
2019 Luzon earthquake | Damage and effects
Repairs from the first quake were not completed, and the mortar for some repairs had not properly set. Some buildings weakened in June suffered further damage, though it was sometimes hard to tell if further damage had occurred. In Masterton many buildings were badly damaged by the first quake; the fire station, the Bank of New Zealand, several shops and St Matthews Church (which was later blown up by the Army). The Waiohine River's road-bridge on State Highway 2 was badly sunken and was closed. After the second quake Masterton's WFCA building partly collapsed. In Wellington the first quake toppled some twenty thousand chimneys.
1942 Wairarapa earthquakes | Damage
Two people died in the earthquake. A man was crushed and died when the historic Elms Farm homestead near Kaikōura collapsed. Two other people were rescued from the rubble of the house, including the man's 100-year-old mother. A woman died in a log house that was damaged at Mount Lyford. Early reports said her cause of death was a heart attack, but an autopsy later indicated it was a head injury suffered during the earthquake. Many major roads were closed in the South Island because of slips and damage to bridges, including State Highway 1 between Picton and Waipara, and between Waipara and Springs Junction (SH 65 turnoff).
2016 Kaikōura earthquake | Kaikōura and North Canterbury
Damage was most reported in the Fukui plain, where the building collapse rate was more than 60%, since shaking became larger due to it being an alluvial plain, and many of the buildings were just built after the war and a little unstable. At the time many people were cooking so after the earthquake many fires spread. Since the roads and the waterworks were damaged it took 5 days to put out the fires and so the fires caused devastating damage. Even though the Daiwa Department Store collapsed, the Fukui Bank building right next to it had no significant damage.
1948 Fukui earthquake | Damage
Caused by a shallow thrust fault on or near the Flores Back Arc Thrust, at which the Australia and Sunda plates underthrusts the Indonesian volcanic island arcs, the earthquake struck just a week after the magnitude 6.4 earthquake which had killed 20. According to BMKG, this earthquake was a foreshock to the 6.9 earthquake. Despite the earthquake, no increase in activity was recorded for the nearby volcanoes of Rinjani and Agung. At certain areas in the northwestern parts of the island, the earthquake caused the ground to rise by as much as . The earthquake interrupted a ministerial security council held in Mataram, which was attended by Indonesian ministers Yasonna Laoly and Wiranto, Australian minister Peter Dutton, New Zealand minister Andrew Little, and Singaporean minister K.
5 August 2018 Lombok earthquake | Earthquake
On 3 February 1931, most of Napier and nearby Hastings was levelled by an earthquake. The collapses of buildings and the ensuing fires killed 256 people. The centre of the town was destroyed by the earthquake, and later rebuilt in the Art Deco style popular at that time. Some 4000 hectares of today's Napier were undersea before the earthquake raised it above sea level. The earthquake uplifted an area of 1500 km with a maximum of 2.7 m of uplift. In Hastings about 1 m of ground subsidence occurred. Although a few Art Deco buildings were replaced with contemporary structures during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, most of the centre remained intact for long enough to become recognised as architecturally important, and beginning in the 1990s it had been protected and restored.
Napier, New Zealand | 1931 earthquake
Although little damage was produced from the shock, the tsunami, which was recorded to reach the height of at Ōfunato, Iwate, caused extensive damage, and destroyed many homes and caused numerous casualties. The tsunami destroyed over 7,000 homes along the northern Japanese coastline, of which over 4,885 were washed away. The tsunami was also recorded in Hawaii with a height of , and also resulted in slight damage. The death toll came to 1,522 people confirmed dead, 1,542 missing, and 12,053 injured. Hardest hit was the town of Tarō, Iwate (now part of Miyako city), with 98% of its houses destroyed and 42% of its population killed.
1933 Sanriku earthquake | Damage
The strong shaking caused fear of tsunami among residents in North Maluku, even though the Indonesian geological agency stated that no tsunami threat was caused by the earthquake. In Ternate, hundreds of people evacuated to higher grounds due to fear of tsunami. Some evacuated to Ternate's Regional Disaster Management Board. In Labuha, thousands of residents who lived near the coastline evacuated to higher grounds. Some residents elected to evacuate to the mayor's house. Residents from at least 73 villages and 11 districts were displaced by the earthquake. Preliminary reports indicated that at least 4 people were killed, mostly by fallen debris, while 57 people were injured.
2019 North Maluku earthquake | Casualties
Persons at middle levels of multistory buildings were twice as likely to be injured as those at the top or bottom levels. The earthquake caused different patterns of damage in different parts of Luzon Island. The mountain resort of Baguio was most severely affected, it had a high population density and many tall concrete buildings, which were more susceptible to seismic damage. Relief efforts proved difficult as all routes of communication, roads, and airport access were severed for several days following the quake. These efforts were further hampered by daily rainfall. Baguio is home to a large mining company and a military academy; experienced miners and other disciplined volunteers played a crucial role in early rescue efforts.
1990 Luzon earthquake | Patterns of damage
Flooding from the tsunami caused $10,000 worth of damage on Amchitka Island. Minor damage from the earthquake was recorded on both Attu and Shemya islands in the form of cracks in runways.
1965 Rat Islands earthquake | Damage
Though the exact extent of the losses was unclear, the earthquake caused additional damage to many previously affected structures in Christchurch; around half of the buildings in the city centre had already damaged or destroyed by previous earthquakes. Preliminary assessments found that over 100 additional buildings had been rendered beyond repair. Despite its moderate magnitude, the preceding magnitude 5.6 M tremor caused several two-story buildings at a road intersection to collapse. Multiple hospitals and residential care facilities in Christchurch were left without essential services, and some even reported considerable infrastructural damage. Despite earlier renovation attempts, authorities were considering the complete demolition of the 130-year-old Christchurch Cathedral.
June 2011 Christchurch earthquake | Damage evaluation
Like at Piru-bay, the most severe damage was suffered on the east-side of the bay (Paulohy-Samasuru and Mani were the only west-side villages that were struck). Here, the shore broke off, creating a 9-meter wave flooding land inward for 170 m. 2400 people's lives were taken by the tsunami in this area.
1899 Ceram earthquake | Elpaputih-bay area
A similar earthquake occurred November 29, 1975, with a magnitude of 7.2. A 40-mile (60 km) wide section of the Hilina Slump slid 11 feet (3 m) into the ocean, widening the crack by 26 ft (8 m). This movement also caused a tsunami that reached a maximum height of at Keauhou Landing. Oceanfront properties were washed off their foundations in Punaluʻu. Two deaths were reported at Halape, and 19 other persons were injured. The shoreline at Keauhou Bay was dramatically altered.
Hilina Slump | 1975
Philippine government seismologist Renato Solidum described the quake as "moderately powerful". The National Tsunami Center issues a statement saying no present tsunami threat from the earthquake. Three malls in Davao City reported damage following the earthquake. In General Santos, the Gaisano Mall was mostly gutted following a fire triggered by the earthquake. 143 buildings were damaged and one was destroyed. The damaged buildings included 40 houses, 70 schools, 7 health facilities, 10 commercial buildings, and 2 places of worship.
2019 Cotabato earthquakes | October 16
States of calamity were issued by Cebu and Bohol provincial governments on October 15. The National Commission for Culture and the Arts, National Historical Commission of the Philippines, and the National Museum have expressed their commitment to rehabilitate the ten heritage churches damaged by the quake. Many of the churches destroyed are iconic and are historical landmarks. One was the Basilica Minore del Santo Niño which is the oldest church in the Philippines. PHIVOLCS continuously monitors the geological activity of the region. The Philippine National Police declared a full alert status and deployed 271 personnel and 27 vehicles in Bohol and Cebu and has continuously monitored the effects of the earthquake.
2013 Bohol earthquake | Government response and aid
Since the earthquake caused only minor ground movement, and was only lightly felt, all the damage that occurred on the island was due to the tsunami. Types of buildings that were affected were timber/bamboo, brick traditional, and brick traditional with reinforced concrete. Semi-permanent timber or bamboo structures that were based on a wooden frame were the most economical style of construction that were assessed following the disaster. A tsunami flow depth of usually resulted in complete destruction of these types of structures. A group of scientists that evaluated the damage considered the unreinforced brick construction as weak, because the performance of homes constructed in that style did not fare much better than the timber/bamboo variety.
2006 Pangandaran earthquake and tsunami | Damage
Up to 800 buildings were damaged as a result, many from a flood generated by landslides and falling debris. Like the 1918 event, a tsunami soon followed.
2002 Mindanao earthquake | Introduction
Only the east side suffered damage from a single-wave tsunami which destroyed the entire Hatusua village. A 2.4-meter wave, that went landinward 203 meters, swept away the village.
1899 Ceram earthquake | Piru-bay area
In all, more than 73,000 structures were damaged, of which more than 14,500 were totally destroyed. It was the deadliest earthquake in the Philippines in 23 years since the 1990 Luzon earthquake. The energy released by the quake was equivalent to 32 of the bombs dropped in Hiroshima. Previously, Bohol was also hit by an earthquake on February 8, 1990 that damaged several buildings and caused a tsunami.
2013 Bohol earthquake | Introduction
On the evening of August 17, 1976, tsunami ravaged Illana Bay or 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake. It was caused by a 6.7 magnitude undersea earthquake. People that night living in the coast heard the roaring sound of the sea, ran to save their lives going to Curvada at about 9:30 in the evening. In Bayao, houses were washed out into the mangroves and into the Bayao River delta. This time the residents were given assistance by the joint group of social action center (SAC), Kapapagaria Foundation Inc. (KFI) in coordination with the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). Despite the devastation, only one casualty was reported.
Tukuran | The tsunami of 1976
Uplift along the coast at Kaikōura (up to 6 metres) exposed the intertidal zone, which resulted in a large-scale die off of many organisms including "Durvillaea" bull kelp. The loss of "Durvillaea" kelp caused ecological disturbance, significantly affecting the biodiversity of the local intertidal community.
2016 Kaikōura earthquake | Ecological disturbance
The 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake, also known as the Napier earthquake, occurred in New Zealand at 10:47 am on 3 February, killing 256, injuring thousands and devastating the Hawke's Bay region. It remains New Zealand's deadliest natural disaster. Centred 15 km north of Napier, it lasted for two and a half minutes and had a magnitude of 7.8 (7.7 ). There were 525 aftershocks recorded in the following two weeks, with 597 being recorded by the end of February. The main shock could be felt in much of New Zealand, with reliable reports coming in from as far south as Timaru, on the east coast of the South Island.
1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake | Introduction
The earthquake's worst effects were felt on the remote Mentawai Islands. On the island of South Pagai, the tsunami reached a height of 3 m (9 ft) and swept as far as 600 m (1800 ft) inland. According to Indonesian officials, more than 20 villages were hit by the tsunami, displacing more than 20,000 people and affecting about 4,000 households. The coastal village of Betu Monga on South Pagai was reported to have been destroyed with many residents still missing. Many residents of the villages of Peurogat and Beleerakso were also reported to be missing. Eighty percent of the houses in the North Pagai village of Muntei Baru were reported damaged or destroyed.
2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami | Impact
The 1934 Pahiatua earthquake struck at 11:46 pm on 5 March, causing severe damage in much of the lower North Island. Wairarapa, Wellington and Hawke's Bay (which was still recovering from the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake) felt the strongest levels of shaking, with much of New Zealand feeling the tremor. This earthquake has historically been referred to as the Pahiatua earthquake, but recent reviews of its epicenter place it closer to the locality of Horoeka. It was felt as far north as Auckland, and the shaking was also felt in the mainland of the northern South Island, and along the east coast as far as Dunedin.
1934 Pahiatua earthquake | Introduction
There were 3,534 houses destroyed and a further 11,000 were damaged. This level of damage is explained by the influence of poor sub-soil conditions. Most of the lower part of the city of Niigata is built on recent deltaic deposits from the Shinano and Agano rivers, mainly consisting of unconsolidated sand. Shaking during the earthquake caused liquefaction with instantaneous compaction and formation of many sand volcanoes. Maps of areas of subsidence and sand volcanoes were found to match closely with old maps of the position of former river channels. Subsidence of up to 140 cm was measured over wide areas associated with the liquefaction.
1964 Niigata earthquake | Damage
340 buildings and several schools were damaged by the quake. A religious building and some old structures collapsed.
2010 Kaohsiung earthquake | Buildings
The southern segment lies to the south of Siberut Island. The rupture area of this earthquake is situated within the southern segment, where historical earthquakes include the earthquake of 1797 and the ~ 9.0 1833 Sumatra earthquake. Unlike in 2004, the tsunami caused by the October 2010 earthquake did not propagate westwards and other Indian Ocean nations were unaffected. It has been suggested that the tremor may have been a large aftershock of the much larger Sumatran earthquakes of September 2007. The earthquake occurred around seven hours after the eruption of Mount Merapi on the Indonesian island of Java. However, the two events are not thought to be linked.
2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami | Earthquake
The tsunami also caused major damage to ports in Palu. In Pantoloan Harbour, a Quay crane collapsed and was swept by the tsunami. In Wani Harbour, structural damage was reported, while Ogoamas Harbour moved 3 cm to its right due to the earthquake. The IAIN Datokarama Palu, a university in Palu, was severely damaged by the tsunami. Officials confirmed that Palu's iconic bridge, the Kuning Ponulele Bridge (), which was also the first arch bridge in Indonesia, was destroyed by the earthquake and the ensuing tsunami. Roads to and from the city, connecting it to Makassar and Poso, were also severely damaged.
2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami | Damage
A substantial die off of "Durvillaea" bull kelp occurred along the Kaikōura coastline following the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake, which caused uplift up to 6 metres. The loss of "Durvillaea" kelp caused ecological disturbance, significantly affecting the biodiversity of the local intertidal community. Genetic analysis indicated that some of the "Durvillaea" that subsequently reached the affected coastline came from areas >1,200 kilometres away.
Durvillaea | Kaikōura
There was extensive damage to buildings in Orkney and the surrounding areas, partly due to inadequate building construction vulnerable to earthquake damage. The Khuma township near Stilfontein was one of the worst affected areas, with more than 600 homes damaged by the earthquake. An aftershock occurred in Khuma in the afternoon of 5 August while residents were assessing the damage to their homes. Three clinics in the North West province were damaged, leading to the closure of two of them. Two schools were damaged and some pupils were unable to attend classes as the classrooms were too badly damaged. In the days following the earthquake, most of South Africa's major banks and insurance companies had begun receiving insurance claims.
2014 Orkney earthquake | Damage
The Armed Forces of the Philippines coordinated with local governments and provincial disaster management units for updates on the situation and for damage assessments. The Department of Health placed the affected region into code red alert status. On October 16, the regional consular office of the Department of Foreign Affairs in Cebu suspended its operations in order to inspect for damage at its offices. All services will resume once public safety is ensured. Philippine President Benigno Aquino III visited the provinces of Cebu and Bohol on October 16, and assessed the damage caused by the quake. Minutes upon his arrival in Tagbilaran, Bohol, a 5.1 magnitude aftershock occurred.
2013 Bohol earthquake | Government response and aid
Houses close to the rift were soon destroyed by lava flows and tephra fall. A few days after the eruption began, the prevailing wind direction moved to the west, resulting in extensive tephra falls over the rest of the island, causing extensive property damage. Many houses were destroyed by the weight of the ash fall, but crews of volunteers working to clear the ash from roofs and board up windows saved many more. By the end of January, tephra covered most of the island, reaching 5 metres (16 ft) deep in places. Apart from falling ash, some houses were also burned down by fires caused by lava bombs, or overridden by advancing lava flows.
Eldfell | Destruction of houses, creation of land
Shaking due to this earthquake made it too difficult for the Cowichan people to stand, and the tremors were so lengthy that they were sickened. The tsunami created by the earthquake ultimately devastated a winter village at Pachena Bay, killing all the people that lived there. The 1700 Cascadia earthquake caused near-shore subsidence, submerging marshes and forests on the coast that were later buried under more recent debris.
Mount Cayley volcanic field | Formation
In 2005 the town was inundated by two debris flows from the Awatarariki and Waitepuru Streams that devastated a number of buildings, but did not cause any casualties. The debris flows were caused by a band of intense rain, at a rate of over 2 mm per minute, that fell into the catchments southwest of Matata, dislodging a huge amount of debris that had built up behind a temporary dam. From January 2005 the area was subject to hundreds of shallow, low intensity earthquakes, with the most intense swarms occurring in 2005 and 2007, but continuing to at least February 2009.
Matatā | Recent history
There was significant damage in 8 of the 18 districts in Afyon Province and some damage in Akşehir in Konya Province. A total of 4,051 residential and 339 commercial buildings either collapsed or were badly damaged. A further 10,402 residential and 884 commercial buildings suffered either low or medium levels of damage. The town of Çay suffered the most damage and had the greatest number of fatalities. The most damaged building type was the traditional Himis style, which consists of timber frames with adobe and rubble infill and heavy roofs. Collapse of this building type was responsible for causing most of the deaths and injuries in this earthquake.
2002 Afyon earthquake | Damage
Wellington experienced severe shaking but the resulting damage was reduced as the city had been extensively rebuilt following the 1848 Marlborough earthquake using mainly wooden structures; only one recorded fatality (in a brick building) occurred. Reports identify at least another four people (possibly as many as eight) as having died in the surrounding countryside during the earthquake. Numerous landslides were reported along the slopes of the Rimutaka Range. Minor damage was recorded in places as far away as Lyttelton and Christchurch. The uplift of the northwestern side of Wellington Harbour rendered many of the jetties in the harbour unusable, although this new area of land provided a new rail and road route to the north.
1855 Wairarapa earthquake | Damage
Damage in central Java was more pronounced because of the substandard construction practices and the high population density, but on the other end of the scale, damage to infrastructure was very limited.
2006 Yogyakarta earthquake | Damage
The earthquake ruptured along Palu-Koro fault in Manimbaja Bay. It caused subsidence that decreased elevations by as much as to along the coast. It also appeared to uplift at least one of the Togian Islands. The earthquake was near the Celebes Sea; it sank the island of Tuguan.
1968 Sulawesi earthquake | Geology
One of the largest earthquakes to hit Bohol struck the island at 8:12 AM on October 15, 2013. The center of the M7.2 earthquake was near Sagbayan, Bohol. Centuries-old churches in Bohol, including the churches in Baclayon, Dauis, Dimiao, Loay, Loboc, Loon and Maribojoc, declared as National Cultural Treasures, were damaged. Major damage was observed at the churches of Maribojoc and Loon. Both churches were left in rubble, having been totally destroyed. At Maribojoc Church only the image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus that remained standing in front of the church. The Diocese of Tagbilaran plans to restore Maribojoc Church and all other churches destroyed by the earthquake.
Maribojoc Church | 2013 Bohol earthquake
The 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake (28 May 2005) devastated the local village, and caused an uplift up to several metres over much of the island, with some eastern parts of island also reported to have sunk several feet or more in places. A number of structures both within the local village and throughout the island were toppled (with reportedly several thousand deaths, particularly in the north of the island), and a small tsunami also occurred, apparently up to the height of door frames on the first floor at Lagundri Bay, which also caused damage to houses and hotels within the bay.
Lagundri Bay | 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake
Hotels and some houses and shops that were of reinforced brick construction were far better off, because units that were exposed to a flood depth of were considered repairable. Many wooden cafes and shops within of the shore were completely removed by the tsunami at Pangandaran, and severe damage still occurred to unreinforced masonry that was within several hundred meters, but some hotels that were constructed well held up better. The villages of Batu Hiu and Batu Kara, both to the west of Pangandaran, experienced similar damage. Other severe damage was seen at Marsawah village, Bulakbenda, where all buildings had been removed down to their foundation within of the water line, and even further inland there were many buildings that were totally destroyed.
2006 Pangandaran earthquake and tsunami | Damage