In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along with its internal organs and other contents. It is mostly protected and supported by the rib cage, spine, and shoulder girdle.
Structure
Thorax
Thorax | Structure
Humans and hominids - the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along with its internal organs and other contents; protected and supported by the rib cage, spine, and shoulder girdle. It is between the neck and the abdomen, along with its internal organs and other contents. It is mostly protected and supported by the rib cage, spine, and shoulder girdle. Thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along with its internal organs and other contents. In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen.
what is ypresiomyrma?
user
It is an extinct genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmeciinae.
assistant
how are they classified?
user
As "incertae sedis"
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who described them for thr first time?
user
Bruce Archibald, Stefan Cover and Corrie Moreau
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who is the first person?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
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how do they look like?
user
The waist connecting the thorax and the abdomen is composed of a single segment, the head is in various shapes, and mandibles are a distinct triangular shape and shorter than the head.
assistant
what is thorax?
user
It is the part of the anatomy of humans, mammals, other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen.
assistant
from where did it get its name?
user
The word comes from the Greek θώραξ "thorax" "breastplate, cuirass, corslet.
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how does one experience pain in this part of the body?
user
Cardiac arrest - feelings of sudden pressure in the chest or a crushing pain in the back, neck, and arms; noncardiac issues - burning feeling along the digestive tract or pain when deep breaths are attempted.
assistant
how is its structure?
user
In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along with its internal organs and other contents. It is mostly protected and supported by the rib cage, spine, and shoulder girdle.
Thorax | Structure
The contents of the thorax include the heart and lungs (and the thymus gland); the (major and minor pectoral muscles, trapezius muscles, and neck muscle); and internal structures such as the diaphragm, the esophagus, the trachea, and a part of the sternum known as the xiphoid process). Arteries and veins are also contained – (aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and the pulmonary artery); bones (the shoulder socket containing the upper part of the humerus, the scapula, sternum, thoracic portion of the spine, collarbone, and the rib cage and floating ribs). External structures are the skin and nipples.
Thorax | Contents
The thorax or chest is a part of the anatomy of humans, mammals, other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen. In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions of the creature's body, each of which is in turn composed of multiple segments. The human thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases may affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain.
Thorax | Introduction
It is important that these patients and their caregivers have a good understanding of heart attack symptoms.
Thorax | Pain
The diaphragm is a C-shaped structure of muscle and fibrous tissue that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen. The dome curves upwards. The superior surface of the dome forms the floor of the thoracic cavity, and the inferior surface the roof of the abdominal cavity. As a dome, the diaphragm has peripheral attachments to structures that make up the abdominal and chest walls. The muscle fibres from these attachments converge in a "central tendon", which forms the crest of the dome. Its peripheral part consists of muscular fibers that take origin from the circumference of the inferior thoracic aperture and converge to be inserted into a central tendon.
Thoracic diaphragm | Structure
In mammals, the thorax is the region of the body formed by the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae, and the ribs. It extends from the neck to the diaphragm, and does not include the upper limbs. The heart and the lungs reside in the thoracic cavity, as well as many blood vessels. The inner organs are protected by the rib cage and the sternum. Thoracic vertebrae are also distinguished in birds, but not in reptiles.
Thorax | In tetrapods
The muscle fibres of the diaphragm emerge from many surrounding structures. At the front, fibres insert into the xiphoid process and along the costal margin. Laterally, muscle fibers insert into ribs 6–12. In the back, muscle fibres insert into the vertebra at T12 and two appendages, the right and left crus, descend and insert into the lumbar vertebrae. Right crus arises from L1-L3 their intervertebral discs. Left crus from L1, L2 their intervertebral discs. There are two lumbocostal arches, a medial and a lateral, on either side.
Thoracic diaphragm | Structure
In the human body, the region of the thorax between the neck and diaphragm in the front of the body is called the chest. The corresponding area in an animal can also be referred to as the chest. The shape of the chest does not correspond to that part of the thoracic skeleton that encloses the heart and lungs. All the breadth of the shoulders is due to the shoulder girdle, and contains the axillae and the heads of the humeri. In the middle line the suprasternal notch is seen above, while about three fingers' breadth below it a transverse ridge can be felt, which is known as the sternal angle and this marks the junction between the manubrium and body of the sternum.
Thorax | The chest
The condition affects all major structures within the thorax and abdomen. Generally, the organs are simply transposed through the sagittal plane. The heart is located on the right side of the thorax, the stomach and spleen on the right side of the abdomen and the liver and gall bladder on the left side. The heart's normal right atrium occurs on the left, and the left atrium is on the right. The lung anatomy is reversed and the left lung has three lobes while the right lung has two lobes. The intestines and other internal structures are also reversed from the normal, and the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics are also transposed.
Situs inversus | Effect on anatomy
An arbitrary division can be made between the intrathoracic and cervical trachea at the thoracic inlet, an opening at the top of the thoracic cavity. Anatomical structures that surround and protect the tracheobronchial tree include the lungs, the esophagus, large blood vessels, the rib cage, the thoracic spine, and the sternum. Children have softer tracheas and a more elastic tracheobronchial trees than adults; this elasticity, which helps protect the structures from injury when they are compressed, may contribute to the lower incidence of TBI in children.
Tracheobronchial injury | Anatomy
The word "thoracic" means pertaining to the chest, and the thoracic spine comprises the upper portion of the spine that corresponds to the chest area. The upper spine includes twelve vertebrae, and each of the upper nine vertebrae in this section attach to a rib on either side of the spine. Each of the ribs then curves around the side of the body and attaches to the breastbone in front. This forms a sturdy structure (the thoracic cage) that supports and protects the internal organs — the heart, lungs and liver.
Middle back pain | Mechanism
The thorax is the human chest, or division of an animal's body that lies between the head and the abdomen. Thorax may also refer to:
Thorax (disambiguation) | Introduction
The part of the skeleton that is ‘tucked under’ (the doublure) has no sutures crossing it to form a rostral plate.The thorax has 11 (rarely 10) segments, the side lobes (or pleurae) are furrowed, and the articulating facets distinct.
Phacopina | Description
The thorax consists of 11-17 segments, with the 11th from the front bearing a backward directed spine on the midline.
Redlichia | Description
Some zoologists consider the thorax to consist of the two regions with appendages, and the abdomen the region without appendages. Others believe the region of fused segments to be part of the abdomen. For clarity, this article uses "thorax" to mean the two body regions with limbs.
Triops longicaudatus | Structure
There are three main types of TOS, named according to the cause of the symptoms; however, these three classifications have been coming into disfavor because TOS can involve all three types of compression to various degrees. The compression can occur in three anatomical structures (arteries, veins and nerves), it can be isolated, or, more commonly, two or three of the structures are compressed to greater or lesser degrees. In addition, the compressive forces can be of different magnitude in each affected structure. Therefore, symptoms can be variable.
Thoracic outlet syndrome | By structures affected and symptomatology
Structures within the thoracic cavity include: It contains three potential spaces lined with mesothelium: the paired pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity. The mediastinum comprises those organs which lie in the centre of the chest between the lungs. The cavity also contains two openings one at the top, the superior thoracic aperture also called the thoracic inlet, and a lower inferior thoracic aperture which is much larger than the inlet.
Thoracic cavity | Structure
The thorax is the midsection (tagma) of the insect body. It holds the head, legs, wings and abdomen. It is also called mesosoma or cephalothorax in other arthropods. It is formed by the prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax and comprises the scutellum; the cervix, a membrane that separates the head from the thorax; and the pleuron, a lateral sclerite of the thorax. In dragonflies and damselflies the mesothorax and metathorax are fused together to form the synthorax.
Thorax (arthropod anatomy) | Introduction
The thoracic inlet is essentially a hole surrounded by a bony ring, through which several vital structures pass. The thoracic inlet is bounded by: the first thoracic vertebra (T1) "posteriorly"; the first pair of ribs "laterally", forming lateral C-shaped curves posterior to anterior; and the costal cartilage of the first rib and the superior border of the manubrium "anteriorly".
Thoracic inlet | Structure
The aorta does not pierce the diaphragm but rather passes behind it in between the left and right crus. The thoracic spinal levels at which the three major structures pass through the diaphragm can be remembered by the number of letters contained in each structure:
Thoracic diaphragm | Openings
It is shaped somewhat like a trefoil leaf, consisting of three divisions or leaflets separated from one another by slight indentations. The right leaflet is the largest, the middle, directed toward the xiphoid process, the next in size, and the left the smallest. In structure the tendon is composed of several planes of fibers, which intersect one another at various angles and unite into straight or curved bundles—an arrangement which gives it additional strength.
Central tendon of diaphragm | Structure
The anatomy of the chest can also be described through the use of anatomical landmarks. The nipple in the male is situated in front of the fourth rib or a little below; vertically it lies a little external to a line drawn down from the middle of the clavicle; in the female it is not so constant. A little below it the lower limit of the great pectoral muscle is seen running upward and outward to the axilla; in the female this is obscured by the breast, which extends from the second to the sixth rib vertically and from the edge of the sternum to the mid-axillary line laterally.
Thorax | Anatomical landmarks
1. Optical mapping of the thoraco-abdominal wall: AJ Peacock, MDL Morgan, S Gourlay, C Turton, DM Dension. Lung Function Unit, Brompton Hospital, London, and UK Science Centre, IBM, Winchester Thorax 1984 39: 93-100 2. Optical measurement of the change in trunk volume with breathing. Peacock A, Gourlay A, Denison D.Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 1985 Mar-Apr;21(2):125-9. 3. Measuring the human chest with structured lighting J.R.T. Lewis and T. Sopwith Pattern Recognition Letters Volume 4, Issue 5, October 1986, Pages 359-36
Structured light plethysmography | Further reading
The bony skeletal part of the thoracic wall is the rib cage, and the rest is made up of muscle, skin, and fasciae. The chest wall has 10 layers, namely skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, serratus anterior, layer for ribs (containing intercostal muscles), and endothoracic fascia from superficial to deep. However, the muscular layers vary according to the region of the chest wall. For example, they may include muscles like pectoralis major or latissimus dorsi.
Thoracic wall | Structure
The head has a system for locking it in place that consists of muscles and small hairs on the back of the head that grip structures on the front of the first thoracic segment. This arrester system is unique to the Odonata, and is activated when feeding and during tandem flight. The thorax consists of three segments as in all insects. The prothorax is small and is flattened dorsally into a shield-like disc which has two transverse ridges. The mesothorax and metathorax are fused into a rigid, box-like structure with internal bracing, and provides a robust attachment for the powerful wing muscles inside it.
Dragonfly | General description
Chest pain can be the result of multiple issues, including respiratory problems, digestive issues, and musculoskeletal complications. The pain can trigger cardiac issues as well. Not all pain that is felt is associated with the heart, but it should not be taken lightly either. Symptoms can be different depending on the cause of the pain. While cardiac issues cause feelings of sudden pressure in the chest or a crushing pain in the back, neck, and arms, pain that is felt due to noncardiac issues gives a burning feeling along the digestive tract or pain when deep breaths are attempted. Different people feel pains differently for the same condition.
Thorax | Pain
The first thoracic segment (Prothorax), which is the segment closest to the head, is nearly heart-shaped (sub-cordate) and hairless (glabrous). The Prothorax is broad as long, curved like a bow (arcuate) on the side (laterally) from apex to base, but broader in the front (anterior) than in the back part (posterior) where it does not have any curvilinear indentations (not sinuate), but the basal angle is sharp and projects, the outer margin is bent backward (reflexed). On the Prothorax the side groove (lateral sulcus) is narrow and reaches from the front (anterior) angle to the basal pore and is not continued along the basal margin to the basal longitudinal groove (sulcus), the space along the base between the grooves (sulci) and the median longitudinal line is not punctured (impunctate), the front part of the disk which is broadest across the median part is slightly convex and the sides of the rear (posterior) are not depressed or bent backwards (reflexed) on the site (laterally).
Abacetus emeritus | Thorax
The thorax has 17 to 23 segments, gradually diminishing in size. The pleural spines are long and sickle-shaped. The tailshield (or pygidium) is very small and subquadrate in shape.
Nevadella | Description
The cephalon of "Fallotaspis" is semi-circular in shape, with rounded cheeks that are continuous with long spines that go back to the first half of the thorax. Sutures absent. The thorax has up to 21 segments. The third segment terminating in a long spine that extends back to the fourteenth segment. The tail shield (or pygidium) is very small, about the same length as the two most backward thorax segments combined.
Fallotaspis | Description
The sudden impact on the thorax causes an increase in intrathoracic pressure. In order for traumatic asphyxia to occur, a Valsalva maneuver is required when the traumatic force is applied. Exhalation against the closed glottis along with the traumatic event causes air that cannot escape from the thoracic cavity. Instead, the air causes increased venous back-pressure, which is transferred back to the heart through the right atrium, to the superior vena cava and to the head and neck veins and capillaries.
Traumatic asphyxia | Pathophysiology
The female nipple is surrounded for half an inch by a more or less pigmented disc, the areola. The apex of a normal heart is in the fifth left intercostal space, three and a half inches from the mid-line.
Thorax | Anatomical landmarks
Injuries to the rib cage or sternum is also a common cause of chest pain. It is generally felt when deep breaths are taken or during a cough.
Thorax | Non-cardiac causes of chest pain
Level with this line the second ribs join the sternum, and when these are found the lower ribs can often be counted. At the lower part of the sternum, where the seventh or last true ribs join it, the ensiform cartilage begins, and above this there is often a depression known as the pit of the stomach.
Thorax | The chest
The thorax consists of six short but wide segments, the outline of which is a continuation of the cheeks. The axis is narrow, less than ⅓× as wide as each of the ribs (or pleurae) to its sides. The tailshield, termed pygidium, is small, approximately wide triangular, with the axis narrow triangular, reaching the border. The axial rings and ribs become less conspicuous further to the back.
Trinucleidae | Description
Another non cardiac cause of chest pain is atelectasis. It is a condition that suffered when a portion of the lung collapses from being airless. When bronchial tubes are blocked, this condition develops and causes patients to feel shortness of breath. The most common cause of atelectasis is when a bronchi that extends from the windpipe is blocked and traps air. The blockage may be caused by something inside the bronchus, such as a plug of mucus, a tumour, or an inhaled foreign object such as a coin, piece of food, or a toy. It is possible for something outside of the bronchus to cause the blockage.
Thorax | Atelectasis
The anterior thorax consists of eleven segments, each bearing a pair of appendages, called thoracopods or pereiopods. None of the thoracopods are modified into maxillipeds for feeding. The posterior thorax consists of 16–25 segments, incompletely separated to form "rings". Each ring may consist of as many as six fused segments and bear up to six pairs of appendages (there are 54–66 limbs altogether). Most of the thoracic appendages resemble each other, but the first eleven pairs are best developed. There is a slight tendency to regional specialization and the first pair of legs is unlike the rest. It is an elongated, cheliped-like structure with a sensory function, while all the other appendages aid in feeding, respiration, and locomotion.
Triops longicaudatus | Thorax
Close to the wrist, the ulna has a styloid process.
Ulna | Structure
The lower opening of the thorax is formed by the twelfth thoracic vertebra behind, by the eleventh and twelfth ribs at the sides, and in front by the cartilages of the tenth, ninth, eighth, and seventh ribs, which ascend on either side and form an angle, the infrasternal angle or subcostal angle, into the apex of which the xiphoid process projects. Pregnancy causes the angle to increase from 68° to 103°.
Infrasternal angle | Introduction
They are made up of thousands of little receptors called ommatidia. The antennae are covered with many chemical receptors and act as sensory organs. "N. tomentosus" has a mandible for chewing its food. The thorax is the center of movement. It is separated into three different regions: the prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax. It is heavily scleratized which provides extra support and acts as an anchor for moving parts. It is also divided into three different sections. The notum is the top most or dorsal area, the sternum is the lower or ventral side, and the pleuron is the sides where the legs are attached.
Nicrophorus tomentosus | Anatomy
The trachea begins level with the sixth cervical vertebra (C6) and the carina is found at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra (T4), although its position may change with breathing.
Trachea | Structure
The mandibles are elongated, slightly curved near the bases, and narrow. They are separated into distinct base and masticatory areas, with very small uniform teeth populating the whole length of the chewing edge. The thorax forms a slender neck from the prothorax, on which the head is connected, and the remainder of the thorax is narrower in width than the head. The upper surface of the thorax is divided by a distinct constriction between the mesonotum and epinotum. Two small spines rise from the rear edge of the epinotum. The petiole is thin with no teeth on the underside and only a slight thickening into a node on the upper surface.
Electromyrmex | Description
After insertion of a chest tube to prevent hemothorax and/or pneumothorax, the fourth and fifth rib are approximated by an absorbable suture. The surgery is completed by closure of the left thoracotomy wound in layers.
Double aortic arch | Open division of vascular ring
There are a number of openings in the diaphragm through which structures pass between the thorax and abdomen. There are three large openings—the aortic, the esophageal, and the caval opening—plus a series of smaller ones. The inferior vena cava passes through the caval opening, a quadrilateral opening at the junction of the right and middle leaflets of the central tendon, so that its margins are tendinous. Surrounded by tendons, the opening is stretched open every time inspiration occurs. However, there has been argument that the caval opening actually constricts during inspiration. Since thoracic pressure decreases upon inspiration and draws the caval blood upwards toward the right atrium, increasing the size of the opening allows more blood to return to the heart, maximizing the efficacy of lowered thoracic pressure returning blood to the heart.
Thoracic diaphragm | Openings
The thorax has up to 22 segments. The pleural ends are usually rounded. The pygidium is small (micropygous), with an even margin. "A. koninckii" had a modern type of compound eye.
Aulacopleura | Introduction
The diagram shows the shape and location of most of these components:
Auricle (anatomy) | Structure
In the Apocritan Hymenoptera, the first abdominal segment is fused to the metathorax, where it forms a structure known as the propodeum. Accordingly, in these insects, the functional thorax is composed of four segments, and is therefore typically called the mesosoma to distinguish it from the "thorax" of other insects. Each thoracic segment in an insect is further subdivided into various parts, the most significant of which are the dorsal portion (the notum), the lateral portion (the pleuron; one on each side), and the ventral portion (the sternum). In some insects, each of these parts is composed of one to several independent exoskeletal plates with membrane between them (called sclerites), though in many cases the sclerites are fused to various degrees.
Thorax | In arthropods
Its body (or thorax) has 17 segments, with nodes on thorax segments 1 to 14, and a short spine on segment 15 that is at its base about ¼ as wide as the axis. The axis is about ¼ as wide as the thorax. Unlike in the majority of the Olenelloidea, in "Wanneria" thorax segment 3 is not macro-pleural, but equal in size and shape to neighboring segments. Pleural spines slightly arched backwards, extending sideward in the most frontal thorax segments, but gradually more backward and eventually even arching slightly inward in segment 17.
Wanneria | Description
The articulate midlength part of the body (or thorax) consists of 8 segments. Furrows in the parts outside the axis (or pleural furrows) are diagonal. The pygidium is rounded, and has a long axis with concave, posteriorly parallel sides. Some rings may be faintly defined anteriorly and the axis dissolves in the postaxial field. The areas outside the axis (or pleural fields) are smooth or very faintly ribbed.
Asaphus | Description
At the 11th rib, the diameter is 122mm long and 55mm wide and this is because of the constant pressure. The abdominal aorta is clinically divided into 2 segments:
Abdominal aorta | Structure
Thoracic cavity The thoracic cavity is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall. The central compartment of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum.
Outline of human anatomy | Thoracic cavity
These changes in posture are supported by the physiological changes in the torso of "Thrinaxodon". Such changes as the first appearance of a segmented rib compartment, in which "Thrinaxodon" expresses both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. The thoracic segment of the vertebrae contain ribs with large intercostal plates that most likely assisted with either protection or supporting the main frame of the back. This newly developed arrangement allowed for the appropriate space for a diaphragm, however, without proper soft tissue records, the presence of a diaphragm is purely speculative.
Thrinaxodon | Posture
The thorax is a series of articulated segments that lie between the cephalon and pygidium. The number of segments varies between 2 and 103 with most species in the 2 to 16 range. Each segment consists of the central axial ring and the outer pleurae, which protected the limbs and gills. The pleurae are sometimes abbreviated or extended to form long spines. Apodemes are bulbous projections on the ventral surface of the exoskeleton to which most leg muscles attached, although some leg muscles attached directly to the exoskeleton. Determining a junction between thorax and pygidium can be difficult and many segment counts suffer from this problem.
Trilobite | Thorax
A sacral length of around 6.5 is deduced. Dames observed 20 caudal vertebrae; Wellnhofer posits 21. Dames also noted the similarity in the long, rod-like structures of the tail to those in the flying pterosaur "Rhamphorhynchus", considering them to be ossified tendons. Thin, pointed cervical ribs begin at the third vertebra. The longest are about 50 mm and total eleven in number. Gastralia, or belly ribs, are arranged in 10 parallel rows and their position is suggested as evidence of post-mortem shrinking of the body. The scapulae are separated by about 17 mm and are flattened, narrow, and positioned much in their natural position.
Specimens of Archaeopteryx | Trunk
The mediastinum lies within the thorax and is enclosed on the right and left by pleurae. It is surrounded by the chest wall in front, the lungs to the sides and the spine at the back. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the organs of the thorax except the lungs. It is continuous with the loose connective tissue of the neck. The mediastinum can be divided into an upper (or superior) and lower (or inferior) part: Anatomists, surgeons, and clinical radiologists compartmentalize the mediastinum differently. For instance, in the radiological scheme of Felson, there are only three compartments (anterior, middle, and posterior), and the heart is part of the middle (inferior) mediastinum.
Mediastinum | Structure
Examples of TTE views of various structures of the heart.
Transthoracic echocardiogram | Structures
The front segment of the thorax (prothorax) carries a pair of legs, and the synthorax carries the middle and rear legs and both pairs of wings. A dark stripe (humeral stripe) often follows the humeral suture, which runs from the base of the front wing towards the base of the middle leg. A paler antehumeral stripe is often found above the humeral stripe.
External morphology of Odonata | Thorax
In adults, the thoracic duct is typically 38–45 cm in length and has an average diameter of about 5 mm. The vessel usually starts from the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebrae (T12) and extends to the root of the neck. It drains into the systemic (blood) circulation at the angle of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins as a single trunk, at the commencement of the brachiocephalic vein. The thoracic duct originates in the abdomen from the confluence of the right and left lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk, forming a significant pathway upward called the cisterna chyli.
Thoracic duct | Structure
The endothoracic fascia is the layer of loose connective tissue deep to the intercostal spaces and ribs, separating these structures from the underlying pleura. This fascial layer is the outermost membrane of the thoracic cavity. The endothoracic fascia contains variable amounts of fat. It becomes more fibrous over the apices of the lungs as the suprapleural membrane. It separates the internal thoracic artery from pleura.
Endothoracic fascia | Introduction
It is also possible to classify TOS by the location of the obstruction: Some people are born with an extra incomplete and very small rib above their first rib, which protrudes out into the superior thoracic outlet space. This rudimentary rib causes fibrous changes around the brachial plexus nerves, inducing compression and causing the symptoms and signs of TOS. This is called a "cervical rib" because of its attachment to C-7 (the seventh cervical vertebra), and its surgical removal is almost always recommended. The symptoms of TOS can first appear in the early teen years as a child is becoming more athletic.
Thoracic outlet syndrome | By structure causing constriction
The bones of the thorax, called the "thoracic skeleton" is a component of the axial skeleton. It consists of the ribs and sternum. The ribs of the thorax are numbered in ascending order from 1-12. 11 & 12 are known as floating ribs because they have no anterior attachment point in particular the cartilage attached to the sternum, as 1-7 are, and therefore are termed "floating". Whereas ribs 8-10 are termed false ribs as their costal cartilage articulates with the costal cartilage of the rib above.
Thorax | Bones
The erector spinae is covered in the lumbar and thoracic regions (lower back and lower middle back) by the thoracolumbar fascia, and in the cervical region (neck) by the nuchal ligament. This large muscular and tendinous mass varies in size and structure at different parts of the vertebral column. In the sacral region, it is narrow and pointed, and at its origin chiefly tendinous in structure. In the lumbar region, it is larger, and forms a thick fleshy mass. Further up, it is subdivided into three columns. They gradually diminish in size as they ascend to be inserted into the vertebrae and ribs.
Erector spinae muscles | Structure
A left anterolateral thoracotomy is the common method of opening the chest, as it provides rapid access, can be easily extended into the right hemithorax, and provides access to most of the important anatomical structures during resuscitation including the aorta. First an incision is made along the fourth or fifth intercostal space (between the ribs), intercostal muscles and the parietal pleura are divided, and then the ribs are retracted to provide visualization. When the incision covers both the right and left hemithoraxes it is referred to as a "clamshell" thoracotomy. The clamshell thoracotomy is used when there is a right sided pulmonary or vascular injury, or when greater access or visualization is desired.
Resuscitative thoracotomy | Technique
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen much as in the male.
Prosotas nora | Description
The sclerite posterior to the suture is called the epimiron (serially, the mesepimiron and metepimiron). Spiracles, the external organs of the respiratory system, are found on the pterothorax, usually one between the pro- and mesopleoron, as well as one between the meso- and metapleuron. The ventral view or sternum follows the same convention, with the prosternum under the prothorax, the mesosternum under the mesothorax and the metasternum under the metathorax. The notum, pleura, and sternum of each segment have a variety of different sclerites and sutures, varying greatly from order to order, and they will not be discussed in detail in this section.
Insect morphology | Pterothorax
Through it passes the aorta and the thoracic duct The azygos vein and hemi-azygos vein passes through the medial lumbar gapcrus of diaphragm.
Aortic hiatus | Structures passing through
A number of structures occur at the level of the thoracic plane, which divides the superior and inferior mediastinum. Is bounded: Bounded: pericardial sac – It contains the vital organs and is classified into the serous and fibrous pericardium. Is bounded:
Mediastinum | Transverse-Thoracic plane
This creates two very typical, isolated slits. The exoskeleton of "Mesonacis" is about 2⅓× as long as wide, measured between the genal angles. The outer ⅓ of the back (or posterior margin) of the headshield (or cephalon) angles forwards from the tip of the pleural spine to the genal angle. The central area of the cephalon (or glabella) and the frontal margin touch or the distance is as long as the margin at most (in jargon: the preglabellar field is short or absent). The thorax has approximately 25 segments, the pleura about 1½× as wide as the axis, excluding the genal spines.
Mesonacis | Description
The thorax of both males and females is mostly black with a conspicuously white spot covering the scutellum and a white stripe on either side. The abdomen of females is pointed and has four horizontal bands of fine white setae separating the sections, while the male abdomen is more rounded and has only three horizontal bands of setae. The head is almost entirely covered by the eyes which are red in color, with a protruding pair of . They possess a single set of wings, which are clear with conspicuous dark black bands arranged in an "F" pattern. In many cases, visually distinguishing stages of "R.
Rhagoletis mendax | Morphology
Clavicles assume an s-shape and lose themselves in shoulders. The lower boundary of thorax assumes a semicircular arch. The rectus abdominis, now reduced in number to two, with the top one incorporated into lower boundary of thorax. There is a small raised plane caused by projection of xiphoid appendage sometimes observable at lower end of sternum. Navel has fold of skin above in most examples. The lower boundary of abdomen assumes shape of semicircle, and the upper edge of torso with two concave curves becomes regular in form. Forearm and hand correctly pronated. Arms sometimes held free from body. Flanks; occasionally at first later regularly, flank and buttock of supporting leg rise in conformity with action.
Kouros | Ptoon 20 group
Structures (stylized as STRUC/TURES) were a Canadian metalcore band from Toronto, formed in 2009. Their final line-up consisted of guitarists Spyros Georgiou and Brendon Padjasek, drummer Andrew McEnaney, and vocalist Nick Xourafas. Before their indefinite hiatus they had released two studio albums: "Divided By" (2011) and "Life Through a Window" (2014).
Structures (band) | Introduction
Another organ in the thorax, traces of which might be present, is the thymus, which might have contributed to a greyish mass of organic origin visible in the neck base; this also contains connective and muscle tissue.
Scipionyx | Liver, heart, spleen and thymus
The two lateral regions are called the pleura (singular: pleuron), and the ventral aspect is called the sternum. In turn, the notum of the prothorax is called the pronotum, the notum for the mesothorax is called the mesonotum and the notum for the metathorax is called the metanotum. Continuing with this logic, there is also the mesopleura and metapleura, as well as the mesosternum and metasternum. The tergal plates of the thorax are simple structures in apterygotes and in many immature insects, but are variously modified in winged adults. The pterothoracic nota each have two main divisions: the anterior, wing-bearing alinotum and the posterior, phragma-bearing postnotum.
Insect morphology | Thorax
The prothorax is the simplest and smallest of the three segments while the mesothorax is the most developed. Between the head and thorax is the membranous neck or "cervix". It comprises a pair of lateral cervical sclerites and is composed of both cephalic and thoracic elements. Between the head and the thorax is a tufted scale called the pronotum. On either side is a shield-like scale called a scapula. In the Noctuoidea, the metathorax is modified with a pair of tympanal organs.
External morphology of Lepidoptera | Thorax
The thoracic cavity is the space inside the chest that contains the lungs, heart, and numerous major blood vessels. On each side of the cavity, a pleural membrane covers the surface of lung (visceral pleura) and also lines the inside of the chest wall (parietal pleura). Normally, the two layers are separated by a small amount of lubricating serous fluid. The lungs are fully inflated within the cavity because the pressure inside the airways is higher than the pressure inside the pleural space. Despite the low pressure in the pleural space, air does not enter it because there are no natural connections to an air-containing passage, and the pressure of gases in the bloodstream is too low for them to be forced into the pleural space.
Pneumothorax | Mechanism
The thoracic cavity (or chest cavity) is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall (rib cage and associated skin, muscle, and fascia). The central compartment of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum. There are two openings of the thoracic cavity, a superior thoracic aperture known as the thoracic inlet and a lower inferior thoracic aperture known as the thoracic outlet. The thoracic cavity includes the tendons as well as the cardiovascular system which could be damaged from injury to the back, spine or the neck.
Thoracic cavity | Introduction
The thorax reaches its greatest width at the 6th segment. The frontal part or prothorax consists of 6 segments, with number 5 and 6 fused, and the 6th carrying very large trailing spines. The rear part or opistothorax consists of a variable but extremely large number of segments (up to 97).
Emuellidae | Introduction
Ventrally, a large plate has been interpreted as a hypostome. The head shield overlaps a tapering series of 12–17 trunk tergites, which lead into a set of limb-bearing segments comprising the thorax. The limbs are simple in form, consisting of a smooth oval exopod and a stout, annulated endopod. There is no one-to-one correspondence between the thoracic tergites and the limbs, but, rather, there appear to be two or three limbs per tergite. Behind the thorax is a narrower abdominal region, consisting of 14 tergites, that bears no appendages. The abdomen is terminated by a telson-like spine.
Fuxianhuia | Description
As shown in the above figure, TraC, in particular consists of a three helix bundle and a loose globular appendage.
Secretion | Structure
The xiphoid process is considered to be at the level of the 9th thoracic vertebra and the T7 dermatome.
Xiphoid process | Structure
Due to its position separating the thorax and abdomen, fluid abnormally present in the thorax, or air abnormally present in the abdomen, may collect on one side of the diaphragm. An X-ray may reveal this. Pleural effusion, in which there is fluid abnormally present between the two pleurae of the lungs, is detected by an X-ray of the chest, showing fluid collecting in the angle between the ribs and diaphragm. An X-ray may also be used to reveal a pneumoperitoneum, in which there is gas in the abdomen. An X-ray may also be used to check for herniation.
Thoracic diaphragm | Imaging
The scutellum is distinctly visible but rather small. Like in most other Eurybatinae, there is no groove connecting the mesoscutal transverse sutures across the centerline of the mesothorax. The metathorax has a dorsal sclerite shaped like a saddle.
Badisis | Thorax
There are several proposed mechanisms for referred pain. Currently there is no definitive consensus regarding which is correct. The cardiac general visceral sensory pain fibers follow the sympathetics back to the spinal cord and have their cell bodies located in thoracic dorsal root ganglia 1-4(5). As a general rule, in the thorax and abdomen, general visceral afferent (GVA) pain fibers follow sympathetic fibers back to the same spinal cord segments that gave rise to the preganglionic sympathetic fibers. The central nervous system (CNS) perceives pain from the heart as coming from the somatic portion of the body supplied by the thoracic spinal cord segments 1-4(5).
Referred pain | Mechanism
The rhachis is about ⅓ of the pygidial width anteriorly, tapering evenly backwards. There is no pygidial border. There may be small spines extending from the frontal corners of the pygidium.
Thoracocare | Description
If the pleural cavity is breached from the outside, as by a bullet wound or knife wound, a pneumothorax, or air in the cavity, may result. If the volume of air is significant, one or both lungs may collapse, which requires immediate medical attention.
Thoracic cavity | Clinical significance
Structures that pass through the thoracic inlet include: This is not an exhaustive list. There are several other minor, but important, vessels and nerves passing through, and an abnormally large thyroid gland may extend inferiorly through the thoracic inlet into the superior mediastinum. The oesophagus lies against the body of the T1 vertebra, separated from it by the prevertebral fascia, and the trachea lies in front of the oesophagus, in the midline, and may touch the manubrium. The apices of the lungs lie to either side of the oesophagus and trachea, and is separated from them by the other vessels and nerves listed above.
Thoracic inlet | Function
The main mechanism of chylothorax is the leaking of chyle from the thoracic duct, usually caused by a disturbance affecting the structural integrity of the thoracic duct. For example, placement of a central venous catheter can potentially disrupt drainage of lymph into the subclavian veins, followed by the thoracic duct, resulting in chylothorax. The disturbances cause the pressure in the thoracic duct to increase. Soon, collateral channels form, which eventually drain into the thorax. Trauma affecting the thoracic duct is the most common disturbing mechanism. Whether a chylothorax occurs in the left or right pleural space is a consequence of the thoracic duct's anatomic location in the body and depends on the level where the duct was injured.
Chylothorax | Mechanism
Back margin of cephalon inside the intergenal angle transverse or directed posteriorly. The third thorax segment (T3) is not larger than the neighboring segments and does not carry larger spines. Anterior thoracic pleural spines weakly to strongly thornlike except in "Kjerulfia" and "Grandinasus".
Holmiidae | Description
Only a patient truly knows if the symptoms are mild or serious. Chest pain may be a symptom of myocardial infarctions ('heart attack'). If this condition is present in the body, discomfort will be felt in the chest that is similar to a heavy weight placed on the body. Sweating, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and irregular heartbeat may also be experienced. If a heart attack occurs, the bulk of the damage is caused during the first six hours, so getting the proper treatment as quickly as possible is important. Some people, especially those who are elderly or have diabetes, may not have typical chest pain but may have many of the other symptoms of a heart attack.
Thorax | Pain
The prothorax rounded on the side, moderately widened in the middle and suddenly narrowed (but not truncated) at a very short distance from the base. Rear angle sharp and projecting, deeply marked (punctured) at base.
Abacetus pumilus | Thorax
The thoracic cavity is a chamber within the chest, containing the lungs, heart, and numerous major blood vessels. Thin sheets of tissue known as the pleural membranes or pleura line the chest and cover the lungs - the chest wall is lined by the parietal pleura, while the visceral pleura covers the outside of the lungs. The visceral and parietal pleura are normally separated by only a thin layer of fluid, forming the pleural cavity. When a hemothorax occurs, blood enters the pleural cavity. The blood loss has several effects. Firstly, as blood builds up within the pleural cavity, it begins to interfere with the normal movement of the lungs, preventing one or both lungs from fully expanding and thereby interfering with the normal transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the blood.
Hemothorax | Mechanisms
The insect thorax has three segments: the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax. The anterior segment, closest to the head, is the prothorax; its major features are the first pair of legs and the pronotum. The middle segment is the mesothorax; its major features are the second pair of legs and the anterior wings, if any. The third, the posterior, thoracic segment, abutting the abdomen, is the metathorax, which bears the third pair of legs and the posterior wings. Each segment is dilineated by an intersegmental suture. Each segment has four basic regions. The dorsal surface is called the tergum (or notum, to distinguish it from the abdominal terga).
Insect morphology | Thorax
Any of these changes may result in back pain.
Low back pain | Back structures
If pygidial spines are lacking, the margin is gradually rounded. The thorax has 12 segments.
Dikelocephalus | Introduction
The mouthparts form a long, sharp rostrum that they insert into the plant to feed. The postclypeus is a large, nose-like structure that lies between the eyes and makes up most of the front of the head; it contains the pumping musculature. The thorax has three segments and houses the powerful wing muscles. They have two pairs of membranous wings that may be hyaline, cloudy, or pigmented. The wing venation varies between species and may help in identification. The middle thoracic segment has an operculum on the underside, which may extend posteriorly and obscure parts of the abdomen. The abdomen is segmented, with the hindermost segments housing the reproductive organs, and terminates in females with a large, saw-edged ovipositor.
Cicada | Description
There are many different surgical approaches to performing a thoracotomy. Some common forms of thoracotomies include: Upon completion of the surgical procedure, the chest is closed. One or more chest tubes—with one end inside the opened pleural cavity and the other submerged under saline solution inside a sealed container, forming an airtight drainage system—are necessary to remove air and fluid from the pleural cavity, preventing the development of pneumothorax or hemothorax.
Thoracotomy | Approaches
This pattern is repeated with all thorax segments. Antennae are not known. Dorsal eyes are absent. The thorax segments are each about along the axis. The tail shield is dominated by a pair of large segmental marginal spines, reminiscent of large (or macropleural) spines in the thorax and of pygidial spines of certain trilobites. The one node it carries is larger and more sharply defined than the nodes on the segments. The frontal border of the tail shield is convex and curves laterally into the large spines which extend postero-laterally, constituting half the total body length. The back margin of the spines is concave and merges into a second pair of short, broad, triangular spines.
Aaveqaspis | Description
A resuscitative thoracotomy (sometimes referred to as an emergency department thoracotomy (EDT), trauma thoracotomy or, colloquially, as "cracking the chest") is a thoracotomy performed to resuscitate a major trauma patient who has sustained severe thoracic or abdominal trauma and who has entered cardiac arrest because of this. The procedure allows immediate direct access to the thoracic cavity, permitting rescuers to control hemorrhage, relieve cardiac tamponade, repair or control major injuries to the heart, lungs or thoracic vasculature, and perform direct cardiac massage or defibrillation. For most persons with thoracic trauma the procedure is not necessary; only 15% of those with thoracic injury require the procedure.
Resuscitative thoracotomy | Introduction
The thoracic outlet is the lower opening of the thoracic cavity whose edges are the lowest ribs. It is closed by the diaphragm, which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. The thoracic outlet or inferior thoracic aperture is much larger than the thoracic inlet (superior thoracic aperture). The thoracic outlet is bounded by: Structures passing through the thoracic outlet between the thorax and abdomen include the inferior vena cava and esophagus, both of which pass through the diaphragm, and the abdominal aorta and thoracic duct which pass through the diaphragm, through the aortic hiatus.
Thoracic outlet | Introduction
It arises from the upper margins and outer surfaces of the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, near their cartilages and from the aponeuroses covering the intercostalis. The fibers pass superior and lateral and converge to form a flat tendon, which is inserted into the medial border and upper surface of the coracoid process of the scapula.
Pectoralis minor | Structure
The rib cage is the arrangement of ribs attached to the vertebral column and sternum in the thorax of most vertebrates, that encloses and protects the heart and lungs. In humans, the rib cage, also known as the thoracic cage, is a bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic cavity and supports the shoulder girdle to form the core part of the human skeleton. A typical human rib cage consists of 24 ribs in 12 pairs, the sternum and xiphoid process, the costal cartilages, and the 12 thoracic vertebrae. Together with the skin and associated fascia and muscles, the rib cage makes up the thoracic wall and provides attachments for the muscles of the neck, thorax, upper abdomen, and back.
Rib cage | Introduction