The Cree are generally divided into eight groups based on dialect and region. These divisions do not necessarily represent ethnic sub-divisions within the larger ethnic group: Due to the many dialects of the Cree language, the people have no modern collective autonym. The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves using modern forms of the historical "nêhiraw", namely "nêhiyaw" and "nêhirawisiw", respectively. Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais all refer to themselves using modern dialectal forms of the historical "iriniw", meaning 'man.' Moose Cree use the form "ililiw", coastal East Cree and Naskapi use "iyiyiw" (variously spelled "iiyiyiu", "iiyiyuu", and "eeyou"), inland East Cree use "iyiniw" (variously spelled "iinuu" and "eenou"), and Montagnais use "ilnu" and "innu", depending on dialect.
Sub-groups / Geography
Cree
Cree | Sub-groups / Geography
The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves as "nêhiyaw" and "nêhirawisiw"; the Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais as "iriniw" etc. James Bay Cree, Moose Cree, Rocky Cree They are divided into eight groups based on dialect and region:- The Plains Cree, Attikamekw, Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais. James Bay, Moose, Swampy, Rocky and Woods
what is parnassius smintheus?
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It is a high-altitude butterfly found in the Rocky Mountains.
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where did this mountain take its name from?
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It is a translation of the Cree name ' is given as, "When seen from across the prairies, they looked like a rocky mass".
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what is the history behind this first mentioned name?
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The name is derived from the Algonkian-language exonym "Kirištino.
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what are some different types of it?
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The name "Cree" is derived from the Algonkian-language exonym "Kirištino˙", which the Ojibwa used for tribes around Hudson Bay. The French colonists and explorers, who spelled the term "Kilistinon", "Kiristinon", "Knisteneaux", "Cristenaux", and "Cristinaux", used the term for numerous tribes which they encountered north of Lake Superior, in Manitoba, and west of there. The French used these terms to refer to various groups of peoples in Canada, some of which are now better distinguished as Severn Anishinaabe (Ojibwa), who speak dialects different from the Algonquin. Depending on the community, the Cree may call themselves by the following names: the "nēhiyawak", "nīhithaw", "nēhilaw", and "nēhinaw"; or "ininiw", "ililiw", "iynu" ("innu"), or "iyyu".
Cree | Name
These names are derived from the historical autonym "nēhiraw" (of uncertain meaning) or from the historical autonym "iriniw" (meaning "person"). Cree using the latter autonym tend to be those living in the territories of Quebec and Labrador.
Cree | Name
The Cree are generally divided into eight groups based on dialect and region. These divisions do not necessarily represent ethnic sub-divisions within the larger ethnic group: Due to the many dialects of the Cree language, the people have no modern collective autonym. The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves using modern forms of the historical "nêhiraw", namely "nêhiyaw" and "nêhirawisiw", respectively. Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais all refer to themselves using modern dialectal forms of the historical "iriniw", meaning 'man.' Moose Cree use the form "ililiw", coastal East Cree and Naskapi use "iyiyiw" (variously spelled "iiyiyiu", "iiyiyuu", and "eeyou"), inland East Cree use "iyiniw" (variously spelled "iinuu" and "eenou"), and Montagnais use "ilnu" and "innu", depending on dialect.
Cree | Sub-groups / Geography
Endonyms are ' (Plains Cree), ' (Woods Cree), ' (Atikamekw), ' (Western Montagnais, Piyekwâkamî dialect), ' (Western Montagnais, Betsiamites dialect), ' (Eastern Montagnais), ' (Southern East Cree), ' (Northern East Cree), ' (Moose Cree), ' (Eastern Swampy Cree), and "" (Western Swampy Cree).
Cree language | Names
The Cree use "Cree," "cri," "Naskapi, or "montagnais" to refer to their people only when speaking French or English.
Cree | Sub-groups / Geography
Another name for Woods Cree is Rocky Cree, translated by Rossignol (1939) from the Cree word asini•ska•wiðiniwak. Rock Cree or Misinipi Cree was a ""r"" dialect of Cree but now have merged together with Woods Cree, together as the ""th"" dialect of Cree spoken by the group of people geographically located at the eastern foot of the Rocky Mountains.
Woods Cree | Classification
Two other towns in Canada have names derived from the Cree word: Kinuso, Alberta, and Kinistino, Saskatchewan. Kinoosao is one of eight communities of the Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation.
Kinoosao | Introduction
Cree is believed to have begun as a dialect of the Proto-Algonquian language spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the original Algonquian homeland, an undetermined area thought to be near the Great Lakes. The speakers of the proto-Cree language are thought to have moved north, and diverged rather quickly into two different groups on each side of James Bay. The eastern group then began to diverge into separate dialects, whereas the western grouping probably broke into distinct dialects much later. After this point it is very difficult to make definite statements about how different groups emerged and moved around, because there are no written works in the languages to compare, and descriptions by Europeans are not systematic; as well, Algonquian people have a tradition of bilingualism and even of outright adopting a new language from neighbours.
Cree language | Origin and diffusion
The name of the genus is derived from the Greenlandic word "", meaning "predator" or "hunter". The specific epithet is in honor of Norman John (Jack) Soper who, together with A. K. Higgins, discovered the Sirius Passet fauna and collected the first fossils from the locality.
Kiisortoqia | Etymology
The general name for any unspecified non-Iroquoian groups, including the Algonquins, were called "Akwanake"—"Strangers"—by the Iroquoian peoples.
List of Algonquin ethnonyms | Akwanake
The word "Athabaskan" is an anglicized version of a Cree language name for Lake Athabasca ( "[where] there are reeds one after another") in Canada. Cree is one of the Algonquian languages and therefore not itself an Athabaskan language. The name was assigned by Albert Gallatin in his 1836 (written 1826) classification of the languages of North America. He acknowledged that it was his choice to use this name for the language family and associated peoples, writing: The four spellings—"Athabaskan", "Athabascan", "Athapaskan", and "Athapascan"—are in approximately equal use. Particular communities may prefer one spelling over another (Krauss 1987). For example, the Tanana Chiefs Conference and Alaska Native Language Center prefer the spelling "Athabascan".
Athabaskan languages | Name
The oldest is known as the Kaza Group, which is made up of mud and sand deposits that formed during the Precambrian period 600 million years ago, in a sea at the continental margin of what is now the Canadian Shield. The second group of rock, known today as the Cariboo Group, was formed 440 to 600 million years ago in the Cambrian period, when materials from the continental land mass were eroded by changing conditions in the sea. The third and youngest group, formed about 250 million years ago, is made up of sedimentary of volcanic rocks, parts of which today are exposed in various parts of the park.
Bowron Lake Provincial Park | Geography and geology
Radio-carbon dating of a human burial site nearby suggests that the region has been occupied for at least 7000 years. The people of the region are called "Inninuwug". The first Europeans gave various names to people of the region including "Kiristinon" or "Kritinou" which was eventually shortened to "Cree". This reservation is located at the major head-water lake of the Fawn River and subsequently the Severn River to Hudson Bay. Consequently, it has been a traditional gathering place for centuries. The first recorded European trader was James Swain who, in 1807, was charged with establishing a trading post at "Trout Lake" for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC).
Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug First Nation | History
According to some, the "Six Cailloux" name was appropriated to this region by Stephen Meek, another Hudson's Bay Company trapper who was known for his "discovery" of Scott Valley, in regard to a crossing on the Klamath River near Hornbrook. Still others attribute the name to a local tribe of Native Americans.
Siskiyou Mountains | Name origins
The name of the mountains is a translation of an Amerindian name that is closely related to Algonquian; the Cree name ' is given as, "When seen from across the prairies, they looked like a rocky mass". The first mention of their present name by a European was in the journal of Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre in 1752, where they were called "'".
Rocky Mountains | Etymology
Within these boundaries there is much fluidity, however, as intermarriages and bilingual bands are once very common. Scholar Neal McLeod points out that bands were loose, temporary groupings which were often polyethnic and multilingual, so that most mentions of "the Cree" by historians of previous decades actually refer to mixed Cree-Assiniboine-Saulteax groups. As well the smallpox outbreak of 1780–1781 and the whooping cough outbreak of 1819–1820 decimated many bands, forcing them to merge with neighbours.
First Nations in Alberta | Classifications
Goddard also points out that there is clear evidence for pre-historical contact between Eastern Algonquian and Cree-Montagnais, as well as between Cheyenne and Arapaho-Gros Ventre. There has long been especially extensive back-and-forth influence between Cree and Ojibwe.
Algonquian languages | Subgroups
Its name derived from the Saskatchewan River. The river was known as "kisiskāciwani-sīpiy" ("swift flowing river") in the Cree language. Henday's spelling was Keiskatchewan, with the modern rendering, Saskatchewan, being officially adopted in 1882 when a portion of the present-day province was designated a provisional district of the North West Territories. Achieved provincial status in 1905.
Saskatchewan | Etymology
The name "Pimicikamak" appears to have entered into English-language usage by Cree-speakers in the 1990s. "The Pimicikamak Cree Nation" is a polyglot and imprecise description of Pimicikamak, not a name. It is also known in English as "the Cross Lake Band", a description that may be confused with the Cross Lake Band of Indians (now known as the "Cross Lake First Nation").
Pimicikamak | Names
These verbs are often the equivalent of the English construction that begins with the empty subject "it" (examples: it is raining, it is snowing, it is day, it is poison, etc.): Some of the elements, such as "tahk-", cannot stand on their own, but others are free morphemes, such as "kīšik." Unsurprisingly, first and second person never appear in this context, leaving only the third person and obviative forms.
Swampy Cree language | Inanimate intransitive verbs
The name ʔejëre K’elnı Kuę́ comes from the Dënesųłiné (Chipewyan) language of the Smith's Landing First Nation. It is properly spelled with a capital ʔ character, which represents a glottal stop in many Canadian First Nations languages. Because this character is not found on most Canadian keyboards, it is sometimes transcribed as a ?, P, or 7. Variant spellings include Ejere K'elni Kue, ?Ejere K'elni Kue, ɂejere K'elni Kųe, and Pejere Kʼelni Kue. The first mentions of "Hay Camp" come from the turn of the 20th century, reflecting the area's status as one of many hay meadows and stopping-places along the Peace and Slave Rivers.
Ɂejëre Kʼelnı Kuę́ 196I | Name and etymology
An early Jesuit record says that the name refers to the origin of "Le Puans" near the salt water seas to the north. Algonquins also called the Winnebago, "the people of the sea." (A Native people who lived on the shores of Hudson Bay were called by the same name.)
Ho-Chunk | Name
The river's name originates from the Algonquin word "Nanikana", meaning "the main way" or "Biscuit River", depending on the source. Biscuit (or "ànakonà" in Algonquin, "aanakonaa" in Ojibwe, and "aaihkunaau" in East James Bay Cree) refers to bannock-like the unusual flat stones, sand, limestone and clay concretions, which are found in the river, called "Pierres de fée" or "fairy stones." Through history various spellings have been reported: "ᴀʌᴀᴋoʌᴀ" ("anàkonà") (Algonquin), "anâkona" or "uhnahkoonah" ("anaakonaa") (Ojibwe) and "ayukoona'w" ("aaihkunaau") (Cree). The Algonquins also use the name "Inikana", meaning "river route". A segment of the river in East James Bay Cree was called "Waashahaau Siipii", which means "river to the bay".
Harricana River | Toponymy
In normal, everyday spoken Plains Cree, several phonological contractions are observed. For instance, final vowels can merge with the initial vowel of the following word. This is how the phrase "nāpēw mīna atim" is reduced to "nāpēw mīn ātim" "a man and a dog". In this case, the contraction involved the same vowel; the first vowel is taken and included in the second word in its long form. When the contraction involves different vowels, the first vowel is deleted and the second is lengthened: "nāpēw mīna iskwēw" "a man and a woman" is reduced to "nāpēw mīn īskwēw". Contraction does not always occur, and the word boundary may also be distinguished by the insertion of the sound: "mīna iskwēw" and "mīna(h) iskwēw" respectively.
Plains Cree | Surface variations
The origin and meaning of the name "Kootenai" is uncertain. Prior to their discovery by Europeans, they were known as "Ksanka", "people of the standing arrow". It is thought that French-Canadian fur trappers of the Hudson's Bay Company and other companies in the early 19th century were the first refer to them as "Kootenai", which means "water people" in an Algonquian language. It may also mean "deer robes," referring to their excellent skill for hunting deer. In some written records from the early 19th century, also by the French, the Ktunaxa were sometimes called the Flatbows ("Arcs plats") and the river called the Flatbow River.
Kootenay River | First inhabitants
This is a list of persons whose names are in Algonquian languages.
List of Algonquian personal names | Introduction
Moose Cree (Cree: "Mōsonī" or "Ililiw"), also known as Moosonee, and together with Eastern Swampy Cree, also known as Central Cree, West James Bay Cree or West Main Cree. They speak the l-dialect of the Cree language. The Moose Cree were first noted in Jesuit Relations for 1671, along the shores of James Bay and along the Moose River. On the Ochagach map (c. 1728), they (as "Monsonnis") were noted as far inland as the Rainy Lake region.
Moose Cree | Introduction
Ahenakew is a Cree surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Ahenakew | Introduction
Different sources in Canadian history texts document the area in which Woods Cree was and still is spoken today. In the early 1900s, J.B. Tyrrell, a Canadian geologist and cartographer and the editor of explorer David Thompson's work found that the people living in the area of Île-à-la-Crosse and upper Churchill River referred to themselves as "Nahathaway" and spoke the particular "-th" dialect of Woods Cre"e." The Hudson's Bay Company had made record of the area west of James Bay being inhabited by people speaking the "-th" dialect of Cree. This region of Woods Cree speakers has essentially remained the same until present.
Woods Cree | History and Geographic Distribution
Sutaio "'k" clusters are all reduced to glottal catch."
Cheyenne language | Nonnasal reflexes of Proto-Algonquian *"k"
Historically, the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum were classified by their relationship to Hudson Bay and James Bay: Lowland (Homeguard) Cree who were found along the coast, Lowland (Half-Homeguard) Cree who seasonally transitioned between the coast and the interior, and the Upland Cree in the deep interior who often were intermixed with the Ojibwe. West of these Lowland and Upland Cree were the Woodland and Plains Cree. Linguistically, the Cree are divided by their general language features, where the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum are classified as "th-Cree", "n-Cree" and "l-Cree", from west to east; Cree traditionally associated with the Woodland Cree make no distinction between "s" and "š", while the Lowland and Upland Cree do.
Swampy Cree | First Nations
Pimicikamak Cree Nation is sometimes used as a name for Pimicikamak, one of the more populous Cree indigenous peoples in Canada. Etymologically, "Pimicikamak Cree Nation" is a description of this indigenous people, and is not a name. "Pimicikamak" is the Cree name of an indigenous people whose traditional territory was the drainage basin of the upper Nelson River in what came to be known as Rupert's Land. "Cree" is 18th-Century French slang derived from "the Old Algonkin dialect form "kiristino", which was "the name of an obscure band of Indians who roamed the region south of James Bay in the first half of the seventeenth century".
Pimicikamak Cree Nation | Introduction
The initial element "wiikwe-" occurs in other forms as 'bay'; the final element "-mik" cannot be for "amik" 'beaver' (its local form is "mik"), a folk etymology that violates the rules for Algonquian stem formation. It can be identified as a variant of the medial element "aamik-", which appears, for example, in Southwestern Ojibwe "minaamikaa" 'there are breakers, shoals, banks (of sand or rocks)', which has initial "min-" 'islandlike'. The plus or minus of "aa-" is found in several medial elements in Ojibwe and other Algonquian languages. The reserve's former name was Manitoulin Unceded Indian Reserve. The Wiikwemkoong Band changed it on August 20, 1968 to Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve.
Wiikwemkoong First Nation | Introduction
Today, together with the "n-Cree" dialect-speaking Woodland Cree, those who live in the Lowlands and Uplands who speak the "n-Cree" dialect are called "Swampy Cree", but culturally Moose Cree (the Cree speaking the "l-dialect") and other peoples of the Upland including the Oji-Cree occasionally self-identify as being "Swampy Cree".
Swampy Cree | First Nations
The earliest period literature refers to the site as "Russell's Hay Camp", probably operated by Jack Russell, a Métis riverman.
Ɂejëre Kʼelnı Kuę́ 196I | Name and etymology
The term Moose Cree is derived either from the toponym Môsoniy, meaning ‘Moose Island’ or Môso-sîpiy, meaning ‘Moose River.’ The former is the historical name for the summering grounds of the speakers of this dialect, but has been appropriated by the modern municipality of Moosonee, leaving the island with the official English name of Moose Factory, a name that recalls the historical presence of a Hudson’s Bay trading post, originally called ‘factories.’ The above mentioned hydronym refers to the river where the said island is located. Speakers of the dialect refer to the language as Ililîmowin.
Moose Cree language | Name
The glide is inserted between two long vowels, which is why the combination of "kīsikā" "be day" and "āpan" "be dawn" forms "kīsikāyāpan" "it is day-break". Also, the combination of a long vowel and a short vowel deletes the short vowel. Therefore, "nīpā" "in the dark" and "ohtē" "walk" form "nīpāhtēw" "he walks in the dark". This deletion is true whether the short vowel occurs before or after the long vowel. When two short vowels occur in sequence, however, it is the second that deletes. For instance, the stem "ositiyi" "his foot/feet" combines with the locative suffix /ehk/ to produce "ositiyihk" "on his foot/feet".
Plains Cree | Vowel sequences
Etymologically, "pimicikamāk" and related terms were understood as connoting "flowing across". This is widely presumed to be the origin of the name of Cross Lake in Pimicikamak territory. "Pimicikamak" is the collective singular name for the whole people and also the collective name for its traditional territory. Grouped as part of the closely related Rocky Cree, Pimicikamak refer to themselves as Nahathaway ("nīhithawī") (those who speak our language) or "ithiniwi" (real people); they called themselves "Cree" only when speaking English or French. Canada's history of suppressing indigenous languages, including aboriginal peoples' use of their own names such as "Pimicikamak", was controversial until 2008, when Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper publicly acknowledged and apologized for this policy.
Pimicikamak | Names
The languages are listed below along with dialects and subdialects. This classification follows Goddard (1996) and Mithun (1999). 1. Cree-Montagnais (also known as Kirištino˙ or Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi) 2. Menominee (also known as Menomini) ? Eastern Great Lakes (also known as Core Central)
Central Algonquian languages | Family division
ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯ "Anishinaabe" has many different spellings. Different spelling systems may indicate vowel length or spell certain consonants differently ("Anishinabe", "Anicinape"); meanwhile, variants ending in -"eg/ek" ("Anishinaabeg", "Anishinabek") come from an Algonquian plural, while those ending in an -"e" come from an Algonquian singular. The name "Anishinaabe" is shortened to "Nishnaabe", mostly by Odawa people. The cognate "Neshnabé" comes from the Potawatomi, a people long allied with the Odawa and Ojibwe in the Council of Three Fires. The Nipissing, Mississaugas, and Algonquin are identified as Anishinaabe but are not part of the Council of Three Fires. Closely related to the Ojibwe and speaking a language mutually intelligible with " Anishinaabemowin" (Anishinaabe language) is the Oji-Cree (also known as "Severn Ojibwe").
Anishinaabe | Name
Denesuline (Chipewyan) speak the Denesuline language, of the Athabaskan linguistic group. Denesuline is spoken by Aboriginal people in Canada whose name for themselves is a cognate of the word ("people"): (or ). Speakers of the language speak different dialects but understand each other. There is a 'k', t dialect that most people speak. For example, people in Fond du lac, speak the 'k' and say while others who use the 't' say . The name "Chipewyan" is, like many people of the Canadian prairies, of Algonquian origin. It is derived from the Plains Cree name for them, (), "pointed skin", from (), "to be pointed"; and (), "skin" or "hide" - a reference to the cut and style of Chipewyan parkas.
Chipewyan | Language
The Woods Cree language belongs to the Algic family, within the Algonquian subfamily, and the central Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi language group. Western Cree is a term used to refer to the non-palatized Cree dialects, consisting of Northern Plains Cree, Southern Plains Cree, Woods Cree, Rock Cree, Western Swampy Cree, Eastern Swampy Cree, Moose Cree, and Atikamekw. Western Woods Cree is the term used to refer to the Cree languages west of the Hudson Bay. This includes the languages Rock Cree, western Swampy Cree, and Strongwoods or Bois Fort Cree. James G.E. Smith classified the linguistic nature of the languages of Woods Cree, northern Plains Cree, western Swampy Cree, and the extinct dialect of Misinipi or Rock Cree to all fall under the Western Woods Cree languages.
Woods Cree | Classification
Some pioneers implemented a hamlet. A post office was laid in 1889 under the name Kiskising; it was renamed Kiskissink in 1963 and closed in 1972. Today this hamlet is deserted and became a place called Kiskissink. This appellation of origin is both Algonquin and Montagnais and serve on small cedar. In Algonquin language, it consists of kijik, cedar, iss, a diminutive and ing, a renta. In Montagnais, the first component is kisk, the other being identical to Algonquin. The lake has long been known as Cedar Lake. The toponym "Zec Kiskissink" was registered as of August 5, 1982 at the Bank of places names at Commission de toponymie du Québec.
Zec Kiskissink | Toponymy
Arosaguntacook or Arossagunticook, the tribe's endonym, in the eastern Abenaki language means "Rocky Flats flow" or "a river of rocks refuge." Other recorded variations of the name are Amariscoggin, Ameriscoggin, Asschincantecook, Arossagunticook, "Alessikantek-eyak" by the Penobscot and the Cowasuck. The name Arosaguntacook was probably changed by Massachusetts Governor Edmund Andros to Androscoggin. Today's Penobscot name for the Saint Francis Abenaki is "Alessikantek-eyak" because Arossaguntacook belonged to the ancestors of the people of Saint Francis.
Androscoggin people | Name
Cascouia Bay is frequently called “Lac Cascouia”, due to its isolation from the central part of Kenogami Lake. One of the first known mentions of the Innu word "Cascaouia" is attributed to the surveyor Joseph-Laurent Normandin, in 1732, who wrote in his Journal: "... There is a large bay, which is bordered by jongs and grasses, that the Indians call Les Gachek8illaces de Quinongamingue ”. Normandin also uses the form "Baye des Gachek8illasses". By modifying its primitive form in order to facilitate its use, the first explorers perpetuated this Amerindian term meaning "grasslands" or "rushes". For some, it is actually cattails.
Cascouia River | Toponymy
David Pentland, for example, argued that Ojibwe "oshtigwaan", claimed as the only form requiring the reconstruction of "*št", is a borrowing from Cree. However, evidence from Munsee and Blackfoot seem to also point toward "*št" as a valid separate cluster in PA (Munsee "wìilùshtíikan", Blackfoot "moʼtokááni", "head, hair").
Proto-Algonquian language | Clusters
It is an exonym that was not used by the Pimicikamak people to describe themselves. Today, "Crees use the name Cree to refer to themselves only when speaking English or French." "Nation" is an English word. The combination of these three terms describes the Pimicikamak people less accurately than its own name "Pimicikamak". "Pimicikamak Cree Nation" may be abbreviated as "PCN" referring erroneously to the Cross Lake Band of Indians or Cross Lake First Nation, not to be confused with the Mexican metal band of that name. Pimicikamak is an indigenous people whose origins lie in pre-history; the Cross Lake Band of Indians is a pseudo-corporate legal entity created by the "Indian Act".
Pimicikamak Cree Nation | Introduction
The tradition of giving a family surname to an individual dates to the colonial period and in most cases the surnames in use today were the second names of the family patriarch of two to four generations ago. Traditionally an individual acquired their father's name after their initiation. Females took on their father's name e.g Cheptoo Lagat being the daughter of Lagat and Cheptoo Kiplagat being the daughter of Kiplgat while males took on just the descriptor portion of the father's name such that the Kiprono son of Kiplagat would become Kiprono arap Lagat.
Kalenjin name | Last name
In the continental-European languages, these forms of the word "elk" almost always refer to "Alces alces". The word "moose" had first entered English by 1606 and is borrowed from the Algonquian languages (compare the Narragansett "moos" and Eastern Abenaki "mos"; according to early sources, these were likely derived from "moosu", meaning "he strips off"), and possibly involved forms from multiple languages mutually reinforcing one another. The Proto-Algonquian form was "*mo·swa".
Moose | Etymology and naming
"Weenhayey"). Weenhayey informers of Alvarsson state that the old name was Olhamelh (), meaning simply "us". The subgroups within Wichí have been identified and received different names in literature: "Nocten" or "Octenay" in Bolivia, "Véjos" or (perhaps more properly) "Wejwus" or "Wehwos" for the Western subgroup(s), and "Güisnay" for the Eastern subgroups of Argentina. The latter corresponds to Tewoq-lhelej, "the river people".
Wichí | Notes on designation
In 1883, Horatio Hale wrote that Charlevoix's etymology was dubious, and that "no other nation or tribe of which we have any knowledge has ever borne a name composed in this whimsical fashion". Hale suggested instead that the term came from Huron, and was cognate with Mohawk "ierokwa"- "they who smoke," or Cayuga "iakwai"- "a bear". In 1888, J.N.B. Hewitt expressed doubts that either of those words exist in the respective languages. He preferred the etymology from Montagnais "irin" "true, real" and "ako" "snake", plus the French "-ois" suffix. Later he revised this to Algonquin "Iriⁿakhoiw". A more modern etymology was advocated by Gordon M.
Iroquois | Names
Possibly because early European explorers had difficulty in transcribing First Nations names into European orthographic systems, numerous spelling variations exist. These include "Taiaiako'n", "Taiaiagon", "Teyeyagon", and "Toioiugon". The name "Teiaigon" appears on a 1688 map of New France drawn by Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin based on "sixteen years' of observation of the author". It was indicated to be on the eastern side of a small bay, from which a portage route led to the west branch of Lake Taronto.
Teiaiagon | Cartography
The First Nation was originally part of the Yellow-quill Saulteaux Band, a Treaty Band named after a Treaty 4 signatory Chief "Ošāwaškokwanēpi", whose name means "Green/Blue-quill." However, due to "š" merging with "s" in "Nakawēmowin" (Saulteaux language), this led to a mistranslation of his name as "Yellow-quill"—"yellow" being "osāw-", while "green/blue" being "ošāwaško-" (or "osāwasko-" in Saulteaux). Kinistin is named after Chief "Kiništin" ("Cree"), one of the headmen for Chief "Ošāwaškokwanēpi". Chief "Kiništin" came to Saskatchewan from Western Ontario along with his two brothers, "Miskokwanep" ("Red [Crow-]Feather") and "Mehcihcākanihs" ("Coyote"). In 1901, lands were set aside for the Kinistin Band.
Kinistin Saulteaux Nation | History
On the Great Plains, many First Nations people have surnames that are direct English translations of an ancestor's given name, often these are multiple words long; examples would be Born with a Tooth (Blackfoot), Chief-Moon (Blood), or Whiteknife (Cree). For others, a name in their ancestral language is rendered in English or French spelling such as Tootoosis (Plains Cree), Newashish (Atikamekw), or Yahgulanaas (Haida).
Canadian name | Indigenous Canadian names
In East Cree you have Primary Derivation, Secondary Derivation, and Composition. Primary Derivation Words constructed by primary derivation, are made up of two or more stems, that are not words that stand on their own.
East Cree | Morphology
The Cree dialect continuum can be divided by many criteria. Dialects spoken in northern Ontario and the southern James Bay, Lanaudière, and Mauricie regions of Quebec differentiate ("sh" as in "sh"e) and , while those to the west have merged the two phonemes as and in east the phonemes are merged as either or . In several dialects, including northern Plains Cree and Woods Cree, the long vowels and have merged into a single vowel, . In the Quebec communities of Chisasibi, Whapmagoostui, and Kawawachikamach, the long vowel has merged with . However, the most transparent phonological variation between different Cree dialects are the reflexes of Proto-Algonquian *l in the modern dialects, as shown below: The Plains Cree, speakers of the y dialect, refer to their language as ', whereas Woods Cree speakers say ', and Swampy Cree speakers say "".
Cree language | Dialect criteria
The first is "Anishinini" 'ordinary person' (plural "Anishininiwag") This term has been compared to Plains Cree "ayisiyiniw" 'person, human being.' The term "Anishinaabe" 'ordinary man,' which is widely used as a self-designation across the Ojibwa dialect continuum, is also used and accepted by Severn speakers.
Oji-Cree language | Introduction
As a dialect of the Cree language, Moose Cree is classified under the Algonquian branch of the Algic language family.
Moose Cree language | Classification
Saskatchewan is a word originating from the Cree language term "kisiskāciwani-sīpiy", meaning "swift-flowing river". It may refer to:
Saskatchewan (disambiguation) | Introduction
The name "Manitoba" is believed to be derived from the Cree, Ojibwe or Assiniboine languages. The name derives from Cree "manitou-wapow" or Ojibwe "manidoobaa", both meaning "straits of Manitou, the Great Spirit", a place referring to what are now called The Narrows in the centre of Lake Manitoba. It may also be from the Assiniboine for "Lake of the Prairie", which is rendered in the language as "minnetoba". The lake was known to French explorers as "Lac des Prairies." Thomas Spence chose the name to refer to a new republic he proposed for the area south of the lake. Métis leader Louis Riel also chose the name, and it was accepted in Ottawa under the "Manitoba Act" of 1870.
Manitoba | Etymology
In the same way, "Assnipwan" comes from the word "asinîpwâta" in the western Cree dialects, from "asiniy" ᐊᓯᓂᐩ "NA" – "rock, stone" – and "pwâta" ᐹᐧᑕ "NA" – "enemy, Sioux". Early French traders in the west were often familiar with Algonquian languages. They transliterated many Cree or Ojibwe exonyms for other western Canadian indigenous peoples during the early colonial era. The English referred to the Assiniboine by adopting terms from the French spelled using English phonetics. The word Assiniboine has its origin as follows: They are an offspring of the Sioux. In the war of 1812 a number of these Sioux fought against a number of Chippewas, and took a good many of the latter prisoners.
Assiniboine | Names
This is a list of various names the Ojibwa have been recorded. They can be divided based on who coined the names. The first type are names created by the Ojibwa people to refer to themselves, known as endonyms or autonyms. The second type are names coined by non-Ojibwa people and are known as exonyms or xenonyms.
List of Ojibwa ethnonyms | Introduction
The most general name for the Algonquins is "Anishinaabe". Though several definitions are given for this name, the most common one is "spontaneous men", referring to their creation as being "ex nihlo", thus being the "Original men." When syncoped, the name appears as "Nishnaabe".
List of Algonquin ethnonyms | Anishinaabe(g)
Other spelling variations of this Native American designation included: "Mistacinnee, Mistacsinney, Mistasinne, Mistasinia", etc. In 1808, James McKenzie of the North West Company used the name "Lake Mistassini" in his writings, the first use of the name in its current form. Nevertheless, other variants persisted long after: for instance, the explorer James Clouston inscribed "Mistassinnie" in his diary of 1820, while the geologist Robert Bell mentioned in 1880 the name "Misstissinny". Yet, thereafter, "Mistassini" became the accepted form, as evidenced by the map of the province of Quebec drawn in 1880 by Taché, and the expedition report published by Albert Peter Low in 1885, and in his Annual Report of 1900, Bell also adopted the current spelling.
Lake Mistassini | Etymology
The origin of the word "siskiyou" is unclear. One version is that it is the Chinook Jargon word for "bob-tailed horse". According to historian Richard Mackie, "siskiyou" was a Cree word for a bob-tailed horse, one of which perished in 1829 during Alexander McLeod's journey over a pass later named for the "siskiyou" (today's Siskiyou Pass). The Cree were in the area as part of McLeod's Hudson's Bay Company expedition, and had been recruited far away in their homeland in eastern Canada. Another version, given in an argument before the State Senate in 1852, is that the French name "Six Cailloux", meaning "six-stones", was given to a ford on the Umpqua River by Michel Laframboise and a party of Hudson's Bay Company trappers in 1832, because six large stones or rocks lay in the river where they crossed.
Siskiyou Mountains | Name origins
According to Father Georges Lemoine, this name is of Algonquin origin and means where the boiler is and designates a place on the shore where the rock is dug in the form of a boiler. Variant: Baie Martel.
Kikendatch Bay | Toponymy
Plains Cree is classified as a polysynthetic fusional language as a result of the complexity of its affix combinations. Apart from four personal prefixes, Plains Cree utilizes suffixes exclusively.
Plains Cree | Morphology
"Atsina", a Pieagan word, translates to either "gut people" or "like a Cree". Further clarification of the name is required. After the division of peoples, their relations the Arapaho, who considered them inferior, called them "Hitúnĕna", meaning "beggars". Other interpretations of the term have been "hunger", "waterfall", and "big bellies".
Gros Ventre | Name
While a glottal stop phoneme is not otherwise reconstructed, given that Bloomfield's ⟨ʔ⟩ in clusters seems to represent the neutralization of "*p" and "*k" and its realization in Menominee and Cheyenne is a glottal stop, it probably was indeed phonetically . The cluster written ⟨Hm⟩ shows up as "p" or "m" in most of the daughter languages, but as "hm" in Munsee (for example, PA "*wi·kiwa·Hmi" "house" becomes Ojibwe "wiigiwaam", Fox "wîkiyâpi", and Munsee "wíikwahm"). The first member of the cluster may have been either *h or . The clusters "*št" and "*hr" are each reconstructed on the basis of only a single correspondence set ("*št" in "*weštikwa·ni", "his/her head"; and "*hr" in "*re·hre·wa", "s/he breathes") and may not have been part of Proto-Algonquian.
Proto-Algonquian language | Clusters
Presumably of Cree origin, the origin and significance of this hydronym remain uncertain. Nevertheless, the graph of the current hydronym is a modification of Comenscocho and Comenscacho; the first dating back at least to 1931, being indicated on a plan of survey. From 1939, the Comencho form is used on map documents. The nearby Lake Assinica has already been designated Comenscamoca. These toponyms and their variant have in common the root men or min meaning "blueberries". The name Caminscanane Lake, denoting a lake to the west of the previous ones, has been translated as "where there are many blueberries". The toponym "lake Comencho" was officialized on December 5, 1968, by the Commission de toponymie du Québec, when it was created.
Comencho Lake | Toponymy
This is a list of various names the Algonquins have been recorded.
List of Algonquin ethnonyms | Introduction
These peoples live in the boreal forest in what are now Canada's western provinces and territories. They were originally hunter-gatherers dependent on caribou, moose and the fur trade. Most spoke Athapaskan languages except the Crees and Inland Tlingit. Major ethnicities in the Yukon, Northwest Territories and the northern parts of the western provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) include the following:
List of First Nations peoples | Western subarctic
Many distinctively Ulkatcho family names, such as "Cahoose", "Capoose", "Sill", "Squinas", and "Stilas" come from Nuxalk.
Ulkatcho First Nation | Introduction
Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kennedy record fur trader Alexander Ross as the first person "to record an identification of the Lakes (Sinixt) people" by a transcription of their name, in September 1821." Anthropologists Franz Boas, James Teit and Verne Ray, and explorers George Mercer Dawson, James Turnbull, and Walter Moberly (engineer) all added to the extant written record of Sinixt words and place names. James Teit's information was recorded in consultation with Antoinette Christian and her family, who lived at kp'itl'els (Brilliant, B.C.). Verne Ray spoke with James Bernard, who was chief of the Sinixt up to 1934. William Elmendorf, whose findings are not published, consulted with Nancy Wynecoop, who was born around 1865.
Sinixt dialect | Written record
Manitou Lake Little Manitou Lake Manitou | North American Indian religion
List of placenames of indigenous origin in the Americas | Saskatchewan
The origin of the name Quilicura is from the Mapuche language Mapudungun and comes from the words "kila" meaning three and "kura" meaning stone. The "Three Stones" are three hills which separate the area and formed the border with Renca.
Quilicura | Etymology
The name of this reserve originated from its first chief who was born about 1816 on the vast prairie region that was home to his people. He was named Ahtahkakoop, which in Cree means "Starblanket". He was a Head Chief of the Plains Cree who was part of the signing of Treaty Six in 1876. When the treaty was signed, the population of his band was 185 members. As of January 2003 the registered population of Ahtahkakoop is 2600 band members. The language spoken is Cree. The community was formerly known as "Sandy Lake Indian Band".
Ahtahkakoop Cree Nation | History
In Pukatawagan Woods Cree, specific usage of the future markers have been determined. Woods Cree spoken in this area, like other Cree dialects, uses the future markers "ka-" as the second person future marker. It has been agreed that this is a reduction of the second person prefix "ki-" and the future marker "ka-". The first person future marker "na-" however does not follow the same reduction patterns (combining "ni-" first person prefix and "ka-" future marker). It has determined instead to be a portmanteau realization of first person and tense categories. Phono-morphological characteristics In vowel initial verb stems, Woods Cree will use a vowelless variation of the personal prefixes.
Woods Cree | Future Markers
It is likely that the Scottish CREE surname derives from a place name, probably Crieff (Perthshire) or Creich (Fife) The English name CREE derives from a surname change between the baptism of James, the son of Alexander MACKREE, in 1644, and James's marriage as James CREE in 1678. It seems likely that one Irish line (now in England) first appeared as a variant of the Irish name CREAGH, probably in County Clare, Ireland. A separate CREE line from Kent traces back to a Huguenot immigrant named Pierre Jacob Carré. There are also a few minor origins of the name, such as the fifteen or so foundlings named after St Katherine Creechurch in the City of London.
Cree (surname) | Origin of the surname
According to archaeological discoveries, Paleo-Indians inhabited the lands of what is now southern Saskatchewan, including the Montmartre area, since 9500 BCE. Paleoindian means "ancient Indian". The finding of spearheads and bones indicated that people lived on the land for hundreds of years. The Paleo-Indians were a hunter gatherer society who hunted mainly large game animals, such as bison and buffalo. The Assiniboine people, a branch of the Sioux, referred to themselves as Nakota's people. They occupied the southern portion of the plains after migrating from the Devil's Lake Region in the United States. The early Jesuits mention the Assiniboine as a strong and hardy people living in the forest band lake regions around Lake Winnipeg as early as 1640.
Montmartre, Saskatchewan | First Peoples
The Ho-Chunk speak a Siouan language, which they believe to be given to them by their Creator, Mą’ųna (Earthmaker). Their native name is "Ho-Chunk" (or Hoocạk), which has been variously translated as "sacred voice" or "People of the Big Voice," meaning mother tongue, as in they originated the Siouan language family. They usually refer to themselves as meaning "sacred voice people of the Pines". The term "Winnebago" is a term used by the Potawatomi, pronounced as "Winnipego." The Jesuit Relations of 1659–1660 said: Nicolas Perrot was a 17th-century French trader who believed that the Algonquian terms referred to salt-water seas, as these have a distinctive aroma compared with fresh-water lakes.
Ho-Chunk | Name
Cree uses two basic diminutives. In both dimunutives, sound changes may be triggered as ⟨t⟩→⟨c⟩ in most dialects, and ⟨s⟩→⟨š⟩ in the eastern dialects.
List of diminutives by language | Cree
The general Iroquoian name for the Ojibwa is "Dwăkănĕņ", recorded variously as:
List of Ojibwa ethnonyms | Iroquoian names
The distinguishing feature of Woods Cree is the use of the nonpalatalized "-th" sound in places where other dialects of Cree would use a different sound: for example, Plains Cree is known for using the "-y" phoneme. This can be demonstrated by the Cree word for 'I'. In Woods Cree the word for 'I' is "nitha" (niða) whereas in Plains Cree it would be pronounced "niya" (nija) spelt ᓂᔭ in Cree orthography. A significant distinction between Woods Cree and Plains Cree has been questioned in the analysis and history of the language. Various researchers and explorers throughout history however have concluded that there is a "loss of intelligibility between Woods Cree and Plains Cree", distinguishing them as separate languages.
Woods Cree | Nonpalatalized "-th"
This watershed was named Rupert's Land, after Prince Rupert, who helped to subsidize the Hudson's Bay Company. York Factory was founded in 1684 after the original fort of the Hudson's Bay Company, Fort Nelson (built in 1682), was destroyed by rival French traders. Fur trading forts were built by both the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company along the many rivers and lakes, and there was often fierce competition with each other in more southern areas. There are a few possible sources for the name "Manitoba". The more likely is that it comes from Cree or Ojibwe and means "strait of the Manitou (spirit)".
History of Manitoba | Explorers
"Alnashetri" was first described and named by Peter J. Makovicky, , and Federico A. Gianechini in 2012 and the type species is "Alnashetri cerropoliciensis". The generic name is derived from the Günün-a-kunna dialect of the Tehuelche language, meaning "slender thighs" in reference to long and slender hind limbs of the holotype. The specific name "cerropoliciensis" honors the nearby small village of Cerro Policía for the generous assistance from its residents in fieldwork efforts at La Buitrera locality since its discovery in 1999.
Alnashetri | Etymology
The name "Moose Factory" comes from its location on the Moose River, as well as from the fur trade era. The officer in charge of the trading post was referred to as the "factor." Another account is that the name originates from the name of the river and a furniture factory that was once located within the community.
Moose Cree First Nation | Name
The name of this people and their language survives on the modern map as that of the Puntledge River, the Comox Valley locality of Puntledge and the name of the Pentledge 2 Indian Reserve, now allocated to the K'ómoks First Nation band government.
Pentlatch language | Variants
Alternate spellings are "Uguano, Aguanu, Awano"; it has also been called "Santa Crucino". Mason (1950) listed three Aguano groups, Aguano proper (including Seculusepa/Chilicawa and Melikine/Tivilo), Cutinana, and Maparina. Schematically, these can be summarized as:
Aguano language | Names and varieties
The reserve was established around Riding Mountain House, a trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company that operated from 1860 until 1895. The group takes their name from Keeseekoowenin, who was Chief when they moved to the reserve in 1875.
Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation | Origins
MacKay in 1929 for the Nikanassin Range of the front-central ranges of the Canadian Rockies ("Nikanassin" means "first range" in Cree). Mackay did not designate a type locality for the formation, although he described outcrops near the hamlet of Brûlé, north of the Yellowhead Highway outside of Jasper National Park.
Nikanassin Formation | Introduction
Traditionally, they were called either "Noopiming-ininiwag" (People in the Woods) or "Ajijaakoons" (Little Crane) by the Ojibwa. The Oji-Cree identify by the autonym is "Anishinaabe" or "Anishinini" (Original Human). Their language and culture also derive from mixed Ojibwa and Cree traditions. "Anishinaabemowin" (the Oji-Cree language) is more closely related to Ojibwa structurally, although its literary tradition more closely resembles that of Cree. "Anishinaabemowin" has about 12,600 speakers.
Oji-Cree | Introduction
Its name comes from the Mi'kmaq word "gesgapegiag", meaning "strong current" or "large river". It was first documented on a map by Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin in 1686 as "Kichkabeguiak", and appeared as "Kaskabijack" on a map of 1783. By 1863 Stanislas Drapeau used the current spelling.
Cascapédia River | Etymology
The distributive locative suffix /ena:hk/ is used with nouns that reference humans or animals. In this way, "ayīsiyiniw-" "human being" becomes "ayīsiyinināk" "among humans" or "in this world". Similarly, the noun "sāsīw" "Sarci Indian" changes to "at Sarci Reserve" "sāsīnāhk".
Plains Cree | Locative suffix
The following year, this missionary used the First Nations name "Katchiskataouakigs", also used by Bellin on his map of 1744. A map of Jonathan Carver from 1776 indicated "Falls and Rift" to characterize the place. Not until the end of the 19th century did the current toponym begin to appear on survey maps. In 1941, Alcan built at the head of these rapids a dam called Chute-des-Passes, forming Lake Peribonka behind it. The dam's name also refers to the nearby hamlet that formed the east side of the river, and was the former name of Passes-Dangereuses Territory.
Passes-Dangereuses | Toponymy
By the early 19th century, the Apsáalooke fell into three independent groupings, who came together only for common defense: Apsaalooke oral history describes a fourth group, the Bilapiluutche ("Beaver Dries its Fur"), who may have merged with the Kiowa in the second half of the 17th century.
Crow people | Historical subgroups
Cree is a surname which has several separate origins in England, Scotland and Ireland. It occurs in all those countries today and also in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States. It is of "Medium Frequency" in Scotland and Northern Ireland (using the benchmarks of the Guild of One-Name Studies)(Spathaky 1998).
Cree (surname) | Introduction
Attawapiskat (, unpointed: ) means "people of the parting of the rocks" from the Swampy Cree language (). The Attawapiskat River carved out several clusters of spectacular high limestone islands less than from its mouth that are unique to the region. These formations (and therefore the river and community) are called in Swampy Cree.
Attawapiskat First Nation | Etymology
For example, in Nêhiyawêwin (Plains Cree), the term for "cat" is "minôs". With the addition of the prenoun "wâpiski-" ("white"), the term "wâpiski-minôs" means "white cat." With the prenoun "misi-" ("big"), it becomes "misi-minôs," meaning "big cat." Prenouns can also be attached to verbs and then are referred to by the term "preverb"; "misi-mîcsow", "s/he eats a lot"
Prenoun | Algonquian languages
However, it was closed again around the 1960s it is believed, and most Cree residents moved to Mistissini.
Nitchequon | History