In the 20th century, Harvard's reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the university's scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new graduate schools were begun and the undergraduate college expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as the female counterpart of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. The student body in the early decades of the century was predominantly "old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians." A 1923 proposal by President A. Lawrence Lowell that Jews be limited to 15% of undergraduates was rejected, but Lowell did ban blacks from freshman dormitories.
20th century
Harvard University
Harvard University | 20th century
The reputation grew, rapid enrollment growth continued as new graduate schools were begun and the undergraduate college expanded; creative scholarships were reinvigorated President James B. Conant reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee Harvard's preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1943, he asked the faculty to make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary as well as at the college level. In the 20th century, Harvard's reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the university's scope. Harvard's reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the university's scope
when did construction start on the twin towers
user
August 1968
assistant
what was the actual plan behind it?
user
David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority would be a logical choice for taking on the project. Rockefeller argued that the Trade Center would provide great benefits in facilitating and increasing volume of international commerce coming through the Port of New York and New Jersey.
assistant
who is this aforesaid person?
user
An American banker who served as chairman and chief executive of Chase Manhattan Corporation.
assistant
where was he born?
user
New York City, New York.
assistant
where was he educated?
user
Harvard University, London School of Economics (LSE)
assistant
what happened to the former university during the 20th century?
user
During the 20th century, Harvard's international reputation for scholarship grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the university's scope. Explosive growth in the student population continued with the addition of new graduate schools and the expansion of the undergraduate program. It built the largest and finest academic library in the world and built up the labs and clinics needed to establish the reputation of its science departments and the Medical School. The Law School vied with Yale Law for preeminence, while the Business School combined a large-scale research program with a special appeal to entrepreneurs rather than accountants.
History of Harvard University | 20th century
President James B. Conant reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee Harvard's preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1943, he asked the faculty to make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary as well as at the college level. The resulting "Report", published in 1945, was one of the most influential manifestos in 20th century American education.
Harvard University | 20th century
In the 20th century, Harvard's reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the university's scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new graduate schools were begun and the undergraduate college expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as the female counterpart of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. The student body in the early decades of the century was predominantly "old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians." A 1923 proposal by President A. Lawrence Lowell that Jews be limited to 15% of undergraduates was rejected, but Lowell did ban blacks from freshman dormitories.
Harvard University | 20th century
Nevertheless, Harvard became the bastion of a distinctly Protestant élite – the so-called Boston Brahmin class – and continued to be so well into the 20th century. The annual undergraduate tuition was $300 in the 1930s and $400 in the 1940s, doubling to $800 in 1953. It reached $2,600 in 1970 and $22,700 in 2000.
History of Harvard University | Elitism
The different schools maintain their separate endowments, which are very large in the case of the College/Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and the Business, Law and Medical Schools, but quite modest for the Divinity and Education schools. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. In the 1920s Edward Harkness (1874–1940), a Yale man with oil wealth, was ignored by his alma mater and so gave $12,000,000 to Harvard to establish a house system like that of Oxford University. Yale later took his money and set up a similar system.
History of Harvard University | 20th century
During the 20th century Harvard Law School was known for its competitiveness. For example, Bob Berring called it "a samurai ring where you can test your swordsmanship against the swordsmanship of the strongest intellectual warriors from around the nation." When Langdell developed the original law school curriculum, Harvard President Charles Eliot told him to make it "hard and long." An urban legend holds that incoming students are told to "Look to your left, look to your right, because one of you won't be here by the end of the year." Scott Turow's memoir "One L" and John Jay Osborn's novel "The Paper Chase" describe such an environment.
Harvard Law School | 20th century: institutional criticism
After returning from World War I, Crosby attended Harvard in the spring of 1919 under an accelerated program for veterans. He took 19 courses, six in French (which he read and spoke fluently) and six in English literature. The remainder of his courses were in fine arts, music, Spanish, and social ethics. Taking his studies very lightly, he thought he was going to fail, and paid a knowledgeable man who was familiar with what questions would be asked on the examinations to tutor him. He graduated with a bachelor of arts in 1921. He yearned, though, to escape the rigidity of everyday life in Boston.
Harry Crosby | Attends Harvard
He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1901 before getting his B.A. from Harvard College in 1905. He also received a B.S. from the Lawrence Scientific School (Harvard University) in 1906 and a D.P.L.G. from Ecole Nationale des Beaux-Arts In 1911. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa while at Harvard University.
Fitch Harrison Haskell | Education
Though Eliot was the crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education but by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions influenced by William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Harvard University | 19th century
Though Harvard ended required chapel in the mid-1880s, the school remained culturally Protestant and fears of dilution grew as enrollment of immigrants, Catholics and Jews surged at the turn of the 20th century. By 1908, Catholics made up nine percent of the freshman class and between 1906 and 1922 Jewish enrollment at Harvard increased from six to 25%. President A. Lawrence Lowell tried to impose a 12% quota on Jews, but the faculty rejected it even though he managed to cut the numbers in half anyway. By the end of World War II, the quotas and most of the latent antisemitism had faded away.
History of Harvard University | Minorities
But, in 1893, Herbert suffered a nervous breakdown and withdrew again from Harvard. Herbert and Louise moved to Cornish, New Hampshire, where he recovered. In 1895, Herbert enrolled for the final time at Harvard at the age of 26. He excelled in his studies until 1899, when he withdrew for the last time from Harvard for unknown reasons, without a degree.
Herbert Croly | Education
In between, he studied at the Harvard School of Physical Training–from which he took a degree in 1895.
W. A. Lambeth | Harvard
Levitt apologized to both, and wrote Paul that he could not now consult anyone he trusted about the ERA for fear of being betrayed again. Nevertheless, influenced by Hill, he continued his work for Paul until the end of 1921. On December 24, 1921, by now working at the University of North Dakota, he married Hill in Chicago.
Albert Levitt | Harvard and the ERA
For a brief while he stayed on as a teaching assistant, and then in the fall of 1923 was accepted as a postgraduate student at Oxford University where he began a doctoral course in the development of French Renaissance Art. His studies, out of necessity, required more time spent on the continent than in Britain, and he spent several years in the Paris archives and on tours of Italian and French museums, castles, and churches, tracing the spread of new ideas in art from 15th century Italy to France. He had great trouble completing the written portion of his work and he returned to Harvard in 1926 with little to show for his efforts.
George N. Kates | Harvard, Oxford and Hollywood
By the 50th anniversary of the University Extension in 1960, more than 1,400 courses had been offered and there had been more than 85,000 enrollments. While the vast majority of classes were held on the Harvard campus, a few in the late 1960s were offered at MIT and BU, as well as at the Old South Meeting House. At this time non-credit courses cost between $15 and $25, and courses for credit cost between $20 and $35. In the 1970s the University realized it had a problem retaining employees, so it began the Tuition Assistance Plan (TAP). In the first year 238 employees took advantage.
History of Harvard Extension School | Late 20th century
In the 19th century, Enlightenment ideas of reason and free will were widespread among Congregational ministers, putting those ministers and their congregations in tension with more traditionalist, Calvinist parties. When Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and President Joseph Willard died a year later, a struggle broke out over their replacements. Henry Ware was elected to the Hollis chair in 1805, and the liberal Samuel Webber was appointed to the presidency two years later, signaling the shift from the dominance of traditional ideas at Harvard to the dominance of liberal, Arminian ideas. Charles William Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction.
Harvard University | 19th century
During this time, the German language became an international academic language. A number of dissertations in the UK and the US had German titles. One might be considered having had a complete academic training only when one had studied in Germany. Thus, many American students were proud of having studied in Germany, and the University of Göttingen had profound impacts on the US. A number of American politicians, lawyers, historians and writers received their education from both Harvard and Göttingen. For example, Edward Everett, once Secretary of State and President of Harvard University, stayed in Göttingen for two years of study.
University of Göttingen | Turn of the 20th Century
At Harvard, Read studied medicine and graduated in 1781. He taught school in Beverly and Salem and was elected a tutor in Harvard University. After graduating, he became a scholar until 1783. Then, he was elected a tutor and continued his labors as such where he continued until 1787. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1791.
Nathan Read | Harvard University
Nonetheless, he was considered a good student and was well liked by his classmates. Kovner stayed at Harvard, studying political economy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, notably under prominent conservative scholar Edward C. Banfield. Kovner did not finish his Ph.D., but continued his studies at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government until 1970. Over the next few years, he engaged in a number of eclectic efforts; he worked on political campaigns, studied the harpsichord, was a writer, and a cab driver. It was during the latter occupation, not long after his marriage to now ex-wife Sarah Peter, that he discovered commodities trading.
Bruce Kovner | Early life and education
During the American Revolution, Loyalist alumni were outnumbered seven to one by Patriots—seven alumni died in the fighting.
History of Harvard University | 18th century
Under Eliot, Harvard became a worldwide university, accepting its students around America using standardized entrance examinations and hiring well-known scholars from home and abroad. Eliot was an administrative reformer, reorganizing the university's faculty into schools and departments and replacing recitations with lectures and seminars. During his forty-year presidency, the university vastly expanded its facilities, with laboratories, libraries, classrooms, and athletic facilities replacing simple colonial structures. Eliot attracted the support of major donors from among the nation's growing plutocracy, making it the wealthiest private university in the world. Eliot's leadership made Harvard not only the pace-setter for other American schools, but a major figure in the reform of secondary school education.
Charles William Eliot | Legacy
Law continued to be a strong subject for Brasenose (following on from Stallybrass through principals Herbert Hart and Barry Nicholas), as was the emerging subject of Politics, Philosophy and Economics, starting with the fellowship of Vernon Bogdanor. Brasenose's finances were secured, and it thus entered the twenty-first century in a good position as regards financial, extracurricular and academic success.
Brasenose College, Oxford | Late twentieth century
Brasenose lost 115 men in the First World War (including a quarter of the 1913 year), with its undergraduate numbers greatly reduced. Lord Curzon's post-War reforms were successfully instituted. The inter-war period was defined by William Stallybrass, who as fellow and eventual principal (until 1948) dominated college life. Brasenose once again produced top sportsmen – cricketers, rowers, and others. This came at the cost of falling academic standards and poorly performing finances, which would see Stallybrass' authority challenged. He died in a railway accident before he could be forced out, however. After the war, sporting achievements waned (although there were notable exceptions) but academic success did not improve significantly, in what was now one of Oxford's largest colleges.
Brasenose College, Oxford | Early twentieth century
He then returned to Harvard to write his dissertation on Hermann Lotze (1889). He was a professor at Harvard from 1889-1912, becoming part of the Golden Age of the Harvard philosophy department. Some of his Harvard students became famous in their own right, including T. S. Eliot, Robert Frost, Gertrude Stein, Horace Kallen, Walter Lippmann, and W. E. B. Du Bois. Wallace Stevens was not among his students but became a friend. From 1896 to 1897, Santayana studied at King's College, Cambridge.
George Santayana | Education
Abrams was the son of Eastern European Jewish immigrants in Long Branch, New Jersey. The son of a house painter and the first in his family to go to college, he entered Harvard University as an undergraduate in 1930. He went into English because, he says, "there weren't jobs in any other profession..., so I thought I might as well enjoy starving, instead of starving while doing something I didn't enjoy." After earning his bachelor's degree in 1934, Abrams won a Henry Fellowship to Magdalene College, Cambridge, where his tutor was I.A. Richards. He returned to Harvard for graduate school in 1935 and received a master's degree in 1937 and a Ph.D.
M. H. Abrams | Early life
Between 1830 and 1870, Harvard became "privatized". While the Federalists controlled state government, Harvard had prospered and the 1824 defeat of the Federalist Party in Massachusetts allowed the renascent Democratic-Republicans to block state funding of private universities. By 1870, the politicians and ministers that heretofore had made up the university's board of overseers had been replaced by Harvard alumni drawn from Boston's upper-class business and professional community and funded by private endowment. During this period, Harvard experienced unparalleled growth that securely placed it financially in a league of its own among American colleges. Ronald Story notes that in 1850, Harvard's total assets were "five times that of Amherst and Williams combined, and three times that of Yale".
History of Harvard University | Elitism
Harvard College, around which Harvard University eventually grew, was founded in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. For centuries, its graduates dominated Massachusetts' clerical and civil ranks and beginning in the 19th century its stature became national, then international, as a dozen graduate and professional schools were formed alongside the nucleus undergraduate College. Historically influential in national roles are the schools of medicine (1782), law (1817) and business (1908) as well as the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1890). Since the late 19th century Harvard has been one of the most prestigious schools in the world, its library system and financial endowment larger than those of any other.
History of Harvard University | Introduction
During the six years Huntington D. Lambert was dean, the number of students grew to more than 30,000. His first year in office, there were 645 graduates. His last year in office, 2019, there were more than 1,200 graduates. The graduating class of 2019, the largest class to date, had 1184 students receiving degrees. The students had an average age of 37 and were nearly equally split between the genders, with 54% being male. The graduating class had students from 49 different countries.
History of Harvard Extension School | Early 21st century
He also taught economics at TAMU before his entry into World War II.
Texas A&amp;M University | University era
As the economy stabilized, the threat to dissolve the College receded, though it did not disappear. Meanwhile, interest in the school rose, as financial destitution forced many Chicago-area students to forgo residential institutions elsewhere for a commuter campus closer to home.
Chicago State University | Early 20th century
At the conclusion of his military service in 1946, he joined the faculty of Harvard University. There, he became one of Harvard's most popular and iconic professors, teaching its undergraduates "Western Thought and Institutions" for more than three decades, a course that covered European history, philosophy, and politics by examining six of history's revolutions in great detail—the twelfth century clash between church and state that resulted in Magna Carta; the Protestant Reformation of the early sixteenth century; the English revolution of the mid-seventeenth century; the French Revolution; the British Age of Reform of the early nineteenth century; and the rise and fall of Nazi Germany in the twentieth century.
Samuel Beer | Teaching and published works
From 1902-1903 he studied in Germany, at Göttingen, where he was the first American to study with Edmund Husserl, and in Berlin and Heidelberg. He returned to Harvard and completed his PhD in 1904.
William Ernest Hocking | Early life and education
Holt was born in Winchester, Massachusetts. He graduated from Harvard in 1896 and received his Ph.D., also from Harvard, in 1901. His mentors at Harvard were William James, Hugo Münsterberg, and Josiah Royce. Holt retired from teaching at Harvard in 1918. Kuklick (1977) has suggested that Holt's retirement from Harvard was due to various causes. First, Holt shared William James' concerns and criticisms of academia, and resented the fact that academic life had by his time turned into a quest for personal glory and prestige, rather than an honest quest for knowledge. Second, members of his intellectual group of friends, which included Robert Yerkes, Herbert Langfeld, and Ralph Barton Perry, left Cambridge or withdrew for familial reasons.
Edwin Holt | Biography
He attended Harvard University, Columbia University, and New York University, but did not complete a degree.
Herbert Pell | Early life
By 1982 it was 834 students, with 37 degree candidates. The program effectively solved the retention problem. In 1978 a survey found that the majority of students had a family income of less than $15,000, which was less than the national average of $16,000. On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his 1930 graduation from Harvard College, Phelps said of all his administrative duties at Harvard he "found Extension the most rewarding. Partly, this was, no doubt, because I could run a rising program with practically no interference; partly it was the feeling that a second chance in education for people passed by in the normal run of school and college is one of the finest aspects of American education; and partly it was the chance to establish and maintain friendly relations thorough our programs with black people in Boston, who would otherwise have not have had any contact with Harvard."
History of Harvard Extension School | Late 20th century
Others proposed abandoning the classical curriculum, in favor of more vocational offerings. Harvard was in the middle of this crisis. After three undistinguished short-term clerical presidencies in a ten-year period, the college was slowly fading out. Boston's business leaders, many of them Harvard alumni, were pressing for change — though with no clear idea of the kinds of changes they wanted. On his return to the United States in 1865, Eliot accepted an appointment as Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the newly founded Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In that year, an important revolution occurred in the government of Harvard University.
Charles William Eliot | Crisis in American colleges
The School joined the federal University of London in 1900, and was recognised as a Faculty of Economics of the university. The University of London degrees of BSc (Econ) and DSc (Econ) were established in 1901, the first university degrees dedicated to the social sciences. Expanding rapidly over the following years, the school moved initially to the nearby 10 Adelphi Terrace, then to Clare Market and Houghton Street. The foundation stone of the Old Building, on Houghton Street, was laid by King George V in 1920; the building was opened in 1922. The 1930s economic debate between LSE and Cambridge is well known in academic circles.
London School of Economics | 20th century
The early motto of Harvard was "Veritas Christo et Ecclesiae", meaning "Truth for Christ and the Church". In the early classes, half the graduates became ministers (though by the 1760s the proportion was down to 15%) and ten of Harvard's first twelve presidents were ministers. Systematic theological instruction was inaugurated in 1721 and by 1827 Harvard became a nucleus of theological teaching in New England. The end of Mather's presidency in 1701 marked the start of a long struggle between orthodoxy and liberalism. Harvard's first secular president was John Leverett, who began his term in 1708. Leverett left the curriculum largely intact and sought to keep the College independent of the overwhelming influence of any single sect.
History of Harvard University | 18th century
George Ticknor spent two years studying classics in Göttingen. Even John Lothrop Motley, a diplomat and historian, had personal friendship with Otto von Bismarck during his two-year-long study in Göttingen. George Bancroft, a politician and historian, received his PhD from the University of Göttingen in 1820.
University of Göttingen | Turn of the 20th Century
Lowell, Conant's predecessor, had imposed a 15 percent quota on Jewish students in 1922, something Conant had voted to support. This quota was later substituted with geographic distribution preferences, having the same effect of limiting Jewish admission. In the words of historians Morton and Phyllis Keller, "Conant's pro-quota position in the early 1920s, his preference for more students from small towns and cities and the South and West, and his cool response to the plight of the Jewish academic refugees from Hitler suggest that he shared the mild antisemitism common to his social group and time. But his commitment to meritocracy made him more ready to accept able Jews as students and faculty."
James B. Conant | President of Harvard
In 1820, he received his doctorate from the University of Göttingen. He returned to Heidelberg Schlierbach, where he had stayed during his studies in Heidelberg University. He founded a learning community for natural science and religion called Heidelbridge Community College, which in 1825 became Heidelbridge University of Science. This university received profound support from Harvard and in 1916 merged part of its academic learning with Heidelberg University, except medicine and law which still remained under the leadership of the Harvard Academic Council, although joint academic activities were exercised by the U.S. Army Europe Command. No current activities are known since the U.S.
George Bancroft | Early life and education
The following year he went to Harvard University in the United States as a Henry Fellow, gaining an SM master's degree in 1938.
Derman Christopherson | Introduction
Samuel Sewall was educated at Harvard by Hoar, one of only three students to graduate from Harvard in 1673. He was also one of the few to come to Hoar's defense in 1674 or 1675, just before Hoar was forced to resign. Some members of the corporation had combined against him, with the result that all the students, with the exception of three, had left. Sewall later argued that "the causes of the lowness of the Colledge were external as well as internal." Daniel Munro Wilson wrote
Leonard Hoar | Harvard Presidency and death
In the 1930s, junior fellows did not normally take a Ph. D., so that Harry, like his noted predecessor, George Lyman Kittredge, remained an A.B., though he was in time to receive six honorary degrees, including ones from Oxford and the Sorbonne, and though he was, over the years, to supervise over ninety doctoral theses. Levin began teaching at Harvard in 1939 and that same year he married Elena Zarudnaya. He was named "Irving Babbitt Professor of Comparative Literature" at Harvard in 1960 and retired in 1983. He continued to live near campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts, until his death in 1994.
Harry Levin | Life and career
In the decades immediately after 1945, Harvard reformed its admissions policies as it sought students from a more diverse applicant pool. Whereas Harvard undergraduates had almost exclusively been upper-class alumni of select New England "feeder schools" such as Exeter, Hotchkiss, Choate Rosemary Hall and Milton Academy, increasing numbers of international, minority and working-class students had by the late 1960s altered the ethnic and socio-economic makeup of the college. Not just undergraduates, but the faculty became more diverse, especially in its willingness to hire Jews, Catholics and foreign scholars. The History Department was among the first to hire Jews and how it contributed to the university trend toward professionalism from 1920 to 1950.
History of Harvard University | Meritocracy
He studied the biochemistry of oxyhemoglobin providing insight into the disease methemoglobinemia, helped to explain the structure of chlorophyll, and contributed important insights that underlie modern theories of acid-base chemistry. In 1933, Conant became the President of Harvard University with a reformist agenda that involved dispensing with a number of customs, including class rankings and the requirement for Latin classes. He abolished athletic scholarships, and instituted an "up or out" policy, under which scholars who were not promoted were terminated. His egalitarian vision of education required a diversified student body, and he promoted the adoption of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and co-educational classes.
James B. Conant | Introduction
Following the American Civil War, President Charles William Eliot's long tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university; Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. James B. Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II; he liberalized admissions after the war. The university is composed of ten academic faculties plus the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Arts and Sciences offers study in a wide range of academic disciplines for undergraduates and for graduates, while the other faculties offer only graduate degrees, mostly professional. Harvard has three main campuses: the Cambridge campus centered on Harvard Yard; an adjoining campus immediately across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston; and the medical campus in Boston's Longwood Medical Area.
Harvard University | Introduction
For thirteen years, President Charles William Eliot had been attempting to transform Harvard from a provincially famous institution into a nationally recognized and admired leader in higher education. He believed that to do so, Harvard needed to attract students who came from all over the country, not just from Boston—and not just the wealthy. The academic curriculum needed to cater not just students in the liberal arts, but also ones who saw higher education as a path towards upward mobility, and as a way to pursue non-humanist studies. "The 1880s was in a sense the 'last gasp' of the leisured gentlemen, the last time they would dominate the university's academic and social structure." What seemed a mass movement toward practicality and specialization that would drain the university of the aestheticism and humanism frustrated the young men who would eventually found the "Monthly"; each was involved with one or more of the other Harvard literary publications—the "Lampoon", the "Advocate", and the "Crimson", which didn't offer the creative outlet they felt necessary.
The Harvard Monthly | Founding and Subsequent Years
He received his J.D. from Harvard Law School, his M.P.P. from Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government, and his Ph.D. in public policy from the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.
Lawrence Bacow | Early life and education
Many of his classmates at Harvard went on to distinguished careers: historian George Bancroft, politicians Caleb Cushing and Samuel A. Eliot, journalist David Lee Child, educators George B. Emerson and Alva Woods, noted clergyman Stephen H. Tyng, and reformer Samuel J. May (Sewall's cousin). In the fall of 1817 he entered the newly established Harvard Law School, receiving his LL.B. degree in 1820.
Samuel Edmund Sewall | Early life and education
Moten enrolled in Harvard University in 1980 hoping to pursue a degree in economics. His interest in sociopolitical discourse, the work of Noam Chomsky, civic outreach, and political activism led him away from his studies. At the end of his first year, Moten was required to take a year leave. During this time, he worked as a janitor at the Nevada Test Site, wrote poetry, and discovered the works of T.S. Eliot and Joseph Conrad, among many others. His return to Harvard was more successful and led to developing his understanding of prose and finding more inspiration for his own work.
Fred Moten | Biography
He graduated from Oxford with a BA in 1971, then studied history at Yale University, where he was taught by Henry Ashby Turner, obtaining an MA in 1974, MPhil in 1976 and PhD in 1982.
Peter Hayes (historian) | Early life and education
Paul's (1901–1903) prior to entering Harvard University, where he was a member of the Phoenix S K Club. At the age of fourteen, he learned to sail, and soon after learned horsemanship—both skills would serve him well in his later historical writings. He earned both a Bachelor of Arts and Master's degree from Harvard in 1908. After studying at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques (1908–1909), Morison returned to Harvard.
Samuel Eliot Morison | Early life (1887–1912)
Under the terms of his will, Elmwood was bequeathed to Harvard, although his wife was granted lifetime occupancy. She died in 1962, at which time Harvard took full control of the property. After major renovations Elmwood was occupied by Franklin L. Ford, who served as Harvard's Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences for most of the 1960s. Acting President Derek Bok moved his family to its bucolic grounds in 1971 amid security concerns originating in student protest activity near the then-president's residence on Quincy Street. The house has been the official residence of Harvard presidents since. It still houses portions of the Lowell library.
Elmwood (Cambridge, Massachusetts) | 20th century to present
Story also notes that "all the evidence... points to the four decades from 1815 to 1855 as the era when parents, in Henry Adams's words, began 'sending their children to Harvard College for the sake of its social advantages'". Under President Eliot's tenure, Harvard earned a reputation for being more liberal and democratic than either Princeton or Yale in regard to bigotry against Jews and other ethnic minorities. In 1870, one year into Eliot's term, Richard Theodore Greener became the first African-American to graduate from Harvard College. Seven years later, Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish justice on the Supreme Court, graduated from Harvard Law School.
History of Harvard University | Elitism
As the College modernized in the late 19th century, the faculty was organized into departments and began to add graduate programs, especially the PhD. Charles William Eliot, president from 1869 to 1909, was a chemist who had spent two years in Germany studying their universities. Thousands of Americans, mostly Harvard and Yale alumni, had attended German universities, especially Berlin and Göttingen. Eliot used the German model to set up graduate programs at Harvard and he formed a graduate department in 1872, which granted its first Ph.D. degrees in 1873 to William Byerly in mathematics and Charles Whitney in history. Eliot set up the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences with its own dean and budget in 1890, which dealt with graduate students and funded research programs.
History of Harvard University | Graduate school
In 1897, Lowell became lecturer, and in 1898, professor of government at Harvard. His publishing career continued with the appearance of "Colonial Civil Service" in 1900, and "The Government of England" in two volumes in 1908. In December 1901, Lowell and his wife donated funds anonymously to erect a building housing a large lecture hall, a facility the university lacked at the time. It became the New Lecture Hall (later renamed Lowell Lecture Hall), at the corner of Oxford and Kneeland Streets, and held a 928-seat auditorium as well as 8 meeting rooms. From relatively early in his professional career, Lowell worried about the role of racial and ethnic minorities in American society.
A. Lawrence Lowell | Harvard University
At the turn of the 20th century the improved financial status of the family allowed its children higher education than was previously possible. Many received their education from the country's higher education institutions and some travelled abroad to study.
Howayek (surname) | Education
Born in Brookline, Massachusetts, he graduated from Harvard University and Oxford University. Between 1897 and 1899 Julian Coolidge taught at the Groton School where one of his students was Franklin D. Roosevelt. He left the private school to accept a teaching position at Harvard and in 1902 was given an assistant professorship, but took two years off to further his education with studies in Turin, Italy before receiving his doctorate from the University of Bonn. Julian Coolidge then returned to teach at Harvard where he remained for his entire academic career, interrupted only by a year at the Sorbonne in Paris as an exchange professor.
Julian Coolidge | Biography
Lowell's health declined slowly and his lifelong hearing problems worsened. He resigned his position as Harvard's president on November 21, 1932, and served through the following summer. During his years as president, enrollment at the College expanded from 3,000 to 8,000 and its endowment grew from $23 to $123 million. Lowell's construction projects, some based on the Freshman Halls and the College system, but including Widener Library, the Memorial Church and many others, had transformed the university's infrastructure. Also among the new campus buildings of Lowell's tenure was the President's House (later called Loeb House) at 17 Quincy Street, which Lowell commissioned from his cousin Guy Lowell.
A. Lawrence Lowell | Later years
In 1826, at the age of 16 he entered Harvard and graduated among the top of his class in 1829. He was one of the "Class of 1829", made famous by Oliver Wendell Holmes. During Commencement exercises at Harvard in 1829 he participated in a conference on "Natural, Civil, Ecclesiastical, and Literary History, considered in relation to the Tendency of each to improve and elevate the Intellectual Faculty".
Edwin Conant | Harvard University
Hanson received his Ph.D from Harvard in 1959. Prior to his graduation, he lived in Alsace and studied in Europe on a scholarship.
Harlan Hanson | Harvard and WWII
Army Signal Corps as a private, and served in France as a second lieutenant for the duration. In 1919 he returned to Europe on the fellowship he had declined before the war. In 1920 he was appointed assistant professor at New York University, becoming a full professor four years later. He returned to Harvard in 1926, and in 1939 he succeeded George Lyman Kittredge as Gurney Professor of English. He directed more than 100 doctoral dissertations during his Harvard career, retiring in 1956 and continuing to reside in Cambridge. The last four years of his life were devoted to fixing the sequence and text of Keats' letters.
Hyder Edward Rollins | Life
Growing up in an uneducated family of Jewish-Russian descent, Levin was accepted by Harvard University as an undergraduate in 1940 at the age of sixteen, after skipping two grades at Newton High School in Queens, New York. However, his family found it unaffordable and considered him too young for such a large institution. He partially worked his way through high school and college as a jazz pianist/arranger and later attended Harvard Law School as a Carnegie Fellow in Law and Economics. Originally planning to pursue English literature, he became fluent in seven other languages, including Japanese, by his college years.
Harvey J. Levin | Early Life
Despite his absences he did make some changes: re-implementation of Greek and Hebrew instruction, replacement of classical Roman authors with Biblical and Christian authors in ethics classes, enactment of requirements that students attend classes regularly, live and eat on campus, and that seniors not haze other students.
Increase Mather | Harvard College
In his late-20s, he returned to Harvard as a W. E. B. Du Bois Fellow before becoming an assistant professor at Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York. In 1984, he went to Yale Divinity School in what eventually became a joint appointment in American studies. While at Yale, he participated in campus protests for a clerical labor union and divestment from apartheid South Africa. One of the protests resulted in his being arrested and jailed. As punishment, the university administration canceled his leave for the spring term in 1987, leading him to commute from Yale in New Haven, Connecticut, where he was teaching two classes, across the Atlantic Ocean to the University of Paris.
Cornel West | Academic appointments
At Gallaudet he maintained a high GPA and completed his bachelor's degree in Theatre Arts, graduating in 2008.
Russell Harvard | Early life and education
Croly attended the City College of New York for one year and entered Harvard College in 1886. David Croly soon became concerned that his son was being exposed to improper philosophical material at Harvard. The father was a follower of Auguste Comte and discouraged Herbert from studying theology and philosophers that did not agree with Comte. During Herbert’s first two years at Harvard, David became gravely ill, and in 1888 Herbert dropped out of Harvard to become his father’s private secretary and companion. His father died on April 29, 1889. After Herbert married Louise Emory in 1892 he re-enrolled in Harvard.
Herbert Croly | Education
Also like John Harvard, many in Lionel's line had attended Emmanuel College, Cambridge and become ministers. On his leaving St Olave's, however, the family's finances ruled out any ambition to attend Emmanuel College himself, and so he took employment with a firm of marine insurance brokers. In 1910 a group of Harvard alumni offered to underwrite Lionel's attendance at Harvard College, which itself waived the tuition of $150 per year. He failed his first attempt at the entrance exam, but after a year of refresher study he qualified, and "set out for Cambridge, Massachusetts in lieu of Cambridge, England", as his friend John Paulding Brown put it later.
Lionel de Jersey Harvard | Background
Helson received his bachelor's degree from Harvard University in 1947. With the support of a Harvard travelling fellowship, he spent the academic year 1947–1948 in Europe; he visited London, Paris, Prague, and Vienna, but spent most of his time in Warsaw and then from spring 1948 in Wroclaw, where he worked with Marczewski. Helson received his Ph.D. in 1950 from Harvard with supervisor Lynn Loomis and then spent the academic year 1950–1951 primarily in Uppsala working with Beurling but with frequent trips elsewhere in Europe. He became in 1951 an instructor and then an assistant professor at Yale University. He became in 1955 an assistant professor, in 1958 an associate professor, and in 1961 a full professor at the University of California, Berkeley, retiring there as professor emeritus in 1993.
Henry Helson | Education and career
James Bryant Conant (president, 1933–1953) pledged to reinvigorate creative scholarship at Harvard and reestablish its preeminence among research institutions. Viewing higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1943, Conant decided that Harvard's undergraduate curriculum needed to be revised so as to place more emphasis on general education and called on the faculty make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be at the secondary as well as the college level. The resulting "Report", published in 1945, was one of the most influential manifestos in the history of American education in the 20th century.
History of Harvard University | Meritocracy
In fall 1956 he began his Ph.D. studies at Harvard University under I. Bernard Cohen. His teaching assistant work was supervised by Leonard K. Nash. In a seminar with W. K. Jordan he presented a paper on the English followers of Paracelsus which received the Bowdoin Prize in the Natural Sciences, the first of two from his years at Harvard. In September 1959 he went to London, England to delve more deeply into the topic. There he met regularly with Walter Pagel and attended University College of London courses given by Douglas McKie. Returning to Harvard, he completed the requirements for a Harvard Ph.D.
Allen G. Debus | Higher education
He transformed the earlier variety of scientific courses into the School for Industrial Foremen at MIT, later called the Lowell Institute School, and focused its program on mechanical and electrical engineering. Stating that "any popular education at the present day should be systematic," he hired Harvard professors to repeat their courses for an audience of adults in Boston in the late afternoon or evening, promising the same quality and examinations. When he became Harvard's President, Lowell exploited his two positions to press further. In 1910 he led in the formation of a consortium of area schools, soon called the Commission on Extension Courses, that included Boston University, Boston College, MIT, Simmons, Tufts, Wellesley, and the Museum of Fine Arts.
A. Lawrence Lowell | Lowell Institute and Harvard Extension School
He joined the Harvard University faculty following the completion of his military service in 1954, and remained there full-time until his death. May was named as associate professor of history in 1959 and as a full professor in 1963. He served as the dean of Harvard College for two years starting in 1969, and served as chairman of the Harvard history department from 1976 to 1979. At the John F. Kennedy School of Government, May also served on the faculty. May and historian Richard Neustadt created a course that had students make choices for current political issues based on a thorough review of choices made over the course of history.
Ernest R. May | Harvard University
John Lowell, Jr., a wealthy Boston businessman, became gravely ill during a camel trip across the Egyptian desert and wrote his will on the banks of the Nile River in Cairo. He died on March 4, 1836, shortly after arriving in Bombay, India, and his will was executed back in Boston. In it, he set aside half his fortune to be used for "the maintenance and support of Public Lectures to be delivered in said Boston upon philosophy, natural history, and the arts and sciences...for the promotion of the moral and intellectual and physical instruction or education of the citizens of the said city of Boston.
History of Harvard Extension School | Lowell Institute
He then proceeded to study law and teach until 1911, when he took the Le Conte Memorial Fellowship then offered by the University to study for a year at Harvard University, where he befriended A. Lawrence Lowell, the President of Harvard University at the time. Although he left his heart in San Francisco, Engert would modify his background as it suited him throughout his life: to The New York Times and other newspapers, he was of "Dutch parentage"; to others, he presented himself as having German relatives, or English and Dutch parentage. Indeed, though it was preserved in federal records, including his naturalization papers in 1910, by the time of his entry into graduate school, Engert had dropped his misspelled first name.
Cornelius Van Hemert Engert | Early life and education
In the fall of 1913 Lake travelled to the United States to lecture for a year at the Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge, Massachusetts and to deliver the Lowell Lectures in Boston. Just before he was to leave for Europe he was offered a position at Harvard Divinity School, which he accepted. In the announcement of his hiring it was reported: "He comes when there is no definite gap to be filled, but merely because his eminent scholarship could add to the teaching strength of Harvard." From 1914 until 1919 he was professor of early Christian literature. Then in 1919, following the retirement of Ephraim Emerton, he was appointed to a Harvard chair becoming the Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History, which he held until 1932.
Kirsopp Lake | Harvard years
Between 1961 and 1966, the BU Law Tower, the George Sherman Union, and the Mugar Memorial Library were constructed in the Brutalist style, a departure from the school's traditional architecture. The College of Engineering and College of Communication were housed in a former stable building and auto-show room, respectively. Besides his efforts to expand the university into a rival for Greater Boston's more prestigious academic institutions, such as Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (both in Cambridge across the Charles River from the BU campus), Case involved himself in the start of the student/societal upheavals that came to characterize the 1960s.
Boston University | 20th century and establishment of the Charles River campus
He gained a Kennedy Scholarship to study at Harvard University between 1981 and 1982.
Alan Duncan | Education
Ed Hunt completed his B.A. from the Harvard College in 1942. After that, Hunt served in the United States Air Force for nearly 4 years during the second world war. However, he resumed his studies at the university after the war. In 1951, he completed his Ph.D. from the Harvard University with Earnest Albert Hooton as his doctoral advisor. He was Hooton's last doctorate student. He was also well versed in the subjects of mathematics and statistics.
Edward Eyre Hunt Jr. | Education
'to the Dignity of the Familie whereto the student severally belong'—a list that was printed in the college catalogue and that determined precedence in such matters as table seating, position in academic processionals, even recitations in class." Ronald Story, however, says that it was during “the four decades from 1815 to 1855” that “parents, in Henry Adams′ words, began sending their children to Harvard College for the sake of its social advantages.” A further intensification of the importance of the Big Three occurred during the 1920s; According to E. Digby Baltzell, “in a … managerial society, the proper college degree became the main criterion for potential elite status… it was during the [1920s] that certain institutions of high prestige, such as Harvard, Yale and Princeton (and Stanford on the West Coast) became all-important as upper-class-ascribing institutions.” Not coincidentally, this was also the era when the Big Three became concerned by “the Jewish problem” and began instituting interviews, essays, and judgements of “character” into the admissions process.
Big Three (colleges) | Historic status
In 1956, he returned to teaching at Harvard as the Instructor in 1957 at the Department of Government, Harvard University and was promoted, 1960, as the Allston Burr senior tutor at the Dunster House of the University. In 1964, he became the Associate Professor of Political Science and the Social Sciences, Department of Political Science and the College at the University of Chicago, promoted as Professor in 1972 and retired from there in 2002. On his retirement, he was made the Professor Emeritus of Political Science.
Lloyd Rudolph | Career
He was educated at Swarthmore (A.B. 1876), Harvard (A.B. 1878), Leipzig, and Göttingen (Ph.D. 1884). From 1883 to 1885, he was instructor in Greek and Sanskrit at Williams College, and then for two years, and he was reader in Greek at Johns Hopkins. From 1887 to 1901, he was professor of Greek at Bryn Mawr. In the latter year, he was called to Harvard as professor of Greek and in 1902, and he was appointed Eliott professor of Greek literature, succeeding Goodwin. From 1899 to 1900, he was professor of the Greek language and literature at the American Classical School at Athens.
Herbert Weir Smyth | Life
That same year he enrolled for graduate study at Harvard University. In 1950, he attended Sorbonne University in Paris on a Fulbright Scholarship.
Nat Hentoff | Early life
He got a law degree in 1886 and was appointed assistant professor at Harvard. He became professor of economics in 1892, and he remained at Harvard for the balance of his professional career except for several years spent in federal service and some time spent traveling in Europe recovering from a nervous disorder.
F. W. Taussig | Teaching
He made the acquaintance of Harold Laski, Joan Robinson and other young left-wing British thinkers of the day. Upon his return to the United States, Sweezy again enrolled at Harvard, from which he received his doctorate degree in 1937. During his studies, Sweezy had become the ""ersatz" son" ("ersatz" meaning "replacement" in German) of the renowned, Austrian-born economist Joseph Schumpeter, although on an intellectual level, their views were diametrically opposed. Later, as colleagues, their debates on the "Laws of Capitalism" were of legendary status for a generation of Harvard economists.
Paul Sweezy | Early years and education
Harvard presidents have traditionally influenced educational practices nationwide. Charles W. Eliot, for example, originated America's familiar system of a smorgasbord of elective courses available to each student; James B. Conant worked to introduce standardized testing; Derek Bok and Neil L. Rudenstine argued for the continued importance of diversity in higher education.
President of Harvard University | Introduction
He taught at Harvard University as a visiting lecturer from 1928 to 1929 on a special leave from the UK Treasury. After his official retirement in 1945 he was elected Price Professor of International Economics in the Royal Institute for International Affairs a post which he held from 1947 to 1952.
Ralph George Hawtrey | Life and career
from the Harvard University in 1971 (his dissertation was on William Carlos Williams). He joined the faculty of the department of English at University of California, Berkeley in 1970 and retired in 2005. His papers are archived in Stanford University's Department of Special Collections and University Archives.
Ron Loewinsohn | Education and career
The following notable pupils of Eton College were born in the 20th century.
List of Old Etonians born in the 20th century | Introduction
He officially resigned in March 1993, effective to June of that year.
Oberlin College | 20th century
Weinberger attended San Francisco Polytechnic High School. He was academically gifted and gained admission to Harvard University. When he enrolled at Harvard College, his mother rented an apartment nearby for the first semester that Weinberger and his older brother, Peter, attended Harvard. She then returned to her husband in San Francisco. Weinberger received his Bachelor of Arts in government, "magna cum laude", in 1938 and a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1941, both from Harvard. He served as president of the Harvard student newspaper, "The Harvard Crimson", and recalls in his memoirs entitled "In the Arena: A Memoir of the 20th Century" two specific interviews of which he was most pleased: one with the highly decorated soldier Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., and another with Alabama-born actress Tallulah Bankhead.
Caspar Weinberger | Education
Laura (Howe) Richards later wrote: "So far as I can remember, my father had no pleasant memories of his school days." Boston in the early nineteenth century was a hotbed of political foment. Howe's father was a Democrat who considered Harvard University a den of Federalists, and refused to allow his sons to enter the university. Accordingly, in 1818, Howe's father had him enrolled at Brown University. Most of his time there was spent engaged in practical jokes and other hi-jinx and, years later, Howe told his children that he regretted that he hadn't more seriously applied himself to his studies.
Samuel Gridley Howe | Early life and education
As a result, he closed the Northampton Law School, with many of his students following him to Harvard.
Northampton Law School | History
He returned to Harvard to teach. He was a member of the Harvard faculty from 1948 until 1990. He then became a professor emeritus at Harvard. He also served as faculty, guest lecturer, or visiting scholar at:
Richard N. Frye | Early life and career
In 1922–1925 Morison taught at Oxford University as the first Harmsworth Professor of American History. In 1925 he returned to Harvard, where he was appointed a full professor. One of several subjects that fascinated Morison was the history of New England. As early as 1921 he published "The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860". In the 1930s Morison published a series of books on the history of Harvard University and New England, including "Builders of the Bay Colony: A Gallery of Our Intellectual Ancestors" (1930), "The Founding of Harvard College" (1935), "Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century" (1936), "Three Centuries of Harvard: 1636–1936" (1936), and "The Puritan Pronaos" (1936).
Samuel Eliot Morison | Scholar and historian (1913–1941)
In 1922, educational discrimination became a national issue when Harvard College announced that it was considering a quota system for Jewish students. Although it was eventually dropped, the quota was enforced in many colleges by underhanded techniques. As late as 1945, Dartmouth openly admitted and defended a quota system against Jewish students. To limit the growing number of Jewish students, a number of private liberal arts universities and medical and dental schools instituted a quota system referred to as numerus clausus. Those included Harvard University, Columbia University, Cornell University,l and Boston University. In 1925, Yale University, which already had such admissions preferences as "character", "solidity" and "physical characteristics", added a program of legacy preference admission spots for children of Yale alumni in an explicit attempt to put the brakes on the rising percentage of Jews in the student body.
Economic antisemitism | 20th-century United States
Harvard began granting higher degrees in the late eighteenth century, and it was increasingly styled Harvard University, even as Harvard College was increasingly thought of as the university's undergraduate division in particular.
Harvard College | History
Hu Xiansu studied preparatory course at Imperial University of Peking in 1909. In 1912 after the 1911 Revolution he went to America, and graduated from University of California, Berkeley in 1916. In 1918, he became a faculty member of National Nanking Higher Normal School and then National Southeastern University (later renamed National Central University and Nanking University). He went to America again in 1923 and received a doctor's degree from Harvard University in 1925. His wife died in Nanking in 1926, then he resigned from Department of Biology of Southeastern University and became a full-time research fellow at Institute of Biology of China Science Society.
Hu Xiansu | Education and career
He graduated with a law degree in Harvard University in 1797. In 1837, some 40 years after he first graduated from Harvard, the university awarded him the Honorary Doctorate of LLD in recognition of his achievements in the field.
Daniel Appleton White | Education