The modern outdoor polo ball is made of a high-impact plastic. Historically they have been made of bamboo, leather covered cork, hard rubber, and for many years willow root. Originally the British used a white painted leather covered cricket ball. The regulation outdoor polo ball is to in diameter and weighs to . Plastic balls were introduced in the 1970s. They are less prone to breakage and much cheaper.
Ball
Polo
Polo | Ball
Bamboo, leather covered cork, hard rubber, and willow root. Historically they have been made of bamboo, leather covered cork, hard rubber, and for many years willow root Balls have been made of bamboo, leather covered cork, hard rubber, and for many years willow root. Bamboo, leather covered cork, hard rubber, and for many years willow root
who were king and queen of england during ww2
user
George VI and Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
assistant
who is the current leader of this kingdom?
user
Queen Elizabeth II.
assistant
how the above mentioned king die?
user
Coronary thrombosis.
assistant
what is this disease?
user
Formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel of the heart.
assistant
could you let me know the children names of the female leader mentioned above?
user
Charles, Anne, Prince Andrew , and Prince Edward.
assistant
what are the responsibilities carried out by the first name mentioned above?
user
As Prince of Wales, Charles undertakes official duties on behalf of the Queen and the Commonwealth realms. He officiates at investitures and attends the funerals of foreign dignitaries.
assistant
does he have children from his second marriage?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
any children from his first marriage, their names?
user
Yes, Prince William and Prince Harry.
assistant
who has the latter married?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
what sports did the prince who we were chatting about earlier, play?
user
Polo and fishing.
assistant
what is the origin of the first sport mentioned above?
user
It began as a simple game played by mounted Iranian and Turkic nomads in Central Asia, with the current form originating in Iran.
assistant
how many players make a team?
user
In beach and snow polo ,each team has three members each and in cowboy polo there are five members in each team.
assistant
in ancient times, what material was the ball that was used for this aport, made of?
user
The ball for cowboy polo is a red rubber medicine ball. The polo mallet has a maximum length of . It was traditionally made of cane but can be made of fiberglass. Saddles must be American western saddles or Australian stock saddles. Participants are strongly encouraged to have their horses wear polo bandages or splint boots. Use of a breast collar is optional. There are no specific rules for horse headgear, as long as the equipment is humane. Tie-downs are allowed, but officials may require the removal of any piece of equipment liable to cause discomfort to the horse. For riders, hats or headgear is required.
Cowboy polo | Equipment
Additionally, some players wore chest protectors called "palmas" which were inserted into the yoke and stood upright in front of the chest. Kneepads are seen on a variety of players from many areas and eras and are worn by forearm-"ulama" players today. A type of garter is also often seen, worn just below the knee or around the ankle—it is not known what function this served. Gloves appear on the purported ballplayer reliefs of Dainzú, roughly 500 BCE, as well as the Aztec players are drawn by Weiditz 2,000 years later (see drawing below). Helmets (likely utilitarian) and elaborate headdresses (likely used only in ritual contexts) are also common in ballplayer depictions, headdresses being particularly prevalent on Maya painted vases or on Jaina Island figurines.
Mesoamerican ballgame | Clothing and gear
There are studies that deal with this issue in some depth, citing numerous documents from famous authors (Alfonso X of Castile who banned the "juego de pelota" with imprisonment, Desiderius Erasmus, Rabelais, Calderon de la Barca, Baltasar de Castiglione, Antonio da Salò Scaino). The ancient Greeks played ball but it is documented that they used balls wind but it seems likely. At time of the Roman Empire had balls wind, with the larger balls called "follis" and the smaller balls called "follicis." The air chamber was made of animal bladders, preferably that of a pig. When mentioning the Mesoamerican Ballgame (specifically Mexican) chroniclers used to compare the different consistency of the indigenous caoutchouc solid balls with the European air-filled balls.
Follis (ball) | History
The goals were elongated basketball nets hung at each end of the arena. The sticks were old polo sticks that had the polo mallet removed and replaced with a squash racquet head. This had a shallow string net, which they used to scoop up the ball. The idea was to scoop up the ball, which was a little larger than a tennis ball, ride with it to the end of the arena and drop it into the net to score. Realising the possibilities of this exercise as an outdoor horse sport, the couple returned to Australia with sticks, balls and rule books where they sought the assistance of Alf Pitty, a well known horseman and polo player.
Polocrosse | History
In Manipur, polo is traditionally played with seven players to a side. The players are mounted on the indigenous Manipuri pony, which stands less than . There are no goal posts, and a player scores simply by hitting the ball out of either end of the field. Players strike the ball with the long side of the mallet head, not the end. Players are not permitted to carry the ball, although blocking the ball with any part of the body except the open hand is permitted. The sticks are made of cane, and the balls are made from the roots of bamboo.
Polo in India | Origins
A spherical ball made of leather, filled with horse, pig, or bovine hair is used in oină. The ball is around 8 cm in diameter and 140 grams in senior games and around 7 cm in diameter and 100 grams in U-18 games.
Oină | Ball
The restarts involved hurling the ball high into the air, presumably to be caught in a sort of line-out. Labourers and peasants played on foot, but members of the gentry played on horseback. Injuries were therefore common, and deaths sometimes occurred during the cnapan contests. Despite this, when games were organised, there might be up to a thousand men in each team (as is described in the extract below).
Cnapan | Rules of play
In Manipur, polo is traditionally played with seven players to a side. The players are mounted on the indigenous Manipuri pony, which stands less than . There are no goal posts, and a player scores simply by hitting the ball out of either end of the field. Players strike the ball with the long side of the mallet head, not the end. Players are not permitted to carry the ball, although blocking the ball with any part of the body except the open hand is permitted. The sticks are made of cane, and the balls are made from the roots of bamboo.
Polo | India and Britain
The ball was made of solid rubber, and weighed up to 4 kg or more, with sizes that differed greatly over time or according to the version played.
Mesoamerica | Ballgame
Teams switch ends at each chukka. The field is divided widthwise into four sections or zones, and one center zone of . Each team has one player assigned to each zone with the goal of hitting the ball toward the opponents' goal. If a player crosses into another zone, the team loses control of the ball to the other team. The goal areas are each and located at each end of the arena. The arena is generally wide.
Cowboy polo | Rules
The polo mallet comprises a cane shaft with a rubber-wrapped grip, a webbed thong, called a sling, for wrapping around the thumb, and a wooden cigar-shaped head. The shaft is made of manau-cane (not bamboo, which is hollow) although a small number of mallets today are made from composite materials. Composite materials are usually not preferred by top players because the shaft of composite mallets can't absorb vibrations as well as traditional cane mallets. The mallet head is generally made from a hardwood called tipa, approximately 9" inches long. The mallet head weighs from to , depending on player preference and the type of wood used, and the shaft can vary in weight and flexibility depending on the player's preference.
Polo | Mallet
A structure made only out of wood and glue had to be provided by the team to be tested at a tournament. The structure also had to function as a golf ball holder. A golf ball delivery device also had to be made by the team. A story about a captivator had to be presented alongside the structure. Two items of the teams choosing would be scored additionally as Team Choice Elements.
Destination Imagination | Hold It!
A wire of pure new wool is then wrapped around the core very carefully so that the ball is round and even throughout. A structure of cotton wire is sewed on the surface of the ball so that the wool stays in place. Number eight shapes are cut out from goat skin and are sewn together onto the ball in one or two layers.
Basque pelota | The outside
The modern outdoor polo ball is made of a high-impact plastic. Historically they have been made of bamboo, leather covered cork, hard rubber, and for many years willow root. Originally the British used a white painted leather covered cricket ball. The regulation outdoor polo ball is to in diameter and weighs to . Plastic balls were introduced in the 1970s. They are less prone to breakage and much cheaper.
Polo | Ball
Among the Romans, ball games were looked upon as an adjunct to the bath, and were graduated to the age and health of the bathers, and usually a place (sphaeristerium) was set apart for them in the baths (thermae). There appear to have been three types or sizes of ball, the pila, or small ball, used in catching games, the paganica, a heavy ball stuffed with feathers, and the follis, a leather ball filled with air, the largest of the three. This was struck from player to player, who wore a kind of gauntlet on the arm. There was a game known as trigon, played by three players standing in the form of a triangle, and played with the follis, and also one known as harpastum, which seems to imply a "scrimmage" among several players for the ball.
Ball | Ancient Romans
Cowboy polo is a variation of polo played mostly in the western United States. Like regular polo, it is played in chukkas (periods) with two teams on horses who use mallets to hit a ball through a goal. It differs from traditional polo in that five riders make up a team instead of four, western saddles and equipment are used, and the playing field is usually a simple rodeo arena or other enclosed dirt area, indoors or out. Also, instead of the small ball used in traditional polo, the players use a large red rubber medicine ball and use mallets with long fiberglass shafts and hard rubber heads.
Cowboy polo | Introduction
Three concentric rows of stone columns had existed on the upper platform. Two of these rows, of which nothing remain, were within the brick wall, while the third row is just outside it. The inner row had consisted of 16 columns, the middle row of 20, and the outer row of 32. The existing stone columns of the outer ring are about in height.
Polonnaruwa Vatadage | Location and appearance
Most balls were made from latex sap of the lowland "Castilla elastica" tree. Someone discovered that by mixing latex with sap from the vine of a species of morning glory ("Calonyction aculeatum") they could turn the slippery polymers in raw latex into a resilient rubber. The size varied between (measured in hand spans) and weighed . The ball used in the ancient handball or stick-ball game was probably slightly larger and heavier than a modern-day baseball. Some Maya depictions, such as the painting above or , show balls or more in diameter. Academic consensus is that these depictions are exaggerations or symbolic, as are, for example, the impossibly unwieldy headdresses worn in the same portrayals.
Mesoamerican ballgame | Rubber balls
Once it reached a certain point, teams would dump the large bucket into a well and receive their next clue. In Matzo Balls, teams had to listen to an accordionist and recognize the two songs he was playing (Hava Nagila and Siman Tov u'Mazel Tov). However, he would begin by only playing a single note. To "purchase" another note, both team members had to eat two matzo balls. Once they recognized the songs, they received the next clue. For the Roadblock, one team member had to push a heavy cart of salt blocks from the Chapel of Saint Kinga through the mines to a hall.
HaMerotz LaMillion 2 | Leg 4 (Croatia → Poland)
Though the sport has written rules, the most commonly enforced rule is unwritten: any rider who falls off his or her horse must buy beer for the entire team. Teams consist of five players, with two horseback referees and two goal spotters. Riders are limited to two horses per game, though most players use one horse throughout. The game is played in four periods of 15 minutes each, called, as in regular polo, "chukkas." There are mandatory four-minute rest periods at the end of each chukka and a nine-minute break at half time. Each team is allowed four two-minute time outs during the game.
Cowboy polo | Rules
He had no ponies of his own, but that mattered little -- for Walter Dupee, the Chicago millionaire horseman, who makes his winter home at Coronado, is ever ready to supply his boon companions with spirited mounts from his string". In 1928, Besley played forward on the Sonora (Mexico) Tigers polo team. A newspaper article claimed Besley was "a former British polo star" and said he was "still a brilliant forward in spite of his 60 odd years. In every play of the Tigers, the tall, spare form of the Colonel is seen in the scrimmage, and his accurate mallet has been a strong weapon in the Sonoran's attack".
James Campbell Besley | Polo player
While the young and children played the above-mentioned games in both open nature and indoors, all age groups particularly by the elderly in men's room played the hat game. In the men's room a number of men gathered from the village or neighboring villages. First a team of three players each were formed and the host would bring in five pairs of socks and small metallic sphere. The teams were seated facing each other and lined up the sticks two rows with five each. Then one of the teams' leaders hides his hands behind and then stretches them forward offering the rival to select.
Culture of Deçan | Hat game
After the Spanish missions were established, the games usually took place on a Sunday afternoon, from about noon until dark. The two teams kicked a small ball (not much bigger than a musket ball), made by wrapping buckskin around dried mud, trying to hit the goalpost. The single goalpost was triangular, flat, and taller than it was wide, on a long post (Bushnell described it, based on a drawing in a Spanish manuscript, as "like a tall, flat Christmas tree with a long trunk"). There were snail shells, a nest and a stuffed eagle on top of the goalpost. Benches, and sometimes arbors to shade them, were placed at the edges of the field for the two teams.
Apalachee | Ball game
Players protected their legs by attaching leather shields to their saddles and girths. In Manipur, the game was played even by commoners who owned a pony. The kings of Manipur had a royal polo ground within the ramparts of their Kangla Fort. Here they played manung kangjei bung (literally, "inner polo ground"). Public games were held, as they are still today, at the Mapan Kangjei Bung (literally "Outer Polo Ground"), a polo ground just outside the Kangla. Weekly games called Hapta Kangjei (Weekly Polo) were also played in a polo ground outside the current Palace.
Polo | India and Britain
The ball was made of solid rubber and weighed as much as 4 kg (9 lbs), and sizes differed greatly over time or according to the version played.
Mesoamerican ballgame | Introduction
Balloon, balloon-ball or wind-ball was a game similar to the modern game of volleyball in which a leather ball would be batted by the fist or forearm to prevent it from touching the ground. The game was played in ancient Rome where it was known as follis— the Latin word for a leather bag. Such a ball made of leather was quite heavy and so protection might be used such as a leather gauntlet or wooden bracer. Once rubber became available, modern players in Great Britain played the game with lighter balls of inflated rubber, so that younger children could play too.
Balloon (game) | Introduction
Traditionally, the game is played with a field of 2x5 pits and 90 game pieces. Some prefer to play the game with 10 cups and any 90 undifferentiated objects, such as stones or glass beads. The nomadic herdsmen often use goat droppings, which have the appearance or consistency of hard, dry pellets.
Eson xorgol | Equipment
viii. 370).
Ball | History
In many cultures, further protection was provided by a thick girdle, most likely of wicker or wood covered in fabric or leather. Made of perishable materials, none of these girdles have survived, although many stone "yokes" have been uncovered. Misnamed by earlier archaeologists due to its resemblance to an animal yoke, the stone yoke is thought to be too heavy for actual play and was likely used only before or after the game in ritual contexts. In addition to providing some protection from the ball, the girdle or yoke would also have helped propel the ball with more force than the hip alone.
Mesoamerican ballgame | Clothing and gear
The game bears some resemblance to a coconut shy or skittles, but with teams. Each team consists of eight players. The ball is on a short plinth about 4 to 6 inches (100 to 150 mm) high by 3 inches (75mm) diameter, known as the "dolly", which is placed on a dog-legged metal spike about 30 to 40 inches (750mm to 1000mm) high. Players throw sticks or short battens, about 18 by 2 inches (450 x 50mm) at the dolly, from ten yards away, trying to knock it off without hitting the spike. Successfully hitting the dolly off is known as a "doll"; however if the spike is hit first, then the score does not count and is called an "iron".
Aunt Sally | Modern rules
The team would lose a point, if for any reason the ball stopped moving. The score was kept with a mark on the ground and the game would end after the losing team received a certain number of points. The winners were treated like heroes and the losers were sacrificed. The game had changed by the time the first Spanish settlers arrived. According to Fray Bartolomé de las Casas the game was played in the following manner: "One team served the ball and the other team returned it, using anything but the hands. If the ball arrived at shoulder height, it was returned like lightning.
Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center | Ball games
The modern game originated in the late 19th century as a form of rugby football, played in rivers in England and Scotland, with a small 3 to 4 inch ball constructed of rubber imported from colonial plantations in India. This "water rugby" came to be called "water polo" based on the English pronunciation of the Balti word for ball, "pulu". The original ball soon gave way to a football (soccer ball), which allowed for passing and swimming above water with the ball. However, the leather football absorbed water and became extremely heavy, slippery and out-of-control when wet. In 1936, James R.
Water polo ball | Development of the water polo ball
The ball is struck with the broad sides of the mallet head rather than its round and flat tips.
Polo | Mallet
However, at least 45,000m2 of the North Palace and its enclosures have been recorded... The palace itself is made of unusually large mud bricks, about 54cm × 27cm × 18cm, and comprises a series of columned courts and a long entrance hall, grouped around an elevated central platform. This platform was constructed on casemate foundations: long mud-brick chambers filled in with rubble and capped by a brick pavement. Some of these casemates survive to a height of about 5m. They once supported the raised private apartments of the palace, which would have given it the appearance of a fortified 'Migdol’ tower." Lacovara notes elsewhere that "the palace was decorated with wall paintings of armed men carrying battle axes, and faience tiles, fragments of which were recovered by the Hearst Expedition." According to author Margaret Bunson, "the palaces (pero or per-a'a) (of the Second Intermediate Period) always contained two gateways, two main halls, and two administrative sections to reflect the upper and lower regions of the nation.
Deir el-Ballas | Structures
This phase involves one player from each team. They choose the category by taking turns eliminating categories from the list. After reading a question, the first to press the button answers the question. If they answer correctly, the team wins 1,000 zloty (500 from each team), while the opponent is eliminated (goes to the "dugout"), and the losing team plays shorthanded. In case of a wrong answer, the answering player goes to the dugout, and the pool carries over to the next question. If neither player presses button within a minute, both of them are eliminated, and the pool carries over to the next question.
Awantura o kasę | 1 vs 1
Teams had to create a three part structure made from balsa wood, paper, and glue, which would be tested at the tournament. The team must also create a story about a journey.
Destination Imagination | Triplicity
These games are known to us through the Romans, though the names are Greek.
Ball | Ancient Romans
1. A ball made of leather or synthetic material should be used. Rubber balls are not permitted (Wet leather balls and balls inflated too hard stretch while underinflated leather balls stretch at the seams). 2. All teams play with a number 5 ball, with a circumference of between 69 and 71 cm and a mass of approximately 450 grams (Balls with loose laces or uneven surfaces are not allowed). 3. The u/9, u/11 and u/13 teams play with a number 4 ball, with a circumference of 64 cm.
Ringball | The Ball
The Late Formative to Classic period continued to depict ball players in some of their ceramic figures. These figures are often seen holding a ball. Solid ceramic dioramas or models from the greater West Mexico region depict multiple people playing the ball game and often accompanied by spectators sitting or standing on the ball court walls. Some figurines depict warrior/ball players with a mix of clothing and equipment, a common association elsewhere in Mesoamerica. Some of these figures show people wearing protective leather pants. Some of the skeletal remains from Huitzilapa have lesions on their arms and hips, consistent with atlatl use and hitting balls or falling upon their hips for the ball game.
Teuchitlán culture | Ballgame
A prehispanic sculpture was found, representing a life-size decapitated ballgame player. It is a stone sculpture dated between 900-1100 CE, there is evidence that it was intentionally manufactured without head, probably for the ball game rituals. It is a cylindrical sculpture measuring 1.97 meters high, 52 centimeters in diameter, with an approximate weight of one ton, found on the south side, east of the ballgame court.
El Teúl | Sculpture
A significant amount of artifacts dating to these second inhabitants were found in the ball court areas.
Chactún | Ancient use
Pollux (i. x. 104) mentions a game called episkyros (ἐπίσκυρος), which has often been looked on as the origin of football. It seems to have been played by two sides, arranged in lines; how far there was any form of "goal" seems uncertain. It was impossible to produce a ball that was perfectly spherical; children usually made their own balls by inflating pig's bladders and heating them in the ashes of a fire to make them rounder, although Plato (fl. 420s BC – 340s BC) described "balls which have leather coverings in twelve pieces".
Ball | Ancient Greeks
The Spanish were the first Europeans to see the bouncing rubber balls (although solid and not inflated) which were employed most notably in the Mesoamerican ballgame. Balls used in various sports in other parts of the world prior to Columbus were made from other materials such as animal bladders or skins, stuffed with various materials. As balls are one of the most familiar spherical objects to humans, the word "ball" may refer to or describe spherical or near-spherical objects.
Ball | Introduction
The court is made of stones of up to ten tons in weight many of which came from outside the valley. Once the court walls were built six panels were sculpted at the corners and centers of the two walls. The panels on the ends show scenes from the ballgame itself and the center panels show responses from the gods. The southeast panel illustrates the opening ritual when the principal participant is elaborately dressed and is being handed a bundle of spears. This is part of an initial activity before the game itself starts. Overlooking this scene is the death deity who rises from a vat of liquid, perhaps pulque.
El Tajín | The North and South Ballcourts
The balls were made of dog skin leather, because it has no pores, and stuffed with sheep's wool and were inked. This ink was then applied to the text evenly. One damp piece of paper was then taken from a heap of paper and placed on the tympan. The paper was damp as this lets the type 'bite' into the paper better. Small pins hold the paper in place. The paper is now held between a frisket and tympan (two frames covered with paper or parchment). These are folded down, so that the paper lies on the surface of the inked type.
Printing press | Function and approach
It is played in a court shaped as a large level rectangle, built of flattened earth (typically rich in sand or clay), clear of trees or visible obstacles. The court must keep a 3:2 proportion ratio and its actual dimensions may vary, but an approximate size of is preferred. The court is usually enclosed with logs, wooden boards or concrete slabs. On occasion an internal string perimeter fitted at no more than from the enclosure signals valid gaming ground. The solid balls (roughly diameter, made of synthetic material) are coloured red and green respectively to separate each team. The small steel or iron ball called "mingo" has a diameter no greater than and is used as a marker.
Bolas criollas | Description
Airdate: 20 & 22 November 2011 In this leg's Detour, teams had to choose between ("Hachmey HaChełm" – Men of Chełm) and קניידלעך ("Qenyeydel'ek" – Matzo Balls). In Men of Chełm, teams had to load a series of six buckets onto a pole that they had to carry on their shoulders. After filling two buckets and placing them on the pole, teams had to walk backwards across the Jewish Square through a series of garbage bins, stopping twice to fill up a pair of buckets. The buckets had holes in them and would leak water as they ran. At the end of the course, teams would pour their water into a large bucket.
HaMerotz LaMillion 2 | Leg 4 (Croatia → Poland)
Called "Arabar boloa" or "lautadakoa" (the one from the "lautada") in Basque, "juego de bolo alavés" and "bolo de la Llanada" in Spanish. The playing area consists of three main parts, all of which are a step down from the surrounding areas: The balls have no handles, weigh between 2.1-2.5 kg, have a diameter of 16–17 cm and have no finger or hand-holes. There are four pins arranged in a triangle with the point towards the players. The one closes to the "parra" is the "cantón", to the back and left is the "carraca", to the back and right the "guarda" and directly behind the "cantón" sits the "medio".
Basque bowls | Álavan bowls
The ball is made with a lead pit, surrounded with wool and covered with leather. The diameter is about 4,2 cm with a weight about 43 g. The game takes place according to the rules of the games of "gagne-terrain" ("gain-ground") with in particular the use of the ""chasses"". We play naked hand. Points for a set count by "fifteen" (15, 30, 45 and set), with possible advantage in the tie-break. A match takes place in 7 sets.
Balle à la main | Rules
Once teams were within 500 nautical miles of the correct answer of 16,500 nautical miles, a Magellan impersonator would give them their next clue. In the Roadblock, one team member had to put on a suit of armor and then use a ballista to fire an arrow through a shield away. Once successful, the knight would retrieve their shield which had their next clue on the back.
The Amazing Race 23 | Leg 3 (Chile → Portugal)
It is a non-competitive sport. The object of Kemari is to keep one ball in the air, with all players cooperating to do so. Players may use any body part with the exception of arms and hands – their head, feet, knees, back, and depending on the rules, elbows to keep the ball aloft. The ball, known as a "mari", is made of deerskin with the hair facing inside and the hide on the outside. The ball is stuffed with barley grains to give it shape. When the hide has set in this shape, the grains are removed from the ball, and it is then sewn together using the skin of a horse.
Kemari | Description
They would need to transport two baskets back up to the abbey and present it to a monk who will give them their next clue. In this leg's Roadblock, one team member would need to shoot a bow and arrow at a target. They either had to hit the target five times, or hit the apple held in the centre of the target, once, to receive their next clue.
Velyki Perehony | Leg 11 (Poland)
To start, each player takes turns throwing the cowry shells. The player with the highest score starts first. A player can only enter a man into the game if he has a “high” throw - 11, 25 or 30 points or higher. The starting point each player is the flower motif on the column to the left of his home column.
Chaupar | Entering men
The exact objects referred to by the numbers 475, 483, and 505 can be speculated but remain unconfirmed.
Polo Grounds | Dimensions
Airdate: February 18, 2007 The first Detour was a choice between Wrangle It or Recover It. In Wrangle It, teams had to help local cowboys lasso, tie down, and groom one wild horse, which had grown hooves too long to walk properly. Team members had to use traditional tools to clip its hooves to a safe length and to trim its mane and tail. When the horse was released, teams would receive their next clue. In Recover It, one team member had to put on an historical military uniform. Then, teams had to search a field for three items missing from the uniform, an epaulette, a button, and a sword, to receive their next clue from a general.
The Amazing Race 11 | Leg 1 (United States → Ecuador)
The English rules, as of 1884 (and republished intermittently until at least 1916), called for a circular playing area at least across (often considerably larger), with the rotating-ring port fixed in the center. This was mounted, almost flush with the ground, on a stake (which might be attached to a buried board for additional stability), and was required to turn freely. Each player used a single ball, smooth, spherical, typically made of lignum vitae or boxwood, and weighting . A ball in-play was manipulated only with a mace (cue), which was long, wooden, and had an curved iron head like a giant spoon.
Trucco | Rules and equipment
Teams had to build two structures to be tested at the tournament. One had to be built prior out of balsa wood, paper and glue. One had to be built during the presentation time at the tournament using balsa wood and tape. Teams had to write and present a contrasting story with two different parts. A costume and prop that showed contrast also had to be built. Three elements of the team's choice were scored as "side trips" and an improvisational element was also required in the team's performance.
Destination Imagination | Dual DIlemma
1. Csepeli MTK 20, 2. Előre 19 (1), 3. MTE 18, 4. Neményi 15, 5. BEAC 14 (2), III. ker. TVE 10 (1), BRE 9, TASE 9, Postás 4 (1), MÁVAG 4 (1), VAC 2 (1), Tipográfia 0 point. In parentheses number of matches is missed.
1948 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo) | 2. Class
Although there is no artifact evidence uncovered to support such speculation, depictions of overly large balls or balls which appear to contain skulls and even captives have created much conjecture. Many depictions of ballplayers show balls of huge size, perhaps up to or more in diameter. These depictions include not only the image on the right, but the "Dallas vase", the Chinkultic court marker, and a Western Mexico ceramic ballcourt. Most researchers believe that these depictions are exaggerations, in large part because a solid ball one meter in diameter would be nearly too heavy to move, weighing close to 500 kg (over 1000 lbs).
Mesoamerican rubber balls | Oversized balls, skull-balls, and captive-balls
If a gag bit is used, there will be a drop noseband in addition to the cavesson, supporting the tie-down. One of the rein sets may alternately be draw reins.
Polo | Saddle
During the 1900s, footballs were made out of leather with a lace of the same material (known as "tiento" in Spanish) used to stitch the panels. Although leather was perfect for bouncing and kicking the ball, when heading the football (hitting it with the player's head) it was usually painful. This problem was most probably due to water absorption of the leather from rain, which caused a considerable increase in weight, causing head or neck injury. By around 2017, this had also been associated with dementia in former players. Another problem of early footballs was that they deteriorated quickly, as the leather used in manufacturing the footballs varied in thickness and in quality.
Ball (association football) | Reasons for improvement
There is a wide variation in the size and materials of the balls used in boules-type games. Originally, in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, the balls were probably made of stone. Gallic tribes, which were introduced to boules by the Romans, used wooden boules. In the 1800s in France, boules were typically made of a very hard wood, boxwood root.
Boules | Balls
In Canada and the United States, a football (also called a pigskin) is a ball, roughly in the form of a prolate spheroid, used in the context of playing gridiron football. Footballs are often made of cow hide leather, as such a material is required in professional and collegiate football. Footballs used in recreation, and in organized youth leagues, may be made of rubber or plastic materials (high school football rule books still allow inexpensive all-rubber footballs, though they are less common than leather).
Ball (gridiron football) | Introduction
This ball court is situated such that players would have full view of the city located above them. The two smaller courts are secondary and probably used for training ball players. The site was initially explored in the 1930s by Jorge Acosta. He was only able to examine the ends of the large ball court. He speculated that the constructions at this site were ceremonial and defensive in nature, constructed in the 7th to 9th centuries to protect a growing Monte Alban. Formal excavation was not considered for the site until recently due to its distance from the main Monte Alban site.
Santa María Atzompa | Archeological site
Badges made of tinplate or bronze were made to identify the members of the committee responsible for organising the ball.
Bal des Quat'z'Arts | History
Airdate: 13 April 2013 In the season's first Detour, teams had to choose between ("Sklo" – Glass) or ("Zoloto" – Gold). In "Sklo", teams had to assemble ten hookahs to receive their next clue. In "Zoloto", teams had to arrange five pieces of jewellery according to cost to receive their next clue. In the season's first Roadblock, one team member had to drive a dune buggy through a marked course in the desert to receive their next clue.
Velyki Perehony | Leg 1 (Ukraine → United Arab Emirates)
Airdate: October 9, 2015 In this leg's Roadblock, one member from each team had to properly hang two racks of lamb and one rack of beef ribs onto a set of metal grills to cook the meat "asado"-style. Once the hanging meats met the head cook's standards (i.e., skewered with the bones oriented in the correct direction and secured on all sides), the head chef would give them their next clue. The Detour was a choice between Horse or Carriage. In Horse, teams had to pick a polo mallet from the plaza and walk to Boliche de Bessonart to change into polo gear.
The Amazing Race 27 | Leg 3 (Argentina)
The ball is made of a very hard rubber wrapped in pandanus. Players are not protected by any padding or masks, and will often wear only a lava-lava. The sennit-wrapped wooden bat is modeled on the three-sided Samoan war club called the "lapalapa," which are based on the stalk of coconut fronds. Bats are shaped to individual players' likings and can be over a meter long; because the striking surface of the bat is angled (just as the "lapalapa" club and the coconut frond stalk), the path of a hit ball is extremely hard to predict.
Kilikiti | Equipment
In the United States and Canada, collegiate polo is arena polo; in the UK, collegiate polo is both. Forms of arena polo include beach polo, played in many countries between teams of three riders on a sand surface, and cowboy polo, played almost exclusively in the western United States by teams of five riders on a dirt surface. Another modern variant is snow polo, which is played on compacted snow on flat ground or a frozen lake. The format of snow polo varies depending on the space available. Each team generally consists of three players and a bright coloured light plastic ball is preferred.
Polo | Indoor and arena polo
The ballgame court has an outline oriented on an east-west direction; it is capital letter "I" shaped or double "T", the court area measures 50 meters long by 7.50 wide. Headers at both end measure 15 by 7.8 meters. A particularity of this ballgame court consists of the fact that the land was excavated for its construction below grade, reason why access stairways were built to enter the court. Towards the south side, a platform was added (Platform1), where many human burials were found containing rich offerings, from its characteristics this is placed within the postclassical period.
San Miguel Ixtapan (archaeological site) | Ballgame Court
The ball without the leather lace was developed and patented by Romano Polo, Antonio Tossolini and Juan Valbonesi in 1931 in Bell Ville, Córdoba Province, Argentina. This innovative ball (named "Superball") was adopted by the Argentine Football Association as the official ball for its competitions since 1932.
Ball (association football) | Reasons for improvement
An English painting of the early 17th century illustrates two fancily-dressed gentlemen playing trucco in small rectangular court without turf (probably clay, and perhaps wide and of larger but indeterminate length) bounded with wooden boards, using scoop-shaped maces, a ring-shaped target mounted upright on the ground, and a single leather or wooden ball barely small enough to fit through the hoop, and well under in diameter, if the scale in the image can be trusted. By the 19th century, the game in the same country was played in a round and usually unbounded area, often a lawn, and there was a ball for each player.
Trucco | Contemporary observations
Hand-pelota ball is traditionally made of a Buxus core, covered by several layers of Latex with a final layer of leather.
Basque pelota ball | Hand Pelota
A structure had to be created by the team out of aluminum foil, wood and or glue, that would be tested for how much weight it can hold at a tournament. A story about how a character was "foiled" had to be presented in the performance aspect of this challenge. A verse published by someone not on the team, and a team created verse had to be incorporated into the performance. Teams had to include 2 elements from their presentation of their choosing for side trip scoring.
Destination Imagination | Verses! Foiled Again!
Stone rings, tenoned into the wall at mid-court, appeared in the Terminal Classic era. Actually sending a ball through the ring must have been a rare occurrence. The players could not use their hands or even feet to guide the ball. Moreover, the rings were only slightly larger than the ball itself and were located at no small distance from the playing alley. At Chichen Itza, for example, they were set 6 meters above the alley, while at Xochicalco they set at the top of an 11-meter-wide apron, 3 meters above the playing alley (see lead photo). As shown on Aztec codices, court markers were also used on many ballcourts to establish the dividing line between teams – one set into the playing alley floor at exact mid-court, the other two placed against each side wall.
Mesoamerican ballcourt | Rings, markers, and other features
A chopat 'board' is traditionally an embroidered cloth in the shape of a cross. Each arm of the cross is divided into three columns and each column is divided into eight squares. The “dice” are seven cowry shells. The “men” or pieces (Sogthi)are usually made of wood. Each player has four men, although variants exist using 8 men each.
Chaupar | Set up
The ball used to play "galotxetes" is different from any other ball used in the Valencian pilota modalities. This one is a hand-made ball of clothing covered by sticking plaster. Its diameter is 7 cm and weighs 60 grams.
Galotxetes | Ball
It was passed between teams ranged on opposite ends of the court. The players could hit it only with their knees or hips, much like football or soccer today. Points could be scored when the opponents failed to return the ball correctly. In central Mexico, and in late times in Yucatán, rings of stone were set high up in the side walls of the court. It was considered a particular triumph for a player to knock the ball through the ring.
Maya architecture | Ballcourts
The sizes or weights of the balls actually used in the ballgame are not known with any certainty. While several dozen ancient balls have been recovered, they were originally laid down as offerings in a sacrificial bog or spring, and there is no evidence that any of these were used in the ballgame. In fact, some of these extant votive balls were created specifically "as" offerings. However, based on a review of modern-day game balls, ancient rubber balls, and other archaeological evidence, it is presumed by most researchers that the ancient hip-ball was made of a mix from one or another of the latex-producing plants found all the way from the southeastern rain forests to the northern desert.
Mesoamerican ballgame | Rubber balls
Although the exact origins of the game are unknown, it most likely began as a simple game played by mounted Iranian and Turkic nomads in Central Asia, with the current form originating in Iran (Persia) and spreading east and west. In time polo became a Persian national sport played extensively by the nobility. Women played as well as men. During the period of the Parthian Empire (247 BC to 224 AD), the sport had great patronage under the kings and noblemen. According to the "Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity", polo (known as "čowgān" in Middle Persian, i.e. chovgan), was a Persian ball game and an important pastime in the court of the Sasanian Empire (224–651).
Polo | Origins
Airdate: 25 & 26 January 2012 For the Detour, teams had to choose between סבלי תבלינים ("Sebley Tebleyneym" – Spice Porters) and כובסי כביסה ("Khovesy Khvitah" – Laundry Washers). In Spice Porters, each team member had to pack of chili peppers into a sack. They then had to carry them to the mashing stand and mash them into of paste to receive their next clue. In Laundry Washers, teams had to follow traditional methods and wash 50 sheets, three of which contained Hebrew words. Once all three words had been discovered, teams had to hang all of the sheets they had cleaned and then show the words to a judge to receive the next clue.
HaMerotz LaMillion 2 | Leg 10 (Thailand → Sri Lanka)
The game starts with each team dividing the scoring sticks between them, and one team receiving the four bones. Two individuals from that team take two bones each, one striped and one unstriped, and conceal them in their hands. They swap the bones between their hands and each other, singing gambling songs while they do so. The opposing team then tries to guess the position of the unmarked bones. If they are correct, they take two of the bones; if they are wrong, they pass one scoring stick to their opponents. When a team has won both pairs of bones, it is their turn to conceal them and the other team's turn to guess.
Slahal | Introduction
The ball game, called "Batey", was played in the ceremonial ball court, which they also called a "Batey", situated in the middle of the village. The fields were either shaped like a triangle or like a "U". The ball was called Batu and made of rubber and vegetable leaves, which gave it flexibility. Two teams played against each other. One team to the west and the other to the east. The fathers and sons played on the opposite teams. The objective of the game was to keep the ball in constant motion. The players were allowed to use their heads, elbows, shoulders and knees.
Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center | Ball games
Airdate: 1, 5 & 8 June 2013 In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to stick their hand into one of three pots, each filled with something disgusting; maggots, mice or rotten meat. They had to retrieve a numbered card, which would determine how long "their partner" would have to hold two heavy buckets up above their shoulders to receive their next clue. In the Detour, teams chose between ("Melkh HaShetyheym" – King of Rugs) and ("Melkh HaSerenedot" – King of Serenades). In King of Rugs, teams had to travel to Plaza de España, where one team member had to ride on their partner's shoulders and clean a rug by beating it.
HaMerotz LaMillion 3 | Leg 4 (Spain)
The ballgame court is located behind the western platform. Its presence indicates that the place was a ceremonial center, since the ballgame had a religious purpose, as well as recreational and political purposes. Its header is closed: It is oriented north-south. The structure has traces of the stucco. Tzompantli remains were found and are associated with the court. The ballgame court is relatively small for the game. Excavations under the main stairway of the platform found elite burials with hundreds of funeral offerings, including ceramic vessels, obsidian, jade, and copper-bronze artifacts. They also found a group of basaltic utensils for grinding corn on a metate, carefully arranged to the side of the ballgame court and visible today.
Coatetelco archaeological site | Ballgame court
The bats are made from wood, they were thin with a curve and wider part at the end to hit the ball. During the game the players would use their feet to move the ball forward but they could never use their hands. The ball was made out of different kinds of things. Some balls were made from a knot in a tree, some were made of whale bone, others were made of buffalo hair covered with the skin of a buck. The balls were pretty much made by any materials the Indians could find. These balls were also coloured with interesting patterns.
Pond hockey | History
As players need some protection against possible injuries, cleated shoes and shin guards are recommended. The mallets should be stable and are often taped to reduce the risk of losing the hammer head. It is recommended to hit the ball instead of other players. Each game starts with the teams in line behind their own goals and the ball in the midfield. On the umpire's command "Polo go", the teams gallop against each other, in one hand their mallets, in the other their hobby horses, which have to be led between the legs of the player. It is not allowed to kick or stop the ball with the foot.
Hobby horse polo | Rules
This Game Start was Since 1902 5 October Boys play this game in winter by digging a pole into the ground and attaching a four-foot rope. All the boys place their shoes near the pole. The boy who is holding the rope (the key player) is meant to stop the other boys from getting their shoes. During the game, if the key player touches another player then that player becomes the key player(bandar) and the game goes on ...
Punjabi sports (India) | Bandar keela ()
Drawing the bowstring back with the winches twisted the already taut springs, storing the energy to fire the projectiles. The bronze or iron caps, which secured the torsion-bundles were adjustable by means of pins and peripheral holes, which allowed the weapon to be tuned for symmetrical power and for changing weather conditions.
Ballista | Early Roman ballistae
Ballgame Court. This structure, of mesoamerican features, was constructed on an enormous platform that extends from the north of the Votive Pyramid throughout the access stairway at the south slope of the court. It measures 70 by 15 metres and it displays the characteristic letter "I" shape; the side walls are as wide as those of the Columns Hall (2.70 meters) and assumed a height of between three and five meters. As is the case in almost all archaeological sites in Mexico, this site has had vandalism.
La Quemada | Juego de Pelota
"Galotxa" is played by teams of three players. The visiting team dresses in red (as an act of deference, because historically the red color is the one of the winners or the favourite team), and the other one in blue. Players are called according to their position in the street. So, there is "bot", a "mitger" and a "punter". There are also two special players called the "feridors".
Galotxa | Players
Escala i corda may be played one-on-one, but it is mainly a team sport. Teams may be formed by two or three players, and they may play in every combination (2 vs. 2, 3 vs. 3, or 3 vs. 2 if those three players are considered not to be as good as the other two); this way, bets are more interesting. The favourite team (the one organizers thinks is better) will dress in red, and the other one in blue. Players are called according to their position in the "trinquet". So, there is "dauer", a "mitger" and a "punter". There used to be also two special players called the "feridors" which are drawn by lots before the match begins to know who'll they play for (the "punter" may be the "feridor" as well).
Escala i corda | Players
Some authors give dates as early as the 5th century BC (or earlier) to the 1st century AD for its origin by the Medes. Certainly, the earliest records of polo are Median (an ancient Iranian people). According to the "Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity", polo i.e. chovgan was a Persian ball game (polo = chovgan in Middle Persian) and an important pastime in the court of the Sasanian Empire (224-651). During the period of the Parthian Empire (247 BC to 224 AD), the sport had great patronage under the kings and noblemen. According to the "Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity", polo (known as "čowgān" in Middle Persian, i.e.
Chovgan | History
The structure is the first architectural element seen upon entering the site, with Casas Tapadas in the background to the north. The structure has bigger constructions on the western side, while walls on the eastern side are lower, both sides possibly had stands for spectators attending the game. The ballgame court is I shaped, measuring some 65 by 31 meters (213 by 101 ft.)
Plazuelas | Ballgame Court
The game's paraphernalia—clothing, headdresses, gloves, all but the stone—are long gone, so knowledge on clothing relies on art—paintings and drawings, stone reliefs, and figurines—to provide evidence for pre-Columbian ballplayer clothing and gear, which varied considerably in type and quantity. Capes and masks, for example, are shown on several Dainzú reliefs, while Teotihuacan murals show men playing stick-ball in skirts. The basic hip-game outfit consisted of a loincloth, sometimes augmented with leather hip guards. Loincloths are found on the earliest ballplayer figurines from Tlatilco, Tlapacoya, and the Olmec culture, are seen in the Weiditz drawing from 1528 (below), and, with hip guards, are the sole outfit of modern-day "ulama" players (above)—a span of nearly 3,000 years.
Mesoamerican ballgame | Clothing and gear
The knights must catch red dodgeballs being launched by a catapult while trying to evade yellow dodgeballs being fired by the Warriors using giant slingshots. Once the red balls are caught, the knights must throw them into the ring of fire to score. Points are scored based on which section of the playing mat the knight threw the red ball from. In Season 1, the mat was divided into three sections worth 5, 10 and 15 points, with 15 being the furthest away. In Season 2, only the front two sections of the mat were used, with the middle section scoring 25 points, and the front section scoring 50 (as the knight would have to brave harder hits from the dodgeballs).
Knights and Warriors | Catapult
It was obvious, however, that the peoples who had inhabited the court understood well, not only platting, but weaving and basketry-making too. A few examples of pottery were discovered, showing evidence of having been used as cooking bowls or pots. Associated with them were household utensils— spoons made from bivalves, ladles made from the greater halves of hollowed-out well-grown conch shells; and cups, bowls, trays and mortars of wood. Trays were comparatively shallow, oval in outline and varying in length; the ends were narrowed and truncated to form handles, the upper faces of which were usually decorated with neatly cut-in disc-like or semilunar figures or depressions.
Pepper–Hearst expedition | Objects
They did not have a ball, so they made one out of an old stocking and some rags. The ball was about 7 to 8 inches long and tied off with an old shoelace. The construction of this makeshift ball was demonstrated to the rural teachers by Mr. Braddock Wells. The teachers were assigned numbers to create teams; odd numbers on one team and even numbers on the other. The team captains chose college names to represent each team name. The odds chose Yale & the evens chose Princeton. The game of "Kick Baseball" was the last game they played at the conference to decide the championship for the day.
Kickball | History
In Horse Power, teams went to a polo field and, using a wooden practice horse, had to score a goal within 9 strokes to receive a trophy with the name of the Pit Stop location on its base as their next clue. If they were unsuccessful, they had to start the course from beginning.
The Amazing Race 16 | Leg 3 (Chile → Argentina)
As the sport progressed, auto polo cars resembled stripped down Model Ts and usually did not have tops, doors or windshields, with later incarnations sometimes outfitted with primitive rollbars to protect the occupants. Cars typically had a seat-belted driver and a malletman that held on to the side of the car and would attempt to hit a regulation-sized basketball toward the goal of the opposing team with the cars reaching a top speed of and while making hairpin turns. The mallets were shaped like croquet mallets but had a three-pound head to prevent "backfire" when striking the ball at high speeds.
Auto polo | Rules and equipment