The London Borough of Camden measures roadside air quality in Bloomsbury. In 2017, average Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) levels recorded in Bloomsbury significantly exceeded the UK National Objective for cleaner air, set at 40μg/m3 (micrograms per cubic metre).
Air pollution
Bloomsbury
Bloomsbury | Air pollution
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) levels which had significantly exceeded the UK National Objective for cleaner air. Nitrogen Dioxide. Higher Nitrogen Dioxide level Nitrogen Dioxide
what advantages does england seem to have to start the industrial revolution
user
It transformed  its society into the world's first industrialised nation.
assistant
which age can its history be traced back to?
user
780,000 years ago
assistant
what are some of the rivers found in this country?
user
Thames, Mersey, Tyne, Severn etc
assistant
any well-known museums here?
user
London's British Museum
assistant
where is this museum located?
user
Bloomsbury area of London, United Kingdom
assistant
who was the founder?
user
Sir Hans Sloane
assistant
which was the new building constructed at the start of the 1900s?
user
A conservation laboratory
assistant
what are the middle eastern countries that it has departments for?
user
Mesopotamia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, Anatolia, the Caucasus, parts of Central Asia, Syria etc
assistant
what are the parks located in the same area as this museum?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
is there any type of pollution in the area mentioned earlier?
user
Yes, air pollution
assistant
caused by?
user
The London Borough of Camden measures roadside air quality in Bloomsbury. In 2017, average Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) levels recorded in Bloomsbury significantly exceeded the UK National Objective for cleaner air, set at 40μg/m3 (micrograms per cubic metre).
Bloomsbury | Air pollution
Newham Council partake in roadside pollution monitoring. In a 2018 report, Leytonstone Road in Stratford recorded the highest percentage of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in roadside air of all monitoring sites in Newham, with an annual mean of 60%. Temple Mills Lane in Stratford recorded an annual mean of 40%. It is thought that Nitrogen Dioxide is linked to respiratory conditions, can decrease lung function and increase response to allergens.
Stratford, London | Air Quality
The Central Westbury section of Westbury was built on dumping grounds/Junkyards for many industrial plants and gas refinery waste grounds resulting in high levels of radiation and more. There are many factories in the area which are known to contribute to Westbury (Central Westbury's) high asthma rate, shortened lifespan, etc. and further contributes to its industrial/residential neighborhood roots.
Westbury, New York | Pollution
East Herts District Council monitors nitrogen dioxide (NO) levels at Hockerill Junction in the town centre. There are four diffusion tubes around the junction for air quality monitoring. In 2017, three out of four tubes failed to meet the UK National Objective of 40μg/m (micrograms per cubic metre):
Bishop's Stortford | Air Pollution
The UK has established an air quality network where levels of the key air pollutants are published by monitoring centres. Air quality in Oxford, Bath and London is particularly poor. One study performed by the Calor Gas company and published in the Guardian newspaper compared walking in Oxford on an average day to smoking over sixty light cigarettes. The UK Air Quality Archive contains more precise information which permits a cities management of pollutants to be compared against the national air quality objectives set by DEFRA in 2000 Localized peak values are often cited, but average values are also important to human health.
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | Published pollution information
The area remained rural at this time. In the 16th century with the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Henry VIII took the land back into the possession of the Crown and granted it to Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton.
Bloomsbury | Origins and etymology
The London Borough of Waltham Forest monitors kerbside and roadside Nitrogen Dioxide (NO) levels in Walthamstow. To the north of Walthamstow at the Crooked Billet Roundabout (North Circular), there is an automatic monitoring site which recorded an average NO concentration of 61.1μg/m3 (micrograms per cubic metre) in 2017. This fails to meet the UK National Air Quality Objective set by the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affiars (DEFRA) at 40μg/m3. Alternative roadside monitoring sites along Hoe Street and Selborne Road also failed to meet the UK National Air Quality Objective, with one diffusion tube on Selborne Road recording an annual average NO concentration of 61.0μg/m3.
Walthamstow | Air pollution
Bloomsbury is an area in central London. Bloomsbury may also refer to:
Bloomsbury (disambiguation) | Introduction
Bloomsbury is a district in the West End of London. It is considered a fashionable residential area, and is the location of numerous cultural, intellectual, and educational institutions. Bloomsbury is home of the British Museum, the largest museum in the United Kingdom, and several educational institutions, including University College London and a number of other colleges and institutes of the University of London as well as its central headquarters, the New College of the Humanities, the University of Law, the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, Syracuse University Abroad, and many others. Bloomsbury is an intellectual and literary hub for London, as home of world-known Bloomsbury Publishing, publishers of the "Harry Potter" series, and namesake of the Bloomsbury Set, a group of British intellectuals which included author Virginia Woolf, biographer Lytton Strachey, and economist John Maynard Keynes.
Bloomsbury | Introduction
Bloomsbury is a ward in the London Borough of Camden, in the United Kingdom. The ward has existed since the creation of the borough on 1 April 1965 and was first used in the 1964 elections.
Bloomsbury (ward) | Introduction
Air pollution along the A400 varies. Air pollution is monitored by the City of Westminster, the London Borough of Camden, and the London Borough of Islington. Levels of Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sometimes exceed the Air Quality Objective, set by the UK Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (Defra) at 40 micrograms per metres cubed (μg/m^3). Exposure to high levels of NO2 can lead to respiratory problems, and the gases sometimes inflame the lining of the lungs, reducing immunity to lung infections. In the City of Westminster, there is a nearby NO2 monitoring point entitled Oxford Street East. In 2018, levels of NO2 failed to meet the Air Quality Objective, with the monitoring point recording an annual mean of 76 μg/m^3.
A400 road (Great Britain) | Air pollution
Air pollution is very low, with no Air Quality Management Areas in this borough or that immediately adjoining, Rushmoor. Drainage is good, the whole draining westward by the gentle valley of the upper Blackwater. In eastern parts distant ordnance fire can be heard from Ash ranges and occasional light aircraft on various tracks over the village take off from Farnborough Airport approximately three miles west.
Ash Vale | Environment
More areas of England warned of 'very high' air pollution in April 2014. High levels of pollution in London and other parts of the south east of England may at worst days cause sore eyes and sore throats and experts warned those with heart conditions and asthma to stay inside.
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | April 2014
Bloomsbury is an area of central London between Euston Road and Holborn, developed by the Russell family in the 17th and 18th centuries into a fashionable residential area. It is notable for its array of garden squares, literary connections (exemplified by the Bloomsbury Group), and numerous hospitals and academic institutions.
Lists of people from the London Borough of Camden | Bloomsbury residents
Neighbouring areas include St Pancras to the north and west (the core area of Fitzrovia, to the west, is part of St Pancras), Covent Garden to the south and Holborn to the east. For street name etymologies see "Street names of Bloomsbury".
Bloomsbury | Geography
The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames carries out air pollution monitoring in Barnes, both kerbside and in the London Wetlands Centre. There are several sites in Barnes which measure the concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide () and Particulate Matter PM in the air. A site along Castelnau recorded an annual mean concentration of () at 31μgm-3 in 2017. The annual mean concentration of PM was 18μgm-3 at the same site in the same year. Both results show that Barnes' air is the cleanest it has been since 2011, at least. Whilst Castelnau is on the kerbside, the Wetlands monitoring site recorded far lower (i.e.
Barnes, London | Air pollution
The self-managed social centre was squatted by University of London students as an act of protest against a number of political issues of the day, including cuts to the national budget by the incumbent Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition government, the tripling of University tuition fees in England and Wales, the wars in the Middle East, and, more generally, Free Market Capitalism, the political Right-wing, and neo-liberalism.
Bloomsbury Social Centre | Occupation
In the London Borough of Camden, levels of NO2 are monitored in several locations in close proximity to the A400. Results from 2018 include:
A400 road (Great Britain) | Air pollution
Air pollution in the United Kingdom has long been considered a significant health issue. Many areas, including major cities like London are found to be significantly and regularly above legal and recommended levels. Air pollution in the UK is a major cause of diseases such as asthma, lung disease, stroke, and heart disease, and is estimated to cause forty thousand premature deaths each year, which is about 8.3% of deaths, while costing around £40 billion each year. Air pollution is monitored and regulated. Air quality targets for particulates, nitrogen dioxide and ozone, set by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), are mostly aimed at local government representatives responsible for the management of air quality in cities, where air quality management is the most urgent.
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | Introduction
Research suggests that additional pollution-prevention systems fitted at Battersea may have worsened the air quality. Flue-gas washing reduced the temperature of the flue-gases; so they did not rise but instead slumped to a ground level, causing a local nuisance. Additionally, there was pollution and smoke from vehicle exhaust, particularly from steam locomotives and diesel-fuelled buses which had replaced the recently abandoned electric tram system. Other industrial and commercial sources also contributed to the air pollution.
Great Smog of London | Sources of pollution
The local authority say that vehicle exhaust fumes are the main source of air pollution in Southwark. Roadside air pollution levels are monitored by the local authority in Bermondsey. Results from 2017 suggest that Bermondsey has some of the highest Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) levels in the Borough. NO2 concentration was particularly high near the Rotherhithe Tunnel, along Jamaica Road and on Old Kent Road: All the above sites failed to meet national air quality objectives. A monitoring site on Old Kent Road registered an annual mean 22µg/m-3 in 2017 for PM10 (particulates often found in exhaust), which meets national air quality objectives.
Bermondsey | Air pollution
Like all other wards of Camden, Bloomsbury is represented by three councillors on Camden Borough Council. The last election was held on 22 May 2014, when all three councillors were elected. All three currently represent the Labour Party.
Bloomsbury (ward) | Election results
Transport for London (TfL) and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets monitor the air quality around Canary Wharf. In 2017, an automatic monitoring station in Blackwall found that local air quality failed to meet UK National Air Quality Objectives, recording an annual average Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) concentration of 56 μg/m3 (micrograms per cubic metre). The National Objective is set by the government at 40 μg/m3. Alternative stations nearer Canary Wharf recorded cleaner air. Monitors at the Limehouse Link/Westferry Road junction and on Prestons Road recorded a 2017 annual average NO2 concentration of 40 μg/m3, which Tower Hamlets argue fails to meet the UK National Objective.
Canary Wharf | Air pollution
NO2 pollution dropped five times as quickly in Central London as it did in the rest of the UK.
Ultra Low Emission Zone | Effect on air pollution
The London Borough of Hackney measures roadside air quality in Dalston, in particular the concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in the district. Diffusion tubes which measure the concentration of NO2 in roadside air show that across Dalston, the local roadside air quality failed to meet the UK National Objective of 40g/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre) in 2017. In 2017, the average roadside NO2 levels in several key locations in Dalston were:
Dalston | Air Pollution
Several cycle routes cross Bloomsbury, with cycling infrastructure provided and maintained by both the London Borough of Camden and Transport for London (TfL). Many routes across Bloomsbury feature segregated cycle tracks or bus lanes for use by cyclists. Additionally, Bloomsbury is connected to the wider London cycle network via several routes, including:
Bloomsbury | Cycling
Local campaigning societies sprang up to complain about the health risks, such as the "Committee for the Consumption of Smoke" in Leeds. The Alkali Act of 1863 was passed - and intermittently amended - to regulate irritant gaseous hydrochloric acid produced in the Leblanc process to make sodium carbonate, but also the sulphuric acid often caused by emissions from the same factories. The Public Health Act was passed in 1875, which legislated not just for the health effects of air pollution but also the visual effects. Experiments by the London County Council and the Meteorological Council from 1902–1903 found that 20% of London fogs were due to smoke alone, all were made denser and longer-lasting by smoke and that the death rate "enormously expands" during the fogs.
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | Prehistory to the 20th Century
The UK National Air Quality Information Archive offers almost real-time monitoring of "current maximum" air pollution measurements for many UK towns and cities. This source offers a wide range of constantly updated data, including:
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | Published pollution information
The Still River is polluted with mercury nitrate from the hat industry in Danbury, which has flowed into the Housatonic River and into Long Island Sound. The Housatonic River is polluted with Monsanto chemicals called Aroclor, polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs. From "circa" 1932 until 1977, the river received PCBs pollution discharges from the General Electric plant at Pittsfield, Massachusetts.
Fairfield County, Connecticut | Pollution
The main north–south road in west Bloomsbury is Gower Street which is a one-way street running south from Euston Road towards Shaftesbury Avenue in Covent Garden, becoming Bloomsbury Street when it passes to the west of the British Museum. East of Southampton Row/Woburn Place (an area not always described as part of Bloomsbury) are the Grade II listed Brunswick Centre, a residential and shopping centre, and Coram's Fields children's recreation area. The area to the south is generally less residential, containing several hospitals, including Great Ormond Street, and gradually becomes more commercial in character as it approaches Holborn at Theobald's Road.
Bloomsbury | Geography
The London Borough of Tower Hamlets monitors roadside air quality in Mile End. In 2017, average Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) levels in the locale failed to meet the UK National Air Quality Objective of 40μg/m3 (micrograms per cubic metre). An automatic monitoring site in Mile End recorded a 2017 annual average of 48μg/m3. Alternative monitoring sites on Mile End Road also failed to meet air quality objectives. A site at the junction with Globe Road in nearby Stepney recorded 52μg/m3 as a 2017 average, whilst a site at the junction with Harford Street recorded 41μg/m3. Exposure to higher concentrations of NO2 has been linked to lung disease and respiratory problems.
Mile End | Air pollution
The building was under lease to the School of Oriental and African Studies, who responded to the occupation of the building by acquiring a Notice of Eviction. The occupiers were evicted by bailiffs at 7 A.M. on Thursday, 22 December 2011. At this point, the Bloomsbury Social Centre ceased to exist.
Bloomsbury Social Centre | Eviction
Torrington Square is a square in Bloomsbury, owned by the University of London, located in central London, England. Today it is a square in name only, most of the houses having been demolished by the university. The southern end of the square is dominated by the University of London's Senate House. Birkbeck College and the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) are located here. To the southwest is Malet Street and to the southeast is Russell Square. The square is the site of a weekly farmers' market, held on Thursdays.
Torrington Square | Introduction
In 2017 it was reported that Nottingham is one of a number of UK cities that break WHO air pollution guidelines for the maximum concentration of small particulate matter. Pollution in part being caused by harmful wood-burning stoves.
Nottingham | Air quality
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and the Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine (formerly the Royal London Homoeopathic Hospital) are both located on Great Ormond Street, off Queen Square, which itself is home to the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (formerly the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases). Bloomsbury is also the location of University College Hospital, which re-opened in 2005 in new buildings on Euston Road, built under the government's private finance initiative (PFI). The Eastman Dental Hospital is located on Gray's Inn Road close to the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital administered by the Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust.
Bloomsbury | Hospitals
Pymmes Brook receives most of its water from urban run-off as overland flow or via surface water drains and combined sewage outfalls (CSOs). There is some overflow from Jacks (Beechhill) lake. Jacks Lake burst its banks in the 1930s causing flooding in East Barnet with glasshouses and cows carried downstream! Following on from this event the banks and the first part of the channel was heavily reinforced with concrete. Water quality parameters are indicative of a high level of pollution, in particular, there are areas with misconnections resulting in very high levels of fecal coliforms. Cat Hill for instance often exceeds 1 million colonies of "Eschericia coli" per 100 mls of water.
Pymmes Brook | Pollution issues
Research has demonstrated increased risk of developing asthma and COPD from increased exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Additionally, air pollution has been associated with increased hospitalization and mortality from asthma and COPD. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes diseases such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema. A study conducted in 1960–1961 in the wake of the Great Smog of 1952 compared 293 London residents with 477 residents of Gloucester, Peterborough, and Norwich, three towns with low reported death rates from chronic bronchitis. All subjects were male postal truck drivers aged 40 to 59. Compared to the subjects from the outlying towns, the London subjects exhibited more severe respiratory symptoms (including cough, phlegm, and dyspnea), reduced lung function (FEV and peak flow rate), and increased sputum production and purulence.
Air pollution | Lung disease
Several London railway stations serve Bloomsbury. There are three London Underground stations in Bloomsbury: King's Cross St. Pancras station offers step-free access to all lines, whilst Euston Square offers step-free access to the westbound platform. Other stations nearby include: Euston, Warren Street, Goodge Street, Tottenham Court Road, Holborn and Chancery Lane. There is a disused station in Bloomsbury on the Piccadilly line at the British Museum. There are also three National Rail stations to the north of Bloomsbury:
Bloomsbury | Rail
Additionally, air pollution is the cause of 10% of all deaths in the United Kingdom coming only second after China with 17%, this is a startling statistic considering China's population is much larger than the UK. Individuals with heart and lung disease are most affected by air pollution, but exposure has also been linked to stroke, diabetes, obesity and dementia. It has been reported in multiple headlines that air pollution kills 29,000 people a year in the United Kingdom. These statistics show just how dangerous and deadly air pollution is but also how much it can affect and contribute to other serious health problems amongst people.
Environmental issues in the United Kingdom | Air Pollution
Gases that lead to air pollution include carbon, nitrogen and sulfur oxides. While some of these gases occur naturally, like carbon dioxide in the expulsion of air from the lungs, the serious polluters come from the burning of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. Poisonous gases are being released in the air through smoke released by factories and chemical industries. Air pollution is known as a mixture of natural and man-made substances in the air we breathe. Some examples of natural substances that contribute to air pollution in the UK are dust and pollen while examples of man-made substances contributing to the problem are gases that come from cars and truck exhaust.
Environmental issues in the United Kingdom | Air Pollution
Later in the year Himalayan balsam and bindweed flower there and stinging nettles are prominent. In winter evergreen trees and plants including ivy on deciduous trees provides some greenery together with the grass. Near the play area on either side of the brook is a small with trees including oaks, larches and other conifers. Residents sometimes use the woodland for recreation but the brook is polluted and there is frequently a noticeable smell. The grassy area is acceptable and residents use it more. In the part of the recreational area nearer to Longbridge is a basketball court and post war private houses border the recreational area there.
Turves Green | The Now
Early in December 1952, a cold fog descended upon London. Because of the cold, Londoners began to burn more coal than usual. The resulting air pollution was trapped by the inversion layer formed by the dense mass of cold air. Concentrations of pollutants, coal smoke in particular, built up dramatically. The problem was made worse by use of low-quality, high-sulphur coal for home heating in London in order to permit export of higher-quality coal, because of the country's tenuous postwar economic situation. The "fog", or smog, was so thick that driving became difficult or impossible. The extreme reduction in visibility was accompanied by an increase in criminal activity as well as transportation delays and a virtual shut down of the city.
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | The Great Smog of 1952
Atmospheric pollution caused by burning cheap soft coal created the city's notorious pea soup fog. Air pollution from burning wood or coal was nothing new to London - complaints about the city's dirty atmosphere exist as far back as the 13th century - but the population explosion and industrialisation of the 19th century aggravated both the severity of the fogs and their lethal effects on Londoners. The fogs were at their worst in the month of November, but occurred frequently throughout the autumn and winter. Sulphur dioxide and soot emitted from chimneys mixed with the natural vapour of the Thames Valley to form a layer of greasy, acrid mist that shrouded the city up to 240 feet (75 metres) above street level.
19th-century London | Fog
cleaner) results than Castelnau did in 2017, with an annual mean () concentration at 21μgm-3, and a mean reading of 15μgm-3 for PM. A monitoring site on Barnes High Street recorded more polluted air than the other, with () levels at 43.0μgm-3 (annual mean, 2017). This site therefore failed to meet the UK National Air Quality Objective of 40μgm-3 (annual mean) for ().
Barnes, London | Air pollution
According to official data, the area around York Road is "a TfL Air Quality Focus Area, due to high levels of air pollutants; two schools in the ward are also in areas that breach air quality limit values." There is also an above-average level of 0-16 year olds living in the area, a demographic that has higher healthcare levels than average. Levels of childhood excess weight are higher than the Wandsworth average and children and young people living in the ward are more likely to be admitted to hospital with an injury compared to Wandsworth as a whole. It is believed by governmental sources that high pollution levels measured at two local schools and on the Estates are primarily due to considerable building works and transport activities occurring within the ward.
Winstanley Estate | Health
The area is bisected north to south by the main road Southampton Row/Woburn Place, which has several large tourist hotels and links Tavistock Square and Russell Square – the district's focal points. The road runs from Euston Road in the north to High Holborn in the south. The area west of Southampton Row/Woburn Place is notable for its concentration of academic establishments, museums, and formal squares. Here are the British Museum and the central departments and colleges of the University of London, including Birkbeck College, University College London, the School of Oriental and African Studies, and the University of London's School of Advanced Study.
Bloomsbury | Geography
Several bus stops can be found in Bloomsbury. All buses passing through Bloomsbury call at bus stops on Russell Square, Gower Street or Tottenham Court Road. Several key London destinations can be reached from Bloomsbury directly, including: Camden Town, Greenwich, Hampstead Heath, Piccadilly Circus, Victoria, and Waterloo. Euston bus station is to the north of Bloomsbury.
Bloomsbury | Buses
By the 20th century - at least - respiratory diseases were the UK's biggest killers [the death-rate from bronchitis in the UK remained the highest in the world in the early 1950s, 65 per 100,000 in England and Wales, more than twice than of the nearest other country, Belgium].
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | Prehistory to the 20th Century
Bloomsbury ward has existed since the creation of the London Borough of Camden on 1 April 1965. It was first used in the 1964 election to Camden London Borough Council.
Bloomsbury (ward) | 1965–1978
River Brent was badly polluted since 1886 after contamination caused by sewage disposal outlets, rubber works and the early oil industry. The more recent rise in the rate of motor traffic has also become a major reason behind modern day, upstream pollution. High sewerage levels had killed off the local trout at Brentford by the early 1920s. The river was cleaned out and the sewerage sent into a separate underground pipe by World War II. A few trout began to return in the 1990s. The water quality upstream in the River Brent, and urban diffuse pollution, which has affected biological oxygen levels in Ealing and the area in Brent is affected by diffuse urban pollution and drain misconnections as of 2010.
River Brent | Pollution
Bloomsbury is in the parliamentary constituency of Holborn and St Pancras. The western half of the district comprises Bloomsbury ward, which elects three councillors to Camden Borough Council.
Bloomsbury | Administration and representation
Although, "Copes said it was difficult to definitively say certain deaths are caused by pollution because it's not a factor that is easily recognizable."
Prince George, British Columbia | Air pollution
Pollution around Stockwell has been a concern for local health professionals and authorities since the mid-2000s, largely owing to the number of arterial routes in the neighbourhood. A 2010 study found that, in Stockwell, 7 deaths each year could be attributed to exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5), compared to 139 in the London Borough of Lambeth as a whole in the same year (2008). Road traffic is a primary source of air pollution in Lambeth. In 2016, Clapham Road south of Stockwell was identified by the local authority as an area of concern when it came to tackling air quality in the Borough, as this section of road is "exceeding EU limits for the gas Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)." Lambeth monitor air quality on Clapham Road in Stockwell using Diffusion Tubes.
Stockwell | Pollution
Officials investigated, noting that the instance of certain types of cancer were indeed elevated in the area. They were, however, unable to establish a causal link to the Mercer Rubber Company debris. At a September 13, 2006 meeting with local residents held at the Nottingham Firehouse, just yards from the old Mercer Rubber site and Sayen Park, state officials admitted to concerned residents that their findings reported in the Public Health Assessment are incomplete. The study did not include testing of groundwater or include data from residents who moved away or those who were diagnosed with cancer before 1979.
Sayen Park Botanical Garden | Pollution
Bloomsbury Street contains three listed buildings:
Bloomsbury Street | Listed buildings
The A23 at Brixton suffered the most consistently high levels for more than two-fifths of the period. Carbon monoxide levels had reduced rapidly during the late 1990s and been relatively stable since 2002. In 2007 Transport for London (TfL) estimated that there were 1,000 premature deaths and a further 1,000 hospital admissions annually due to poor air quality from all causes.
London low emission zone | History
The Bloomsbury Theatre is a theatre on Gordon Street, Bloomsbury, in the London Borough of Camden, owned by University College London. The Theatre has a seating capacity of 547 and offers a professional programme of innovative music, drama, comedy and dance all year round as well as providing a space for student-led productions. Funded by a UGC grant and a considerable private donation, the theatre was opened in 1968 as the Collegiate Theatre, and was renamed the Bloomsbury Theatre in 1982. Between 2001 and 2008, the theatre was known as The UCL Bloomsbury, to emphasise links with UCL, who use it for student productions 12 weeks a year.
Bloomsbury Theatre | Introduction
Bloomsbury Square is a garden square in Holborn, Camden, London. Developed in the late 17th century, it was initially known as Southampton Square and was one of the earliest London squares. By the early 19th century, Bedford House along the north of the square had been demolished and replaced with terraced housing designed by James Burton.
Bloomsbury Square | Introduction
In 1956, Feltham Urban District Council purchased Hanworth Park, and the former GAL factory was taken over by Thorn EMI.
London Air Park | Decline 1945–1955
Bloomsbury (including the closely linked St Giles area) has a long association with neighbouring Holborn; but is nearly always considered as distinct from Holborn.
Bloomsbury | History
Since 1993 the London Air Quality Network of King's College London has coordinated the monitoring of air pollution across 30 London boroughs and Heathrow, and has noted that in 2005–2006 almost all road and curbside monitoring sites across greater London exceeded the annual average limits for nitrogen dioxide of 40 μgmformula_1 (21 ppb), with eleven sites exceeding the hourly limits of 200 μgmformula_1 (105 ppb) on at least 18 occasions each. In 2000 one measuring site exceeded EU limits for air pollution, pollution rose for two years prior to 2007. The Green Party reported that nine sites in London exceeded the EU limits for air pollution in 2007.
London low emission zone | History
Danbury Common is a 70.2 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Danbury in Essex, England. Most of it is common land owned by the National Trust, and two areas, the Backwarden and Hitchcock's Meadows, are part of Essex Wildlife Trust's Danbury Ridge Nature Reserves. The site is one of the largest areas of heathland left in the county, and also has bracken and gorse scrub, and woodland with oak and birch. Upper parts are on glacial gravel, and lower down there are boggy heath and woodland areas. Woodland ground flora includes bluebells and anemones. Meadows have uncommon species such as meadow saxifrage and hoary cinquefoil.
Danbury Common | Introduction
In 2017, research by the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change and the Royal College of Physicians revealed that air pollution levels in 44 cities in the UK are above the recommended World Health Organization guidelines. The UK government has plans to improve pollution due to traffic, and is banning the sale of new fossil fuel cars by 2040, and is phasing out the use of coal in its electrical power generation.
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | Introduction
The proliferation of factories and works in north Manchester, Failsworth and Oldham during and after the Industrial Revolution led to Moston Brook becoming badly polluted. Local children referred to it as the "Black Brook", though the brook changed colour depending on the dyes or pigments being discharged into the brook and its tributaries. At the time, children were known to have drowned in the brook while playing there. Other pollutants over the years included oil gas tar from Hollinwood Gas Works and waste from Failsworth tannery. Both the Rochdale and Hollinwood Canals discharged overflows into the streams, so pollution from the canal water would also find its way into the system.
Moston Brook | Pollution
The area around Queen Square in Bloomsbury, close by to the main campus, is a hub for brain-related research and healthcare, with the UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and UCL Institute of Neurology located in the area along with the affiliated National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery. The UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and the affiliated Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children are located adjacently, forming a hub for paediatric research and healthcare. The UCL Ear Institute, the UCL Eastman Dental Institute and the affiliated Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital and Eastman Dental Hospital are located nearby in east Bloomsbury along Gray's Inn Road and form a hub for research and healthcare in audiology and dentistry respectively.
University College London | Bloomsbury
The area appears to have been a part of the parish of Holborn when St Giles hospital was established in the early 1100s. The earliest record of the name, Bloomsbury, is as "Blemondisberi" in 1281. It is named after a member of the Blemund family who held the manor. There are older records relating to the family in London in 1201 and 1230. Their name, Blemund, derives from Blemont, a place in Vienne, in western France. At the end of the 14th century, Edward III acquired Blemond's manor, and passed it on to the Carthusian monks of the London Charterhouse.
Bloomsbury | Origins and etymology
To the north of the square is Great Russell Street and Bedford Place, leading to Russell Square. To the south is Bloomsbury Way. To the west is the British Museum and Holborn is the nearest underground station to the southeast. There are gardens in the centre of the square.
Bloomsbury Square | Geography
This is a list of the etymology of street names in the London district of Bloomsbury. The following utilises the generally accepted boundaries of Bloomsbury viz. Euston Road to the north, Gray’s Inn Road to the east, New Oxford Street, High Holborn, Southampton Row and Theobald’s Road to the south and Tottenham Court Road to the west.
Street names of Bloomsbury | Introduction
The area of the combined civil parish was used for the St Giles District, established under the Metropolis Management Act 1855. This body managed certain infrastructure functions, while the civil parish continued with its responsibilities until the abolishment of the Poor Law in 1930, however it was not formally abolished until the creation of Greater London in 1965. In 1900 the area of the St Giles District merged with Holborn District (excluding those parts of Finsbury Division which had been temporarily attached to Holborn) to form a new Metropolitan Borough of Holborn. The traditional boundaries of St Giles and Bloomsbury were used for wards in the new borough, though these were subject to minor rationalisations to reflect the modern street pattern rather than the historic basis of the older streets and pre-urban field boundaries.
Bloomsbury | Administrative history
Pheasanthouse Wood is mixed woodland, with a bog area which has sphagnum moss. In Poors Piece there are oak pollards and a marsh area. Scrubs Wood is mainly hornbeam and chestnut coppice, while Backwarden, which is owned by the National Trust, has varied habitats including a pond, woodland and heathland. Hitchcock's Meadow also has diverse habitats such as flower-rich ancient pasture, woodland and marsh. Dormice are common in the reserves. There is access to Woodham Walter Common from Common Lane.
Danbury Ridge Nature Reserves | Introduction
Bloomsbury is a borough in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 870, reflecting a decline of 16 (-1.8%) from the 886 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 4 (-0.4%) from the 890 counted in the 1990 Census. Bloomsbury was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 30, 1905, from portions of Bethlehem Township. The Borough of Bloomsbury was once known as "Johnson's Iron Works", owned by Robert Johnson, on the north bank of the river. The current name is derived either from the Bloom family, influential in the early history of the town, or from the iron ore processed into masses of wrought iron that are known as "blooms".
Bloomsbury, New Jersey | Introduction
In 2019, toxic air leads to the premature deaths of at least 40,000 people a year in the UK – 9,000 in London – and it leaves hundreds of thousands more suffering serious long-term health problems.
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | Remediation
The site was assessed by Natural England as in an unfavourable but stable condition in 2008, due to a reduction in heath-associated plants caused by the growth of trees and scrub. Other threats to the area include fly-tipping, algal bloom in the ponds, and fishing, camping and lighting fires around Sound Pond.
Sound Heath | Management and current status
Bloomsbury contains some of London's finest parks and buildings, and is particularly known for its formal squares. These include:
Bloomsbury | Parks and squares
Bloomsbury is home to Senate House and the main library of the University of London, Birkbeck College, Institute of Education, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, School of Pharmacy, School of Oriental and African Studies, and the Royal Veterinary College and University College London (with the Slade School of Fine Art), a branch of the University of Law, London Contemporary Dance School, the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, and Goodenough College. Other colleges include the University of London's School of Advanced Study, the Architectural Association School of Architecture in Bedford Square, and the London campuses of several American colleges including Arcadia University, the University of California, University of Delaware, Florida State University, Syracuse University, New York University, and the Hult International Business School.
Bloomsbury | Educational institutions
Tilbury A had several railway sidings accessed via a connection to the London, Tilbury and Southend railway between the former Tilbury Riverside and Low Street railway stations. In 1963 Tilbury A was used in experiments by the CEGB on the behaviour of pollutants (principally sulphur dioxide) in flue gas plumes emitted from the power station chimneys. The results showed that the maximum pollutant concentrations occurred 2.4 km downwind of the station in strong winds and 9.6 – 13 km downwind in light winds.
Tilbury power stations | A station
The resulting pollution has led to the town centre being designated an air quality management area. An A5 north-south bypass is likely with plans for expansion of the town being planned by the West Northamptonshire Development Corporation.
Towcester | 20th century and beyond
In 2005, two terrorist bombings occurred in this heart of Bloomsbury zone; one on a tube train between Kings Cross St Pancras and Russell Square, the other on a bus on Tavistock Square. In condolence and commemoration the public and public institutions laid flowers at both squares; Tavistock Square has a later monument. In 2016 the Russell Square stabbing took place.
Russell Square | Introduction
A period of unusually cold weather preceding and during the Great Smog led Londoners to burn much more coal than usual to keep themselves warm. While better-quality "hard" coals (such as anthracite) tended to be exported to pay off World War II debts, post-war domestic coal tended to be of a relatively low-grade, sulphurous variety (similar to lignite) which increased the amount of sulphur dioxide in the smoke. There were also numerous coal-fired power stations in the Greater London area, including Fulham, Battersea, Bankside, Greenwich and Kingston upon Thames, all of which added to the pollution. According to the UK's Met Office, the following pollutants were emitted each day during the smoggy period: 1,000 tonnes of smoke particles, 140 tonnes of hydrochloric acid, 14 tonnes of fluorine compounds and 370 tonnes of sulphur dioxide which may have been converted to 800 tonnes of sulphuric acid.
Great Smog of London | Sources of pollution
The worst levels of air pollution are experienced by people in the most deprived 10% areas in England. These people are also subject to 41% higher concentrations of nitrogen dioxide from transport and industry than the average. The average black or black-British African in the UK person is exposed to 27.25 micrograms per cubic metre of harmful pollutant PM10. This is over 28% higher than the average urban white person.
Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom | Air pollution
The competition currently has twelve entry categories, most of which are determined by population size. Within each category, similarly sized communities compete across a spectrum of horticultural endeavour, community participation and environmental responsibility, which includes dealing with issues of litter, graffiti and vandalism.
Britain in Bloom | Structure
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 0.96 square miles (2.49 km), including 0.93 square miles (2.41 km) of land and 0.03 square miles (0.08 km) of water (3.23%). The borough borders the municipalities of Bethlehem Township in Hunterdon County; and Franklin Township, Greenwich Township and Pohatcong Township in Warren County. Bloomsbury is located on the south side of the Musconetcong River in the northwest corner of Hunterdon County and is the third-smallest municipality in Hunterdon County.
Bloomsbury, New Jersey | Geography
In the 19th century the square was occupied mainly by middle class professionals. The writer Isaac D'Israeli lived at No. 6 from 1817 to 1829 and for part of that time his son, the future Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli lived with him. In the 20th century most of the buildings came to be used as offices.
Bloomsbury Square | History
Bloomsbury Street is a street in the Bloomsbury district of the London Borough of Camden that runs from Gower Street in the north to the junction of New Oxford Street and Shaftesbury Avenue in the south.
Bloomsbury Street | Introduction
Bloomsbury Social Centre was the name given to a building in Bloomsbury, London, which was squatted as a self-managed social centre by students in affiliation with Occupy London, and the global Occupy movement. It was occupied on Wednesday, 23 November 2011, and evicted on Thursday, 22 December, lasting a total of 30 days. It was situated at 53 Gordon Square, in an historic six-storey Georgian Grade II-listed building, renovated by famous British architect, Charles Holden, the principal architect of nearby Senate House.
Bloomsbury Social Centre | Introduction
On 29 April 2015, the UK Supreme Court ruled that the government must take immediate action to cut air pollution, following a case brought by environmental lawyers at ClientEarth.
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | April 2015
Air quality continues to be a major problem in the UK. The Government’s Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollution (COMEAP) estimates that approximately 24,000 deaths per year are advanced due to the effects of “normal” UK concentrations of air pollution. In hot years such as 2003 this figure may have been even larger. EPUK founded and launched the Healthy Air Campaign in 2011 - now being co-ordinated by Client Earth. Air pollution remains a significant health threat - with the UK facing the threat of fines from the EU for breaching air quality guidelines - so the work of the EPUK air quality committee remains crucial.
Environmental Protection UK | Air quality
Bloomsbury began to be developed in the 17th century under the Earls of Southampton, but it was primarily in the 19th century, under the Duke of Bedford, that the district was planned and built as an affluent Regency era residential area by famed developer James Burton. The district is known for its numerous garden squares, including Bloomsbury Square, Russell Square and Bedford Square.
Bloomsbury | Introduction
During 2000, Becca Hall was used to measure background levels of air pollution. The site's rural nature places it due west from the A1 and over due east from the edge of the Leeds urban boundary, and so was ideal for that purpose. The only pollutant recorded was ground-level ozone, compared to levels of SO, NO, and PMs at a site next to the A1.
Becca Hall | Pollution levels
The area was part of the Ancient Parish of St Giles, served by the church of St Giles in the Fields. Some sources indicate that the parish was in place before 1222 while others suggest 1547. From 1597 onwards, English parishes were obliged to take on a civil as well as ecclesiastical role, starting with the relief of the poor. In 1731 a small new independent parish of Bloomsbury was created, based on a small area round Bloomsbury Square. In 1774 these parishes recombined, for civil purposes, to form the parish of St Giles in the Fields and St George Bloomsbury – which had the same boundaries as the initial parish of St Giles.
Bloomsbury | Administrative history
The owner of the Bloomsbury Square property, Peter Nahum, said that the squatters were "essentially nice, middle-class kids, who would go and wash at friends' flats nearby." He complained that it cost a lot of money to evict them and asked "Why have a free school in central London? Why not go to the poorer districts if you want to educate people?" The Daily Telegraph wrote that "A ragtag bunch of up to 40 activists and undergraduates has exploited legal loopholes to live for free in a string of historic buildings in London. Dressed in scavenged clothes and ripped vintage tweed jackets, the squatters have struck four times in the past six weeks."
Really Free School | Criticisms
There is public access to a view point over the gardens. At the rear of the building (not open to the public) there is the remains of the medieval conduit-head of the water supply of the London Greyfriars, discovered in Bloomsbury in 1911 and re-erected here in 1927. The former head office building is a grade II* listed building. The former laboratory building, remains of the Round Pond, Greyfriars conduit head, former engine house and former windmill are all grade II listed buildings.
New River Head | Introduction
The UK National Air Quality Information Archive offers almost real-time monitoring "current maximum" air pollution measurements for Sheffield (City Centre and Tinsley districts) as well as many other UK towns and cities. The European Commission's COST Action C11 (COST- European Cooperation in Science and Technology) cites, in its conclusions on "Case studies in Greenstructure Planning" involving 15 European countries:-
Geography of Sheffield | Pollution
In order to improve air quality in London, there has been of fund of 20 million pounds. This came from the Our Mayor’s Air Quality Fund (MAQF). London implemented 12 Emission Low Bus Areas. This helps reduce toxic fumes that are released from vehicles. London is in the same situation as in the United States when it comes to managing pollution.
Industrial waste | In London
Pollen is poorly preserved in the chalky soils found around Avebury, so the best evidence for the state of local environment at any time in the past comes from the study of the deposition of snail shells. Different species of snail live in specific habitats, so the presence of a certain species indicates what the area was like at a particular point in time. The available evidence suggests that in the early Neolithic, Avebury and the surrounding hills were covered in dense oak woodland, and as the Neolithic progressed, the woodland around Avebury and the nearby monuments receded and was replaced by grassland.
Avebury | Location and environment
In the third part of Evelyn's letter, he describes ways of improving the air quality of London by way of plantations, sweet-smelling flowers and vegetation placed near the city.
Fumifugium | Part Three
Unlike most Surrey districts the borough has no Air Quality Management Areas. Flooding from the Tillingbourne (alluvial flooding) is a rare occurrence with small parts of the north and west having been identified by the Borough Council as being at risk.
Chilworth, Surrey | Environment
Bloomsbury Institute is a for-profit higher education provider in central London. offering undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses in business management, accountancy, and law, validated by the University of Northampton. The institute was founded in 2002 as the London School of Business and Management and adopted its current name in 2018. In July 2019, in a decision later overturned by the courts, the Bloomsbury Institute became the first institution to be refused permission by the Office for Students (OfS) to be included on the register of providers. The Office for Students claimed Bloomsbury did not meet the requirements for quality (specifically the continuation rate from first to second year and the rate of progression to graduate employment) or for management and governance (specifically the student outcome data and "a lack of credibility in its student and financial forecasts").
Bloomsbury Institute | Introduction
The free festival is a celebration of the local area, partnering with galleries, libraries and museums, and achieved charitable status at the end of 2012. As of 2013, the Duchess of Bedford is a festival patron and Cathy Mager is the Festival Director.
Bloomsbury | Culture
The canopy reduction in the centre of the bog appears to have negatively affected sphagnum growth here probably because of reduced shading and therefore increased desiccation of sphagnum and easier influx of atmospheric pollutants. Increased sulphur deposition has been recorded on the bog in recent decades and is attributable to increasingly polluted air moving downwind from a major industrial area with coal-burning power stations.
Askham Bog | Ecology and habitats