A kidney stone can move from the kidney and become lodged inside the ureter, which can block the flow of urine, as well as cause a sharp cramp in the back, side, or lower abdomen. Pain often comes in waves lasting up to two hours, then subsides, called renal colic. The affected kidney could then develop hydronephrosis, should a part of the kidney become swollen due to blocked flow of urine. It is classically described that there are three sites in the ureter where a kidney stone will commonly become stuck: where the ureter meets the renal pelvis; where the iliac blood vessels cross the ureters; and where the ureters enter the urinary bladder, however a retrospective case study, which is a primary source, of where stones lodged based on medical imaging did not show many stones at the place where the iliac blood vessels cross.
Ureteral stones
Ureter
Ureter | Ureteral stones
Yes, a kidney stone can move from the kidney and become lodged inside the ureter No. But Kidney Stones move from the kidney and become lodged inside the ureter, which can block the flow of urine. Yes. A kidney stone can move from the kidney and become lodged inside the ureter. Yes, kidney stone can move from the kidney and become lodged inside the ureter
what tissue types form the wall of the ureter
user
urothelial cells
assistant
what is ureter?
user
The ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
assistant
what is the size of this tube?
user
The ureters are between 1.5 - 6 mm in diameter, and surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle for 1 - 2 cm near their ends just before they enter the bladder.
assistant
can you name one function of this bladder?
user
Urine, excreted by the kidneys, collects in the bladder
assistant
do mammals also have this bladder?
user
Yes, all mammals have a urinary bladder
assistant
is it also prone to any deadly disease?
user
Yes, bladder cancer
assistant
does the tube also have anything to do with the supply of blood?
user
Yes, the arteries which supply the ureter vary along its course
assistant
do stones also form here?
user
A kidney stone can move from the kidney and become lodged inside the ureter, which can block the flow of urine, as well as cause a sharp cramp in the back, side, or lower abdomen. Pain often comes in waves lasting up to two hours, then subsides, called renal colic. The affected kidney could then develop hydronephrosis, should a part of the kidney become swollen due to blocked flow of urine. It is classically described that there are three sites in the ureter where a kidney stone will commonly become stuck: where the ureter meets the renal pelvis; where the iliac blood vessels cross the ureters; and where the ureters enter the urinary bladder, however a retrospective case study, which is a primary source, of where stones lodged based on medical imaging did not show many stones at the place where the iliac blood vessels cross.
Ureter | Ureteral stones
Hyperechoic stones are seen with accompanying posterior shadowing. Additional twinkling artifacts below the stone can often be seen using Doppler US. Large stones filling the entire collecting system are called coral stones or staghorn calculi and are easily visualized with US (Figure 20). Stones in the ureters are usually not visualized with US due to the air-filled intestines obscuring the insonation window. However, ureteral stones near the ostium can be visualized with a scan position over the bladder. An exam of the ureteric orifices and the excretion of urine to the bladder can be performed by inspecting the ureteric jets in the bladder with color Doppler US.
Renal ultrasonography | Kidney stone disease
Most stones are compounds containing calcium such as calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. The first recommended investigation is a CT scan of the abdomen because it can detect almost all stones. Management includes analgesia, often with nonsteroidal antiinflammatories. Small stones (< 4mm) may pass themselves; larger stones may require lithotripsy, and those with complications such as hydronephrosis or infection may require surgery to remove.
Ureter | Ureteral stones
The ureters are richly supplied by nerves that form a network () of nerves, the ureteric plexus that lies in the adventitia of the ureters. This plexus is formed from a number of nerve roots directly (T9-12, L1, and S2-4), as well as branches from other nerve plexuses and nerves; specifically, the upper third of the ureter receives nerve branches from the renal plexus and aortic plexus, the middle part receives branches from the upper hypogastric plexus and nerve, and the lower ureter receives branches from the lower hypogastric plexus and nerve. The plexus is in the adventitia. The these nerves travel in individual bundles and along small blood vessels to form the ureteric plexus.
Ureter | Nerve supply
Throughout the books of the Hippocratic Corpus, there are varying hypotheses as to reasons why and exactly how urinary tract stones actually formed. It is noted that these hypotheses were all based on the use of uroscopy and observation of patients by doctors of the time.
Hippocratic Corpus | Stone Formation Theories
The arteries which supply the ureter vary along its course. The upper third of the ureter, closest to the kidney, is supplied by the renal arteries. The middle part of the ureter is supplied by the common iliac arteries, direct branches from the abdominal aorta, and gonadal arteries; the gonadal arteries being the testicular artery in men and the ovarian artery in women. The lower third of the ureter, closest to the bladder, is supplied by branches from the internal iliac arteries, mainly the superior and inferior vesical arteries. The arterial supply can be variable, with arteries that contribute include the middle rectal artery, branches directly from the aorta, and, in women, the uterine and vaginal arteries.
Ureter | Blood and lymphatic supply
Urinary stones may be composed of the following substances:
Bladder stone | Classification
If a patient has a stone lodged higher in the urinary tract, the physician may use a much finer calibre scope called a ureteroscope through the bladder and up into the ureter. (The ureter is the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.) The physician can then see the stone and remove it with a small basket at the end of a wire that is inserted through an extra tube in the ureteroscope. For larger stones, the physician may also use the extra tube in the ureteroscope to extend a flexible fiber that carries a laser beam to break the stone into smaller pieces that can then pass out of the body in the urine.
Cystoscopy | Male and female urinary tracts
The ureter is lined by urothelium, a type of transitional epithelium that is capable of responding to stretches in the ureters. The transitional epithelium may appear as a layer of column-shaped cells when relaxed, and of flatter cells when distended. Below the epithelium sits the lamina propria. The lamina propria is made up of loose connective tissue with many elastic fibers interspersed with blood vessels, veins and lymphatics. The ureter is surrounded by two muscular layers, an inner longitudinal layer of muscle, and an outer circular or spiral layer of muscle. The lower third of the ureter has a third muscular layer.
Ureter | Microanatomy
Postrenal azotemia and hydronephrosis can be observed following the obstruction of urine flow through one or both ureters. Pain in the lower-left quadrant can sometimes be confused with diverticulitis because the sigmoid colon overlaps the ureter, and the exact location of the pain may be difficult to isolate due to the proximity of these two structures.
Kidney stone disease | Signs and symptoms
Urolithiasis refers to stones originating anywhere in the urinary system, including the kidneys and bladder. Nephrolithiasis refers to the presence of such stones in the kidneys. Calyceal calculi are aggregations in either the minor or major calyx, parts of the kidney that pass urine into the ureter (the tube connecting the kidneys to the urinary bladder). The condition is called ureterolithiasis when a calculus is located in the ureter. Stones may also form or pass into the bladder, a condition referred to as bladder stones.
Kidney stone disease | Location
As noted above (section on calcium oxalate stones), people with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) tend to have hyperoxaluria and form oxalate stones. They also have a tendency to form urate stones. Urate stones are especially common after colon resection. Uric acid stones appear as pleomorphic crystals, usually diamond-shaped. They may also look like squares or rods which are polarizable.
Kidney stone disease | Uric acid stones
When they do not dissolve correctly and further build up, they will commonly lodge themselves in the urinary tract and in this case, are usually small enough to pass through urine. In extreme situations, however, these stones may lodge themselves within the tube that connects the kidney and the bladder, called the ureter. In this case, they become very large in size and will most likely cause great pain, bleeding, and possibly even block the flow of urine. These can occur in both men and women, and studies show that around 12% of men, and 8% of women in America will develop kidney stones within their lifetime.
Excretory system | Kidney Stones
Sensation supplied is sparse close to the kidneys and increases closer to the bladder. Sensation to the ureters is provided by nerves that come from T11 - L2 segments of the spinal cord. When pain is caused, for example by spasm of the ureters or by a stone, the pain may be referred to the dermatomes of T11 - L2, namely the back and sides of the abdomen, the scrotum (males) or labia majora (females) and upper part of the front of the thigh.
Ureter | Nerve supply
The line of stones is orientated north-east to south-west.
Ballochroy | Introduction
Lithiasis (stone formation) in the bladder is called cystolithiasis (), from "cysto-" (bladder/cyst) + "-lith" (stone) + "-iasis" (disorder).
Bladder stone | Etymology
Kidney stones can form through deposits of sodium urate microcrystals. Saturation levels of uric acid in blood may result in one form of kidney stones when the urate crystallizes in the kidney. These uric acid stones are radiolucent and so do not appear on an abdominal plain X-ray. Uric acid crystals can also promote the formation of calcium oxalate stones, acting as "seed crystals".
Uric acid | Uric acid stone formation
The ureteral branches of renal artery are small branches which supply the ureter.
Ureteral branches of renal artery | Introduction
Many other complications arise from ureteroceles. Redundant collection systems are usually smaller in diameter than single, and predispose the patient to impassable kidney stones. The effective "bladder within a bladder" compounds this problem by increasing the collision of uric acid particles, the process by which uric acid stones are formed. Ureterocele is also associated with poor kidney function. It can cause frequent blockage of the ureter leading to serious kidney damage. In other cases, a small, upper portion of the kidney is congenitally non-functional. Though often benign, this problem can necessitate the removal of non-functioning parts.
Ureterocele | Complications
Blockage, or obstruction of the ureter can occur, as a result of narrowing within the ureter, or compression or fibrosis of structures around the ureter. Narrowing can result of ureteric stones, masses associated with cancer, and other lesions such as endometriosis tuberculosis and schistosomiasis. Things outside the ureters such as constipation and retroperitoneal fibrosis can also compress them. Some congenital abnormalities can also result in narrowing or the ureters. Congenital disorders of the ureter and urinary tract affect 10% of infants. These include partial or total duplication of the ureter (a duplex ureter), or the formation of a second irregularly placed () ureter; or where the junction with the bladder is malformed or a ureterocoele develops (usually in that location).
Ureter | Anatomical and surgical abnormalities
There are some individual menhirs and at least one other formation which do not fit into the above categories.
Carnac stones | Other formations
The ureters are muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the human adult, the ureters are usually 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long. In humans, the ureters arise from the renal pelvis on the medial aspect of each kidney before descending towards the bladder on the front of the psoas major muscle. The ureters cross the pelvic brim near the bifurcation of the iliac arteries (which they run over). This "pelviureteric junction" is a common site for the impaction of kidney stones (the other being the uteterovesical valve). The ureters run posteriorly on the lateral walls of the pelvis.
Excretory system | Ureter
There are conspicuous quartz veins in many of the circle's stones.
Withypool Stone Circle | Description
From one stone a slab runs south and could be part of a tomb chamber or cist set in an oval cairn 1m high.
Eightercua | Introduction
Although all types of urinary stones can potentially form staghorn calculi, approximately 75% are composed of a struvite-carbonate-apatite matrix.
Struvite | Struvite kidney stones
The position these holes precisely repeats the structure of the whole stone ring, each hole corresponds to a menhir of the ring.
Megaliths in the Urals | Menhirs
There are theories that they may have formed part of a stone circle, however there is no evidence to support this. It is also said that there was previously a stone cist between them, but again this story lacks supporting evidence. There may be some significance to the fact that they are located just from the Plas Meilw hut circle but their presence here is "quite enigmatic".
Penrhos Feilw Standing Stones | Stones
About 10–15% of urinary calculi are composed of struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate, NHMgPO·6HO). Struvite stones (also known as "infection stones," urease, or triple-phosphate stones) form most often in the presence of infection by urea-splitting bacteria. Using the enzyme urease, these organisms metabolize urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. This alkalinizes the urine, resulting in favorable conditions for the formation of struvite stones. "Proteus mirabilis", "Proteus vulgaris", and "Morganella morganii" are the most common organisms isolated; less common organisms include "Ureaplasma urealyticum" and some species of "Providencia", "Klebsiella", "Serratia", and "Enterobacter". These infection stones are commonly observed in people who have factors that predispose them to urinary tract infections, such as those with spinal cord injury and other forms of neurogenic bladder, ileal conduit urinary diversion, vesicoureteral reflux, and obstructive uropathies.
Kidney stone disease | Struvite stones
The ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the human adult, the ureters are usually long and around in diameter. The ureter is lined by urothelial cells, a type of transitional epithelium, and has an additional smooth muscle layer in third closest to the bladder that assists with peristalsis. The ureters can be affected by a number of diseases; including urinary tract infections and kidney stone. is when a ureter is narrowed, due to for example chronic inflammation. Congenital abnormalities that affect the ureters can include the development of two ureters on the same side, or abnormally placed ureters.
Ureter | Introduction
The arteries that supply the ureters end in a network of vessels within the adventitia of the ureters. There are many connections () between the arteries of the ureter, particularly in the adventitia, which means damage to a single vessel does not compromise the blood supply of the ureter. Venous drainage mostly parallels that of the arterial supply; that is, it begins as a network of smaller veins in the adventitia; with the renal veins draining the upper ureters, and the vesicular and gonadal veins draining the lower ureters. Lymphatic drainage depends on the position of lymphatic vessels in the ureter.
Ureter | Blood and lymphatic supply
A significant quantity of rounded stones are still present and some are exposed to view in situ or spread around the site. A few larger boulders, possibly perimeter stones are present and the indications are that the diameter of the cairn may originally have been over 20m. The stones are whinstone and mostly large. No hammer or chisel marks were found on any of the stones. The three urns found were buried in pits that were close to the original ground level. One urn was around a foot in diameter and the other two were 5½ inches in diameter and six inches in height, with zig-zag lines around the rim.
Cairnduff | Description
From here, in males they cross under the vas deferens and in front of the seminal vesicles to enter the bladder near the trigone. In females, the ureters pass behind the ovaries, and then travel in the lower midline section of the broad ligament of the uterus. For a short part, the uterine arteries travel on top for a short (2.5 cm) period. They then pass by the cervix, travelling inwards towards the bladder.
Ureter | Structure
A bladder stone is a stone found in the urinary bladder.
Bladder stone | Introduction
The morphology of this basaltic wall is due to the intense volcanic activity that affected the area one million years ago and in particular to the magma that came in contact with water, which has taken the form of a pentagonal or hexagonal rock column. In some cases the so-called "heads" of the basalts are not smooth, but have a rough surface due to melt conformations called "volcanic".
The thrown stones | Morphology
3–20% of people who form kidney stones have medullary sponge kidney.
Kidney stone disease | Risk factors
The stone is formed in a phallic shape (23" long, 8" thick, 73 lbs.), with a carved inscription in Ionic Greek reading: In standard Greek orthography the text would read: It forms a distych in dactylic hexameter:
Stone of Terpon | Inscription
Bartholomew's. In 1790 he delivered the Goulstonian Lectures at the College of Physicians, of which he had been elected a fellow in 1787. The lectures were on the stone, and were published in 1791. The Gulstonian Lectures are printed as "A Treatise on the Origin and Component Parts of the Stone in the Urinary Bladder" (London, 1791). This work contains a series of experiments made according to the defective chemistry of their time and of no permanent value. Their erroneous result is "that the stone is formed generally in very small part, and often in no degree whatever, from the urine as secreted by the kidneys, but chiefly from the mucus produced from the sides of the different cavities through which the urine passes"; and this led the author to a melancholy conclusion as to a common form of the affection: The imperfect chemistry of his time was sufficient to lead Austin to one accurate conclusion, the variety of composition of hard concretions found throughout the body; and he also points out correctly that the hard matter found in the arteries of old people is calcareous, while the white substance covering the surface of gouty joints is not so.
William Austin (physician) | Career
When nerves to the back are damaged, the bladder cannot empty, resulting in stagnant urine.
Bladder stone | Signs and symptoms
Beyond these layers sits an adventitia containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and veins.
Ureter | Microanatomy
Larger stones may require surgical intervention for their removal, such as shockwave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Patients can also be treated with alpha blockers in cases where the stone is located in the ureter.
Renal colic | Treatment
The stones would have had to be collected and carried to the site, probably from the river as many are rounded and river worn. No detailed description of the urns survives other than some details of the size and their present location is not recorded. By 1857 Mr. James Neilson Provan of Peacockbank was the landowner. The urns contained bones and relics and these vessels were found enclosed in small excavations that were close to the original ground level. One urn, around a foot in diameter, was broken whilst being removed. The remaining two urns had a diameter of 5½ inches and were six inches in height.
Cairnduff | History
Megalith №2 is a cut in a rocky slope and covered by a mound stone structure oriented north–south, whose internal size is 7.5 m × 1.7 m × 3.5 m. It consists of two chambers connected by a corridor. The entrance of the southern chamber is faced to the west. It has a double portal, it could serve for penetrating sun rays.
Megaliths in the Urals | Megalith №2
Eleven converging rows of menhirs stretching for . There are what Alexander Thom considered to be the remains of stone circles at either end. According to the tourist office there is a "cromlech containing 71 stone blocks" at the western end and a very ruined cromlech at the eastern end. The largest stones, around high, are at the wider, western end; the stones then become as small as high along the length of the alignment before growing in height again toward the extreme eastern end.
Carnac stones | "Ménec" alignments
Some 60% of all renal stones are radiopaque. In general, calcium phosphate stones have the greatest density, followed by calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate stones. Cystine calculi are only faintly radiodense, while uric acid stones are usually entirely radiolucent. Where a CT scan is unavailable, an intravenous pyelogram may be performed to help confirm the diagnosis of urolithiasis. This involves intravenous injection of a contrast agent followed by a KUB film. Uroliths present in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder may be better defined by the use of this contrast agent. Stones can also be detected by a retrograde pyelogram, where a similar contrast agent is injected directly into the distal ostium of the ureter (where the ureter terminates as it enters the bladder).
Kidney stone disease | Imaging studies
The diagnosis of renal colic is same as the diagnosis for the renal calculus and ureteric stones.
Renal colic | Diagnosis
The latter typically consist of a greater number of small stones, usually 0.3 m high, and are often found in upland areas and on sites that also contain a stone alignment. The Cork/Kerry circles tend to be more irregular in shape, and with larger, but fewer and more widely spaced, orthostats around the axial stone.
Stone circle | Britain and Ireland
The stone is oblong oval, flattened.
Viburnum lentago | Description
All are oval in shape, although perhaps have been altered from their original form. With the exception of the Rempstone circle, all consist of sarsen stone. Much of this may have been obtained from the Valley of Stones, a location at the foot of Crow Hill near to Littlebredy, which is located within the vicinity of many of these circles. With the exception of the circle at Litton Cheney, none display evidence of any outlying stones or earthworks around the stone circle.
Kingston Russell Stone Circle | Context
The ureters develop from the ureteric buds, which are outpouchings from the mesonephric duct. This is a duct, derived from mesoderm, found in the early embryo. Over time, the buds elongate, moving into surrounding mesodermal tissue, dilate, and divide into left and right ureters. Eventually, successive divisions from these buds form not only the ureters, but also the pelvis, major and minor calyces, and collecting ducts of the kidneys. The mesonephric duct is connected with the cloaca, which over the course of development splits into a urogenital sinus and the anorectal canal. The urinary bladder forms from the urogenital sinus.
Ureter | Development
Most stones form by a combination of genetics and environmental factors. Risk factors include high urine calcium levels; obesity; certain foods; some medications; calcium supplements; hyperparathyroidism; gout and not drinking enough fluids. Stones form in the kidney when minerals in urine are at high concentration. The diagnosis is usually based on symptoms, urine testing, and medical imaging. Blood tests may also be useful. Stones are typically classified by their location: nephrolithiasis (in the kidney), ureterolithiasis (in the ureter), cystolithiasis (in the bladder), or by what they are made of (calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, cystine). In those who have had stones, prevention is by drinking fluids such that more than two liters of urine are produced per day.
Kidney stone disease | Introduction
Passage of kidney stones through the urethra can be painful. Damage to the urethra, such as by kidney stones, chronic infection, cancer, or from catheterisation, can lead to narrowing, called a urethral stricture. The location and structure of the narrowing can be investigated with a medical imaging scan in which dye is injected through the urinary meatus into the urethra, called a retrograde urethrogram. Additional forms of imaging, such as ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging may also be used to provide further details. Injuries to the urethra (e.g., from a pelvic fracture) Foreign bodies in the urethra are uncommon, but there have been medical case reports of self-inflicted injuries, a result of insertion of foreign bodies into the urethra such as an electrical wire.
Urethra | Injury
This table shows a selection of stones from various northern European cities:
Stone (unit) | Elsewhere
Ureteroscopy has become increasingly popular as flexible and rigid fiberoptic ureteroscopes have become smaller. One ureteroscopic technique involves the placement of a ureteral stent (a small tube extending from the bladder, up the ureter and into the kidney) to provide immediate relief of an obstructed kidney. Stent placement can be useful for saving a kidney at risk for postrenal acute kidney failure due to the increased hydrostatic pressure, swelling and infection (pyelonephritis and pyonephrosis) caused by an obstructing stone. Ureteral stents vary in length from and most have a shape commonly referred to as a "double-J" or "double pigtail", because of the curl at both ends.
Kidney stone disease | Ureteroscopic surgery
More invasive forms of imaging include ureteroscopy, which is the insertion of a flexible endoscope into the urinary tract to view the ureters. Ureteroscopy is most commonly used for medium to large-sized stones when less invasive methods of removal are not able to be used.
Ureter | Imaging
The text of the inscription reads: CVNORIX | MACVSM/A | QVICO[L]I[N]E This is traditionally rendered into words as: CVNORIX MACVS MAQVI COLINE Translation: "Cunorix son of Maqui Coline", where Cunorix and Maqui Coline are personal names.
Wroxeter Stone | Inscription
Jackstone calculi are rare bladder stones that have an appearance resembling toy jacks. They are almost always composed of calcium oxalate dihydrate and consist of a dense central core and radiating spicules. They are typically light brown with dark patches and are usually formed in the urinary bladder and rarely in the upper urinary tract. Their appearance on plain radiographs and computed tomography in human patients is usually easily recognizable. Jackstones often must be removed via cystolithotomy.
Bladder stone | Jackstone calculus
Walls of the tube are typically agglutinated with small quartz grains.
Archaeichnium | Description
The urine will appear thick and creamy or sometimes sandy. Small stones and sand can be removed using urohydropropulsion. Prevention is through reducing calcium intake by feeding more hay and less commercial rabbit pellets, and by not using mineral supplements.
Bladder stone (animal) | Calcium oxalate stones
Stone size influences the rate of spontaneous stone passage. For example, up to 98% of small stones (less than in diameter) may pass spontaneously through urination within four weeks of the onset of symptoms, but for larger stones ( in diameter), the rate of spontaneous passage decreases to less than 53%. Initial stone location also influences the likelihood of spontaneous stone passage. Rates increase from 48% for stones located in the proximal ureter to 79% for stones located at the vesicoureteric junction, regardless of stone size. Assuming no high-grade obstruction or associated infection is found in the urinary tract, and symptoms are relatively mild, various nonsurgical measures can be used to encourage the passage of a stone.
Kidney stone disease | Treatment
In 1820 it was recorded that other urns might be present ""as not more than a fourth part of it has yet been examined"". A height of 5 to 6 feet measured in 1820 with stones possibly removed previously for road building, etc.
Cairnduff | Description
The stones (CIIC 272–281) vary in size. All are greenschist, except for two of slate and one of conglomerate. The inscriptions are:
Drumlohan Souterrain and Ogham Stones | Ogham stones
Following this, in the 19th and 20th centuries multiple terms relating to the structures such as ureteritis and ureterography, were coined. Kidney stones have been identified and recorded about as long as written historical records exist. The urinary tract including the ureters, as well as their function to drain urine from the kidneys, has been described by Galen in the second century AD. The first to examine the ureter through an internal approach, called ureteroscopy, rather than surgery was Hampton Young in 1929. This was improved on by VF Marshall who is the first published use of a flexible endoscope based on fiber optics, which occurred in 1964.
Ureter | History
It is believed that pulp stones develop around a central nidus of pulp tissue, for instance collagen fibril, ground substance and necrotic cell remnants. Initial calcification occurs around the central nidus and extends outward with regular calcified material in a concentric or radial manner.
Pulp stone | Introduction
Bladder stones may cause blood in the urine (hematuria) (giving the appearance that the animal is urinating blood) but sometimes there may be no signs at all. Painful urination or straining to urinate are other signs. Urinary tract infections are commonly associated with bladder stones. Smaller stones may become lodged in the urethra, especially in male animals, causing urinary tract obstruction and the inability to urinate. This condition causes acute kidney failure, hyperkalemia, sepsis, and death within a few days.
Bladder stone (animal) | Signs and symptoms
It was also suggested that the appearance of blood within urine could indicate vessels of the kidney to have burst, potentially due to necrosis of blood arteries or vessels. Furthermore, doctors noted that if bubbles formed on top of urine, the kidneys were diseased and showed the potential of long-lasting disease.
Hippocratic Corpus | Detecting Bladder Disease/Stones
Stones less than in diameter pass spontaneously in up to 98% of cases, while those measuring in diameter pass spontaneously in less than 53% of cases. Stones that are large enough to fill out the renal calyces are called "staghorn stones", and are composed of struvite in a vast majority of cases, which forms only in the presence of urease-forming bacteria. Other forms that can possibly grow to become staghorn stones are those composed of cystine, calcium oxalate monohydrate, and uric acid.
Kidney stone disease | Size
An outer kerb was uncovered which had originally been continuous although only 19 stones still remained in place. Seven radial lines of boulders were found lying like spokes dividing the cairn into segments. Where the ground was sloping steeply down to the southwest, terraces of turf and soil had been created, supported by boulders, to allow the cairn, faced on its perimeter with the kerb, to extend outwards in this direction in preparation for positioning the recumbent setting.
Tomnaverie stone circle | Archaeological excavation
The stones from the banks are very light, and are known as 'blood stones'. A reason for the lightness of the rocks was apparently due to blood soaking into the stones when they were used as missiles during battles; however, nowadays chemical weathering - carbonation - of the limestone is thought to account for their light mass.
Ringsbury Camp | Structure
Other Virunum stones integrated are
Virunum | The "Prunnerkreuz"
The boulder rests on the west bank of the River Deehan near Stradbally. It is split from North to South almost perfectly in the center of the rock. The split itself, in width, cuts the stone into two parts: the eastern and western divisions.
Answering Stone | Size and placement
Now the stones are covered by a layer of patina and have a dark shade. But earlier they were light and were perfectly visible from the ridge, because the size of the drawing is huge. Its width is of , the length of , and the diagonal of . It is unknown today, whether this geoglyph belongs to the period of the same megalithic culture, as megaliths of the Vera Island. Everywhere, from geoglyphs in the Nazca Lines to the Blythe geoglyphs in California and several in England it is very difficult to date them. But a very early date for this geoglyph is probable.
Megaliths in the Urals | Geoglyph
Ureteral development begins in the human fetus around the 4th week of embryonic development. A ureteric bud, arising from the mesonephric (or Wolffian) duct, gives rise to the ureter, as well as other parts of the collective system. In the case of a duplicated ureter, the ureteric bud either splits or arises twice. In most cases, the kidney is divided into two parts, an upper and lower lobe, with some overlap due to intermingling of collecting tubules. However, in some cases the division is so complete as to give rise to two separate parts, each with its own renal pelvis and ureter.
Duplicated ureter | Pathophysiology
A pelvic fracture can cause the urethra to separate, leading to a variable length of scar that can severely hamper the ability to urinate normally. The urethra is a tubular conduit that transports urine out of the bladder. The bulbar urethra is a segment of the male urethra that is in between the penile urethra and the membrano-prostatic urethra that typically has a robust blood supply. This blood supply includes antegrade flow from the paired bulbar arteries and circumflex arteries, and retrograde flow from the paired dorsal arteries of the penis.
Bulbar urethral necrosis | Description
Simply that evidence existed that the stones from the earlier site did exist.
Torphichen Preceptory | Introduction
The stones are respectively , , and high, the tallest being at the south-west; the overall length of the row is . The central stone has what are thought to be cup marks. It is supposed that the stones were dragged to the site on logs and levered into position, probably either for seasonal information or for use at religious ceremonies. Houlder (1978) speculates that they were once part of a much larger and impressive alignment, but Castleden (1992) suggests that they did not form part of a stone circle
Trellech | Harold's Stones
Kidney stones have been identified and recorded about as long as written historical records exist. The urinary tract including the ureters, as well as their function to drain urine from the kidneys, has been described by Galen in the second century AD. The first to examine the ureter through an internal approach, called ureteroscopy, rather than surgery was Hampton Young in 1929. This was improved on by VF Marshall who is the first published use of a flexible endoscope based on fiber optics, which occurred in 1964. The insertion of a drainage tube into the renal pelvis, bypassing the uterers and urinary tract, called nephrostomy], was first described in 1941.
Kidney | History
These striations often stand in high relief above the rock surface itself.
Nectocaris | Anatomy
From above the chamber is covered by either one or several flat boulders. Despite the differences of form and size of their chambers, all the boulder dolmens are identical in one respect: they all have two entrances - the main entrance (in one of its side walls) and another, narrower entrance between the boulders.
Megaliths in the Urals | Dolmens of the Middle Urals
As the molten rock cooled to around 1000 Celsius it solidified and crystallised and fractures along vertical joints formed. Over time the slate and sandstone rocks covering the granite were eroded exposing the granite in areas such as Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor. The granite also expanded and horizontal joints were formed. These joints are most clearly seen on exposed pieces of rock such as the Tors of Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor. As the granite erodes further, blocks of eroded granite known as clitter are left.
Cornubian batholith | Formation
IVU-shows Adder head appearance or Cobra head appearance. Cystoscopy-shows translucent cyst which is thin walled surrounding ureteric orifice
Ureterocele | Diagnosis
About 5–10% of all stones are formed from uric acid. People with certain metabolic abnormalities, including obesity, may produce uric acid stones. They also may form in association with conditions that cause hyperuricosuria (an excessive amount of uric acid in the urine) with or without hyperuricemia (an excessive amount of uric acid in the serum). They may also form in association with disorders of acid/base metabolism where the urine is excessively acidic (low pH), resulting in precipitation of uric acid crystals. A diagnosis of uric acid urolithiasis is supported by the presence of a radiolucent stone in the face of persistent urine acidity, in conjunction with the finding of uric acid crystals in fresh urine samples.
Kidney stone disease | Uric acid stones
This indicates that the stones were intentionally removed and didn't fall off the structures over time due to natural processes.
Actuncan site | E-Group and Structure 19A
Lymph collects in submucosal, intramuscular and advential lymphatic vessels. Those vessels closer to the kidney drain into renal collecting vessels, and from here into the lateral aortic nodes near the gonadal vessels. The middle part of the ureter drains into the right paracaval and interaortocaval nodes on the right, and the left paraaortic nodes on the left. In the lower ureter, lymph may drain into the common iliac lymph nodes, or lower down in the pelvis to the common, external, or internal iliac lymph nodes.
Ureter | Blood and lymphatic supply
The stone circle sits on the end of a low ridge, enclosed at a distance by high ground on all sides. It is thought that someone attempted to remove the circle unsuccessfully, disturbing the stones placement in the process. Now the site is composed of 16 granite boulders, with 5 remaining in their original placements. In the Ordnance Survey of 1941 reported 29 stones originally. The stones range in height from 1.3 m to 1.92 m. There has been no archaeological investigation of the site, so the construction date is only estimated to be from the late Bronze Age, approximately 1400–500 BCE.
Piper's Stones | Description
The other reported etiologic factors also include:
Pulp stone | Etiology
Renal colic is a type of abdominal pain commonly caused by obstruction of ureter from dislodged kidney stones. The most frequent site of obstruction is the vesico-ureteric junction (VUJ), the narrowest point of the upper urinary tract. Acute obstruction and the resultant urinary stasis (disruption of urine flow) can distend the ureter (hydroureter) and cause a reflexive peristaltic smooth muscle spasm, which leads to a very intense visceral pain transmitted via the ureteric plexus.
Renal colic | Introduction
Stones can cause disease by several mechanisms: A number of important medical conditions are caused by stones:
Calculus (medicine) | Pathophysiology and symptoms
Urate (CHNO) stones, usually ammonium urate (NH·CHNO) or sodium urate monohydrate (Na·CHNO×HO), form in an acidic to neutral urine. They are usually small, yellow-brown, smooth stones. Urate stones form due to an increased excretion of uric acid in the urine. Dalmatians (especially males) and to a lesser extent Bulldogs are genetically predisposed to the formation of urate stones because of an altered metabolism of purines. Dalmatians have a decreased rate of urate hepatic transport, leading to only about 30 to 40 percent conversion of urate to allantoin, compared with greater than 90 percent conversion in other breeds. Dogs with portosystemic shunts or endstage liver disease also have increased uric acid excretion in the urine due to reduced conversion of uric acid to allantoin and ammonia to urea.
Bladder stone (animal) | Urate stones
Quartz pebbles were often scattered beside and even underneath some stones. Cup marks are sometimes found, generally near the axial stone.
Axial stone circle | Design and archaeology of axial and recumbent stone circles
The first is called the madreporite. This is a skeletal plate, or sieve, opening to the water vascular system, located on the aboral surface. Just underneath the madreporite, is a cup-like depression called the ampulla. Next the stone canal carries the liquid into the central disc of the urchin. Finally, five lateral canals run along the inside of the test and converge at the aboral pole. Along this entire distance, tube feet emerge from the lateral canal through the test to outside the epidermis of the sea urchin.
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis | Water vascular system
has published a comprehensive survey.
Axial stone circle | Introduction
Finally, a kidney stone may travel down the ureter into the bladder and become a bladder stone. There is some evidence indicating that chronic irritation of the bladder by retained stones may increase the chance of bladder cancer. Urinary schistosomiasis, a disease caused by the digenean trematode "Schistosoma haematobium", has been implicated in the development of vesical calculi. However, evidence accumulated thus far has not supported this hypothesis.
Bladder stone | Causes
When a blood vessel, usually the renal artery, crosses over the superior infundibulum of the kidney (one or both), fluid begins to build up, causing the calyx to become distended. This stretching allows the backed up fluid to be more evenly distributed, which can slow the amount of damage done on the kidney. Within this area, the ability to remove waste and maintain mineral and fluid balance become impaired. This leads to an increased risk of infection and stone formation, often causing flank pain. Furthermore, infections can cause further inflammation of the lining of the urinary tract; enough to cause blood to appear in the urine.
Fraley syndrome | Pathophysiology
A smaller group of 555 stones, further to the east of the other two sites. It is composed of 13 lines with a total length of about , ranging in height from to . At the extreme west, where the stones are tallest, there is a stone circle which has 39 stones. There may also be another stone circle to the north.
Carnac stones | "Kerlescan" alignments
Pupation often takes place under flat stones.
Hyphoraia testudinaria | Introduction
There are several tumuli, mounds of earth built up over a grave. In this area, they generally feature a passage leading to a central chamber which once held neolithic artifacts.
Carnac stones | Tumuli
In this case, usually one ureter drains correctly to the bladder, with the duplicated ureter presenting as ectopic.
Ectopic ureter | Introduction
Kidney stones have been identified and recorded about as long as written historical records exist. The urinary tract as well as its function to drain urine from the kidneys, has been described by Galen in the second century AD. Surgery to the urethra to remove kidney stones has been described since at least the first century AD by Aulus Cornelius Celsus.
Urethra | History
If a kidney stone is suspected (e.g. on the basis of characteristic colicky pain or the presence of a disproportionate amount of blood in the urine), a kidneys, ureters, and bladder x-ray (KUB film) may assist in identifying radioopaque stones. Where available, a noncontrast helical CT scan with 5millimeter sections is the diagnostic modality of choice in the radiographic evaluation of suspected nephrolithiasis. All stones are detectable on CT scans except very rare stones composed of certain drug residues in the urine. In patients with recurrent ascending urinary tract infections, it may be necessary to exclude an anatomical abnormality, such as vesicoureteral reflux or polycystic kidney disease.
Pyelonephritis | Imaging studies
The duct of the mesonephros forms the Wolffian duct and ureter of the adult kidney. The embryonic kidney and its derivatives also produces the inductive signals that trigger formation of the adult kidney.
Pronephros | Introduction