Zinc oxide as a mixture with about 0.5% iron(III) oxide (FeO) is called calamine and is used in calamine lotion. Two minerals, zincite and hemimorphite, have been historically called calamine. When mixed with eugenol, a ligand, zinc oxide eugenol is formed, which has applications as a restorative and prosthodontic in dentistry. Reflecting the basic properties of ZnO, fine particles of the oxide have deodorizing and antibacterial properties and for that reason are added into materials including cotton fabric, rubber, oral care products, and food packaging. Enhanced antibacterial action of fine particles compared to bulk material is not exclusive to ZnO and is observed for other materials, such as silver.
Medicine
Zinc oxide
Zinc oxide | Medicine
Calamine lotion, zinc oxide eugenol and others. Calamine lotion and zinc oxide eugenol Ligand, zinc oxide eugenol It as a mixture with about 0.5% iron(III) oxide (FeO) is called calamine and is used in calamine lotion,  zincite and hemimorphite, when mixed with eugenol, a ligand, zinc oxide eugenol is formed, which has applications as a restorative and prosthodontic in dentistry
describe in general terms the structure of ionic solids such as nacl
user
Ions typically pack into extremely regular crystalline structures, in an arrangement that minimizes the lattice energy.
assistant
what can you tell me about their boiling point?
user
Boiling points exhibit similar trends to melting points in terms of the size of ions and strength of other interactions. When vapourized, the ions are still not freed of one another.
assistant
can you name any compounds?
user
Ammonium acetate, zinc oxide, aluminum hydroxide,  aluminium oxide and lead(II) oxide.
assistant
what are the uses of the aforesaid initial one?
user
It is also used as a diuretic.
assistant
what can you tell me about its production?
user
Ammonium acetate is produced by the neutralization of acetic acid with ammonium carbonate or by saturating glacial acetic acid with ammonia.
assistant
what are the applications of the second one?
user
It is used for making plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, rubber, lubricants, paints, ointments, adhesive, sealants, concrete manufacturing, pigments, foods, batteries, ferrites, fire retardants, etc.
assistant
how is it used in the ceramic industry?
user
It is used in ceramic glaze and frit compositions.
assistant
can you name the medicines in which they are used?
user
Ceramic industry consumes a significant amount of zinc oxide, in particular in ceramic glaze and frit compositions. The relatively high heat capacity, thermal conductivity and high temperature stability of ZnO coupled with a comparatively low coefficient of expansion are desirable properties in the production of ceramics. ZnO affects the melting point and optical properties of the glazes, enamels, and ceramic formulations. Zinc oxide as a low expansion, secondary flux improves the elasticity of glazes by reducing the change in viscosity as a function of temperature and helps prevent crazing and shivering. By substituting ZnO for BaO and PbO, the heat capacity is decreased and the thermal conductivity is increased.
Zinc oxide | Ceramic industry
Yttrium oxide is used to stabilize the Zirconia in late-generation porcelain-free metal-free dental ceramics. This is a very hard ceramic used as a strong base material in some full ceramic restorations. The zirconia used in dentistry is zirconium oxide which has been stabilized with the addition of yttrium oxide. The full name of zirconia used in dentistry is "yttria-stabilized zirconia" or YSZ.
Yttrium(III) oxide | Dental ceramics
Calcium fluoride was also used, especially in China. For dental ceramics, several approaches are in use. Spodumene or mica crystals can be precipitated. Fluorides of aluminium, calcium, barium, and magnesium can be used with suitable heat treatment. Tin oxide can be used, but zirconia and titania give better results; for titania, the appropriate resulting particle size is between submicron to 20 µm. Another desirable opacifier is zinc oxide. Opacifiers must also form small particles in the system. Opacifiers are generally inert.
Opacifier | Glasses
Zinc compounds were probably used by early humans, in processed and unprocessed forms, as a paint or medicinal ointment, but their composition is uncertain. The use of "pushpanjan", probably zinc oxide, as a salve for eyes and open wounds, is mentioned in the Indian medical text the Charaka Samhita, thought to date from 500 BC or before. Zinc oxide ointment is also mentioned by the Greek physician Dioscorides (1st century AD). Galen suggested treating ulcerating cancers with zinc oxide, as did Avicenna in his "The Canon of Medicine". Zinc oxide is no longer used for treating skin cancer, though it is still used as an ingredient in products such as baby powder and creams against diaper rashes, calamine cream, anti-dandruff shampoos, and antiseptic ointments.
Zinc oxide | History
This property results from the increased surface area of the fine particles. Zinc oxide is widely used to treat a variety of skin conditions, including dermatitis, itching due to eczema, diaper rash and acne.
Zinc oxide | Medicine
Zinc oxide as a mixture with about 0.5% iron(III) oxide (FeO) is called calamine and is used in calamine lotion. Two minerals, zincite and hemimorphite, have been historically called calamine. When mixed with eugenol, a ligand, zinc oxide eugenol is formed, which has applications as a restorative and prosthodontic in dentistry. Reflecting the basic properties of ZnO, fine particles of the oxide have deodorizing and antibacterial properties and for that reason are added into materials including cotton fabric, rubber, oral care products, and food packaging. Enhanced antibacterial action of fine particles compared to bulk material is not exclusive to ZnO and is observed for other materials, such as silver.
Zinc oxide | Medicine
Zinc in small amounts improves the development of glossy and brilliant surfaces. However, in moderate to high amounts, it produces matte and crystalline surfaces. With regard to color, zinc has a complicated influence.
Zinc oxide | Ceramic industry
The whiteness resulting from the use of zirconia has been described as more "clinical" than that from tin oxide and is preferred in some applications. Nevertheless, tin oxide still finds use in ceramic manufacture and has been widely used as the opacifier in sanitaryware, with up to 6% used in glazes. Otherwise, tin oxide in glazes, often in conjunction with zircon compounds, is generally restricted to specialist low temperature applications and use by studio potters.
Tin-glazed pottery | Current use
One major use is as an absorbent in surgical dressings. It is also used to find zinc salts by mixing sodium hydroxide with the suspect salt.
Zinc hydroxide | Applications
:Zane Grey • :Zinc oxide eugenol •
Index of oral health and dental articles | Z
Zinc oxide is used as a weak antiseptic (and sunscreen), and in paints as a white pigment and mold-growth inhibitor. Zinc chloride is a common ingredient in mouthwashes and deodorants, and zinc pyrithione is an ingredient in antidandruff shampoos. Galvanized (zinc-coated) fittings on roofs impede the growth of algae. Copper- and zinc-treated shingles are available. Zinc iodide and zinc sulfate are used as topical antiseptics.
Oligodynamic effect | Zinc
Some ceramics are semiconductors. Most of these are transition metal oxides that are II-VI semiconductors, such as zinc oxide. While there are prospects of mass-producing blue LEDs from zinc oxide, ceramicists are most interested in the electrical properties that show grain boundary effects. One of the most widely used of these is the varistor. These are devices that exhibit the property that resistance drops sharply at a certain threshold voltage. Once the voltage across the device reaches the threshold, there is a breakdown of the electrical structure in the vicinity of the grain boundaries, which results in its electrical resistance dropping from several megohms down to a few hundred ohms.
Ceramic | Semiconductors
One of the advantages of computerized dentistry (CAD/CAM technologies) involves the use of machinable ceramics which are sold in a partially sintered, machinable state that is fired again after machining to form a hard ceramic. Some of the materials used are glass-bonded porcelain (Viablock), lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (a ceramic crystallizing from a glass by special heat treatment), and phase stabilized zirconia (zirconium dioxide, ZrO). Previous attempts to utilize high-performance ceramics such as zirconium-oxide were thwarted by the fact that this material could not be processed using the traditional methods used in dentistry. Because of its high strength and comparatively much higher fracture toughness, sintered zirconium oxide can be used in posterior crowns and bridges, implant abutments, and root dowel pins.
Dental restoration | Porcelain (ceramics)
The medical use of zinc sulfate began as early as the 1600s. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Zinc sulfate is available as a generic medication and over the counter.
Zinc sulfate (medical use) | Introduction
ZOE cements were introduced in the 1890s. Zinc oxide eugenol is also used as an impression material during construction of complete dentures and is used in the mucostatic technique of taking impressions, usually in a special tray, (acrylic) produced after primary alginate impressions. However, ZOE is not usually used if the patient has large undercuts or tuberosities, whereby silicone impression materials would be better suited. Zinc oxide eugenol is also used as an antimicrobial additive in paint.
Zinc oxide eugenol | Introduction
Metals used in ceramic glazes are typically in the form of metal oxides.
Ceramic glaze | Metal oxide chemistry
In medicine it is used together with oral rehydration therapy (ORT) and an astringent.
Zinc sulfate | Medicine
Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula . ZnO is a white powder that is insoluble in water. It is used as an additive in numerous materials and products including cosmetics, food supplements, rubbers, plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, lubricants, paints, ointments, adhesives, sealants, pigments, foods, batteries, ferrites, fire retardants, and first-aid tapes. Although it occurs naturally as the mineral zincite, most zinc oxide is produced synthetically. ZnO is a wide-band gap semiconductor of the II-VI semiconductor group. The native doping of the semiconductor due to oxygen vacancies or zinc interstitials is n-type. Other favorable properties include good transparency, high electron mobility, wide band gap, and strong room-temperature luminescence.
Zinc oxide | Introduction
Roughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States in 2009 was consumed in zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber to disperse heat. Zinc oxide is used to protect rubber polymers and plastics from ultraviolet radiation (UV). The semiconductor properties of zinc oxide make it useful in varistors and photocopying products. The zinc zinc-oxide cycle is a two step thermochemical process based on zinc and zinc oxide for hydrogen production. Zinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and sometimes as a wood preservative.
Zinc | Other industrial uses
The oldest known pills were made of the zinc carbonates hydrozincite and smithsonite. The pills were used for sore eyes and were found aboard the Roman ship Relitto del Pozzino, wrecked in 140 BC.
Zinc | Ancient use
Since the 1930s zinc peroxide has been applied in a variety of settings, from medicine to aesthetics and even fireworks.
Zinc peroxide | Applications
As of 2011 there were no known human illnesses resulting from any engineered nanoparticles.
Zinc oxide nanoparticle | Introduction
Tin oxide has been widely used as the opacifier in sanitaryware glazes. In this application, additions of up to 6% are reported to be in then-current use. The cost of tin oxide rose considerably during the 1914-1918 war, and resulted in a search for cheaper alternatives. The first successful replacement was zirconia and later zircon. Whilst zirconium compounds are not as effective their low price led to a gradual increase in popularity with an associated reduction in use of tin oxide. Today, tin oxide usage in glazes finds limited use in conjunction with zircon compounds, although it is generally restricted to specialist low temperature applications and use by studio potters.
Tin-glazing | Current use and alternatives
It is used in the manufacture of other chemicals. Zinc methyl () is used in a number of organic syntheses. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and television screens, and luminous paints. Crystals of ZnS are used in lasers that operate in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum. Zinc sulfate is a chemical in dyes and pigments. Zinc pyrithione is used in antifouling paints. Zinc powder is sometimes used as a propellant in model rockets. When a compressed mixture of 70% zinc and 30% sulfur powder is ignited there is a violent chemical reaction.
Zinc | Other industrial uses
In the indirect or French process, metallic zinc is melted in a graphite crucible and vaporized at temperatures above 907 °C (typically around 1000 °C). Zinc vapor reacts with the oxygen in the air to give ZnO, accompanied by a drop in its temperature and bright luminescence. Zinc oxide particles are transported into a cooling duct and collected in a bag house. This indirect method was popularized by LeClaire (France) in 1844 and therefore is commonly known as the French process. Its product normally consists of agglomerated zinc oxide particles with an average size of 0.1 to a few micrometers.
Zinc oxide | Indirect process
Black oxide for zinc is also known by the trade name "Ebonol Z". Another product is Ultra-Blak 460, which blackens zinc-plated and galvanized surfaces without using any chrome and zinc die-casts.
Black oxide | Zinc
Other applications are in electrical batteries, small non-structural castings, and alloys such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and dimethylzinc or diethylzinc in the organic laboratory.
Zinc | Introduction
Related oxides are also known such as NaZnO, NaZnO, NaZnO.
Sodium zincate | Oxozincates
By weight, most of the world's zinc oxide is manufactured via French process.
Zinc oxide | Indirect process
Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) is a material created by the combination of zinc oxide and eugenol contained in oil of cloves. An acid-base reaction takes place with the formation of zinc eugenolate chelate. The reaction is catalysed by water and is accelerated by the presence of metal salts. ZOE can be used as a dental filling material or dental cement in dentistry. It is often used in dentistry when the decay is very deep or very close to the nerve or pulp chamber. Because the tissue inside the tooth, i.e. the pulp, reacts badly to the drilling stimulus (heat and vibration), it frequently becomes severely inflamed and precipitates a condition called acute or chronic pulpitis.
Zinc oxide eugenol | Introduction
A number of drugs contain metals. This theme relies on the study of the design and mechanism of action of metal-containing pharmaceuticals, and compounds that interact with endogenous metal ions in enzyme active sites. The most widely used anti-cancer drug is cisplatin. MRI contrast agent commonly contain gadolinium. Lithium carbonate has been used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder. Gold antiarthritic drugs, e.g. auranofin have been commercialized. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules are metal complexes have been developed to suppress inflammation by releasing small amounts of carbon monoxide. The cardiovascular and neuronal importance of nitric oxide has been examined, including the enzyme nitric oxide synthase.
Bioinorganic chemistry | Metals in medicine
Popular and folk forms have continued in many countries, including the Mexican Talavera. In the 20th century there were changes in the formulation of tin-glaze and several artist potters began to work in the medium of tin-glazed pottery. The cost of tin oxide rose considerably during the 1918-1918 war and resulted in a search for cheaper alternatives. The first successful replacement was zirconia and later zircon. Whilst zirconium compounds are not as effective opacifiers as tin oxide, their relatively low price has led to a gradual increase in their use, with an associated reduction in the use of tin oxide.
Tin-glazed pottery | Current use
Selection of luting agent to be used for a given restoration should be based on a basic knowledge of the materials available, the type of restoration to be placed, the requirements of the patient and the expertise and experience of the clinician.
Luting agent | Zinc oxide eugenol
Yttria-stabilized zirconia, also known simply as zirconia, is a very hard ceramic that is used as a strong base material in some full ceramic restorations. Zirconia is relatively new in dentistry and the published clinical data is correspondingly limited. The zirconia used in dentistry is zirconium oxide which has been stabilized with the addition of yttrium oxide. Yttria-stabilized zirconia is also known as YSZ. The zirconia substructure (core) is usually designed on a digital representation of the patient's mouth, which is captured with a three-dimensional digital scan of the patient, impression, or model. The core is then milled from a block of zirconia in a soft pre-sintered state.
Crown (dentistry) | Zirconia
The applications of zinc oxide powder are numerous, and the principal ones are summarized below. Most applications exploit the reactivity of the oxide as a precursor to other zinc compounds. For material science applications, zinc oxide has high refractive index, high thermal conductivity, binding, antibacterial and UV-protection properties. Consequently, it is added into materials and products including plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, rubber, lubricants, paints, ointments, adhesive, sealants, concrete manufacturing, pigments, foods, batteries, ferrites, fire retardants, etc.
Zinc oxide | Applications
The whiteness resulting from the use of zirconia has been described as more "clinical" than that from tin oxide, and is consequently preferred in some applications. The Koninklijke Tichelaar Makkum factory, or Royal Tichelaar Makkum, based in Makkum, Friesland continue the production Delftware using tin-glazed earthenware.
Tin-glazing | Current use and alternatives
Between 50% and 60% of ZnO use is in the rubber industry. Zinc oxide along with stearic acid is used in the vulcanization of rubber ZnO additive also protect rubber from fungi (see medical applications) and UV light.
Zinc oxide | Rubber manufacture
Ceramics are now commonly used in the medical fields as dental and bone implants. Surgical cermets are used regularly. Joint replacements are commonly coated with bioceramic materials to reduce wear and inflammatory response. Other examples of medical uses for bioceramics are in pacemakers, kidney dialysis machines, and respirators. The global demand on medical ceramics and ceramic components was about U.S. $9.8 billion in 2010. It was forecast to have an annual growth of 6 to 7 percent in the following years, with world market value predicted to increase to U.S. $15.3 billion by 2015 and reach U.S. $18.5 billion by 2018.
Bioceramic | Applications
Some resin-based materials also include an HSC with bismuth oxide. Problems have allegedly arisen with bismuth oxide because it is claimed not to be inert at high pH, specifically that it slows the setting of the HSC, but also over time can lose color by exposure to light or reaction with other materials that may have been used in the tooth treatment, such as sodium hypochlorite.
Bismuth(III) oxide | Medical device usage
Zinc oxide (ZnO) reacts with both acids and with bases: This reactivity can be used to separate different cations, such as zinc(II), which dissolves in base, from manganese(II), which does not dissolve in base. Lead oxide (PbO): Aluminium oxide (AlO)
Amphoterism | Amphoteric oxides
This property also leads to its use in the manufacture of magnesia cements for dental fillings and certain mouthwashes as an active ingredient.
Zinc chloride | As a metallurgical flux
He also studied the fracture resistance of ceramic armor, designed to protect people and equipment. A great deal of attention was paid to the research and creation of refractories, as well as zirconia ceramics for engineering and medicine. He created ophthalmologic and medical super sharp scalpels from zirconium dioxide single crystals, which were used in clinics in Kyiv, Moscow, Melbourne and Sydney. He also investigated the resistance to fracture of layered and other brittle composite materials by their mechanical and thermal loading in a wide range of temperatures.
George Gogotsi | Scientific and Research Contribution
Industrial applications include wood preservation, manufacturing other zinc salts, polymers, manufacture of ethyl acetate, as a dye mordant, and analytical reagent. It is used in commercial nuclear power plants as a plating inhibitor on primary water piping.
Zinc acetate | Industrial applications
Zinc monofluorophosphate can be used as a corrosion inhibitor for steel when salt is present. Glutamine monofluorophosphate has been used as a fluoride-bearing medicine.
Monofluorophosphate | Uses
Colorants, such as iron oxide, copper carbonate, or cobalt carbonate, and sometimes opacifiers like tin oxide or zirconium oxide, are used to modify the visual appearance of the fired glaze.
Ceramic glaze | Composition
Ceramic manufacturers primarily use lead(II) oxide (PbO) as a flux for its low melting range, wide firing range, low surface tension, high index of refraction, and resistance to devitrification. Lead used in the manufacture of commercial glazes are molecularly bound to silica in a 1:1 ratio, or included in frit form, to ensure stabilization and reduce the risk of leaching. In polluted environments, nitrogen dioxide reacts with water () to produce nitrous acid () and nitric acid (). Soluble Lead(II) nitrate () forms when lead(II) oxide (PbO) of leaded glazes is exposed to nitric acid ()
Ceramic glaze | Lead(II) oxide
Zinc white is used as a pigment in paints and is more opaque than lithopone, but less opaque than titanium dioxide. It is also used in coatings for paper. Chinese white is a special grade of zinc white used in artists' pigments. The use of zinc white (zinc oxide) as a pigment in oil painting started in the middle of 18th century. It has partly replaced the poisonous lead white and was used by painters such as Böcklin, Van Gogh, Manet, Munch and others. It is also a main ingredient of mineral makeup (CI 77947).
Zinc oxide | Pigment
The piezoelectricity in textile fibers coated in ZnO have been shown capable of fabricating "self-powered nanosystems" with everyday mechanical stress from wind or body movements. In 2008 the "Center for Nanostructure Characterization" at the Georgia Institute of Technology reported producing an electricity generating device (called flexible charge pump generator) delivering alternating current by stretching and releasing zinc oxide nanowires. This mini-generator creates an oscillating voltage up to 45 millivolts, converting close to seven percent of the applied mechanical energy into electricity. Researchers used wires with lengths of 0.2–0.3 mm and diameters of three to five micrometers, but the device could be scaled down to smaller size.
Zinc oxide | Piezoelectricity
Benzotriazole is one such species used to protect copper. For lubrication, zinc dithiophosphates are common - they deposit sulfide on surfaces. The suitability of any given chemical for a task in hand depends on many factors, including their operating temperature.
Corrosion inhibitor | Types
This review cited studies that found lower plasma zinc concentrations in the subjects who consumed zinc oxide and zinc carbonate than in those who took zinc acetate and sulfate salts. For fortification, however, a 2003 review recommended cereals (containing zinc oxide) as a cheap, stable source that is as easily absorbed as the more expensive forms. A 2005 study found that various compounds of zinc, including oxide and sulfate, did not show statistically significant differences in absorption when added as fortificants to maize tortillas.
Zinc | Dietary intake
In halogen-free system, zinc borate can be used together with alumina trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, red phosphorus, or ammonium polyphosphate. During burning the plastics, a porous borate ceramics is formed that protects the underlying layers. In presence of silica, borosilicate glass can be formed at plastic burning temperatures.
Zinc borate | Uses
Calcium oxide is used in the following reaction: Copper sulphate and powdered zinc can also be used, but this process is less efficient:
Self-heating food packaging | Chemistry
Tin(IV) oxide has long been used as an opacifier and as a white colorant in ceramic glazes. This has probably led to the discovery of the pigment lead-tin-yellow, which was produced using tin(IV) oxide as a compound. The use of tin(IV) oxide has been particularly common in glazes for earthenware, sanitaryware and wall tiles; see the articles tin-glazing and Tin-glazed pottery. Tin oxide remains in suspension in vitreous matrix of the fired glazes, and, with its high refractive index being sufficiently different from the matrix, light is scattered, and hence increases the opacity of the glaze. The degree of dissolution increases with the firing temperature, and hence the extent of opacity diminishes.
Tin(IV) oxide | Ceramic glazes
Depleted zinc oxide (DZO) is a zinc oxide depleted in the zinc isotope with the atomic mass 64, and used as a corrosion inhibitor in nuclear pressurized water reactors. The depletion of Zn is necessary, because this isotope is transformed into Zn by neutron capture. Zn with a half-life of 244.26 days emits gamma radiation with 1.115 MeV. Zn has a natural abundance of 48.6%, but in DZO it is reduced below 1%. Adding zinc oxide to the primary water loop of a boiling water reactor or pressurized water nuclear reactor reduces corrosion and therefore minimizes the amount of dissolved materials, especially Co.
Depleted zinc oxide | Introduction
Zinc was distinctly recognized as a metal under the designation of "Yasada" or Jasada in the medical Lexicon ascribed to the Hindu king Madanapala (of Taka dynasty) and written about the year 1374. Smelting and extraction of impure zinc by reducing calamine with wool and other organic substances was accomplished in the 13th century in India. The Chinese did not learn of the technique until the 17th century. Alchemists burned zinc metal in air and collected the resulting zinc oxide on a condenser. Some alchemists called this zinc oxide "lana philosophica", Latin for "philosopher's wool", because it collected in wooly tufts, whereas others thought it looked like white snow and named it "nix album".
Zinc | Early studies and naming
The treatment of burrowing ulcers in the abdominal wall with zinc peroxide was first recorded in 1933 and throughout the 1940s ZnO was used as a disinfectant in surgical infections. Zinc peroxide was, however, deemed ineffective against certain bacterial strains, such as "Streptococcus viridans", "staphylococcus aureus", "E. coli", "B. proteus", and "B. pyocyoneus". One aspect of the compound’s microorganism toxicity is the resultant stagnation of microbial populations upon administration. This effect was hypothesized to depend upon the compound’s penchant for oxygen donation. It has been suggested that the increase in oxygen concentration associated with the presence of ZnO interferes with the replicative processes of anaerobic and micro-aerophillic organisms, both of which require low oxygen environments for their survival.
Zinc peroxide | Medical Use
Sodium zincate refers to anionic zinc oxides or hydroxides, depending on conditions. In the applications of these materials, the exact formula is not necessarily important and it is likely that aqueous zincate solutions consist of mixtures.
Sodium zincate | Introduction
Unlike polymers, slow degradation of ceramics allows for longer release of the drug. Polymers also tend to swell in liquid which can cause an unwanted burst of drugs. The lack of swelling shown by most ceramics allows for increased control. Ceramics can also be created to match the chemistry of biological cells in the body increasing bioactivity and biocompatibility. Nanophase ceramic drug carriers are also able to target specific cells. This can be done by manufacturing a material to bond to the specific cell or by applying an external magnetic field, attracting the carrier to a specific location.
Nanophase ceramic | Drug Delivery
The company's largest source of revenue comes from the production of over 300 billion coin blanks annually. The company also supplies zinc strips used in various cathodic protection, building, automotive, architectural, and specialty products. Such products include zinc galvanic anodes, LifeJacket, and LifeDowel automotive blade fuses, metal flashing, guttering systems, plumbing hardware, wall cladding, braille, organ pipes, counter tops, signs, and medals among other niche items.
Jarden Zinc Products | Products
Zinc oxide crystallizes in two main forms, hexagonal wurtzite and cubic zincblende. The wurtzite structure is most stable at ambient conditions and thus most common. The zincblende form can be stabilized by growing ZnO on substrates with cubic lattice structure. In both cases, the zinc and oxide centers are tetrahedral, the most characteristic geometry for Zn(II). ZnO converts to the rocksalt motif at relatively high pressures about 10 GPa. The many remarkable medical properties of creams containing ZnO can be explained by its elastic softness, which is characteristic of tetrahedral coordinated binary compounds close to the transition to octahedral structures.
Zinc oxide | Structure
Such medicines were changed away from aluminium substances due to a scare over Alzheimer's disease, but have since changed back to compounds containing aluminum as they are most effective. Kaolin was also used to treat cholera around the start of the 20th century. An early proponent was German physician Julius Stumpf.
Medicinal clay | Internal use
The very low thermal conductivity of cubic phase of zirconia also has led to its use as a thermal barrier coating, or TBC, in jet and diesel engines to allow operation at higher temperatures. Thermodynamically, the higher the operation temperature of an engine, the greater the possible efficiency. Another low thermal conductivity use is a ceramic fiber insulation for crystal growth furnaces, fuel cell stack insulation and infrared heating systems. This material is also used in dentistry in the manufacture of 1) subframes for the construction of dental restorations such as crowns and bridges, which are then veneered with a conventional feldspathic porcelain for aesthetic reasons, or of 2) strong, extremely durable dental prostheses constructed entirely from monolithic zirconia, with limited but constantly improving aesthetics.
Zirconium dioxide | Niche uses
Zinc molybdate is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnMoO. It is used as a white pigment, which that is also a corrosion inhibitor. A related pigment is sodium zinc molybdate, NaZn(MoO). The material has also been investigated as an electrode material. In terms of its structure, the Mo(VI) centers are tetrahedral and the Zn(II) centers are octahedral.
Zinc molybdate | Introduction
Zinc cadmium sulfide is a mixture of zinc sulfide (ZnS) and cadmium sulfide (CdS). It is used for its fluorescent properties. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain, for example in plants and in seafood. Long-term or repeated exposures are expected to have harmful effects on the kidneys, bones, and respiratory tract, resulting in kidney impairment, osteoporosis (bone weakness), and chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract.
Zinc cadmium sulfide | Introduction
It then quickly fell back to a routine 80 cents by July 2010. Zinc is popular in manufacturing and building; its ability to create corrosion-resistant zinc plating of steel (hot-dip galvanizing) is the major application for zinc. Other applications are in batteries and alloys, such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory.
2000s commodities boom | Zinc
Commercially used piezoceramic is primarily lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Barium titanate (BT), strontium titanate (ST), quartz, and others are also used. See .
Electroceramics | Piezoelectric and ferroelectric ceramics
A small amount of industrial production involves wet chemical processes, which start with aqueous solutions of zinc salts, from which zinc carbonate or zinc hydroxide is precipitated. The solid precipitate is then calcined at temperatures around 800 °C.
Zinc oxide | Wet chemical process
There is preliminary evidence that combining hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin for treating non-hospitalized ("outpatient") people with COVID‑19 infection with multiple comorbidities was effective, but remains under preliminary research. Zinc deficiency – which decreases immune capacity to defend against pathogens – is common among elderly people, and may be a susceptibility factor in viral infections. The mechanism for any potential benefit of including zinc in a cocktail treatment for recovery from severe COVID‑19 or any viral infection is unknown.
COVID-19 drug repurposing research | Combined with zinc and another antibiotic
In vapor deposition processes, zinc and oxygen are transported in gaseous form and react with each other, creating ZnO nanostructures. Other vapor molecules or solid and liquid catalysts can also be involved in the reaction, which affect the properties of the resultant nanostructure . To directly create ZnO nanostructures, one can decompose zinc oxide at high temperatures where it splits into zinc and oxygen ions and when cooled it forms various nanostructures, including complex structures such as nanobelts and nanorings. Alternatively, zinc powder can be transported through oxygen vapor which react to form nanostructures . Other vapours such as nitrous oxide or carbon oxides can be used by themselves or in combination.
ZnO nanostructures | Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
The material can be used in inner ear ossicles, ocular prostheses, electrical insulation for pacemakers, catheter orifices and in numerous prototypes of implantable systems such as cardiac pumps. Aluminosilicates are commonly used in dental prostheses, pure or in ceramic-polymer composites. The ceramic-polymer composites are a potential way to filling of cavities replacing amalgams suspected to have toxic effects. The aluminosilicates also have a glassy structure. Contrary to artificial teeth in resin, the colour of tooth ceramic remains stable Zirconia doped with yttrium oxide has been proposed as a substitute for alumina for osteoarticular prostheses. The main advantages are a greater failure strength, and a good resistance to fatigue.
Bioceramic | Mechanical properties and composition
The copper-free derivative exhibited a tumour response with short intervals between drug administration and photodynamic activity. Increased "in vivo" activity was observed with the zinc benzochlorin analogue.
Photodynamic therapy | Metallochlorins/bacteriochlorins
Zinc oxides began to be used for white paints. Many countries banned the use of lead paints inside buildings. By the early 1930s lithopone titanium and zinc oxides were being marketed as non-poisonous. Lead poisoning's great danger to children was not recognised until the 1940s when it was decided small quantities which might create chronic lead poisoning in mature adults would kill children.
British Titan Products | Lead Poisoning
Zinc peroxide (ZnO) appears as a bright yellow powder at room temperature. It was historically used as a surgical antiseptic. More recently zinc peroxide has also been used as an oxidant in explosives and pyrotechnic mixtures. Its properties have been described as a transition between ionic and covalent peroxides. Zinc peroxide can be synthesized through the reaction of zinc chloride and hydrogen peroxide.
Zinc peroxide | Introduction
Although dependent on the other constituents the solubility of tin oxide in glaze melts is generally low. Its solubility is increased by NaO, KO and BO, and reduced by CaO, BaO, ZnO, AlO, and to a limited extent PbO. SnO has been used as pigment in the manufacture of glasses, enamels and ceramic glazes. Pure SnO gives a milky white colour; other colours are achieved when mixed with other metallic oxides e.g. VO yellow; CrO pink; and SbO grey blue.
Tin(IV) oxide | Ceramic glazes
Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate is a coordination complex of zinc with dimethyldithiocarbamate. It is a pale yellow solid that is used as a fungicide, the sulfur vulcanization of rubber, and other industrial applications.
Zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) | Introduction
Major applications of zinc include (numbers are given for the US)
Zinc | Applications
Zirconium oxide is used due to its polymorphism. It exists in three phases: monoclinic, tetragonal and cubic. Cooling to the monoclinic phase after sintering causes a large volume change, which often causes stress fractures in pure zirconia. Additives such as magnesia, calcia and yttria are used in manufacturing the knife material to stabilize the high-temperature phases and minimize this volume change. The highest strength and toughness is produced by the addition of 3 mol% yttrium oxide yielding partially stabilized zirconia. This material consists of a mixture of tetragonal and cubic phases with a bending strength of nearly 1,200 MPa. Small cracks allow phase transformations to occur, which essentially close the cracks and prevent catastrophic failure, resulting in a relatively tough ceramic material, sometimes known as TTZ (transformation-toughened zirconia).
Ceramic knife | Zirconium oxide
The vessel had a medicine chest with pyxides inside, which contained medicinal tablets or pills full of a number of zinc compounds, as well as iron oxide, starch, beeswax, pine resin and other plant-derived materials, all probably served as some sort of eye medicine or eyewash.
Medicine in ancient Rome | Herbal and other medicines
A condition called the zinc shakes or "zinc chills" can be induced by inhalation of zinc fumes while brazing or welding galvanized materials. Zinc is a common ingredient of denture cream which may contain between 17 and 38 mg of zinc per gram. Disability and even deaths from excessive use of these products have been claimed.
Zinc | Toxicity
This produces zinc sulfide, together with large amounts of hot gas, heat, and light.
Zinc | Other industrial uses
His first patent was rejected by the patent court on grounds of plagiarising the technology common in India. However, he was granted the patent on his second submission of patent approval. Postlewayt's Universal Dictionary of 1751 still wasn't aware of how Zinc was produced. The Arthashastra describes the production of zinc. The Rasaratnakara by Nagarjuna describes the production of brass and zinc. There are references of medicinal uses of zinc in the Charaka Samhita (300 BCE). The Rasaratna Samuchaya (800 CE) explains the existence of two types of ores for zinc metal, one of which is ideal for metal extraction while the other is used for medicinal purpose.
History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent | Zinc
ZnO is a relatively soft material with approximate hardness of 4.5 on the Mohs scale. Its elastic constants are smaller than those of relevant III-V semiconductors, such as GaN. The high heat capacity and heat conductivity, low thermal expansion and high melting temperature of ZnO are beneficial for ceramics. The E2 optical phonon in ZnO exhibits an unusually long lifetime of 133 ps at 10 K. Among the tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors, it has been stated that ZnO has the highest piezoelectric tensor, or at least one comparable to that of GaN and AlN. This property makes it a technologically important material for many piezoelectrical applications, which require a large electromechanical coupling.
Zinc oxide | Mechanical properties
The zinc complex Zn(HOCHSO) is marketed under the trademarks Decroline, Decolin, and Safolin. This compound is an additive in polymers and textiles. Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate is called Rongalite C. Calcium hydroxymethanesulfinate is called Rongalite H.
Rongalite | Related compounds
The direct or American process starts with diverse contaminated zinc composites, such as zinc ores or smelter by-products. The zinc precursors are reduced (carbothermal reduction) by heating with a source of carbon such as anthracite to produce zinc vapor, which is then oxidized as in the indirect process. Because of the lower purity of the source material, the final product is also of lower quality in the direct process as compared to the indirect one.
Zinc oxide | Direct process
Impression paste is traditionally used to take the working (secondary) impressions for a complete denture. When used with a special tray it requires 1 mm of spacing to allow for enough thickness of the material; this is also termed a "close fitting" special tray. It is available as a two-paste system: The two pastes should be used in equal amounts and blended together with a stainless steel spatula (Clarident spatula) on a paper pad. Zinc-oxide Eugenol plaster will produce a mucostatic impression. Advantages: Disadvantages:
Dental impression | Zinc-oxide eugenol plaster (impression paste)
Micronized and nano-scale zinc oxide and titanium dioxide provide strong protection against UVA and UVB ultraviolet radiation, and are used in suntan lotion, and also in UV-blocking sunglasses for use in space and for protection when welding, following research by scientists at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
Zinc oxide | UV absorber
Lithium oxide is widely used as a flux for processing silica, reducing the melting point and viscosity of the material and leading to glazes with improved physical properties including low coefficients of thermal expansion. Worldwide, this is one of the largest use for lithium compounds. Glazes containing lithium oxides are used for ovenware. Lithium carbonate (LiCO) is generally used in this application because it converts to the oxide upon heating.
Lithium | Ceramics and glass
This phenomenon explains the cosmetically undesired opaqueness of inorganic sunscreens and makes the utilization of NPs monetarily appealing. ZnO particles of 200 nm or smaller are transparent to the human eye.
Nanotechnology in cosmetics | Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreen
Zinc pyrithione can be used to treat dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis. It also has antibacterial properties and is effective against many pathogens from the "Streptococcus" and "Staphylococcus" genera. Its other medical applications include treatments of psoriasis, eczema, ringworm, fungus, athletes foot, dry skin, atopic dermatitis, tinea versicolor, and vitiligo.
Zinc pyrithione | Medical
There are roughly 13,000 compounds used in China and over 100,000 TCM recipes recorded in the ancient literature. Plant elements and extracts are by far the most common elements used. In the classic "Handbook of Traditional Drugs" from 1941, 517 drugs were listed – out of these, 45 were animal parts, and 30 were minerals.
Traditional Chinese medicine | Raw materials
In its monomeric form, zinc pyrithione has two of the anions chelated to a zinc centre with a tetrahedral geometry. In the solid state, it forms a dimer in which each zinc centre adopts a trigonal bipyramidal geometry with two of the anions acting as bridging ligands coordinated through the oxygen atoms in the axial positions. In solution, the dimers dissociate via scission of zinc-oxygen bonds to each bridging ligand. Further dissociation of the monomer into its constituents can occur and is undesirable as the complex is more potent in medical applications; for this reason, zinc carbonate can be added to formulations as it inhibits the monomer dissociation.
Pyrithione | Applications
Zinc nitrate (used as oxidizing agent), zinc chlorate , zinc sulfate (known as "white vitriol"), zinc phosphate (used as primer pigment), zinc molybdate (used as white pigment), zinc chromate (one of the few colored zinc compounds), zinc arsenite Zn(AsO) (colorless powder) and zinc arsenate octahydrate (white powder, also referred to as koettigite) are a few examples of other common inorganic compounds of zinc. The latter two compounds are both used in insecticides and wood preservatives. One of the simplest examples of an organic compound of zinc is zinc acetate , which has several medicinal applications. Zinc salts are usually fully dissociated in aqueous solution.
Compounds of zinc | Salts
Uranium(IV) oxide (UO)
Ceramic glaze | Chromium(III) oxide
Zirconia stabilized with yttria (yttrium oxide), known as yttria-stabilized zirconia, can be used as a strong base material in some full ceramic crown restorations. Transformation toughened zirconia is used to make ceramic knives. Because of the hardness, ceramic-edged cutlery stays sharp longer than steel edged products.
Zirconium dioxide | Niche uses
Zinc coatings prevent oxidation of the protected metal by forming a barrier and by acting as a sacrificial anode if this barrier is damaged. Zinc oxide is a fine white dust that (in contrast to iron oxide) does not cause a breakdown of the substrate's surface integrity as it is formed. Indeed, the zinc oxide, if undisturbed, can act as a barrier to further oxidation, in a way similar to the protection afforded to aluminum and stainless steels by their oxide layers. The majority of hardware parts are zinc-plated, rather than cadmium-plated.
Plating | Zinc plating
Furthermore, the classic materia medica "Bencao Gangmu" describes the use of 35 traditional Chinese medicines derived from the human body, including bones, fingernail, hairs, dandruff, earwax, impurities on the teeth, feces, urine, sweat, and organs, but most are no longer in use.
Chinese herbology | Raw materials
Zinc nitrate has no large scale application but is used on a laboratory scale for the synthesis of coordination polymers. Its controlled decomposition to zinc oxide has also been used for the generation of various ZnO based structures, including nanowires. It can be used as a mordant in dyeing. An example reaction gives a precipitate of zinc carbonate:
Zinc nitrate | Applications
The compound is a prototypical zinc dithiocarbamate, a broad class of coordination complexes with the formulae Zn(RNCS), where R can be varied. Such compounds are produced by treating zinc and dithiocarbamate (RNCS), as illustrated with dimethyldithiocarbamate: Annually, approximately 1.9 million pounds of the active ziram ingredient are used. Ziram is often sold in powder or granule form. Zinc bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) complexes degrade thermally to give zinc sulfide.
Zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) | Chemistry
Exceptions occur when the anion can form a complex, such as in the case of zinc sulfate, where the complex [Zn(HO)(SO] may be formed, (log K = ca. 2.5).
Compounds of zinc | Salts
Mercury(II) chloride ("Qing Fen") is used in TCM to "detoxify" the body, kill intestinal parasites, and as a mild tranquilizer.
List of traditional Chinese medicines | Corrosive sublimate