A chemist (from Greek "chēm(ía)" alchemy; replacing "chymist" from Medieval Latin "alchimista") is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, reaction rates, and other chemical properties. The word 'chemist' is also used to address Pharmacists in Commonwealth English. Chemists use this knowledge to learn the composition and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes.
Introduction
Chemist
Chemist | Introduction
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context. Antoine Lavoisier and Dmitri Mendeleev. Antoine Lavoisier and Dmitri Mendeleev Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
where is rubidium found on the periodic table
user
It is the 37th element.
assistant
what letters are used to represent it?
user
Rb
assistant
who discovered it?
user
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
assistant
who is the former?
user
German chemist
assistant
which university did he attend?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
what scientific law did the latter introduce?
user
Kirchhoff's circuit laws, laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.
assistant
can you briefly describe the first one?
user
His  first law is that the algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point (or node) is zero. The second law is that in a closed circuit, the directed sums of the voltages in a closed system is zero.
assistant
what is the role of any scientist in the same field as the former?
user
They study the composition of matter and its properties, carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms, etc.
assistant
name some pioneers in this field.
user
A chemist (from Greek "chēm(ía)" alchemy; replacing "chymist" from Medieval Latin "alchimista") is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, reaction rates, and other chemical properties. The word 'chemist' is also used to address Pharmacists in Commonwealth English. Chemists use this knowledge to learn the composition and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes.
Chemist | Introduction
"Having calculated all the lime in oats fed to a hen, found still more in the shells of its eggs. Therefore, there is a creation of matter. In that way, no one knows."
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin | Contributions to chemistry
On the other hand, he engaged in the new learning based on experimentation that was producing men like William Harvey, Galileo Galilei and Francis Bacon. Van Helmont was a careful observer of nature; his analysis of data gathered in his experiments suggests that he had a concept of the conservation of mass. He performed an experiment to determine where plants get their mass. He grew a willow tree and measured the amount of soil, the weight of the tree and the water he added. After five years the plant had gained about 164 lbs (74 kg). Since the amount of soil was basically the same as it had been when he started his experiment (it lost only 57 grams), he deduced that the tree's weight gain had come from water.
Jan Baptist van Helmont | Career as chemistry pioneer
This is a list of chemists. It should include those who have been important to the development or practice of chemistry. Their research or application has made significant contributions in the area of basic or applied chemistry.
List of chemists | Introduction
Since it had received nothing but water and the soil weighed practically the same as at the beginning, he argued that the increased weight of wood, bark and roots had been formed from water.
Jan Baptist van Helmont | Career as chemistry pioneer
Lavoisier's researches included some of the first truly quantitative chemical experiments. He carefully weighed the reactants and products of a chemical reaction in a sealed glass vessel so that no gases could escape, which was a crucial step in the advancement of chemistry. In 1774, he showed that, although matter can change its state in a chemical reaction, the total mass of matter is the same at the end as at the beginning of every chemical change. Thus, for instance, if a piece of wood is burned to ashes, the total mass remains unchanged if gaseous reactants and products are included.
Antoine Lavoisier | Pioneer of stoichiometry
Chemists may specialize in any number of subdisciplines of chemistry. Materials scientists and metallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. The work of chemists is often related to the work of chemical engineers, who are primarily concerned with the proper design, construction and evaluation of the most cost-effective large-scale chemical plants and work closely with industrial chemists on the development of new processes and methods for the commercial-scale manufacture of chemicals and related products.
Chemist | Introduction
His first chemistry research was published in 1735 and in 1736 he became an assistant chemist at the Academie Royale des Sciences, succeeding Charles Marie de la Condamine (1701-1774). He rose to the position of chief chemist in 1743 after the death of Louis Lemery. Hellot's contributions to chemistry include studies on dyeing and mordants for wool. He also demonstrated that colors in precious minerals were due to gaseous additives at the time of formation. Hellot studied the formulation and assaying of metals and their alloys and techniques for refining metal. In 1763 he was part of committee to examine fire hazards in a coalmine in Briancon.
Jean Hellot | Introduction
Prior to the acceptance of the scientific method and its application to the field of chemistry, it is somewhat controversial to consider many of the people listed below as "chemists" in the modern sense of the word. However, the ideas of certain great thinkers, either for their prescience, or for their wide and long-term acceptance, bear listing here.
Timeline of chemistry | Pre-17th century
Chemistry, and its antecedent alchemy, became an increasingly important aspect of scientific thought in the course of the 16th and 17th centuries. The importance of chemistry is indicated by the range of important scholars who actively engaged in chemical research. Among them were the astronomer Tycho Brahe, the chemical physician Paracelsus, Robert Boyle, Thomas Browne and Isaac Newton. Unlike the mechanical philosophy, the chemical philosophy stressed the active powers of matter, which alchemists frequently expressed in terms of vital or active principles—of spirits operating in nature. Practical attempts to improve the refining of ores and their extraction to smelt metals were an important source of information for early chemists in the 16th century, among them Georg Agricola (1494–1555), who published his great work "De re metallica" in 1556.
Scientific Revolution | Chemistry
The theory that all matter is made of atoms, which are the smallest constituents of matter that cannot be broken down without losing the basic chemical and physical properties of that matter, was provided by John Dalton in 1803, although the question took a hundred years to settle as proven. Dalton also formulated the law of mass relationships. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev composed his periodic table of elements on the basis of Dalton's discoveries. The synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds.
History of science | Chemistry
Although in other fields of science students of the method are generally not practitioners in the field, in chemistry (particularly in synthetic organic chemistry) intellectual method and philosophical foundations are often explored by investigators with active research programmes. Elias James Corey developed the concept of "retrosynthesis" published a seminal work "The logic of chemical synthesis" which deconstructs these thought processes and speculates on computer-assisted synthesis. Other chemists such as K. C. Nicolaou (co-author of "Classics in Total Synthesis") have followed in his lead.
Philosophy of chemistry | Philosophers of chemistry
By revealing the mechanistic bases of these individual processes through a combination of theory and experiment, he has significantly deepened, and in some cases revolutionised, the understanding of whole systems in small (gas-phase) and giant (polymer) reaction dynamics.
Robert Gilbert (chemist) | Introduction
Amateur chemistry shares its early history with that of chemistry in general. Pioneers of modern chemistry such as Robert Boyle and Antoine Lavoisier were gentlemen scientists who pursued their research independently from their source of income. Only with the coming of the industrial era, and the rise of universities as research institutions, did any significant distinction between amateurs and professionals emerge. Nevertheless, amateur progress lasted well into the 19th century. For example, in 1886, Charles Martin Hall co-invented the Hall-Héroult process for extracting aluminium from its oxide whilst working in a woodshed behind his family home. The history of amateur chemistry ties in well with that of chemistry in general.
Amateur chemistry | Origins
In September 1859 he finally quit Chile for England. Soon after his arrival in London he was appointed lecturer on chemistry to St. Mary's Hospital (1860), and in 1862 became professor of chemistry in the London Institution. In the same year he was appointed chemist to the aniline colour works of Simpson, Maule, & Nicholson, a post which he held till 1866, when he became a partner in the old firm of his family - Messrs. J. C. & J. Field - in which he remained and of which he was senior partner at the time of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1863.
Frederick Field (chemist) | Return to England
This timeline of chemistry lists important works, discoveries, ideas, inventions, and experiments that significantly changed humanity's understanding of the modern science known as chemistry, defined as the scientific study of the composition of matter and of its interactions. The history of chemistry in its modern form arguably began with the Irish scientist Robert Boyle, though its roots can be traced back to the earliest recorded history. Early ideas that later became incorporated into the modern science of chemistry come from two main sources. Natural philosophers (such as Aristotle and Democritus) used deductive reasoning in an attempt to explain the behavior of the world around them.
Timeline of chemistry | Introduction
All of them were physicists, except for D'Agostino who was a chemist.
Via Panisperna boys | Introduction
The distinction began to emerge when a clear differentiation was made between chemistry and alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work "The Sceptical Chymist" (1661). While both alchemy and chemistry are concerned with matter and its transformations, chemists are seen as applying scientific method to their work. The history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics, especially through the work of Willard Gibbs.
History of chemistry | Introduction
The experiments of Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794), a French chemist regarded as the founder of modern chemistry, were among the first to be truly quantitative. Lavoisier showed that although matter changes its state in a chemical reaction, the quantity of matter is the same at the end as at the beginning of every chemical reaction. In one experiment, he burned phosphorus and sulfur in air to see whether the results further supported his previous conclusion (Law of Conservation of Mass). In this experiment, however, he determined that the products weighed more than the original phosphorus and sulfur. He decided to do the experiment again.
History of experiments | Antoine Lavoisier
Chemistry as we know it today, was invented by Antoine Lavoisier with his law of conservation of mass in 1783. The discoveries of the chemical elements has a long history culminating in the creation of the periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleev. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry created in 1901 gives an excellent overview of chemical discovery since the start of the 20th century.
Chemist | History of chemistry
A year later, he became a volunteer "assistant tutor" at the Polytechnique, a position he held for 11 years until, in 1851, he was appointed "exit examiner" at the same school. His role was to monitor the progress of the Polytechnique students during their studies and classify them according to their merit upon leaving school. At the same time, he was appointed as a member of the School Improvement Council and replaced his former mentor, Chevreul, who had resigned. Meanwhile, in 1845, Cahours obtained the title of Doctor of Science at the Faculty of Science in Paris and, in the same year, took the place of Dumas as the Chair of the General Chemistry Courses at the Ecole Centrale, a position he retained until 1870.
Auguste André Thomas Cahours | Career
John Maxson Stillman (1852-1923) was a pioneer of the history of science in the United States. He was also the first head of the chemistry department at Stanford University, as well as its first Chemistry Professor. His most enduring work was the posthumously published book "The Story of Early Chemistry", decades later republished as "The Story of Alchemy and Early Chemistry".
John Maxson Stillman | Introduction
He served as Vice-President to the Society 1939 to 1942, standing down at the age of 83. He was also Secretary to The Alembic Club. He translated Albert Ladenburg’s Lectures on the Development of the History of Chemistry since the time of Lavoisier into English in 1900.
Leonard Dobbin (chemist) | Life
Such mechanisms also play a great role in molecular biology. These cryptands, as Lehn dubbed them, became his main center of interest, and led to his definition of a new type of chemistry, "supramolecular chemistry", which instead of studying the bonds inside one molecule, looks at intermolecular attractions, and what would be later called "fragile objects", such as micelles, polymers, or clays.
Jean-Marie Lehn | Career
This paper introduced several of the cornerstones of physical chemistry, such as Gibbs energy, chemical potentials, and Gibbs' phase rule. The first scientific journal specifically in the field of physical chemistry was the German journal, "Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie", founded in 1887 by Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff. Together with Svante August Arrhenius, these were the leading figures in physical chemistry in the late 19th century and early 20th century. All three were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry between 1901–1909.
Physical chemistry | History
Alchemists (such as Geber and Rhazes) were people who used experimental techniques in an attempt to extend the life or perform material conversions, such as turning base metals into gold. In the 17th century, a synthesis of the ideas of these two disciplines, that is the "deductive" and the "experimental", leads to the development of a process of thinking known as the scientific method. With the introduction of the scientific method, the modern science of chemistry was born.
Timeline of chemistry | Introduction
Hoffmann in the Royal College of Chemistry in Oxford Street. Field was one of the original members of the Chemical Society of London, started in 1846, and he read his first paper to that society in the following year.
Frederick Field (chemist) | Early life
The roots of chemistry can be traced to the phenomenon of burning. Fire was a mystical force that transformed one substance into another and thus was of primary interest to mankind. It was fire that led to the discovery of iron and glasses. After gold was discovered and became a precious metal, many people were interested to find a method that could convert other substances into gold. This led to the protoscience called alchemy. The word "chemist" is derived from the New Latin noun "chimista", an abbreviation of "alchimista" (alchemist). Alchemists discovered many chemical processes that led to the development of modern chemistry.
Chemist | History of chemistry
Chemistry as a body of knowledge distinct from alchemy began to emerge when a clear differentiation was made between them by Robert Boyle in his work "The Sceptical Chymist" (1661). While both alchemy and chemistry are concerned with matter and its transformations, the crucial difference was given by the scientific method that chemists employed in their work. Chemistry is considered to have become an established science with the work of Antoine Lavoisier, who developed a law of conservation of mass that demanded careful measurement and quantitative observations of chemical phenomena. The history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics, especially through the work of Willard Gibbs.
Chemistry | History
He was appointed professor in chemistry in 1844.
Moritz Christian Julius Thaulow | Introduction
Michael Faraday was another early worker, whose major contribution to chemistry was electrochemistry, in which (among other things) a certain quantity of electricity during electrolysis or electrodeposition of metals was shown to be associated with certain quantities of chemical elements, and fixed quantities of the elements therefore with each other, in specific ratios. These findings, like those of Dalton's combining ratios, were early clues to the atomic nature of matter.
History of chemistry | 19th century
In 1882 he succeeded Wöhler as director of the chemistry institute at the university. With Friedrich Konrad Beilstein and Rudolph Fittig, he was editor of the journal "Zeitschrift für Chemie" (1865–71).
Hans Hübner | Introduction
This discovery lead to an explosion of research into the biochemistry of life. In the same year, the Miller–Urey experiment demonstrated that basic constituents of protein, simple amino acids, could themselves be built up from simpler molecules in a simulation of primordial processes on Earth. Though many questions remain about the true nature of the origin of life, this was the first attempt by chemists to study hypothetical processes in the laboratory under controlled conditions.
History of chemistry | Molecular biology and biochemistry
Either together or successively he held the offices of inspector of mines, professor at the School of Mines and at the Polytechnic School, assayer of gold and silver articles, professor of chemistry in the College de France and at the Jardin des Plantes, member of the Council of Industry and Commerce, commissioner on the pharmacy laws, and finally professor of chemistry to the Medical Faculty, to which he succeeded on Fourcroy's death in 1809. His lectures, which were supplemented with practical laboratory teaching, were attended by many chemists who subsequently attained distinction. A lesser known contribution and finding of his included the study of hens fed a known amount of mineral.
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin | Contributions to chemistry
A scientist is someone who conducts scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of interest. In classical antiquity, there was no real ancient analog of a modern scientist. Instead, philosophers engaged in the philosophical study of nature called natural philosophy, a precursor of natural science. It was not until the 19th century that the term "scientist" came into regular use after it was coined by the theologian, philosopher, and historian of science William Whewell in 1833. In modern times, many scientists have advanced degrees in an area of science and pursue careers in various sectors of the economy such as academia, industry, government, and nonprofit environments.""
Scientist | Introduction
Chemistry – branch of science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry is chiefly concerned with atoms and molecules and their interactions and transformations, for example, the properties of the chemical bonds formed between atoms to create chemical compounds. As such, chemistry studies the involvement of electrons and various forms of energy in photochemical reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, changes in phases of matter, and separation of mixtures. Preparation and properties of complex substances, such as alloys, polymers, biological molecules, and pharmaceutical agents are considered in specialized fields of chemistry.
Outline of physical science | Basic principles of chemistry
In a similar vein, earlier publications and experiments of his concern the work of other chemists in their golden age of discovery, including the Frenchmen Jacques Étienne Bérard and Claude Louis Berthollet, the Englishmen John Dalton, Thomas Thomson and Smithson Tennant, and the German Justus von Liebig.
Melvyn Usselman | Life and career
In 1966, he was appointed a position as "maître de conférences" (assistant professor) at the Chemistry Department of the University of Strasbourg. His research focused on the physical properties of molecules, synthesizing compounds specifically designed for exhibiting a given property, in order to better understand how that property was related to structure. In 1968, he achieved the synthesis of cage-like molecules, comprising a cavity inside which another molecule could be lodged. Organic chemistry enabled him to engineer cages with the desired shape, thus only allowing a certain type of molecule to lodge itself in the cage. This was the premise for an entire new field in chemistry, sensors.
Jean-Marie Lehn | Career
He published a number of papers in journal of physics and chemistry about the structure of the atom in 1924. He went to Harvard University as a postdoctoral fellow, studying atomic structure and publishing papers in journals of physics and chemistry. He decided to change careers in 1928, so he went into the field of experimental education. He became an assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 1940, he became an education professor at the University of Chicago in the University's Committee on Human Development. He worked in the field of aging. Again, in the same year he was interested in international and comparative aspects of education.
Robert J. Havighurst | Career
The following provides more detail on his lifetime of work as a scientist in chemistry, materials science and energy science.
Dieter Gruen | Introduction
More recently, the award has been granted to development teams responsible for commercialized products.
Heroes of Chemistry | Introduction
The subject garnered enough interest in the scientific community that the French Academy of Sciences formed a committee to investigate Ville's work, resulting in a confirmation of his experiments on the matter.
Georges Ville | Introduction
Jacobus van 't Hoff is also considered as one of the modern founders of the disciple of physical chemistry. The first scientific journal specifically in the field of physical chemistry was the German journal, "Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie", founded in 1887 by Wilhelm Ostwald and Van 't Hoff. Together with Svante Arrhenius, these were the leading figures in physical chemistry in the late 19th century and early 20th century.
List of Dutch discoveries | Foundations of modern physical chemistry (1880s)
But they needed someone—an important, well-respected scientist—whose name they could attach to their financial venture, to research the material to find out whether or not it could be used in such a manner. They found Benjamin Silliman Jr., professor of chemistry at Yale.
Benjamin Silliman Jr. | Introduction
Sir Joseph, after unsuccessfully attempting to cultivate madder in Essex, had made up his mind that it could not be done in England.
George Field (chemist) | Introduction
Sabatier studied at the École Normale Supérieure, starting in 1874. Three years later, he graduated at the top of his class. In 1880, he was awarded a Doctor of Science degree from the College de France. In 1883 Sabatier succeeded Édouard Filhol at the Faculty of Science, and began a long collaboration with Jean-Baptiste Senderens, so close that it was impossible to distinguish the work of either man. They jointly published 34 notes in the "Accounts of the Academy of Science", 11 memoirs in the "Bulletin of the French Chemical Society" and 2 joint memoirs to the "Annals of Chemistry and Physics".
Paul Sabatier (chemist) | Education
Chowdhury made pioneering contributions to the development of physical chemistry in the country, publishing more than 20 articles. He focused on cellulose fibers (of jute in particular), polyelectrolytes, and proteins. He also guided a number of PhD theses.
Fazlul Halim Chowdhury | Research
His main research interest was in the field of Computational Chemistry. Prof. Harold Basch was a pioneer in computational quantum chemistry, in developing methods and innovative applications of theoretical concepts and equations to solving problems in Chemistry. Already in 1962, as a beginning graduate student at Columbia University, he recognized the potential use of the computer (which then filled a whole building), in chemical research. The methods and paradigms he developed are used today in modern for the calculation of molecular properties. The list of applications he has been involved in include electron, electronic and photoelectronic spectroscopies, energetics, geometric and electronic structures, chemical reaction paths, intermediates, and transition states, metal-ligand, metal-metal, metal cluster bonding, and active site reactions in metalloenzymes.
Harold Basch | Scientific activities
Early experiments in chemistry had their roots in the system of Alchemy, a set of beliefs combining mysticism with physical experiments. The science of chemistry began to develop with the work of Robert Boyle, the discoverer of gas, and Antoine Lavoisier, who developed the theory of the Conservation of mass.
Natural science | Chemistry
One of the major goals of chemistry is the study of material transformations where chemical kinetics plays an important role. Scientists during the 19th century stated macroscopic chemical processes consist of many elementary chemical reactions that are themselves simply a series of encounters between atomic or molecular species. In order to understand the time dependence of chemical reactions, chemical kineticists have traditionally focused on sorting out all of the elementary chemical reactions involved in a macroscopic chemical process and determining their respective rates. Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius studied this phenomenon during the late 1880s, and stated the relations between reactive molecular encounters and rates of reactions (formulated in terms of activation energies).
Yuan T. Lee | Road to Nobel prize
George Field (1777?–1854), was an English chemist. He was born in or about 1777 at Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, of a family long settled in that town, and was educated at St. Peter's school there. When about eighteen years of age he came to London to seek a profession. He thought he saw an opening in the careful application of chemistry to pigments and dyes. War on the continent, by stopping the supply of madder from Holland, threatened to impede his progress. This obstacle, however, led him to consider the nature of its cultivation, and with a well-devised project he waited on Sir Joseph Banks for his advice, and, as he hoped, his co-operation.
George Field (chemist) | Introduction
August André Thomas Cahours (1813-1891) was a chemist and scientist whose contribution to organic chemistry was one of the greatest in history. He discovered, among other things, the processes of synthesis of several chemical molecules, including toluene, xylene, several organo-magnesiums, and derivatives of phosphine and arsine. He was a professor at the École Polytechnique and the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures. In 1868 he was elected as a member of the Académie des sciences (chemistry section) and in 1880 became a commander of the Légion d'honneur.
Auguste André Thomas Cahours | Introduction
Chemists may belong to professional societies specifically for professionals and researchers within the field of Chemistry, such as the Royal Society of Chemistry in the United Kingdom, or the American Chemical Society (ACS) in the United States.
Chemist | Professional societies
The definition of chemistry has changed over time, as new discoveries and theories add to the functionality of the science. The term "chymistry", in the view of noted scientist Robert Boyle in 1661, meant the subject of the material principles of mixed bodies. In 1663, the chemist Christopher Glaser described "chymistry" as a scientific art, by which one learns to dissolve bodies, and draw from them the different substances on their composition, and how to unite them again, and exalt them to a higher perfection. The 1730 definition of the word "chemistry", as used by Georg Ernst Stahl, meant the art of resolving mixed, compound, or aggregate bodies into their principles; and of composing such bodies from those principles.
Chemistry | Of definition
Field wrote forty-three papers on scientific subjects for various periodicals, in addition to one written in conjunction with his brother-in-law, Sir F. A. Abel. Among them are:
Frederick Field (chemist) | Writings
Stork was also an accomplished mentor of young chemists and many of his students have gone on to make significant contributions in their own right.
Gilbert Stork | Introduction
Herzfeld has reorganized and updated a highly regarded general chemistry textbook according to this narrative, divided in six stages, from the condensation of fundamental particles into elements and molecules, through the formation of a planet blessed with water and sunshine, to the advent of life and the changes that human kind has wrought since the start of the industrial revolution. This approach is particularly suited to liberal arts colleges interested in bringing reflection on the human condition into the physical sciences.
Judith Herzfeld | Pedagogical contributions
Modern chemistry emerged from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries through the material practices and theories promoted by alchemy, medicine, manufacturing and mining. A decisive moment came when "chemistry" was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work "The Sceptical Chymist", in 1661; although the alchemical tradition continued for some time after his work. Other important steps included the gravimetric experimental practices of medical chemists like William Cullen, Joseph Black, Torbern Bergman and Pierre Macquer and through the work of Antoine Lavoisier ("father of modern chemistry") on oxygen and the law of conservation of mass, which refuted phlogiston theory.
History of science | Chemistry
From the start of his career, Lewis regarded himself as both chemist and physicist.
Gilbert N. Lewis | Thermodynamics
In 1862, Alexander Parkes exhibited Parkesine, one of the earliest synthetic polymers, at the International Exhibition in London. This discovery formed the foundation of the modern plastics industry. In 1864, Cato Maximilian Guldberg and Peter Waage, building on Claude Louis Berthollet's ideas, proposed the law of mass action. In 1865, Johann Josef Loschmidt determined the exact number of molecules in a mole, later named Avogadro's number.
History of chemistry | Perkin, Crookes, and Nobel
Frederick Field (2 August 1826 – 3 April 1885) was an English chemist.
Frederick Field (chemist) | Introduction
The roles of "scientists", and their predecessors before the emergence of modern scientific disciplines, have evolved considerably over time. Scientists of different eras (and before them, natural philosophers, mathematicians, natural historians, natural theologians, engineers, and others who contributed to the development of science) have had widely different places in society, and the social norms, ethical values, and epistemic virtues associated with scientists—and expected of them—have changed over time as well. Accordingly, many different historical figures can be identified as early scientists, depending on which characteristics of modern science are taken to be essential. Some historians point to the Scientific Revolution that began in 16th century as the period when science in a recognizably modern form developed.
Scientist | History
His rejection of structural chemistry, especially the theories of the structure of benzene by August Kekulé, the theory of the asymmetric carbon atom by J.H. van't Hoff, and the reform of chemical nomenclature by Adolf von Baeyer, was expressed in his vituperative articles in the "Journal für Praktische Chemie". Some translated quotes illustrate his manner of articulating the deep conflict between his interpretation of chemistry and that of the structural chemists: "...Baeyer is an excellent experimentor, but he is only an empiricist, lacking sense and capability, and his interpretations of his experiments show particular deficiency in his familiarity with the principles of true science..." The violence of his language worked to limit his posthumous reputation.
Hermann Kolbe | Work as journal editor
Dr Leonard Dobbin FRSE (30 July 1858-3 March 1952) was a chemist and author on the history of chemistry and several chemistry textbooks. He was known as a modest and lovable man.
Leonard Dobbin (chemist) | Introduction
Pavel Jelínek (; born November 17, 1972) is a Czech physicist, member of an international group of scientists (from Japan, Spain and Czech Republic), that for the first time chemically identified individual atoms using an atomic force microscope and quantum-mechanical computation. More specifically, they were able to image surface of an alloy at atomic resolution and successfully identify tin, lead and silicon atoms on this surface.
Pavel Jelínek | Introduction
At the time, German academics were the leading authorities in the natural sciences, especially chemistry and thermodynamics.
Josiah Willard Gibbs | Career, 1863–73
Oddly enough the percolator was patented by others several years after, and applied to the clearing of sugar. Field continued his application of science to the purposes of the artist with good effect; his dexterity and care in the preparation of delicate colours set all competition at defiance. Among his other inventions may be mentioned his metrochrome and his conical lenses, which produced a continuous rainbow with varied effects of refractions.
George Field (chemist) | Horticulture and inventions
In 2014, PBS released a three episode documentary series about the search for the basic chemical elements, highlighting seven historical scientists in particular. In episode one of "The Mystery of Matter: Search for the Elements", "Out of Thin Air," Fourcroy's character is played by Yan Tual as he assists Lavoisier in his discovery of oxygen.
Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy | Modern References
In 1848 he began his studies at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, where from 1851 he worked as an assistant chemist. In 1856 he received his doctorate of sciences. After serving as chair of chemistry at the Lycée Bonaparte, he became a lecturer at the École Normale Supérieure (from 1868). Beginning in 1874, he was a professor of chemistry to the faculty of sciences in Paris, and in 1884, replaced Charles Adolphe Wurtz as a member of the Académie des sciences. With Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, he worked on determining vapor densities at high temperatures and conducted studies on the porosity of metals at high temperatures.
Louis Joseph Troost | Biography
Sabatier's earliest research concerned the thermochemistry of sulfur and metallic sulfates, the subject for the thesis leading to his doctorate. In Toulouse, he continued his physical and chemical investigations to sulfides, chlorides, chromates and copper compounds. He also studied the oxides of nitrogen and nitrosodisulfonic acid and its salts and carried out fundamental research on partition coefficients and absorption spectra. Sabatier greatly facilitated the industrial use of hydrogenation. In 1897, building on the recent biochemical work of the American chemist, James Boyce, he discovered that the introduction of a trace amount of nickel (as a catalyst) facilitated the addition of hydrogen to molecules of most carbon compounds.
Paul Sabatier (chemist) | Research
A scientist is a person who engages in science. Scientist or The Scientist may also refer to:
Scientist (disambiguation) | Introduction
Consequently, the symbolic quest for the philosopher's stone was not superseded by scientific advances, and was still the domain of respected scientists and doctors until the early 18th century. Early modern alchemists who are renowned for their scientific contributions include Jan Baptist van Helmont, Robert Boyle, and Isaac Newton.
History of chemistry | The philosopher's stone
He was appointed as an assistant lecturer in the University College London department of chemistry in 1948, and was promoted to lecturer in 1949 and reader in 1957. In 1960 he moved to Bedford College, University of London, becoming professor and head of chemistry. He was appointed professor and head of chemistry at the University of Auckland in 1967, stepping down as head of department in 1980 and retiring in 1981.
Peter de la Mare (chemist) | Introduction
Poul Jørgensen (born March 2, 1944 in Silkeborg, Denmark) is professor of chemistry at the Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University (AU), Denmark and director of the qLEAP Center for Theoretical Chemistry at AU, which was established in April 2012. Jørgensen has made seminal contributions to the field of electronic structure theory. He is also one of the main authors of the DALTON program and a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.
Poul Jørgensen (chemist) | Introduction
In 1911, the first Solvay Conference was held in Brussels, bringing together most of the most prominent scientists of the day. In 1912, William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg proposed Bragg's law and established the field of X-ray crystallography, an important tool for elucidating the crystal structure of substances. In 1912, Peter Debye develops the concept of molecular dipole to describe asymmetric charge distribution in some molecules. In 1913, Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist, introduced the concepts of quantum mechanics to atomic structure by proposing what is now known as the Bohr model of the atom, where electrons exist only in strictly defined circular orbits around the nucleus similar to rungs on a ladder.
20th century in science | Chemistry
in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1986. He was a post-doctoral researcher at Bell Labs from 1986 to 1988 and a visiting scientist at IBM Research at Almaden from 1988 to 1989. From 1989 until 2009, Weiss was a professor at Pennsylvania State University, rising from Assistant Professor to Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Physics. He moved to UCLA in 2009. The Weiss Group has traditionally focused on understanding and controlling chemistry and materials at the smallest scales. They demonstrated how atoms and molecules communicate through substrates on which they sit at greater than chemical distances. They have exploited self-assembled monolayers as well-defined environments to isolate single molecules for measurements of electron transport, as a means to improve nanofabrication techniques and as a way to isolate probe molecules on biospecific capture surfaces.
Paul Weiss (nanoscientist) | Introduction
Chemist may refer to: In all countries: In Australia, Hong Kong, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Singapore and some other countries:
Chemist (disambiguation) | Introduction
He has used his knowledge of magic to show how supernatural feats can be done by ordinary means. Even as a university student, Schwarcz found chemistry to be a dry subject, so he established a series of courses designed to bring chemistry to the general student, and later to the public through a series of lectures. The lectures include magic and spontaneity to keep the audience interested. "A good lecturer is also an actor. A lecture should seem spontaneous, even if it's been given many times before... You capture the audience's attention. Then, without their realizing it, you pump a little scientific information into their brains.
Joseph A. Schwarcz | Biography
Gibbs's approach allows a researcher to calculate the change in free energy in the process, such as in a chemical reaction, and how fast it will happen. Since virtually all chemical processes and many physical ones involve such changes, his work has significantly impacted both the theoretical and experiential aspects of these sciences. In 1877, Ludwig Boltzmann established statistical derivations of many important physical and chemical concepts, including entropy, and distributions of molecular velocities in the gas phase. Together with Boltzmann and James Clerk Maxwell, Gibbs created a new branch of theoretical physics called statistical mechanics (a term that he coined), explaining the laws of thermodynamics as consequences of the statistical properties of large ensembles of particles.
History of chemistry | Josiah Willard Gibbs
The university has been involved in many scientific breakthroughs and inventions. From 1925 until 1948, Sir Norman Haworth was Professor and Director of the Department of Chemistry. He was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Science and acted as Vice-Principal from 1947 until 1948. His research focused predominantly on carbohydrate chemistry in which he confirmed a number of structures of optically active sugars. By 1928, he had deduced and confirmed the structures of maltose, cellobiose, lactose, gentiobiose, melibiose, gentianose, raffinose, as well as the glucoside ring tautomeric structure of aldose sugars. His research helped to define the basic features of the starch, cellulose, glycogen, inulin and xylan molecules.
University of Birmingham | Scientific discoveries and inventions
Modern concept of polymers credited to Hermann Staudinger, who substantiated the existence of covalently linked ultralong molecules in 1920, which he called as macromolecules. The preamble of the field of supramolecular polymers can be considered dye-aggregates and host-guest complexes. In early 19thcentury, scientists working in the field of pigments have noticed certain dye aggregates that may formed via ‘a special kind of polymerization’, however no theory was proposed. After the establishment of the field of supramolecular chemistry and after the award of the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1987 to Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, and Charles J. Pedersen, chemists started to design and study larger assembled structures from small molecules.
Supramolecular polymer | History
This discovery lead to an explosion of research into the biochemistry of life. In the same year, the Miller–Urey experiment, conducted by Stanley Miller and Harold Urey demonstrated that basic constituents of protein, simple amino acids, could themselves be built up from simpler molecules in a simulation of primordial processes on Earth. Though many questions remain about the true nature of the origin of life, this was the first attempt by chemists to study hypothetical processes in the laboratory under controlled conditions.
20th century in science | Molecular biology and biochemistry
He assumed the direction of the School until the graduation of the first class of students. In 1974 he prepared the first draft of the Master's project in Chemical Engineering and in 1980 he participated in the commission in charge of founding this postgraduate course. He was also founder of the Laboratory initially known has Laboratory of Interfacial Phenomena and Oil Recovery (1978) and now Formulation Interfaces Rheology and Processes (FIRP) Laboratory.
Jean-Louis Salager | Scientific Work
Nobel Prize winner Vladimir Prelog, versatile chemist Emil Votoček, inventor of soft contact lenses Otto Wichterle and many other prominent FCHT graduates helped enhance the fields of study taught at the university. Presently, these fields embrace development of new materials with unique properties including nano/bio particles, alternative sources of energy and substances, and new medical drugs.
Faculty of Chemical Technology | About faculty
The broad and general study of nature, natural philosophy, was divided into several fields in the 19th century, when the concept of "science" received its modern shape. Specific categories emerged, such as "biology" and "biologist", "physics" and "physicist", "chemistry" and "chemist", among other technical fields and titles. The term "physicist" was coined by William Whewell (also the originator of the term "scientist") in his 1840 book "The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences".
Physicist | History
He was born in Lambeth, London, the second son, by his second wife, of Charles Field, of the firm of J. C. & J. Field, candle manufacturers, etc. Educated at Denmark Hill grammar school and at Mr. Long's school at Stockwell (where he was a schoolfellow of Professor Odling), Field showed so strong a liking for chemistry that, on leaving school in 1843, he was placed in the laboratory of the Polytechnic Institution, then conducted by Dr. Ryan. On leaving the Polytechnic, Field entered into partnership with a chemist named Mitchell as an assayer and consulting chemist, but finding the need of further training spent some time as a student under Dr.
Frederick Field (chemist) | Early life
The concept of a "chemical substance" became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by the chemist Joseph Proust on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as basic copper carbonate. He deduced that, "All samples of a compound have the same composition; that is, all samples have the same proportions, by mass, of the elements present in the compound." This is now known as the law of constant composition. Later with the advancement of methods for chemical synthesis particularly in the realm of organic chemistry; the discovery of many more chemical elements and new techniques in the realm of analytical chemistry used for isolation and purification of elements and compounds from chemicals that led to the establishment of modern chemistry, the concept was defined as is found in most chemistry textbooks.
Chemical substance | History
After returning to India, Gadre joined as a lecturer at the Department of Chemistry of University of Pune and became a Professor of Physical Chemistry in 1988. Since joining the University of Pune, Gadre's work has focused on the study of molecular scalar fields and their topographical characteristics. In 1985 he proposed a new maximum entropy principle which has been since investigated by other researchers. Gadre has been at the forefront of investigating chemical reactivity and weak interactions through the use of molecular electrostatics potentials and momentum densities. Gadre has also contributed to algorithms and codes for efficiently parallelising quantum chemical ab inito calculations.
Shridhar Ramachandra Gadre | Career
He then studied chemistry at New College, Oxford, under an open scholarship, and graduated with first class honours. His D.Phil. supervisor, Charles Coulson, later wrote: [his] exuberant delight in life remained with him to the end. "Moffit's method of Atoms in Molecules" will remain for many years to remind us of his remarkable ability to initiate new ways of thinking in his professional subject. After receiving his D.Phil. for research in quantum chemistry, he joined the research staff of the British Rubber Producers Research Association. He was made an Assistant Professor at Harvard in January 1953, and was give an A.M Honoris Causa in 1955.
William Moffitt | Academic career
William Francis Giauque (; May 12, 1895 – March 28, 1982) was a Canadian-born American chemist and Nobel laureate recognized in 1949 for his studies in the properties of matter at temperatures close to absolute zero. He spent virtually all of his educational and professional career at the University of California, Berkeley.
William Giauque | Introduction
Sam Hay is a chemist from New Zealand and a Reader in the Department of Chemistry at The University of Manchester. His research in general is based on computational chemistry and theoretical chemistry, specifically on the areas of "In silico" Enzymology, quantum mechanics roles in biological processes, kinetic modelling of complex reactions and high pressure spectroscopy.
Sam Hay (Chemist) | Introduction
In 1970, John Pople developed the Gaussian program greatly easing computational chemistry calculations. In 1971, Yves Chauvin offered an explanation of the reaction mechanism of olefin metathesis reactions. In 1975, Karl Barry Sharpless and his group discovered stereoselective oxidation reactions including Sharpless epoxidation, Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, and Sharpless oxyamination. In 1985, Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley discovered fullerenes, a class of large carbon molecules superficially resembling the geodesic dome designed by architect R. Buckminster Fuller. In 1991, Sumio Iijima used electron microscopy to discover a type of cylindrical fullerene known as a carbon nanotube, though earlier work had been done in the field as early as 1951.
History of chemistry | Late 20th century
Importance: First major text on polymer chemistry; presents both organic and physical chemistry aspects. Written by a chemist who made major contributions to the physical chemistry of polymers, for which he won the Nobel prize in 1974.
List of important publications in chemistry | Statistics for Experimenters: An Introduction to Design, Data Analysis, and Model Building
Jørgensen's career has been outlined in a Special Issue of Advances in Quantum Chemistry
Poul Jørgensen (chemist) | Academic career
Anderson started his independent research as a research fellow at Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1990–1993, and conducted his research in 1993–1994 as SERC postdoctoral research fellow at ETH-Zürich, Switzerland. He returned to University of Oxford in 1994 as university lecturer in organic chemistry and tutor in Keble College. In 2004, he became professor of chemistry at the University of Oxford. Template directed syntheses ubiquitously exist in nature (protein biosynthesis, etc.), which provides inspiration for synthesising artificial supramolecular systems. Using porphyrin monomers/oligomers and molecular templates of various sizes, porphyrin nanoring systems can be constructed with high versatility. These supramolecular systems also bear appealing co-ordination properties, providing inspirations for the co-ordination phenomena existing in nature.
Harry Anderson (chemist) | Career and Research
Stephen Mann, FRS, FRSC, (born 1 April 1955) is Professor of Chemistry, Director of the Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, Director of the Centre for Protolife Research, and was Principal of the Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials at the University of Bristol, UK.
Stephen Mann (chemist) | Introduction
From 1926 to 1928, he taught in the physics department at New York University (NYU). This was his first recognition as a physicist. Though his work had been considered important by chemists, it clearly was on the borderline between the two sciences and both would claim him from this point on. Then he returned to the University of Chicago as an associate professor of physics, being promoted to full professor in 1931. He ultimately held a position jointly in both the physics and chemistry departments. At both NYU and Chicago, he continued to refine his molecular-orbital theory. Up to this point, the primary way to calculate the electronic structure of molecules was based on a calculation by Walter Heitler and Fritz London on the hydrogen molecule (H) in 1927.
Robert S. Mulliken | Early scientific career
Isaac Mustafin () (1908–1968) was a Russian chemist and a doctor of chemical sciences. Dr. Mustafin headed the faculty of analytical chemistry at Saratov State University from 1955. All his life was connected to the Saratov State University: his only lengthy absence from his work place took place from June 23, 1941 to August 15, 1945, when he served in the army. The life and activity of Professor Mustafin were reflected in a number of papers [1–7] and even monographs [8–9], including that in the series of scientific biographic literature of the Nauka publishing house [8]. (See also [10]). The unusual biography and diversified interests of the scientist have attracted the attention of chemists, historians, philosophers, and writers.
Isaac Mustafin | Introduction
Staudinger’s groundbreaking elucidation of the nature of the high-molecular weight compounds he termed "Makromoleküle" paved the way for the birth of the field of polymer chemistry. Staudinger himself saw the potential for this science long before it was fully realized. "It is not improbable," Staudinger commented in 1936, "that sooner or later a way will be discovered to prepare artificial fibers from synthetic high-molecular products, because the strength and elasticity of natural fibers depend exclusively on their macro-molecular structure – i.e., on their long thread-shaped molecules." Staudinger founded the first polymer chemistry journal in 1940, and in 1953 received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry." In 1999, the American Chemical Society and Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker designated Staudinger's work as an International Historic Chemical Landmark.
Hermann Staudinger | Legacy
This is a list of notable French scientists.
List of French scientists | Introduction