According to the length of RNA chain, RNA includes small RNA and long RNA. Usually, small RNAs are shorter than 200 nt in length, and long RNAs are greater than 200 nt long. Long RNAs, also called large RNAs, mainly include long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and mRNA. Small RNAs mainly include 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 5S rRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA) and small rDNA-derived RNA (srRNA). There are certain exceptions as in the case of the 5S rRNA of the members of the genus Halococcus (Archaea), which have an insertion, thus increasing its size.
In length
RNA
RNA | In length
Small RNAs mainly include 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 5S rRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA) and small rDNA-derived RNA (srRNA) Small RNAs mainly include 5.8S ribosomal RNA. It is assembled as a chain of nucleotides and found in nature as a single strand folded onto itself. Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
rna consists of how many chains of subunits
user
According to the length of RNA chain, RNA includes small RNA and long RNA. Usually, small RNAs are shorter than 200 nt in length, and long RNAs are greater than 200 nt long. Long RNAs, also called large RNAs, mainly include long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and mRNA. Small RNAs mainly include 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 5S rRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA) and small rDNA-derived RNA (srRNA). There are certain exceptions as in the case of the 5S rRNA of the members of the genus Halococcus (Archaea), which have an insertion, thus increasing its size.
RNA | In length
The nt units can be added as these represent the integer number of units in the linear rRNA polymers (for example, the total length of the human rRNA = 7216 nt). Gene clusters coding for rRNA are commonly called "ribosomal DNA" or rDNA (note that the term seems to imply that ribosomes contain DNA, which is not the case).
Ribosomal RNA | Subunits and associated ribosomal RNA
A recent study of human circRNAs revealed that these molecules are usually composed of 1–5 exons. Each of these exons can be up to 3x longer than the average expressed exon, suggesting that exon length may play a role in deciding which exons to circularize. 85% of circularized exons overlap with exons that code for protein, although the circular RNAs themselves do not appear to be translated. During circRNA formation, exon 2 is often the upstream "acceptor" exon. Introns surrounding exons that are selected to be circularized are, on average, up to 3x longer than those not flanking pre-circle exons, although it is not yet clear why this is the case.
Circular RNA | Length of circRNAs
Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions. The total amount of pyrimidines is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about 20Å.
Nucleic acid | Topology
RNA stands for ribonucleic acid, a biological macromolecule. RNA may also refer to:
RNA (disambiguation) | Introduction
There is only one variant of C11orf52 RNA. The mRNA sequence is 1,140 base pairs long. There is an upstream stop codon located at nucleotides 65 – 67. The 23rd amino acid varies between threonine and arginine.
C11orf52 | Transcript
The RNA is encapsulated in an icosahedral (T=3) capsid, composed of 180 units of a single coat protein 27–42K in size; the virion measures 28–35 nm in diameter, and it is not enveloped.
Tombusviridae | Structure
Their conclusion was that 98% of scrambled isoforms represented circRNAs. Zhang et al. 2014
Circular RNA | Salzman et al. 2012
Ribosomes are composed of approximately 60% rRNA and 40% ribosomal proteins by mass.
Ribosomal RNA | Introduction
PRR16 spans 330,365 bases and encodes for a mRNA that is 1,707 nucleotides. The resulting protein is 304 amino acids long.
PRR16 | Size
The mRNA has a length of 6256 bases.
Tetratricopeptide repeat 39A | Gene
The RNA product is 1483 base pairs long and is spliced alternatively to yield seven different isoforms (alternative mRNAs a - f with form a being the most abundant) with varying combinations of the 10 identified exons. The microRNA miR-1343 binds to a 3’ UTR site called 7mer-m8 (as predicted by TargetScan).
TM6SF2 | mRNA
The best known example of RNA forming quaternary structures with proteins is the ribosome, which consists of multiple rRNAs, supported by rProteins. Similar RNA-Protein complexes are also found in the spliceosome.
Nucleic acid quaternary structure | RNA
Studies of primary transcripts produced by RNA polymerase II reveal that an average primary transcript is 7,000 nucleotides in length, with some growing as long as 20,000 nucleotides in length. The inclusion of both exon and intron sequences within primary transcripts explains the size difference between larger primary transcripts and smaller, mature mRNA ready for translation into protein.
Primary transcript | Production
RNA is subdivided into many categories, including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and several other small functional RNAs. Whereas many proteins have quaternary structure, the majority of RNA molecules have only primary through tertiary structure but function as individual molecules rather than as multi-subunit structures. Some types of RNA show clear quaternary structure that is essential for function, whereas other types of RNA function as single molecules and do not associate with other molecules to form quaternary structures.Symmetrical complexes of RNA molecules are extremely uncommon compared to protein oligomers. One example of an RNA homodimer is the VS ribozyme from Neurospora, with its two active sites consisting of nucleotides from both monomers.
Nucleic acid quaternary structure | RNA
This article incorporates CC-By-2.0 text from the reference.
18S ribosomal RNA | References
TFIIIB consists of three subunits: TATA binding protein (TBP), a TFIIB-related factor (BRF1, or BRF2 for transcription of a subset of Pol III-transcribed genes in vertebrates), and a B-double-prime (BDP1) unit. The overall architecture bears similarities to that of Pol II.
RNA polymerase III | Initiation
When sequencing RNA other than mRNA, the library preparation is modified. The cellular RNA is selected based on the desired size range. For small RNA targets, such as miRNA, the RNA is isolated through size selection. This can be performed with a size exclusion gel, through size selection magnetic beads, or with a commercially developed kit. Once isolated, linkers are added to the 3' and 5' end then purified. The final step is cDNA generation through reverse transcription.
RNA-Seq | Small RNA/non-coding RNA sequencing
RNase A is a relatively small protein (124 residues, ~13.7 kDa). It can be characterized as a two-layer formula_1 protein with a deep cleft for binding the RNA substrate. The first layer is composed of three alpha helices (residues 3-13, 24-34 and 50-60) from the N-terminal half of the protein. The second layer consist of three β-hairpins (residues 61-74, 79-104 and 105-124 from the C-terminal half) arranged in two β-sheets. The hairpins 61-74 and 105-124 form a four-stranded, antiparallel β-sheet that lies on helix 3 (residues 50-60). The longest β-hairpin 79-104 mates with a short β-strand (residues 42-45) to form a three-stranded, antiparallel β-sheet that lies on helix 2 (residues 24-34).
Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease | Structure and properties
These small RNAs are predicted to fold into a conserved stem formed by the RNA's 3′ and 5′ ends and characterized by a single bulged cytosine, which are the known requirements for Ro binding.
Y RNA | Structure
There is one transcript of C20orf202. The mRNA sequence is 1,609 base pairs long.
C20orf202 | Transcript
All three of these are involved in the process of translation, with the most prominent species (~85%) of cellular RNA being rRNA. As a result, this is the most immediately visible species when RNA is analyzed via electrophoresis and is thus used for determining RNA quality (see Computation, below). rRNA comes in various sizes, with those in mammals belonging to the sizes 5S, 18S, and 28S. The 28S and 5S rRNAs form the large subunit and the 18S forms the small subunit of the ribosome, the molecular machinery responsible for synthesizing proteins.
RNA integrity number | Terminology
Pre-rRNA comprise three main sizes; 37S (yeast), 40S (Xenopus) and 45S (mammals). In a series of steps, nearly 80 ribosomal proteins assemble with the pre-rRNA. During transcription of pre-rRNA, early ribosomal binding proteins associate. It is thought that this 30S RNP containing 45S pre-rRNA is the precursor for 80S RNP, which in turn, is the precursor to 55S RNP. 55S RNP makes up ~75% of the nucleolar population of pre-ribosomes.
Preribosomal RNA | Ribosomal proteins
The 5S ribosomal RNA (5S rRNA) is an approximately 120 nucleotide-long ribosomal RNA molecule with a mass of 40 kDa. It is a structural and functional component of the large subunit of the ribosome in all domains of life (bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes), with the exception of mitochondrial ribosomes of fungi and animals. The designation 5S refers to the molecule's sedimentation velocity in an ultracentrifuge, which is measured in Svedberg units (S).
5S ribosomal RNA | Introduction
Ribonuclease H2 subunit A, also known as RNase H2 subunit A, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the "RNASEH2A" gene.
RNASEH2A | Introduction
In eukaryotes, RNAP can build chains as long as 2.4 million nucleotides. RNAP produces RNA that, functionally, is either for protein coding, i.e. messenger RNA (mRNA); or non-coding (so-called "RNA genes"). At least four functional types of RNA genes exist: RNA polymerase is essential to life, and is found in all living organisms and many viruses. Depending on the organism, a RNA polymerase can be a protein complex (multi-subunit RNAP) or only consist of one subunit (single-subunit RNAP, ssRNAP), each representing an independent lineage. The former is found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes alike, sharing a similar core structure and mechanism.
RNA polymerase | Introduction
VA RNA is composed of two stem-loops separated by a central region essential for function.
VA RNA | Structure
Like DNA, most biologically active RNAs, including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNAs, and other non-coding RNAs, contain self-complementary sequences that allow parts of the RNA to fold and pair with itself to form double helices. Analysis of these RNAs has revealed that they are highly structured. Unlike DNA, their structures do not consist of long double helices, but rather collections of short helices packed together into structures akin to proteins. In this fashion, RNAs can achieve chemical catalysis (like enzymes). For instance, determination of the structure of the ribosome—an RNA-protein complex that catalyzes peptide bond formation—revealed that its active site is composed entirely of RNA.
RNA | Comparison with DNA
Many proteins are sy.mmetrical on the level of quaternary structure, but RNAs rarely have symmetrical quaternary structures. Even though tertiary structure is variant and essential for all types of RNAs, RNA oligimerization is relatively rare.
Nucleic acid quaternary structure | Riboswitches
In November 2017, a team at the Scripps Research Institute identified reactions involving the compound diamidophosphate which could have linked the chemical components into short peptide and lipid chains as well as short RNA-like chains of nucleotides.
RNA world | RNA-peptide coevolution
Although DNA and RNA do not generally occur in the same polynucleotide, the four species of nucleotides may occur in any order in the chain. The sequence of DNA or RNA species for a given polynucleotide is the main factor determining its function in a living organism or a scientific experiment.
Polynucleotide | Sequence
RNA, 5S cluster 1, also known as RN5S1@, is a human gene encoding the 5S subunit of ribosomal RNA.
RN5S1@ | Introduction
The protein Qβ-Replicase is a tetrameric protein, meaning it contains four subunits. These subunits are the two elongation factors, EF-Tu & EF-Ts, the ribosomal protein subunit S1, and the RNA dependent RNA polymerase β-subunit. The two elongation factors form a heterodimer structure known as The Elongation factor complex, which is necessary for the polymerization activity of the RDRP β-Subunit. Its secondary structural components consists of α-helices, β-sheets and β-barrels. EF-Ts comprises the majority of the top portion of the protein, while EF-Tu makes up the bottom half where the beta barrels are seen. The conformation is considered to be open, when no guanine nucleotide is bound to the active site in EF-Tu.
EF-Ts | Structure
The structure of 6S RNA was defined in 1971. It is a small RNA strand consisting of 184 nucleotides. 6S RNA is a long double-stranded structure and has a single strand loop. Its structure is similar to an open promoter complex of DNA structure. Varies analyses discovered that 6S RNAs are capable of forming a secondary structure. The secondary structure consists of two irregular helical stem regions, making a large core loop which is called a central knot.
6S / SsrS RNA | Structure
The 3′-end of nascent messenger RNA is the site of post-transcriptional polyadenylation, which attaches a chain of 50 to 250 adenosine residues to produce mature messenger RNA. This chain helps in determining how long the messenger RNA lasts in the cell, influencing how much protein is produced from it.
Directionality (molecular biology) | 3′-end
Nucleotides are the fundamental molecules that combine in series to form RNA. They consist of a nitrogenous base attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone. RNA is made of long stretches of specific nucleotides arranged so that their sequence of bases carries information. The RNA world hypothesis holds that in the primordial soup (or sandwich), there existed free-floating nucleotides. These nucleotides regularly formed bonds with one another, which often broke because the change in energy was so low. However, certain sequences of base pairs have catalytic properties that lower the energy of their chain being created, enabling them to stay together for longer periods of time.
RNA world | Prebiotic RNA synthesis
The overall 80S eukaryotic rRNA structure is composed of a large 60S subunit (LSU) and a small 40S subunit (SSU). In humans, a single transcription unit separated by 2 internally transcribed spacers encodes a precursor, 45S. The precursor 45S rDNA is organized into 5 clusters (each has 30-40 repeats) on chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22. These are transcribed in the nucleolus by RNA polymerase I. 45S is processed in the nucleus via 32S rRNA to 28S and 5.8S, and via 30S to 18S, as shown in the diagram. 18S is a component of the ribosomal 40S subunit. 28S, 5.8S and 5S, which is transcribed independently, are components of 60S.
Ribosomopathy | Ribosomes
L567.5 rRNA structure is approximately 150 nucleotides in size and it consists of plenty of folded strands, some of which are presumed to be single stranded. This ribosomal RNA, along with the 28S and 5S rRNA as well as 46 ribosomal proteins, forms the ribosomal large subunit (LSU). The 5.8S rRNA is initially transcribed along with the 18S and 28S rRNA in the 45S preribosomal RNA, along with the ITS 1 and ITS 2 (Internal transcribed spacer) and a 5’ and 3’ ETS (External transcribed spacer). The 5.8S rRNA is located between the two ITS regions, with ITS1 separating it from the 18S rRNA in the 5' direction, and ITS2 separating it from the 28S rRNA in the 3' direction.
5.8S ribosomal RNA | Structure
Using mathematics, Gamow postulated that a nucleotide code consisting of three letters would be enough to define all 20 amino acids. This concept is the basis of "codons", and set an upper and lower limit on the size of a codon.
RNA Tie Club | Number of nucleotides in a codon
Family member genomes are composed of double-stranded RNA. They are divided in to four segments which each code for a protein. The length of the different segments are between 3.5 to 5.0 kbp. The total genome is around 16.8 kbp. Inside the capsid with the genome there is also the RNA-dependent RNA polymerse.
Quadriviridae | Genome
Many RBPs have modular structures and are composed of multiple repeats of just a few specific basic domains that often have limited sequences. These sequences are then arranged in varying combinations to fulfill the need for diversity. A specific protein's recognition of a specific RNA has evolved through the rearrangement of these few basic domains. Each basic domain recognizes RNA, but many of these proteins require multiple copies of one of the many common domains to function.
RNA-binding protein | Structure
Pol I is a 590 kDa enzyme that consists of 14 protein subunits (polypeptides), and its crystal structure in the yeast "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" was solved at 2.8Å resolution in 2013. Twelve of its subunits have identical or related counterparts in RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III). The other two subunits are related to Pol II initiation factors and have structural homologues in Pol III. Ribosomal DNA transcription is confined to the nucleolus, where about 400 copies of the 42.9-kb rDNA gene are present, arranged as tandem repeats in nucleolus organizer regions. Each copy contains a ~13.3 kb sequence encoding the 18S, the 5.8S, and the 28S RNA molecules, interlaced with two internal transcribed spacers, ITS1 and ITS2, and flanked upstream by a 5' external transcribed spacer and a downstream 3' external transcribed spacer.
RNA polymerase I | Structure and Function
RNA quality is measured using UV spectrometry with an absorbance peak of 260nm. RNA integrity can also be analyzed quantitatively comparing the ratio and intensity of 28S RNA to 18S RNA reported in the RNA Integrity Number (RIN) score. Since mRNA is the species of interest and it represents only 3% of its total content, the RNA sample should be treated to remove rRNA and tRNA and tissue-specific RNA transcripts. The step of library preparation with the aim of producing short cDNA fragments, begins with RNA fragmentation to transcripts in length between 50 and 300 base pairs. Fragmentation can be enzymatic (RNA endonucleases), chemical (trismagnesium salt buffer, chemical hydrolysis) or mechanical (sonication, nebulisation).
Transcriptome | RNA sequencing
This leads to several recognizable "domains" of secondary structure like hairpin loops, bulges, and internal loops. Since RNA is charged, metal ions such as Mg are needed to stabilise many secondary and tertiary structures.
RNA | Structure
RRM contains about 80-90 amino acids that form four-stranded anti-parallel β-sheet with two helices (βαββαβ topology). The β-sheet plays critical role for RNA recognition. Usually, three conserved residues on the β-sheet are very important for this recognition process. Specifically, an Arg or Lys residue forms a salt bridge to the phosphodiester backbone and another two aromatic residues make stacking interactions with the nucleobases. Each of these four β-sheet recognize one nucleotides. However, with exposed loops and additional secondary structure, RRM can recognized up to 8 nucleotides.
RNA-binding protein database | <a href="RNA%20recognition%20motif">RNA Recognition Motif (RRM)</a>
Generally speaking, for a typical bulk cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) experiment, ten million reads are generated and a gene with higher than the threshold of 50 reads per kb per million reads (RPKM) is considered expressed. For a gene that is 1kb long, this corresponds to 500 reads and a minimum coefficient of variation (CV) of 4% under the assumption of the Poisson distribution. For a typical mammalian cell containing 200,000 mRNA, sequencing data from at least 50 single cells need to be pooled in order to achieve this minimum CV value. However, due to the efficiency of reverse transcription and other noise introduced in the experiments, more cells are required for accurate expression analyses and cell type identification.
Single cell sequencing | scRNA-Seq
The diversity of the subunits is determined, as well as RNA splicing by RNA editing events of the individual subunits. This give rise to the necessarily high diversity of these receptors. Glur2 is a gene product of the pre-mRNA of the GRIA2 gene and subject to RNA editing.
GRIA2 | RNA editing
The diversity of the subunits is determined, as well as rna splicing by RNA editing events of the individual subunits. This give rise to the necessarily high diversity of these receptors. GluR3 is a gene product of the GRIA3 gene and its pre-mRNA is subject to RNA editing.
GRIA3 | RNA editing
RNAs are a type of large biological molecules, whose individual building blocks are called nucleotides. The name "poly(A) tail" (for polyadenylic acid tail) reflects the way RNA nucleotides are abbreviated, with a letter for the base the nucleotide contains (A for adenine, C for cytosine, G for guanine and U for uracil). RNAs are produced ("transcribed") from a DNA template. By convention, RNA sequences are written in a 5′ to 3′ direction. The 5′ end is the part of the RNA molecule that is transcribed first, and the 3′ end is transcribed last. The 3′ end is also where the poly(A) tail is found on polyadenylated RNAs.
Polyadenylation | Background on RNA
These are combined with ~50 ribosomal proteins to form ribosomal subunits. There are three types of rRNA found in prokaryotic ribosomes: 23S and 5S rRNA in the LSU and 16S rRNA in the SSU.
Ribosomal RNA | Structure
The following units were posted here at some point:
RNAS Donibristle | History
The mRNA of c9orf135 is 906 nucleotides in length. The 5' and 3' Untranslated regions (UTR) contain hairpin loops. The 3' UTR comprises 123 nucleotides and the 5' UTR comprises 18 nucleotides. The mRNA encodes a protein with a secondary structure composed of both beta-sheets and alpha-helices.
C9orf135 | mRNA
In addition, RNA is a single-stranded polymer that can, like proteins, fold into a very large number of three-dimensional structures. Some of these structures provide binding sites for other molecules and chemically-active centers that can catalyze specific chemical reactions on those bound molecules. The limited number of different building blocks of RNA (4 nucleotides vs >20 amino acids in proteins), together with their lack of chemical diversity, results in catalytic RNA (ribozymes) being generally less-effective catalysts than proteins for most biological reactions.
Macromolecule | RNA is multifunctional
The secondary structure of 23S is divided into six large domains, within which domain V is most important in its peptidyl transferase activity. Each domain contains normal secondary structure (e.g., base triple, tetraloop, cross-strand purine stack) and is also highly symmetric in tertiary structure; proteins intervene between their helices. At tertiary structure level, the large subunit rRNA is a single gigantic domain while the small subunit contains three structural domains. This difference reflects the lesser flexibility of the large subunit required by its function. While its core is conserved, it accommodates expansion segments on its periphery.
Prokaryotic large ribosomal subunit | Ribosomal RNA
Humans appear to have four Y RNAs, named hY1, hY3, hY4 and hY5 and also a large number of pseudogenes.
Y RNA | Humans
The genome is composed of two double-stranded RNA segments of 7.2–8.9 kbp each and of a total length of 16.1 kbp. The genome codes for four proteins.
Megabirnaviridae | Genome
The mRNA for this protein consists of 9058 base pairs in a linear sequence with the coding sequence begins at base pair number 334 and extends until base pair number 8418. The translated protein is a total 56 exons that constitute a final length of 2694 amino acids. There are currently 9 known isoforms within humans.
NBEAL1 | Transcript
The eukaryotic core RNA polymerase II was first purified using transcription assays. The purified enzyme has typically 10–12 subunits (12 in humans and yeast) and is incapable of specific promoter recognition. Many subunit-subunit interactions are known.
RNA polymerase II | Subunits
Splicing factor U2AF 35 kDa subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "U2AF1" gene.
U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 1 | Introduction
In the early stages of the disease, RNA fast 1 and RNA fast 2 appear, while in the late stages RNA slow 1 and RNA slow 2 are detected.
Cadang-cadang | Molecular structure
The mRNA of the most common peptide (variant x2) is 8699 nucleotides long and includes 22 exons.
FAM208b | mRNA
RBPs interact with RNA through various structural motifs. Aromatic amino acid residues in RNA-binding proteins result in stacking interactions with RNA. Lysine residues in the helical portion of RNA binding proteins help to stabilize interactions with other nucleic acids as a result of the force of attraction between the positively-charged lysine side chains and the negatively-charged phosphate "backbone" of RNA. It is hypothesized that RNA sequences in the 3'-untranslated region determine the binding of RBPs, and that these RBPs determine the post-transcriptional fate of mRNAs.
Ribonucleoprotein particle | RNA/RBP complexes
Vault RNAs have fairly simple molecular compositions with unusual symmetries. They contain several arches and have characteristic hollow barrel-like frameworks. Vaults are considerably heavy, weighing around 13 MDa. As such, they are the heaviest ribonucleoprotein complexes known so far. On the other hand, they are considerably small in length, falling in the range between 80 and 150 nucleotides. Their secondary structures have conserved stem loops that connect the 5’ and 3’ ends of the molecule, in addition to the panhandle-like shape. There are polymerase III promoter elements, box A and box B, of which box A takes part in conserving structural features whereas box B does not.
Vault RNA | Structure
The structure of tRNA can be decomposed into its primary structure, its secondary structure (usually visualized as the "cloverleaf structure"), and its tertiary structure (all tRNAs have a similar L-shaped 3D structure that allows them to fit into the P and A sites of the ribosome). The cloverleaf structure becomes the 3D L-shaped structure through coaxial stacking of the helices, which is a common RNA tertiary structure motif. The lengths of each arm, as well as the loop 'diameter', in a tRNA molecule vary from species to species. The tRNA structure consists of the following:
Transfer RNA | Structure
RNA, U4atac small nuclear (U12-dependent splicing) is a small nuclear RNA that in humans is encoded by the "RNU4ATAC" gene. The small nuclear RNA (snRNA) encoded by this gene is part of the U12-dependent minor spliceosome complex. In addition to the encoded RNA, this ribonucleoprotein complex consists of U11, U12, U5, and U6atac snRNAs. The U12-dependent spliceosome is required for the splicing of approximately 700 specific introns in the human genome.
RNU4ATAC | Introduction
In humans, C7orf31 codes for an mRNA strand that is 3609 base pairs long. The human mRNA is composed of a 5' untranslated region that is 561 bases and a 3' untranslated region that is 1275 bases long.
C7orf31 | Transcript
The mRNA of this protein is subject to RNA editing.
Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 2 subunit | RNA editing
RNA polymerase I transcribes most rRNA transcripts 28S, 18S, and 5.8S) but the 5S rRNA subunit (component of the 60S ribosomal subunit) is transcribed by RNA polymerase III. Transcription of rRNA yields a long precursor molecule (45S pre-rRNA) which still contains the ITS and ETS. Further processing is needed to generate the 18S RNA, 5.8S and 28S RNA molecules. In eukaryotes, the RNA-modifying enzymes are brought to their respective recognition sites by interaction with guide RNAs, which bind these specific sequences. These guide RNAs belong to the class of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) which are complexed with proteins and exist as small-nucleolar-ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs).
Nucleolus | Function and ribosome assembly
These capacities would have been determined initially by the folded configurations (including those configurations with ribozyme activity) of the RNA replicators that, in turn, would have been encoded in their individual nucleotide sequences.
Natural selection | Origin of life
There is one transcript of C22orf31. The mRNA sequence is 1,070 base pairs long and contains an upstream in-frame stop codon from nucleotide 122–124.
C22orf31 | Transcript
The secondary structure of RNA consists of a single polynucleotide. Base pairing in RNA occurs when RNA folds between complementarity regions. Both single- and double-stranded regions are often found in RNA molecules. The four basic elements in the secondary structure of RNA are: The antiparallel strands form a helical shape. Bulges and internal loops are formed by separation of the double helical tract on either one strand (bulge) or on both strands (internal loops) by unpaired nucleotides.
Nucleic acid structure | RNA
RNA, 28S ribosomal 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNA28S1 gene.
RNA28S1 | Introduction
The L segment encodes a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Tahyna orthobunyavirus | Structure
"A. caulinodans", "Sa. novella", "X. autotrophicus"), "Me. silvestris", and "Be. indica" subsp. indica.
Αr45 RNA | Discovery and Structure
Long non-coding RNAs (long ncRNAs, lncRNA) are a type of RNA, defined as being transcripts with lengths exceeding 200 nucleotides that are not translated into protein. This somewhat arbitrary limit distinguishes long ncRNAs from small non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), and other short RNAs. Long intervening/intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) are sequences of lncRNA which do not overlap protein-coding genes.
Long non-coding RNA | Introduction
RNA, ribosomal 5, also known as RNR5, is a human gene. Genes for ribosomal RNA are clustered on the short arms of chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 20, 21. The gene for RNR5 exists in multiple copies on chromosome 22. Each gene cluster contains 30–40 copies and encodes a 45S RNA product that is then cleaved to form 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA subunits. In general, genes for RNA remain poorly annotated in most large public databases.
RNR5 | Introduction
After a certain amount of time, the message degrades into its component nucleotides with the assistance of ribonucleases. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a small RNA chain of about 80 nucleotides that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. It has sites for amino acid attachment and an anticodon region for codon recognition that binds to a specific sequence on the messenger RNA chain through hydrogen bonding. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic component of the ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA.
RNA | In translation
The amino acid sequence is 830 residues long and contains an acidic tail.
WDR75 | Protein sequence
RNA, 18S ribosomal is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LOC109910383 gene.
Rna, 18s ribosomal | Introduction
The entire human gene is 40,364 base pairs in length, while the unprocessed mRNA is 25,960 base pairs long. After splicing of introns the 10 exon gene has a final mRNA length of 3,596 base pairs that encodes for 965 amino acids.
MGC50722 | Gene
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs in different forms within organisms and serves many different roles. Listed here are the types of RNA, grouped by role. Abbreviations for the different types of RNA are listed and explained.
List of RNAs | Introduction
The class I RNA is a non-coding RNA. This family was identified in Shotgun sequencing approach of full-length cDNA libraries from small RNAs from "Dictyostelium discoideum". The function of this RNA is unknown. These RNAs are 42–65 nucleotides (nt) long and they share 5' and 3' sequence elements of 16 and 8 nt respectively. These elements can partially base-pair forming a short hairpin. There are multiple copies of class I RNA in the "D. discoideum" genome and the RNA is highly expressed i.e. 14 unique sequences were identified in the small RNA library and it comprised ~12% of all RNA in the small RNA library.
Dictyostelium class I RNA | Introduction
More detail on the initiation and beginning portion of these processes can be found in the "Biosynthesis" section.
Ribosomal RNA | Assembly
Experiments with basic ribozymes, like Bacteriophage Qβ RNA, have shown that simple self-replicating RNA structures can withstand even strong selective pressures (e.g., opposite-chirality chain terminators). Since there were no known chemical pathways for the abiogenic synthesis of nucleotides from pyrimidine nucleobases cytosine and uracil under prebiotic conditions, it is thought by some that nucleic acids did not contain these nucleobases seen in life's nucleic acids. The nucleoside cytosine has a half-life in isolation of 19 days at and 17,000 years in freezing water, which some argue is too short on the geologic time scale for accumulation. Others have questioned whether ribose and other backbone sugars could be stable enough to find in the original genetic material, and have raised the issue that all ribose molecules would have had to be the same enantiomer, as any nucleotide of the wrong chirality acts as a chain terminator.
RNA world | Support and difficulties
The mRNA encoding the largest peptide product, isoform 6, contains 8 exons and 9 introns. It is 1842bps in length. Altogether, 11 protein isoforms have been characterized as a result of alternative splicing.
Coiled-coil domain containing 74a | Transcript
As each chain grew longer, it attracted more matching nucleotides faster, causing chains to now form faster than they were breaking down. These chains have been proposed by some as the first, primitive forms of life. In an RNA world, different sets of RNA strands would have had different replication outputs, which would have increased or decreased their frequency in the population, i.e. natural selection. As the fittest sets of RNA molecules expanded their numbers, novel catalytic properties added by mutation, which benefitted their persistence and expansion, could accumulate in the population. Such an autocatalytic set of ribozymes, capable of self replication in about an hour, has been identified.
RNA world | Prebiotic RNA synthesis
High GC content stabilizes the RNA-DNA duplex while destabilizing off-target hybridization. The length of the guide sequence should be between 17-24bp noting a shorter sequence minimizes off-target effects. Guide sequences less than 17bp have a chance of targeting multiple loci.
Guide RNA | Designing gRNAs
The structure of RNase H commonly consists of a 5-stranded β-sheet surrounded by a distribution of α-helices. All RNases H have an active site centered on a conserved sequence motif composed of aspartate and glutamate residues, often referred to as the DEDD motif. These residues interact with catalytically required magnesium ions. RNases H2 are larger than H1 and usually have additional helices. The domain organization of the enzymes varies; some prokaryotic and most eukaryotic members of the H1 group have an additional small domain at the N-terminus known as the "hybrid binding domain", which facilitates binding to RNA:DNA hybrid duplexes and sometimes confers increased processivity.
Ribonuclease H | Structure
The first segment (RNA1) is approximately 8,000 nucleotides in length and appears as a single copy in each B type virion. It encodes the proteins that are important in replication and is the first gene to be activated.
Nepovirus | RNA1
In many ways, RNA folding is more highly analogous to the folding of proteins rather than to the highly repetitive folded structure of the DNA double helix.
History of RNA biology | RNA molecules require a specific, complex three-dimensional structure for activity
Chromosome 12 is a medium sized chromosome, on which C12Orf24 spans from 110,468,415-110,490,387 which is 21,973 bases long. The resulting mRNA transcript is 1,101 bases, 822 of which is the coding sequence. The resulting protein is 273 amino acids long.
C12orf24 | Size
The last steps of rRNA processing require cleavages at 3, 4’, 4 and 5 in order to generate mature 5.8S and 28S rRNA.
Preribosomal RNA | Overview
RTL6 has an alternate start of transcription 140 base pairs upstream of the normal transcribed region. The lengths of the primary mRNA and that with the upstream start of transcription are 5355 and 5495 base pairs respectively.
RTL6 | mRNA
RPB4 and RPB9 may enter once most of the complex is assembled. RPB4 forms a complex with RPB7.
RNA polymerase II | Assembly
Ribonuclease A family member k6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNASE6 gene.
RNASE6 | Introduction
The C0299 RNA family consists of a group of "Shigella flexneri" and "Escherichia coli" RNA genes which are 78 bases in length and are found between the "hlyE" and "umuD" genes. The function of this RNA is unknown.
C0299 RNA | Introduction
In humans, the gene is 51,558 base pairs long. The transcript that produces the longest protein of 140 amino acids is translated from unprocessed mRNA that has six exons and is 1664 nucleotides in length.
C6orf201 | Gene
The 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Roger D. Kornberg for creating detailed molecular images of RNA polymerase during various stages of the transcription process. In most prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase species transcribes all types of RNA. RNA polymerase "core" from E. coli consists of five subunits: two alpha (α) subunits of 36 kDa, a beta (β) subunit of 150 kDa, a beta prime subunit (β′) of 155 kDa, and a small omega (ω) subunit. A sigma (σ) factor binds to the core, forming the holoenzyme. After transcription starts, the factor can unbind and let the core enzyme proceed with its work.
RNA polymerase | Structure
The genome of rotaviruses consists of 11 unique double helix molecules of RNA (dsRNA) which are 18,555 nucleotides in total. Each helix, or segment, is a gene, numbered 1 to 11 by decreasing size. Each gene codes for one protein, except genes 9, which codes for two. The RNA is surrounded by a three-layered icosahedral protein capsid. Viral particles are up to 76.5 nm in diameter and are not enveloped.
Rotavirus | Structure
Different from CCHH zinc figure, the shape of the protein is the primary determinant of specificity.
RNA-binding protein database | <a href="Zinc%20Fingers">Zinc Fingers</a>