The Homebrew Computer Club was an early computer hobbyist group in Menlo Park, California, which met from March 1975 to December 1986. The club played an influential role in the development of the microcomputer revolution and the rise of that aspect of the Silicon Valley information technology industrial complex. Several high-profile hackers and computer entrepreneurs emerged from its ranks, including Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, the founders of Apple Computer. With its newsletter and monthly meetings promoting an open exchange of ideas, the club has been described as "the crucible for an entire industry" as it pertains to personal computing
Introduction
Homebrew Computer Club
Homebrew Computer Club | Introduction
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, George Morrow, John Draper Few of its members are Steve Wozniak (Apple Computer), Harry Garland and Roger Melen (Cromemco), Thomas "Todd" Fischer, IMSAI Division Steve Wozniak, George Morrow, Paul Terrell and Adam Osborne, to name a few. Steve Wozniak, Harry Garland and Roger Melen,Thomas "Todd" Fischer, among others.
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Albany
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The Ten Broeck Mansion, USS "Slater" (DE-766) museum ship.
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The word "silicon" in the name originally referred to the large number of innovators and manufacturers in the region specializing in silicon-based MOS transistors and integrated circuit chips.
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is there any computer club located here?
user
Yes, the Homebrew Computer Club
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what kind of club is this?
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An early computer hobbyist group - played an influential role in the development of the microcomputer revolution and the rise of that aspect of the Silicon Valley information technology industrial complex.
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when was it started?
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March 1975
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who are its members?
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The Homebrew Computer Club was an informal group of electronic enthusiasts and technically minded hobbyists who gathered to trade parts, circuits, and information pertaining to DIY construction of personal computing devices. It was started by Gordon French and Fred Moore who met at the Community Computer Center in Menlo Park. They both were interested in maintaining a regular, open forum for people to get together to work on making computers more accessible to everyone. The first meeting of the club was held on March 5, 1975 in French's garage in Menlo Park, San Mateo County, California, on the occasion of the arrival in the area of the first MITS Altair 8800 microcomputer, a unit sent for review by People's Computer Company.
Homebrew Computer Club | History
The Homebrew Computer Club was an early computer hobbyist group in Menlo Park, California, which met from March 1975 to December 1986. The club played an influential role in the development of the microcomputer revolution and the rise of that aspect of the Silicon Valley information technology industrial complex. Several high-profile hackers and computer entrepreneurs emerged from its ranks, including Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, the founders of Apple Computer. With its newsletter and monthly meetings promoting an open exchange of ideas, the club has been described as "the crucible for an entire industry" as it pertains to personal computing
Homebrew Computer Club | Introduction
The Homebrew Computer Club was an informal group of electronic enthusiasts and technically minded hobbyists who gathered to trade parts, circuits, and information pertaining to DIY construction of computing devices. It was started by Gordon French and Fred Moore who met at the Community Computer Center in Menlo Park. They both were interested in maintaining a regular, open forum for people to get together to work on making computers more accessible to everyone. The first meeting was held as of March 1975 at French's garage in Menlo Park, San Mateo County, California; which was on occasion of the arrival of the MITS Altair microcomputer, the first unit sent to the area for review by People's Computer Company.
Silicon Valley | Homebrew Computer Club
Li-Chen Wang, developer of Palo Alto Tiny Basic and graphics software for the Cromemco Dazzler, was also a club member, and Lee Felsenstein was moderator of the club meetings. Steve Inness was a primary designer of one of the early cell phone touch screens as well as a business partner with John Draper. Others went on to other pursuits, such as Dan Werthimer who is a researcher in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.
Homebrew Computer Club | Members
He later started Byte Shop, an affordable computer store in Mountain View, California, and bought the first 50 Apple I Computers from Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak after they did a demonstration of the Apple I at a meeting at SLAC. The first issue of the newsletter was published on March 15, 1975, and continued through several designs, ending after 21 issues in December 1977. The newsletter was published from a variety of addresses in the early days, but later submissions went to a P.O. box address in Mountain View, California.
Homebrew Computer Club | Newsletter
The Homebrew Computer Club was a hotbed of BASIC development, with members excited by Altair BASIC. Fellow members Steve Wozniak and Tom Pittman would develop their own BASICs (Integer BASIC and 6800 Tiny BASIC respectively). Wang analyzed the Altair BASIC code and contributed edits to Tiny BASIC Extended. Wang published in the newsletter a loader for the 8080, commenting on the Open Letter to Hobbyists:
Li-Chen Wang | Homebrew Computer Club
Most of the members were hobbyists but had an electronic engineering or computer programming background. They came to the meetings to talk about the Altair 8800, to review other technical topics, and to exchange schematics and programming tips. From the ranks of this club came the founders of many microcomputer companies, including Steve Wozniak (Apple Computer), Harry Garland and Roger Melen (Cromemco), Thomas "Todd" Fischer, IMSAI Division, Fischer-Freitas Company, George Morrow (Morrow Designs), Paul Terrell (Byte Shop), Adam Osborne (Osborne Computer), and Bob Marsh (Processor Technology). John Draper was also a member of the club, as was Jerry Lawson (creator of the first cartridge-based video game system, Fairchild Channel F).
Homebrew Computer Club | Members
Fred was co-founder with Gordon French of the Homebrew Computer Club which first met on March 5, 1975. This club was subsequently called "the crucible for an entire industry."
Fred Moore (activist) | Homebrew Computer Club
The Homebrew Computer Club's newsletter was one of the most influential forces in the formation of the culture of Silicon Valley. Created and edited by its members, it initiated the idea of the personal computer, and helped its members build the original kit computers, like the Altair. One such influential event was the publication of Bill Gates's "Open Letter to Hobbyists", which lambasted the early hackers of the time for violating the copyrights of commercial software programs. Paul Terrell, partner in Repco who was the exclusive sales rep company for MITS in Northern California, was a member of the Club and would provide information at the meetings about the progress of the Altair 8800 in the factory and provide copies of the MITS Newsletter to members.
Homebrew Computer Club | Newsletter
Others, at the suggestion of Roger Melen, convened at The Oasis, a bar and grill they considered a pub located on El Camino Real in nearby Menlo Park, recalled years later by a member as "Homebrew's other staging area". As Steven Levy wrote about the Oasis gatherings:
Homebrew Computer Club | History
The club is depicted in the films "Pirates of Silicon Valley" (1999) and "Jobs" (2013), as well as in the PBS documentary series "Triumph of the Nerds" (1996). However the depiction of how the club worked was not entirely accurate.
Homebrew Computer Club | In popular culture
January 1975 was also the month that the Altair 8800 appeared on the front page of "Popular Electronics", sparking off intense interest among the engineers of the rapidly growing Silicon Valley. Shortly thereafter, on 5 March 1975, Gordon French and Fred Moore held the first meeting of what would become the Homebrew Computer Club. Felsenstein took Marsh to one of the meetings, Marsh saw an opportunity supplying add-on cards for the Altair, and in April, he formed Processor Technology with his friend Gary Ingram. The new company's first product was a 4 kB DRAM memory card for the Altair. A similar card was already available from the Altair's designers, MITS, but it was almost impossible to get working properly.
Sol-20 | Processor Technology
Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs credit that first meeting with inspiring them to design the original Apple I and (successor) Apple II computers. As a result, the first preview of the Apple I was given at the Homebrew Computer Club. Subsequent meetings were held at an auditorium at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.
Silicon Valley | Homebrew Computer Club
Organizers say they're trying to "resurrect the spirit of the Homebrew Computer Club." It is a non-exclusive event intended for passionate and creative technical people that want to have some fun, learn new things, and meet new people. There is no admission charged; the event is paid for by donations and sponsorships. The original SHDH was in Hillsborough, California and later in Los Gatos, California.
SuperHappyDevHouse | Global expansion
Wigginton was a student at Bellarmine College Preparatory in San Jose, California, interested in computers just as the earliest microprocessor-based computers were being assembled by hobbyists. Around the age of 14, he had heard about the Homebrew Computer Club, but had no way to get there until he started getting rides with another club member, Steve Wozniak, who lived down the street from Wigginton's family home. The two became friends, and Wigginton became one of Apple's earliest employees in 1976, and was present with Wozniak when the Apple I was first presented to the world at a Club meeting.
Randy Wigginton | Early life
Many hobbyists during the mid-1970s designed their own systems, with various degrees of success, and sometimes banded together to ease the job. Out of these house meetings the Homebrew Computer Club developed, where hobbyists met to talk about what they had done, exchange schematics and software, and demonstrate their systems. Many people built or assembled their own computers as per published designs. For example, many thousands of people built the Galaksija home computer later in the early 1980s.
History of computing hardware (1960s–present) | Altair 8800 and IMSAI 8080
Steve Wozniak credits that first meeting as the inspiration to design the Apple I. The next few meetings were held at a large home in Atherton, California, which had been used as a preschool. Subsequent meetings were held at an auditorium at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), until 1978, when meetings moved to the Stanford Medical School. An anecdote from member Thomas "Todd" Fischer relates that after the more-or-less "formal" meetings the participants often reconvened for an informal, late night "swap meet" in the parking lot of the Safeway store down the road, as SLAC campus rules prohibited such activity on campus property.
Homebrew Computer Club | History
Gordon French was a computer engineer and programmer who played a key role in the Homebrew Computer Club. He died on October 26, 2019 in Roseburg, Oregon. On 5 March 1975, Gordon French hosted the first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club in his garage, in Menlo Park, San Mateo County, California. He attended the first three sessions, but when he was offered a post at the Social Security Administration, he moved to Baltimore.
Gordon French | Introduction
The June 1975 "Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter" carried this item written by Fred Moore, Editor: The MITS MOBILE came to Rickey's Hyatt House in Palo Alto June 5th & 6th. The room was packed (150+) with amateurs and experimenters eager to find out about this new electronic toy. At the seminar, a paper tape containing a pre-release version of Altair BASIC disappeared. The tape was given to Steve Dompier who passed it on to Dan Sokol who had access to a high speed tape punch. At the next Homebrew Computer Club meeting, 50 copies of Altair BASIC on paper tape appeared in a cardboard box.
Open Letter to Hobbyists | "Thieves" and "parasites"
On March 5, 1975, Steve Wozniak attended the first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club in Gordon French's garage. He was so inspired that he immediately set to work on what would become the Apple I computer. After building it for himself and showing it at the Club, he and Steve Jobs gave out schematics (technical designs) for the computer to interested club members and even helped some of them build and test out copies. Then, Steve Jobs suggested that they design and sell a single etched and silkscreened circuit board—just the bare board, with no electronic parts—that people could use to build the computers.
Apple I | History
Although the Altair spawned an entire business, another side effect it had was to demonstrate that the microprocessor had so reduced the cost and complexity of building a microcomputer that anyone with an interest could build their own. Many such hobbyists met and traded notes at the meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club (HCC) in Silicon Valley. Although the HCC was relatively short-lived, its influence on the development of the modern PC was enormous. Members of the group complained that microcomputers would never become commonplace if they still had to be built up, from parts like the original Altair, or even in terms of assembling the various add-ons that turned the machine into a useful system.
History of personal computers | Homebrew Computer Club
The Amateur Computer Club (ACC), founded in 1973, was an early British club "open to all interested in the design, construction or programming of computers as a hobby". Most of its members lived in the United Kingdom. In 1976 an educational journal described the growth of "hobbyist" computing and said "in [the UK] there is currently one shop ... and also an active Amateur Computer Club with over 600 members".
Amateur Computer Club | Introduction
N8VEM was a homebrew computing project. It featured a variety of free and open hardware and software. N8VEM builders made their own homebrew computer systems for themselves and shared their experiences with other homebrew computer hobbyists. N8VEM homebrew computer components are made in the style of vintage computers of the mid to late 1970s and early 1980s using a mix of classic and modern technologies. They are designed with ease of amateur assembly in mind. In November 2015 the N8VEM project was ended by its creator Andrew Lynch and the community reconvened under the new name of Retrobrew Computers.
N8VEM | Introduction
LaFarr Stuart (born July 6, 1934 in Clarkston, Utah), now retired, was an early computer music pioneer, computer engineer and member of the Homebrew Computer Club.
LaFarr Stuart | Introduction
The Hobby Computer Club (HCC) is a Dutch computer club, now based in Haarlem, the Netherlands. It was established on April 27, 1977 by a small group of people near the town of Leiden. It grew to become a nationally significant club of over 200,000 members in 2003.
Hobby Computer Club | Introduction
Kilobaud Microcomputing was a magazine dedicated to the computer homebrew hobbyists from 1977 to 1983.
Kilobaud Microcomputing | Introduction
After participating in a large event for technical hobbies in April 1978 membership increased from 200 to over 1000. Soon the HCC had branches in every part of the Netherlands, and through the years the HCC grew to more than 200,000 members. The small newsletter turned into a monthly computer magazine called Computer!Totaal. The HCC now also offers a free Internet service to its members, as well as free technical assistance with computer problems. For many decades a big exhibition called the "HCC dagen" ("HCC Days") was held in Jaarbeurs in Utrecht with thousands of attendees. A tradition started in 1977, for showing off the member's activities and giving commercial parties an opportunity to demonstrate new products and sell equipment and software.
Hobby Computer Club | History
The primary way to support the members in their hobby was the ACC Newsletter (ACCN), with varied information pertinent to amateurs building, learning, using or just plainly interested in computers. The typewritten leaflet was published every 3 months starting with number 1 in March 1973. ACCN1 contained a description of the instruction set of a simple 10-bit computer designed by one of the first members: Ian Spencer. In August 1973 it mentions an offer to demonstrate a homemade copy of a PDP-8 made by John Florentin. This machine had been demonstrated earlier in March 1973 at a meeting of the Surrey Radio Contact club in Croydon.
Amateur Computer Club | Activities
The HCC was inspired by the Amateur Computer Club founded in 1973 by Mike Lord. Dick Barnhoorn became a member of the ACC and after a few years started the HCC in the Netherlands and Belgium (for Dutch/Flemish speakers). In the beginning letters were sent to popular electronics and IT magazines. The initial logo of HCC was an adapted copy of the ACC logo. The first HCC meeting was in a building of the Delft University of Technology, at that moment the HCC had 12 members. A small stenciled, A5 size, newsletter was published bimonthly called HCCN (HCC Nieuwsbrief) similar to ACCN (ACC Newsletter).
Hobby Computer Club | History
Homebrew is an album released by Steve Howe in 1996. It is part of the Homebrew franchise. The album features new songs as well as re-arranged old songs from Steve's career. He is the only musician as the tracks are mainly demos.
Homebrew (Steve Howe album) | Introduction
Homebrew was written by Max Howell in 2009. In March 2013, Homebrew successfully completed a Kickstarter campaign to raise funds for servers to test and build formulae and managed to raise . On December 13, 2013, the Homebrew repository migrated from Howell's GitHub account to its own project account. In February 2015, due to downtime at SourceForge which resulted in binaries being unavailable, Homebrew moved their hosting to bintray. On September 21, 2016, Homebrew version 1.0.0 was released. As of December 2018, Homebrew is maintained by a team of 21 people. In January 2019, Linuxbrew was merged back into Homebrew, adding beta support for Linux and the Windows Subsystem for Linux to Homebrew's feature set.
Homebrew (package manager) | History
Though no official founding date can be established for this group, its earliest surviving tribute packs are dated December 1991 and includes art dated back to 1989.
Computer art scene | Online
Homebrew 2 is an album by Steve Howe released in 2000 as part of the Homebrew franchise. The album features new songs as well as re-arranged old songs from Howe's career. Steve Howe is the only performer. Four more volumes followed in 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2016.
Homebrew 2 | Introduction
On February 2, 2019, Homebrew version 2.0.0 was released.
Homebrew (package manager) | History
The YPG was originally established by students from Thames Polytechnic (now the University of Greenwich) in 1984. By 1985, the group had over 250 members and in 1986 on 23 April the YPG's Constitution was ratified and the group held its inaugural conference organised by Barbara McManus.
British Computer Society Young Professionals Group | History of the group
The example of ACC was inspiring. In ACCN vol 2 iss 3 of August 1974, the start of a new club was announced: Association Française des Amateurs Constructeurs d´Ordinateurs (AFACO) by J-C Ribes in Meudon, France. In ACCN vol 5 iss 2 of June 1977, the start of a new club in Dutch language was announced: Hobby Computer Club (HCC) by Dick Barnhoorn, Leidschendam, Netherlands.
Amateur Computer Club | Other Clubs
PC Club was a privately owned, United States-based chain of computer hardware stores established in City of Industry, California in 1992. The company closed all its stores on July 29, 2008. PC Club operated primarily in the west coast states. It offered hardware and peripherals for PCs, as well as complete desktop and notebook computers assembled under the "Enpower" brand name.
PC Club | Introduction
In the November 1980 issue of the UK's Personal Computer World (PCW magazine), there was an article written by David Tebbutt, about his visit to the Menlo Park Library where the "ComputerTown USA!" a self-help computer literacy movement, started by the People's Computer Company, was based. That article and the regular CTUK column/page in future issues of PCW in turn sparked a widespread UK based self-help computer literacy movement, called "ComputerTown UK!". Within a few months over 20 local groups sprang up. The idea behind the groups was that members of the public took their own personal computers into public places for the general public to see and use.
ComputerTown UK | Introduction
Starting the ACC was an initiative of Mike Lord of Basildon, Essex in March 1973. He published a note in the popular electronics magazine Wireless World with a proposal to write to him if one liked the idea of having a Computer Club.
Amateur Computer Club | Foundation
Homebrew has made extensive use of GitHub to expand the support of several packages through user contributions. In 2010, Homebrew was the third-most-forked repository on GitHub. In 2012, Homebrew had the largest number of new contributors on GitHub. In 2013, Homebrew had both the largest number of contributors and issues closed of any project on GitHub. Homebrew has spawned several sub-projects such as Linuxbrew, a Linux port now officially merged into Homebrew; Homebrew Cask, which builds upon Homebrew and focuses on the installation of GUI applications; and "taps" dedicated to specific areas or programming languages like PHP.
Homebrew (package manager) | Introduction
It was interrupted in 2010 because the commercial parties lost interest as internet was becoming their main sales platform. In 2011 HCC organised a similar event on a much smaller scale than before, HCC!digital.
Hobby Computer Club | History
The club was founded in October 2009. The first AGM of the club took place in March 2010 where the first committee consisting of Eoin Sheedy (chairman), Colm Murphy (secretary) and Janet Fleming (treasurer) was elected.
Cumann Warszawa | History
Some enthusiasts participate in homebrew for the PlayStation 3 video game console. Homebrew software was first run on the PS3 by a group of hackers under the name "Team Ice" by exploiting a vulnerability in the game . Following various other hacks executed from Linux, Sony removed the ability to install another operating system in the 3.21 firmware update. This event caused backlash among the hacker communities, and eventually the group Fail0verflow found a flaw in the generation of encryption keys which they leveraged to restore the ability to install Linux. George Hotz (Geohot) , often misattributed as the genesis of homebrew on the PS3, later created the first homebrew signed using the private "metldr" encryption key which he leaked onto the internet.
PlayStation 3 homebrew | Introduction
The Home Computer Course () was a partwork magazine published by Orbis Publishing in the United Kingdom during 1983 and 1984, covering the subject of home computer technology. It ran for 24 weekly issues, before being succeeded by "The Home Computer Advanced Course". Each issue contained articles on various topics, including computer hardware, software, computer applications, a "Questions and Answers" column, BASIC programming and an in-depth review of a contemporary microcomputer, with annotated exploded view photos of its internals.
The Home Computer Course | Introduction
With the opportunity to stay in the United States, he then took his Master of Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Stanford University and finished in 1972. Banatao also joined the Homebrew Computer Club, where he met Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
Dado Banatao | Introduction
Some retrocomputing enthusiasts also consider the "homebrewing" (designing and building of retro- and retro-styled computers or kits), to be an important aspect of the hobby, giving new enthusiasts an opportunity to experience more fully what the early years of hobby computing were like. There are several different approaches to this end. Some are exact replicas of older systems, and some are newer designs based on the principles of retrocomputing, while others combine the two, with old and new features in the same package. Examples include:
Retrocomputing | "Homebrew" computers
CyberBrau is a Web application based homebrewing application, developed by Philip Baskette originally to assist with tracking and managing the various tasks, recipes and calculations required of the homebrewer. It was originally released in 2001 as open source software to assist the homebrewing community with managing all aspects of homebrewing, including recipe design, batch management, tasting notes, reviews and even bottle label creation. Batch scheduling and calendaring, email notification on brewing events and recipe reviews were added in later versions. Being web based software, it was intended to encourage sharing and collaboration among homebrewing clubs and communities around the world.
CyberBrau | Introduction
There is only one Homebrew development kit known for the PC-FX, which is based on the GNU Compiler Collection version 2.95.1. The Mednafen author began work on a library for the compiler called pcfxlib but it was discontinued due to lack of interest until trap15 started development of a new library called liberis. The toolchain is designed for a Linux environment, although it can also be used with cygwin. To date, no Homebrew titles for the PC-FX have been released, although Aetherbyte Studios and Eponasoft have both expressed interest in developing new software for the console.
Homebrew (video games) | NEC PC-FX
Listed in order of joining Onyanko Club. Members 1 to 11 were the original members of the group when it started on 1 April 1985, and were assigned member numbers randomly. Subsequent members of the group were assigned numbers based on the order of their joining. Members 12 to 16 joined during April 1985.
Onyanko Club | Members
Computer Gaming World (CGW) was an American computer game magazine published between 1981 and 2006.
Computer Gaming World | Introduction
The International Federation of Wargaming (IFW) was a wargaming club operated from 1967 to early 1970s.
International Federation of Wargaming | Introduction
The beginning of the club was documented by music journalist Ian Gittins in the book that accompanied the first Return to the Source compilation 'Deep Trance and Ritual Beats' (1995). At page 8, Gittins writes:
Return to the Source | Introduction
Below is a list of presidents of the British Computer Society from the inception of the BCS in 1957 onwards, with years of office. Starred entries above are deceased.
List of presidents of the British Computer Society | Introduction
Popular Computing Weekly was a computer magazine in the UK published from 1982 to 1990. It was sometimes referred to as "PCW" (although that abbreviation is more commonly associated with "Personal Computer World" magazine).
Popular Computing Weekly | Introduction
The group was run by a volunteer committee who selected the president (called the Fish). According to the rules of the organization, the newly elected president had to serve or move out of town.
Digital Computer Association | Introduction
It occupied 343 Soda, then moved to 311 Soda.
Computer Science Undergraduate Association | History
The very first Homebrew title programmed for the Jaguar dates from 1995, a version of "Tetris" called "JSTetris" developed using a hacked Alpine Dev. Kit, one of the pieces of development hardware used to program official Jaguar titles.
Homebrew (video games) | Atari Jaguar
While he was with Fairchild, Lawson and Ron Jones were the sole black members of the Homebrew Computer Club, a group of early computer hobbyists that included a number of industry legends, including Apple founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Lawson had noted he had interviewed Wozniak for a position at Fairchild, but did not hire him. In 1980, Lawson left Fairchild and founded Videosoft, a video game development company that made software for the Atari 2600 in the early 1980s, as the 2600 had displaced the Channel F as the top system in the market. Videosoft closed about five years later, and Lawson started to take on consulting work.
Jerry Lawson (engineer) | Career
The club was formed on 20 August 1981 at a meeting convened by ITC and Gerry Anderson. Previously, ITC had supported the various clubs and societies that followed Anderson's work; in 1981 it requested that the separate groups merge, and in exchange promised to give its full support (except financial assistance) to the new organisation. By 1996, the club had approximately 2,000 members. Anderson was honorary president of the club until his death in 2012. Paid members receive a subscription to the club magazine, "FAB" (which is published three times a year – usually in March, July and November), as well as access to exclusive merchandise such as books, DVDs and soundtrack CDs.
Fanderson | Activities
At RCA, Joseph Weisbecker designed and built a true home computer known as FRED, but this saw mixed interest from management. The CPU design was released as the COSMAC in 1974 and several experimental machines using it were built in 1975, but RCA declined to market any of these until introducing the COSMAC ELF in 1976, in kit form. By this time a number of other machines had entered the market.
History of personal computers | Microprocessor and cost reduction
Atari 2600 homebrew is a video game genre, where "homebrew" is synonymous with "hobbyist-developed," for the Atari 2600 video game console. The first 2600 homebrew game was written in 1995, and since then more than 100 games have been released. There is an active community of Atari 2600 developers—the largest among classic video game homebrew communities. The majority of homebrew games are unlicensed clones of arcade games, personal computer games, and games from other consoles, but there are also ROM hacks and some original games. Several games have received attention outside the homebrew community; some have been included in an Atari 2600 game anthology by Activision.
Atari 2600 homebrew | Introduction
The Home Computer Advanced Course 1 () was a partwork magazine published by Orbis Publishing in the United Kingdom during 1984 and 1985, providing a comprehensive introduction to computing and computer technology for home computer users. It ran for 96 weekly issues, succeeding the previous 24-part publication, "The Home Computer Course". Each issue contained articles on various topics. Subjects included computer applications, computer hardware and software technology, concepts in computer science, practical electronics projects, BASIC and machine code programming, other programming languages, operating systems (including MS-DOS and UNIX), and a jargon dictionary.
The Home Computer Advanced Course | Introduction
Additionally, several of these recent members have had ties to performance-enhancing drugs.
50 home run club | Introduction
The American Homebrewers Association is a division of the Brewers Association focused on homebrewers of beer, cider, and mead. The AHA was founded in 1978 by Papazian. The AHA runs the world's largest homebrew competition and also organizes several homebrew events in the United States and Canada. Gary Glass is the current director. The AHA publishes the magazine "Zymurgy" six times per year to its 47,000 members.
Charlie Papazian | Brewing associations
Participants in the "Computer Club" of the 1980s included Neil Gordon (who would later teach at the College, organise annual ski trips abroad and manage the football team) and Kevin Gillespie (later Monsignor and Cathedral Parish Administrator). Gordon's inaugural presentation was called "Fuel Consumption", an early indication of where his future interests would lie. The "Computer Club" soon vanished though, as its main activities were absorbed into the curriculum.
St Eunan's College | Computer Club
Wozniak demonstrated the first prototype in July 1976 at the Homebrew Computer Club in Palo Alto, California. Production was discontinued on September 30, 1977, after the June 10, 1977 introduction of its successor, the Apple II, which "Byte" magazine referred to as part of the "1977 Trinity" of personal computing (along with the PET 2001 from Commodore Business Machines and the TRS-80 Model I from Tandy Corporation).
Apple I | Introduction
During the 2017–2018 academic year, IT Club was founded with the support of professors and teachers, and it was recognized by the rector of the University. And it is known as IT Club UCSMUB. Music Club, Dance Club, Handmade Club and E-Sport Club are established as students' clubs by the students' union.
University of Computer Studies (Maubin) | Student Associations/Clubs
Angelo Zgorelec is the founder of the first British personal computer magazine "Personal Computer World" (PCW).
Angelo Zgorelec | Introduction
What they felt was needed was an all-in-one system. Out of this desire came the Sol-20 computer, which placed an entire S-100 system – QWERTY keyboard, CPU, display card, memory and ports – into an attractive single box. The systems were packaged with a cassette tape interface for storage and a 12" monochrome monitor. Complete with a copy of BASIC, the system sold for US$2,100. About 10,000 Sol-20 systems were sold. Although the Sol-20 was the first all-in-one system that we would recognize today, the basic concept was already rippling through other members of the group, and interested external companies.
History of personal computers | Homebrew Computer Club
The group was formed in 1982 by Sheridan Williams and Lee Calcraft. Calcraft and Williams were contributors to "Personal Computer World" magazine ("PCW") at the time. Calcraft was writing under pseudonyms in "PCW", "Acorn User" and "The Micro User". Williams was a founding contributor to "PCW". When Acorn announced that they had won the contract to provide the computer to support the BBC's Computer Literacy Project, BEEBUG was formed to provide a magazine and support group. It turned out that Acorn were unable to supply the BBC Micro for many months and customers who had ordered the computer were anxious to learn as much about it before its arrival.
BEEBUG | BBC Micro User Group
It was a relatively unusual club, in that it admitted both men and women as full members.
1920 Club | Introduction
Homebrew is a free and open-source software package management system that simplifies the installation of software on Apple's macOS operating system and Linux. The name is intended to suggest the idea of building software on the Mac depending on the user's taste. Originally written by Max Howell, the package manager has gained popularity in the Ruby on Rails community and earned praise for its extensibility. Homebrew has been recommended for its ease of use as well as its integration into the command line interface. Homebrew is a non-profit project member of the Software Freedom Conservancy, and is run entirely by unpaid volunteers.
Homebrew (package manager) | Introduction
By 1980, it had only 676 members remaining, and this led it to merge into the Association of Professional, Executive and Computer Staff on 9 May.
National Woolsorters' Society | History
With severe resource limitations such as only 128 bytes of RAM and no video frame buffer, the 2600 is a difficult machine to program. Tools such as emulators, the Batari Basic language, and freely available documentation, can help the hobbyist developer.
Atari 2600 homebrew | Introduction
A users' group (also user's group or user group) is a type of club focused on the use of a particular technology, usually (but not always) computer-related. Users' groups started in the early days of mainframe computers, as a way to share sometimes hard-won knowledge and useful software, usually written by end users independently of the vendor-supplied programming efforts. SHARE, a user group originated by aerospace industry corporate users of IBM mainframe computers, was founded in 1955 and is the oldest computer user group still active. DECUS, the DEC User's Society, was founded in 1961 and its descendant organization, Connect Worldwide, still operates.
Users' group | Introduction
"Notes:The list of clubs below indicate the dates they were first established."
Superclub | History
The "Computer Weekly" CW500 Club is a forum for senior IT directors in UK organizations. The club was launched in 1993 and was set up to provide business inspiration and networking opportunities for heads of IT. Membership is by invitation only, and members meet once a month in London to hear their peers talk on topical IT management issues.
Computer Weekly | "Computer Weekly" CW500 club
As a result, the "traitorous eight" engineers left the company to form Fairchild Semiconductor. Two of the original employees of Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, would go on to found Intel. In 1971, Intel created the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004. The next step in the Silicon Valley revolution occurred in March 1975, when the Homebrew Computer Club in Menlo Park was created by students with an interest in technology and a desire to experiment with building home computers. Steve Wozniak, a founding member, built a home computer from a cheap microprocessor, and showed it to his fellow club members, who included his friend Steve Jobs.
History of Santa Clara County, California | Growth of Silicon Valley
However, the official Net Yaroze site was shut down in mid-2009, and Sony stopped supporting the system as well as the users who still owned the console.
Homebrew (video games) | PlayStation
Born in Detroit in 1934, Morrow was a high school dropout. At the age of 28, he decided to return to school, receiving a bachelor's degree in physics from Stanford University, followed by a master's degree in mathematics from the University of Oklahoma. He sought a PhD in mathematics from UC Berkeley, but while there became fascinated by computers and began working as a programmer in the computer lab there. Meanwhile, the Altair 8800 made its debut in 1975, and Morrow began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club.
George Morrow (computers) | Early life and education
The club was created as EV Zeltweg in 1950. In 2007, they changed their name to EV Aicall Zeltweg.
EV Aicall Zeltweg | History
The Computer Measurement Group (CMG) was founded in 1974 by systems professionals with a common interest in (mainframe) capacity management, and continues today with a much broader mission. The first UNIX users' group organized in 1978. Users' groups began to proliferate with the microcomputer revolution of the late 1970s and early 1980s as hobbyists united to help each other with programming and configuration and use of hardware and software. Especially prior to the emergence of the World Wide Web, obtaining technical assistance with computers was often onerous, while computer clubs would gladly provide free technical support. Users' groups today continue to provide "real life" opportunities for learning from the shared experience of the members and may provide other functions such as a newsletter, group purchasing opportunities, tours of facilities, or speakers at group meetings.
Users' group | Introduction
Planet Virtual Boy has promoted Homebrew for years by the site, since the system has no region lock. But it wasn't until the flash carts FlashBoy and FlashBoy+ were released that the Homebrew scene began to grow. Despite the Virtual Boy's mere 8 months in production before being discontinued (August 1995 - March 1996), dedicated fans have been making a variety of Homebrew games for years. Two previously unreleased games, "Bound High!" and "Niko-Chan Battle" (the Japanese version of "Faceball") have been released.
Homebrew (video games) | Virtual Boy
The Computer Arts Society (CAS) was founded in 1968, in order to encourage the creative use of computers in the arts.
Computer Arts Society | Introduction
The Digital Equipment Computer Users' Society (DECUS) was an independent computer user group related to Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). The Connect User Group Community, formed from the consolidation in May, 2008 of DECUS, Encompass, HP-Interex, and ITUG is the Hewlett-Packard’s largest user community representing more than 50,000 participants.
DECUS | Introduction
This is a list of the minor computer underground artscene groups spanning from roughly 1992 to the present day.
Minor artscene groups | Introduction
This reportedly caused more buzz in the community than any recent official offerings for the device.
PlayStation Portable homebrew | History of homebrew
This made Bring Back God Street Wine (BBGSW) the new virtual home for fans. During the 1990s it was fine-wine the email discussion group. The existence of the page and the fan community finding a new home, helped the band realize there would be an audience if they chose to play.
God Street Wine | 2008: Bring Back God Street Wine
In yet another context, a hacker is a computer hobbyist who pushes the limits of software or hardware. The home computer hacking subculture relates to the hobbyist home computing of the late 1970s, beginning with the availability of MITS Altair. An influential organization was the Homebrew Computer Club. However, its roots go back further to amateur radio enthusiasts. The amateur radio slang referred to creatively tinkering to improve performance as "hacking" already in the 1950s. A large overlaps between hobbyist hackers and the programmer subculture hackers existed during the Homebrew Club's days, but the interests and values of both communities somewhat diverged.
Hacker culture | Home computing enthusiasts
In 1975, the two Steves started attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club. New microcomputers such as the Altair 8800 and the IMSAI inspired Wozniak to build a microprocessor into his video terminal and have a complete computer. At the time the only microcomputer CPUs generally available were the $179 Intel 8080 (), and the $170 Motorola 6800 (). Wozniak preferred the 6800, but both were out of his price range. So he watched, and learned, and designed computers on paper, waiting for the day he could afford a CPU.
History of Apple Inc. | Pre-foundation
Though not much development for homebrew games was done on the console, several programmers have created demos and proofs-of-concepts. Some of the programs include a CD-Door demo, 3D wireframe demo, and a Bluescale demo.
HyperScan | Homebrew
The American Homebrewers Association is a division of the Brewers Association focused on homebrewers of beer, cider, and mead. The AHA was founded in 1978 by Charlie Papazian in Boulder, Colorado. The AHA runs the world's largest homebrew competition and also organizes several homebrew events in the United States and Canada. Gary Glass is the current director. The AHA publishes the magazine "Zymurgy" six times per year to its 47,000 members. Every year the AHA hosts the following events:
Brewers Association | American Homebrewers Association
Altair BASIC, 4K BASIC, could run within a 4kB RAM machine, leaving only about 790 bytes free for program code. The Tiny BASIC initiative started in response to the $150 charge for Altair 4K BASIC. In 1975, Steve Wozniak joined the newly formed Homebrew Computer Club, which had fellow members Li-Chen Wang (Palo Alto Tiny BASIC) and Tom Pittman (6800 Tiny BASIC). Wozniak concluded that his machine would have to have a BASIC of its own, which would, hopefully, be the first for the MOS Technology 6502 processor. As the language needed 4 kB RAM, he made that the minimum memory for the design.
Tiny BASIC | 4K BASICs
ZEC Casault was established in 1978, following the abolition of private clubs. ZEC had 809 members in 2006.
Zec Casault | History
Mike published nearly anything that passed by or was sent to him, such as availability (and data sheets) of surplus and obsolete computer hardware, how to get free computer time on a university computer, latest price quotes for the newest chips (Intel 4004 and 8008, memory), algorithms, code tables etcetera. Through the members list of ACC many contacts were made, enabling members to write to and meet each other, which resulted in meetings in several places.
Amateur Computer Club | Activities
PlayStation Portable homebrew refers to the process of using exploits and hacks to execute unsigned code on the PlayStation Portable (PSP).
PlayStation Portable homebrew | Introduction
The enterprise was subsequently managed by Dan’l Lewin (formerly the head of education at Apple Computer), Lucia Steinhilber.
Club Kidsoft | Introduction
The TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine has a comparatively small homebrew scene. The first homebrew title released on CD was MindRec's "Implode" in 2002, a few years after the system's last official release ("Dead Of The Brain I & II" for the PC Engine in 1999). Two years later, MindRec released "Meteor Blaster DX" on CD-R. Official word was that it was unable to be pressed to CD proper due to the glass mastering software suddenly unable to handle the unorthodox style of CD layout that the system expects. Five years later, Aetherbyte Studios released "Insanity", a Berzerk clone, on pressed CD, quelling the notion of unpressable CDs.
Homebrew (video games) | TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine
The Society for the Preservation of Beers from the Wood (SPBW), founded in 1963, is the oldest consumer-based group interested in stimulating the brewing of, increasing the awareness of, and encouraging the drinking of traditional cask ale. The Society also supports and encourages the use of wooden casks for beer dispense.
Society for the Preservation of Beers from the Wood | Introduction
The club was established informally in June 1941 with 39 patients, primarily as a drinking club, and rapidly won McIndoe's endorsement. The members were aircrew patients in the hospital and the surgeons and anaesthetists who treated them. Aircrew members had to be serving airmen who had gone through at least two surgical procedures. By the end of the war the club had 649 members. (643 names are listed on the "Roll of Honour" memorial at Queen Victoria Hospital.) The original members were Royal Air Force (RAF) aircrew who had severe burns, generally to the face or hands. Most were British but other significant minorities included Canadians, Australians, New Zealanders and by the end of the war Americans, French, Russians, Czechs and Poles.
Guinea Pig Club | Origins