Archaeological finds have shown that humans have been making use of shellfish as a food item for hundreds of thousands of years. In the present, shellfish dishes are a feature of almost all the cuisines of the world, providing an important source of protein in many cuisines around the world, especially in the countries with coastal areas.
Shellfish in various cuisines
Shellfish
Shellfish | Shellfish in various cuisines
It is an important source of protein. Yes, it provides an important source of protein in many cuisines around the world. Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context. Shellfish dishes are a feature of almost all the cuisines of the world, providing an important source of protein in many cuisines around the world
the movement of food in food pipe is called
user
Peristaltic contractions.
assistant
enumerate any notable structural mention?
user
Taste buds, mediastinum, diaphragm, trachea, etc.
assistant
what does the first thing mentioned here compose of?
user
Taste receptor cells.
assistant
does it have any functionality?
user
Yes, they are involved in detecting the five elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet and umami.
assistant
where does the last word derive it's name from?
user
Japanese.
assistant
when was it discovered?
user
1908.
assistant
what is it define as?
user
As a savory and is characteristic of broths and cooked meats.
assistant
enumerate any particular properties mentioned?
user
It has a mild but lasting aftertaste associated with salivation and a sensation of furriness on the tongue, stimulating the throat, the roof and the back of the mouth.
assistant
is there a mention of food stuff having high proportions of the said thing?
user
Yes, mushrooms, smoked or fermented fish, shellfish, etc.
assistant
what is the definition of the last food item?
user
It is an exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates used as food.
assistant
are there any benefits by it's consumption?
user
Archaeological finds have shown that humans have been making use of shellfish as a food item for hundreds of thousands of years. In the present, shellfish dishes are a feature of almost all the cuisines of the world, providing an important source of protein in many cuisines around the world, especially in the countries with coastal areas.
Shellfish | Shellfish in various cuisines
Shellfish is a colloquial and fisheries term for exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates used as food, including various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. Although most kinds of shellfish are harvested from saltwater environments, some are found in freshwater. In addition, a few species of land crabs are eaten, for example "Cardisoma guanhumi" in the Caribbean. Shellfish are among the most common food allergens. Despite the name, "shellfish" are not actually fish, but are simply water-dwelling animals. Most shellfish are low on the food chain and eat a diet composed primarily of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Many varieties of shellfish, and crustaceans in particular, are actually closely related to insects and arachnids; crustaceans make up one of the main subphyla of the phylum Arthropoda.
Shellfish | Introduction
Starfish are widespread in the oceans, but are only occasionally used as food. There may be good reason for this: the bodies of numerous species are dominated by bony ossicles, and the body wall of many species contains saponins, which have an unpleasant taste, and others contain tetrodotoxins which are poisonous. Some species that prey on bivalve molluscs can transmit paralytic shellfish poisoning. Georg Eberhard Rumpf found few starfish being used for food in the Indonesian archipelago, other than as bait in fish traps, but on the island of "Huamobel" the people cut them up, squeeze out the "black blood" and cook them with sour tamarind leaves; after resting the pieces for a day or two, they remove the outer skin and cook them in coconut milk.
Starfish | As food
Grasping the shellfish, the starfish slowly pries open the prey's shell by wearing out its adductor muscle, and then inserts its everted stomach into the crack to digest the soft tissues. The gap between the valves need only be a fraction of a millimetre wide for the stomach to gain entry.
Starfish | Diet
China increased its consumption 400-fold during the period 1970 to 1997. It has been known for more than a century that consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked shellfish can be associated with infectious diseases. These are caused either by bacteria naturally present in the sea such as "Vibrio spp." or by viruses and bacteria from sewage effluent that sometimes contaminates coastal waters. As filter feeders, bivalves pass large quantities of water through their gills, filtering out the organic particles, including the microbial pathogens. These are retained in the animals' tissues and become concentrated in their liver-like digestive glands. Another possible source of contamination occurs when bivalves contain marine biotoxins as a result of ingesting numerous dinoflagellates.
Bivalvia | Use as food
There is broad scientific consensus that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) found in seafood are beneficial to neurodevelopment and cognition, especially at young ages. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization has described fish as "nature's super food." Seafood consumption is associated with improved neurologic development during gestation and early childhood and more tenuously linked to reduced mortality from coronary heart disease. The parts of fish containing essential fats and micronutrients, often cited as primary health benefits for eating seafood, are frequently discarded in the developed world. Micronutrients including calcium, potassium, selenium, zinc, and iodine are found in their highest concentrations in the head, intestines, bones, and scales.
Seafood | Health benefits
The esca of "O. porrectus" is not thought to visually attract prey, but there is evidence that "O. cubifrons" excretes a chemical attractant from the esca to lure prey. Batfish species mainly consume small benthic invertebrates. Hubbs (1958) denoted small molluscs, snails and crabs, as the main diet of "O. darwini".
Ogcocephalus porrectus | Food habits
More significant are the cases of ingestion, whether by direct swallowing of seawater during blooms of "K. brevis" or digestion of contaminated filter-feeding animals. After feeding upon "K. brevis", aquatic invertebrates and shellfish in particular can accumulate brevetoxins, resulting in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP). In humans, the characteristic symptoms of NSP include Paresthesia (tingling), reversal of hot-cold temperature sensation, myalgia (muscle pain), vertigo, ataxia (loss of coordination), abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, headache, bradycardia (slow heart rate), dilated pupils and as respiratory distress, as previously mentioned. The bioaccumulation effect has been observed for this toxin in the food web, and it has been noted that this accumulation is not restricted to times when "K.
Brevetoxin | Exposure
Historically these shells are considered a delicacy, cooked and served in a broth of white wine, garlic and parsley.
Lithophaga lithophaga | Human culture
The flesh of members of this family is unpleasantly bitter and is not eaten. However, industrial uses of the shell include manufacture into, or as part of, glue, chalk, paint, shellac and solder. Capiz shells, the shells of "Placuna placenta", the windowpane oyster, are made into decorative objects such as lampshades, in Asia.
Anomiidae | Uses
The flesh of "Haliotis asinina" is edible, and it is usually collected for food and also for its shell in South East Asian countries.
Haliotis asinina | Human uses
The term “shellfish” is used both broadly and specifically. In common parlance, as in "having shellfish for dinner", it can refer to anything from clams and oysters to lobster and shrimp. For regulatory purposes it is often narrowly defined as filter-feeding molluscs such as clams, mussels, and oyster to the exclusion of crustaceans and all else. Although the term is primarily applied to marine species, edible freshwater invertebrates such as crayfish and river mussels are also sometimes grouped under the umbrella term "shellfish". Although their shells may differ, all shellfish are invertebrates. As non-mammalian animals that spend their entire lives in water they are "fish" in an informal sense; however, the term ”finfish” is sometimes used to distinguish fish, animals defined by having vertebrae, from shellfish in modern terminology.
Shellfish | Terminology
The stomach and the partially digested prey are later retracted into the disc. Here the food is passed on to the pyloric stomach, which always remains inside the disc. Because of this ability to digest food outside the body, starfish can hunt prey much larger than their mouths.
Molluscivore | In invertebrates
Molluscs include cephalopods (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish) and bivalves (clams, oysters), as well as gastropods (aquatic species such as whelks and winkles; land species such as snails and slugs). Molluscs used as a food source by humans include many species of clams, mussels, oysters, winkles, and scallops. Some crustaceans that are commonly eaten are shrimp, lobsters, crayfish, and crabs. Echinoderms are not as frequently harvested for food as molluscs and crustaceans; however, sea urchin roe is quite popular in many parts of the world, where the live delicacy is harder to transport.
Shellfish | Introduction
There are four syndromes called shellfish poisoning which can result in humans, sea mammals, and birds from the ingestion of toxic shellfish. These are primarily associated with bivalve molluscs, such as mussels, clams, oysters and scallops. Fish like anchovies can also concentrate toxins such as domoic acid. If suspected, medical attention should be sought.
Fish as food | Biotoxins
"Turbo cornutu"s is enjoyed as a delicacy in Japan, where it is known as "sazae." After cooking, the corkscrew-like animal can be drawn out of its shell using its hard operculum, or hard, rocky lid, to which it is firmly attached. The operculum is not edible, and must be discarded along with the animal's shell after eating.
Turbo cornutus | Consumption
A diet of "C. exasperatus" can slow or decrease shell length in juvenile white abalone ("Haliotis sorenseni") at extreme water temperatures, and possibly can be deadly at 18 °C or above raising concerns related to global warming.
Chondracanthus exasperatus | Ecology
"C. sloani" is a major consumer of myctophidae, or lanternfish, having a significant effect on their population in the Arabian Sea. An average "C. sloani" individual probably consumes at least one lanternfish every twelve days and there is no evidence to suggest that they increase their intake of food the bigger they are. Consequently, the stomachs of smaller individuals have been found containing proportionally larger prey than the prey found in the stomachs of larger individuals. However, they are not picky in their diet—they also eat other fish, eggs, and algae. This is another thing that distinguishes them from the "C.
Sloane's viperfish | Diet
The diet of "E. obtusirostris" consists of small planktonic invertebrates, mostly copepods and chaetognaths. It is consumed by various predatory fish and by squids, dolphins and seabirds. Fish become mature when they are about in length. The female produces a number of bundles of eggs over a period of around five days, producing an average of 10,000 eggs. All fish will die soon after breeding.
Exocoetus obtusirostris | Ecology
During the day, the sparsely-spotted stingaree spends much time resting motionless on the bottom, often buried in sand. Crustaceans form the main component of its diet, accounting for over 80% of food intake by volume with amphipods, mysids, and shrimps being most important. Polychaete worms, mostly of the relatively mobile, shallowly buried "errant" type, are a major secondary food source. On rare occasions, molluscs, echinoderms, and small bony fishes are also eaten. This species incorporates a progressively greater diversity of prey into its diet as it grows older; specifically, mysids, isopods, and amphipods decline in importance, while shrimps, polychaete worms, penaeid prawns, and crabs are consumed in greater proportions.
Sparsely-spotted stingaree | Biology and ecology
The holotype preserves concentrated remains of crustacean cuticles in the area of the abdomen, interpreted as its last meal. It provided the first direct evidence of feeding behaviour in Enantiornithes and in Mesozoic birds in general, though, since then, more examples of undigested food associated with enantiornithine specimens have been discovered reporting a wide variety of feeding habits. This fact has been interpreted as evidence of an ecological role in "Eoalulavis" similar to that of extant waders; living mainly in the shore seeking for little invertebrates in a similar way of modern turnstones.
Eoalulavis | Diet
Although "Gonyaulax" is predominantly found in seawater, it can also have a detrimental effect on humans. Filter feeding organisms e.g. mussels, clams etc. can accumulate these dinoflagellates in their bodies. When humans eat these shellfish after dinoflagellate accumulation during Red Tide season, usually during the warmer months of the year, it can poison the person who eats it.
Gonyaulax | Effect on humans
Aristotle stated in the "Parts of Animals" IV, 6 that jellyfish (sea-nettles) were eaten in winter time in a fish stew. In some countries, such as China, Japan, and Korea, jellyfish are a delicacy. The jellyfish is dried to prevent spoiling. Only some 12 species of scyphozoan jellyfish belonging to the order Rhizostomeae are harvested for food, mostly in southeast Asia. Rhizostomes, especially "Rhopilema esculentum" in China ( "hǎizhé", "sea stingers") and "Stomolophus meleagris" (cannonball jellyfish) in the United States, are favored because of their larger and more rigid bodies and because their toxins are harmless to humans. Traditional processing methods, carried out by a jellyfish master, involve a 20- to 40-day multi-phase procedure in which, after removing the gonads and mucous membranes, the umbrella and oral arms are treated with a mixture of table salt and alum, and compressed.
Jellyfish | Products
In various Asian cultures, eating this fish is believed to help in healing of the body, for example, after surgery or severe cuts and scrapes.
Channa micropeltes | Use as food
However, for specimens with a radius of 30-39mm, rissoids and eatoniellids only contribute 2.6% of the diet, and chitons constitute 21%. Rissoids and eatoniellids are a minor food source for all "A. scabra" of radius 29mm-89mm, and are completely absent from the diet of individuals with radius >89mm. Chitons and trochids remain in the diet until radius exceeds 159mm. Increased radii coincides with an increase in spiral-shell gastropod and chiton consumption. These types of prey would normally be too large for a small seastar to consume. This change in diet is vital to survival and longevity because it results in little to no competition between individuals of different sizes, and may be a considerable factor in the ecological success of this starfish.
Astrostole scabra | Diet
In Islam, the Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali schools allow the eating of shellfish, while the Hanafi school does not allow it in Sunni Islam. Nor does the Shi'ite school (Ja'fari) allow it. The Jewish laws of Kashrut forbid the eating of shellfish and eels. According to the King James version of the bible, it is alright to eat finfish, but shellfish and eels are an abomination and should not be eaten. Since early times, the Catholic Church has forbidden the practice of eating meat, eggs and dairy products at certain times. Thomas Aquinas argued that these "afford greater pleasure as food [than fish], and greater nourishment to the human body, so that from their consumption there results a greater surplus available for seminal matter, which when abundant becomes a great incentive to lust."
History of seafood | Religious views
Most of the seafood harvest is consumed by humans, but a significant proportion is used as fish food to farm other fish or rear farm animals. Some seafoods (i.e. kelp) are used as food for other plants (a fertilizer). In these ways, seafoods are used to produce further food for human consumption. Also, products such as fish oil and spirulina tablets are extracted from seafoods. Some seafood is fed to aquarium fish, or used to feed domestic pets such as cats. A small proportion is used in medicine, or is used industrially for nonfood purposes (e.g. leather).
Seafood | Introduction
It is strictly a bottom-dwelling species, and is sluggish and a rather weak swimmer. It eats crustaceans and other soft-bodied invertebrates and mollusks.
Cusk (fish) | Food
Snails and sponge spicules have also been found in the stomachs of a few individuals, and in captivity they are known to consume any food offered to them. The large numbers of "S. thermophilus" found on sulfur crusts where there are no obvious prey items may feed directly on filaments of chemosynthetic bacteria. If so, this would represent a hitherto unknown behavior for vent fish species.
Symphurus thermophilus | Feeding
Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans, prominently including fish and shellfish. Shellfish include various species of molluscs (e.g. bivalve molluscs such as clams, oysters, and mussels and cephalopods such as octopus and squid), crustaceans (e.g. shrimp, crabs, and lobster), and echinoderms (e.g. sea cucumbers and sea urchins). Historically, marine mammals such as cetaceans (whales and dolphins) as well as seals have been eaten as food, though that happens to a lesser extent in modern times. Edible sea plants such as some seaweeds and microalgae are widely eaten as around the world, especially in Asia.
Seafood | Introduction
So while dietary cholesterol is present in prawns, crabs and lobsters, as well as in squid and octopus, they contain very little saturated fat and for most people do not cause a rise in the level of cholesterol in the blood. Shellfish such as cockles, mussels, oysters, scallops and clams are very low in cholesterol, about half as much as chicken, and contain much less cholesterol than red meats.
Shellfish Association of Great Britain | Shellfish and Nutrition
These food preferences have been confirmed by coproliths which indeed contain the remains of fishes and cephalopods. Another confirmation is provided by fossilised stomach contents. Buckland in 1835 described the presence in a specimen of a large mass of partly digested fishes, recognisable by their scales. Subsequent research in 1968 determined that these belonged to the fish genus "Pholidophorus", but also that cephalopod beaks and sucker hooks were present. Such hard food particles apparently were retained by the stomach and regularly regurgitated. Carcasses of drowned animals were eaten as well: in 2003 a specimen of "Platypterygius longmani" was reported having besides fishes and a turtle the bones of a land bird in its stomach.
Ichthyosaur | Feeding
From eating shellfish, under which mussels, clams, whelks and scallops, multiple illnesses can result. One of them is sensory and motor paralysis, known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), which results from ingestion of saxitoxin and its derivatives, such as decarbamoylsaxitoxin. Shellfish can concentrate a dinoflagellate known as "Gonyaulax tamarensis", which elaborates saxitoxin. Mussels are known to filter up to 20 litres of water a day, which is why they are very likely to carry the toxin when the surrounding water is contaminated. This dinoflagellate does not affect the shellfish, but when an organism eats the scallop shuckings, it risks getting poisoned.
Decarbamoylsaxitoxin | Source in nature
Like many siphonophores, it is carnivorous. The typical siphonophore diet consists of a variety of copepods, small crustaceans, and small fish. "B. conifera" has been observed eating a lanternfish. A species of manefish in the genus "Caristius" associates apparently mutualistically with "B. conifera", using it for shelter, stealing meals, and perhaps nibbling on its host as well, yet protecting it from amphipod parasites like "Themisto".
Bathyphysa conifera | Ecology
Both soft-bodied and hard-bodied animals were consumed, as well as a wide range of algae. Seaweed crabs use their claws to tear apart their food, and predation techniques vary based on the mobility of the prey. Larger mature crabs have a greater ability to process foods because they have more powerful claws and larger mouths. There is also evidence that the species of algae that the seaweed crab attaches to its body are preferred species for consumption as well, so the masking behavior of these crabs serves as food storage. The crab can eat up to 4.1% of the algae masking them when there is no food available to consume.
Notomithrax ursus | Diet
Their diets include clams and oysters, arthropods, small fish and gastropod molluscs. Some starfish are not pure carnivores, supplementing their diets with algae or organic detritus. Some of these species are grazers, but others trap food particles from the water in sticky mucus strands that are swept towards the mouth along ciliated grooves.
Starfish | Digestive system and excretion
Instead the crab becomes a filter feeder. The advantages to the crab in making use of such a tube-like shell is that it is less likely to be swept off the rocks by strong water movements, and plenty of food may be brought to it by the current. Female "C. verrillii" grow larger than males, and are more likely to occupy tube shells.
Calcinus verrillii | Ecology
An apparent gastrolith (gizzard stone) was also found. They also presented circumstantial evidence for piscivory, such as crocodile-like adaptations for catching and swallowing prey: long, narrow jaws with their "terminal rosette", similar to those of a gharial, and the downturned tip and notch of the snout. In their view, these adaptations suggested that "Baryonyx" would have caught small to medium-sized fish in the manner of a crocodilian: gripping them with the notch of the snout (giving the teeth a "stabbing function"), tilting the head backwards, and swallowing them headfirst. Larger fish would be broken up with the claws. That the teeth in the lower jaw were smaller, more crowded and numerous than those in the upper jaw may have helped the animal grip food.
Baryonyx | Diet and feeding
Several fossil specimens of "Y. martini" preserve the remains of fish in the stomach and crop, suggesting that these birds were primarily fish-eaters. Their fish-eating and associated adaptations show convergent evolution with the unrelated enantiornithine "Longipteryx". One specimen preserved large amounts of supposed gastroliths ("stomach stones") in the gizzard region. Large numbers of small gastroliths are usually associated with species that need to grind tough plant material, such as seeds, after swallowing them. This led some scientists to suggest that "Yanornis" was capable of "diet switching", perhaps seasonally, between fish and seeds. However, later studies cast doubt on the diet-switching hypothesis.
Yanornis | Diet
"Faxonius virilis" is used as fishing bait and as food for humans, and also as aquarium food for carnivorous fish.
Faxonius virilis | Uses
As indicated by its common name, this predatory snail drills through the shells of living oysters and consumes them. Its surroundings are rocky and shell beds. It inhabits the lower third of the littoral zone, therefore it is sheltered from any waves the ocean produces. It selects its food of choice by the odor of the prey. Once he embraces the barnacle or mussel with his foot, he drills through the shell. It feeds on many different species of invertebrates. A few favorites are the barnacle "Balanus balanoides" and the mussel "Mytilus edulis". Food supply is mainly found in intertidal areas in the Atlantic region.
Urosalpinx cinerea | Life habits
The flesh of "H. chiragra" is edible, and it is locally collected for food. The shell is used in shellcraft.
Harpago chiragra | Human uses
The soft parts of the animal cannot retract completely into the shell, and therefore these animals depend for their defense on swimming and camouflage. They are specialised feeders, eating cirratulinid polychaete worms.
Aplustridae | Life habits
"S. latus" is edible, but it is a relatively rare species, and is therefore of little interest to fisheries. However, it is caught in small numbers throughout its distribution, mostly in trammel nets, by trawling and in lobster pots. An annual catch of has been reported for Israel. Catching by hand has become increasingly frequent, since the advent of SCUBA diving made the animal's habitat more accessible to humans. This may have affected population sizes of "S. latus" in some areas.
Scyllarides latus | Human consumption
For the most part Islamic dietary laws allow the eating of seafood, though the Hanbali forbid eels, the Shafi forbid frogs and crocodiles, and the Hanafi forbid bottom feeders such as shellfish and carp. The Jewish laws of Kashrut forbid the eating of shellfish and eels. In the Old Testament, the Mosaic Covenant allowed the Israelites to eat finfish, but shellfish and eels were an abomination and not allowed. In ancient and medieval times, the Catholic Church forbade the practice of eating meat, eggs and dairy products during Lent. Thomas Aquinas argued that these "afford greater pleasure as food [than fish], and greater nourishment to the human body, so that from their consumption there results a greater surplus available for seminal matter, which when abundant becomes a great incentive to lust." In the United States, the Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays during Lent has popularized the Friday fish fry, and parishes often sponsor a fish fry during Lent.
Seafood | In religion
The concentration of heavy metals in clam meat varies by season. Similarly, these animals can sometimes concentrate the neurotoxins of paralytic shellfish poisoning.
Megapitaria squalida | Human consumption
"P. noctiluca" are opportunistic and have been recorded feeding on a wide range of small organisms like planktonic crustaceans (cladocerans, copepods, ostracods and crustacean larvae), mollusk larvae, larvaceans, hydromedusae, siphonophorans, arrow worms, fish eggs and fish larvae, as well as detritus suspended in the open water and microscopic phytoplankton. The phytoplankton can be consumed either directly or indirectly by eating herbivorous crustaceans with stomachs filled with it. The ability to eat phytoplankton is—as far as known—highly unusual among cnidarians. "P. noctiluca" will eat small warty comb jellies ("Mnemiopsis leidyi"), potentially helping to control this invasive species. Cannibalism where adults consume young of their own species is also common in "P.
Pelagia noctiluca | Feeding
This species eats crustaceans, mollusks, polychaetes, echinoderms and small fishes.
Lethrinus harak | Diet
Shellfish should form an essential part of any healthy diet. Shellfish provide protein, vitamins and minerals, are low in fat and a wonderful source of the Omega-3 fatty acid. Different shellfish have different health benefits so, to make the most of these, we should vary the types we eat. There over 20 species available to eat in the UK alone. Shellfish are excellent sources of protein; a 100 gram serving of shellfish provides about 10-25 grams of protein, roughly a third to half of the average UK recommended protein intake. The protein in shellfish is of high quality, containing many essential amino acids and, because of a lack of connective tissue, very digestible for people of all ages.
Shellfish Association of Great Britain | Shellfish and Nutrition
The Torah forbids the consumption of shellfish (i.e. the only permitted seafood is fish with fins and scales), in the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy. Jews (of all religious traditions) who fully observe the dietary laws thus do not eat shellfish. Neither do Seventh-day Adventists, who follow Jewish dietary law. Islamic schools of thought vary on whether (and which types of) shellfish may be acceptable.
Shellfish | Religious dietary restrictions
This fish is carnivorous and is a bottom-feeder. It is known to eat such animals as starfishes, mollusks, crinoids, echinoids, echinoderms, and crustaceans.
Lethrinus erythracanthus | Diet
Because this is such a large amount of food to consume before spoilage, it is possible these Neanderthals were curing and preserving it before winter set in. At 160,000 years old, it is the oldest potential evidence of food storage. The great quantities of meat and fat which could have been gathered in general from typical prey items (namely mammoths) could also indicate food storage capability. With shellfish, Neanderthals needed to eat, cook, or in some manner preserve them soon after collection, as shellfish spoils very quickly. At Cueva de los Aviones, Spain, the remains of edible, algae eating shellfish associated with the alga "Jania rubens" could indicate that, like some modern hunter gatherer societies, harvested shellfish were held in water-soaked algae to keep them alive and fresh until consumption.
Neanderthal | Food preparation
Neither were there any restrictions against moderate drinking or eating sweets. Banquets held on fish days were popular occasions for serving food that imitated meat, cheese and eggs in various ingenious ways; fish could be molded to look like venison and imitation eggs could be made by stuffing empty egg shells with fish roe and almond milk and cooking it in coals.
Kwareżimal | Introduction
These large sea snails are boiled and eaten in a variety of different local recipes. Because of their popularity as a food item and the problem of overfishing, in the US Virgin Islands there are territorial regulations to protect these snails: no collecting is allowed during their reproductive season, and there is a minimum harvest size regulation. For a similar reason, "Cittarium pica" became locally extinct in Bermuda. This caused a serious impact on the Land hermit-crab populations, because these arthropods need empty "Cittarium pica" shells (or some other similarly large shell) to use as shelter. Nowadays, "Cittarium pica" is a legally protected species in Bermuda, where its collection is forbidden.
Cittarium pica | Human use
While attached to the adult shell, the juveniles benefit from food particles in the fine detritus thrown up into the water column by movements of the adult. While studying the sizes and growth rates of adults, researchers came to realize that there were gaps in their records which were due to the fact that, in some years, no juveniles had survived.
Adamussium | Reproduction
With a terminal mouth and being bottom dwelling fish they are known to eat worms and small crustaceans. However, it has been seen that they are attracted to injured or dead oysters. Food energy content: 4.714 [kcal/g]
Gobiosoma bosc | Feeding
This fish is considered to be high-value as food and is caught by sport fishers. When caught in some locations, it may be ciguatoxic and should not be consumed.
Lethrinus erythracanthus | Human uses
Like other crayfish, "Cambarus" are foragers. Diets are largely plant-based, though "Cambarus" also consume small marine organisms like molluscs, larvae, tadpoles and amphibian eggs. "Cambarus" consume small rodents or birds when available. In their first year, "Cambarus" typically consume 1-4% of their overall body-weight each day. The genus is central to many freshwater food webs as they help maintain water quality through consumption of algae.
Cambarus | Diet
"Homarus gammarus" is traditionally "highly esteemed" as a foodstuff and was mentioned in "The Crabfish" a seventeenth century English folk song. It may fetch very high prices and may be sold fresh, frozen, canned or powdered. Both the claws and the abdomen of "H. gammarus" contain "excellent" white meat, and most of the contents of the cephalothorax are edible. The exceptions are the gastric mill and the "sand vein" (gut). The price of "H. gammarus" is up to three times higher than that of "H. americanus", and the European species is considered to be more flavored. Lobsters are mostly fished using lobster pots, although lines baited with octopus or cuttlefish sometimes succeed in tempting them out, to allow them to be caught in a net or by hand.
Homarus gammarus | Human consumption
This ultimately exacerbated the decline of both sea nettle and oyster populations. Increase in jellyfish predation on zooplankton during blooms can also alter trophic pathways. Consumption by small and large gelatinous zooplankton interrupts energy transfer of zooplankton production to upper trophic levels. Since jellyfish have few predators (large pelagic fish and sea turtles), jellyfish production does not transfer efficiently to higher trophic levels and can become a "trophic dead-end".
Jellyfish bloom | Food web effects
Durophagy is the eating behavior of animals that consume hard-shelled or exoskeleton bearing organisms, such as corals, shelled mollusks, or crabs. It is mostly used to describe fish, but is also used when describing reptiles, including fossil turtles, placodonts and invertebrates, as well as "bone-crushing" mammalian carnivores such as hyenas. Durophagy requires special adaptions, such as blunt, strong teeth and a heavy jaw. Bite force is necessary to overcome the physical constraints of consuming more durable prey and gain a competitive advantage over other organisms by gaining access to more diverse or exclusive food resources earlier in life. Those with greater bite forces require less time to consume certain prey items as a greater bite force can increase the net rate of energy intake when foraging and enhance fitness in durophagous species.
Durophagy | Introduction
During the drying, about 80% of the water in the fish evaporates. The stockfish retains all the nutrients from the fresh fish, only concentrated: it is therefore rich in proteins, vitamins, iron, and calcium.
Stockfish | Manufacturing and usage
The maximum recorded shell length is 103 mm. Conantokin-E is a toxin derived from the venom of Conus ermineus. It is a fishing eating species. Utilizes specialized hollow harpoon like radula tooth to harpoon small fish and paralyze them with venom to facilitate swallowing.
Conus ermineus | Description
Larger starfish prey on smaller ones and the great quantity of eggs and larvae produced form part of the zooplankton, consumed by many marine creatures. Crinoids are relatively free from predation. The body cavities of many sea cucumbers and some starfish provide a habitat for parasitic or symbiotic organisms including fish, crabs, worms and snails.
Echinoderm | Ecology
An increase in nutrients led to an expansion of plankton and, as suspension feeders, the brittle stars benefited from an increased food supply. "Amphiura filiformis" is able to regenerate its arms if they are lost. A study in the North Sea found that only 4% of adults had a full complement of arms and the rest had damaged, missing or regenerating limbs. An examination of the stomach contents of their chief predator, the dab ("Limanda limanda") showed that the arms of these brittle stars formed an important part of their diet. The annual consumption of arms by the fish was calculated as about 420 arms per square metre of seabed, the equivalent of 6% of all the "A.
Amphiura filiformis | Ecology
Salt, citric acid, and polyphenols also contribute to their antimicrobial activity, so they are a natural preservative for foods and help prevent food poisoning and other bacterial stomach problems. Umeboshi is used as a cooking accent to enhance flavor and presentation. They may also be served as a complement of a drink with "shochu" and hot water.
Umeboshi | Consumption
Shell dwellers are carnivores that primarily feed on zooplankton and other microscopic and near-microscopic foods. Cichlids' distinctive pharyngeal teeth, in the throat of the fish, are present in shell dwellers, though small. Armed with those and the usual teeth along with the typical dissolving qualities of water shell dwellers can eat a variety of foods in the wild and in captivity. Many species have been known to pull small snails from their shells to eat, to catch and devour the fry of other fish, and to go after small crustaceans.
Shell dwellers | Diet
Many species of fish are consumed as food in virtually all regions around the world. Fish has been an important source of protein and other nutrients for humans throughout history. English does not have a special culinary name for food prepared from these animals, as it does with "pig" vs. "pork", and as does Spanish "pescado" vs. "pez". In culinary and fishery contexts, "fish" may include shellfish, such as molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms; more expansively, seafood covers both fish and other marine life used as food. Since 1961, the average annual increase in global apparent food fish consumption (3.2 percent) has outpaced population growth (1.6 percent) and exceeded consumption of meat from all terrestrial animals, combined (2.8 percent) and individually (bovine, ovine, pig, other), except poultry (4.9 percent).
Fish as food | Introduction
While some forms of aquaculture can be devastating to ecosystems, such as shrimp farming in mangroves, other forms can be very beneficial. Shellfish aquaculture adds substantial filter feeding capacity to an environment which can significantly improve water quality. A single oyster can filter 15 gallons of water a day, removing microscopic algal cells. By removing these cells, shellfish are removing nitrogen and other nutrients from the system and either retaining it or releasing it as waste which sinks to the bottom. By harvesting these shellfish the nitrogen they retained is completely removed from the system. Raising and harvesting kelp and other macroalgae directly remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
Aquaculture | Ecological benefits
Shellfish become contaminated after feeding on toxic "Pseudo-nitzschia" blooms and can act as a vector to transfer domoic acid to humans upon ingestion. DA acts as a potent glutamate agonist and is responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans. Effects can be as minor as vomiting, cramps, and a headache, or as severe as permanent short-term memory loss, coma, and death. So, monitoring systems and management practices for recreational and commercial fishing are important to ensure the health of marine animals and their predators. Photosynthesis is essential for the production of domoic acid. Periods of darkness or chemical inhibition of photosynthesis has been shown to inhibit toxin production.
Pseudo-nitzschia | Domoic acid
The harvesting, processing, and consuming of seafoods are ancient practices with archaeological evidence dating back well into the Paleolithic. Findings in a sea cave at Pinnacle Point in South Africa indicate "Homo sapiens" (modern humans) harvested marine life as early as 165,000 years ago, while the Neanderthals, an extinct human species contemporary with early "Homo sapiens", appear to have been eating seafood at sites along the Mediterranean coast beginning around the same time. Isotopic analysis of the skeletal remains of Tianyuan man, a 40,000-year-old anatomically modern human from eastern Asia, has shown that he regularly consumed freshwater fish. Archaeology features such as shell middens, discarded fish bones and cave paintings show that sea foods were important for survival and consumed in significant quantities.
Seafood | History
"Panulirus echinatus" is a nocturnal generalist feeder and opportunistic browser. Examination of the stomach contents of animals caught on the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago show that the largest dietary item is fish, although it is not clear whether this is caught by the animal as prey or is the result of scavenging activity. Crustaceans formed part of the diet as did the green alga "Caulerpa racemosa" which is common in the study area. Another item consumed was calcareous algae scraped off the rock surface and this is likely to be an important source of calcium for the formation of the hard shell.
Panulirus echinatus | Biology
The species is primarily a herbivore and a diet analysis of 10 specimens revealed mostly plant material, but also lower quantities of macroinvertebrates. Shrimp, dead or alive, blood worm, vegetable matter, brine shrimp and daphnia are consumed in captivity. The female is far more dominant than the male and will often seek caves into which no other fish may enter. This is believed to be due to reproductive dominance, once a suitable breeding location is found, the female will not surrender it.
Ossubtus xinguense | Behavior
Bones recovered in the excavation included 74 species of fish and shellfish, but only eight species of land animals. Oysters were the most common food consumed. Other shellfish included quahogs, surf clams, scallops, whelks and conchs. The large number of fish bones recovered allowed for a detailed analysis. Almost all of the fish were small and of the same size. The archaeologists theorize that the fish were caught in nets with a mesh size of about 1/4 inch. As the nets would have had to be pulled by hand, bigger fish would have been able to escape by leaping over the net or swimming away before the net was closed.
Horr's Island | Food
The fish is a carnivore. It primarily consumes invertebrates and ray-finned fish.
Halichoeres maculipinna | Diet
It may be eaten raw, or cooked.
Exocarpos cupressiformis | Uses
"Brycinus longipinnis" eats a wide range of animal and vegetable matter, including insect larvae, crustaceans and some algae. In the aquarium it will eat most fish foods including both flakes and pellets without any trouble; it benefits from live or frozen food such as bloodworms, brine shrimp and daphnia.
Brycinus longipinnis | Diet
A few specimens preserve actual stomach contents. Unfortunately, none of these preserve the skull, so direct correlation between their known diet and snout/tooth shape cannot be made. "Eoalulavis" was found to have the remains of exoskeletons from aquatic crustaceans preserved in its digestive tract, and "Enantiophoenix" preserved corpuscles of amber among the fossilized bones, suggesting that this animal fed on tree sap, much like modern sapsuckers and other birds. The sap would have fossilized and become amber. However, more recently it has been suggested that the sap moved post-mortem, hence not representing true stomachal contents. Combined with the putative fish pellets of "Piscivorenantiornis" turning out to be fish excrement, the strange stomachal contents of some species turning out to be ovaries and the supposed gastroliths of "Bohaiornis" being random mineral precipitates, only the "Eoalulavis" displays actual stomach contents.
Enantiornithes | Diet
The remains of some crustaceans were also found; they hypothesize, however, they were consumed secondarily, since a number were found intact in the fish prey stomachs and therefore were not included in the diet analysis.
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin | Diet
The Asiatic soft-shell is an omnivore, meaning it will feed off of plants and animals when given the chance. It has the ability to stay under water for long periods of time because of the gill like structure it possesses. This gives "Amyda cartilaginea" the ability to sneak up on prey. The Asiatic soft-shell likes to eat a variety of foods, including crabs, fish, insects, worms, eggs, amphibians, crustaceans and even at times bird carcasses. When the Asiatic soft-shell can't find meat, it will choose to eat berries, nuts, and plant seeds. "Amyda cartilaginea" specifically prefers the seeds of marsh plants.
Asiatic softshell turtle | Diet
It is widely claimed eating oily fish containing long-chain omega-3 fatty acids helps prevent heart disease. However, a 2018 Cochrane Systematic Review, based on moderate‐ to high‐quality evidence, finds little to no support for this widespread claim.
Fish as food | Health benefits
Red hogfish are collected for eating by humans but the extent of this and its affects on local populations are not known.
Decodon puellaris | Human use
It is a carnivore. It feeds on molluscs, as well as crabs and sea urchins.
Hogfish | Characteristics
"Plectropomus laevis" is a prized food fish but their diet dominated by fish means that the consumption of its flesh has been responsible for many instances of ciguatera poisoning. It is caught using hook-and-line, spears and fish traps. It is becoming more important in the live reef food fish trade and it also appears in the aquarium trade.
Plectropomus laevis | Utilisation
Shorebirds commonly consume bivalves and snails which are low in chitin but the calcium carbonate shell makes up a large portion of their weight. Bivalves and snails are largely consumed whole by ducks and wading birds. The molluscivores that swallow snails or bivalves whole have large well-modularized gizzards for crushing the strong shells. The gizzard of red-necked stints and red knots is more than ten times larger than the proventriculus. The size of the gizzard is adaptable in these shore birds, becoming atrophied when soft food items like worms are consumed and increasing in size and muscularity following prolonged consumption of snails, cockles or mussels.
Durophagy | Birds
Shellfish was collected for both food and ornamental purposes , including "Chamelea gallina", the Mediterranean mussel ("Mytilus galloprovincialis"), limpets ("Patella" sp.), and bittersweet clams ("Glycymeris" sp.). Land mollusks such as the vineyard snail ("Cernuella virgata"), grove snail ("Cepaea nemoralis"), and "cabrilla" ("Otala punctata") were consumed too. The crops were mainly of barley ("Hordeum vulgare" and "H. vulgare" var. "nudum") and, to a lesser extent, of wheat ("Triticum monococcum", "Triticum dicoccum", and "Triticum aestivum"). Legumes such as vetches ("Vicia sp.") were also cultivated. The inhabitants also collected wild plant resources, such as olives, fox grapes ("Vitis labrusca") and hazelnuts ("Corylus avellana").
Gavà Mines | Food resources
One of the Maya peoples, the Lacandon people, now Mexico's native peoples from state Chiapas, use the Chiapas species Pachychilus indiorum, known locally as "t’unu," as a type of protein supplement to their diet when animal protein is unavailable. In addition, the shells from this "chuti" snail have great nutritional value, as they provide calcium and slaked lime when burnt. They are often preferred as a lime source over local limestone or other freshwater snail species for their purity as an alkali. The slaked lime is added to maize during the process of making maize dough for tortillas, pozole, and other foods.
Pachychilus | Human use
"Sinotaia quadrata" is common animal food used in aquaculture to feed fish black carp in China. This species is also eaten by humans. In Isan, Thailand they are collected by hand or with a handnet from canals, swamps, ponds and flooded rice paddy fields during the rainy season. During the dry season, snails live under dried mud. Collectors use a spade to scrape the ground to find and catch them. Generally they are collected by both men and women. The snails are then cleaned and cooked in a curry. They are also parboiled in salted water and eat together with green papaya salad.
Sinotaia quadrata | Human use
Many crustaceans are consumed by humans, and nearly 10,700,000 tons were produced in 2007; the vast majority of this output is of decapod crustaceans: crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crawfish, and prawns. Over 60% by weight of all crustaceans caught for consumption are shrimp and prawns, and nearly 80% is produced in Asia, with China alone producing nearly half the world's total. Non-decapod crustaceans are not widely consumed, with only 118,000 tons of krill being caught, despite krill having one of the greatest biomasses on the planet.
Crustacean | Consumption by humans
"Pinnoctopus cordiformis" leaps on any potential prey, wraps its tentacles around it and paralises it with salivary toxin, the octopus then used its 'parrot-like' beak to break up and digest the prey. They generally wait by the entrances of caves or crevasses for unsuspecting fish, crustaceons, molluscs, other octopuses and other edible invertebrates. "Pinnoctopus cordiformis" has the ability to break open shellfish with its beak or by pulling it apart to eat the fish inside. Rock lobster and blue cod are two of the primary prey options for "Pinnoctopus cordiformis", they get into fishing pots and devour the catch before the fisherman gets a chance.
Pinnoctopus cordiformis | Diet and foraging
It eats green alga "Microdictyon japonicum". Its shell was also found in the intestine of fish Pacific yellowtail emperor ("Lethrinus atkinsoni").
Julia japonica | Ecology
camtschatica" when the host is consumed. This is possible because the sting of this jellyfish is weak therefore allowing many symbionts/parasites including small crustaceans like larval crabs ("Cancer gracilis") and some Amphipoda ("Hyperia medusarum)" to regularly ride on its bell and even steal food from its oral arms and tentacles.
Phacellophora camtschatica | Feeding
The winkle is sometimes used as food, but the mollusk is more often gathered for its colorful shell.
Tectarius coronatus | Human use
The tank decoration should take into account "N. similis"' — habits. "N. similis" favor a sand substrate in the aquarium and benefit from having access to many empty snail-shells. An excellent go to shell for "N. similis" are the escargot type shells. Those shells are not only visually attractive and pleasing, but they also come in the perfect size. Rocks can be used as background, but are irrelevant to the fish, except in cases of intense aggression; in such cases, the cover provided by rocks often saves the expelled fish's life. Plants - either real or plastic - can also be introduced, but should be weighted, for this fish is an untiring digger, digging sand pits in which to hide its shells from predators and thieves.
Neolamprologus similis | Aquarium care
Crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, and prawns have long been part of human cuisine, and are now raised commercially. Insects and their grubs are at least as nutritious as meat, and are eaten both raw and cooked in many cultures, though not most European, Hindu, and Islamic cultures. Cooked tarantulas are considered a delicacy in Cambodia, and by the Piaroa Indians of southern Venezuela, after the highly irritant hairs – the spider's main defense system – are removed. Humans also unintentionally eat arthropods in other foods, and food safety regulations lay down acceptable contamination levels for different kinds of food material.
Arthropod | Interaction with humans
Shellfish are also generally lower in fat, less than 5%, and accordingly contain fewer calories than beef, poultry or pork. For example, a 100g portion of prawns (a typical prawn cocktail amount) contains only 0.2g of saturated fat and 76 calories, whilst 100g of beef mince contains 6.9g and 225 calories. Table below: all values = per 100g serving Contrary to the "old wives tale" that certain shellfish (i.e. prawns) raise cholesterol we now understand that the amount of saturated fat in the diet has a greater effect in raising blood cholesterol than the amount of cholesterol in the diet.
Shellfish Association of Great Britain | Shellfish and Nutrition
It has many culinary uses. The seeds are added to coffee; unripe pods ("musk okra"), leaves and new shoots are eaten as vegetables.
Abelmoschus moschatus | Culinary uses
Molluscs and crustaceans are also consumed, especially in winter when insect larvae are less available.
Dipper | Food
A boom in jellyfish populations can have significant effects on food web structure across trophic levels. Some species of carnivorous jellyfish actively consume ichthyoplankton, fish eggs and larvae. The ability of jellyfish to consume ichthyoplankton is influenced by a number of characteristics including: tentacle morphology, type of cnidarian nematocyst, rates of encounters, size of predator, swimming-while-feeding behavior, and prey physical characteristics. Fish eggs and small larvae make ideal prey for carnivorous jellyfish and other predators, as they have low escape ability and are larger in size compared to other zooplankton. Removal of competitive top-predator fish due to overfishing has resulted in reduced competition for jellyfish food resources.
Jellyfish bloom | Food web effects
The human population exploits a large number of animal species for food, both of domesticated livestock species in animal husbandry and, mainly at sea, by hunting wild species. Marine fish of many species, such as herring, cod, tuna, mackerel and anchovy, are caught commercially, forming an important part of the diet, including protein and fatty acids, of much of the world's population. Commercial fish farms concentrate on a smaller number of species, including salmon and carp. Invertebrates including cephalopods like squid and octopus; crustaceans such as prawns, crabs, and lobsters; and bivalve or gastropod molluscs such as clams, oysters, cockles, and whelks are all hunted or farmed for food.
Human uses of animals | As food