Glutamate has a long history in cooking. Fermented fish sauces (garum), which are rich in glutamate, were used widely in ancient Rome, fermented barley sauces (murri) rich in glutamate were used in medieval Byzantine and Arab cuisine, and fermented fish sauces and soy sauces have histories going back to the 3rd century in China. In the late-1800s, chef Auguste Escoffier, who opened restaurants in Paris and London, created meals that combined umami with salty, sour, sweet, and bitter tastes. He did not know the chemical source of this unique quality, however. Umami was first scientifically identified in 1908 by Kikunae Ikeda, a professor of the Tokyo Imperial University.
Discovery
Umami
Umami | Discovery
1908. This neologism was coined in 1908 by Japanese chemist Kikunae Ikeda from a nominalization of "umai" () "delicious". 1908 1908
the movement of food in food pipe is called
user
Peristaltic contractions.
assistant
enumerate any notable structural mention?
user
Taste buds, mediastinum, diaphragm, trachea, etc.
assistant
what does the first thing mentioned here compose of?
user
Taste receptor cells.
assistant
does it have any functionality?
user
Yes, they are involved in detecting the five elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet and umami.
assistant
where does the last word derive it's name from?
user
Japanese.
assistant
when was it discovered?
user
He found that glutamate was responsible for the palatability of the broth from "kombu" seaweed. He noticed that the taste of "kombu" "dashi" was distinct from sweet, sour, bitter, and salty and named it "umami". Professor Shintaro Kodama, a disciple of Ikeda, discovered in 1913 that dried bonito flakes (a type of tuna) contained another umami substance. This was the ribonucleotide IMP. In 1957, Akira Kuninaka realized that the ribonucleotide GMP present in shiitake mushrooms also conferred the umami taste. One of Kuninaka's most important discoveries was the synergistic effect between ribonucleotides and glutamate. When foods rich in glutamate are combined with ingredients that have ribonucleotides, the resulting taste intensity is higher than would be expected from merely adding the intensity of the individual ingredients.
Umami | Discovery
A loanword from the Japanese , "umami" can be translated as "pleasant savory taste". This neologism was coined in 1908 by Japanese chemist Kikunae Ikeda from a nominalization of "umai" () "delicious". The compound (with "mi" () "taste") is used for a more general sense of a food as delicious.
Umami | Etymology
Professor Ikeda termed this flavor umami. He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate.
Glutamic acid | History
The new case particle "de" was developed from "ni te". The conjectured suffix "-mu" underwent a number of phonological changes: "mu" > "m" > "N" > "ũ". Combining with the vowel from the irrealis base to which it attacheed, it then became a long vowel, sometimes with -y- preceding it.
Late Middle Japanese | Particles
In 1907 at the Tokyo Imperial University in Japan, Professor Ikeda was eating dinner with his family when he suddenly stopped. That day the dashi broth in his soup was more delicious than normal; after stirring a few times he realized the difference was the umami flavor from the addition of kombu, a species of brown macroalgae and flakes of fish known as katsuobushi. He understood that kombu was the secret to that flavor, and from that day on he studied the chemical composition of kelp. Some noted that the taste of the umami is similar to the flavor of the haute-cuisine that the French chef Auguste Escoffier created.
Kikunae Ikeda | Introduction
He also expressed his gratitude to the expedition team for having found the shipwreck.
Japanese battleship Musashi | Discovery
Glutamate has a long history in cooking. Fermented fish sauces (garum), which are rich in glutamate, were used widely in ancient Rome, fermented barley sauces (murri) rich in glutamate were used in medieval Byzantine and Arab cuisine, and fermented fish sauces and soy sauces have histories going back to the 3rd century in China. In the late-1800s, chef Auguste Escoffier, who opened restaurants in Paris and London, created meals that combined umami with salty, sour, sweet, and bitter tastes. He did not know the chemical source of this unique quality, however. Umami was first scientifically identified in 1908 by Kikunae Ikeda, a professor of the Tokyo Imperial University.
Umami | Discovery
After graduating from the Musashi Junior and Senior High School, Umezawa completed his medical degree at the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine in 1937. After serving in Japanese army during World War II Umezawa did work on tuberculosis which led to his discovery, in 1956, of antibiotic kanamycin. By this stage Umezawa was heading the Institute of Microbial Chemistry in Tokyo where his main focus was antimicrobial agents manufactured through fermentation processes. Also in the mid-1950s Umezawa discovered kasugamycin, a compound useful in combating rice molds. In the early 1960s he discovered the cancer drug bleomycin. The Hamao Umezawa Memorial Museum in Setagaya, Tokyo was named in his honour.
Hamao Umezawa | Introduction
There were five vowels: /i, e, a, o, u/. Initially, /e/ and /o/ were realized with semivowels and , respectively, a result of earlier mergers inherited from Early Middle Japanese. However, it is unclear debated as to how they were realized when they were preceded by a consonant. In addition, there were two types of long "o": and . The vowel sequence /au/ contracted into , and /ou/ and /eu/ contracted into and , respectively:
Late Middle Japanese | Vowels
Scientists have debated whether umami was a basic taste since Kikunae Ikeda first proposed its existence in 1908. In 1985, the term "umami" was recognized as the scientific term to describe the taste of glutamates and nucleotides at the first Umami International Symposium in Hawaii. Umami represents the taste of the amino acid L-glutamate and 5’-ribonucleotides such as guanosine monophosphate (GMP) and inosine monophosphate (IMP). It can be described as a pleasant "brothy" or "meaty" taste with a long-lasting, mouthwatering and coating sensation over the tongue. The sensation of umami is due to the detection of the carboxylate anion of glutamate in specialized receptor cells present on the human and other animal tongues.
Umami | Background
Although they occur naturally in many foods, glutamic acid and other amino acid flavor contributions were only scientifically identified early in the twentieth century. In 1866, German chemist Karl Heinrich Ritthausen discovered and identified the compound. In 1907, Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University identified brown crystals left behind after the evaporation of a large amount of kombu broth as glutamic acid. These crystals, when tasted, reproduced the ineffable but undeniable flavor he detected in many foods, most especially in seaweed. Professor Ikeda coined the term for this flavor as umami. He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid, known as monosodium glutamate.
Glutamate flavoring | Discovery
In 1908, the unusual and strong flavor of kelp "dashi" was identified by Kikunae Ikeda as "umami", the "fifth flavor", attributed to human taste receptors responding to glutamic acid.
Dashi | History
In addition to stating that the characters were systematically arranged, unlike those at Temiya Cave, and thus represented a script, he further suggested the possibility that these characters were used by people who came to Japan from Eurasia.
Hokkaido characters | Discovery and research
Umami, the Japanese word for delicious, is the least known in Western popular culture but has a long tradition in Asian cuisine. Umami is the taste of glutamates, especially monosodium glutamate (MSG). It is characterized as savory, meaty, and rich in flavor. Salmon and mushrooms are foods high in umami.
Food | Umami
In 1842, he wrote a longer description, still confounding the two names, and producing a sketch of a "wolf" based on Siebold's mounted mountain dog specimen.
Japanese wolf | Nomenclature: "ōkami" and "yamainu"
The final syllables -m, -n, -t before a vowel or a glide underwent gemination and became the consonant clusters -mm-, -nn-, and -tt-. -m > -mm-: -n > -nn-:
Late Middle Japanese | Medial gemination
During the years the name persisted as an inference of the geographical location, and upon the advent of the Spanish settlers, the word "kuyamis" easily gave way to the more convenient pronounceable but corrupted word "Misamis".
Misamis Occidental | Introduction
Theories for the realization of include , , and . It may have varied depending on the following vowel, like in Modern Japanese. By the 11th century, had merged with between vowels.
Early Middle Japanese | Phonetic Realization
Portuguese missionaries arrived in Japan at the end of the 16th century. In the course of learning Japanese, they created several grammars and dictionaries of Middle Japanese. The 1603–1604 dictionary Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam contains two entries for Japan: "nifon" and "iippon". The title of the dictionary ("Vocabulary of the Language of Japan") illustrates that the Portuguese word for Japan was by that time "Iapam".
Names of Japan | Historical
Shimomura worked in the Department of Biology at Princeton for Professor Johnson to study the bioluminescent jellyfish "Aequorea victoria", which they collected during many summers at the Friday Harbor Laboratories of the University of Washington. In 1962, their work culminated in the discovery of the proteins aequorin and green fluorescent protein (GFP) in "A. victoria"; for this work, he was awarded a third of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008.
Osamu Shimomura | Study
The excavation of the site was initiated in 1962, and conducted up to 1972 by Doshisha University in Kyoto, and Rikkyō University in Toyo. Starting in 1975, the Fukui Prefectural Board of Education continued the investigations. Important information about early agriculture in Japan in 7500–3500 BC was discovered.
Torihama shell mound | Excavations
Ikeda noticed that "dashi", the Japanese broth of "katsuobushi" and "kombu", had a unique taste not yet scientifically described (not sweet, salty, sour, or bitter). To verify that ionized glutamate was responsible for "umami", he studied the taste properties of glutamate salts: calcium, potassium, ammonium, and magnesium glutamate. All these salts elicited "umami" and a metallic taste due to the other minerals. Of them, sodium glutamate was the most soluble, most palatable, and easiest to crystallize. Ikeda called his product "monosodium glutamate," and submitted a patent to produce MSG; the Suzuki brothers began commercial production of MSG in 1909 as Ajinomoto ("essence of taste").
Monosodium glutamate | History
Precovery images of Haumea have been identified back to March 22, 1955.
Haumea | Discovery
The cold spring was discovered by the Japanese army in 1928.
Su'ao Cold Spring | History
After graduating from the University of Tokyo, he studied under William Ramsay in London, where he worked on the analysis of the rare mineral thorianite. He extracted and isolated a small amount of an apparently unknown substance from the mineral, which he announced as the discovery of element 43, naming the newly discovered element "nipponium". He published his results in 1909 and a notice was also published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. For this work, he was awarded a doctorate and the highest prize of the Tokyo Chemical Society. However, no other researchers were able to replicate his discovery, and the announcement was forgotten.
Masataka Ogawa | Introduction
Historically, vowel-initial words acquired an epenthetic glottal stop. When *wo and *we later became and without an initial glottal stop, the glottal stop elsewhere became phonemic. When still later initial consonants were elided, an initial glottal stop merged with the following consonant, establishing a series of "glottalized" consonants. While the nasals are truly glottalized, the "glottalized" stops are merely tenuis , contrasting with the default aspirated stops . In the southern Shodon dialect (just off Kakeroma Island), has become , and is only found in recent loans from Japanese.
Amami Ōshima language | Consonants
The lullaby was "discovered" by a school teacher in 1935, long after the song ceased to be sung.
Itsuki Lullaby | The Discovery
Old Japanese had open syllables of the form (C)V subject to additional restrictions: In 1934, Arisaka Hideyo proposed a set of phonological restrictions permitted in a single morpheme. Arisaka's Law states that "-o" was generally not found in the same morpheme as "-a", "-o" or "-u". Some scholars have interpreted that as a vestige of earlier vowel harmony, but it is very different from patterns that are observed in, for example, the Turkic languages.
Old Japanese | Restrictions
Late Middle Japanese had the following consonants: In addition were two phonemes: /N/ and /Q/. "Before a pause, /N/ is a uvular ; it assimilates to the place of articulation of a following stop, affricate, or nasal." "/Q/ becomes a phonetic copy of a following obstruent." Labialized consonants /kw, gw/ appeared during Early Middle Japanese. Labialized consonants before -i and -e merged with their non-labial counterparts. Specifically:
Late Middle Japanese | Consonants
"Bacillus amyloliquefaciens" was discovered in soil 1943 by a Japanese scientist named Fukumoto, who gave the bacterium its name because it produced ("faciens") a liquifying ("lique") amylase ("amylo").
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | Discovery and name
The worm was first discovered in 2017. The holotype specimen was found at a depth of , south of Honshu, off the coast of Shima, Mie The holotype was long and wide. Discovered in Sagami Bay, the Japanese name of the worm is "Kimura-hanakago-otohime-gokai".
Leocratides kimuraorum | Discovery
"Bellusaurus" was the last restoration undertaken by Mr. Sui.
Bellusaurus | Discovery and naming
Miyake reconstructed the following inventory, in addition to a zero vowel-initial onset : The voiceless obstruents had the voiced prenasalized counterparts . Prenasalization was still present in the late 17th century (according to the Korean textbook "Ch'ŏphae Sinŏ") and is found in some Modern Japanese and Ryukyuan dialects, but it has disappeared in Modern Japanese except for the intervocalic nasal stop allophone of . The sibilants and may have been palatalized before "e" and "i". Comparative evidence from Ryukyuan languages suggests that Old Japanese "p" continued an earlier voiceless bilabial stop *p. There is general agreement that word-initial "p" had become a voiceless bilabial fricative by Early Middle Japanese, as suggested by its transcription as "f" in later Portuguese works and as "ph" or "hw" in the Korean textbook "Ch'ŏphae Sinŏ".
Old Japanese | Consonants
Modern Japanese "Yamato" (大和) descends from Old Japanese "Yamatö" or "Yamato", which has been associated with "Yamatai". The latter umlaut or subscript diacritics distinguish two vocalic types within the proposed eight vowels of Nara period (710-794) Old Japanese ("a", "i", "ï", "u", "e", ë, "o", and "ö", see Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai), which merged into the five Modern ones ("a", "i", "u", "e", and "o"). During the Kofun period (250-538) when "kanji" were first used in Japan, "Yamatö" was written with the "ateji" 倭 for "Wa" "Japan". During the Asuka period (538-710) when Japanese place names were standardized into two-character compounds, "Yamato" was changed to 大倭 with a ("big; great") prefix.
Yamatai | Pronunciations
The radioactive contamination was originally discovered by a citizen's group in Nihonmatsu City, Fukushima Prefecture as far back as November but the company found itself unable to act immediately upon the information.
Meiji Dairies | Introduction
The holotype (UHR 6590, University of Hokkaidō Registration) was discovered in November 1934 during the construction of a hospital for the Kawakami colliery of the Mitsui Mining Company on Karafuto Prefecture (now Sinegorsk, Sakhalin, Russia). It was disarticulated when discovered. "N. sachalensis" was named and described in 1936 by Professor Takumi Nagao of the Imperial University of Hokkaido. The generic name refers to Nippon, the Japanese name of Japan; it was the first dinosaur named based on a find made on Japanese territory – though South Sakhalin was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1945. The specific name refers to Sakhalin.
Nipponosaurus | Discovery and naming
One phenomenon the theory attempts to explain, for example, is the Japanese word for snail, particularly prior to the Meiji period. In Kyoto, the capital of Japan around the time of the Edo period, there were as many as four different words for snail: "dedemushi" (ででむし), "maimai" (まいまい), "katatsumuri" (かたつむり), and "tsuburi" (つぶり). In the areas outside the capital, not all of these words existed. As one traveled farther from the capital, the number of synonyms employed decreased. In the farthest reaches of Japan in the North and the South, typically only one word for "snail" was used. Coincidentally, often the same single word existed in both places (in this case "tsuburi" (つぶり)), despite the great distance between the regions.
Center versus periphery | Example
/w/ had the following distribution: The prior merger between /o/ and /wo/ into during Early Middle Japanese continued into Late Middle Japanese, with /e/ and /we/ merging into by the 12th century. /y/ had the following distribution:
Late Middle Japanese | Glides
In June 1877 Morse first visited Japan in search of coastal brachiopods. His visit turned into a three-year stay when he was offered a post as the first professor of Zoology at the Tokyo Imperial University. He went on to recommend several fellow Americans as "o-yatoi gaikokujin" (foreign advisors) to support the modernization of Japan in the Meiji Era. To collect specimens, he established a marine biological laboratory at Enoshima in Kanagawa Prefecture. While looking out of a window on a train between Yokohama and Tokyo, Morse discovered the Ōmori shell mound, the excavation of which opened the study in archaeology and anthropology in Japan and shed much light on the material culture of prehistoric Japan.
Edward S. Morse | Japan
"Macrocollum" was discovered in southern Brazil, in the Wachholz site, in 2012, and announced in a press conference on Wednesday, November 21, 2018. The generic name combines the Greek word μακρός (long) and the Latin word "collum" (neck), referring to the animal's elongated neck. The specific epithet honours José Jerundino Machado Itaqui, one of the main persons behind the creation of CAPPA/UFSM.
Macrocollum | Discovery
In 1951, two manuscripts were discovered. One was in the possession of kan-nushi Nasu -Onsen-Jinja, called Giyu Hitomi, and the diary is called Hitomi-Book, and the other is in the possession of Oyamada Family, and the diary is called Oyamada-Book.
Sora's Diary | Two manuscripts discovered
Professor Kikunae Ikeda also studied other foods to see if they contained umami, and confirmed that glutamate was responsible for part of the flavor of meat, seaweed and tomatoes. He believed that humans likely developed a taste for glutamate because it signaled the presence of proteins.
Kikunae Ikeda | Introduction
2MASS J0355+11 was discovered in 2006 by Reid "et al."
2MASS J03552337+1133437 | Discovery
The second part comes from the Greek word "σαυρος" ("sauros"), "lizard".
Kimmerosaurus | Discovery
The phenomenon of resyllabification (or particle fusion) is first attested for the Kagoshima dialect in the 18th-century works of Gonza, a Japanese castaway from Satsuma who was taken to Saint Petersburg, Russia around 1733-1734. Under the supervision of assistant librarian Andrei Bogdanov, Gonza helped produce several reference works on the Japanese language in Russian, including an introductory, a grammar and a dictionary. These works provide the oldest glimpse into the Kagoshima dialect. For the most part, the works of Gonza show that the topic particle "a" and the dative particle "i" followed the same rules as they do today, fusing with the final syllable of the preceding word and being subject to the same exceptions that exist today.
Particles of the Kagoshima dialects | Historical attestation
Keene, Donald. The Japanese Discovery of Europe, 1720 - 1830. Stanford University Press, 1952.
Daikokuya Kōdayū | Further reading
In 22 years of detecting Crisp had never made such a significant find.
Frome Hoard | Discovery
In 1990 Masahiro Sato in Fukuoka found the tooth of a theropod. The same year Yoshihiko Okazaki first reported on the find. In 1992 Okazaki named the type species, "Wakinosaurus satoi". The generic name refers to the Wakino Subgroup of the Kwanmon Group, of which the Sengoku Formation is a member. The specific name honours Sato.
Wakinosaurus | Discovery and naming
Studying various words of Ryukyu and Japan used in days gone by, he came to the conclusion that Okinawa and Japan share the same mother tongue. The studied words include "akaru, akezu, akatonki, amori, etsuri, fuguri" (scrotum), "fuku, hae" (glory), "hau, hiji, hiraku, hoso" (umbricus), "kanashi, iga, ikasarete, ikibui, ikutokoro, ime, iriki, kabuchi, kotoi, kuwanari, magu, majimono, mamaki, maru, minjai, mitsumi, monowata, mumuji, naegu, nai" (earthquake), "nasu, nuuji, sakuri, sayumi, shichiyadan, shishi, taani, tane" (penis), "tsukakamachi, tsukura, tubi, ugonaari, uwanari, wa, watamashi, yagusami, yokoshi, yomu", and "yuimaharu".
Iha Fuyū | Linguistic study
However, from a historical viewpoint, the word "hataku" first appears in documents around 1484 in the Muromachi period, while "hōtō" or "hautau" can be found much earlier in writings such as "The Pillow Book". This contradicts the idea that "hataku" was the basis for the name of the dish.
Hōtō | Local origin theory
"yonde" for earlier "yomite"), the -k- in the final syllable of adjectives drops out ("shiroi" for earlier "shiroki"); and some forms exist where modern standard Japanese has retained the earlier form (e.g. "hayaku" > "hayau" > "hayɔɔ", where modern Japanese just has "hayaku", though the alternative form is preserved in the standard greeting "o-hayō gozaimasu" "good morning"; this ending is also seen in "o-medetō" "congratulations", from "medetaku"). Late Middle Japanese has the first loanwords from European languages – now-common words borrowed into Japanese in this period include "pan" ("bread") and "tabako" ("tobacco", now "cigarette"), both from Portuguese.
Japanese language | Late Middle Japanese
Some authors also believe that two forms of "po" were distinguished in the "Kojiki". All of these pairs had merged in the Early Middle Japanese of the Heian period. The consonants "g", "z", "d", "b" and "r" did not occur at the start of a word. Nor could a word begin with a bare vowel. The rare vowel "i" almost always occurred at the end of a morpheme. Most occurrences of "e", "e" and "o" were also at the end of a morpheme.
Old Japanese | Syllables
The name, like the dish, was probably invented at Don the Beachcomber's. Its origin is unknown, though it may be short for Japanese "harumaki" 'spring roll'.
Rumaki | Etymology
In 1990, Masahiro Sato in Fukuoka found the tooth of a theropod dinosaur. The same year, Yoshihiko Okazaki first reported on the find. In 1992, Okazaki named the type species, "Wakinosaurus satoi". The generic name refers to the Wakino Subgroup of the Kwanmon Group, of which the Sengoku Formation is a member. The specific name honours Sato.
Masahiro Sato | Discovery of "Wakinosaurus"
Masami Ouchi, a researcher at the Carnegie Institution in Pasadena, California, stated "I have never heard about any [similar] objects that could be resolved at this distance...[i]t's kind of record-breaking."
Himiko (Lyman-alpha blob) | Discovery
The site is located at the tip of a , tongue-shaped hill on the northeastern side of the foot of Mount Iwaki in western Aomori Prefecture and was discovered during construction work in 1959. A rescue survey conducted over a three-year period found the remains of a large pit dwelling, at the time the largest to have been discovered in Japan, followed by a stone circle. the site was acquired by the government for preservation in 1961, but was not properly excavated until 2006.
Ōmori Katsuyama Site | Site
Proto-Japanese contained , but by Old Japanese, it had become . Late Middle Japanese reintroduced , which contrasted with and so was treated as a new phoneme. In Early Modern Japanese, became in many dialects, as it still is. is found in mimetic words, such as "pinpin" and "patto", as well as in Chinese loanwords such as "sanpai" and "nippon". Medial /h/ became before /a/. Before all other vowels, it became silent:
Late Middle Japanese | /h/ and /p/
Japanese and were historically pronounced "niti" (or "jitu", reflecting a Late Middle Chinese pronunciation) and "pon", respectively. In compounds, however, final voiceless stops (i.e. "p", "t", "k") of the first word were unreleased in Middle Chinese, and the pronunciation of 日本 was thus "Nippon" or "Jippon" (with the adjacent consonants assimilating). Historical sound change in Japanese has led to the modern pronunciations of the individual characters as "nichi" and "hon". The pronunciation "Nihon" originated, possibly in the Kantō region, as a reintroduction of this independent pronunciation of into the compound. This must have taken place during the Edo period, after another sound change occurred which would have resulted in this form becoming "Niwon" and later "Nion".
Names of Japan | History and evolution
With "omu" and "raisu" being derived from the Japanese pronunciation of the English words "omelette" and "rice", the name is an example of "wasei-eigo".
Omurice | Etymology
After the recognition, the Riken team gathered in February 2016 to decide on a name. Morita expressed his desire for the name to honour the fact that element 113 had been discovered in Japan. "Japonium" was considered, making the connection to Japan easy to identify for non-Japanese, but it was rejected as Jap is considered an ethnic slur. The name "nihonium" was chosen after an hour of deliberation: it comes from , one of the two Japanese pronunciations for the name of Japan. The discoverers also intended to reference the support of their research by the Japanese people (Riken being almost entirely government-funded), recover lost pride and trust in science among those who were affected by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, and honour Japanese chemist Masataka Ogawa's 1908 discovery of rhenium, which he named "nipponium" with symbol Np after the other Japanese pronunciation of Japan's name.
Nihonium | Naming
The shipwreck of "Uranami" has not yet been found, although "Kinu" was discovered by divers from the on 15 July 1945 in about of water. "Uranami" sank about away, and is probably at a similar depth, which would place it within the reach of technical divers.
Japanese destroyer Uranami (1928) | The shipwreck
The prototype of mitsumame is a dessert for children sold to the end of the Edo era. The present type was born in 1903. Anmitsu was born in 1930.
Mitsumame | History
I mean, can you believe that? ... I mean, fucking whales are going extinct, and here are these people eating them!"
Discovering Japan | Background
"Discovery" is Japanese voice actor Mamoru Miyano's second single, released on June 4, 2008. It had peaked at #24 on the Oricon charts. The title track was used as the ending for the PlayStation 2 game Fushigi Yugi Suzaku Ibun.
Discovery (song) | Introduction
Vowel elision or fusion occurred to prevent vowel clusters. When a monosyllabic morpheme was followed by a polysyllabic morpheme that began with a vowel, the second vowel was dropped: In other environments, the first vowel was dropped: Elsewhere, the vowels appear to have fused:
Old Japanese | Morphophonemics
In Modern Standard Japanese, it is romanized as "h" and has different allophones before various vowels. In medial position, it became in Early Middle Japanese but has disappeared except before "a". Many scholars argue that "p" had already lenited to by the Old Japanese period, but Miyake argues that it was still a stop.
Old Japanese | Consonants
The name "Japan" is based on the Chinese pronunciation and was introduced to European languages through early trade. In the 13th century, Marco Polo recorded the early Mandarin or Wu Chinese pronunciation of the characters as "Cipangu". The old Malay name for Japan, "Japang" or "Japun", was borrowed from a southern coastal Chinese dialect and encountered by Portuguese traders in Southeast Asia, who brought the word to Europe in the early 16th century. The first version of the name in English appears in a book published in 1577, which spelled the name as "Giapan" in a translation of a 1565 Portuguese letter.
Japan | Etymology
"Wa" was often combined with ("great") to form the name , which is read as "Yamato". The earliest record of appears in the Chinese "Old Book of Tang", which notes the change in 703 when Japanese envoys requested that its name be changed. It is believed that the name change within Japan itself took place sometime between 665 and 703. During the Heian period, was gradually replaced by , which was first pronounced with the Chinese reading "Nippon" and later as "Nihon", reflecting shifts in phonology in Early Modern Japanese.
Names of Japan | Introduction
There were five vowels: /i, e, a, o, u/. In Middle Japanese, word-initial /e/ and /o/ were realized with the semivowels and before avowel, respectively , but became realized as simple vowels by the mid-18th century. The high vowels /i, u/ became voiceless between voiceless consonants or the end of a word, as was noted in a number of foreign texts:
Early Modern Japanese | Vowels
In the Nanboku-chō period, the scholar Gyōa published the "Kanamojizukai" (Kana Character Syllabary, completed in 1363), drastically augmenting the lexicon by over 1000 words. Though the "Kanamojizukai" was generally as widely accepted as Teika's syllabary, in practice there were a number of kana pronunciations that did not conform to it. In Christian rōmaji documents from the 16th century (the later part of the Muromachi period), ゐ and い were written with either “i”, “j”, or “y”, but the pronunciation was understood to be [i] in any case.
Wi (kana) | Muromachi Period (1333–1573 AD)
The first element is derived from the word "fonn" which means "glacier made of snow" and the last element is the finite form of "råk" which means "mountain ridge".
Fannaråki | Name
In 2003, amateur paleontologist Yoshiyuki Horita at the Shirafunezawa Creek discovered the tail of a euornithopod. An entire skeleton was in 2013 and 2014 uncovered by teams of the and the Hokkaido University Museum. The find was nicknamed "Mukawaryu", the "Dragon of Mukawa". In 2019, the type species "Kamuysaurus japonicus" was named and described by Professor , Tomohiro Nishimura, Ryuji Takasaki, Kentaro Chiba, Anthony Ricardo Fiorillo, Kohei Tanaka, Tsogtbaatar Chinzorig, Tamaki Sato and Kazuhiko Sakurai. The generic name is derived from "kamuy", meaning "deity" in Ainu, the language of the original inhabitants of Hokkaido. The specific name "japonicus", "japanese" in Neolatin, refers to the provenance from Japan.
Kamuysaurus | Discovery
Voiced stops and fricatives were prenasalized: João Rodrigues made that observation in "Arte da Lingoa de Japam". In addition, the Korean text "Ch'ŏphae Sinŏ" spelled [...] b, d, z, g with the Hangul letter sequences -mp-, -nt-, -nz-, -ngk-" indicating prenasalization. The effects of prenasalization may also be seen in the transcription of words such as "muma" < /uma/ "horse" and "mube" < /ube/ "truly".
Late Middle Japanese | Prenasalization
The original Dorayaki consisted of only one layer. Its current shape was invented in 1914 by "Usagiya" in the Ueno district of Tokyo. In Japanese, "dora" means "gong", and because of the similarity of the shapes, this is probably the origin of the name of the sweet. Legend has it that the first Dorayaki were made when a samurai named Benkei forgot his gong ("dora") upon leaving a farmer’s home where he was hiding and the farmer subsequently used the gong to fry the pancakes, thus the name Dorayaki.
Dorayaki | Introduction
The last day of each month of the Japanese lunisolar calendar was historically named . Originally, "miso" was written as 三十, indicating the 30th day, though "misoka" sometimes fell on the 29th due to the varying lengths of the lunar month. The last day in the 12th lunar month is called —with the 大 indicating it is the final last day of the month for that year—or the "great thirtieth day". As part of the Meiji Restoration, Japan switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1873, and "ōmisoka" was set as December 31, or New Year's Eve. The day is also known by the archaic pronunciation of .
Ōmisoka | Etymology
And both names of "Haratono-hama" and "Harayadori" are missing. They also do not appear on the maps of the first complete mappings of the whole of Japan in 1907. If the name of a village, city or place had changed in history, this would have been noted in some curatorial documents, but it is not. Tanaka thinks it rather unlikely that important places such as "Haratono-hama" and "Harayadori" actually could have been forgotten in records.
Utsuro-bune | Modern investigations
Around 757 CE, Japan officially changed its endonym from "Wa" 倭 to "Wa" "harmony; peace; sum; total". This replacement Chinese character "hé" 和 combines a "hé" 禾 "grain" phonetic (also seen in 倭) and the "mouth" radical 口. Carr explains: Graphic replacement of the 倭 "dwarf Japanese" Chinese logograph became inevitable. Not long after the Japanese began using 倭 to write "Wa" ∼ "Yamato" 'Japan', they realized its 'dwarf; bent back' connotation. In a sense, they had been tricked by Chinese logography; the only written name for 'Japan' was deprecating. The chosen replacement "wa" 和 'harmony; peace' had the same Japanese "wa" pronunciation as 倭 'dwarf', and - most importantly - it was semantically flattering.
Wa (Japan) | 倭 and 和 characters
Hayami (written: 速見, 速水 or 早見) is a Japanese surname and can refer to:
Hayami | Introduction
She was assisted from 1888 by a friend from her days in America, Alice Bacon, from 1888. She decided to return to the United States.
Tsuda Umeko | Return to Japan
A stone wall separated a mass grave with skeletons that were only covered by soil. These are thought to be the deceased of a plague. Until the 1870s, the area which is now Umeda was agricultural land. The area was reclaimed and filled in by the prefectural government in the 1870s to support the creation of the first Osaka Station. The word "Umeda" was previously written with different kanji characters; 埋田 "(English: "buried field")" to reflect this history. The name was changed to 梅田 "(English: "plum field")" without altering the pronunciation, likely due to negative connotations with the previous characters.
Umeda | History
Osamu Fujimura was born August 29, 1927. The Fujimura family is descended from the Miyamoto clan (源氏), remotely related to the samurai Minamoto Yoritomo (源頼朝), who founded the Kamakura Bakufu (military government site) as a Shōgun (将軍) in the 12th century. Yoritomo's grave is behind the Hachimangu 八幡宮 in Yukinoshita, Kamakura. He was survived by his second wife J.C. Williams, and four sons, Akira, Makoto, Wataru, and Itaru.
Osamu Fujimura (scientist) | Personal life
The Japanese name "sushi" is written with kanji (Chinese characters) for ancient Chinese dishes which bear little resemblance to today's sushi. One of these might have been a salt pickled fish. The first use of "鮨" appeared in the face and hand, the oldest Chinese dictionary believed to be written around the 3rd century BC. It is explained as literally "Those made with fish (are called) 鮨, those made with meat (are called) 醢". "醢" is a fermented meat made from salt and minced pork and "鮨" is a fermented fish made from salt and minced fish. The Chinese character "鮨" is believed to have a much earlier origin, but this is the earliest recorded instance of that character being associated with food.
History of sushi | Etymology
Recent research has indicated that whilst he did not identify element 43 (finally isolated in 1937 by an Italian group), he had apparently isolated element 75, rhenium, which was not otherwise successfully identified until 1925. Ogawa served as president of Tohoku University between 1919 and 1928. While the name "nipponium" could not be reused for another element, element 113 was also discovered by a team of Japanese scientists and is now named nihonium, also after Japan. The name was chosen in respectful homage to Ogawa's work.
Masataka Ogawa | Introduction
Also the syllable "o" () was written 'vo', "tsu" () was 'tçu', "shi" () was 'xi', and "e" () was sometimes 'ye'. To what extent these particular idiosyncrasies of spelling reflect how Japanese was actually pronounced in the 16th century is of great interest to scholars of Japanese historical linguistics.
Nippo Jisho | Examples
4607 Seilandfarm, provisional designation , is a rare-type binary asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 November 1987, by Japanese amateur astronomers Kin Endate and Kazuro Watanabe at Kitami Observatory on the Japanese island of Hokkaidō. It was named for a dairy and cattle farm with the same name, located near the Japanese city of Kitami.
4607 Seilandfarm | Introduction
Discovered around 1933, it has been speculated that the Inarimori tumulus was a "kofun" from 1938; however, as a preliminary excavation in 1961 found only Heian period Sue ware shards, this hypothesis was discredited. The area also contained the remains of a village from around the middle of the Kofun period. When the mound was cleared in 1977 to 1979, its keyhole-shape was discovered, and more detailed investigation from 1977 to 1978 confirmed that it indeed dates from the latter-half of the 4th century AD. Further investigations were performed by the Nan'yō Board of Education from 1987-88, but the interior of the tomb has never been investigated and no burial chamber has yet been discovered.
Inarimori Kofun | Overview
Hashimoto is especially noted for the discovery of Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, which makes it clear that Old Japanese made more syllabic distinctions than later periods of the language. This discovery led him to hypothesize that Old Japanese had eight vowels, while modern Japanese has only five. His systematic description of the Japanese grammar also laid the foundations of language education for Japanese children.
Shinkichi Hashimoto | Biography
The last Japanese holdout from the war, Private Teruo Nakamura (Amis: Attun Palalin), was discovered by the Indonesian Air Force on Morotai, and surrendered to a search patrol on December 18, 1974.
Morotai | Second World War
The existence of a number of large shell middens containing millions of shells of freshwater bivalve clams was noted in the region, per mid-Edo period records. The Shimijizuka site is located on a small plateau approximately one kilometer from Lake Sakaru, which had plentiful smelt and "shijimi" clams until the early 1930s. A portion of the Shijimizuka site was destroyed by local farmers mining it for fertilizer in the 1830s. However, with the excavation of the Ōmori Shell Middens by Edward S. Morse of the Tokyo Imperial University in 1877, due academic attention became focussed on the Hamamatsu site, and preliminary investigations were conducted by Tokyo Imperial University in 1889.
Shijimizuka site | Overview
The Japanese name "orochi" () derives from Old Japanese "woröti" (with a regular "o-" from "wo-" shift, Miller 1971:25–7), but its etymology is enigmatic. Besides this ancient "orochi" reading, the kanji are commonly pronounced "daija", "big snake; large serpent". Carr (1990:169) notes that Japanese scholars have proposed "more than a dozen" "orochi" < "woröti" etymologies, while Western linguists have suggested loanwords from Austronesian, Tungusic, and Indo-European languages. The most feasible native etymological proposals are Japanese "o-" from "o" (), "tail", (which is where Susanoo discovered the sacred sword), "ō" (), "big; great", or "oro" (), "peak; summit"; and "-chi" meaning "god; spirit", cognate with the "mizuchi" river-dragon.
Yamata no Orochi | Etymology
By 1908, he had isolated brown crystals of glutamic acid (glutamate) which conveyed the characteristic flavor. The chemical monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the chemical basis for the umami flavor. He chose to call it . By 1909 he had developed a process for mass-producing MSG. He was able to extract MSG from wheat and defatted soybean, and patented the process for its manufacture. Today, MSG is mass-produced from fermented cornstarch, sugar cane or beet. His Ajinomoto Co., Inc. currently employs over 32,000 people. With this method the global production of MSG increased rapidly. MSG ranks today as one of the top flavor enhancers after salt and pepper.
Kikunae Ikeda | Introduction
"S. japonicum" was discovered in Kofu basin by Dr. Fujiro Katsurada, a pathologist in Okayama University in 1904. Later, Katsurada named the parasite as "Schistosoma japonicum".
Schistosoma japonicum | Discovery
In 1978, the third Aten, 2100 Ra-Shalom was discovered. The Aten was already identified at Palomar in 1954, but its discovery date was later assigned to a 2003-observation at Lincoln Laboratory ETS, and is now known as .
2340 Hathor | Independent discoveries
Major phonological changes were characteristic of the period. The most prominent difference was the loss of the Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, which distinguished two types of /i/, /e/ and /o/. While the start of the loss can already be seen at the end of Old Japanese, it was completely lost in Early Middle Japanese. The final distinction to be lost was /ko, go/ vs. /ko, go/. In the 10th century, /e/ and /je/ merged into /je/, and /o/ and /wo/ had merged into /wo/ by the 11th century.
Early Middle Japanese | Developments
Heikichi Shōji, a member of the , collected various Ainu artifacts in Hokkaido, including some antiques with characters written on them. Among these, a piece of bark and a sash were introduced in the September 9, 1886 issue of the , a local newspaper in Aomori Prefecture, and three days later in the Sendai paper . Enomoto Takeaki opined that these must have been characters used by the Emishi a thousand years before. At the 25th meeting of the Tokyo Anthropological Society in December of that year, Shōji displayed pieces of leather, stone fragments, "washi" (Japanese paper), and a sheath, all inscribed with the characters.
Hokkaido characters | Discovery and research
This finding implies that the genetic conversion of the Japanese people may have occurred during or before the Kofun era, at least at the Shomyoji site.
Jōmon people | Yamato people
The Keichō Land Surveys of 1609-1611 probably conventionalized to some degree the choice of kanji for place names, and thus surnames based on them. In 1625 the Satsuma Domain instituted a . As a result, the kanji used to write "kamei" changed from characters that were common in Japan to new, unique character combinations. For example, the name 東 (Higashi) was often changed to 比嘉 (Figa) or 比謝 (Fija), the name 前田 (Maeda) to 真栄田 (the same reading), 福山 (Fukuyama) to 譜久山 (the same reading), etc.
Okinawan name | "Kamei"
The genus name "Kairuku" is a Māori-language word meaning "diver who returns with food". The holotype was collected in 1991 from a drainage area of the Waipati stream, a tributary of the Maerewhenua River.
Kairuku grebneffi | Discovery
Great portions of the city were damaged in the Great Hanshin–Awaji earthquake of 1995, but were quickly rebuilt.
Itami, Hyōgo | History
Suzuki was born as the second son of a farmer in Haibara District, Shizuoka. He was a graduate of Tokyo Imperial University and subsequently worked as a research scientist at Riken. In 1901, he studied Peptide synthesis at the Humboldt University of Berlin under Emil Fischer. He returned to Japan in 1906, and accepted a post as professor of agricultural chemistry at Tokyo Imperial University in 1907. In 1910, Suzuki succeeded in extracting a water-soluble complex of micronutrients from rice bran and named it aberic acid, and which had the effect of curing patients of beriberi. He published this discovery in a Japanese scientific journal.
Umetaro Suzuki | Biography