Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes that are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Different characteristics tend to exist within any given population as a result of mutation, genetic recombination and other sources of genetic variation. Evolution occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection (including sexual selection) and genetic drift act on this variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming more common or rare within a population. It is this process of evolution that has given rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms and molecules.
Introduction
Evolution
Evolution | Introduction
It is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. It is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. It is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
which of the following is the ultimate result of evolution
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
what is evolution?
user
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in organisms' DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits. The age of the Earth is about 4.5 billion years. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago.
Introduction to evolution | Introduction
Human evolution is the biological process that led to the emergence of the species "Homo sapiens(binomial nomenclature for the human species)": "Human evolution" may also refer to:
Human evolution (disambiguation) | Introduction
Evolve is a 2008 documentary television series on History. The series premiere, "Eyes", was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Science, Technology and Nature Programming. Each episode attempts to explain the evolutionary origins of a particular trait of living creatures: for example, Tyrannosaurus rex's 13-inch teeth, the gecko's "Velcro-like" toe pads, and the bald eagle's "telescopic" vision capable of spotting a hare a mile away.
Evolve (TV series) | Introduction
Evolution is change in heritable traits of biological organisms over successive generations, due to natural selection and other mechanisms. Evolution, or Theory of Evolution, also may refer to:
Evolution (disambiguation) | Introduction
Life, according to Samael Aun Weor, is eternal, however its expression is divided into evolutive and devolutive modes: species evolve, reach a pinnacle, and necessarily devolve and return to a germinal state. Man, therefore, is not the outcome of the evolution from a common ancestor to the primates, but rather the exponent of an eternal anthropic principle. Monkeys, apes, and other primates are instead the outcome of certain sub-sects of ancient humanity copulating with animals, and are in a complete state of devolution. He does state however that evolution within a species is possible, yet that no species can evolve from another species.
Samael Aun Weor | Anthropology
The implication from such a find is that modern reptiles and birds arose from a common ancestor.
Introduction to evolution | Fossil record
Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning with the evolutionary history of primates—in particular genus "Homo"—and leading to the emergence of "Homo sapiens" as a distinct species of the hominid family, which includes the great apes. This process involved the gradual development of traits such as human bipedalism and language, as well as interbreeding with other hominins, which indicate that human evolution was not linear but a web. The study of human evolution involves several scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, paleontology, neurobiology, ethology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.
Human evolution | Introduction
This diversity is direct result of rare clones with extreme genomes that emerged by chance after repeated bottleneck events, and this diversity persists because of the lack of selective constraints on rapid growth inside the host tissue.
Ehrlichia | Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes that are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Different characteristics tend to exist within any given population as a result of mutation, genetic recombination and other sources of genetic variation. Evolution occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection (including sexual selection) and genetic drift act on this variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming more common or rare within a population. It is this process of evolution that has given rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms and molecules.
Evolution | Introduction
Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth is assumed to have originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes received from their parents, which they pass on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction.
Introduction to evolution | Introduction
Evolve may refer to the process of evolution, incremental change over time. Evolve may also refer to:
Evolve | Introduction
At the end of extinction phase for each player it is determined, as in basic set rules, the quantity of cards to get (1 card per 1 survived animal + 1 card, if there is no survived animal and no cards in hand – player takes 6 cards). Player looks at his "genofond" and takes cards from it for the next turn. If there is no player who can take accrued cards in full, then the last turn begins.
Evolution: The Origin of Species | Extinction phase
The player with the largest number of victory points at the end of the game is the winner. The rankings of players in match are determined as follows:
Evolution: The Origin of Species | Place definition in match
In this scenario all the players have equal conditions. Players get the same set of traits and opportunity to choose required one in current game position. 1 "Evolution" base set is required for 2-4 players. 2 "Evolution" base sets - for 5-8 players.
Evolution: The Origin of Species | "Evolution. Equilibrium" scenario
One shuffles the main deck. Each player gets 7 cards in a row lying face down from the top of the deck. That is players' decks. Then each player receives additional 3 cards from the main deck creating first 3 species. Players roll dice to determine the first player.
Evolution: Random Mutations | Preparation
As a result of natural selection that plays out on the game – positive mutations remain more often than negative. One more important entity is the population of species. Game presentation was held on 15 December 2013.
Evolution: Random Mutations | Introduction
Yet as a result of evolutionary experimentation, only one species has prospered and survived. One human species is now the only twig on what was once a big branching bush of different species." This idea differs from the typical view that "homo sapiens" is the pinnacle of an evolutionary ladder that humanity's ancestors laboriously climbed.
Ian Tattersall | Career
Other hosts were added by the same process until the modern bewildering diversity of life cycle patterns developed.
Digenea | Evolution
Life is a major source of complexity, and evolution is the major process behind the varying forms of life. In this view, evolution is the process describing the growth of complexity in the natural world and in speaking of the emergence of complex living beings and life-forms. Life is thought to have emerged in the early RNA world when RNA chains began to express the basic conditions necessary for natural selection to operate as conceived by Darwin: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources. Fitness of an RNA replicator (its per capita rate of increase) would likely be a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (in the sense that they were determined by the nucleotide sequence) and the availability of resources.
Emergence | Emergence and evolution
The modern evolutionary synthesis is based on the concept that populations of organisms have significant genetic variation caused by mutation and by the recombination of genes during sexual reproduction. It defines evolution as the change in allelic frequencies within a population caused by genetic drift, gene flow between sub populations, and natural selection. Natural selection is emphasised as the most important mechanism of evolution; large changes are the result of the gradual accumulation of small changes over long periods of time. The modern evolutionary synthesis is the outcome of a merger of several different scientific fields to produce a more cohesive understanding of evolutionary theory.
Introduction to evolution | Modern synthesis
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to evolution: Evolution – change in heritable traits of biological organisms over generations due to natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift. Also known as descent with modification. Over time these evolutionary processes lead to formation of new species (speciation), changes within lineages (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction). "Evolution" is also another name for evolutionary biology, the subfield of biology concerned with studying evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth.
Outline of evolution | Introduction
The result was the joint publication in July of an extract from Darwin's 1844 essay along with Wallace's letter. Darwin also began work on a short abstract summarising his theory, which he would publish in 1859 as "On the Origin of Species".
History of evolutionary thought | Natural selection
"E. coli" long-term evolution experiment - ecological genetics – ecological selection – "Endless Forms Most Beautiful" – endosymbiosis – error threshold (evolution) – evidence of common descent – evolution – evolutionary arms race – evolutionary capacitance "Evolution:" of ageing – of the brain – of cetaceans – of complexity – of dinosaurs – of the eye – of fish – of the horse – of insects – of human intelligence – of mammalian auditory ossicles – of mammals – of monogamy – of sex – of sirenians – of tetrapods – of the wolf evolutionary developmental biology – evolutionary dynamics – evolutionary game theory - evolutionary history of life – evolutionary history of plants – evolutionary medicine - evolutionary neuroscience – evolutionary psychology – evolutionary radiation – evolutionarily stable strategy – evolutionary taxonomy - evolutionary tree – evolvability – experimental evolution – exaptation – extinction
Index of evolutionary biology articles | E
In geological terms this will be an abrupt event. A resumption of avoiding mutant mates will, thereafter, result, once again, in evolutionary stagnation.
Rate of evolution | Overcoming koinophilia
Since there is a variety of possible game cases , many arguable points can appear while treating the rules. Most of issues are solved after looking the rules more closely. Also there is official FAQ with answers the most popular questions. Several rules were changed or elaborated in the next editions and after expansions were published.
Evolution: The Origin of Species | Rule treatment
Evolution is a 2001 documentary series by the American broadcaster Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and WGBH on evolutionary biology, from the producers of "NOVA".
Evolution (TV series) | Introduction
The main ideas of evolution may be summarised as follows:
Introduction to evolution | Simple overview
Professor of biology Jerry Coyne sums up biological evolution succinctly: This shows the breadth and scope of the issue, incorporating the scientific fields of zoology, botany, genetics, geology, and paleontology, among many others. But the central core of evolution is generally defined as changes in trait or gene frequency in a population of organisms from one generation to the next. This has been dubbed the standard genetic definition of evolution. Natural selection is only one of several mechanisms in the theory of evolutionary change that explains how organisms historically adapt to changing environments. The principles of heredity were re-discovered in 1900, after Darwin's death, in Gregor Mendel's research on the inheritance of simple trait variations in peas.
Evolution as fact and theory | Evolution
Simon Conway Morris disputes this conclusion, arguing that convergence is a dominant force in evolution, and given that the same environmental and physical constraints are at work, life will inevitably evolve toward an "optimum" body plan, and at some point, evolution is bound to stumble upon intelligence, a trait presently identified with at least primates, corvids, and cetaceans.
Convergent evolution | Overview
Some questions biologists have attempted to answer include: Why do some organisms have gamete dimorphism?
Evolution of sexual reproduction | Questions
Its main variation operator is mutation; members of the population are viewed as part of a specific species rather than members of the same species therefore each parent generates an offspring, using a (μ + μ) survivor selection.
Evolutionary programming | Introduction
One of the main sources of confusion and ambiguity in the creation–evolution debate is the definition of "evolution" itself. In the context of biology, evolution is genetic changes in populations of organisms over successive generations. The word also has a number of different meanings in different fields, from evolutionary computation to molecular evolution to sociocultural evolution to stellar and galactic evolution. "Evolution" in colloquial contexts can refer to any sort of progressive development or gradual improvement, and a process that results in greater quality or complexity. When misapplied to biological evolution this common meaning leads to frequent misunderstandings. For example, the idea of devolution ("backwards" evolution) is a result of erroneously assuming that evolution is directional or has a specific goal in mind (cf.
Objections to evolution | Defining evolution
Universal evolution is a theory of evolution formulated by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Julian Huxley that describes the gradual development of the Universe from subatomic particles to human society, considered by Teilhard as the last stage.
Universal evolution | Introduction
There must be a competitive struggle for resources that aid in survival. As a result, Darwin realised that it was not chance alone that determined survival. Instead, survival of an organism depends on the differences of each individual organism, or "traits," that aid or hinder survival and reproduction. Well-adapted individuals are likely to leave more offspring than their less well-adapted competitors. Traits that hinder survival and reproduction would "disappear" over generations. Traits that help an organism survive and reproduce would "accumulate" over generations. Darwin realised that the unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce could cause gradual changes in the population and used the term "natural selection" to describe this process.
Introduction to evolution | Natural selection
It is one of the most dramatic examples of convergent evolution in biology.
Convergent evolution | Fruits
Evolution: Continents - second official expansion published in 2012. New traits and rules were added: an animal now dwell in one of 3 different locations. Each location has its own unique food bank . Food bank depends on number of players.
Evolution: The Origin of Species | Evolution: Contintents
Evolution influences every aspect of the form and behaviour of organisms. Most prominent are the specific behavioural and physical adaptations that are the outcome of natural selection. These adaptations increase fitness by aiding activities such as finding food, avoiding predators or attracting mates. Organisms can also respond to selection by cooperating with each other, usually by aiding their relatives or engaging in mutually beneficial symbiosis. In the longer term, evolution produces new species through splitting ancestral populations of organisms into new groups that cannot or will not interbreed. These outcomes of evolution are distinguished based on time scale as macroevolution versus microevolution.
Evolution | Outcomes
This occurred for easier flight.
Evolution of dinosaurs | Body size
The Causes of Evolution is a 1932 book on evolution by J.B.S. Haldane (1990 edition ), based on a series of January 1931 lectures entitled "A Re-examination of Darwinism". It was influential in the founding of population genetics and the modern synthesis.
The Causes of Evolution | Introduction
In this view, complexity is not a necessary consequence of evolution, but specific circumstances of evolution on Earth frequently made greater complexity advantageous and thus naturally selected for. Depending on the situation, organisms' complexity can either increase, decrease, or stay the same, and all three of these trends have been observed in evolution.
Objections to evolution | Defining evolution
Evolution: The Origin of Species is a card game created by Dmitriy Knorre and Sergey Machin in 2010. The game is inspired by the evolutionary biology. It was published by SIA Rightgames RBG. English, French and German game editions were published in 2011. Two or more players create their own animals, make them evolve and hunt in order to survive. In 2014, the North Star Games company published game Evolution. The original authors were part of the design crew.
Evolution: The Origin of Species | Introduction
Evolution: International Journal of Organic Evolution, is a monthly scientific journal that publishes significant new results of empirical or theoretical investigations concerning facts, processes, mechanics, or concepts of evolutionary phenomena and events. "Evolution" is published by the Society for the Study of Evolution. Its current editor-in-chief is Tracey Chapman.
Evolution (journal) | Introduction
H. P. Madrell writes that "the proper but cumbersome way of describing change by evolutionary adaptation [may be] substituted by shorter overtly teleological statements" for the sake of saving space, but that this "should not be taken to imply that evolution proceeds by anything other than from mutations arising by chance, with those that impart an advantage being retained by natural selection." However, Lennox states that in evolution as conceived by Darwin, it is true both that evolution is the result of mutations arising by chance and that evolution is teleological in nature. Statements that a species does something "in order to" achieve survival are teleological.
Four causes | Biology
As the human population of Earth increase, this anthropization will continue to evolve.
Anthropization | Evolution of anthropization
Scientific evidence for evolution comes from many aspects of biology and includes fossils, homologous structures, and molecular similarities between species' DNA.
Introduction to evolution | Evidence for evolution
It contains the following chapters: The book also contains an extensive appendix containing the majority of Haldane's mathematical treatment of the subject.
The Causes of Evolution | Chapters
For example, the overwhelming majority of species are microscopic prokaryotes, which form about half the world's biomass despite their small size, and constitute the vast majority of Earth's biodiversity. Simple organisms have therefore been the dominant form of life on Earth throughout its history and continue to be the main form of life up to the present day, with complex life only appearing more diverse because it is more noticeable. Indeed, the evolution of microorganisms is particularly important to modern evolutionary research, since their rapid reproduction allows the study of experimental evolution and the observation of evolution and adaptation in real time.
Evolution | Outcomes
The world grows as the game advances, with land masses drifting and terrain shifting. As the player evolves the selected creatures, the player slowly advances in the complexity of the animals, eventually reaching intelligent life. Usually, the first player to do this is the victor (standard rules). The game starts from basal tetrapods, the very first land dwellers: amphibians. At the gain of the game, each player starts with one population of a species of prehistoric amphibian—e.g. "Ichthyostega", "Tulerpeton", and "Acanthostega". Gradually, if the player monitors the species' progress and moves them to more appropriate habitats and climate zones, the selected species will feed, breed, and prosper.
Evolution: The Game of Intelligent Life | Gameplay
Finally, the size of the body grew as well.
Evolution of the horse | Teeth
Introducing Evolution is a 2001 graphic study guide to Evolution written by Dylan Evans and illustrated by Howard Selina. The volume, according to the publisher's website, "provides a step-by-step guide to ‘Darwin’s dangerous idea’ and takes a fresh look at the often misunderstood concepts of natural selection and the selfish gene."
Introducing Evolution | Introduction
Evolutionary theories continue to generate testable predictions and explanations about living and fossilized organisms.
Evolution as fact and theory | Theory
Each player has to play at least 1 card (as an animal or trait).
Evolution: The Origin of Species | Development phase
In this scenario the game consists of a single turn. All cards from the deck is divided equally between players. Extraneous cards are removed from the game. Food bank determinations phase begins before development phase.
Evolution: The Origin of Species | "Evolution. Fatality" scenario
He went on to say that this current version is a dry run for an even bigger experience in the works for next year.
Heroes Evolutions | Introduction
This has become an issue regarding antibiotic resistant bacteria.
Evolution of bacteria | Process of Bacterial Evolution
Thus, in successive generations members of a population are more likely to be replaced by the progenies of parents with favourable characteristics that have enabled them to survive and reproduce in their respective environments. In the early 20th century, other competing ideas of evolution such as mutationism and orthogenesis were refuted as the modern synthesis reconciled Darwinian evolution with classical genetics, which established adaptive evolution as being caused by natural selection acting on Mendelian genetic variation. All life on Earth shares a last universal common ancestor (LUCA) that lived approximately 3.5–3.8 billion years ago. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilised multicellular organisms.
Evolution | Introduction
Animals undergo divergent evolution for a number of reasons. Predators or their absence, changes in the environment, and the time at which certain animals are most active are chief among them.
Divergent evolution | Causes
Outline of evolution
Outline of biology | Evolution
The player with the largest number of victory points at the end of the game is the winner. The rankings of players in match are determined as follows: Card can be played as:
Evolution: Random Mutations | Place definition in match
William Bateson in 1884 distinguished between the origin of novel variations and the action of natural selection ("Materials for the Study of Variation Treated with Especial Regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species").
Emergent evolution | Response to Darwin's "Origin of Species"
The rate of evolution is a variable of considerable interest in evolutionary biology. It concerns the limits of adaptation to natural environments as well as the limits of artificial selection.
Rate of evolution | Introduction
The cladogram is based on Betancur-R et al., 2017.
Percomorpha | Evolution
Evolution by means of natural selection is the process by which traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common in successive generations of a population. It has often been called a "self-evident" mechanism because it necessarily follows from three simple facts: More offspring are produced than can possibly survive, and these conditions produce competition between organisms for survival and reproduction. Consequently, organisms with traits that give them an advantage over their competitors are more likely to pass on their traits to the next generation than those with traits that do not confer an advantage. This teleonomy is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform.
Evolution | Natural selection
The Encyclopedia of Evolution is a print encyclopedia of evolutionary biology, edited by Mark Pagel. A similar book, the "Cambridge Encyclopedia of Evolution" is edited by Steve Jones.
Encyclopedia of Evolution | Introduction
Every variety is a deviation which becomes a species as soon as it is permanent by reproduction. Deviations in essential organs may thus gradually become new genera.
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | Evolution
In general, morphological changes are too rapid to determine from which cotemporal species a new species originated, as seen in the evolution of modern humans.
Rate of evolution | Fossil record
After the deck is empty the last turn begins. After the extinction phase of the last turn the victory points are counted. Each player is awarded victory points as follows:
Evolution: The Origin of Species | End of the game
Evolution formed an improvement to the design concept which had been pioneered with Resolution
Cambridge University Eco Racing | "Evolution"
Subsequent work into genetics, mutation, paleontology, and developmental biology expanded the applicability and scope of Darwin's original theory.
Evolution as fact and theory | Evolution
The players determine which animals managed to survive this turn and which became extinct. The cards are drawn from the top of the main deck one card at a time starting with player one. If the deck should end some players may receive fewer cards than they should to their players decks. Once the cards are drawn the turn ends. The player to the left of players one starts the new turn, he is now player one. if a player has no animals on the table and no cards in his player deck, he receives a new players deck of 10 cards at the start of the turn.
Evolution: Random Mutations | Extinction and draw phase
The hybrid then, by allopolyploidy doubled its chromosome number spontaneously, leading to the resultant and extant 2"n" = 14 species. Alternatively, the modern chromosome number could have arisen from an ancestor like "Anisocarpus scabridus", with a chromosome complement of "n =" 7, and then arisen by autopolyploidy, instead of needing to first hybridize.
Silversword alliance | Evolution
The resolution of this question awaits the outcome of further molecular studies.
Sarcocystis | Evolution
Knowledge of evolution by gene duplication has advanced more rapidly in the past 15 years due to new genomic data, more powerful computational methods of comparative inference, and new evolutionary models.
Evolution by gene duplication | Introduction
Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning with the evolutionary history of primates – in particular genus "Homo" – and leading to the emergence of "Homo sapiens" as a distinct species of the hominid family, the great apes. This process involved the gradual development of traits such as human bipedalism and language. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, paleontology, neurobiology, ethology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics. Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about , in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around .
Evolution of primates | Human evolution
When the mutation step is drawn from a multivariate normal distribution using an evolving covariance matrix, it has been hypothesized that this adapted matrix approximates the inverse Hessian of the search landscape. This hypothesis has been proven for a static model relying on a quadratic approximation. The (environmental) selection in evolution strategies is deterministic and only based on the fitness rankings, not on the actual fitness values. The resulting algorithm is therefore invariant with respect to monotonic transformations of the objective function. The simplest evolution strategy operates on a population of size two: the current point (parent) and the result of its mutation.
Evolution strategy | Methods
The process of evolution, according to Bauer, corresponds to the increase in external work, which aims to exploit additional resources to maintain living state of evolving biosystems.
Ervin Bauer | Research
Supporters of evolution: Supporters of creation or intelligent design
Outline of the creation–evolution controversy | Acceptance
Calvin and Daniel Dennett.
World Summit on Evolution | Introduction
An audiobook version has also been released, read by Dawkins and his wife Lalla Ward.
The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution | Introduction
In both natural and artificial selection the variations are a result of random mutations, and the underlying genetic processes are essentially the same. Darwin carefully observed the outcomes of artificial selection in animals and plants to form many of his arguments in support of natural selection. Much of his book "On the Origin of Species" was based on these observations of the many varieties of domestic pigeons arising from artificial selection. Darwin proposed that if humans could achieve dramatic changes in domestic animals in short periods, then natural selection, given millions of years, could produce the differences seen in living things today.
Introduction to evolution | Artificial selection
(searchable on iTunes)
A Primitive Evolution | "A.P.E." (2009)
Darwin and his contemporaries viewed evolution as a slow and gradual process. Evolutionary trees are based on the idea that profound differences in species are the result of many small changes that accumulate over long periods. Gradualism had its basis in the works of the geologists James Hutton and Charles Lyell. Hutton's view suggests that profound geological change was the cumulative product of a relatively slow continuing operation of processes which can still be seen in operation today, as opposed to catastrophism which promoted the idea that sudden changes had causes which can no longer be seen at work. A uniformitarian perspective was adopted for biological changes.
Introduction to evolution | Rate of change
Darwin gained extensive experience as he collected and studied the natural history of life forms from distant places. Through his studies, he formulated the idea that each species had developed from ancestors with similar features. In 1838, he described how a process he called natural selection would make this happen. The size of a population depends on how much and how many resources are able to support it. For the population to remain the same size year after year, there must be an equilibrium, or balance between the population size and available resources. Since organisms produce more offspring than their environment can support, not all individuals can survive out of each generation.
Introduction to evolution | Natural selection
The orthologs were sorted by increasing data of divergence and sequence similarity
C16orf86 | Evolution
At the beginning of this phase all animals which are not fully fed are put into corresponding player's discard piles, along with their traits, and all the pairwise traits associated with them. Each player has its own discard pile. The cards are put into a discard pile with lizard face facing up. Players can look at cards in their own discard pile but not ones in piles of other players. Then the first player deals new cards : one at a time in order, beginning from the first player. Each player gets in total the following number of cards: 1 + the number of survived animals belonging to the player.
Evolution: The Origin of Species | Extinction and draw phase
Their present ranges are consequently still separated by the Amazonas river. (Pereira & Baker 2004)
Crax | Evolution
Each turn of the game consists of four phases: During each phase players act in order moving clockwise. The player who can't or doesn't want to act passes. Each phase ends when nobody can or want to act.
Evolution: The Origin of Species | The game turn structure
In these situations, learning evolves in the species.
Learning | In animal evolution
Evolution: Plantarium - third official expansion published in 2016. New entities, traits, and rules where added:
Evolution: The Origin of Species | Evolution. Plantarium
A central organizing concept in biology is that life changes and develops through evolution, and that all life-forms known have a common origin. The theory of evolution postulates that all organisms on the Earth, both living and extinct, have descended from a common ancestor or an ancestral gene pool. This universal common ancestor of all organisms is believed to have appeared about 3.5 billion years ago. Biologists regard the ubiquity of the genetic code as definitive evidence in favor of the theory of universal common descent for all bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes (see: origin of life). The term "evolution" was introduced into the scientific lexicon by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck in 1809, and fifty years later Charles Darwin posited a scientific model of natural selection as evolution's driving force.
Biology | Evolution
The biggest characteristic of the game is the evolution of the player's ship. The ship starts out in a form called BEAS, and evolves when the player collects EVOL capsules, which appear when certain enemies are killed. The player's ship grows in size and strength as it evolves, but certain forms may be difficult to use effectively, so the player must pace the evolution properly in order to succeed. There are 19 different evolutionary forms in total. The ship's attacks that target airborne enemies gradually increase in strength as the ship evolves, but the attacks against enemies on the ground cannot be improved in the same way.
Darwin 4078 | Evolution system
Distinctive human genetic variability has arisen as the result of the founder effect, by archaic admixture and by recent evolutionary pressures.
Human evolution | "H. sapiens"
Simplified cladogram from Senter (2007).
Evolution of reptiles | Bird evolution
Reverse evolution is another special form that occurs if the player is hit by an enemy attack after a specific set of normal evolutions. The reverse evolutionary form, BLACK DEAME, is bat-like, and bears a completely different appearance from any of the other forms. The ship is unaffected by enemy attacks, and packs an extraordinary amount of firepower as it shoots numerous smaller versions of itself as its main attack. However, if the player fails to collect an EVOL capsule during the allotted period of time, the ship immediately devolves into the weakest form, making the transformation a double-edged sword.
Darwin 4078 | Reverse evolution
Jonas Salks is optimistic that humanity is capable of merging intuition with reason in order to find the path that leads to conscious evolution: "“It now remains for human beings to decide the ultimate course of human evolution. By imagining ourselves inside the process of evolution and by imagining the process of evolution working inside our minds, we may discover how to deal with the opportunities that might influence the direction of evolutionary choices.”"
Conscious evolution | Opinions
A video compilation was also released on DVD.
Evolution: The Hits | Introduction
In response, the plant has evolved swollen thorns that the ants use as shelter and special flower parts that the ants eat. Such coevolution does not imply that the ants and the tree choose to behave in an altruistic manner. Rather, across a population small genetic changes in both ant and tree benefited each. The benefit gave a slightly higher chance of the characteristic being passed on to the next generation. Over time, successive mutations created the relationship we observe today.
Introduction to evolution | Coevolution
Here we return to the population level. Over many generations, the success of the species' behaviour in its ancestral environment—or more technically, the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA) may result in evolution as measured by a change in its genes.
Tinbergen's four questions | Causal relationships
The latter belief is related to anthropocentrism, the idea that human existence is the point of all universal existence. Such thinking can lead on to the idea that species evolve because they "need to" in order to adapt to environmental changes. Biologists refer to this misconception as teleology, the idea of intrinsic finality that things are "supposed" to be and behave a certain way, and naturally tend to act that way to pursue their own good. From a biological viewpoint, in contrast, if species evolve it is not a reaction to necessity, but rather that the population contains variations with traits that favour their natural selection.
Devolution (biology) | Context
Evolution is merely the tool of God's design. Evolution, and even the great struggle for existence that "selects" some animals to survive and others to die, is the instrument with which God designs human beings and other animals. On this view, Darwinian evolution is consistent with the belief that God, through evolution, produced human beings for a purpose. Other philosophers, such as Henri Bergson and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, have also argued that the process of evolution is not blind and random, but directed and purposeful.
George I. Mavrodes | Work