Galileo is mentioned several times in the "opera" section of the Queen song, "Bohemian Rhapsody". He features prominently in the song "Galileo" performed by the Indigo Girls and Amy Grant's "Galileo" on her "Heart in Motion" album. Twentieth-century plays have been written on Galileo's life, including "Life of Galileo" (1943) by the German playwright Bertolt Brecht, with a film adaptation (1975) of it, and "Lamp at Midnight" (1947) by Barrie Stavis, as well as the 2008 play "Galileo Galilei". Kim Stanley Robinson wrote a science fiction novel entitled "Galileo's Dream" (2009), in which Galileo is brought into the future to help resolve a crisis of scientific philosophy; the story moves back and forth between Galileo's own time and a hypothetical distant future and contains a great deal of biographical information.
In artistic and popular media
Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei | In artistic and popular media
Yes, in the "opera" section of the Queen song, "Bohemian Rhapsody". Yes, in the Queen song, "Bohemian Rhapsody", the song "Galileo" performed by the Indigo Girls and Amy Grant's "Galileo", "Life of Galileo" (play). Yes, he  is mentioned several times in the "opera" section, plays,  science fiction novel etc. Yes, he is mentioned several times in the "opera" section of the Queen song, "Bohemian Rhapsody". He features prominently in the song "Galileo" performed by the Indigo Girls and Amy Grant's "Galileo" on her "Heart in Motion" album.
of the four galilean moons which is the closest to jupiter
user
Io
assistant
who discovered it?
user
Galileo Galilei
assistant
who was he?
user
An Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer.
assistant
has he invented anything?
user
Thermoscope
assistant
what is it used for?
user
It is a device that shows changes in temperature.
assistant
is there any references of him in any art form?
user
Despite becoming blind in 1638, he continued to write some of his most significant works. In 1634 he suffered the loss of his favorite daughter, Celeste, but continued to work on "Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences" ("Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze"), in which he presented his theories on the strength and resistance of materials and on motion. Shortly after Galileo moved to Arcetri, he received visits from Ferdinando II de' Medici as well as the painter Giusto Sustermans, who painted a portrait of the famous scientist. Other guests were the Ambassador of the Netherlands (Galileo had printed many of his books in Leiden) and the English poet John Milton.
Villa Il Gioiello | Galileo
He was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been erected there in his honour; during this move, three fingers and a tooth were removed from his remains. These fingers are currently on exhibition at the Museo Galileo in Florence, Italy.
Galileo Galilei | Death
In fluid dynamics, the Galilei number (Ga), sometimes also referred to as Galileo number (see discussion), is a dimensionless number named after Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). It may be regarded as proportional to gravity forces divided by viscous forces. The Galilei number is used in viscous flow and thermal expansion calculations, for example to describe fluid film flow over walls. These flows apply to condensers or chemical columns.
Galilei number | Introduction
Galileo says there is no point in speculating about the 'essence' of sunspots, or indeed of other things, but since writing his last letter he has spent time thinking about the uniform motion of the sunspots within a specific band around the Sun's surface. He asks, in passing, 'is there not still a controversy over whether the Earth itself remains immobile, or wanders?', which is an oblique reference to the idea, required by Copernicus' model of the universe, that the earth must rotate on its own axis every day. Lastly, he humorously compares scholars who insist that every detail of Aristotle's writing must be true, whether it corresponds with reality or not, with those artists who draw portraits of people in fruit and vegetables.
Letters on Sunspots | Introduction
Galileo's early works describing scientific instruments include the 1586 tract entitled "The Little Balance" ("La Billancetta") describing an accurate balance to weigh objects in air or water and the 1606 printed manual "Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare" on the operation of a geometrical and military compass. His early works on dynamics, the science of motion and mechanics were his "circa" 1590 Pisan "De Motu" (On Motion) and his "circa" 1600 Paduan "Le Meccaniche" (Mechanics). The former was based on Aristotelian–Archimedean fluid dynamics and held that the speed of gravitational fall in a fluid medium was proportional to the excess of a body's specific weight over that of the medium, whereby in a vacuum, bodies would fall with speeds in proportion to their specific weights.
Galileo Galilei | Writings
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was a scientist and philosopher. Galileo Galilei may also refer to:
Galileo Galilei (disambiguation) | Introduction
His proposed solution, that infinite numbers cannot be compared, is no longer considered useful.
Galileo Galilei | Mathematics
In the final days of his life, the now blind Galileo Galilei remembers the things in his life that he can no longer see. "Recantation" The officials of the Catholic Church rebuke the scientist for not relenting on his theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun. The Pope hands down his sentence, and then reminds Galileo of a time when they walked in the garden as friends.
Galileo Galilei (opera) | Synopsis
A Galileo thermometer (or Galilean thermometer) is a thermometer made of a sealed glass cylinder containing a clear liquid and several glass vessels of varying density. The individual floats rise or fall in proportion to their respective density and the density of the surrounding liquid as the temperature changes. It is named after Galileo Galilei because he discovered the principle on which this thermometer is based—that the density of a liquid changes in proportion to its temperature.
Galileo thermometer | Introduction
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was a scientist and philosopher. Galileo may also refer to:
Galileo (disambiguation) | Introduction
The portrait is a half bust showing Galileo's face on which the light source falls and looking upwards outside the frame. At the time of the painting, Galileo was around 70 years old. The work is executed in a thickly painted texture similar to 16th-century Venetian painting. The presence of Pietro da Cortona in Florence from 1637 may have been another element in his stylistic evolution. From the mid 1640s he returned to his earlier handling of surfaces, with sharp contrasts between light and shadow. An example is the full-length (Museo Nazionale di Palazzo Mansi, 1646). In the mid-50s there was a dip in the quality of his output.
Justus Sustermans | Work
This painting was completed within a year or two of Galileo's death, as it is dated 1643 or 1645 (the last digit is partially obscured). The painting is not historically correct, because it depicts Galileo in a dungeon, but nonetheless shows that some variant of the ""Eppur si muove"" anecdote was in circulation immediately after his death, when many who had known him were still alive to attest to it, and that it had been circulating for over a century before it was published.
And yet it moves | Overview
Renaissance artists and authors have shown a particular interest in pareidolia. In William Shakespeare's play "Hamlet", for example, the character Hamlet points at the sky and "demonstrates" his supposed madness in this exchange with Polonius: HAMLET POLONIUS HAMLET POLONIUS HAMLET POLONIUS Graphic artists have often used pareidolia in paintings and drawings: Andrea Mantegna, Leonardo Da Vinci, Giotto, Hans Holbein, Giuseppe Arcimboldo, and many more have shown images—often human faces—that due to pareidolia appear in objects or clouds. In his notebooks, Leonardo da Vinci wrote of pareidolia as a device for painters, writing:
Pareidolia | Literature and art
Galileo made original contributions to the science of motion through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics. More typical of science at the time were the qualitative studies of William Gilbert, on magnetism and electricity. Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, a lutenist and music theorist, had performed experiments establishing perhaps the oldest known non-linear relation in physics: for a stretched string, the pitch varies as the square root of the tension. These observations lay within the framework of the Pythagorean tradition of music, well known to instrument makers, which included the fact that subdividing a string by a whole number produces a harmonious scale.
Galileo Galilei | Scientific methods
On the other hand, the figures show some of the characteristic stiffness and lack of finish in the extremities of the time. They are also crowded.
Guglielmo Agnelli | Biography
Many scholars credit him with directing the activity of his son away from pure, abstract mathematics and towards experimentation using mathematical quantitative description of the results, a direction of importance for the history of physics and natural science.
Vincenzo Galilei | Introduction
"Opening Song"
Galileo Galilei (opera) | Production notes
http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/labrosse.html
Guy de La Brosse | Sources
Giuseppe's innovation in theatre and in architecture embodied the Baroque/Classical style of the time period. His designs focused on detail, majesty, grandeur, and demonstrated a classical theme which was considered “true art” in the society of that time. Because of this, Giuseppe thrived as an artist. Although most of Giuseppe's designs were made to be temporary and are no longer accessible, many of his drawings were published. His efforts to combine architecture and painting through the perspective can easily be seen in three series of engravings: "Alcina" (in 1716), "Costanza e Fortezza" (1723 "Constancy and Fortitude"); and "Architetture e prospettive" (1740 "Architecture and Perspective").
Giuseppe Galli Bibiena | Style
Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (; 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath, from Pisa. Galileo has been called the "father of observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", the "father of the scientific method", and the "father of modern science". Galileo studied speed and velocity, gravity and free fall, the principle of relativity, inertia, projectile motion and also worked in applied science and technology, describing the properties of pendulums and "hydrostatic balances", inventing the thermoscope and various military compasses, and using the telescope for scientific observations of celestial objects.
Galileo Galilei | Introduction
Somewhat later he became interested in the attempts to revive ancient Greek music and drama, by way of his association with the Florentine Camerata, a group of poets, musicians and intellectuals led by Count Giovanni de' Bardi, as well as his contacts with Girolamo Mei, the foremost scholar of the time of ancient Greek music. Galilei composed two books of madrigals, as well as music for lute, and a considerable quantity of music for voice and lute; this latter category is considered to be his most important contribution as it anticipated in many ways the style of the early Baroque.
Vincenzo Galilei | Biography
Galileo's theoretical and experimental work on the motions of bodies, along with the largely independent work of Kepler and René Descartes, was a precursor of the classical mechanics developed by Sir Isaac Newton. Galileo conducted several experiments with pendulums. It is popularly believed (thanks to the biography by Vincenzo Viviani) that these began by watching the swings of the bronze chandelier in the cathedral of Pisa, using his pulse as a timer. Later experiments are described in his "Two New Sciences". Galileo claimed that a simple pendulum is isochronous, i.e. that its swings always take the same amount of time, independently of the amplitude.
Galileo Galilei | Physics
It was not until the work of Christiaan Huygens, almost one hundred years later, that the tautochrone nature of a swinging pendulum was used to create an accurate timepiece. Up to this point, Galileo had deliberately been kept away from mathematics, since a physician earned a higher income than a mathematician. However, after accidentally attending a lecture on geometry, he talked his reluctant father into letting him study mathematics and natural philosophy instead of medicine. He created a thermoscope, a forerunner of the thermometer, and, in 1586, published a small book on the design of a hydrostatic balance he had invented (which first brought him to the attention of the scholarly world).
Galileo Galilei | Career as a scientist
The painting is now in the collection of the Museo Galileo, Florence.
Tabula scalata | History
The debate on the correct attribution of the "Guidoriccio" raged for decades in scientific journals as well as in the wider media; still no final conclusion has been reached. It is unusual for a debate among art historians about the dating and attribution of a 14th-century work of art to take this long and get so much public attention. Those who think that it is a work by Simone Martini base their opinion on stylistic similarities with his other work. Their opponents point out facts concerning the technical preparation of the fresco and possible anachronisms in the imagery that would make it unlikely that it was painted around 1330.
Guidoriccio da Fogliano at the siege of Montemassi | New ideas about dating
Thus, a limited amount of mathematics had long related music and physical science, and young Galileo could see his own father's observations expand on that tradition. Galileo was one of the first modern thinkers to clearly state that the laws of nature are mathematical. In "The Assayer", he wrote "Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe ... It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures;..." His mathematical analyses are a further development of a tradition employed by late scholastic natural philosophers, which Galileo learned when he studied philosophy.
Galileo Galilei | Scientific methods
The decidedly anti-Aristotelian and anti-clerical music theorist Vincenzo Galilei (c. 1520 – 1591), father of Galileo and the inventor of monody, made use of the method in successfully solving musical problems, firstly, of tuning such as the relationship of pitch to string tension and mass in stringed instruments, and to volume of air in wind instruments; and secondly to composition, by his various suggestions to composers in his "Dialogo della musica antica e moderna" (Florence, 1581). The Italian word he used for "experiment" was "esperienza". It is known that he was the essential pedagogical influence upon the young Galileo, his eldest son (cf.
Empiricism | Renaissance Italy
Galileo Chini (1873, Florence – 1956) was an Italian decorator, designer, painter, and potter. A prominent member of the Italian Liberty style movement, or Italian Art Nouveau, he taught decorative arts at the Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence. He was responsible for several of the paintings and decorations in the Brandini Chapel at Castelfiorentino, the church of San Francesco de' Ferri in Pisa, and the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall in Bangkok. His theatrical work included designing the sets for the European premiere of Puccini's opera "Gianni Schicchi" (Rome, January 1919) and the world premiere of his "Turandot" (Milan, 1926).
Galileo Chini | Introduction
The equations below are only physically valid in a Newtonian framework, and not applicable to coordinate systems moving relative to each other at speeds approaching the speed of light. Galileo formulated these concepts in his description of "uniform motion". The topic was motivated by his description of the motion of a ball rolling down a ramp, by which he measured the numerical value for the acceleration of gravity near the surface of the Earth.
Galilean transformation | Introduction
Although Galileo seriously considered the priesthood as a young man, at his father's urging he instead enrolled in 1580 at the University of Pisa for a medical degree. In 1581, when he was studying medicine, he noticed a swinging chandelier, which air currents shifted about to swing in larger and smaller arcs. To him, it seemed, by comparison with his heartbeat, that the chandelier took the same amount of time to swing back and forth, no matter how far it was swinging. When he returned home, he set up two pendulums of equal length and swung one with a large sweep and the other with a small sweep and found that they kept time together.
Galileo Galilei | Career as a scientist
His work marked another step towards the eventual separation of science from both philosophy and religion; a major development in human thought. He was often willing to change his views in accordance with observation. In order to perform his experiments, Galileo had to set up standards of length and time, so that measurements made on different days and in different laboratories could be compared in a reproducible fashion. This provided a reliable foundation on which to confirm mathematical laws using inductive reasoning. Galileo showed a modern appreciation for the proper relationship between mathematics, theoretical physics, and experimental physics. He understood the parabola, both in terms of conic sections and in terms of the ordinate (y) varying as the square of the abscissa (x).
Galileo Galilei | Scientific methods
Galileo tended to refer to himself only by his given name. At the time, surnames were optional in Italy, and his given name had the same origin as his sometimes-family name, Galilei. Both his given and family name ultimately derive from an ancestor, Galileo Bonaiuti, an important physician, professor, and politician in Florence in the 15th century. Galileo Bonaiuti was buried in the same church, the Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence, where about 200 years later his more famous descendant Galileo Galilei was also buried. When he did refer to himself with more than one name, it was sometimes as Galileo Galilei Linceo, a reference to his being a member of the Academy of Lincei, an elite pro-science organization in Italy.
Galileo Galilei | Name
Vincenzo Galilei (born 3 April 1520, Santa Maria a Monte, Italy died 2 July 1591, Florence, Italy) was an Italian lutenist, composer, and music theorist, and the father of astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei and the lute virtuoso and composer Michelagnolo Galilei. Vincenzo was a figure in the musical life of the late Renaissance and contributed significantly to the musical revolution which demarcates the beginning of the Baroque era. In his study of pitch and string tension, Galilei produced perhaps the first non-linear mathematical description of a natural phenomenon known to history. It was an extension of a Pythagorean tradition but went beyond it.
Vincenzo Galilei | Introduction
In 1638, Galileo described an experimental method to measure the speed of light by arranging that two observers, each having lanterns equipped with shutters, observe each other's lanterns at some distance. The first observer opens the shutter of his lamp, and, the second, upon seeing the light, immediately opens the shutter of his own lantern. The time between the first observer's opening his shutter and seeing the light from the second observer's lamp indicates the time it takes light to travel back and forth between the two observers. Galileo reported that when he tried this at a distance of less than a mile, he was unable to determine whether or not the light appeared instantaneously.
Galileo Galilei | Physics
While Galileo's application of mathematics to experimental physics was innovative, his mathematical methods were the standard ones of the day, including dozens of examples of an inverse proportion square root method passed down from Fibonacci and Archimedes. The analysis and proofs relied heavily on the Eudoxian theory of proportion, as set forth in the fifth book of Euclid's Elements. This theory had become available only a century before, thanks to accurate translations by Tartaglia and others; but by the end of Galileo's life, it was being superseded by the algebraic methods of Descartes. The concept now named Galileo's paradox was not original with him.
Galileo Galilei | Mathematics
A number of Galileo’s notes, sketches and drawings on various topics, including motion, were recorded or copied by Arrighetti.
Niccolò Arrighetti | Relationship with Galileo
According to Stephen Hawking, some historians believe this episode might have happened upon Galileo's transfer from house arrest under the watch of Archbishop Ascanio Piccolomini to "another home, in the hills above Florence". This other home was also his own, the "Villa Il Gioiello", in Arcetri. The earliest biography of Galileo, written by his disciple Vincenzo Viviani in 1655–1656, does not mention this phrase, and records of his trial do not cite it. Some authors say it would have been imprudent for Galileo to have said such a thing before the Inquisition. In 1911, the words ""E pur si muove"" were found on a Spanish painting which had just been acquired by an art collector, Jules van Belle, of Roeselare, Belgium.
And yet it moves | Overview
https://archive.org/details/VinciOperaArtaserseLOperaDeNancy20121110
Leonardo Vinci | External links
Galileo told his biographer that Vincenzo introduced him to the idea of systematic testing and measurement through their Pisa house basement which was strung with lengths of lute string materials, each of different lengths, with different weights attached. Galilei made discoveries in acoustics, particularly involving the physics of vibrating strings and columns of air. He discovered that while the ratio of an interval is proportional to string lengths - for example, a perfect fifth has the proportions of 3:2 - it varied with the "square root" of the tension applied (and the cube root of concave volumes of air). Weights suspended from strings of equal length need to be in a ratio of 9:4 to produce the 3:2 perfect fifth.
Vincenzo Galilei | Acoustics and music theory
Galileo also studied "disegno", a term encompassing fine art, and, in 1588, obtained the position of instructor in the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno in Florence, teaching perspective and chiaroscuro. Being inspired by the artistic tradition of the city and the works of the Renaissance artists, Galileo acquired an aesthetic mentality. While a young teacher at the Accademia, he began a lifelong friendship with the Florentine painter Cigoli. In 1589, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa. In 1591, his father died, and he was entrusted with the care of his younger brother Michelagnolo. In 1592, he moved to the University of Padua where he taught geometry, mechanics, and astronomy until 1610.
Galileo Galilei | Career as a scientist
The series is not a scientific depiction, but does capture some views at a time when kilns and sites were still actively dismantling the remains of ancient edifices. The prints may have influenced Vasi and later Piranesi. Some of the views, however border on being fanciful capricci. Among his engravings are:
Giovanni Battista Mercati | Biography
Regular courses dedicated to schools are held on the most important characters in the history of science, from Galileo Galilei to the physicists of the 20th century.
Domus Galilaeana | Museum
The search for scientific applications for art and artistic responses for science has been central to his education and subsequent specialized works. This concern for the symbiosis between art and the humanities/sciences, typical of the Renaissance yet still valid today, has been a characteristic since his career began in all of his research, teaching, professional and management activities, which are very useful in managing teams that require integration of two fields that are supposedly so different. 1. Studies on the conservation and restoration of monuments, painting with an easel and textiles: Especially concerning the Alhambra as regards the bio-deterioration of hydraulic architecture, for example the monumental fountains, with diagnosis and treatment of bio-deterioration using biological agents (bacteria, vascular plants, algae, fungi, insects and vertebrates).
Fernando Bolívar Galiano | Arts and Science in his Work
He always spoke to young pupils, but never once said, here's how it works. Woe to art teachers who argue and write, used to say Canova, it is a sign that they dare not and can not do (art). Others are less biting, for example, Francesco Inghirami said that: He settled in Florence but worked little and reluctantly due to his poor health he had. If the right audience does not find in him an exceptional painter, he was an amazing teacher, erudite in theories, highly eloquent, and most loving in teaching his students.
Pietro Petroni | Biography
Sagredo's portrait was by Leandro Bassano. The portrait represents him with his commission from the Doge in front of him on a kilim which was a gift from Abbas I in exchange for the offer of scientific instruments. The portrait, currently in the Ashmolean Museum hung in the rooms of Galileo while he wrote both the "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems" of 1632 and the "Two New Sciences" of 1638. It is in these works that Galileo immortalised his friend: Sagredo is one of the characters in these works. The "Dialogue" is even set in a Sagredo palace, although in reality Sagredo left the family palace in 1611.
Giovanni Francesco Sagredo | Later relationship with Galileo
The two met rarely. They were separated not only by distance, but by Galileo's often ailing health. Sadly, they were ultimately separated by her death at the age of 33, a source of incredible sadness for Galileo. However, their connection in this opera serves to give his story a more personal rendering. The story itself is told backwards through time. It begins with an aged Galileo, blinded from having looked at the Sun too often and ends with him as a child. This is related to the function of a telescope, which works by reversing images with lenses. Much of the staging in this production is representative of Galileo's theories and follows the patterns of the discoveries, planets, and constellations that his inventions made known to the world.
Galileo Galilei (opera) | Production notes
Galileo made studies of sunspots, the Milky Way, and made various observations about stars, including how to measure their apparent size without a telescope.
Galileo Galilei | Astronomy
On the other hand, historian Scott Mandelbrote writes: Mandelbrote's judgment has found support in later work by professional historians specializing on Newton, including Robert Iliffe and William R. Newman. According to Newman,
Nicolas Fatio de Duillier | Cultural references
"Air" displays a cornucopia of small birds that combine to create a slender male face. The majority of the birds are only partially visible which allow the artist to create the face and hair. The body is formed by a peacock; the goatee is a tail of a pheasant, and a duck forms the eyelids. The eagle and peacock are references to the Habsburg dynasty. Giuseppe included this reference to please his patrons and form a permanent bond between the painting and the Habsburgs. Unlike the others, "Fire" is formed from inanimate objects. "Flint" and "steel" form the nose and ear.
The Four Elements (Arcimboldo) | Description
It is found presently in Museo degli Argenti in Florence.
Giuseppe Antonio Torricelli | Introduction
Galileo made a number of contributions to what is now known as engineering, as distinct from pure physics. Between 1595 and 1598, Galileo devised and improved a geometric and military compass suitable for use by gunners and surveyors. This expanded on earlier instruments designed by Niccolò Tartaglia and Guidobaldo del Monte. For gunners, it offered, in addition to a new and safer way of elevating cannons accurately, a way of quickly computing the charge of gunpowder for cannonballs of different sizes and materials. As a geometric instrument, it enabled the construction of any regular polygon, computation of the area of any polygon or circular sector, and a variety of other calculations.
Galileo Galilei | Engineering
'As long as these oddities are offered as jokes, they are nice and pleasing... but if someone, perhaps because he had consumed all his studies in a similar style of painting, then wanted to draw the general conclusion that every other method of imitating was imperfect and blameworthy, surely Cigoli and other celebrated painters would laugh at him.'
Letters on Sunspots | Introduction
Galileo expressed the time-squared law using geometrical constructions and mathematically precise words, adhering to the standards of the day. (It remained for others to re-express the law in algebraic terms).
Galileo Galilei | Falling bodies
Banti was born into a middle class family in Santa Croce sull'Arno. A scholarship enabled him to study at the with Francesco Nenci. At this time, he worked in the Neo-Classical style and produced what is perhaps his best-known work, "Galileo Facing the Inquisition". In 1854, he moved to Florence and became an habitué of the Caffè Michelangiolo, an important meeting place for local artists. It was here that he had his introduction to the Macchiaioli movement. His conversion to the movement's aesthetic ideals was such that he sought to have "Galileo" removed from display because he had "dishonored art without knowing it".
Cristiano Banti | Biography
to see prof. Luisi scientific references-over 600 peer reviewed papers-see his official site www.plluisi.org.
Pier Luigi Luisi | References
Of the many artists who painted such manuscripts, William is one of only two whose name has been recorded.
Brailes | History
Alessandro Maria Gaetano Galilei (25 August 1691 – 21 December 1737) was an Italian mathematician, architect and theorist, a member of the same patrician family of Galileo.
Alessandro Galilei | Introduction
It reaches its end with Galileo — as a young boy — watching an opera composed by his father, Vincenzo Galilei, who was a member of the Florentine Camerata, an association of artists who are credited with creating the art form that came to be known as opera. Ironically, his father's opera is about the motions of the celestial bodies. The opera has been revived with new productions in 2012 by Madison Opera and Portland Opera. The Portland Opera production was recorded by Orange Mountain Music.
Galileo Galilei (opera) | Introduction
De Motu Antiquiora ("The Older Writings on Motion"), or simply De Motu, is Galileo Galilei's early written work on motion. It was written largely between 1589 and 1592, but was not published until 1687, after his death. It was never published during his lifetime due to a few uncertainties in his mathematics and certain parts of his understanding. Because it was never published during his life, he never composed a final draft. In the last parts of his work, the writing style changes from an essay to a dialogue between two people who strongly uphold his views. By writing this book in the 16th century, Galileo was on the forefront of investigating the motion of falling bodies.
De Motu Antiquiora | Introduction
The winning name was submitted by the Royal Netherlands Association for Meteorology and Astronomy of the Netherlands. It honors early-17th century astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei.
55 Cancri b | Introduction
They thanked me for standing up to a bully."
Galileo's Middle Finger | Synopsis
The use of recitative in opera is widely attributed to Galilei, since he was one of the inventors of monody, the musical style closest to recitative.
Vincenzo Galilei | Biography
In attributing the panel of St. Agnes to Memmi, Heaton states that it is “...a panel endowed with unity of design and characteristics rarely found in the works of an artist not possessing a more independent, creative personality than is usually predicated of Lippo Memmi”. The New Testament cycle of frescos in the Collegiate Church of San Gimignano, though to date from the 1340s, are now generally attributed to Lippo Memmi. Traditionally they were attributed to Barna of Siena, but it is thought now that this artist never existed, even though the attribution dates from the writing of the Renaissance art biographer Giorgio Vasari.
Lippo Memmi | Attribution and artistic legacy
Sometime between Galileo's death and 1667, the members of the Florentine "Accademia del Cimento" repeated the experiment over a distance of about a mile and obtained a similarly inconclusive result. We now know that the speed of light is far too fast to be measured by such methods (with human shutter-openers on Earth). Galileo put forward the basic principle of relativity, that the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line, regardless of its particular speed or direction. Hence, there is no absolute motion or absolute rest. This principle provided the basic framework for Newton's laws of motion and is central to Einstein's special theory of relativity.
Galileo Galilei | Physics
Bibl. : Gilbert Creighton, « Antique Framework for Renaissance Art Theory : Alberti and Pino », Marsyas 3 (1946).
Paolo Pino | Sources
Galileo further asserted that the parabola was the theoretically ideal trajectory of a uniformly accelerated projectile in the absence of air resistance or other disturbances. He conceded that there are limits to the validity of this theory, noting on theoretical grounds that a projectile trajectory of a size comparable to that of the Earth could not possibly be a parabola, but he nevertheless maintained that for distances up to the range of the artillery of his day, the deviation of a projectile's trajectory from a parabola would be only very slight.
Galileo Galilei | Scientific methods
Leonardo's pupils and followers copied or closely imitated many of his pictures. Several of his important works exist only as copies by his admirers. These include: Other much much-copied works include:
Cultural references to Leonardo da Vinci | Copies
Among his pupils were Paolo Bonomino, Cesare Femi, and Pietro Gualdi (18th century painter).
Fra Galgario | Biography
In 1872, after several changing of hands, the tower came to Count Paolo Galletti who opened a small museum dedicated to Galileo, in which busts, portraits and heirlooms were housed. Now, they are mostly found in the Museo di Storia della Scienza in Piazza dei Giudici. The count commissioned painter Gaetano Bianchi to create frescoes in the rooms of the museum. The present appearance of the tower, however, is the result of the neo-medieval restoration style, which was carried out between 1904 and 1906 from the antiques dealer Stefano Bardini, who bought the tower in 1902 and was also responsible for the Museo Bardini.
Torre del Gallo | The Galilean Museum and Stefano Bardini
His pictures are distinguished by their close adherence to nature and the delicacy and technical perfection of their execution. His technical skill is shown by the fact that several copies he made of Correggio's works were thought to be duplicates by Correggio himself. His extreme fastidiousness limited the number of his works. Several examples are to be seen at Florence and elsewhere.
Cristofano Allori | Introduction
His artistic production traveled numerous exposition rooms. Some of them are:
Ricardo Migliorisi | Museums and collections
http://www.florenusedizioni.com/ilsuono.htm http://www.artigianatoartistico.it/fiera_maestriliutai.htm#obignami https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170546/http://www.ideapianoro.org/Giornale/2003/02/305.htm
Raffaele Fiorini | References
Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo's microscopes and published in 1625, appear to have been the first clear documentation of the use of a compound microscope.
Galileo Galilei | Engineering
For Galileo to persuade his readers that sunspots were not planets but a much more transient and nebulous phenomenon, he needed illustrations which were larger, more detailed, more nuanced, and more 'natural.' "Letters on Sunspots" carried 38 engravings of sunspots, providing a visual narrative of the sun's appearance from 2 June – 8 July 1612, with some additional illustrations from August. This extensive visual representation, with its large scale and high-quality reproduction, allowed readers to see for themselves how sunspots waxed and waned as the sun rotated. The impact of this series of illustrations was to create a near-photographic sense of reality.
Letters on Sunspots | Use of diagrams and illustrations
Now Galileo turns to Apelles' illustrations of sunspots, and begins to use them to show how his arguments about sunspot motion are false. He and recalls how Apelles depicts them coming into view, foreshortened, before appearing at their full width. He then demonstrates that for the spots Apelles had observed to change in apparent size as they did, they would need to be on the face of the Sun, because if they were even a short distance above its surface the foreshortening effect would be remarkably different. Galileo challenges Apelles' assertion that he had seen different spots moving at different speeds; particularly that he had seen spots on the Sun's diameter rotate more rapidly than those at higher latitudes.
Letters on Sunspots | The movement of sunspots
These equations described physical relationships in a precise, self-consistent manner. One prominent example is the "ball and ramp experiment." In this experiment Galileo used an inclined plane and several steel balls of different weights. With this design, Galileo was able to slow down the falling motion and record, with reasonable accuracy, the times at which a steel ball passed certain markings on a beam. Galileo disproved Aristotle's assertion that weight affects the speed of an object's fall. According to Aristotle's Theory of Falling Bodies, the heavier steel ball would reach the ground before the lighter steel ball. Galileo's hypothesis was that the two balls would reach the ground at the same time.
History of experiments | Galileo Galilei
In the following years he often refers to Galilei as "rabbi Galileo," an ambiguous phrase which may simply mean "my master, Galileo." (Delmedigo never calls him "our teacher and master, Rabbi Galileo," which would be the typical way of referring to an actual rabbi.) Elijah Montalto, physician of Maria de Medici, is also mentioned as one of his teachers.
Joseph Solomon Delmedigo | Introduction
It was common for mid-sixteenth-century Tuscan families to name the eldest son after the parents' surname. Hence, Galileo Galilei was not necessarily named after his ancestor Galileo Bonaiuti. The Italian male given name "Galileo" (and thence the surname "Galilei") derives from the Latin "Galilaeus", meaning "of Galilee", a biblically significant region in Northern Israel. Because of that region, the adjective "galilaios" (Greek Γαλιλαῖος, Latin "Galilaeus", Italian "Galileo"), which means "Galilean", has been used in antiquity (particularly by emperor Julian) to refer to Christ and his followers. The biblical roots of Galileo's name and surname were to become the subject of a famous pun.
Galileo Galilei | Name
A biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani stated that Galileo had dropped balls of the same material, but different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass. This was contrary to what Aristotle had taught: that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones, in direct proportion to weight. While this story has been retold in popular accounts, there is no account by Galileo himself of such an experiment, and it is generally accepted by historians that it was at most a thought experiment which did not actually take place.
Galileo Galilei | Falling bodies
The "Galileo" instrument is a large metal sheet the size of a barn door, and is named for Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher Galileo Galilei. The flat panel of steel works like a thunder sheet. When a handle on either station platform is moved, the sheet shakes and creates a low rumbling sound, similar to the sound of thunder, or the sound trains make when rolling through the station.
Kendall Band | "Galileo"
Giovanni Battista Giusti was a scientific- instrument maker. Giusti worked as a scientific-instrument maker in Florence for the Grand Duke's workshops around the mid-sixteenth century.
Giovanni Battista Giusti | Introduction
Galileo's earlier writing considered Juvenilia, or youthful writings, are considered his first attempts at creating lecture notes for his course "hypothesis of the celestial motions" while teaching in at the University of Padua. These notes mirrored those of his contemporaries at the Collegio as well as contained an "Aristotelian context with decided Thomistic (St. Thomas Aquinas) overtones." These earlier papers are believed to have encouraged him to apply demonstrative proof in order to give validity to his discoveries on motion. Discovery of folio 116v gives evidence of experiments that had previously not been reported and therefore demonstrated Galileo's actual calculations for the Law of Falling Bodies.
Two New Sciences | Methodology
Giovanni Battista Galestruzzi (1618–1677) was an Italian painter and etcher of the Baroque period. Born in Florence, he was a pupil of the painter Francesco Furini, then moved to Rome, where he joined the Accademia di San Luca in 1652. He was an accomplished etcher and produced works for Leonardo Agostini’s book 'Le gemme antiche figurate' (1657–9). The Roman baroque painter and engraver Giovanni Francesco Venturini was probably his pupil.
Giovanni Battista Galestruzzi | Introduction
Some have attributed this translation to the English Jesuit Thomas Plowden. Salusbury followed up with "Mathematical Collections and Translations" (1661) of important scientific works by Galileo and his contemporaries The rare second volume of translated treatises (1665) has the first biography of Galileo Galilei in English. The title page of "The Learned Man" states the work was written by "the happy pen" of p. Daniel Bartolus, S.J. The book was printed by the mathematician and surveyor William Leybourn and distributed by Thomas Dring, an important London bookseller.
L'huomo di lettere | "The Learned Man Defended and Reformed" 1660
His books were banned, and his name was disgraced. All of this, for suggesting a theory that turned out to be true. In addition to depicting Galileo's trials before the Inquisition, the opera also allows us a glance into Galileo's more personal side. Namely, in showing us his relationship to his daughter Maria Celeste, who was a nun. Maria Celeste shared her father's love of learning and science, but also understood that he was a man of great faith. She recognized that science was the very subject that served to deepen his faith, and she encouraged him on this path.
Galileo Galilei (opera) | Production notes
Sites displaying works by Muche. Also see the museum references above.
Georg Muche | External links
In support of this conclusion, Galileo had advanced the following theoretical argument: He asked if two bodies of different masses and different rates of fall are tied by a string, does the combined system fall faster because it is now more massive, or does the lighter body in its slower fall hold back the heavier body? The only convincing resolution to this question is that all bodies must fall at the same rate. A later experiment was described in Galileo's "Two New Sciences" published in 1638. One of Galileo's fictional characters, Salviati, describes an experiment using a bronze ball and a wooden ramp.
Mass | Galilean free fall
At the end of 1973 Cavellini began making works of mail art with the "25 Letters", a letter of thanks to each one of the authors who had written books about him, with translations in English, French and Spanish. He printed a catalog of the letters and mailed it to museum and gallery directors, art critics and the most famous artists. That was the first "Mostra a domicilio" (Exhibition at Home). In January 1974 he exhibited the "25 Books" at the Cenobio-Visualità Gallery in Milan. Then he created the "25 Visits" by famous historical figures, in which he was photographed wearing the suit with his story and a wooden helmet showing the name of the person.
Guglielmo Achille Cavellini | The "Exhibitions at Home"
Renaissance: Prints and the Privilegio in Sixteenth-Century ...
Giovanni Battista de'Cavalieri | References
In 1583, Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) discovered that a pendulum's harmonic motion has a constant period, which he learned by timing the motion of a swaying lamp in harmonic motion at mass at the cathedral of Pisa, with his pulse. In his "Two New Sciences" (1638), Galileo used a water clock to measure the time taken for a bronze ball to roll a known distance down an inclined plane; this clock was Galileo's experimental setup to measure the literal "flow of time", in order to describe the motion of a ball, preceded Isaac Newton's statement in his Principia:
Time in physics | Galileo: the flow of time
In the 1872 Exhibition of Fine Arts in Milan, he displayed a bas relief depicting a "Mater Salvatoris", and a bust in marble of Garibaldi.
Giovanni Spertini | Introduction
According to the "Dictionary of Biography," "The centrality of the role played by Giulio Parigi in the artistic culture of his time emerges with great clarity in the Privilege that on February 14, 1623 it was granted to him by Grand Duke Ferdinand II ... recalling how during the grandfathers of Ferdinand I and of Cosimo II there was no "factory or work famous" that had not been invented, manned and "perfected" by Parigi."
Giulio Parigi | Influence
All genius meets with extreme resistance before it is accepted as truth. In the case of Galileo, it was the mere hypothesis that the Earth revolved around the Sun. The notion was considered heretical and blasphemous by scholars and clergy alike. Much was done to destroy Galileo's reputation. And since they could not do so through scientific proof, they did so through slander and threats of torture. It was not until recently that the Catholic Church finally admitted that they were wrong in persecuting Galileo. It took hundreds of years for them to admit the mistake. Galileo died believing that all of the advancements he had made in science were for naught.
Galileo Galilei (opera) | Production notes
Many attributions are debated by art historians if are by his hand, by members of his workshop or by followers. Among them the most outstanding are:
Gil de Siloé | Attribution
Leonardo's portrait was used, within his own lifetime, as the iconic image of Plato in Raphael's "School of Athens". His biography was written in superlative terms by Vasari. He has been repeatedly acclaimed the greatest genius to have lived. His painting of the "Mona Lisa" has been the most imitated artwork of all time and his drawing the "Vitruvian Man" iconically represents the fusion of Art and Science. Leonardo's biography has appeared in many forms, both scholarly and fictionalized. Every known aspect of his life has been scrutinized and analyzed. His paintings, drawings and notebooks have been studied, reproduced and analyzed for five centuries.
Cultural references to Leonardo da Vinci | Introduction
He prepared for this painting with a large number of drawings, many of which are on display in the Louvre Museum, Paris.
Pisanello | Nobility
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/early-renaissance-artists.htm https://archive.org/stream/bollettinodellep1905bibl/bollettinodellep1905bibl_djvu.txt
Giovanni Antonio Amadeo | References
In his 1991 survey of developments in the modern accumulation of knowledge such as this Charles Van Doren considers that the Copernican Revolution really is the Galilean Cartesian (René Descartes) or simply the Galilean revolution on account of the courage and depth of change brought about by the work of Galileo.
History of scientific method | Galileo Galilei
Michelagnolo Galilei (sometimes spelled Michelangelo; 18 December 1575 – 3 January 1631) was an Italian composer and lutenist of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras, active mainly in Bavaria and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was the son of music theorist and lutenist Vincenzo Galilei, and the younger brother of the scientist Galileo Galilei.
Michelagnolo Galilei | Introduction
Galileo also performed mechanical experiments, insisting that motion itself – regardless of whether it was produced "naturally" or "artificially" (i.e. deliberately) – had universally consistent characteristics that could be described mathematically. Galileo's early studies at the University of Pisa were in medicine, but he was soon drawn to mathematics and physics. At 19, he discovered (and, subsequently, verified) the isochronal nature of the pendulum when, using his pulse, he timed the oscillations of a swinging lamp in Pisa's cathedral and found that it remained the same for each swing regardless of the swing's amplitude. He soon became known through his invention of a hydrostatic balance and for his treatise on the center of gravity of solid bodies.
History of physics | Galileo Galilei