The hot and dry climate of the park, characterized by savannah vegetation, makes it a good habitat for the endemic Komodo dragon ("Varanus komodoensis"). Their populations are restricted to the islands of Komodo (1,700), Rinca (1,300), Gili Motang (100), Gili Dasami (100), and Flores (c. 2,000), while extinct on Padar. Cloud forests appear only in few areas above 500 metres but they provide habitat to several endemic flora. Coastal vegetation includes mangrove forest, which generally appear in the sheltered bays of the three larger islands. Fringing and patch coral reefs are extensive and best developed on the north-east coast of Komodo.
Flora and fauna
Komodo National Park
Komodo National Park | Flora and fauna
Emperor angelfish, Almaco jack, spotted seahorse, bluestripe snapper, pinkish basslet and two-lined monocle bream to name a few. Many fish, mollusc, reptile and marine mammal species. Emperor angelfish, Almaco jack, spotted seahorse, among others. Marine animals
what are the major global wind systems on earth
user
polar easterlies, westerlies to name a few.
assistant
what is the first one about?
user
are the dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from the high-pressure areas towards the low-pressure areas.
assistant
how does it effect the precipitation?
user
Orographic precipitation occurs on the windward side of mountains and is caused by the rising air motion of a large-scale flow of moist air across the mountain ridge, resulting in adiabatic cooling and condensation.
assistant
are there any trade that depend on this?
user
Yes, The trade winds.
assistant
what does it mean?
user
They are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics near the Earth's equator.
assistant
what is the length of the last thing mentioned?
user
The equator is 0.16% longer than a meridian.
assistant
where is it located?
user
The precise location of the equator is not truly fixed; the true equatorial plane is perpendicular to the Earth's rotation axis, which drifts about during a year.
assistant
which all countries does it pass through?
user
The equator passes through the land of 11 countries. Indonesia straddling the greatest length of the equatorial line.
assistant
how did this country mentioned get the name?
user
Derives from Greek and the word meaning "Indian islands".
assistant
can you name a few political parties that can be found here?
user
The Democratic Party, Great Indonesia Movement Party , Party of the Functional Groups, Prosperous Justice Party to name a few.
assistant
which are the main tourist spots here?
user
Bunaken National Park, Raja Ampat Islands,Komodo National Park, the Sawahlunto Coal Mine, royal palaces of Pagaruyung, Ubud, and Yogyakarta.
assistant
which animals are preserved in the first one?
user
Komodo National Park was established in 1980. It was declared a World Heritage Site and a Man and Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1991. The park was initially established to conserve the unique Komodo dragon ("Varanus komodoensis"), first discovered by the scientific world in 1912 by Lieutenant J. K. H. van Steyn van Henbroek, the Civil Administrator in Reo, Flores Island. Since then conservation goals have expanded to protecting the entire biodiversity of the region, both marine and terrestrial. The majority of the people in and around the park are fishermen originally from Bima (Sumbawa), Manggarai, South Flores, and South Sulawesi.
Komodo National Park | History
On 2015, the museum undergone major make-over and restoration. The renovation took place between August 2015 to February 2016. Initially the museum displayed a diverse collection of preserved animals, including butterflies, fish, birds, mammals and reptiles in their natural environment. The types of protected animals shown include Sumatran tigers, komodo dragons, turtle, butterfly, and others. However, after the restoration, the collection is focused only on reptiles and amphibian, with main focus on "Varanus komodoensis" as the museum's main attraction. The new Komodo museum was opened to public on April 2016.
Komodo Indonesian Fauna Museum and Reptile Park | History
In this exhibit, visitors can take a photo with several type of snakes, tortoises and lizards, as well as a baby Saltwater crocodile
Komodo Indonesian Fauna Museum and Reptile Park | Taman Sentuh
Notable species of high commercial value include sea cucumbers, Napoleon wrasse ("Cheilinus undulatus"), and groupers. The number of terrestrial animal species is important from a conservation perspective, as some species are endemic. The Komodo dragon ("Varanus komodoensis") is among the world’s largest reptiles and can reach over 3.6 metres in length and weigh over 90 kg. In 1991, the Komodo National Park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site to protect the Komodo dragon. Many of the mammals are Asiatic in origin (e.g. deer, pig, macaques, civet), while several reptile and bird species are Australian. These include the orange-footed scrubfowl ("Megapodius reinwardti"), the lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo ("Cacatua sulphure") and the friarbird.
Komodo Biosphere Reserve | Ecological characteristics
The park is rich in marine life, including whale sharks, ocean sunfish, manta rays, eagle rays, pygmy seahorse, false pipefish, clown frogfish, nudibranchs, blue-ringed octopus, sponges, tunicates, and coral.
Komodo National Park | Flora and fauna
The hot and dry climate of the park, characterized by savannah vegetation, makes it a good habitat for the endemic Komodo dragon ("Varanus komodoensis"). Their populations are restricted to the islands of Komodo (1,700), Rinca (1,300), Gili Motang (100), Gili Dasami (100), and Flores (c. 2,000), while extinct on Padar. Cloud forests appear only in few areas above 500 metres but they provide habitat to several endemic flora. Coastal vegetation includes mangrove forest, which generally appear in the sheltered bays of the three larger islands. Fringing and patch coral reefs are extensive and best developed on the north-east coast of Komodo.
Komodo National Park | Flora and fauna
The fauna museum was built as an integral part of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, to showcase the fauna diversity that inhabit the Indonesian archipelago. The construction started on 1 October 1975 and finished in 1 July 1976, and officially inaugurated by President Suharto on 20 April 1978. Initially the museum displayed the collection of taxidermed animals endemic and native to Indonesia, such as Sumatran tiger, babirusa, komodo dragon, and bird of paradise. The museum also displayed the diorama of several animal habitats of Indonesian archipelago, including rainforest, mangrove swamp, and savanna. On 2000, the park surrounding the museum was transformed into a reptile park, with a collection of living reptiles and amphibians; including numbers of venomous snakes, phytons, crocodiles and komodo dragon.
Komodo Indonesian Fauna Museum and Reptile Park | History
The photographs confirmed the continued presence of the species inside the boundaries of the park; previously, scientists did not know whether the pygmy hippopotamus population in the park had survived the civil wars and subsequent poaching and logging.
Sapo National Park | Fauna
The museum displays taxidermed animals and skeletons, also diorama of several animal habitats of Indonesian archipelago. By 2016, the museum focused only on displaying the collection of taxidermed body and skeletons of reptiles and amphibians of Indonesian archipelago. The park surrounding the museum main building is the site of a reptile park, a mini zoo with collection of more than 67 species of reptiles. There are numbers of terrariums containing reptiles, mainly snakes and lizards, and also several large enclosures containing large reptiles; such as saltwater crocodile, python, and komodo dragon. There is also a petting zoo, where visitors could touch, pet and took photographs with reptiles, such as tortoise, iguana and non-venomous snakes.
Komodo Indonesian Fauna Museum and Reptile Park | Collection
The original exhibit now housed a pair of large Saltwater crocodile, as part of the Pancing Buaya attraction
Komodo Indonesian Fauna Museum and Reptile Park | Komodo dragon exhibit
Komodo National Park (Indonesian: "Taman Nasional Komodo") is a national park in Indonesia located within the Lesser Sunda Islands in the border region between the provinces of East Nusa Tenggara and West Nusa Tenggara. The park includes the three larger islands Komodo, Padar and Rinca, and 26 smaller ones, with a total area of 1,733 km (603 km of it land). The national park was founded in 1980 to protect the Komodo dragon, the world's largest lizard. Later it was dedicated to protecting other species, including marine species. In 1991 the national park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Komodo National Park | Introduction
Komodo Indonesian Fauna Museum and Reptile Park (), is a zoological museum located within Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) compound, East Jakarta, Indonesia. The museum specialized on presenting various collection of the fauna of Indonesia, especially endemic animals of Indonesia, to provides information and education on Indonesian animal diversity. The Komodo Fauna Museum is located on southeast corner of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah cultural park. The museum is popularly nicknamed as "Komodo museum" after the design of the main building that took the shape of a giant komodo dragon, the largest lizard endemic to Indonesian island of Komodo.
Komodo Indonesian Fauna Museum and Reptile Park | Introduction
For a small fee, Visitors can feed a pair of False gharial with a whole chicken.
Komodo Indonesian Fauna Museum and Reptile Park | Pancing buaya
The Komodo Biosphere Reserve and National Park is situated between Flores and Sumbawa in Indonesia. It is renowned for its population of about 5,000 giant lizards, called 'Komodo dragons' ("Varanus komodoensis"). They exist nowhere else in the world and are of significant interest to scientists studying the theory of evolution. In addition to Komodo Island, the biosphere reserve encompasses the islands of Rinca and Padar, as well as numerous islets. It also includes one of the world’s richest marine environments with coral reefs.
Komodo Biosphere Reserve | Introduction
This does not extend over the entire park, as much of the dense forest still remains conserved. Specifically IUCN identified list of flora are listed below under subheadings of Moist forests, Swamp forest, Periodic swamp forest, Riverine forest and Boval vegetation.
Kakum National Park | Flora
The island of Padar and part of Rinca were established as nature reserves in 1938. Komodo Island was declared a nature reserve in 1965, and in January 1977 as a biosphere reserve under the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme. The three islands were declared a national park in 1980, which was later extended to include the surrounding marine area and a section of Flores in 1984. In 1991 the national park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. For a period after 1995 the national park authority was supported by The Nature Conservancy (TNC), an American environmental organization. A management plan was co-authored with TNC and implemented in 2000 to address problem of increasing resource exploitation, both marine and terrestrial.
Komodo National Park | Conservation
The decline results from trapping and logging, especially of mangrove ("Avicennia apiculata") and kapok trees. Several national parks provide protection of their habitat, including Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park on Sulawesi, Komodo National Park on Komodo Island, the national parks of Manupeu Tanah Daru and Laiwangi Wanggameti on Sumba, and the Nino Konis Santana National Park in East Timor (Timor-Leste).
Yellow-crested cockatoo | Status and conservation
It also contains many monkey species, and nine of them have a population density of 50 per . The monkey species found here are the black-and–white and red colobus, mustached and crowned guenon, grey-cheeked mangabeys and many others.
Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park | Fauna
Papagaran Village is similar in size, with 258 families totaling 1,078 people. At the 2010 Census, Komodo Village had 1,508 inhabitants and Papagaran Village had 1,262 inhabitants. As of 1999, Rinca’s population was 835, and Kerora's population was 185 people. The total population currently living in the park is 3,267 people with 16,816 people live in the area immediately surrounding the park.
Komodo National Park | Human habitation
The biosphere reserve is situated in a transition zone between Australian and Asian flora and fauna habitats. Terrestrial ecosystems include open grass land,- woodland savannah, tropical deciduous (monsoon) forest, mangroves and quasi cloud forest. The marine area constitutes 70.2% of the biosphere reserve and is characterized by a combination of strong currents, coral reefs and islets, which make navigation around the islands in Komodo National Park difficult and dangerous. Komodo has one of the world's richest marine environments, including over 260 species of reef building coral, 70 species of sponge, ascidians, marine worms, mollusks, echinoderms, crustaceans, cartilaginous, over 1,000 species of bony fishes, marine reptiles (green turtle and hawksbill turtle), and marine mammals (dolphins, whales, and dugongs).
Komodo Biosphere Reserve | Ecological characteristics
as a protected natural area, due to their ecological significance, and abundance of the flora and fauna.
Komovi | Introduction
Komodo National Park has been selected as one of the New7Wonders of Nature. The waters surrounding Komodo island contain rich marine biodiversity. Komodo islands is also a part of the Coral Triangle, which contains some of the richest marine biodiversity on Earth.
Komodo National Park | Introduction
There are several cultural sites within the park, particularly on Komodo Island. These sites are not well documented, however, and there are many questions concerning the history of human inhabitance on the island. Outside the park, in Warloka village on Flores, there is a Chinese trading post remnant of some interest. Archeological finds from this site have been looted in the recent past. Most communities in and around the park can speak Indonesian. Bajo language is the language used for daily communication in most communities.
Komodo National Park | Anthropology and language
Due to the characteristics of its topography, climate, soil conditions, and other factors, this park contains a great deal of biodiversity. It is home to: According to the survey results, Kon Ka Kinh National Park contained 687 flora species of 459 genus and 140 families, of which the class of Magnoliopsida is dominant (104 families, 337 genus, 528 species). Second domination is Liliopsida (15 families, 82 genus, 111 species). Other diviso of Pteridophyta includes 16 families, 32 genus and 40 species. Gymnosperm includes 5 families, 8 genus, 8 species. Kon Ka Kinh is home to several endangered and preserved endemic species, such as: Most of the area in Kon Ka Kinh National Park is covered by protozoa with the typical flora:
Kon Ka Kinh National Park | Flora
Cape Hero is also known as Tanjung Tei. Jaco Island (or Totina) is seen from Ili Kérékéré cliff. The Fuiloro Plateau is also located with the NP. Moist deciduous lowland forest and evergreen forest on the hills are the vegetation types in the park, apart from the marshy lands of Lake Ira Lalaro. Primary forests are a notable feature of the flora in the park. Dry deciduous, swamp forest and coastal strand vegetation are also the floral varieties recorded in the park.
Nino Konis Santana National Park | Geography
The most important species of the Park was the "bucardo" or Pyrenean ibex which unfortunately went extinct in January 2000 in spite of preservation efforts. The Pyrenean chamois is a type of goat antelope. There are other species such as the alpine marmot, boar and the Pyrenean desman or water-mole ("Galemys pyrenaicus"), and great birds like the golden eagle, the bearded vulture, the griffon vulture, hawks, and the eagle-owl.
Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park | Fauna
In 1912 Peter Ouwens wrote in the museum the first scientific description ever of Komodo Dragon. The museum is known as its current name after Indonesia officially gained its independence in 1950. In 1987 the institution known as Zoologicum Bogoriense was renamed Research association and zoology development "(Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Zoologi)" which is under "Pusat Penelitian dan pengembangan biologi" (Puslitbang Biologi) (institute of research and development of biology). The collection the museum currently had today was only placed in 1997 with grants from the world bank and the Japanese government.
Bogor Zoology Museum | History
The park comprises a coastal section of western Flores, the three larger islands of Komodo, Padar and Rinca, 26 smaller islands and the surrounding waters of the Sape Straights. The islands of the national park are of volcanic origin. The terrain is generally rugged, characterized by rounded hills, with altitudes up to 735 m. The climate is one of the driest of Indonesia with annual rainfall between 800mm and 1000mm. Harsh daily temperatures in the dry season from May to October are around 40 °C.
Komodo National Park | Geography and climate
Komodo Island and Rinca were once part of Flores and they are separated from the large Island of Sumbawa to the West by the Sape Strait. The ocean in the Strait drops hundreds of meters. The Pacific Ocean to the north and the Indian Ocean to the south are actually at different heights – so the flow of currents from the Pacific to the Indian during tidal exchanges makes the currents among the strongest in the world. In the (relatively) shallow waters along the east coast of Komodo towards Labaun Bajo, these currents can be extremely dangerous with inexperienced guides.
Komodo National Park | Tourism
In the 1930s Henri Perrier de la Bâthie found subfossil remains of giant tortoise and crocodiles and eggshell fragments of elephant birds and of giant lemur ("Megaladapis edwardsi").
Tsimanampetsotsa National Park | Mitoho Grotto
However, they form the major food source for a large number of mammals such as rodents, duikers (cephelophus spp.), pigs ("Putamoechoerus porcus" and "hylochoerus meinertzhagen"), buffalo ("Syncerus caffer"), elephants, and particularly gorillas.
Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park | Flora
Some endangered flora are protected in this park, such as Fagaceae, Moraceae, Sterculiaceae, "Casuarina junghuhniana", Javanese edelweiss, and about 200 species of endemic orchids. There is a relatively small diversity of fauna in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park. There are about 137 species of birds, 22 species of mammals and 4 species of reptiles protected in the national park. Examples are besra, green peafowl, Javan rusa, Sumatran dhole, crab-eating macaque, marbled cat and Javan leopard.
Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park | Flora and fauna
Most of the animals are endangered species and they are under the protection of the Wildlife Preservation and Protection Act. For example, the Malayan tapir (protected since 1992). Most of the plants in the park are local plants which still exist in some southern rural areas and most of them were used for product and architectural design. Some hardwood plants such as Hopea odorata, Semecarpus curtisii King and Intsia palembanica Miq. are very popular for building construction.
Khao Pu–Khao Ya National Park | Flora and fauna
The park is also home to more than 130 species of mammals (rare river otters, river dolphins, tapirs, spider and howler monkeys, the giant armadillo, giant anteaters and endangered jaguars, including a population of black jaguars), 620 species of birds (nine species of macaw, possibly the highest number of species in any one protected area), and more than 70 species of reptiles, including the black caiman ("Melanosuchus niger"). The amphibians and reptiles of the park are among the most diverse in the Americas. There are approximately 127 species known from the park and adjacent areas and with a greater collecting effort, this number is very likely to increase.
Noel Kempff Mercado National Park | Fauna
The west coast of Flores is one of the few places, aside from the island of Komodo itself, where the Komodo dragon can be found in the wild, and is part of Komodo National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kelimutu National Park is the second national park designated on Flores to protect endangered species. The Flores giant rat is also endemic to the island, and Verhoeven's giant tree rat was formerly present. These giant rodents are considered examples of island gigantism. Flores was also the habitat of several extinct dwarf forms of the proboscidean "Stegodon", the most recent ("Stegodon florensis insularis") disappearing approximately 12,000 years ago.
Flores | Flora and fauna
Some of endangered plants protected in this national park, such as: "Pterospermum javanicum", "Swietenia macrophylla", "Ficus superba", "Toona sureni", "Vanda" sp., "Usnea" sp and "Anaphalis" sp. There are also several endangered fauna protected in this national park, including rusa deer, Indian muntjac, Sunda porcupine, surili monkeys, helmeted friarbird, several cockatoos and scaly-crowned honeyeater.
Mount Rinjani National Park | Flora and fauna
Pythons, monitor lizards, kraits, cobras, geckos, and about eight species of fresh water turtles can also be found here. Many of the animals in the park are endangered, like the Indian one-horned rhino and elephants.
Jaldapara National Park | Flora and fauna
According to the survey, Kon Ka Kinh National Park is home to 428 animal species, of which, 223 species are of vertebrates living on land (34 ordo, 74 families) and 205 species Invertebrates (such as butterfly) of 10 families of ("Lepidoptera"). Mammal species including Indochinese tiger and Yellow-cheeked gibbon.
Kon Ka Kinh National Park | Fauna
The large diversity in species is attributable to the location and the intricate pattern of diverse habitats in the park. About half of the amphibians and reptiles are mostly Amazonian species with the remaining species associated primarily with southern and eastern open formations. There are several reptile species listed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) including species that are endangered in their home ranges. These include such species as "Eunectes murinus" (green anaconda), "Eunectes notaeus" (yellow anaconda), "Caiman crocodilus yacare" (yacare caiman), "Melanosuchus niger" (black caiman), "Podocnemis unifilis" (yellow-spotted river turtle), "Podocnemis expansa" (Charapa turtle), "Geochelone carbonaria" (red-footed tortoise) and "Geocheolone denticulate" (Brazilian giant tortoise).
Noel Kempff Mercado National Park | Fauna
There are Timor endemic and scientifically undescribed shrews and bat species in the park. More than 20 native bat species have been recorded in the park. There are also a series of described and undescribed giant rats known from sub-fossil deposits, which may now be extinct. Several mammals were introduced from outside the island during late prehistoric and historic times when people had started inhabiting the area. Some of the common species seen in the wild are birds, bats, murids and most commonly exploited northern common cuscus ("Phalanger orientalis") which is reported to have been introduced from Papua New Guinea about 9,000 years ago.
Nino Konis Santana National Park | Fauna
"Komodo" is an Indonesian endemic animal found only in Komodo, Padar and Rinca island within Komodo National Park. The surviving largest lizard on earth is easily recognised as Indonesian national animal. Komodo also become the emblem of East Nusa Tenggara province. "Elang Jawa" or Javan hawk-eagle ("Nisaetus bartelsi") an endangered raptor endemic to the mountainous forest regions of Java. The Javan hawk-eagle was chosen because its resemblance to the Garuda Pancasila, the most obvious physical traits is the prominent crest crowning its head and the plumage coloured dark-brownish to chestnut-gold. By Presidential decree, the Javan hawk-eagle was legally registered as considered as the national bird of Indonesia, and thus attributing the endangered species very high protection.
List of Indonesian faunal emblems | Indonesian national faunal emblems
While the region's most famous attraction, the Komodo Dragon, is found only on the nearby Komodo-Rinca Islands, fauna on Kokotuku include the long-tailed macaque, giant iguana, flying fox (fruit bat), barking deer, wild buffalo, and wild boar. Indigenous lowland birds include the paradise-flycatcher, kingfisher, cuckoo, cockatoo, megapode, and drongo, among many others. There are several species of butterfly. Extensive coral reefs support a wide variety of sealife, including sea turtles, manta rays, barracuda, angel fish, parrot fish, lion fish, clown fish, and starfish of many hues. Coastal mangroves provide a breeding area for dugong.
Kokotuku Peninsula | Flora & Fauna
A second population, about from the first and partially protected by the Lomami National Park, was discovered in 2014.
Dryas monkey | Conservation
In an area characterized by sparse vegetation, the park is the only spot which has dense vegetation and trees. The principal vegetation types are tropical dry deciduous forests intermixed with dry grasslands. Where the forest has degraded, the greater part of the area is covered with shrubs and medium-sized trees. The park is a freshwater swamp and is flooded during the monsoon. The rest of the area remains dry. Forests, mostly in the north-east of the park, are dominated by kalam or kadam ("Mitragyna parvifolia"), jamun ("Syzygium cumini") and babul ("Acacia nilotica"). The open woodland is mostly babul with a small amount of kandi ("Prosopis cineraria") and ber ("Zizyphus").
Keoladeo National Park | Flora
The Komodo dragon ("Varanus komodoensis"), the world's largest lizard, is endemic to the ecoregion, and found on the islands of Komodo, Padar, Rinca, Gili Motang, and Flores. The ecoregion has 50 species of mammals, including six endemic species: the Flores shrew ("Suncus mertensi"), Lombok flying fox ("Pteropus lombocensis"), Sunda long-eared bat ("Nyctophilus heran"), Flores long-nosed rat ("Paulamys naso"), Flores giant rat ("Papagomys armandvillei"), and Komodo rat ("Komodomys rintjanus"). Humans long ago introduced the Javan rusa ("Rusa timorensis"), a deer originating in Java and Bali, to Flores and several other islands. The banded pig ("Sus scrofa vittatus") was also brought to Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores, and other islands from Sundaland.
Lesser Sundas deciduous forests | Fauna
Traditional Customs: Traditional communities in Komodo, Flores and Sumbawa have been subjected to outside influences and the influence of traditional customs is dwindling. Television, radio, and increased mobility have all played a part in accelerating the rate of change. There has been a steady influx of migrants into the area. At the moment nearly all villages consist of more than one ethnic group.
Komodo National Park | Socio-cultural and anthropologic conditions
An area of encompassing the excavations was designated a National Historic Site in 1996. In 2006/2007 the site was relandscaped at a cost of ¥111.3 million. In 2009 the excavated artefacts were designated a Prefectural Tangible Cultural Property. The nearby Kamiyodo Hakuhō-no-Oka Exhibition Hall opened in 2011; exhibits include fragments of the wall paintings and a reconstruction of the interior of the kondō complete with paintings and sculptures. The fragments of painting themselves have been consolidated with an epoxy resin.
Kamiyodo Haiji | Preservation
Other mammals include roan antelope, Guinea baboon, green monkey, patas monkey, warthog. Around 330 species of birds have been sighted in the park, notably the Arabian bustard, black crowned crane, Abyssinian ground hornbill ("Bucorvus abyssinicus"), martial eagle, bateleur ("Terathopius ecaudatus"), and white-faced duck ("Dendrocygna viduata").
Niokolo-Koba National Park | Fauna
The majority of fishermen living in the villages in the vicinity of the park are Muslims. Hajis have a strong influence in the dynamics of community development. Fishermen hailing from South Sulawesi (Bajau, Bugis) and Bima are mostly Muslims. The community from Manggarai are mostly Christians.
Komodo National Park | Religion
Biak-na-Bato National Park is centered on a mountain gorge sliced by the Balaong River in the Sierra Madre mountain range. More than a hundred caves of varying sizes and crystalline mineral formations are spread across the park. Among the most explored caves are the Aguinaldo Cave, once the headquarters of President Emilio Aguinaldo, and the Bahay Paniki or Bat Cave, said to be home of at least six species of winged mammals: "kabag-kabag, ngusong kabayo, bungisngis, sibsib, bayakan" and "pakibu". Nido birds or swiftlets also call the park home, as do monkeys, wild boars, eagles, monitor lizards, and other species of birds that nest in towering trees.
Biak-na-Bato National Park | Topography and ecology
The park provides habitat for 107 bird species. It is also home to the rare Pouched Frog. The vulnerable plant species, Macadamia integrifolia, also known as the Bopple Nut, grows in the park.
Kondalilla National Park | Fauna
Being less known and less visited than Komodo Island, it is a good place to see the Komodo dragon in its natural environment with fewer people to disturb them. Day trips can be arranged to the Loh Buaya park facility on Rinca Island from Labuan Bajo on Flores by small boat at the park headquarters. A jetty which marks the entrance to the park facility. A short walk leads to the local park office where there are rangers to accompany visitors on short or medium-length walks to see komodos and other animals such as monkeys, deer and buffalos.
Rinca | Fauna
Part of the park first became a natural conservation reserve during the occupation of the country by Indonesia in the period from 1975–1999. When the country was under the United Nations (UN) Control as United Nations Transitional Administration in Timor Leste (UNTEAT), the same area was declared a “protected wild area” (but combined Tutuala beach and its adjoining forest) in 2000 under Regulation Number 2000/19. The cultural heritage of the five villages and the 15,000 people with their ancient ancestral heritage was made integral to the protected area. It was designated as a Category V Landscape/Sea Scape under IUCN, which considers both nature and culture of the area as one unit for conservation and preservation, and which is akin to the criteria of Cultural Landscapes adopted for UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Nino Konis Santana National Park | History
The Komodo dragon is classified by the IUCN as a vulnerable species and is listed on the IUCN Red List. The species' sensitivity to natural and man-made threats has long been recognized by conservationists, zoological societies, and the Indonesian government. Komodo National Park was founded in 1980 to protect Komodo dragon populations on islands including Komodo, Rinca, and Padar. Later, the Wae Wuul and Wolo Tado Reserves were opened on Flores to aid Komodo dragon conservation. Komodo dragons generally avoid encounters with humans. Juveniles are very shy and will flee quickly into a hideout if a human comes closer than about .
Komodo dragon | Conservation
Plant species include "Avicennia marina", "Sonneratia" species, "Nypa fruticans", "Melaleuca leucadendra", "Syzygium polyanthum", "Pandanus" species, "Schima wallichii", "Shorea" species, "Dipterocarpus gracilis", and "Gonystylus bancanus". The sandy shores of the park are dominated by "Casuarina equisetifolia". The park has 50 species of mammal many of them critically endangered. There are about 20 Sumatran rhinoceros in the area, down from around 40 in the 1990s. The number of Sumatran elephants in the park was estimated to 180 in 2005. The population of Sumatran tigers has declined from 36-40 in 2000 to less than 30. Other mammals in the park are the Malayan tapir, Sumatran dhole ("Cuon alpinus sumatrensis") and siamang ("Symphalangus syndactylus syndactylus").
Way Kambas National Park | Flora and fauna
There are various kinds of forests within the area of the national park, including mixed forests, virgin forests, and dense forests. Major plants include Indian mahogany, teaks, "Dipterocarpus tuberculatus" (pluang), "Lithocarpus cantleyanus" (kor), "Lagerstroemia" (tabaek), "Terminalia chebula", "Afzelia xylocarpa", ebony, "Millettia pendula" (ka-jaw), "Terminalia arjuna" (rokfa), and "Xylia xylocarpa" (redwood plants). Wild animals found in the park include Muntiacus Muntjak, wild boars, bears, langur, flying squirrel, gibbons, cobra, king cobra, rabbits, squirrels, tree shrews, red junglefowls, and Asiatic golden cats.
Khun Phawo National Park | Flora and fauna
More than half of the original vegetation of the islands has been cleared for planting of rice and other crops, for settlement and by consequent forest fires. Only Sumbawa now contains a large area of intact natural forest, while Komodo, Rincah and Padar are now protected as Komodo National Park. While many ecological problems affect both small islands and large landmasses, small islands suffer their particular problems and are highly exposed to external forces. Development pressures on small islands are increasing, although their effects are not always anticipated. Although Indonesia is richly endowed with natural resources, the resources of the small islands of Nusa Tenggara are limited and specialised; furthermore human resources in particular are limited.
Lesser Sunda Islands | Threats and preservation
This was the first record of the species in 41 years in South Korea, since the catch off the east coast, and was possibly the first official record of a live animal in the Sea of Japan (East Sea) in modern times.
Hallyeohaesang National Park | Flora and fauna
There are presently almost 4,000 people living within the park spread out over four settlements (Komodo, Rinca, Kerora, and Papagaran). All villages existed before 1980 when the area was declared a national park. In 1928 there were only 30 people living in Komodo Village (known locally as "Kampung Komodo"), and approximately 250 people on Rinca Island in 1930. The population increased rapidly, and by 1999, there were 281 families numbering 1,169 people on Komodo Island. Komodo Village has had the highest population within the park, mostly due to migration by people from Sape, Manggarai, Madura, and South Sulawesi. The number of buildings in Komodo Village has increased rapidly from 30 houses in 1958, to 194 houses in 1994, and 270 houses in 2000.
Komodo National Park | Human habitation
The Ko Kham Undersea Park is part of a royal project of Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn that preserves the plants and animals of the sea and island. It is home to many kinds of fish, including bluespotted stingrays, moray eels, fusilier fish, angel fish and lionfish.
Samae San Island | Preservation area
Critically endangered Sumatran elephants and Sumatran tigers live here.
Tesso Nilo National Park | Flora and fauna
Mammalian fauna of Keoladeo National Park is equally rich with 27 identified species. Primates include rhesus macaque and Hanuman langur. Nilgai, feral cattle and chital deer are common while sambar are few. Other ungulates present include blackbuck, hog deer and nilgai. Wild boar and Indian porcupine are often spotted sneaking out of the park into crop fields. Two mongoose species, the small Indian mongoose and the common Indian gray mongoose, are occasionally sighted. Cat species present include jungle cat, leopard cat and fishing cat. The Asian palm civet and the small Indian civet are also present, but rarely sighted. Large predators are absent, but small carnivores include Bengal fox, golden jackals and striped hyena.
Keoladeo National Park | Mammals
Flora consists of little more than thorny shrubs. The park is an Important Bird Area with some 21 species including Yellow-shouldered amazon. Other fauna is scarce; the park is home mainly to lizards, rabbits, anteaters and foxes. Visitors can wander amongst the dunes by camel (imported many years ago).
Médanos de Coro National Park | Flora and fauna
In the forested areas of the park, there are significant populations of Patas monkey ("Erythrocebus patas"), Vervet Monkey ("Cercopithecus aethiops"), Spotted hyena ("Crocuta crocuta"), and Desert warthog ("Phacochoerus aethiopicus").
Niumi National Park | Fauna and flora
The park contains rare animals, including forest elephants, forest buffalo, civet and cats. Two hundred forest elephants ("Loxodonta cyclotis"), potto ("Perodicticus potto"), Demidoff's galago ("Galago demidovii"), African civet ("Viverra civetta"), two-spotted palm civet ("Nandinia binotata"), leopard ("Panthera pardus"), bongo ("Tragelaphus euryceros"), many species of duikers (small antelopes), red river hog ("Potamochoerus porcus pictus"), giant forest hog ("Hylochoerus meinertzhageni"), long-tailed pangolin ("Manis tetradactyla"), white-belied pangolin ("Manis tricuspis"), giant pangolin ("Manis gigantea"), many species of forest squirrels, North African crested porcupine ("Hystrix cristata"), dwarf crocodile ("Osteolamus tetraspis"), monitor lizards, Home's hinged tortoise, serrated tortoise and many other fauna are reported from the park.
Kakum National Park | Fauna
Apart from the tamaraw, other forms of wildlife are also found within the park including the Mindoro climbing rat, Mindoro stripe-faced fruit bat, Philippine deer, and wild pigs. A number of bird species also inhabit the park like the Mindoro imperial pigeon, Mindoro scops owl, black-hooded coucal, scarlet-collared flowerpecker and heart pigeon. Some of the important indigenous plants found in the park are the kalantas tree, tindalo, almaciga, kamagong and jade vine.
Mounts Iglit–Baco National Park | Other flora and fauna
Gorongosa is home to a large diversity of animals and plants—some of which are found nowhere else in the world. This rich biodiversity creates a complex world where animals, plants and people interact. From the smallest insects to the largest mammals, each plays an important role in the Gorongosa ecosystem. The park includes termite mounds used as shade by bushbuck and kudu. Many of the park's large herbivore populations were greatly reduced by years of war and poaching. However, almost all naturally occurring species—including more than 400 kinds of birds and a wide variety of reptiles—have survived. With effective management and reintroductions of key species, wildlife populations will regain their natural numbers and help restore the park's ecological balance.
Gorongosa National Park | Wildlife
Indonesia's first national parks were established in 1980, and in 2009 there were 50 declared national parks. Six of these are also World Heritage Sites and 3 are wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar convention.
Fauna of Indonesia | Conservation
Insectivorous plant species like sundews and bladderworts sp. are also found in this protected area.
Chandoli National Park | Flora
As with the flora, fauna in the park is scarce and many of the species are endangered. The fauna is dominated by birds and maritime mammals. Bird species found on the islands include: Magellanic penguin ("Spheniscus magellanicus"), or red peek penguin, the southern giant petrel ("Macronectes giganteus"), kelp gull or Dominican gull ("Larus dominicanus"), red-legged cormorant ("Phalacrocorax gaimardi", also known as the red-legged shag, red-footed cormorant, red-footed shag, Gaimard's cormorant or grey cormorant), and southern royal albatross ("Diomedea epomophora"). Mammal species found in the park include: marine otter ("Lontra felina", known locally as chungungo), leopard seal ("Hydrurga leptonyx"), Chilean dolphin ("Cephalorhynchus eutropia", also known as the black dolphin or tonina), Burmeister's porpoise ("Phocoena spinipinnis"), Peale's dolphin ("Lagenorhynchus australis") and humpback whale ("Megaptera novaeangliae").
Cabo de Hornos National Park | Fauna
Gunung Gede-Pangrango is inhabited by 251 of the 450 bird species found in Java. Among these are endangered species like the Javan hawk-eagle and the Javan scops owl. Among the endangered mammal species in the Park there are several primates such as the silvery gibbon, Javan surili and Javan lutung. Other mammals include Javan leopard, leopard cat, Indian muntjac, Java mouse-deer, Sumatran dhole, Malayan porcupine, Sunda stink badger, yellow-throated marten, and Bartels's rat.
Mount Gede Pangrango National Park | Flora and fauna
There are also 72 species of reptiles and amphibians, and 240 species of birds.
Ujung Kulon National Park | Flora and fauna
About 150 million years ago, during the late Jurassic period, the area occupied by this national park had a stable climate with abundant moisture. Dense forests with giant trees grew here, among which were "Araucaria mirabilis", an ancient relative of modern species of "Araucaria", a kind of evergreen conifer. This changed at the start of the Cretaceous period, when volcanic eruptions, which coincided with the start of upthrusting of the Andes mountains, buried some of the Patagonian territory in ash and lava. Part of the forests covered by ash were subjected to the processes of petrification. This process requires the fallen tree to be in an oxygen-free environment which preserves the original plant structure and general appearance, but which periodically gets inundated by mineral-rich water, replacing the organic structure with silica and other minerals.
Bosques Petrificados de Jaramillo National Park | History
The park was set aside in the 1930s by the Dutch colonial government for the protection of the orangutans and proboscis monkey, and was designated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1977 and a national park in 1982. In addition to orangutans and proboscis monkeys, the park is also home to gibbons, macaques, clouded leopards, sun bears, wild boars, porcupines, and sambar deer. The park also features many reptiles, including crocodiles, monitor lizards, and pythons, birds, including hornbills and kingfishers, and insects, such as the giant Bornean butterfly. The Pondok Ambung Tropical Forest Research Station was established in 2005 for the study of all wild species found in the park.
Tanjung Puting | Ecology
An expedition late in 2008, backed by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, National Geographic Society and Smithsonian Institution, was made in order to assess the area's biodiversity. New types of animals recorded include a frog with a long erectile nose, a large woolly rat, an imperial-pigeon with rust, grey and white plumage, a 25 cm gecko with claws rather than pads on its toes, and a small, 30 cm high, black forest wallaby (a member of the genus Dorcopsis).
Foja Mountains | 2008
The park is composed of diverse ecosystems that change depending on the altitude. The lower regions of the park are composed of Andean forests, high Andean forests and high Andean wetlands. The higher regions of the park consist of the "páramo" and "super-páramo ecosystems." The "páramo" is composed of grassland, peat bog, scrubland, swamps and lagoons and occupies 80% of the park’s area. The "super-páramo" is a lunar-like landscape, composed of rocks, ashes, and sparse vegetation.
Los Nevados National Natural Park | Flora and fauna
On less diverse, more heavily degraded land however, it is even more dominant, occurring at up to 25% of the forest cover. Where the forest is disturbed the only understory species more common than this "Schefflera" in the park is "Ganua kingiana". The mammals that can be found are Sumatran tiger, Malayan tapir, Malayan porcupine, Asian golden cat, leopard cat, Indian muntjac, goral ("Naemorhedus sumatrae"), Java mouse-deer, binturong, sun bear and Sambar deer. There were 13 endemic species of bird recorded in the park, including Salvadori's pheasant and Schneider's pitta. Amphibians include the caecilian "Ichtyopis glutinosa" and the long-nosed horned frog, etc.
Batang Gadis National Park | Flora and fauna
Most of the villages located in and around the park have few fresh water facilities available, if any, particularly during the dry season. Water quality declines during this time period and many people become ill. Malaria and diarrhea are rampant in the area. On Mesa island, with a population of around 1,500 people, there is no fresh water available. Fresh water is brought by boat in jerrycans from Labuan Bajo. Each family needs an average of Rp 100,000.- per month to buy fresh water (2000). Almost every village has a local medical facility with staff, and at least a paramedic.
Komodo National Park | Health
It is estimated that within the Park there are 200 species of endangered animals.
Magura National Park | Flora and fauna
The Komodo rat ("Komodomys rintjanus") is a species of rodent in the family Muridae found only in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia, in Rintja, Padar, Lomblen, and Pantar islands. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Komodo rat | Introduction
The yellow-tailed woolly monkey, "Oreonax flavicauda", previously thought to be extinct, is known to live in the park and appears to be endemic to the region. It was mostly due to this monkey's critically endangered status that the area gained national park status and was placed on the list of World Heritage Sites in 1983. Other fauna in the park includes: There are 980 known species of plants documented in the highlands of the park, 13 of which are endemic, and 5000 species of plants in the area of the Rio Abiseo.
Rio Abiseo National Park | Wildlife
Among the 120 plant species in the park there are "Eusideroxylon zwageri" rare timber trees, "Koompassia excelsa" trees that can grow over 80m high, "Dyera costulata" trees than can have up to 2m diameter and rattan palms. Among the endangered animals protected in the park are the siamang, clouded leopard, Java mouse-deer, sun bear, Sumatran muntjac, leopard cat, hairy-nosed otter, dhole, Sumatran striped rabbit and the crested serpent eagle.
Bukit Duabelas National Park | Flora and fauna
Plants, in particular the endemic ones, are an intrinsic part of our heritage and for this reason they have to be preserved and protected through a constant balance between human presence and nature protection.
Majjistral Park | Habitats
Increasing from previous years, in 2013 there were 8 calves which 3 of them were female and 50 teenage and adult which 20 of them were female identified using 120 video cameras functioning at night with moving sensor. It was accurate data, because every rhino has unique morphology as finger print, mainly skin wrinkles around the eyes. By 2013 feeding areas of "Eupatorium odoratum" vegetation have been reduced from 10 locations comprising to 5 locations comprising . Thus competition for feeding ground between the solitary rhinoceros and banteng also increased. The park also protects 57 rare species of plant. The 35 mammal species include banteng, silvery gibbon, Javan lutung, crab-eating macaque, Javan leopard, Sumatran dhole, Java mouse-deer, Javan rusa, and smooth-coated otter.
Ujung Kulon National Park | Flora and fauna
The National Park is home to long tail macaques (Macaca fascicularis), wild bovines, wild pigs, deer (Cervus timorensis) and 21 bat species, including flying foxes. Bird watching enthusiasts can observe 86 species of birds, 2 of them endangered: the yellow-headed parrot and the Tanimbar Megapode bird (Megapodium tenimberensis) which is endemic to Indonesia. It nests in large sandy heaps, litter and other debris, where the heat generated by the decomposition of the organic material serves to incubate the eggs. Inside the Park there are also a few waterfalls, the biggest one is about 2 hours from Labuan Aji village, the others are within 15 minutes walking distance, in the forest frequented by a multitude of colorful butterflies.
Moyo Island | Introduction
Carwardine explains that the demand from Asian markets, for food and traditional medicine, is driving these species to extinction. At Labuk Bay they view proboscis monkeys in a mangrove sanctuary surrounded by oil palm plantations. Fry compares their noises to lunchtime at the Garrick Club. Their final destination is the Indonesian island of Rinca, home to the Komodo dragon. The world's largest lizard is not to be underestimated: they meet rangers and villagers who have been attacked by dragons, and hear of a child who was killed. However, the dragons are entwined in the islanders' culture, and the tourists they attract bring much-needed income.
Last Chance to See (TV series) | 4. "<a href="Komodo%20dragon">Komodo dragon</a>"
There have been 444 plant species recorded in the park, including some endangered plant species such as: "Ziziphus rotundifolia", "Tamarindus indica", "Dioscorea hispida", "Aleurites moluccanus" and "Corypha utan". Baluran National Park hosts 26 mammal species, including the endangered banteng, Sumatran dhole, Indian muntjac, Java mouse-deer, fishing cat, Javan leopard and Javan lutung. The banteng population decreased from 338 in 1996 to just 26 in 2012. Avifauna in the park include the green peafowl, red junglefowl, Malabar pied hornbill, rhinoceros hornbill and lesser adjutant. Until 2010 there had been 155 species of bird recorded in the park, but following a bird photography competition in 2012, the number of species was revised to 196.
Baluran National Park | Flora and fauna
Not only is the park very popular with tropical ecologists, a visitor can expect to see an abundance of wildlife. The park conserves the largest primary forest on the American Pacific coastline and one of the few remaining sizable areas of "lowland" tropical forests in the world. Historically, logging has taken place in lowland areas because those areas are more easily accessible and contain the largest and most economically valuable trees. But those habitats, which feature diverse vegetation, are also usually the richest in biodiversity. So even though approximately half the tropical forests on Earth remain, what is left of the originally rich lowland forests is usually in too small an area to support the original natural biodiversity.
Corcovado National Park | Introduction
In the lowland forests the dominant emergent trees are "dipterocarp" species, which are replaced at higher altitude with oaks ("Quercus" and "Lithocarpus" ssp.) and chestnut trees ("Castanopsis" ssp.). At least 97 species of orchid and 49 species of palm have been identified in the Park. The fauna of the park is rich, with 300 species of bird (25 endemic to Borneo), at least 162 fish species and at least 54 mammals. The park is home to endangered Bornean orangutan and seven other primate species: Müller's Bornean gibbon, white-fronted surili, maroon leaf monkey, southern pig-tailed macaque, crab-eating macaque, Sunda slow loris and Horsfield's tarsier.
Betung Kerihun National Park | Flora and fauna
The vegetation in the park is mostly low spiny shrubs adapted for living in arid environments; these include "Caesalpinia gilliesii", "Berberis microphylla", "Arthrophyllum rigidum", "Chiliotrichum diffusum", "Mulinum spinosum" and "Fragaria chiloensis". The flightless lesser rhea is known from the park and mammals present include the guanaco, the dwarf armadillo, the culpeo fox and the South American gray fox.
Bosques Petrificados de Jaramillo National Park | Flora and fauna
The park is classified as IUCN protected area category II (national park). It has the objectives of preserving natural ecosystems of great ecological relevance and scenic beauty, enabling scientific research, environmental education, outdoors recreation and eco-tourism. Protected species include]] the maned wolf ("Chrysocyon brachyurus"), ocelot ("Leopardus pardalis"), cougar ("Puma concolor"), white-necked hawk ("Buteogallus lacernulatus"), the lizard "Placosoma cipoense", the fish "Characidium lagosantense" and the butterfly "Nirodia belphegor".
Serra do Cipó National Park | Conservation
There are a three primate species: vervet monkeys, red colobus monkeys and patas monkeys. Other mammals include antelope, squirrel, porcupine, African palm civets, mongooses, galagos, and several types of rodents, including cane rats. Among the reptiles at the park are monitor lizard, Nile crocodile, dwarf crocodile, spitting cobra, black cobra, python, puff adder and green mamba. More than 270 bird species have been recorded in the forest. There are also numerous butterflies and moths. At one end of the site are several enclosures which serve as an orphanage for needy animals, including an enclosure in which a pack of hyenas is held.
Abuko Nature Reserve | Fauna
As of 2009, evidence of over 44 mammal species have been found within the national park boundaries, eight of which are of high conservation priority, being listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List, some of them critically. These endangered species includes the Sunda pangolin ("Anis javanica"), Bengal slow loris ("Nycticebus bengalensis"), Indochinese lutung ("Trachypithecus germaini"), hog deer ("Axis porcinus"), dhole ("Cuon alpinus"), fishing cat ("Prionailurus viverrinus"), Asian elephant ("Elephas maximus"), and pileated gibbon ("Hylobates pileatus"). Local poachers affirm, that the pileated gibbons here forms a considerable population and it has been speculated, that the national park might in fact contain as much as 10% of the global population.
Botum Sakor National Park | Mammals
There are three species of lizard in the park but no amphibians.
Central Karakoram National Park | Flora and fauna
The park is classified as IUCN protected area category II (national park). It has the objectives of preserving natural ecosystems of great ecological relevance and scenic beauty, enabling scientific research, environmental education, outdoors recreation and eco-tourism. Protected species in the park include cougar (Puma concolor), margay (Leopardus wiedii), vinaceous-breasted amazon (Amazona vinacea), white-necked hawk (Buteogallus lacernulatus), white-bearded antshrike (Biatas nigropectus) and Phylloscartes.
Serra do Itajaí National Park | Conservation
The forest covers a third of the park's area. It is now one of the best preserved forests in the Archipelago: rare trees, bushes and flowers, such as cowslip and wood anemones grow there. The trees which dominated there are oak, ash, maple, birch. A lot of birds nest in the trees. Sometimes ospreys and eagles can be seen on the island where the sensitive nesting season is always protected. Some parts of the wood are off-limited during this period.
Ängsö National Park | Biology and ecology
It is a source of food for both humans and Komodo dragons. The ecoregion is home to 273 bird species. It corresponds to the Northern Nusa Tenggara endemic bird area. 17 species are endemic:
Lesser Sundas deciduous forests | Fauna
The Hall of Reptiles and Amphibians serves as an introduction to herpetology, with many exhibits detailing reptile evolution, anatomy, diversity, reproduction, and behavior. Notable exhibits include a Komodo dragon group, an American alligator, Lonesome George, the last Pinta Island tortoise, and poison dart frogs. In 1926, W. Douglas Burden, F.J. Defosse, and Emmett Reid Dunn collected specimens of the Komodo Dragon for the museum. Burden's chapter "The Komodo Dragon", in "Look to the Wilderness", describes the expedition, the habitat, and the behavior of the dragon.
American Museum of Natural History | Hall of Reptiles and Amphibians
The Komodo dragon, the world's largest living lizard, takes its name from the island. A type of monitor lizard, it inhabits Komodo Island and some of the smaller surrounding islands, as well as part of western Flores. Javan deer also inhabit the island, though they are not native. Other animals include water buffalo, banded pigs, civets, cockatoo and macaques.
Komodo (island) | Fauna
Odzala-Kokoua hosts approximately 4,500 plant and tree species. The vast majority of the park's forest is open-canopy Marantaceae.
Odzala-Kokoua National Park | Flora and fauna