During the earthquake and aftershocks, a number of the telescopes at the Mauna Kea Observatories sustained minor damage, primarily Kecks 1 and 2 at the W. M. Keck Observatory, and the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). The CFHT was operational and back online as of October 19, but the Kecks were not restored to full operation until February 28, 2007.
Mauna Kea Observatory
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Mauna Kea Observatory
Yes, a number of the telescopes at the Mauna Kea Observatories sustained minor damage, primarily Kecks 1 and 2 at the W. M. Keck Observatory, and the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope. Mauna Kea Observatories,  W. M. Keck Observatory Mauna Kea Observatories Yes, Mauna Kea Observatories
when was the last time mauna loa volcano erupted
user
March 24 to April 15, 1984.
assistant
what is the main entity?
user
It is one of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaiʻi in the Pacific Ocean.
assistant
what is its weather like?
user
It has a tropical climate with warm temperatures at lower elevations and cool to cold temperatures higher up year-round.
assistant
who monitors this volcano?
user
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, a branch of the United States Geological Survey.
assistant
who founded it ?
user
Thomas A. Jaggar.
assistant
where is it located?
user
A temporary offices located in Hilo on the Island of Hawaii.
assistant
mention few volcanoes it monitors?
user
Kīlauea, Mauna Loa, Hualālai, and Haleakalā.
assistant
name few dangers of the second?
user
It is a sudden, massive collapse of the volcano's flanks,  large earthquakes could trigger rapid flank collapses along these lines, creating massive landslides and possibly triggering equally large tsunamis.
assistant
any recent updates seen in the third?
user
The 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake.
assistant
where did this natural calamity occur?
user
The epicenter was just to the north in Kiholo Bay near Māhukona.
assistant
mention few destructions it caused?
user
Significant structural damages at least 61 buildings were destroyed and red-tagged by officials, roads and bridges collapsed or had deep cracks.
assistant
any electrical failure associated with it?
user
Power plants automatically shut off power to prevent damage, and generators tripped on Oahu, causing overloads in the electrical grid.
assistant
any observatory body associated ?
user
During the earthquake and aftershocks, a number of the telescopes at the Mauna Kea Observatories sustained minor damage, primarily Kecks 1 and 2 at the W. M. Keck Observatory, and the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). The CFHT was operational and back online as of October 19, but the Kecks were not restored to full operation until February 28, 2007.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Mauna Kea Observatory
A number of the telescopes sustained minor damage during the October 15, 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake and aftershocks. JCMT was performing an inclinometry run and recorded the earthquake on its tilt sensors. Both CFHT and W. M. Keck Observatory were operational and back online by October 19.
Mauna Kea Observatories | 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken on 27 November 2014 by astronomers with the Dark Energy Survey using the DECam instrument of the Victor M. Blanco Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. Its discovery was reported in a paper published by Dark Energy Survey astronomers in 2018.
2015 BP519 | Numbering and naming
Telescopes found at the summit of Mauna Kea are funded by government agencies of various nations. The University of Hawaiʻi directly administers two telescopes. In total, there are twelve facilities housing thirteen telescopes at or around the summit of Mauna Kea. CSO, UKIRT, and Hoku Kea are scheduled for decommissioning as part of the Mauna Kea Comprehensive Management Plan.
Mauna Kea Observatories | Telescopes
Among the telescopes belonging to the Mauna Kea Observatory, seven are involved in the ‘OHANA project :
Ohana project | Telescopes involved in the project
The Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO) was a 10.4-meter (34 ft) diameter submillimeter wavelength telescope situated alongside the 15-meter (49 ft) James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) at Mauna Kea Observatories. It was engaged in submillimetre astronomy, of the terahertz radiation band. The telescope closed on September 18, 2015. As of April 2019, the telescope is set to be dismantled and its site remediated in the near future as part of the Mauna Kea Comprehensive Management Plan.
Caltech Submillimeter Observatory | Introduction
On Sunday, October 15, 2006, Kīholo Bay was struck by a 6.7 magnitude earthquake followed by a 6.0 magnitude earthquake seven minutes after the first. While no fatalities occurred due to the incident, over 60 residential buildings were red tagged by officials. The entire island suffered over $100 million worth of damage as a result of the earthquake.
Kiholo Bay | 2006 earthquake
The Mees Solar Observatory (MSO) is named after Kenneth Mees and dedicated in 1964. It consists of one dome with multiple instruments sharing a common mount.
Haleakalā Observatory | Mees Solar Observatory
Even so, over $200 million in damage occurred. The largest and most luxurious hotels on the Island of Hawaii also happened to be clustered within ten miles (16 km) of the earthquake's epicenter along the Kohala coast. The 1965 Mauna Kea Beach Hotel had its entire south end collapse, and the hotel's top floor was considered "destroyed." The hotel closed December 1 after a month-long inspection revealed that the building was unsafe and in danger of collapse. After a $150 million renovation, the hotel had a soft reopening on December 20, 2008, and officially reopened in March 2009. The Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel was temporarily evacuated after the earthquake due to structural damage, broken glass and flooding caused by broken water pipes.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Damage
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey at Apache Point Observatory in March 2003, almost seven years prior to its official discovery observation at Haleakala. It was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (). As of 2018, it has not been named.
(523635) 2010 DN93 | Numbering and naming
Two separate incidents claimed the lives of four workers during the construction of the telescope. On October 13, 1993, 42-year-old Paul F. Lawrence was fatally injured when a forklift tipped over onto him. On January 16, 1996, sparks from a welder ignited insulation which smoldered, generating noxious smoke that killed Marvin Arruda, 52, Ricky Del Rosario, 38, and Warren K. "Kip" Kaleo, 36, and sent twenty-six other workers to the hospital in Hilo. All four workers are memorialized by a plaque outside the base of the telescope dome and a sign posted temporarily each January along the Mauna Kea access road.
Subaru Telescope | Accidents during construction
Significantly predating the current observatories there is evidence of active astronomy on Mauna Kea in the 1901 Land Office Map of the Island of Hawaii showing the "Hawaii Astronomy Station" near the Mauna Kea summit. After studying photos for NASA's Apollo program that contained greater detail than any ground-based telescope, Gerard Kuiper began seeking an arid site for infrared studies. While he first began looking in Chile, he also made the decision to perform tests in the Hawaiian Islands. Tests on Maui's Haleakalā were promising, but the mountain was too low in the inversion layer and often covered by clouds.
Mauna Kea Observatories | Origin and background
In order to get a permit to build the Thirty Meter Telescope project on Mauna Kea, the University of Hawaii had to commit to closing and dismantling three existing observatories on the mountain. The three chosen were the CSO, the UKIRT, and the Hoku Keʻa telescope. Two additional telescopes must also be removed by 2033, but those have not been selected as of 1 April 2019. On April 30, 2009, Caltech announced plans to decommission the CSO, transferring ongoing research to the next-generation Cerro Chajnantor Atacama Telescope (CCAT) in Chile. The plans called for CSO to be dismantled, beginning in 2016, with its site returned to a natural state by 2018.
Caltech Submillimeter Observatory | Decommissioning
Opposition to the Mauna Kea Observatories has existed since the first telescope was built in the late 1960s. Originally part of research begun by Gerard Kuiper of the University of Arizona, the site has expanded into the world's largest observatory for infrared and submillimeter telescopes. Opposition to the telescope from residents in the city of Hilo, Hawaii were concerned about the visual appearance of the mountain and Native Hawaiians voiced concerns over the site being sacred to the Hawaiian religion as the home of several deities. Environmental groups and activists have been expressing concern over endangered species habitat. The Outrigger Telescopes Project, intended to build from four to six comparatively small telescopes for interferometry, was to surround the Keck telescopes.
Opposition to the Mauna Kea Observatories | Introduction
Modern electronic equipment now monitors earthquakes from several sites, with over 100 remote stations transmitting data 24 hours a day. This information is provided immediately over the Internet, as is live coverage of ongoing eruptions from several webcams accessible from the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory website (see External links). Another important function of HVO is to monitor the sulphur emissions that produce the volcanic pollution condition known as vog. The observatory advises the park service when to close areas due to this and other volcanic hazards. While the main Observatory building itself was not open to the public, the adjacent Thomas A.
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory | Present day operations
It was cancelled in 2006, after a court found NASA's Environmental Impact Statement was improperly limited to just the telescope area. An ongoing proposal for one of the world's largest optical telescopes, the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) was the focus of protests concerning the continued development of the mountain Hawaiians consider the most sacred peak in the island chain. On 30 October 2018, the Supreme Court of Hawaii approved the resumption of construction of the TMT.
Opposition to the Mauna Kea Observatories | Introduction
Since 1958, initially under the direction of Charles Keeling, followed by his son Ralph and later Elmer Robinson, Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO), which is sometimes referred to as the Keeling Curve. The observatory is under the Earth System Research Laboratory which is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). According to the NOAA, Mauna Loa is the world's oldest continuous CO monitoring station, and the world's primary benchmark site for measurement of the gas. The latest observation of CO concentrations from MLO can be found at web sites along with data from other sites and trends at Mauna Loa.
Mauna Loa Observatory | The observatory
The Onizuka Center for International Astronomy, also known as Hale Pōhaku, is a complex of support facilities for the telescopes and other instruments that comprise the Mauna Kea Observatory atop Mauna Kea, on Hawaii island.
Onizuka Center for International Astronomy | Introduction
Analysis of this earthquake using modern techniques has been possible due to the large collection of seismograms recording this event published in 1907. They came from 78 stations around the world and included details of the characteristics of the individual seismometers. The focal mechanism of the earthquake has been determined from the seismograms as a normal faulting event within the subducting slab, with a large component of left-lateral strike-slip faulting. A tsunami was recorded in both Japan and Hawaii in the hours following the earthquake. A run-up of reported from Maui was too early to be related to either of the earthquakes.
1906 Aleutian Islands earthquake | Earthquake characteristics
In 1997, scientists from the University of Hawaiʻi installed an ocean bottom observatory on the summit of Lōʻihi Seamount. The submarine observatory was nicknamed HUGO, (Hawaiʻi Undersea Geological Observatory). HUGO was connected to the shore, away, by a fiber optic cable. It was designed to give scientists real-time seismic, chemical and visual data about the state of Lōʻihi, which had by then become an international laboratory for the study of undersea volcanism. The cable that provided HUGO with power and communications broke in April 1998, effectively shutting it down. The observatory was recovered from the seafloor in 2002.
Lōʻihi Seamount | HUGO (Hawaii Undersea Geological Observatory)
The KEASA observatory is located on the west side of Kauaʻi at the Pacific Missile Range Facility near Barking Sands Beach at an altitude of . It is funded as a joint venture with Kauai Community College. The observatory houses the Bob Byers telescopes:
Kauaʻi Educational Association for Science and Astronomy | Observatory
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey in April 2000, nearly 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Haleakala Observatory. The discovery was announced in a Minor Planet Electronic Circular in July 2016, after additional observations by Pan-STARRS had been found (2010–2013), preceding the team's original observation from 11 January 2015, which led to the assignment of the object's first and only provisional designation, . The observations were made with Pan-STARRS 1.8-meter Ritchey–Chrétien telescope, and B. Gibson, T. Goggia, N. Primak, A. Schultz, and M. Willman were the observers.
(495603) 2015 AM281 | Discovery
Photometric observation of in March 2015, gave a classically shaped bimodal lightcurve with a rotation period of 6.88 hours and a large brightness variation of 0.49 magnitude (). Observations with the New Technology Telescope at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile in 2008, determined the body's BVRI colors to be 0.770 (), 0.630 () and 1.110 () for their respective passbands. Color indices have since been repeatedly measured.
(469306) 1999 CD158 | Photometry
On October 23, 1998, the skeletal remains of a young Asian female were discovered in a shallow grave, on the Farrington Highway, near a hiking trail, in Waialua, Hawaii. She was estimated to be between 30 and 40 years old. Almost all other information is unknown, although she appeared to have evidence of arthritis and appeared to have a pointed chin. She was found wearing a T-shirt and a cell phone was found near the body. Post mortem interval has never been conclusively determined, but the woman was found with a gold filling in one of her teeth, indicating a more recent death.
List of unidentified decedents in the United States | Waialua Jane Doe
The names were proposed by David Rabinowitz of the Caltech team. "Haumea" is the matron goddess of the island of Hawaii, where the Mauna Kea Observatory is located. In addition, she is identified with Papa, the goddess of the earth and wife of Wākea (space), which, at the time, seemed appropriate because Haumea was thought to be composed almost entirely of solid rock, without the thick ice mantle over a small rocky core typical of other known Kuiper belt objects. Lastly, Haumea is the goddess of fertility and childbirth, with many children who sprang from different parts of her body; this corresponds to the swarm of icy bodies thought to have broken off the main body during an ancient collision.
Haumea | Name
The W. M. Keck Observatory is a two-telescope astronomical observatory at an elevation of 4,145 meters (13,600 ft) near the summit of Mauna Kea in the U.S. state of Hawaii. Both telescopes have aperture primary mirrors, and when completed in 1993 (Keck 1) and 1996 (Keck 2) were the largest astronomical telescopes in the world. They are currently the 3rd and 4th largest telescopes.
W. M. Keck Observatory | Introduction
The Mauna Kea Observatories (MKO) are a number of independent astronomical research facilities and large telescope observatories that are located at the summit of Mauna Kea on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi, United States. The facilities are located in a 525-acre (212 ha) special land use zone known as the "Astronomy Precinct", which is located within the 11,228-acre (4,544 ha) Mauna Kea Science Reserve. The Astronomy Precinct was established in 1967 and is located on land protected by the Historical Preservation Act for its significance to Hawaiian culture. The presence and continued construction of telescopes is highly controversial due to Mauna Kea's centraility in native Hawaiian religion and culture, as well as for a variety of environmental reasons.
Mauna Kea Observatories | Introduction
"Leleākūhonua" was first observed on 13 October 2015 at the Mauna Kea Observatory , by American astronomers David Tholen, Chad Trujillo and Scott Sheppard during their astronomical survey for objects located beyond the Kuiper Cliff. The unofficial discovery was publicly announced on 1 October 2018. The survey uses two principal telescopes: For the Northern hemisphere, the 8.2-meter Subaru Telescope with its Hyper Suprime Camera at Mauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, and for the Southern hemisphere, the 4-meter Blanco telescope and its Dark Energy Camera at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. For follow-up observations to determine an object's orbit, the astronomers are using the Magellan and the Discovery Channel telescopes.
541132 Leleākūhonua | Discovery
Due to the relatively non-explosive nature of Kīlauea's volcanic eruptions for many years, scientists could study ongoing eruptions in proximity without being in extreme danger. Also located at the shuttered main site was the public Thomas A. Jaggar Museum. In May 2018 the Kilauea caldera facility buildings were closed and the property permanently evacuated due to structural damage resulting from collapse explosions at Halemaʻumaʻu and earthquakes related to the 2018 lower Puna eruption, which also led to the months-long closure of the Kīlauea unit of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory | Introduction
Planned new telescopes, including the Thirty Meter Telescope, have attracted controversy due to their potential cultural and ecological impact. The multi-telescope "outrigger" extension to the Keck telescopes, which required new sites, was eventually canceled. Three or four of the mountain's 13 existing telescopes must be dismantled over the next decade with the TMT proposal to be the last area on Mauna Kea on which any telescope would ever be built.
Mauna Kea Observatories | Controversies
After Gillett's untimely death on April 22, 2001, the telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, was officially named the "Fredrick C. Gillett Gemini Telescope".
Edward P. Ney | Doctoral students
Testing also determined Mauna Kea to be superb for nighttime viewing due to many factors including the thin air, constant trade winds and being surrounded by sea. Jefferies would build a 2.24 meter telescope with the State of Hawaii agreeing to build a reliable, all weather roadway to the summit. Building began in 1967 and first light seen in 1970.
Opposition to the Mauna Kea Observatories | Background
was discovered on 11 May 2004, by leading astronomer Brian Skiff of the "Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search" (LONEOS) at Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, United States. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa, as no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.
(434326) 2004 JG6 | Discovery
Nevertheless, it was recovered on 13 August 2001 on CCD images taken with the University of Hawaii 2.2 m reflector at Mauna Kea.
39P/Oterma | Discovery
The earthquake had a hypocentral depth of 38.2 km and a focal mechanism of normal faulting. The depth shows that it was in the mantle lithosphere, beneath the neutral surface with a mechanism consistent with tangential tension. The largest aftershock was significantly shallower at 18 km and had a focal mechanism of reverse faulting. The depth and mechanism are consistent with tangential compression above the neutral surface. Modified Mercalli Intensities were VII–VIII ("Very strong–Severe") on the western side of the island of Hawaii, and VI ("Strong") on the eastern side of Maui. Intensity V ("Moderate") shaking was felt all the way to Oahu, where patches of moderate damage were reported.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Earthquake
Strainmeters, by contrast, are relatively rare. The Observatory also maintains two gas detectors at Mokuʻāweoweo, Mauna Loa's summit caldera, as well as a publicly accessible live webcam and occasional screenings by interferometric synthetic aperture radar imaging.
Mauna Loa | Monitoring
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) is an agency of the U.S. Geological Survey, with temporary offices located in Hilo on the Island of Hawaii. The former volcano observatory clifftop facility and HVO offices, closed due to structural damage in 2018, is located at Uwekahuna Bluff on the rim of Kīlauea Caldera. The observatory staff and equipment monitors four active Hawaiian volcanoes: Kīlauea, Mauna Loa, Hualālai, and Haleakalā. Because Kīlauea and Mauna Loa are significantly more active than Hualālai and Haleakalā, much of the observatory's research is concentrated on the former two mountains. HVO has a worldwide reputation as a leader in the study of active volcanism.
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory | Introduction
HAO's telescopes are located at its Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, near the summit of that volcano on the big island of Hawaii. NCAR's solar observatory shares space on the campus of NOAA's larger Mauna Loa Observatory. HAO's researchers are based at NCAR headquarters, in Boulder, Colorado.
High Altitude Observatory | Mission and vision
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Uccle Observatory in September 1933, nearly 57 years prior to its official discovery observation at Geisei.
6244 Okamoto | Orbit and classification
According to Johnston's Archive, the object measures 74 kilometers in diameter based on an assumed albedo of 0.09 and an absolute magnitude of 8.9. As of 2019, no rotational lightcurve of has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.
(516977) 2012 HZ84 | Physical characteristics
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at the Palomar Observatory in November 1954, more than 43 years prior to its official discovery observation at Kuma Kogen.
15415 Rika | Orbit and classification
Mauna Kea Anaina Hou, the Royal Order of Kamehameha I and the Sierra Club, united their opposition to the Keck's proposal of adding six addition outrigger telescopes. In 2003 MKAH sponsored a photography exhibit along with the Royal Order of Kamehameha I, Kahakamaoli Religious Institute, Makaainana Foundation and the Sacred Mountain Society, all Native Hawaiian groups that strongly believe Mauna kea to be a sacred place. Due to a lack of cultural sensitivity with expansion of the observatories, the groups built an altar in 1998 at the summit of the mountain and conduct solstice and equinox ceremonies each year.
Mauna Kea Anaina Hou | Background
Established on Kīlauea in 1912, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), presently a branch of the United States Geological Survey, is the primary organization associated with the monitoring, observance, and study of Hawaiian volcanoes. Thomas A. Jaggar, the observatory's founder, attempted a summit expedition to Mauna Loa to observe its 1914 eruption, but was rebuffed by the arduous trek required (see Ascents). After soliciting help from Lorrin A. Thurston, in 1915 he was able to persuade the US Army to construct a "simple route to the summit" for public and scientific use, a project completed in December of that year; the Observatory has maintained a presence on the volcano ever since.
Mauna Loa | Monitoring
Since the creation of an access road in 1964, thirteen telescopes funded by eleven countries have been constructed at the summit. The Mauna Kea Observatories are used for scientific research across the electromagnetic spectrum and comprise the largest such facility in the world. Their construction on a landscape considered sacred by Native Hawaiians continues to be a topic of debate to this day.
Mauna Kea | Introduction
In December 2017, Loeb cited ʻOumuamua's unusually elongated shape as one of the reasons why the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia would listen for radio emissions from it to see if there were any unexpected signs that it might be of artificial origin, although earlier limited observations by other radio telescopes such as the SETI Institute's Allen Telescope Array had produced no such results. On 13 December 2017, the Green Bank Telescope observed the asteroid for six hours across four bands of radio frequency. No radio signals from ʻOumuamua were detected in this very limited scanning range, but observations are ongoing.
Avi Loeb | ʻOumuamua
On the "Big Island" of Hawaiʻi, Mauna Kea is considered the highest island mountain in the world. While the summit is often covered with snow, the air is extremely dry. Kuiper began looking into the possibility of an observatory on Mauna Kea. After testing, he discovered the low humidity was perfect for infrared signals. He persuaded Hawaiʻi Governor John A. Burns to bulldoze a dirt road to the summit where he built a small telescope on Puu Poliahu, a cinder cone peak. The peak was the second highest on the mountain with the highest peak being holy ground, so Kuiper avoided it.
Mauna Kea Observatories | Origin and background
Jaggar Museum included interpretive exhibits on the work performed at the observatory. The exhibits ranged from general information on volcanoes and lava to the scientific equipment and clothing used by volcanologists. Some of the museum's windows provided a sheltered view of Halemaʻumaʻu and the Kīlauea Caldera. A public observation deck at the museum, overlooking Kīlauea and formerly open 24 hours a day, provided views of the area. On May 10, 2018, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park was closed to the public in the Kīlauea volcano summit area, including the visitor center and park headquarters, due to explosions, earthquakes and toxic ash clouds from Halemaʻumaʻu.
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory | Present day operations
1952 - Khartoum, Sudan This was a joint HAO – Naval Research Laboratory expedition, which obtained 50 spectra of the eclipse features of the sun. 1958 – Pukapuka, Cook Islands in the Pacific This was a joint HAO – Sacramento Peak expedition that was unable to obtain a single photo due to rainstorms. 1959 – Fuertaventura, Canary Islands of Spain A joint HAO – Sacramento Peak expedition
High Altitude Observatory | Eclipse expeditions
Among the evidence of destruction found were the remains of two sets of human skeletal remains postured in an embrace, the remains of a juvenile who had fallen from the upper floor into the stable area when the floor collapsed, the remains of a young adult woman with an infant being held by an adult male approximately twenty-five years old, and three sets of adult male skeletal remains between the ages of 25 and 40. The remains of a mule were found in the stable area, its remains still chained to a limestone trough.
Kourion | The “Earthquake House”
According to Johnston's Archive, the object measures 74 kilometers in diameter based on an assumed albedo of 0.09 and an absolute magnitude of 8.9. Another estimates gives a smaller diameter of 31 kilometers due to an assumed albedo of 0.15. As of 2019, no rotational lightcurve of has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.
2012 HE85 | Physical characteristics
After studying photos for NASA's Apollo program that contained greater detail than any ground-based telescope, Gerard Kuiper began seeking an arid site for infrared studies. While he first began looking in Chile, he also made the decision to perform tests in the Hawaiian Islands. Tests on Maui's Haleakalā were promising but the mountain was too low in the inversion layer and often covered by clouds. On the "Big Island" of Hawaii, Mauna Kea is considered the highest island mountain in the world. While the summit is often covered with snow the air itself is extremely dry. Kuiper began looking into the possibility of an observatory on Mauna Kea.
Opposition to the Mauna Kea Observatories | Background
Located inside the Lokon St. Nikolaus campus, there is a Mount Lokon Observatory (MLO). In the observatory's dome which is five meters in diameter there are a Meade LX-200 GPS automatic telescope and a Hunter manual telescope. A special feature of the MLO was that was connected to NASA`s space telescopes. This observatory established since October 2011, and was inaugurated by the North Sulawesi governor Sinyo Sarundajang.
Tomohon | Observatories
After testing, he discovered the low humidity was perfect for infrared signals. He persuaded then-Governor John A. Burns to bulldoze a dirt road to the summit where he built a small telescope on Puu Poliahu, a cinder cone peak. The peak was the second highest on the mountain with the highest peak being holy ground, so Kuiper avoided it. Next, Kuiper tried enlisting NASA to fund a larger facility with a large telescope, housing and other needed structures. NASA, in turn decided to make the project open to competition. Professor of physics, John Jefferies of the University of Hawaii placed a bid on behalf of the university.
Opposition to the Mauna Kea Observatories | Background
The MLO levels can be compared with other sites in the global monitoring network. MLO has activities at five locations on the Big Island. The primary observing site is located at the level on Mauna Loa's north slope () about north of the summit Mokuaweoweo. The Mauna Loa Solar Observatory shares this site. The administration and some data processing are done in the Hilo, Hawaii office. Kulani Mauka is a rain collection site. Cape Kumukahi is a flask sample site located on the easternmost point of Hawaii. At the Hilo airport, weekly balloon-borne instruments are prepared and launched to measure ozone from the surface to usually over 30 km.
Mauna Loa Observatory | The observatory
Currently, several laser-based sensors are being added to run concurrently with the infrared spectrophotometer at Scripps Institute of Oceanography, while NOAA measurements at Mauna Loa still use the nondispersive infrared sensor.
Keeling Curve | Mauna Loa measurements
The Joint ALMA Observatory (JAO) provides the unified leadership and management of the construction, commissioning and operation of ALMA. Its current director since February 2018 is Sean Dougherty.
Atacama Large Millimeter Array | Global collaboration
Power plants on Maui and the Big Island automatically shut off power to prevent damage, and generators tripped on Oahu, causing overloads in the electrical grid. The Oahu power outages lasted 14 hours in some locations; only half of Hawaiian Electric Company's (HECO) Oahu customers had power restored before 9 pm, while outages generally lasted to about 5 pm on Maui and Hawaii. Power was restored to all HECO circuits by 1:55 am; however, there were isolated blackouts due to local problems, such as blown fuses. Power in Laie and Kahuku was not restored until 3 am. In Honolulu and Kahe, HECO generators shut down, and other generators tried to compensate, resulting in uneven loads on Oahu's electrical network and causing the system to shut down to prevent damage.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Blackouts
On April 5, 2006, the body of a newborn female was found at the Mount Kisco Department of Public Works in Mount Kisco, New York. She had possibly been unknowingly transferred to the facility after being vacuumed into a specialized truck configured to extract sediment and water from basins and storm drains. She was 18 inches tall and weighed 5 pounds. She had black or dark brown hair, dark brown eyes, and a fair complexion. She was found inside of a black plastic bag and a white plastic bag labeled 'A&P'.
List of unidentified decedents in the United States | "April Hope"
The Surety Kohala Corporation assessed the structural integrity to their Kohala Ditch, which functioned as a tourist attraction for 10 years. Many roads and bridges collapsed or had deep cracks, and clean-up crews had to work for days to remove debris from the countless landslides. Many landmarks on the island were greatly affected. The Kalahikiola Congregational Church in Kohala was destroyed due to the collapse of the church's stone walls; the Hawi smoke stack, a relic of the old sugarcane trade, completely collapsed as well. The Hulihee Palace in Kailua Kona suffered extensive structural damage. Another popular tourist area, Kealakekua Bay, home of the white monument to Captain James Cook, was swept over by massive landslides that caused the entire bay and its surrounding areas to momentarily disappear in a thick cloud of brown dust.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Damage
Development of the Mauna Kea observatories is still opposed by environmental groups and Native Hawaiians. A 2006 proposal for the Outrigger Telescopes to become extensions of the Keck Observatory was canceled after a judge's determination that a full environmental impact statement must be prepared before any further development of the site. The "outrigger" would have linked the Keck I and Keck II telescopes. Environmental groups and Native Hawaiian activists were much stronger in their opposition this time than they had been in the past, but NASA went ahead with the proposal for lack of an alternate site. The group "Mauna Kea Anaina Hou" made several arguments against the development, including that Mauna Kea was a sacred mountain to Native Hawaiians where many deities live, and that the cinder cone location being proposed was holy in Hawaiian tradition as a burial site for a demi-god.
Opposition to the Mauna Kea Observatories | Outrigger telescopes
In 1911 and 1912, small cabins were built on the floor of the caldera next to the main active vent of Halemaʻumaʻu, but these were hard to maintain. MIT added $25,000 in support in 1912 from the estate of Edward and Caroline Whitney to build a more permanent facility. The first instruments were housed in a cellar next to the Volcano House called the Whitney Laboratory of Seismology. Inmates from a nearby prison camp had excavated through of volcanic ash. Massive reinforced concrete walls supported a small building built on top of the structure. Professor Fusakichi Omori of Japan, now best known for his study of aftershocks, designed the original seismometers.
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory | History
Following guidelines established by the IAU that classical Kuiper belt objects be given names of mythological beings associated with creation, in September 2006 the Caltech team submitted formal names from Hawaiian mythology to the IAU for both (136108) 2003 EL and its moons, in order "to pay homage to the place where the satellites were discovered". The names were proposed by David Rabinowitz of the Caltech team. "Haumea" is the tutelary goddess of the island of Hawaii, where the Mauna Kea Observatory is located. In addition, she is identified with Papa, the goddess of the earth and wife of Wākea (space), which is appropriate because 2003 EL is thought to be composed almost entirely of solid rock, without the thick ice mantle over a small rocky core typical of other known Kuiper belt objects.
Controversy over the discovery of Haumea | Official naming
The Mid-Level Facility was renamed for the Hawaii-born astronaut Ellison Onizuka, who died in the Space Shuttle "Challenger" disaster in 1986. It is located at the elevation, south of the summit at , up Mauna Kea Access Road from the Saddle Road (Route 200). The center consists of dormitories with sleeping accommodation for 72, as well as a main building which houses the shared facilities such as cafeteria, laundry, and common room. Astronomers or technicians normally spend up to 24 hours at Hale Pōhaku to acclimatize to the altitude, before proceeding to the summit at almost . There is no admission to these support facilities for the general public.
Onizuka Center for International Astronomy | History
Studies of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are also conducted at MLSO. A number of non-solar astronomical observatories are located at the site. The MLSO instruments record images of the solar disk and limb every 3 minutes for 3–10 hours daily starting at 17:00 UT, weather permitting.
Mauna Loa Solar Observatory | Introduction
The Keck Observatory Archive (KOA) is a NASA-funded collaboration between the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute (NExScI) and the W. M. Keck Observatory (WMKO). The KOA archive includes data from two of the instruments on the Keck telescopes, the High Resolution Echelle Spectrograph (HIRES) and the Near InfraRed echelle SPECtrograph (NIRSPEC). KOA first released archived HIRES data on August 18, 2004 and the data extend back to 1994. The NIRSPEC data were first released on May 17, 2010 and extend back to 1999. Public access to these data is governed by the data release policy agreed to between NASA and the Keck partner institutions.
NASA Exoplanet Science Institute | Keck Observatory Archive
The Joint Astronomy Centre (JAC) was a management organisation based in Hilo, Hawaii, which from c.1980-2015 operated two large telescopes at Mauna Kea Observatory on behalf of an international consortium from the United Kingdom, Canada and the Netherlands, and provided support for other telescopes and public outreach activities. The JAC also maintained the Starlink Project between 2006 and 2015. Following withdrawal of funding by the partner nations, on March 1, 2015 the Joint Astronomy Centre closed and the facility was handed over to the East Asian Observatory which now runs the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. The major telescopes formerly operated by the JAC were:
Joint Astronomy Centre | Introduction
From 1960, Mayall spent 11 years as director of the Kitt Peak National Observatory until his retirement in 1971. Under his leadership KPNO, and the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, developed into two of the world's top research observatories, equipped with premier telescopes. Mayall was responsible for the construction of the Kitt Peak reflector, which was named after him. When Mayall died in 1993, his ashes were spread high on an empty ridge of Kitt Peak.
Nicholas Mayall | Introduction
Following the incident Dr Kiyoo Mogi, chair of Japan's Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction, called for the immediate closure of the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant, which was built close to the centre of the expected Tōkai earthquake.
2007 Chūetsu offshore earthquake | Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant incidents
The two 10-meter aperture Keck telescopes are located on the dormant Mauna Kea volcano on the island of Hawaii. They are operated for the California Association for Research in Astronomy (CARA), the University of Hawaii (UH), and NASA by the William M. Keck Observatory (WMKO) in Waimea, HI. As a partner in the Keck telescopes, NASA receives 1/6th of the time available each year for astronomical observations. The proposal solicitation, selection, and scheduling is managed for NASA by NExScI, with calls for proposals issued twice each year (with due dates in September and March) for the two observing semesters on the telescopes.
NASA Exoplanet Science Institute | NASA Keck time administration
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak Observatory in December 1995, more than 6 years prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar.
51829 Williemccool | Orbit and classification
As a member of the Haumea family, is suspected of being an icy mantle collisional fragment from dwarf planet Haumea. With an absolute magnitude (H) of 4.7, and a Haumea-family albedo of 0.7, this object would have a diameter of 158 km. Observations by Mike Brown in 2012 using the W. M. Keck Observatory suggest that does not have a companion.
(308193) 2005 CB79 | Haumea family
The most severe damage caused by the earthquake was focused on the north and western sides of the island of Hawaii. Damage was also quite heavy on the eastern side of Maui, and minor damage spread all the way out to western Oahu, away from the earthquake's epicenter. On the Big Island, many houses had large cracks and broken windows, and at least 61 buildings were destroyed and red-tagged by officials. Almost all houses in west Hawaii reported extensive internal damage but most avoided significant structural damage, the reason being that most of the buildings in the area around the epicenter of the earthquake have been built in the last few decades and are well constructed.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Damage
"Agelaos" was discovered on 16 October 1977, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, on photographic plates taken by Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at the Palomar Observatory in California. The body's observation arc begins with its first observations at Palomar on 7 October 1977, just nine day prior to its official discovery observation.
4722 Agelaos | Discovery
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Siding Spring Observatory in June 1980, or five years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.
4205 David Hughes | Orbit and classification
The island of Hawaii is effected by earthquakes related to three main causes. Some are associated with the movement of magma and tend to be shallow focus (less than 5 km depth). The largest earthquakes are those caused by overall gravitational spreading of the volcano, whether within the volcano's flanks or at the base of the volcanic pile. They tend to have focal depths in the range 5–13 km. The final group of earthquakes are those caused by flexure of the oceanic lithosphere underlying the island as a result of loading by the volcano. The type of stresses within the flexing lithosphere depends on depth relative to the neutral surface, with radial compression and associated tangential tension below about 22 km and radial tension and tangential compression above that level.
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake | Tectonic setting
"Klimesh" was discovered on 18 June 2000, by NASA's and JPL's Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking program (NEAT) with the "Maui Space Surveillance System" (MSSS) at the Haleakala Observatory site on the island of Maui, Hawaii, in the United States. The body's observation arc begins 15 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery from the Digitized Sky Survey taken at the Australian Siding Spring Observatory in September 1985.
19763 Klimesh | Discovery
In 1957–1958, the International Geophysical Year, Keeling obtained funding from the Weather Bureau to install infrared gas analyzers at remote locations, including the South Pole and on the volcano of Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii. Mauna Loa was chosen as a long-term monitoring site due to its remote location far from continents and its lack of vegetation. Keeling and his collaborators measured the incoming ocean breeze above the thermal inversion layer to minimize local contamination from volcanic vents. The data were normalized to remove any influence from local contamination. Due to funding cuts in the mid-1960s, Keeling was forced to abandon continuous monitoring efforts at the South Pole, but he scraped together enough money to maintain operations at the Mauna Loa Observatory, which have continued to the present day.
Keeling Curve | Mauna Loa measurements
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in June 1954, more than 31 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.
7166 Kennedy | Orbit and classification
The University of Arizona’s Catalina Sky Survey (CSS), funded by NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO), detected an object late in the evening of 25 August 2020 which appeared to be on an impact trajectory with Earth. Two Maui middle school students also observed the 250-pound object. Maui Waena Intermediate School eighth-graders Holden Suzuki and Wilson Chau, with mentor outreach astronomer J.D. Armstrong of the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy (IfA), used data from the Las Cumbres Observatory (LCO) Faulkes Telescope North on Haleakala to track OGO-1. The University of Hawaii’s Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS), also funded by PDCO, independently observed the object.
Orbiting Geophysical Observatory | OGO-1 reentry
Images obtained at Green Bank and Arecibo observatories in 2018, revealed that is a slightly elongated and angular body with a size of approximately 160 by 100 meters.
2017 VR12 | Physical characteristics
The center is operated by the Institute for Astronomy of the University of Hawaii. The harsh conditions of the observatories require ongoing maintenance, with technicians and construction workers being common residents. Originally any astronomer wishing to use the observatory needed to stay at these facilities to physically be present during the nights they were assigned to use the telescopes. Although first-time users of the observatories are still encouraged to actually travel to the summit to familiarize themselves with the instruments, most observations can now be done over the Internet. Often the work is done in teams, with a staff of two at the summit, and others connected by teleconference at Hale Pōhaku, the University of Hawaii at Hilo, University of Hawaii at Manoa, or the researcher's office.
Onizuka Center for International Astronomy | History
While much of the park was reopened on September 22, 2018, the former Observatory building and Jaggar Museum remain closed, due to considerable structural damage done to the facility.
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory | Present day operations
According to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the body measures 6.7 and 7.7 kilometers in diameter, respectively, and its surface has an albedo 0.39. while the "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes an albedo of 0.40 and calculates a diameter of 6.4 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.7.
1929 Kollaa | Diameter and albedo
In 2005, the Tohono O'odham Nation brought suit against the National Science Foundation to stop further construction of gamma ray detectors in the Gardens of the Sacred Tohono O'odham Spirit I'itoi, which are just below the summit. The largest optical instruments at KPNO are the Mayall 4 meter telescope and the WIYN 3.5 meter telescope; there are also several two- and one-meter class telescopes. The McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope is currently the largest solar telescope in the world and the largest unobstructed reflector (it doesn't have a secondary mirror in the path of incoming light). The ARO 12m Radio Telescope is also at the location.
Kitt Peak National Observatory | General information
The Ohana project aims to use seven big telescopes on top of Mauna Kea, Hawaii Big Island, in an interferometer configuration. Mauna Kea is a former volcano whose height is 13,600 ft (4,145 m). It is a good site for telescopes which probe the universe in the optical and infrared wavelengths because of its altitude and low levels of light pollution. OHANA stands for Optical Hawaiian Array for Nanoradian Astronomy. In Hawaiian, "‘ohana" means "family".
Ohana project | Introduction
She was an avid reader, and referred to herself as "Ah" (pronounced Ə). Investigators believe she had been in Hawaii for six to eight years before being found.
List of unidentified decedents in the United States | Honolulu Jane Doe
(AUI).
Associated Universities, Inc. | Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)
Today the Mauna Kea Science Reserve has 13 observation facilities, each funded by as many as 11 countries. There are nine telescopes working in the visible and infrared spectrum, three in the submillimeter spectrum, and one in the radio spectrum, with mirrors or dishes ranging from . In comparison, the Hubble Space Telescope has a mirror, similar in size to the UH88, now the second smallest telescope on the mountain.
Mauna Kea | Summit observatories
"Takuboku" has an absolute magnitude of between 10.90 and 11.4. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of "Takuboku" has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.
4672 Takuboku | Physical characteristics
At around that time, Pablo Santos Sanz, a student of José Luis Ortiz Moreno at the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía at Sierra Nevada Observatory in southern Spain, claims to have examined the backlog of photos that the Ortiz team had started taking in December 2002. He says that he found Haumea in late July 2005, on images taken on March 7, 9, and 10, 2003. He further said that in checking whether this was a known object, the team came across Brown's internet summary, describing a bright TNO much like the one they had just found. Googling the reference number for object K40506A on the morning of July 26, they found the Caltech observation logs of Haumea, but according to their account, those logs contained too little information for Ortiz to tell if they were the same object.
Controversy over the discovery of Haumea | Discovery and announcement
It was first identified as at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in 1975, extending the body's observation arc by 23 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.
13241 Biyo | Orbit and classification
On May 4, 2004, an elderly homeless woman was found living in Ala Moana Park in Honolulu, Hawaii, in need of medical attention. She was admitted to a state hospital until her death of natural causes on April 27, 2013. She was estimated to be between 55 and 65 years old at the time of discovery, was approximately 5 feet 6 inches tall, and weighed 112 pounds. Her hair was a mixture of gray, white and brown, and she had hazel eyes. She showed evidence of being a smoker. She also suffered from schizophrenia. She was described as having an English-Canadian accent, and had a very proper demeanor.
List of unidentified decedents in the United States | Honolulu Jane Doe
He was 5 feet 6 inches tall and weighed 124 pounds. He had black hair and brown eyes as well as scars on his left arm and skin discoloration on his left wrist. He was wearing a pair of light blue shorts, a black belt and a pair of multi-color sandal thongs.
List of unidentified decedents in California | Monterey Park John Doe (1996)
Among other criteria, the development may not "cause substantial adverse impact to existing natural resources within the surrounding area, community, or region," and the "existing physical and environmental aspects of the land must be preserved or improved upon." Native Hawaiian activists such as Kealoha Pisciotta, a former employee of the Mauna Kea Observatories, have raised concerns over the telescopes on Mauna Kea desecrating what some Native Hawaiians consider to be their most sacred mountain. Pisciotta, a former telescope systems specialist technician at James Clark Maxwell telescope, is one of several people suing to stop the construction, and is also director of Mauna Kea Anaina Hou.
Opposition to the Mauna Kea Observatories | Thirty Meter Telescope proposal
Today, Mauna Kea hosts the world's largest location for telescope observations in infrared and submillimeter astronomy. The land itself is protected by the U.S. Historical Preservation Act due to its significance to Hawaiian culture, but this still allowed development.
Opposition to the Mauna Kea Observatories | Expansion renews opposition
In 2004, the group spoke against an environmental study that came out in favor of an expansion to the Keck telescope, called outrigger. Development of the Mauna kea observatories is still opposed by environmental groups and Native Hawaiians. A 2006 proposal for the Outrigger Telescopes to become extensions of the Keck Observatory was canceled after a judge's determination that a full environmental impact statement must be prepared before any further development of the site. The "outrigger" would have linked the Keck I and Keck II telescopes. Environmental groups and Native Hawaiian activist were a lot stronger at this time than in the past but NASA went ahead with the proposal for lack of an alternate site.
Mauna Kea Anaina Hou | Keck opposition
Further development of the Mauna Kea observatories is still opposed by environmental groups and some Native Hawaiians. A 2006 proposal for the Outrigger Telescopes to become extensions of the Keck Observatory was canceled after a judges determination that a full environmental impact statement must be prepared before any further development of the site. The "outrigger" would have linked the Keck I and Keck II telescopes. Environmental groups and Native Hawaiian activist were a lot stronger at this time than in the past but NASA went ahead with the proposal for lack of an alternate site. The group "Mauna Kea Anaina Hou" made several arguments against the development including that Mauna Kea was a sacred mountain to Native Hawaiians where many deities had lived, and that the cinder cone being proposed as the site was holy in Hawaiian tradition as a burial site for a demi-god.
Thirty Meter Telescope protests | Outrigger and Thirty Meter Telescope proposals
Since the mid-20th century, a number of astronomical observatories have been constructed at very high altitudes, above . The largest and most notable of these is the Mauna Kea Observatory, located near the summit of a volcano in Hawaiʻi. The Chacaltaya Astrophysical Observatory in Bolivia, at , was the world's highest permanent astronomical observatory from the time of its construction during the 1940s until 2009. It has now been surpassed by the new University of Tokyo Atacama Observatory, an optical-infrared telescope on a remote mountaintop in the Atacama Desert of Chile.
Observatory | Highest astronomical observatories
Koishikawa was a staff member of the Sendai Astronomical Observatory frin 1972. His research was based out of the Sendai's Ayashi (391) station. The main-belt asteroid 6097 Koishikawa, discovered by Kin Endate and Kazuro Watanabe at Kitami in 1991, was named in his honor. He died on 26 August 2020 from lung cancer.
Masahiro Koishikawa | Introduction
The Submillimeter Array (SMA) is another interferometer, located at Mauna Kea, consisting of eight 6-metre diameter radio telescopes. The largest existing submillimetre telescope, the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, is also located on Mauna Kea.
Submillimetre astronomy | Submillimetre astronomy from the ground