The Cree are generally divided into eight groups based on dialect and region. These divisions do not necessarily represent ethnic sub-divisions within the larger ethnic group: Due to the many dialects of the Cree language, the people have no modern collective autonym. The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves using modern forms of the historical "nêhiraw", namely "nêhiyaw" and "nêhirawisiw", respectively. Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais all refer to themselves using modern dialectal forms of the historical "iriniw", meaning 'man.' Moose Cree use the form "ililiw", coastal East Cree and Naskapi use "iyiyiw" (variously spelled "iiyiyiu", "iiyiyuu", and "eeyou"), inland East Cree use "iyiniw" (variously spelled "iinuu" and "eenou"), and Montagnais use "ilnu" and "innu", depending on dialect.
Sub-groups / Geography
Cree
Cree | Sub-groups / Geography
The Plains Cree and Attikamekw, Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais; coastal East Cree and Naskapi. Moose Cree, coastal East Cree, inland East Cree The Plains Cree, Attikamekw, Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais. Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais
what is parnassius smintheus?
user
It is a high-altitude butterfly found in the Rocky Mountains.
assistant
where did this mountain take its name from?
user
It is a translation of the Cree name ' is given as, "When seen from across the prairies, they looked like a rocky mass".
assistant
what is the history behind this first mentioned name?
user
The name is derived from the Algonkian-language exonym "Kirištino.
assistant
what are some different types of it?
user
The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves as "nêhiyaw" and "nêhirawisiw"; the Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais as "iriniw" etc.
assistant
what are its people?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
what is its first contact?
user
In Manitoba, the Cree were first contacted by Europeans in 1682.
assistant
what is its relation with the un?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
what are its subgroups?
user
The Cree are generally divided into eight groups based on dialect and region.
assistant
what are few of these group names?
user
The Cree are generally divided into eight groups based on dialect and region. These divisions do not necessarily represent ethnic sub-divisions within the larger ethnic group: Due to the many dialects of the Cree language, the people have no modern collective autonym. The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves using modern forms of the historical "nêhiraw", namely "nêhiyaw" and "nêhirawisiw", respectively. Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais all refer to themselves using modern dialectal forms of the historical "iriniw", meaning 'man.' Moose Cree use the form "ililiw", coastal East Cree and Naskapi use "iyiyiw" (variously spelled "iiyiyiu", "iiyiyuu", and "eeyou"), inland East Cree use "iyiniw" (variously spelled "iinuu" and "eenou"), and Montagnais use "ilnu" and "innu", depending on dialect.
Cree | Sub-groups / Geography
The Cree use "Cree," "cri," "Naskapi, or "montagnais" to refer to their people only when speaking French or English.
Cree | Sub-groups / Geography
The name "Cree" is derived from the Algonkian-language exonym "Kirištino˙", which the Ojibwa used for tribes around Hudson Bay. The French colonists and explorers, who spelled the term "Kilistinon", "Kiristinon", "Knisteneaux", "Cristenaux", and "Cristinaux", used the term for numerous tribes which they encountered north of Lake Superior, in Manitoba, and west of there. The French used these terms to refer to various groups of peoples in Canada, some of which are now better distinguished as Severn Anishinaabe (Ojibwa), who speak dialects different from the Algonquin. Depending on the community, the Cree may call themselves by the following names: the "nēhiyawak", "nīhithaw", "nēhilaw", and "nēhinaw"; or "ininiw", "ililiw", "iynu" ("innu"), or "iyyu".
Cree | Name
The Cree dialects can be broadly classified into nine groups. Roughly from west to east:
Cree language | Dialect groups
Endonyms are ' (Plains Cree), ' (Woods Cree), ' (Atikamekw), ' (Western Montagnais, Piyekwâkamî dialect), ' (Western Montagnais, Betsiamites dialect), ' (Eastern Montagnais), ' (Southern East Cree), ' (Northern East Cree), ' (Moose Cree), ' (Eastern Swampy Cree), and "" (Western Swampy Cree).
Cree language | Names
By the early 19th century, the Apsáalooke fell into three independent groupings, who came together only for common defense: Apsaalooke oral history describes a fourth group, the Bilapiluutche ("Beaver Dries its Fur"), who may have merged with the Kiowa in the second half of the 17th century.
Crow people | Historical subgroups
These names are derived from the historical autonym "nēhiraw" (of uncertain meaning) or from the historical autonym "iriniw" (meaning "person"). Cree using the latter autonym tend to be those living in the territories of Quebec and Labrador.
Cree | Name
Within these boundaries there is much fluidity, however, as intermarriages and bilingual bands are once very common. Scholar Neal McLeod points out that bands were loose, temporary groupings which were often polyethnic and multilingual, so that most mentions of "the Cree" by historians of previous decades actually refer to mixed Cree-Assiniboine-Saulteax groups. As well the smallpox outbreak of 1780–1781 and the whooping cough outbreak of 1819–1820 decimated many bands, forcing them to merge with neighbours.
First Nations in Alberta | Classifications
The members with Plains Cree populations are Flying Dust First Nation, Makwa Sahgaiehcan First Nation, Ministikwan Lake Cree Nation, and Waterhen Lake First Nation
Cree | Downstream people
Cree is a Native American ethnic group. Cree may also refer to:
Cree (disambiguation) | Introduction
The Cree (, , etc.; ) are one of the largest groups of First Nations in North America. In Canada, over 350,000 people are Cree or have Cree ancestry. The major proportion of Cree in Canada live north and west of Lake Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories. About 27,000 live in Quebec. In the United States, Cree people historically lived from Lake Superior westward. Today, they live mostly in Montana, where they share the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation with Ojibwe (Chippewa) people.
Cree | Introduction
There is also a major difference in grammatical vocabulary (particles) between the groups. Within both groups, another set of variations has arisen around the pronunciation of the Proto-Algonquian phoneme *l, which can be realized as or (th) by different groups. Yet in other dialects, the distinction between (ē) and (ī) has been lost, merging to the latter. In more western dialects, the distinction between and (š) has been lost, both merging to the former. "Cree is a not a typologically harmonic language. Cree has both prefixes and suffixes, both prepositions and postpositions, and both prenominal and postnominal modifiers (e.g. demonstratives can appear in both positions)."
Cree | Language
Another name for Woods Cree is Rocky Cree, translated by Rossignol (1939) from the Cree word asini•ska•wiðiniwak. Rock Cree or Misinipi Cree was a ""r"" dialect of Cree but now have merged together with Woods Cree, together as the ""th"" dialect of Cree spoken by the group of people geographically located at the eastern foot of the Rocky Mountains.
Woods Cree | Classification
Goddard also points out that there is clear evidence for pre-historical contact between Eastern Algonquian and Cree-Montagnais, as well as between Cheyenne and Arapaho-Gros Ventre. There has long been especially extensive back-and-forth influence between Cree and Ojibwe.
Algonquian languages | Subgroups
The distributive locative suffix /ena:hk/ is used with nouns that reference humans or animals. In this way, "ayīsiyiniw-" "human being" becomes "ayīsiyinināk" "among humans" or "in this world". Similarly, the noun "sāsīw" "Sarci Indian" changes to "at Sarci Reserve" "sāsīnāhk".
Plains Cree | Locative suffix
As hunter-gatherers, the basic unit of organization for Cree peoples was the "lodge", a group of perhaps eight or a dozen people, usually the families of two separate but related married couples, who lived together in the same wigwam (domed tent) or tipi (conical tent), and the "band", a group of lodges who moved and hunted together. In the case of disagreement, lodges could leave bands and bands could be formed and dissolved with relative ease. However, as there is safety in numbers, all families would want to be part of some band, and banishment was considered a very serious punishment.
Cree | Historical
However, in recent years, as indigenous languages have declined across western Canada where there were once three languages spoken on a given reserve, there may now only be one. This has led to a simplification of identity, and it has become "fashionable" for bands in many parts of Saskatchewan to identify as "Plains Cree" at the expense of a mixed Cree-Salteaux history. There is also a tendency for bands to recategorize themselves as "Plains Cree" instead of Woods Cree or Swampy Cree. Neal McLeod argues this is partly due to the dominant culture's fascination with Plains Indian culture as well as the greater degree of written standardization and prestige Plains Cree enjoys over other Cree dialects.
Cree | In Canada
Other group names are based on the language group or specific dialect spoken. These also coincide with geographical regions of varying sizes. A few examples are:
Aboriginal Australians | A few examples of sub-groups
"Weenhayey"). Weenhayey informers of Alvarsson state that the old name was Olhamelh (), meaning simply "us". The subgroups within Wichí have been identified and received different names in literature: "Nocten" or "Octenay" in Bolivia, "Véjos" or (perhaps more properly) "Wejwus" or "Wehwos" for the Western subgroup(s), and "Güisnay" for the Eastern subgroups of Argentina. The latter corresponds to Tewoq-lhelej, "the river people".
Wichí | Notes on designation
The Cree were located in the plains of Canada. The Cree are divided into several different tribes in Saskatchewan and Alberta. The name Cree represents a general ethnic group, however, there are several different tribes based on region and dialect. When Sweet Grass was chief, the different bands of the Cree were loose in a wide-ranging areas and usually named for the territory in which they operated It was not uncommon for different bands to hunt and perform rituals together as seen with Sweet Grass’ relationship with Big Bear. Families had the ability to break away from their current band and join another elsewhere.
Sweet Grass (Cree chief) | The Cree
The Chipewyan moved in small groups or bands, consisting of several extended families, alternating between winter and summer camps. The groups participated in hunting, trapping, fishing and gathering in Canada's boreal forest and around the many lakes of their territory. Later, with the emerging North American fur trade, they organized into several major regional groups in the vicinity of the European trading posts to control, as middleman, the carrying trade in furs and the hunting of fur-bearing animals. The new social groupings also enabled the Chipewyan to dominate their Dene neighbors and to better defend themselves against their rifle-armed Cree enemies, who were advancing to the Peace River and Lake Athabasca.
Chipewyan | Historical Chipewyan regional groups
Today, together with the "n-Cree" dialect-speaking Woodland Cree, those who live in the Lowlands and Uplands who speak the "n-Cree" dialect are called "Swampy Cree", but culturally Moose Cree (the Cree speaking the "l-dialect") and other peoples of the Upland including the Oji-Cree occasionally self-identify as being "Swampy Cree".
Swampy Cree | First Nations
The Cree language (also known in the most broad classification as Cree-Montagnais, Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi, to show the groups included within it) is the name for a group of closely related Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 117,000 people across Canada, from the Northwest Territories to Labrador. It is the most widely spoken aboriginal language in Canada. The only region where Cree has official status is in the Northwest Territories, together with eight other aboriginal languages. The two major groups: Nehiyaw and Innu, speak a mutually intelligible Cree dialect continuum, which can be divided by many criteria. In a dialect continuum, "It is not so much a language, as a chain of dialects, where speakers from one community can very easily understand their neighbours, but a Plains Cree speaker from Alberta would find a Quebec Cree speaker difficult to speak to without practice." One major division between the groups is that the Eastern group palatalizes the sound to either (c) or to (č) when it precedes front vowels.
Cree | Language
Ahenakew is a Cree surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Ahenakew | Introduction
In normal, everyday spoken Plains Cree, several phonological contractions are observed. For instance, final vowels can merge with the initial vowel of the following word. This is how the phrase "nāpēw mīna atim" is reduced to "nāpēw mīn ātim" "a man and a dog". In this case, the contraction involved the same vowel; the first vowel is taken and included in the second word in its long form. When the contraction involves different vowels, the first vowel is deleted and the second is lengthened: "nāpēw mīna iskwēw" "a man and a woman" is reduced to "nāpēw mīn īskwēw". Contraction does not always occur, and the word boundary may also be distinguished by the insertion of the sound: "mīna iskwēw" and "mīna(h) iskwēw" respectively.
Plains Cree | Surface variations
In the table, “it" in a subject or an object refers to Cree inanimate gender. The presence of “they" or “them" indicates that the subject or object could be either singular or plural. And finally, the designation “him/her/it/them" indicates that the object could be either animate or inanimate and either singular or plural.
Plains Cree | Vocabulary
Athabasca Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Fort McMurray, Alberta. The two Cree member Nations are Fort McMurray First Nation and Mikisew Cree First Nation, The Tribal Council has three other non-Cree members. Bigstone Cree Nation is not associated with a Tribal Council. The Bigstone Cree Nation was divided into two bands in 2010, with one group continuing under the former name, and the other becoming the Peerless Trout First Nation. Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council is based in Atikameg, Alberta with five members: Loon River First Nation, Lubicon Lake Band, Peerless Trout First Nation, Whitefish Lake First Nation, and Woodland Cree First Nation.
Cree | Woods Cree
An older term for this group of peoples was "Aht", which means "people" in their language and is a component in all the names of their subgroups, and of some locations (e.g. Yuquot, Mowachaht, Kyuquot, Opitsaht etc.).
Nootka Island | Introduction
The "Saāwithiniwak" or Woodland Cree, are a Cree people, calling themselves Nîhithaw in their own dialect of the language. They are the largest indigenous group in northern Alberta and are an Algonquian people. Prior to the 18th century, their territory extended west of Hudson Bay, as far north as Churchill. Although in western Northern Saskatchewan and Manitoba, by the 18th century, they acted as middlemen in trade with western tribes. After acquiring guns through trade, they greatly expanded their territory and drove other tribes further west and north.
Woodland Cree | Introduction
Cree uses two basic diminutives. In both dimunutives, sound changes may be triggered as ⟨t⟩→⟨c⟩ in most dialects, and ⟨s⟩→⟨š⟩ in the eastern dialects.
List of diminutives by language | Cree
Historically, the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum were classified by their relationship to Hudson Bay and James Bay: Lowland (Homeguard) Cree who were found along the coast, Lowland (Half-Homeguard) Cree who seasonally transitioned between the coast and the interior, and the Upland Cree in the deep interior who often were intermixed with the Ojibwe. West of these Lowland and Upland Cree were the Woodland and Plains Cree. Linguistically, the Cree are divided by their general language features, where the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum are classified as "th-Cree", "n-Cree" and "l-Cree", from west to east; Cree traditionally associated with the Woodland Cree make no distinction between "s" and "š", while the Lowland and Upland Cree do.
Swampy Cree | First Nations
Bands would usually have strong ties to their neighbours through intermarriage and would assemble together at different parts of the year to hunt and socialize together. Besides these regional gatherings, there was no higher-level formal structure, and decisions of war and peace were made by consensus with allied bands meeting together in council. People could be identified by their "clan", which is a group of people claiming descent from the same common ancestor; each clan would have a representative and a vote in all important councils held by the band (compare: Anishinaabe clan system). Each band remained independent of each other.
Cree | Historical
"š" is used in Eastern dialects where "s" and "š" are distinct phonemes. In other dialects, "s" is used even when pronounced like . "l" and "r" are used natively in Moose and Attikamek Cree, but in other dialects only for loanwords.
Cree language | Romanization
Cree have always identified themselves as "iIyiyuuch" which means "the people". The Cree have continued practising their traditions way of hunting, trapping and fishing. Parts of Wemindji's populations still lives off the land year round.
Wemindji | Culture and traditions
Ojibwe/Chippewa, Odawa, Potawatomi, and a variety of Cree groups lived in Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Western Ontario, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the Canadian Prairies. The Arapaho, Blackfoot and Cheyenne developed as indigenous to the Great Plains.
Algonquian peoples | Upper west
Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs is a Tribal Council located in North Battleford, Saskatchewan. Members are: Ahtahkakoop First Nation, Moosomin First Nation, Mosquito-Grizzly Bear's Head-Lean Man, Red Pheasant First Nation, Saulteaux First Nation, and Sweetgrass First Nation. File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan. Cree member Nations are: Little Black Bear First Nation, Muscowpetung Saulteaux Nation, Nekaneet Cree Nation, Okanese First Nation, Pasqua First Nation, Peepeekisis Cree Nation, Piapot Cree Nation, and Star Blanket Cree Nation Meadow Lake Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan with nine member First Nations.
Cree | Downstream people
Direction and obviation are not versions of the passive, which is formed separately in Plains Cree.
Plains Cree | Direction and obviation
The Dakelh called them "Tsattine / Tsat'en" and the Plains Cree called them "Amiskiwiyiniw", both meaning "Those who live among the beaver" or "Beaver People." In French, they are known as the "Gens de Castor", meaning "People of the Beaver".
Dane-zaa | Name
Descending from places like; Russia, Egypt, Persia, Turkey, Sudan, Italy, Scotland, Ireland and other highly respected and important, almost completely diminished by genocide.
Matrilineality | Cree Tribes
(The eastern Cree "r-" series can be seen as both of these algorithms applied to "ro" (bold), whereas western Cree "l-" can be seen as both applied to "la" (bold).) There are minor variants within both eastern and western Cree. Woods Cree, for example, uses western Cree conventions, but has lost the "e" series, and has an additional consonant series, "th- (ð-)," which is a barred form of the "y-" series.
Canadian Aboriginal syllabics | Additional consonant series
The following formationas are recognised, from top to bottom:
Manitoba Group | Subdivisions
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | W
The tribe is divided into subgroups, but no word exists to define an individual that belongs to a different group. The closest term that is usually applied is "tatirim" (stranger). A person from the same subgroup is referred to as "win ma" (land fellow). Today, the Wariʼ subgroups are: Some individuals still identify themselves with two other subgroups that no longer exist, the OroJowin, or the OroKaoOroWaji. Oro is a collectivizing particle that can be translated as "people" or "group".
Wariʼ | Denomination and ethnicity
The Cree are the largest group of First Nations in Canada, with 220,000 members and 135 registered bands. Together, their reserve lands are the largest of any First Nations group in the country. The largest Cree band and the second largest First Nations Band in Canada after the Six Nations Iroquois is the Lac La Ronge Band in northern Saskatchewan. Given the traditional Cree acceptance of mixed marriages, it is acknowledged by academics that all bands are ultimately of mixed heritage and multilingualism and multiculturalism was the norm. In the West, mixed bands of Cree, Saulteaux and Assiniboine, all partners in the Iron Confederacy, are the norm.
Cree | In Canada
The word "Athabaskan" is an anglicized version of a Cree language name for Lake Athabasca ( "[where] there are reeds one after another") in Canada. Cree is one of the Algonquian languages and therefore not itself an Athabaskan language. The name was assigned by Albert Gallatin in his 1836 (written 1826) classification of the languages of North America. He acknowledged that it was his choice to use this name for the language family and associated peoples, writing: The four spellings—"Athabaskan", "Athabascan", "Athapaskan", and "Athapascan"—are in approximately equal use. Particular communities may prefer one spelling over another (Krauss 1987). For example, the Tanana Chiefs Conference and Alaska Native Language Center prefer the spelling "Athabascan".
Athabaskan languages | Name
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | A
The name "Pimicikamak" appears to have entered into English-language usage by Cree-speakers in the 1990s. "The Pimicikamak Cree Nation" is a polyglot and imprecise description of Pimicikamak, not a name. It is also known in English as "the Cross Lake Band", a description that may be confused with the Cross Lake Band of Indians (now known as the "Cross Lake First Nation").
Pimicikamak | Names
They use the berries of the "minus" subspecies of Vaccinium myrtilloides to colour porcupine quills, and put the firm, ripe berries on a string to wear as a necklace. They also incorporate the berries the "minus" subspecies of Vaccinium myrtilloides into their cuisine. They store the berries by freezing them outside during the winter, mix the berries with boiled fish eggs, livers, air bladders and fat and eat them, eat the berries raw as a snack food, and stew them with fish or meat.
Cree | Woods Cree subgroup
The Saskatchewan Group contains the following formations, from top to base:
Saskatchewan Group | Subdivisions
Agency Chiefs Tribal Council is a Tribal Council located in Spiritwood, Saskatchewan representing three First Nations: Pelican Lake First Nation, Big River First Nation, and Witchekan Lake First Nation. Battlefords Tribal Council is based in North Battleford, Saskatchewan, The three member Nations are Lucky Man Cree Nation, Little Pine First Nation, and Poundmaker First Nation. Interlake Reserves Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Fairford, Manitoba. The only Cree member is Peguis First Nation.
Cree | Upstream people
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | U
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | N
At one time the Cree lived in northern Minnesota, North Dakota and Montana. Today American Cree are enrolled in the federally recognized Chippewa Cree tribe, located on the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation, and in minority as "Landless Cree" on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation and as "Landless Cree" and "Rocky Boy Cree" on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, all in Montana. The Chippewa Cree share the reservation with the Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians, who form the "Chippewa" (Ojibwa) half of the Chippewa Cree tribe. On the other Reservations, the Cree minority share the Reservation with the Assiniboine, Gros Ventre and Sioux tribes.
Cree | In the United States
By then additional Native Americans had migrated there and others had left. Fewer than 45 of the 451 names listed on the "Tentative Roll of the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation" (1917) were Chippewa from the earlier 1909 roll. Many were Cree, descendants of Little Bear's (Imasees) band, and Métis, descendants of the Louis Riel band of mixed-race peoples from the Red River of the North area. According to tribal traditions of absorbing war captives and protecting all children of tribal women, if residents identified as Cree or Chippewa, they were listed as Native American, regardless of whether they had other ancestry.
Chippewa Cree | History
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | I
It is part of the Cree language group, and is unrelated to neighboring Inuit languages.
Innu | Introduction
Most of the region's Indigenous population is of Cree origin.
Lesser Slave Lake (electoral district) | Geography
The small groups of Plains Ojibwa are called the Saulteaux. This name derives from French and refers to those that gathered around the falls – specifically the Sault Ste. Marie area of modern Ontario and Michigan. They defeated the Cheyenne in the 1700s and occupied southern Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan when the fur trade died out. They were entrenched as a plains Indian group with the signing of the Number Treaties in the 1870s.
Western Ojibwa language | History
The Swampy Cree people, also known by their autonyms "Néhinaw", "Maskiki Wi Iniwak", "Mushkekowuk," "Maškékowak" or "Maskekon" (and therefore also "Muskegon" and "Muskegoes") or by exonyms including "West Main Cree," "Lowland Cree", and "Homeguard Cree", are a division of the Cree Nation occupying lands located in northern Manitoba, along the Saskatchewan River in northeastern Saskatchewan, along the shores of Hudson Bay and adjoining interior lands south and west as well territories along the shores of Hudson and James Bay in Ontario. They are geographically and to some extant culturally split into two main groupings, and therefore speak two dialects of the Swampy Cree language, which is a "n-dialect":
Swampy Cree | Introduction
For Plains Cree and Swampy Cree, Standard Roman Orthography (SRO) uses fourteen letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet to denote the dialect's ten consonants ("p", "t", "c", "k", "s", "m", "n", "w", "y" and "h") and seven vowels ("a", "i", "o", "ā", "ī", "ō" and "ē"). Upper case letters are not used. For more details on the phonetic values of these letters or variant orthographies, see the § Phonology section above. The sound of Woods Cree is written "th", or "ð" in more recent material. Plains and Swampy material written to be cross-dialectical often modify "y" to "ý" and "n" to "ñ" when those are pronounced in Swampy.
Cree language | Romanization
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | E
The Woods Cree language belongs to the Algic family, within the Algonquian subfamily, and the central Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi language group. Western Cree is a term used to refer to the non-palatized Cree dialects, consisting of Northern Plains Cree, Southern Plains Cree, Woods Cree, Rock Cree, Western Swampy Cree, Eastern Swampy Cree, Moose Cree, and Atikamekw. Western Woods Cree is the term used to refer to the Cree languages west of the Hudson Bay. This includes the languages Rock Cree, western Swampy Cree, and Strongwoods or Bois Fort Cree. James G.E. Smith classified the linguistic nature of the languages of Woods Cree, northern Plains Cree, western Swampy Cree, and the extinct dialect of Misinipi or Rock Cree to all fall under the Western Woods Cree languages.
Woods Cree | Classification
As a dialect of the Cree language, Moose Cree is classified under the Algonquian branch of the Algic language family.
Moose Cree language | Classification
Cree is believed to have begun as a dialect of the Proto-Algonquian language spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the original Algonquian homeland, an undetermined area thought to be near the Great Lakes. The speakers of the proto-Cree language are thought to have moved north, and diverged rather quickly into two different groups on each side of James Bay. The eastern group then began to diverge into separate dialects, whereas the western grouping probably broke into distinct dialects much later. After this point it is very difficult to make definite statements about how different groups emerged and moved around, because there are no written works in the languages to compare, and descriptions by Europeans are not systematic; as well, Algonquian people have a tradition of bilingualism and even of outright adopting a new language from neighbours.
Cree language | Origin and diffusion
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | S
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | G
Some may live also within the White Bear First Nations, which consists mostly of members of the Plains Cree, Western Saulteaux and Assiniboine.
Mdewakanton | Manitoba
There are terms used for more than one group, like "Minyangbal", – those who say minyang "what", which is used to refer to the Yugambeh, Galibal, and Wiyabal people, while also being the self-name for the Minyungbal people at Byron Bay and on the Brunswick River. Discussion about the correct names for dialects is difficult because there are who groups stopped using names altogether. This was compounded by the fact that what one group may call itself may be different from what another group calls it, which may again be different from what a third group uses. Sharpe remarked:For example, one group which said gala for "this" might call another group Galibal, because the others pronounced the word gali.
Yugambeh people | Other misnomers
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | D
A traditional view among 20th century anthropologists and historians of the fur trade posits that the Western Woods Cree and the Plains Cree (and therefore their dialects) did not diverge from other Cree peoples before 1670, when the Cree expanded out of their homeland near James Bay because of access to European firearms. By contrast, James Smith of the Museum of the American Indian stated, in 1987, that the weight of archeological and linguistic evidence puts the Cree as far west as the Peace River Region of Alberta before European contact.
Cree language | Origin and diffusion
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | M
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | R
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | L
The Cree Tribes; Seneca, Sicewa, Cherokee, Chocktaw and Minotoan, a few of the original tribes, clans (Royal) people from the northwest; namely, Cree Indians. Part of a matriarchal society in which highly respects their women, and consult in them for all decision making. All names and surnames are selected, elected and given to one offspring, these names are chosen by the female consulate and conferred together with Male counterparts, creating a regarded highly identity, a pedigree. Many given more than one name but never an alias. Cree Tribes individually represent separate ancient, pure, royal families or clans all of which carry on their protected and sacred traditions today.
Matrilineality | Cree Tribes
Word-final short vowels tend to be subject to apocope except for when the stem is syllabic. That is, the word would become "sīsīp" "duck" but remains "niska" "goose" because the stem is composed of only a single syllable. Similarly, post-consonantal word-final is lost. In the case of the Plains Cree word for "dog" , the is only lost after the short vowel is dropped when the plural suffix -"k" is added. Thus, the word is realized "atim" while its plural form is "atimwak".
Plains Cree | Apocopation
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | P
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | T
The Dane-zaa, Chipewyan, and South Slavey speak (or spoke) languages from the Northern Athabaskan family, which is also common in the regions to the north and west of the park, and call themselves the "Dene" collectively. The Cree, by contrast, are an Algonquian people and are thought to have migrated here from the east within the timeframe of recorded history. Sometime after 1781 when a smallpox epidemic decimated the region, the two groups made a peace treaty at Peace Point through a ceremonial pipe ceremony. This is the origin of the name of the Peace River which flows through the region: the river became the boundary with the Dane-zaa to the North and the Cree to the South.
Wood Buffalo National Park | Before the park
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | J
The name of this reserve originated from its first chief who was born about 1816 on the vast prairie region that was home to his people. He was named Ahtahkakoop, which in Cree means "Starblanket". He was a Head Chief of the Plains Cree who was part of the signing of Treaty Six in 1876. When the treaty was signed, the population of his band was 185 members. As of January 2003 the registered population of Ahtahkakoop is 2600 band members. The language spoken is Cree. The community was formerly known as "Sandy Lake Indian Band".
Ahtahkakoop Cree Nation | History
The Statimc are divided linguistically, culturally and geographically into two main tribes or First Nations.
Stʼatʼimc | Groups
The long vowels *ē and *ā have merged in the northern coastal dialects but remain distinct in the southern coastal and southern inland dialects; southern inland has merged *s with *š, which remain distinct in the coastal dialects. Neighboring Naskapi has both. In East Cree there are thirteen consonants: There are eight vowels:
East Cree | Phonology
There are many Anishinaabeg reserves and reservations; in some places, the Anishinaabeg share some of their lands with others, such as the Cree, the Dakota, Delaware, and the Kickapoo, among others. The Anishnabeg who "merged" with the Kickapoo tribe may now identify as being Kickapoo in Kansas and Oklahoma. The Prairie Potawatomi were the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi of Illinois and Wisconsin who were relocated to Kansas during the 19th century. The Anishinaabe of Manitoba, particularly those along the east side of Lake Winnipeg, have had longstanding historical conflicts with the Cree people.
Anishinaabe | Other indigenous groups
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | O
The Manitoba Group is conformably overlain by the Duperow Formation and disconformably overlays the Prairie Evaporite Formation or Winnipegosis Formation of the Elk Point Group. The lower Manitoba Group is equivalent to the Muskeg Formation in northern Alberta, while the upper part correlates with the Beaverhill Lake Formation.
Manitoba Group | Relationship to other units
It would be interesting to compile the names for the "band territories" of the 633 fragmented First Nations of the AFN, or the names of the "reservation territories" of the 632 fragmented Indian Nations of the NCAI, but that is beyond the scope of this article, except as side notes in the "further information" column. So this list does not include the names for reservations or reserves, but only of the entire national homeland (or the homeland of a confederated identity such as the Haudenosaunee Confederacy or Colville tribes). For example, this list wouldn't give the Cherokee name for the Qualla Boundary reservation, but only the name for "the Cherokee country" as a whole.
List of traditional territories of the indigenous peoples of North America | Criteria for inclusion
Moose Cree (Cree: "Mōsonī" or "Ililiw"), also known as Moosonee, and together with Eastern Swampy Cree, also known as Central Cree, West James Bay Cree or West Main Cree. They speak the l-dialect of the Cree language. The Moose Cree were first noted in Jesuit Relations for 1671, along the shores of James Bay and along the Moose River. On the Ochagach map (c. 1728), they (as "Monsonnis") were noted as far inland as the Rainy Lake region.
Moose Cree | Introduction
Return to top of page
List of Australian Aboriginal group names | Y
The languages are listed below along with dialects and subdialects. This classification follows Goddard (1996) and Mithun (1999). 1. Cree-Montagnais (also known as Kirištino˙ or Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi) 2. Menominee (also known as Menomini) ? Eastern Great Lakes (also known as Core Central)
Central Algonquian languages | Family division
The district was home to Cree people of Treaty 4, Treaty 5 and Treaty 6 who lived on Indian reserves and a small band of Dene who lived in the northwest section around Cold Lake.
District of Saskatchewan | Settlements
In the winter, the regional band might split up into smaller units, called local bands, each one made up of perhaps four nuclear families. The regional band might meet again at a predetermined place and time in mid-winter for a gathering ceremony called a potlatch, and then split up again for beaver and muskrat trapping.
Tanana Athabaskans | Bands
Because almost all grammatical information is stored within the verb, nouns in Plains Cree are relatively simple. Nouns can be marked with possessive prefixes, which are paired with suffixes for plural possessive pronouns like that for our (excl.) "ni(t)-...-inān". Nominal morphology, like the language in general, is nevertheless dominated by suffixes. This includes the diminutive suffix, plural number suffixes -"ak" and -"a", and the locative suffix -"ihk". These forms each have predictable allomorphs. Additional suffixes include those to mark obviation.
Plains Cree | Nouns
Different sources in Canadian history texts document the area in which Woods Cree was and still is spoken today. In the early 1900s, J.B. Tyrrell, a Canadian geologist and cartographer and the editor of explorer David Thompson's work found that the people living in the area of Île-à-la-Crosse and upper Churchill River referred to themselves as "Nahathaway" and spoke the particular "-th" dialect of Woods Cre"e." The Hudson's Bay Company had made record of the area west of James Bay being inhabited by people speaking the "-th" dialect of Cree. This region of Woods Cree speakers has essentially remained the same until present.
Woods Cree | History and Geographic Distribution
David Pentland, for example, argued that Ojibwe "oshtigwaan", claimed as the only form requiring the reconstruction of "*št", is a borrowing from Cree. However, evidence from Munsee and Blackfoot seem to also point toward "*št" as a valid separate cluster in PA (Munsee "wìilùshtíikan", Blackfoot "moʼtokááni", "head, hair").
Proto-Algonquian language | Clusters
Their most common autonym is "Anishinini" (plural: "Anishininiwag") and they call their language "Anishininiimowin".
Anishinaabe | Name
Number As shown above we can see that the Number is dependent on the Gender therefore if we have an Animate word then the ending for the plural will be ich in most cases and in some cases when the word ends in a w the ending will be uch after you drop the w. On the other hand, for Inanimate words the ending to indicate the plural will be adding an h to the end of the word.
East Cree | Gender, Number, Person
The people of Nisichawayasihk are largely ancestral descendants of indigenous Cree peoples who have populated the Canadian Shield region of northern and central Canada since the retreat of the glaciers about 10,000 years ago. Largely left alone by the Government of Canada during initial colonization and settlement of Western Canada. In the mid-1870s, the Indigenous peoples of the Lake Winnipeg area were interested in making a treaty with the Government of Canada. They had heard about the concessions offered to the Indigenous nations of Treaties 1 to 4 (see Numbered Treaties), and subsequently demanded the government provide similar economic assistance, provisions of tools and protection against the encroachment of outsiders (such as surveyors and settlers) on their territories.
Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation | History
The glide is inserted between two long vowels, which is why the combination of "kīsikā" "be day" and "āpan" "be dawn" forms "kīsikāyāpan" "it is day-break". Also, the combination of a long vowel and a short vowel deletes the short vowel. Therefore, "nīpā" "in the dark" and "ohtē" "walk" form "nīpāhtēw" "he walks in the dark". This deletion is true whether the short vowel occurs before or after the long vowel. When two short vowels occur in sequence, however, it is the second that deletes. For instance, the stem "ositiyi" "his foot/feet" combines with the locative suffix /ehk/ to produce "ositiyihk" "on his foot/feet".
Plains Cree | Vowel sequences
It is an exonym that was not used by the Pimicikamak people to describe themselves. Today, "Crees use the name Cree to refer to themselves only when speaking English or French." "Nation" is an English word. The combination of these three terms describes the Pimicikamak people less accurately than its own name "Pimicikamak". "Pimicikamak Cree Nation" may be abbreviated as "PCN" referring erroneously to the Cross Lake Band of Indians or Cross Lake First Nation, not to be confused with the Mexican metal band of that name. Pimicikamak is an indigenous people whose origins lie in pre-history; the Cross Lake Band of Indians is a pseudo-corporate legal entity created by the "Indian Act".
Pimicikamak Cree Nation | Introduction
Keewatin Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Thompson, Manitoba that represents eleven First Nations across northern Manitoba. The Rocky Cree members are: Barren Lands First Nation, Bunibonibee Cree Nation, God's Lake First Nation, and Manto Sipi Cree Nation. Prince Albert Development Corporation is based in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan and is owned by twelve First Nations. Rocky Cree members include: Lac La Ronge First Nation, Montreal Lake First Nation, Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation, and Sturgeon Lake First Nation. Swampy Cree Tribal Council is also owned by several First Nations with Rocky Cree populations: Chemawawin Cree Nation, Marcel Colomb First Nation, Mathias Colomb First Nation, Misipawistik Cree Nation (formerly known as Grand Rapids First Nation), Mosakahiken Cree Nation, Opaskwayak Cree Nation.
Cree | Rocky Cree