The Cree are generally divided into eight groups based on dialect and region. These divisions do not necessarily represent ethnic sub-divisions within the larger ethnic group: Due to the many dialects of the Cree language, the people have no modern collective autonym. The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves using modern forms of the historical "nêhiraw", namely "nêhiyaw" and "nêhirawisiw", respectively. Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais all refer to themselves using modern dialectal forms of the historical "iriniw", meaning 'man.' Moose Cree use the form "ililiw", coastal East Cree and Naskapi use "iyiyiw" (variously spelled "iiyiyiu", "iiyiyuu", and "eeyou"), inland East Cree use "iyiniw" (variously spelled "iinuu" and "eenou"), and Montagnais use "ilnu" and "innu", depending on dialect.
Sub-groups / Geography
Cree
Cree | Sub-groups / Geography
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context. There have been several attempts to create a national political organization that would represent all Cree peoples, at least as far back as a 1994 gathering at the Opaskwayak Cree First Nation reserve. There have been several attempts to create a national political organization that would represent all Cree peoples. There have been several attempts to create a national political organization that would represent all Cree peoples.
what is parnassius smintheus?
user
It is a high-altitude butterfly found in the Rocky Mountains.
assistant
where did this mountain take its name from?
user
It is a translation of the Cree name ' is given as, "When seen from across the prairies, they looked like a rocky mass".
assistant
what is the history behind this first mentioned name?
user
The name is derived from the Algonkian-language exonym "Kirištino.
assistant
what are some different types of it?
user
The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves as "nêhiyaw" and "nêhirawisiw"; the Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais as "iriniw" etc.
assistant
what are its people?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
what is its first contact?
user
In Manitoba, the Cree were first contacted by Europeans in 1682.
assistant
what is its relation with the un?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
what are its subgroups?
user
The Cree are generally divided into eight groups based on dialect and region.
assistant
what are few of these group names?
user
The Plains Cree and Attikamekw, Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais; coastal East Cree and Naskapi.
assistant
what is it in contemporary times?
user
The Cree are generally divided into eight groups based on dialect and region. These divisions do not necessarily represent ethnic sub-divisions within the larger ethnic group: Due to the many dialects of the Cree language, the people have no modern collective autonym. The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves using modern forms of the historical "nêhiraw", namely "nêhiyaw" and "nêhirawisiw", respectively. Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais all refer to themselves using modern dialectal forms of the historical "iriniw", meaning 'man.' Moose Cree use the form "ililiw", coastal East Cree and Naskapi use "iyiyiw" (variously spelled "iiyiyiu", "iiyiyuu", and "eeyou"), inland East Cree use "iyiniw" (variously spelled "iinuu" and "eenou"), and Montagnais use "ilnu" and "innu", depending on dialect.
Cree | Sub-groups / Geography
There have been several attempts to create a national political organization that would represent all Cree peoples, at least as far back as a 1994 gathering at the Opaskwayak Cree First Nation reserve.
Cree | Contemporary
The Cree use "Cree," "cri," "Naskapi, or "montagnais" to refer to their people only when speaking French or English.
Cree | Sub-groups / Geography
By the early 19th century, the Apsáalooke fell into three independent groupings, who came together only for common defense: Apsaalooke oral history describes a fourth group, the Bilapiluutche ("Beaver Dries its Fur"), who may have merged with the Kiowa in the second half of the 17th century.
Crow people | Historical subgroups
Different sources in Canadian history texts document the area in which Woods Cree was and still is spoken today. In the early 1900s, J.B. Tyrrell, a Canadian geologist and cartographer and the editor of explorer David Thompson's work found that the people living in the area of Île-à-la-Crosse and upper Churchill River referred to themselves as "Nahathaway" and spoke the particular "-th" dialect of Woods Cre"e." The Hudson's Bay Company had made record of the area west of James Bay being inhabited by people speaking the "-th" dialect of Cree. This region of Woods Cree speakers has essentially remained the same until present.
Woods Cree | History and Geographic Distribution
Contemporary Sioux people are listed under the tribes to which they belong.
Sioux | Contemporary
A traditional view among 20th century anthropologists and historians of the fur trade posits that the Western Woods Cree and the Plains Cree (and therefore their dialects) did not diverge from other Cree peoples before 1670, when the Cree expanded out of their homeland near James Bay because of access to European firearms. By contrast, James Smith of the Museum of the American Indian stated, in 1987, that the weight of archeological and linguistic evidence puts the Cree as far west as the Peace River Region of Alberta before European contact.
Cree language | Origin and diffusion
Today, a substantial number of Assiniboine people live jointly with other tribes, such as the Plains Cree, Saulteaux, Sioux and Gros Ventre, in several reservations in Canada and the United States. In Manitoba, the Assiniboine survive as individuals, holding no separate communal reserves.
Assiniboine | Present situation
Contemporary Sioux people are also listed under the tribes to which they belong:
Dakota people | Contemporary
The Haida Gwaii islands, Old Crow Flats, and the Bluefish Caves contain some of the earliest Paleo-Indian archeological sites in Canada. Ice Age hunter-gatherers of this period left lithic flake fluted stone tools and the remains of large butchered mammals. The North American climate stabilized around 8000 BCE (10,000 years ago). Climatic conditions were similar to modern patterns; however, the receding glacial ice sheets still covered large portions of the land, creating lakes of meltwater. Most population groups during the Archaic periods were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers. However, individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally; thus with the passage of time, there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization (i.e.: Paleo-Arctic, Plano and Maritime Archaic traditions).
History of Canada | Indigenous peoples
Today there is a library and a cultural center.
Juchitepec | History
The valley has a number of contemporary uses including hunting, fishing, trapping, gathering, and scientific study. Indigenous peoples have a connection to Indigenous knowledge and traditions that is evident in their contemporary use of the land.
Qu'Appelle River | Contemporary land uses
The Cree are an indigenous people of the Subarctic, who historically hunted and gathered in seasonal migrations. In summer, they traveled on waterways by canoe: fishing and harvesting berries and other food staples. In fall, they hunted waterfowl along the shores of James Bay. Prior to winter, Cree families traveled to their winter settlements, where they hunted and trapped big game and small, fur-bearing animals. Prior to spring thaw, the families hunted waterfowl as they migrated north. This was an historical, annual cycle for the Swampy Cree. Early exposure to European society heavily influenced Cree lifestyles. The Hudson's Bay Company establishing a trading post for fur in 1673 in the Moose Factory region.
Moose Cree First Nation | History
Sometime before 1800 Cree people migrating from the east displaced the Sacree from the hills onto the plains. The Cree called the region Amiskwaciy, which literally means "beaver hills" and is the origin of the region's later names in French, and then English. The Cree pursued an economy based around trapping and trading with Euro-Canadian fur companies as well as the more traditional forms of hunting gathering, and fishing. The Cree also adopted buffalo hunting techniques from plains peoples to the south, including the use of buffalo pounds. The beaver and other game species in the area eventually became trapped out, and they largely abandoned the area as a permanent home, though continued to travel through the area.
Beaver Hills (Alberta) | Indigenous peoples and fur trade history
Old Montagnais is the period in the history of the Innu language preceding its current form. There are several sound changes that Old Montagnais underwent. One example is the change from Old Montagnais "ayaškimew" to modern Innu "ayassimēw".
Old Montagnais | Introduction
Fishing and trapping started to represent how families would sustain themselves economically and this would continue well into the 20th century.
Misipawistik Cree Nation | History
Endonyms are ' (Plains Cree), ' (Woods Cree), ' (Atikamekw), ' (Western Montagnais, Piyekwâkamî dialect), ' (Western Montagnais, Betsiamites dialect), ' (Eastern Montagnais), ' (Southern East Cree), ' (Northern East Cree), ' (Moose Cree), ' (Eastern Swampy Cree), and "" (Western Swampy Cree).
Cree language | Names
In normal, everyday spoken Plains Cree, several phonological contractions are observed. For instance, final vowels can merge with the initial vowel of the following word. This is how the phrase "nāpēw mīna atim" is reduced to "nāpēw mīn ātim" "a man and a dog". In this case, the contraction involved the same vowel; the first vowel is taken and included in the second word in its long form. When the contraction involves different vowels, the first vowel is deleted and the second is lengthened: "nāpēw mīna iskwēw" "a man and a woman" is reduced to "nāpēw mīn īskwēw". Contraction does not always occur, and the word boundary may also be distinguished by the insertion of the sound: "mīna iskwēw" and "mīna(h) iskwēw" respectively.
Plains Cree | Surface variations
This meaning has temporal but no historical connotations. The second sense, however, carries both temporal and historical connotations, and it is this meaning that figures in Rabinow’s work. Rabinow takes up the contemporary as a “moving ratio.” Just as “the modern” can be thought of as a moving ratio of tradition and modernity, so the contemporary “is a moving ratio of modernity, moving through the recent past and near future in a (non-linear) space.” As such, the Anthropology of the Contemporary consists of analytic work that helps develop modes of inquiry into under-determined, emergent and discordant relations. It seeks to develop methods, practices, and forms of inquiry and narration coherent and co-operable with understandings of the mode (or modes) taken by anthropos as figure and an assemblage today.
Paul Rabinow | Anthropology of the contemporary
The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers; but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally, thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization, for example the Southwest, Arctic, Poverty Point culture, Plains Arctic, Dalton, and Plano traditions. This kind of regional adaptation became the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering among many cultures, with a more mixed economy of small game, fish, seasonally wild vegetables and harvested plant foods.
History of North America | Pre-Columbian era
In modern times, racchabandas are becoming extinct due to urbanization.
Racchabanda | Modern status
However, they lived in squalid conditions. The use of nettle-fibre or wild hemp for clothing, primitive implements, and techniques continued on towards the 20th century.
Shors | Early modern history
The Changed Conjunct changes the vowels of the first syllable of a verb as follows: It can be used to express the difference between Present General and Present-Time questions. That is the difference between "Do you speak Cree?" and "Are you speaking Cree?" Present-Time questions use the prefix /ka-/ without any vowel change. Present General questions use no prefix and change the vowel according to the paradigm above. It can also be used in Vivid Narrative for effect, but it sounds outdated to modern-day speakers.
Swampy Cree language | The Changed Conjunct
These names are derived from the historical autonym "nēhiraw" (of uncertain meaning) or from the historical autonym "iriniw" (meaning "person"). Cree using the latter autonym tend to be those living in the territories of Quebec and Labrador.
Cree | Name
Several communities exist to this day of people descended from the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy.
Iroquois | Modern communities
As a mode of inquiry Rabinow distinguishes the Anthropology of the Contemporary from Michel Foucault’s History of the Present. As Rabinow describes it, the History of the Present consists in formulating an understanding of the past as “a means of showing the contingency of the present and thereby contribute to making a more open future.” The current challenge is to be specific about which inquiries and what objects are best engaged with an approach that is drawn from a History of the Present orientation. Contrastingly, Rabinow defines the contemporary as a (re)assemblage of both old and new elements and their interactions and interfaces.
Paul Rabinow | Anthropology of the contemporary
The first peoples of Canada, the lowland Cree, have used the natural resources of the Hudson Plains ecoregion as a means of subsistence for generations. Traditional resource use was limited to hunting, trapping, and gathering for the livelihoods of the Cree. In addition, from the 18th to the early 20th century, the regions provisioning resources drew English and French fur traders. Around the turn of the twentieth century, the natural resource focus that was once on trapping and fur trade was replaced by sport fishing, tourism, and a focus on the extractable minerals embedded in the territory. Climate change as well as ever-changing societal resource demands have prompted the resource use of this area to evolve, or emerge.
Hudson Plains Ecoregion | Traditional and emergent resource use
However, in recent years, as indigenous languages have declined across western Canada where there were once three languages spoken on a given reserve, there may now only be one. This has led to a simplification of identity, and it has become "fashionable" for bands in many parts of Saskatchewan to identify as "Plains Cree" at the expense of a mixed Cree-Salteaux history. There is also a tendency for bands to recategorize themselves as "Plains Cree" instead of Woods Cree or Swampy Cree. Neal McLeod argues this is partly due to the dominant culture's fascination with Plains Indian culture as well as the greater degree of written standardization and prestige Plains Cree enjoys over other Cree dialects.
Cree | In Canada
However, it was closed again around the 1960s it is believed, and most Cree residents moved to Mistissini.
Nitchequon | History
The Cree expanded steadily westward from the Hudson-James Bay country. Although the date of arrival of the Cree in the Lac la Biche region is unknown, archaeological evidence in the form of pre-contact pottery indicates that the Cree were in this region in the 1500s. A type of early Cree pottery known as Clearwater Lake Punctate is found regularly in forests in neighbouring Saskatchewan. The Clearwater Lake Punctate, believed to be ancestral to the Cree people, is a ceramic container made during the late prehistoric period, dated to between 250 and 1100 years before present. There is one example in the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, Quebec that was found on, Amisk (which means "beaver" in Cree) Lake was on the historic "voyageur highway" that led to the rich Athabaska region.
Beaver Lake Cree Nation | History
The name "Cree" is derived from the Algonkian-language exonym "Kirištino˙", which the Ojibwa used for tribes around Hudson Bay. The French colonists and explorers, who spelled the term "Kilistinon", "Kiristinon", "Knisteneaux", "Cristenaux", and "Cristinaux", used the term for numerous tribes which they encountered north of Lake Superior, in Manitoba, and west of there. The French used these terms to refer to various groups of peoples in Canada, some of which are now better distinguished as Severn Anishinaabe (Ojibwa), who speak dialects different from the Algonquin. Depending on the community, the Cree may call themselves by the following names: the "nēhiyawak", "nīhithaw", "nēhilaw", and "nēhinaw"; or "ininiw", "ililiw", "iynu" ("innu"), or "iyyu".
Cree | Name
The Chipewyan moved in small groups or bands, consisting of several extended families, alternating between winter and summer camps. The groups participated in hunting, trapping, fishing and gathering in Canada's boreal forest and around the many lakes of their territory. Later, with the emerging North American fur trade, they organized into several major regional groups in the vicinity of the European trading posts to control, as middleman, the carrying trade in furs and the hunting of fur-bearing animals. The new social groupings also enabled the Chipewyan to dominate their Dene neighbors and to better defend themselves against their rifle-armed Cree enemies, who were advancing to the Peace River and Lake Athabasca.
Chipewyan | Historical Chipewyan regional groups
Through their history, their culture has gone through a great deal of change in the past few hundred years since contact and colonization started. The history of the Residential Schools and the potlatch ban was a part where the Canadian government tried to exterminate their cultural practices. This caused decades of effects with the near extinction of their language, the assimilation into mainstream Western society, and inter-generational trauma. Despite these points in their history, much of their culture is still intact. Some parts of their culture are nonexistent but historical, some parts have changed because of the modern world, and some parts are cultural occurrences but are not historical in a "pre-contact" sense.
Squamish people | Historical and cultural context
The Naskapi are the Innu First Nations inhabiting a region of northeastern Quebec and Labrador, Canada. The Naskapi are traditionally nomadic peoples, in contrast with the territorial Montagnais, the other segment of Innu. The Naskapi language and culture is quite different from the Montagnais, in which the dialect changes from y to n as in "Iiyuu" versus "Innu". "Iyuw Iyimuun" is the Innu dialect spoken by the Naskapi. Today, the Naskapi are settled into two communities:
Cree | Naskapi
The Jukun people, by reason of their modern historical fusion with the southern Yawuru, formed one of the parties in the Yawuru native title holding group, which had its claim to native title recognized by a Federal Court in 2010 for the area around Broome.
Jugun | Modern Period
Many of these names are still present in modern days.
Naujininkai | History
The current townsite of Opaskwayak, reserve parcel 21E, was a historical gathering place where people travelled for spiritual healing. The area Cree would meet here every summer to fish, harvest, and cultivate the land. Also during this time it was an opportunity for creating social ties and practising the ceremonial way of life known as the or Grand Medicine Society. The language of the Opaskwayak people is from the Swampy Cree "n"-dialect. There was a number of local bands who shared the same defined territory which in turn, composed of a number of interrelated families who came together periodically through the year for various social, cultural activities and ceremonies.
Opaskwayak Cree Nation | History
By 1300, the Inuit, present-day Arctic inhabitants and descendants of Thule culture, had settled in west Greenland, and moved into east Greenland over the following century. Over time, the Inuit have migrated throughout the Arctic regions of Canada, Greenland, Russia and the United States. Other Circumpolar North indigenous peoples include the Chukchi, Evenks, Inupiat, Khanty, Koryaks, Nenets, Sami, Yukaghir, and Yupik, who still refer to themselves as Eskimo which means "snowshoe netters", not "raw meat eaters" as it is sometimes mistakenly translated.
Circumpolar peoples | Historical and contemporary peoples
Cree have always identified themselves as "iIyiyuuch" which means "the people". The Cree have continued practising their traditions way of hunting, trapping and fishing. Parts of Wemindji's populations still lives off the land year round.
Wemindji | Culture and traditions
Bands would usually have strong ties to their neighbours through intermarriage and would assemble together at different parts of the year to hunt and socialize together. Besides these regional gatherings, there was no higher-level formal structure, and decisions of war and peace were made by consensus with allied bands meeting together in council. People could be identified by their "clan", which is a group of people claiming descent from the same common ancestor; each clan would have a representative and a vote in all important councils held by the band (compare: Anishinaabe clan system). Each band remained independent of each other.
Cree | Historical
Also preserved were the stairs that led to the altars and the foundation of an ancient construction on the shore of one of the lakes — now part of the restaurant "Cetatea Veche".
Rose Valley, Chișinău | Modern times
The geographical area of modern-day Manitoba was inhabited by the First Nations people shortly after the last ice age glaciers retreated in the southwest approximately 10,000 years ago; the first exposed land was the Turtle Mountain area. The first humans in southern Manitoba left behind pottery shards, spear and arrow heads, copper, petroforms, pictographs, fish and animal bones, and signs of agriculture along the Red River near Lockport, Manitoba, where corn and other seed crops were planted. Eventually there were aboriginal settlements of Ojibwa, Cree, Dene, Sioux, Mandan, and Assiniboine peoples, along with other tribes that entered the area to trade.
History of Manitoba | Early history
Today's Trans-Canada Highway follows the route of the proposed English road along the north bank of the river through the disputed portion of the drainage. Most of the Saint John drainage on the disputed south bank became Aroostook County, Maine, where the town of Madawaska still shares the Acadian French dialect with Edmundston across the river. The Allagash River and Baker Branch of the Saint John River upstream of Madawaska flow through the sparsely populated North Maine Woods. These black spruce forests were a primary source of pulpwood for Maine paper mills through the 20th century. Distance from Maine cities encouraged landowners to employ Quebec lumberjacks.
Wolastoq | Contemporary era
Conventional wisdom was driven by the Pristine Myth, an idealized Thoreauvian view of a natural wilderness in which Native Americans barely made a perceptible disturbance and were merely another natural element of the region.
Ciénega | Future
In northern North America, many hunter-gatherer and agricultural societies thrived in the diverse region. Native American tribes varied greatly in characteristics; some, including the Mississippian culture and the Ancestral Puebloans were complex chiefdoms. Other nations which inhabited the states of the modern northern United States and Canada had less complexity and did not follow technological changes as quickly. Approximately around the year 500 during the Woodland period, Native Americans began to transition to bows and arrows from spears for hunting and warfare. Technological advancement however was uneven. During the 12th century was the widespread adoption of Corn as a staple crop in the Eastern United States.
Post-classical history | Northern Areas
The ancestors of today's First Nations in Alberta arrived in the area at least 8,000 years BC, according to the Bering land bridge theory. Southerly tribes, the Plain Indians, such as the Blackfoot, Blood, and Peigans eventually adapted to seminomadic Plains Bison hunting, originally without the aid of horses, but later with horses that Europeans had introduced. More northerly tribes, like the Woodland Cree and the Chipewyan also hunted, trapped, and fished for other types of game in the aspen parkland and boreal forest regions. Later, the mixture of these native peoples with French fur traders created a new cultural group, the Métis.
History of Alberta | Native groups
Archaeologists divide the time frame to study ancient findings into contemporary which would be from the 20th century on, Protohistoric archaeology from 1620 to contemporary, and Prehistoric archaeology is the study before early exploration to the area. The prehistoric archaeology studies the findings and further classifies them according to traditions followed by the ancient peoples. Palaeo-Indian Tradition of the Agate Basin finds date to as early as c 6000 BC, Taltheilei Tradition c. 500 BC and Shield Archaic Tradition c 4000 BC
History of Saskatchewan | Pre-European
Today, together with the "n-Cree" dialect-speaking Woodland Cree, those who live in the Lowlands and Uplands who speak the "n-Cree" dialect are called "Swampy Cree", but culturally Moose Cree (the Cree speaking the "l-dialect") and other peoples of the Upland including the Oji-Cree occasionally self-identify as being "Swampy Cree".
Swampy Cree | First Nations
Subarctic peoples also migrated, but in much smaller groups since the productivity of the boreal forests is so low that it cannot support any large groups in one place for long. Migrations in the subarctic would include following traplines, snowshoeing onto frozen lakes for ice fishing, searching moose and other game, and returning to favourite berry patches. When historians speak of political units on the Great Plains they often speak of "inter-tribal warfare" but most political decisions were not made strictly on the basis of ethnic (or tribal) identity. Most often, bands from a number of different tribes would form a semi-permanent alliance, called a confederacy by English-language observers.
History of Alberta | Lodges, bands, tribes, and confederacies
In the table, “it" in a subject or an object refers to Cree inanimate gender. The presence of “they" or “them" indicates that the subject or object could be either singular or plural. And finally, the designation “him/her/it/them" indicates that the object could be either animate or inanimate and either singular or plural.
Plains Cree | Vocabulary
It helped found the Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians, an organization to represent the Salish peoples in both Coastal and Plateau tribes, and resisted termination of its federal status.
Coeur d'Alene people | 20th century to present
However, Cree-speaking bands tended to work together and with their neighbours against outside enemies. Those Cree who moved onto the Great Plains and adopted bison hunting, called the Plains Cree, were allied with the Assiniboine, the Metis Nation, and the Saulteaux in what was known as the "Iron Confederacy", which was a major force in the North American fur trade from the 1730s to the 1870s. The Cree and the Assiniboine were important intermediaries in the Indian trading networks on the northern plains. When a band went to war, they would nominate a temporary military commander, called a "okimahkan". loosely translated as "war chief".
Cree | Historical
The small groups of Plains Ojibwa are called the Saulteaux. This name derives from French and refers to those that gathered around the falls – specifically the Sault Ste. Marie area of modern Ontario and Michigan. They defeated the Cheyenne in the 1700s and occupied southern Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan when the fur trade died out. They were entrenched as a plains Indian group with the signing of the Number Treaties in the 1870s.
Western Ojibwa language | History
The Ute arrived in Colorado by the 17th century and occupied much of the present state of Colorado. They were followed by the Comanches from the south in the 18th century, and then the Arapaho and Cheyenne from the plains who then dominated the plains of Colorado. The Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Comanche were the largest groups of indigenous people in Colorado at the time of contact with settlers. The following are the language groups and ancestors to contemporary Native American tribes:
Outline of Colorado prehistory | Origins of contemporary tribes
Recently a language immersion school was created with plans to expand further on the program. Other programs and services offered through the Squamish Nation include strong cultural components in their Health, Lands, and Education departments.
History of the Squamish people | Contemporary times
Very little has changed physically for the Samin people today. The changing of times has offered them modern day conveniences, but they still face hardships within their own communities and surrounding areas.
Saminism Movement | Saminism in contemporary times
Cree is believed to have begun as a dialect of the Proto-Algonquian language spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the original Algonquian homeland, an undetermined area thought to be near the Great Lakes. The speakers of the proto-Cree language are thought to have moved north, and diverged rather quickly into two different groups on each side of James Bay. The eastern group then began to diverge into separate dialects, whereas the western grouping probably broke into distinct dialects much later. After this point it is very difficult to make definite statements about how different groups emerged and moved around, because there are no written works in the languages to compare, and descriptions by Europeans are not systematic; as well, Algonquian people have a tradition of bilingualism and even of outright adopting a new language from neighbours.
Cree language | Origin and diffusion
To the west around the Great Lakes, the Council of Three Fires was formed in 796 CE between the Ojibwa, Odawa and the Potawatomi, according to oral history. The five (later six) tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy were united in 1142 CE, according to their oral traditions. There were also the four or possibly five tribes of the Huron Confederacy, both in the Great Lakes region. The Blackfoot Confederacy in present-day Alberta and neighbouring Montana originally consisted of three dialect groups of the same language (Peigan, Kainai, and Siksika) but they were later joined the completely unrelated Sarcee people. The Iron Confederacy of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan consisted of numerous bands of mixed Plains Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux people.
Former colonies and territories in Canada | Indigenous societies
The North American climate stabilized by 8000 BCE (10,000 years ago); climatic conditions were very similar to today's. This led to widespread migration, cultivation and later a dramatic rise in population all over the Americas. Over the course of thousands of years, American indigenous peoples domesticated, bred and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute 50–60% of all crops in cultivation worldwide. The vastness and variety of Canada's climates, ecology, vegetation, fauna, and landform separations have defined ancient peoples implicitly into cultural or linguistic divisions. Canada is surrounded north, east, and west with coastline and since the last ice age, Canada has consisted of distinct forest regions.
Indigenous peoples in Canada | Archaic period
Marie) gathered to fish, trade and do ceremonies.
Missanabie Cree First Nation | Historical Timeline
The people of Nisichawayasihk are largely ancestral descendants of indigenous Cree peoples who have populated the Canadian Shield region of northern and central Canada since the retreat of the glaciers about 10,000 years ago. Largely left alone by the Government of Canada during initial colonization and settlement of Western Canada. In the mid-1870s, the Indigenous peoples of the Lake Winnipeg area were interested in making a treaty with the Government of Canada. They had heard about the concessions offered to the Indigenous nations of Treaties 1 to 4 (see Numbered Treaties), and subsequently demanded the government provide similar economic assistance, provisions of tools and protection against the encroachment of outsiders (such as surveyors and settlers) on their territories.
Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation | History
The stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression resulted in widespread unemployment, worsened by drought and low agricultural prices. The Depression ended after the start of World War II in 1939.
Winnipeg | Modern history (1900–present)
As hunter-gatherers, the basic unit of organization for Cree peoples was the "lodge", a group of perhaps eight or a dozen people, usually the families of two separate but related married couples, who lived together in the same wigwam (domed tent) or tipi (conical tent), and the "band", a group of lodges who moved and hunted together. In the case of disagreement, lodges could leave bands and bands could be formed and dissolved with relative ease. However, as there is safety in numbers, all families would want to be part of some band, and banishment was considered a very serious punishment.
Cree | Historical
Established in 2015 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, on Treaty 6 territory, the founding core collective members were Jade Nasogaluak Carpenter, Tiffany Shaw-Collinge, Erin Sutherland, Becca Taylor, Kristy Trinier, and Missy LeBlanc. Current Core Collective members include Tiffany Shaw-Collinge, Erin Sutherland, Becca Taylor, Kristy Trinier, and Michelle Campus Castillo. From the collectives' website: "The name Ociciwan is an inanimate Plains Cree noun relating to current or river, translated to mean the current comes from there. The name references the North Saskatchewan River that has brought many people over time to the region. It conveys an energy of engagement with Indigenous contemporary culture, linking present with the past and the future.""The collective focuses on three to four projects a year, which include art exhibitions, research, public art works and awareness surrounding Indigenous contemporary art.
Ociciwan Contemporary Art Collective | History
The Assiniboine or Assiniboin people ( when singular, Assiniboines / Assiniboins when plural; Ojibwe: "Asiniibwaan", "stone Sioux"; also in plural Assiniboine or Assiniboin), also known as the Hohe and known by the endonym Nakota (or Nakoda or Nakona), are a First Nations/Native American people originally from the Northern Great Plains of North America. Today, they are centered in present-day Saskatchewan. They have also populated parts of Alberta and southwestern Manitoba in Canada, and northern Montana and western North Dakota in the United States. They were well known throughout much of the late 18th and early 19th century, and were members of the Iron Confederacy with the Cree.
Assiniboine | Introduction
Descending from places like; Russia, Egypt, Persia, Turkey, Sudan, Italy, Scotland, Ireland and other highly respected and important, almost completely diminished by genocide.
Matrilineality | Cree Tribes
Therefore, people would also be socially bound to others in variety of other groups, such as common descent (a clan), common language and religion (a tribe), or a common age or rank (a ritual society or a warrior society). Population density for both Plains and Subarctic peoples (as for most hunter-gatherer societies) was quite low, but distributed very differently. Plains bands could often congregate into large, pan-tribal hunting or war parties, especially once horses were available, due to the abundant supply of bison for food and the open, easily traversed landscape. As well, bands could migrate over vast distances, following the bison or for military purposes.
History of Alberta | Lodges, bands, tribes, and confederacies
Their lodges varied in materials depending upon where they lived. In the southern areas they lived in birch-bark wigwams, and further north, where birch was more stunted, they used coverings of pine boughs and caribou hide over conical structures. There was a clear division of labour among men and women. The men hunted, fished, made canoes, sledges, hunting tools and weapons of war. The women foraged, snared rabbits and other small mammals, tanned hides, cut firewood, made snowshoes, pitched tents, hauled wood, wove fish nets, and made clothing adorned with quill- and bead-work. Coats and blankets were made from woven hare skin or soft caribou fur.
Woodland Cree | Culture
The Cree Tribes; Seneca, Sicewa, Cherokee, Chocktaw and Minotoan, a few of the original tribes, clans (Royal) people from the northwest; namely, Cree Indians. Part of a matriarchal society in which highly respects their women, and consult in them for all decision making. All names and surnames are selected, elected and given to one offspring, these names are chosen by the female consulate and conferred together with Male counterparts, creating a regarded highly identity, a pedigree. Many given more than one name but never an alias. Cree Tribes individually represent separate ancient, pure, royal families or clans all of which carry on their protected and sacred traditions today.
Matrilineality | Cree Tribes
Neither they nor Assiniboine speakers can understand Stoney. The tribes' goal to revive (or create) a unitary Sioux language may be extremely difficult to achieve.
Nakota | Present trends
The North American climate was unstable as the ice age receded. It finally stabilized by about 10,000 years ago; climatic conditions were then very similar to today's. Within this time frame, roughly pertaining to the Archaic Period, numerous archaeological cultures have been identified. The unstable climate led to widespread migration, with early Paleo-Indians soon spreading throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct tribes. The Paleo-Indians were hunter-gatherers, likely characterized by small, mobile bands consisting of approximately 20 to 50 members of an extended family. These groups moved from place to place as preferred resources were depleted and new supplies were sought.
Pre-Columbian era | Archaic period
The smallest unit of organization for both Plains and Subarctic people was what the European-Canadian explorers called a "lodge". A lodge was an extended family or other close-knit group who slept together in the same teepee or other dwelling. Lodges travelled together in groups which anthropologists call "bands". In the case of the Blackfoot during the historic era this would include 10 to 30 lodges, or roughly 80 to 240 persons. The band was the fundamental unit of organization on the Plains for both hunting and warfare. Bands were loose associations that could be formed and dissolved depending on circumstances, which gave their member lodges much freedom, but also less certainty.
History of Alberta | Lodges, bands, tribes, and confederacies
Whatever the historical reality, McIntosh concluded, functionally in these Yolgnu traditions, the contrast between a golden age of wealth, reciprocity and law-giving, and a subsequent period of seafaring Macassan trepang hunters, functions as two distinct realms, the sacred and profane, of thinking about their world, and as a metaphoric idiom for negotiating forms of reconciliation between their traditional order and the modern world of the whites who seek access to Arnhem Land resources.
Baijini | Modern scholarship
MCN is a Cree-speaking community in Northern Manitoba, Canada. The people of Misipawistik are largely ancestral descendants of indigenous Cree peoples who have populated the Canadian Shield region of northern and central Canada for 10,000 to 35,000 years. Cree peoples had been migrating to the area during the summer seasons for thousands of years prior to establishing a year-round settlement with the advent of the North American fur trade. Cree and Mixed families would continue to follow their seasonal cycles well into the latter half of the 20th century. Many famous Canadian figures would pass through Misipawistik on the way through to Western Canada as transportation at the time relied heavily on waterways prior to the late 1800s.
Misipawistik Cree Nation | History
The society of the past, primarily the Washoe Indians and the early pioneers live once more juxtaposed with the remnants of modern society.
Xsyon | Setting
At least 12,000 years ago, Native Americans or Paleo-Indians lived in what is today the Southern United States. Paleo-Indians in the Southeast were hunter-gatherers who pursued a wide range of animals, including the megafauna, which became extinct following the end of the Pleistocene age. During the time known as the Woodland period, from 1000 BC to 1000 AD, locals developed pottery and small-scale horticulture of the Eastern Agricultural Complex. The Mississippian culture arose as the cultivation of maize from Mesoamerica led to population growth. Increased population density gave rise to urban centers and regional chiefdoms. Stratified societies developed, with hereditary religious and political elites, and flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from 800 to 1500 AD.
Muscogee | Precontact
An important distinction is to be made about Sḵwxwú7mesh culture. With the history of colonization and assimilation strategies. Sḵwxwú7mesh culture has been drastically changed from their pre-European contact. Despite these attempts, their culture remains intact and thriving. Some cultural practices and customs are not done in the same fashion, but still occur. These could be things like the construction of cedar bark clothing; modern clothes are worn just like the rest of Canadian society, but the art of cedar bark weaving is still passed on and cedar bark clothing is still made. It is important to understand that though the practices of the Sḵwxwú7mesh have changed, many still continue, some the same as before, and some only slightly changed.
Squamish culture | Historical and cultural context
Contemporary is the historical period that is immediately relevant to the present and is a certain perspective of modern history. Contemporary may also refer to:
Contemporary (disambiguation) | Introduction
By 1688 they had disappeared and were completely forgotten by the Barrêmois.
Barrême | Modern times: 16th, 17th and 18th centuries
Today, many Sioux also live outside their reservations.
Sioux | Ethnic and modern geographical divisions
Cherokee academic Adrienne Keene wrote in "The New York Times":
Cultural appropriation | Modern era
As of the 2000 census, their total land area was .
Mashantucket Pequot Tribe | Present day
Within these boundaries there is much fluidity, however, as intermarriages and bilingual bands are once very common. Scholar Neal McLeod points out that bands were loose, temporary groupings which were often polyethnic and multilingual, so that most mentions of "the Cree" by historians of previous decades actually refer to mixed Cree-Assiniboine-Saulteax groups. As well the smallpox outbreak of 1780–1781 and the whooping cough outbreak of 1819–1820 decimated many bands, forcing them to merge with neighbours.
First Nations in Alberta | Classifications
Jarausch.
Centre for Contemporary History | History
In recent times there have been clashes in claims advanced respectively by the Yirrganydji Aboriginal Tribal Corporation ("Dawul Wuru Aboriginal Corporation") and the Djabugay Aboriginal Tribal Corporation, the former insisting that any development projects by the Djabugay in the historic territories of their Irukandji forebears, require their consent and participation. The Irukandji jellyfish are named after Irrukandji country.
Yirrganydji | Modern times
The Plains and Sierra Miwok lived by hunting and gathering, and lived in small local tribes, without centralized political authority. They are skilled at basketry and continue the traditions today.
Plains and Sierra Miwok | Culture
The Cree name actually means Spirit Lake, because its a very sacred place. Elders of Alexis Reserve recall their grandparents telling of how as children they would go out on the lake and peer down through the then clear water to the lake bottom in search of the monster. They would hope and fear that they might see its legendary form.
Lac Ste. Anne (Alberta) | History
Archaeology in Saskatchewan originated in the 1850s as a scientific initiative to explore the past relationships among fur traders, explorers and aboriginal cultures. What was originally explored in the Qu'Appelle River region were phenomenon later understood to be manufactured by the Cree, including earthen mounds and stone rings that were correctly interpreted to be previous tipi sites. In 1896, Reverend John Maclean recorded a monumental site near Moose Mountain, although at the time of discovery he could not determine the purpose of the site.
Archaeology in Saskatchewan | 1850s to the 1900s
The Cree (, , etc.; ) are one of the largest groups of First Nations in North America. In Canada, over 350,000 people are Cree or have Cree ancestry. The major proportion of Cree in Canada live north and west of Lake Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories. About 27,000 live in Quebec. In the United States, Cree people historically lived from Lake Superior westward. Today, they live mostly in Montana, where they share the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation with Ojibwe (Chippewa) people.
Cree | Introduction
Contemporary agricultural crops are more diverse, and include grains, olives, and fruit.
Canjáyar | Medieval and Modern
Today the three federally recognized Sac and Fox tribes are:
Meskwaki | Contemporary tribes
Contemporary history, in English-language historiography, is a subset of modern history that describes the historical period from approximately 1945 to the present. Contemporary history is either a subset of the late modern period, or it is one of the three major subsets of modern history, alongside the early modern period and the late modern period. The term "contemporary history" has been in use at least since the early 19th century. Contemporary history is politically dominated by the Cold War (1945–91) between the United States and the Soviet Union whose effects were felt across the world. The confrontation, which was mainly fought through proxy wars and through intervention in the internal politics of smaller nations, ultimately ended with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact in 1991, following the Revolutions of 1989.
Contemporary history | Introduction
The Cree peoples called the river on which Red Deer stands , which translates to "Elk River". However, British traders translated the name as "Red Deer River", since they mistakenly thought elk were European red deer. Later, the settlers of the area named their community after the river. The name for the modern city in Plains Cree is a calque back from English of the mistranslated, literally "red type of deer" while the name of the river itself is still or "elk river".
Red Deer, Alberta | Etymology
The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer, more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers, but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally. Thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization like the Southwest, Arctic, Poverty, Dalton, and Plano traditions. These regional adaptations would become the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering, and a more mixed economy of small game, fish, seasonally wild vegetables, and harvested plant foods.
Paleo-Indians | Transition to archaic period
On the islands of the Indian Ocean, therefore, a trend of creolisation emerged.
Indian Ocean | Modern era
"Often, people think about Native Americans as we were envisioned at the turn of the century. If we're not walking around in buckskin and fringe, mimicking the stereotype in dress and art form, we're not seen as real. Native Americans are here, and we are contemporary people, yet we are very much informed and connected to our history."
Charlene Teters | Quote
Only for Late Modern Contemporary history.
List of time periods | Socio-cultural periods
The earlier weapons were short dart-points, while two to three thousand years later, the Clovis people were mostly carving stone spear-points. This is indicative of an increase in larger game animals migrating into the area. There is little evidence of these cultures ever existing, as their footprint on the land was virtually invisible, and the population density during this period was very low. No human remains have survived from this time period making it impossible to determine the physical appearance of the cultures. The period following the Paleo-Indian Period was known as the Archaic Period. From 5000-1000 BCE the eastern Ontario region was dominated by the Laurentian Archaic people, who were direct descendants of the Plano people.
Edwardsburgh/Cardinal | Prehistoric era
The Chipewyan used to largely be nomadic. They used to be organized into small bands and temporarily lived in tepees. They wore one-piece pants and moccasin outfits. However, their nomadic lifestyle began to erode since 1717 when they encountered English entrepreneurs. The Chipewyan subsequently became important in the subarctic trade by exchanging furs and hides for metal tools, guns, and cloth. Modern Chipewyan are either fluidly sedentary or semi-nomadic in lifestyle. Many still practice their traditional lifestyle for subsistence like fishing or hunting caribou although this process is modernized with the use of modern nets, tools, transportation and more.
Chipewyan | Culture
As the HBC and NWC moved inland to the West, the Confederacy also moved inland and West so that they would not lose their control of the trade. As the HBC and NWC moved northwards and inland after 1760, the Crees were no longer required as intermediaries to ferry furs from place to another, but they gained new opportunities in the supply of pemmican (dried bison meat) and other provisions that white fur traders needed when traveling to the companies' new posts in the subarctic. Some Cree, historically a woodland people, adopted the ways of the plains people, including nomadic bison hunting and horsemanship.
Iron Confederacy | Transition to Plains culture