UNDP works to help countries prevent further spreading of and reduce the impact of HIV/AIDS, convening The Global Commission on HIV and the Law which reported in 2012.
HIV/AIDS
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Development Programme | HIV/AIDS
To prevent spreading of and reduce the impact of HIV/AIDS It  works to help countries prevent further spreading of and reduce the impact of HIV/AIDS. By convening The Global Commission on HIV and the Law. They help countries prevent further spreading of and reduce the impact of HIV/AIDS, convening The Global Commission on HIV and the Law which reported in 2012.
where is chad located?
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North-central Africa.
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what kind of weather does it have?
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Tropical
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which ethnic groups are based there?
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Sara, Arabs, Toubous
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is the first group based in any other country as well?
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Yes - Central African Republic, Sudan
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what is the status of human rights in the second place?
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Muslims who convert to Christianity can face the death penalty,  88% of women in Sudan had undergone female genital mutilation, restricting women's rights and allowing child marriage
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which international organizations are trying to help the people there?
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World Food Program (WFP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS)
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why was the last one formed?
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April 1989
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what is the purpose of the second organization?
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Technical and investment cooperation among nations; advocate for change; connect countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life
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what is their contribution towards tackling hiv/aids?
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As the main advocate for global action on HIV/AIDS, UNAIDS leads, strengthens and supports an expanded response aimed at preventing the transmission of HIV, providing care and support, reducing the vulnerability of individuals and communities to HIV/AIDS, and alleviating the impact of the epidemic. To fulfil this mandate, UNAIDS is supported by voluntary contributions from governments, foundations, corporations, private groups (for example, students, universities, sporting clubs, etc.) and individuals. In 2003, more than US$118.5 million was received from 30 governments, philanthropic organizations, individuals from around the world and others. The largest donors were the Netherlands followed by Norway, the United States, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Japan.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS | Donors
In 2004, 35 governments contributed to UNAIDS.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS | Donors
UNDP works to help countries prevent further spreading of and reduce the impact of HIV/AIDS, convening The Global Commission on HIV and the Law which reported in 2012.
United Nations Development Programme | HIV/AIDS
Objectives of the grant are to train peer leaders within IDU communities; create harm-reduction centers; educate health care providers, police, prison staff, and policymakers; and provide peer-based outreach, education, counseling, referral services, and HIV testing support. The US Government provides one-third of the Global Fund's contributions.
HIV/AIDS in Thailand | National response
In engaging non-state entities in an expanded response to the epidemic, the UNAIDS Secretariat:
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS | From policy to action
The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) is the main advocate for accelerated, comprehensive and coordinated global action on the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The mission of UNAIDS is to lead, strengthen and support an expanded response to HIV and AIDS that includes preventing transmission of HIV, providing care and support to those already living with the virus, reducing the vulnerability of individuals and communities to HIV and alleviating the impact of the epidemic. UNAIDS seeks to prevent the HIV/AIDS epidemic from becoming a severe pandemic. UNAIDS is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, where it shares some site facilities with the World Health Organization.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS | Introduction
The Council noted, therefore, that it was important to end conflict-related violence and empowering women to reduce their risk of exposure to HIV. There was also concern at the rise in health-related issues by United Nations personnel. Furthermore, the protection of civilians by United Nations peacekeeping operations could contribute towards fighting HIV/AIDS, and welcomed initiatives by countries to implement HIV treatment, care, prevention and support.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1983 | Observations
The 2012–2013 WHO budget identified five areas among which funding was distributed. Two of those five areas related to communicable diseases: the first, to reduce the "health, social and economic burden" of communicable diseases in general; the second to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis in particular. As of 2015, the World Health Organization has worked within the UNAIDS network and strives to involve sections of society other than health to help deal with the economic and social effects of HIV/AIDS. In line with UNAIDS, WHO has set itself the interim task between 2009 and 2015 of reducing the number of those aged 15–24 years who are infected by 50%; reducing new HIV infections in children by 90%; and reducing HIV-related deaths by 25%.
World Health Organization | Communicable diseases
The project "„Acceptance and Participation of People Living with HIV in Serbian Society”" contributed to increasing the role of PLHIV, reinforcing their position in the society, organizing self-help groups and coordination of their activities, their integration in "National association of PLHIV" and promoting the fight against discrimination, all that for contributing to making sustainable mechanisms that would successfully protect human rights and allow them full access to public services and necessary therapy. PLHIV participation and lobbying for the overall improvement of their rights, establishment of "National AIDS experts group" which focuses on legislation concerning the matter and the establishment of the first informal "Parliamentary group for HIV/AIDS" in Serbian Parliament, helped PLHIV to speak freely and openly about their status, making their overall status and approach to prevention and therapy better.
Youth of JAZAS | Support to people living with HIV and vulnerable groups
Ultimately, US$11.8 billion was mobilized at the third replenishment meeting, with the United States being the largest contributor – followed by France, Germany, and Japan. The Global Fund stated the US$1.2 billion lack in funding would "lead to difficult decisions in the next three years that could slow down the effort to beat the three diseases".
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria | Fundraising
She also contributes to a NGO's in the fight against the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Diya Beeltah | Introduction
The United Nations Declaration Commitment on HIV/AIDS provides the guiding framework for UNAIDS action. Promoting partnerships among various stakeholders is reflected within the leadership section of the Declaration of Commitment. In particular, it calls for complementation of government efforts by the full and active participation of civil society, the business community and the private sector through: UNAIDS works to promote partnerships among and between this diverse and broad range of non-state entities. This calls for increases in both the number of new actors, as well as in innovative ways of working, to facilitate increased capacity of non-state entities to respond effectively to the epidemic at all levels.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS | Partnerships
The aim of UNAIDS is to help mount and support an expanded response to HIV/AIDS, one that engages the efforts of many sectors and partners from government and civil society. Established by ECOSOC resolution 1994/24 on 26 July 1994, UNAIDS officially launched in January 1996. The organizations is guided by a Programme Coordinating Board with representatives of 22 governments from all geographic regions, the UNAIDS Cosponsors, and five representatives of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), including associations of people living with HIV/AIDS.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS | Role
With the momentum generated by the UN Special Session on HIV/AIDS, the main challenges are to:
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS | Partnerships
The contributions of Jacques Leibowitch have marked the history of HIV and AIDS and their treatment:
Jacques Leibowitch | Scientific and medical contributions
In Ethiopia a programme, supported by UNICEF and its partners, is preventing transmission of the virus from HIV-positive mothers to their children, a critical measure in ensuring an AIDS-free generation. The Getting to Zero initiative has ten Southeast Asian nations committed to making Zero New HIV Infections, Zero Discrimination and Zero HIV- Related Deaths a reality.
Human rights and development | Combating disease
The Security Council was concerned about the HIV/AIDS pandemic worldwide, and especially the severity of the crisis in Africa. The UN General Assembly and the UN Economic and Social Council had an important role and there was a need for a co-ordinated effort to address the diseases. The spread of HIV/AIDS had a heavy impact on society, was exacerbated by violence, and could lead to instability and emergency situations if left unchecked. Therefore, a co-ordinated international response was important. The Council also recognised the need to include HIV/AIDS prevention and advice in United Nations peacekeeping missions. It welcomed the 13th International AIDS Conference held in South Africa, the first event of its type to be held in a developing country.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1308 | Observations
The Security Council encouraged the use of HIV prevention, treatment, care and support in its peacekeeping missions, such as through counselling, testing programmes and assistance provided to national institutions; such efforts needed to be intensified, according to the resolution. Finally, co-operation among states was welcomed and encouraged in the role of HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, care and support.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1983 | Acts
One book which examines the global response, and describes both the positive and negative aspects states that during the first fifteen years of the HIV/AIDS crisis, "most of the world's leaders, in all sectors of society, displayed a staggering indifference to the growing challenge of this new epidemic." It explains that a combination of factors - (1) biases and stereotyped views that those ill were only from stigmatized communities such as sex workers, drug users, migrants, among others, as well as (2) political issues such as countries not wanting to admit there was a crisis and taking steps to block journalists and media reports on the breakout, (3) politicians falsely believing that the disease was limited to lower income countries with less developed medical and healthcare systems, and some politicians fear of associating their own country with sex and death - all led to a slow response, and low levels of funding for research, treatment, and support at a time when greater actions could have been taken.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS | 1981-1994: The Global Response Prior to UNAIDS
It is considered one of the main observers of the epidemic in France. Internationally, AIDES has developed strong partnerships with fellow community-based NGOs in Africa, in Europe and in Canada (Quebec) to strengthen the role of civil society by sharing best practices and to jointly advocate for global access to care and prevention. It also developed a partnership with the UN Programme on HIV/AIDS
AIDES | Introduction
The only other multilateral agency contributing to the total funding included the World Bank, representing 0.01% of total HIV/AIDS funding.
HIV/AIDS in Rwanda | Rwanda fiscal year 2011–2012
Council members emphasised that urgent action was needed to curb the impact of the HIV epidemic in conflict and post-conflict situations, through local, national, regional and international initiatives. The Council noted the "disproportionate burden" of HIV/AIDS on women that continued to affect gender equality and the empowerment of women and urged assistance in this context. The resolution recognised that United Nations peacekeeping operations were important factors in the response against HIV/AIDS, and welcomed its inclusion in its peacekeeping mandates, stressing support was needed to address the social stigma and discrimination associated with the disease. The Secretary-General was urged to consider a variety of HIV/AIDS-related issues in his activities concerning the prevention and resolution of conflict, and strengthen efforts to implement the zero-tolerance sexual exploitation policy.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1983 | Acts
The cosponsors and the UNAIDS Secretariat comprise the Committee of Cosponsoring Organizations, which meets twice each year.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS | Cosponsors
Tearfund welcomed the fact that G8 leaders committed to provide a projected $60 billion for health over the next 5 years. However, they point out that this falls far short of what is required to achieve the health-related MDGs and Universal Access by 2010. Based on current UNAIDS resource estimates, the G8 share of resources needed for HIV alone is US$65 billion for the next three years. Meanwhile, previous commitments, such as universal access to paediatric treatment, as outlined at Heiligendamm in 2007, are conspicuous by their absence. There are no timetables for delivery or measurable action plans attached to the communiqué.
34th G8 summit | Aid for healthcare and education
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is the lead UN-agency on HIV workplace policies and programmes and private sector mobilization. ILOAIDS is the branch of the ILO dedicated to this issue. The ILO has been involved with the HIV response since 1998, attempting to prevent potentially devastating impact on labour and productivity and that it says can be an enormous burden for working people, their families and communities. In June 2001, the ILO's governing body adopted a pioneering code of practice on HIV/AIDS and the world of work, which was launched during a special session of the UN General Assembly. The same year, ILO became a cosponsor of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).
International Labour Organization | HIV/AIDS
It is a member of the United Nations Development Group. Currently, Winnie Byanyima leads UNAIDS as Executive Director. Former Executive Directors are Peter Piot (1995-2008) and Michel Sidibé (2009-2019).
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS | Introduction
The first national strategic plan focused on five themes: prevention of new infections; care and support for people living with HIV/AIDS; creation of an enabling environment for a national response; decentralization of implementation of HIV/AIDS activities through institutional arrangements; research; and monitoring and evaluation of programs. The second national strategic plan, currently in process, focuses on: policy, advocacy, and enabling environment; coordination and management of the decentralized response; mitigating the economic, sociocultural, and legal impacts; prevention and Behavior Change Communication; treatment, care, and support; research and surveillance; and monitoring and evaluation. Multilateral and bilateral partners, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and civil society organizations actively participate in the national response, with more than 2,500 community-based organizations and NGOs reportedly implementing HIV/AIDS activities in Ghana.
HIV/AIDS in Ghana | National response
The National Strategic Plan is a reference document for all sectors, institutions and partners involved in the fight against HIV and AIDS. The National Strategic Plan goals include: The National Strategic Plan addresses issues of key populations and vulnerable groups. These include men who have sex with men, sex workers, mobile populations, persons in uniform, young people, women and girls and people with disabilities. Key settings such as prisons, schools and workplaces are also taken into account. Cross cutting issues related to human rights protection, stigma and discrimination, gender inequality, poverty and involvement of people living with HIV also feature in the National Strategic Plan.
HIV/AIDS in Rwanda | Second National Strategic Plan on HIV and AIDS (National Strategic Plan 2013–2018)
UNICEF also promotes introduction of Life Skills-based education in upper grades of secondary schools with particular focus on HIV/AIDS and healthy lifestyle. Healthy lifestyle curriculum was developed and piloted in upper grades of 30 schools with relevant trainings and guidelines provided to teachers of those schools. UNICEF facilitates the introduction of youth-friendly health services into the health system through advocacy, policy development, and capacity building of health care providers and local authorities. UNICEF intimately contributes to "Capacity building in HIV/AIDS Prevention" UN Joint Program (UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF, UNDP) aimed at strengthening the capacity of local authorities and selected NGOs working in the areas of community development, youth, human rights, gender, etc., to mainstream HIV/AIDS into their activities.
Armenia and the United Nations | Youth Can Make Difference
Betinho's contribution in the fight against the HIV/AIDS is considered to be immense. In an article, the general former-coordinator of the Abia, Jane Galvão, remembers some of the actions of the sociologist in this front: the creation of the Abia, a multidiscipline and multi-sectoral reply to HIV/AIDS; the pressure against the commerce of blood and its derivatives; and the fight for access to medicines. According to some who appreciate his role, the eyes of Betinho were as "lighthouses that guided and illuminated ways to be trod". In a 1994 article, for example, Betinho anticipated one of the main trends of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Brazil: its pauperisation.
Herbert de Souza | Contribution over HIV/AIDS issue
The Security Council was concerned that since the beginning of the HIV epidemic 30 years ago, more than 60 million people had been infected, 25 million had died and 16 million children were orphaned by AIDS. It recognised that the issue required an "exceptional and comprehensive global response" as it posed a threat to all societies. Council members emphasised the role of the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council in addressing HIV/AIDS. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) was praised for its response to HIV/AIDS in appropriate forums. The preamble of the resolution recognised the impact HIV/AIDS had in society, particularly in conflict and post-conflict situations through mass movements of people, sexual violence and limited access to medical care.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1983 | Observations
Furthermore, the resolution requested the United Nations to implement HIV/AIDS education, testing and counselling services. It welcomed arrangements by regional and subregional organisations such as the European Union and Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for the protection of children, encouraging the mainstreaming of such policies through advocacy, policies and programmes, developing monitoring mechanisms, establishing child protection mechanisms and the inclusion of child protection staff. The Council encouraged the strengthening of regional and local institutions.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1539 | Acts
Further activities that have been planned include support to "PLHIV Union" and helping them to connect to relevant European networks, lobbying for permanent parliamentary group and continuing work of the "Experts Group" on urgent questions such are: the shortage of continuous control and therapy for PLHIV in prisons, the lack of CD4 and PCR tests or the change of legislation that criminalizes HIV transmission. This project was financed by the European Commission and implemented in cooperation with Hivos (Stichting Humanistisch Instituut voor Ontwikkelingssamenwerking – Humanist Institute for Co-operation with Developing Countries) from Netherlands during the period from 2008 until April 2011.
Youth of JAZAS | Support to people living with HIV and vulnerable groups
National and international partners are encouraged to work together to maximize time spent supporting beneficiaries and minimize the reporting burden.
HIV/AIDS in Rwanda | Key development partners
AFAO’s members are: Internationally, AFAO contributes to the development of effective policy and program responses to HIV/AIDS at the global level, particularly in the Asia Pacific region.
Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations | Membership
The resolution expressed concern at the impact of HIV/AIDS on international peacekeeping and support personnel. It acknowledged efforts by certain countries to address the issue through national programmes and encouraged those that had not yet done so to co-operate with the international community and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) to develop long-term strategies to address the spread of the diseases. The Secretary-General was asked to take further steps in the training of peacekeepers to prevent the diseases. UNAIDS was encouraged to strengthen cooperation with Member States. The Council concluded by expressing an interest in making progress on the issue of access to treatment and care and prevention through discussions with countries, United Nations bodies, international organisations, and industry.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1308 | Acts
However, challenges still remain with regard to pre-ART care, treatment for opportunistic infections and improving adherence.
HIV/AIDS in Rwanda | Second National Strategic Plan on HIV and AIDS (National Strategic Plan 2013–2018)
Dr. Nafis Sadik, Special Adviser to the UN Secretary-General and his Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Asia and the Pacific, joined the UN Population Fund in 1971. Shortly after the sudden death of the UNFPA Executive Director, Dr Rafael Salas, UN Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar appointed her to succeed him, in 1987, thus becoming the first woman to head one of the United Nations' major voluntarily-funded programmes. Nafis Sadik has consistently called attention to the importance of addressing the needs of women, and of involving women directly in making and carrying out development policy. This is particularly important for population policies and programmes in the Third World and developing countries.
Nafis Sadik | United Nations
Secretary General Annan made the first contribution to the Global Fund in 2001. Having just been named the recipient of the 2001 Philadelphia Liberty Medal, Annan announced he would donate his US$100,000 award to the Global Fund "war chest" he had just proposed creating. In June 2001 the United Nations General Assembly endorsed the creation of a global fund to fight HIV/AIDS. The G8 formally endorsed the call for the creation of the Global Fund at its summit in July 2001 in Genoa, Italy, although pledges were significantly lower than the US$7 billion to US$10 billion annually Kofi Annan insisted was needed.
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria | Creation
The reason for the organization's creation was "to encourage the Jesuits in Africa and Madagascar to find and develop projects" related to the fight against AIDS. These entities can be groups of people infected with the virus or affected by the virus, including those who fight against stigmatization and discrimination, who promote responsibility and prevention, and who are sensitive to the culture, faith, and spirituality of the people. Czerny argues that limiting the fight against AIDS to condom use is not enough, and conveys that the selfishness seen in the pandemic is alien to African values, and is a subconscious reaction against imposed, foreign values.
African Jesuit AIDS Network | Introduction
Had HIV not been such an emerging health crisis, Schechter likely would have continued in the field of breast cancer. In 1989, he helped organize the Fifth International Conference on AIDS in Montreal as a member of its steering committee. In 1990, he was invited by the World Health Organization to participate on its 10-member Steering Committee on Epidemiology, Forecasting and Surveillance that was monitoring the scale of the AIDS epidemic and advising on prevention programs in the early period of the epidemic.
Martin Schechter | Contributions to health research
In July 2000, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1308 calling for “urgent and exceptional actions” to mitigate threats posed by HIV/AIDS infection. The process of drafting a law to prevent and control the spread of HIV/AIDS in India, while securing the rights of HIV/AIDS affected persons, commenced in 2002, following which a draft bill created by Lawyers Collective, a non-governmental organisation, was submitted to the National AIDS Control Organisation in 2006. From the year 2010, an integration of HIV/AIDS interventions and primary health-care systems started with six components of the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP)-III merged with the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017 | Background and history
Of these vulnerable groups, female sex workers were identified as key in preventing the further spread of HIV. In 2010, the prevalence of HIV among sex workers was 51%. To address female sex workers, national guidelines for HIV prevention in this vulnerable population were developed and disseminated as a part of the HIV National Strategic Plan 2013–2018. ROADS II, a USAID project, has been key in facilitating trainings, mentorships and peer groups to improve knowledge of HIV and prevention strategies, and condom distribution through peer education.
HIV/AIDS in Rwanda | Testing and counseling programs
In 1987, the World Health Organization (WHO) dedicated December 1 to raise awareness for of HIV and for the AIDS pandemic. As a partner of WHO, IPSF organisations across the globe organise every year an HIV/AIDS campaign aimed at spreading awareness about HIV, how it is transmitted as well as the methods of prevention.
International Pharmaceutical Students' Federation | ▪︎HIV/AIDS Awareness Campaign
These included Integrated Counselling and Testing Centresers (ICTC); prevention of parent-to-child transmission; blood safety; sexually transmitted infections services; condom programming; and antiretroviral treatment (ART); the integration of HIV/AIDS interventions under the broader healthcare system continued with the NACP-IV. An independent expert committee report by United Nations in 2012 noted that regressive laws were hindrances to developments in the field of HIV/AIDS, while a Global Commission Report noted that the lack of HIV/AIDS affected persons' access to healthcare facilities helped further spread the disease. A United Nations report also noted that India had the third largest number of people living with HIV/AIDS in the world at the end of 2013, standing at 2.1 million affected people, accounting for about 4 out of every 10 people living with HIV/AIDS.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017 | Background and history
AIC has continued to contribute towards the national efforts to fight the drivers of the epidemic. Appropriate messages are delivered depending on the nature of the client and community.
AIDS Information Centre | HIV Prevention Programme
Hivos (, Humanist Institute for Cooperation with Developing Countries) is a development aid organization, headquartered in The Netherlands. Hivos provides financial support to organizations working in Africa, Latin America and Asia, it provides advocacy and it supports knowledge sharing in particular in the field of social change, digital activism and rural innovations.
Hivos | Introduction
According to the G8's final communique, "At Okinawa last year, we pledged to make a quantum leap in the fight against infectious diseases and to break the vicious cycle between disease and poverty. To meet that commitment and to respond to the appeal of the UN General Assembly, we have launched with the UN Secretary-General a new Global Fund to fight HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. We are determined to make the Fund operational before the end of the year. We have committed $1.3 billion. The Fund will be a public-private partnership and we call on other countries, the private sector, foundations, and academic institutions to join with their own contributions – financially, in kind and through shared expertise."
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria | Creation
America also supports Indonesia's National Aids Program, donating US$8 million annually. The program aims to increase awareness of the risks and prevention methods and will work closely with NGO's and provincial governments to develop services in areas where the spread is now considered to be an epidemic.
HIV/AIDS in Indonesia | International Help
Of particular concern is CONISIDA’s failure to adequately ensure the rights of PLWHA. The Country Coordinating Mechanism, formed in 2000, has a variety of prominent members, including representatives from government; multilateral, nongovernmental, and educational organizations; the private sector; religious groups; and representatives of PLWHA. It oversees the HIV/AIDS grant from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. The Global Fund grant is for more than $10.1 million from 2004 to 2009. The purpose of the grant is to build on the existing national strategic plan for HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) by strengthening prevention, care, and support activities; by ensuring comprehensive care for PLWHA; and by documenting all AIDS cases within the national surveillance system.
HIV/AIDS in Nicaragua | National response
New Zealand’s second major contribution occurred in relation to a draft Declaration sent to UN member governments by The United Nations Commission on Human Rights in 1947. A special Human Rights Committee composed of the Solicitor-General, the Director of Education, the Director of the New Zealand Council of Educational Research, and four academics at Victoria University College (now Victoria University of Wellington), was formed to comment on the draft. Subject to a few minor changes, its findings were sent to the Commission as the New Zealand Government’s views. New Zealand was one of the only countries to make such a submission.
New Zealand contributions to human rights instruments | Commission on Human Rights
The highest priority was assigned to implementing certain new measures to prevent the spread of HIV and AIDS. The economists estimated that an investment of $27 billion could avert nearly 30 million new infections by 2010. Policies to reduce malnutrition and hunger were chosen as the second priority. Increasing the availability of micronutrients, particularly reducing iron deficiency anemia through dietary supplements, was judged to have an exceptionally high ratio of benefits to costs, which were estimated at $12 billion. Third on the list was trade liberalization; the experts agreed that modest costs could yield large benefits for the world as a whole and for developing nations.
Copenhagen Consensus | Very good
Furthermore, it also took note of the Secretary-General Kofi Annan's call to reduce HIV/AIDS infection rates in 15- to 24-year-olds by 25% by 2010.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1308 | Observations
Sarkar joined the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in 1998, and served UNAIDS at various roles for a decade, from being an Epidemiologist stationed in Geneva, to being the Team Leader of UNAIDS, South Asia and Regional Adviser to the Asia Pacific region. Sarkar's UNAIDS group pushed South Asian countries to focus prevention services for the marginalized groups in ways which were not traditional in the field. He proposed and formed self-run services by the high risk communities and is recognized to create an enabling environment by breaking the barriers that obstruct people from accessing essential services. He has advocated for political commitment, acceptance of the HIV problem by the Governments, allocation of resources, mitigation of stigma associated with HIV/AIDS and an all-inclusive approach for target group identification, prevention and care.
Swarup Sarkar | Professional Career and contribution
The partnership model of AIHA are developing among 14 countries such as Africa, Asia, Eurasia, and the Caribbean formed twinning partnerships and they leverage $110 million in US government funds, and US partners contributes $41 million. The organisation seeks the foreign partner and government with positive participation and interesting in investment to ensure to satisfy the specific demand.
American International Health Alliance | HIV/AIDS Twining Model
New Zealand also contributed to the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition the death penalty.
New Zealand contributions to human rights instruments | Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
The Global Fund, established in 2002, and the GAVI Alliance, launched in 2000, are public-private partnerships that raise and disburse funds to treat AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and for immunization and vaccines. The World Bank is an International financial institution. It is the largest source of funding for HIV/AIDS within the United Nations system and has a portfolio of HIV/AIDS programmes dating back to 1989. In 2000, the Bank launched the first phase of its response to HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa – the Multi-Country AIDS Program (MAP). This came to an end in 2006 when a second phase – Agenda for Action 2007-11 – came into effect.
Global Health Initiatives | GHI Functions
Mpanju-Shumbusho had many leadership roles within WHO since joining the UN Agency in 1999 as Director of the HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections Initiative, later renamed HIV/AIDS Department, the position she held until 2003. In this role she led the mainstreaming of HIV into the work of all relevant WHO Clusters and Departments, mobilization of WHO on HIV, and ensured integration of HIV into the various areas of work of the WHO, increased knowledge about HIV/AIDS within the WHO and advocacy to make the disease a priority. She directed the development of the first ever Global Health Sector Strategy for HIV/AIDS for the period 2003-2007 and development of the first ever WHO Guidelines for public health approach to scaling up antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource limited settings.
Winnie Mpanju-Shumbusho | World Health Organization
The strategies for prevention have since been revised and updated to be more consistent with new developments and technology. For example, male circumcision using Prepex is currently being rolled out in the Rwanda. According to the National Strategic Plan, priority interventions relating to HIV treatment include increasing access and enrolment on ART, providing treatment for TB/HIV co-infection and community and home-based palliative care. There has been a lot of progress in the area of treatment including more people being able to access ART, the adoption of the test and treat strategy for discordant couples, sex workers, and the adoption of the new WHO treatment guidelines and the availability of treatment for prisoners.
HIV/AIDS in Rwanda | Second National Strategic Plan on HIV and AIDS (National Strategic Plan 2013–2018)
The member countries and leaders as of 2014 are listed below:
Organisation of African First Ladies against HIV/AIDS | Member Countries
Among Barré-Sinoussi's many recent research contributions are studies of various aspects of the adaptive immune response to viral infection, the role of innate immune defences of the host in controlling HIV/AIDS, factors involved in mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and characteristics that allow a small percentage of HIV-positive individuals, known as elite suppressors or controllers, to limit HIV replication without antiretroviral drugs. She has co-authored over 240 scientific publications, has participated in over 250 international conferences, and has trained many young researchers. Barré-Sinoussi has actively contributed to several scientific societies and committees at the Institut Pasteur as well as to other AIDS organizations, such as the National Agency for AIDS Research in France.
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi | Academic career
Onwujekwe conducts research on health economics - especially looking at the impact of the stigma of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria on the willingness to access anti-retroviral drugs, and malaria prevention strategies. His work has been important in informing international aid agencies such as DFID's aid agencies.
Obinna Onwujekwe | Academic contributions
Foreign aid is the first component of the CDI, assessing both quantity as a percent of GDP and quality. The Index penalizes tied aid, which requires recipients to spend aid on products from the donor nation and raises project costs by 15 to 30 percent. Aid to poor, better-governed nations is also favored by the CDI. While aid to Equatorial Guinea—where corruption is more widespread and rule of law is weaker—is counted at 15¢ on the dollar, aid to Ghana—where poverty is high and governance relatively good—is counted at 94¢ on the dollar. Donors are penalized for overloading recipient governments with too many small aid projects, which burden recipient officials with hosting obligations and regular report filing.
Commitment to Development Index | Aid
While UN AIDS was officially created in 1994 with UN resolution, and launched in 1996, the roots of UN AIDS can be traced back to the first recorded case of HIV/AIDS 15 years prior in 1981, and the launch of the Global Network of People living with HIV/AIDS (“GNP+") started in 1986 by Dietmar Bolle, an HIV positive specialist nurse and activist who aimed to connect people living with HIV/AIDS around the world.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS | History
Help Lesotho Mission Statement: It is the mission of Help Lesotho to mitigate the effects of HIV/AIDS by promoting education, gender equity and youth leadership development. Project Objectives:
Help Lesotho | Introduction
AIHA started to implement HIV-related prevention programs, awareness strengthening activities, and treatment services in Eastern Europe. The infection rates of some communities had been increased to more than 200% at that time by several years. In 2004, due to the funding support by US President's emergency plan for AIDS Relief, AIHA initiated a new project relating HIV/AIDS, and it shared the unique partnership model and professional knowledge to those countries that need technical assistance and support. AIHA's flagship HIV project is established since 2004, and it utilised the effective and low-cost partnership model by the cooperative agreement of HRSA, the main targeted countries are low-income which have been overloaded by HIV and other health problem.
American International Health Alliance | HIV prevention program
Other reasons for delays include some scientists dismissing concerns about HIV/AIDS becoming a global pandemic as unnecessarily alarmist.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS | 1981-1994: The Global Response Prior to UNAIDS
During the 2001 Special Session of the United Nations on HIV/AIDS, John Paul II raised special concern about the transmission of the virus from mother to child and access to medical care and life-saving medications. Cláudio Hummes, then-Archbishop of São Paulo, speaking at the 2003 Plenary Session of the United Nations on the Implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, criticized pharmaceutical companies for making medications prohibitively expensive for many of the world's poorest.
Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS | Social justice
Avert funds a range of projects in developing countries, predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa, where the AIDS epidemic is most severe. Avert has worked with a variety of organisations, including Sangram in southwest India, and Tholulwazi Uzivikele in KwaZulu Natal. Currently the charity is working in partnership with four organisations. The Umunthu Foundation in Malawi has been working with Avert since 2010 to provide HIV counselling and testing, awareness-raising, prevention and support to people living with HIV. Since 2005, Sisonke in South Africa has been working with Avert to build a network across 20 rural communities of elderly women caring for their grandchildren who have been orphaned by AIDS.
Avert (HIV and AIDS organisation) | International projects
Towards the end of the 1990s, increased awareness of the destructive potential of epidemics such as HIV/AIDS pushed public health issues to the top of the global development agenda. In April 2001, Annan issued a five-point "Call to Action" to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Stating it was a "personal priority", Annan proposed the establishment of a Global AIDS and Health Fund, "dedicated to the battle against HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases" to stimulate the increased international spending needed to help developing countries confront the HIV/AIDS crisis. In June of that year, the General Assembly of the United Nations committed to the creation of such a fund during a special session on AIDS, and the permanent secretariat of the Global Fund was subsequently established in January 2002.
Kofi Annan | Establishment of The Global Fund
Angha says that globalization leads to partnership, and valuable partnership expands the mission of organizations, and following her own ideology, she has initiated partnerships with other like-minded organizations to establish greater possibilities to contribute towards humanitarian efforts. Through these partnerships, IAS and SWO and its Chapters, both local and international, were able to expand their charitable efforts to include care for children caught in refugee and migrant crises; providing basic medicine and clean water in refugee areas; educational scholarship; ending HIV through training local nurses; orphan care; health education; mobile health clinics in Africa; and in California, SWO was able to contribute towards medical case management, free testing, and free syringes in its work to end HIV by 2030.
Nahid Angha | Partnerships: humanitarian and peacemaking efforts
In 2002, thirty-seven African first ladies met in Geneva at a meeting facilitated by UNAIDS and the International AIDS Trust (IAT). As a result of this meeting, the organization of African First Ladies against HIV/AIDS (OAFLA) was established as a collective voice for Africa’s most vulnerable people, women and children infected and affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Since then, OAFLA has transformed itself from a forum of ideas to an institution capable of providing the continent-wide leadership needed to bring about change in peoples’ lives. With its permanent secretariat in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, OAFLA has moved from addressing the symptoms of the HIV/AIDS crisis to the root causes of poverty and the overall inequality of women in the region.
Organisation of African First Ladies against HIV/AIDS | History
In January 1996, it was decided that South Africa's national soccer team, Bafana Bafana, would contribute to the AIDS Awareness Campaign by wearing red ribbons to all their public appearances during the Africa Nations Cup. On 5 July 1996, South Africa's Health Minister, Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, spoke at the 11th International Conference on AIDS in Vancouver. She said:
HIV/AIDS in South Africa | 1996
General consensus exists that, as a report UN AIDS: The First 10 years states, "No one could have imagined that a few cases of rare diseases damaging the immune system would herald a pandemic that has killed more than all those who died in battle during the whole of the twentieth century." However, views with respect to the speed and success of the initial response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic and crisis are mixed. The global response to the HIV/AIDS crisis was initially led by the US based Center for Disease Control which discovered the first HIV/AIDS case. A 2011 report “AIDS: the Early Years and the CDC’s Response", makes the case that it is due to the CDC's rapid and effective approach, and staff, that the virus was even discovered in the first place.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS | 1981-1994: The Global Response Prior to UNAIDS
Other groups, like the NAMES Project, emerged as a way of memorializing those who had passed, refusing to let them be forgotten by the historical narrative. One group, the Association for Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment (ADAPT), headed by Yolanda Serrano, coordinated with their local prison, Riker's Island Correctional Facility, to advocate for those imprisoned and AIDS positive to be released early, so that they could pass away in the comfort of their own homes.
HIV/AIDS in the United States | Activism and response
The report further argues that the CDC's approach, along with partnerships with the US Food and Drug Administration, and the National Institutes of Health, are the reason that initial recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, and containment were developed, issued and disseminated so quickly (within 1-2 years of first reported case), The report states that the CDC's "excellent surveillance, rapid identification, innovative science, committed persons", among other factors help to "illustrate the power of epidemiologic investigation in understanding and preventing new diseases, even in the absence of an identified cause" and that the “CDC’s reputation and staff accomplishments led to the formation of the Global AIDS program.” Critics of the global response to the HIV/AIDS crisis prior to UNAIDS assert that the initial response was slow, faltering, negligent, and exacerbated the crisis which could have been contained more expeditiously if it were not for failures of leadership, missed opportunities, wasted time, among other factors.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS | 1981-1994: The Global Response Prior to UNAIDS
In September 1984, Thailand reported its first case of AIDS. Unlike the common stigmatized association of AIDS with homosexual communities, HIV/AIDS in developing nations is also a heterosexual problem. In Thailand, individuals at risk for HIV/AIDS were exposed to the virus via their husbands, by continual sex partners, or by the sex trade industry. Thailand identified six main high-risk groups for contracting HIV/AID: homosexuals, injecting drug users (IUDs), sex workers, individuals receiving blood transfusions, other heterosexuals, and infants whose mothers are HIV carriers. At the onset of the AIDS epidemic, Thailand was ranked second only to Africa in its number of reported AIDS cases.
Population and Community Development Association | HIV and AIDS
In 2002, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund)was a financial initiative developed to raise and provide funding to the developing world in an attempt to enhance their care and treatment programs for individuals who are living with HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. For the international organization to be successful, developed countries must work in conjunction with third-world countries, private organizations, civil society and afflicted communities to ease the impact of the epidemics. In an attempt to prevent the misuse of funding provided by the Global Fund, a system has been set in place for countries to apply for funding through submission of proposals and implementation plans.
Treatment as prevention | Global Fund
Among these are combination prevention programmes, considered to be the most effective initiative, such as the abstinence, be faithful, use a condom campaign and the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation's outreach programs.
HIV/AIDS in Africa | Introduction
The United States seeks to maintain and strengthen the bilateral relations that have existed since the kingdom became independent in 1968. U.S. policy stresses continued economic and political reform and improved industrial relations. The United States assists Eswatini with a number of HIV/AIDS initiatives and programs implemented through the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the Peace Corps, African Development Foundation, the Department of Labor, and the Department of Defense. In addition, the U.S. supports small enterprise development, education, military training, institutional and human resources development, agricultural development, and trade capacity building. The U.S. is also the largest bilateral donor to the Global Fund, Swaziland's principal HIV/AIDS funding source.
Eswatini–United States relations | History
Not to be forgotten are the many people from all walks of life who contributed their time to the success of CRUSAID. As a result of this generous support and dedicated assistance the lives of many thousands of people HIV were able to live a better life. Accumulated income by the end of 1996 was close to £11million.
Crusaid | Introduction
UNICEF is supporting the Philippine government's HIV response by gathering data and strategic information, advocating for laws that are responsive to the needs of children and young people, providing life skills and leadership training to adolescents, and helping the government, NGOs and youth networks improve service delivery to respond to the crisis.
UNICEF Philippines | HIV and AIDS
This program has resulted in greater access to treatment and a decrease in annual HIV- related deaths since the program's first implementation in 2006. The largest source of international and domestic funds for HIV response comes from The Global Fund.
HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe | International Aid
HIV/AIDS is prioritized in several policy instruments, including Vision 2020 and the Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy 2013–2018 (EDPRS II), which includes a framework for multi-sectoral responses to HIV/AIDS. Each sector within EDPRS II has specific HIV mainstreaming strategies and targets, including education, health, labor, military, transport, gender, young people, agriculture, finance and social welfare. The third Health Sector Strategic Plan (HSSP-III) is a framework document for the development and shaping of health policy in Rwanda. Among its goals are the reduction of HIV infections, reduction of HIV-related morbidity and mortality, strengthened management of HIV/AIDS and equal opportunities for people living with HIV.
HIV/AIDS in Rwanda | Current legal and policy framework
They have also released a 2011-2015 strategy report titled "Getting to Zero" that aims for the vision of "Zero new HIV infections. Zero discrimination. Zero AIDS-related deaths". The report states that its goals include reducing HIV transmission by half, getting universal access to antiretroviral therapy for those living with HIV, and reducing the number of countries with punitive laws around HIV transmission, sex work, drug use, or homosexual activity by half all by 2015.
Sex workers' rights | United Nations (UN)
IAVI's work is made possible by generous support from many donors including: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, Irish Aid, the Ministry of Finance of Japan in partnership with The World Bank, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, the United Kingdom Department for International Development, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). USAID administers the U.S. foreign assistance program providing economic and humanitarian assistance in more than 120 countries worldwide.
International AIDS Vaccine Initiative | Donors
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malariahas disbursed US$90,720,054 of the US$96,502,161 originally signed to Honduras for HIV/AIDS programs alone. According to USAIDS, another international body that supports programs addressing HIV/AIDS in Honduras, Global Fund programs have three main goals: to promote the protection of the rights of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), create awareness surrounding risks and risk-reducing measures among particularly vulnerable populations, and make health services more accessible to these populations. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has been another significant supporter of HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and care in Honduras. Other international bodies that have assisted programs in Honduras include the Swedish International Development Agency, Canadian International Development Agency, Department for International Development (United Kingdom), Humanist Institute for Development Cooperation, Christian Aid, Catholic Relief Services, German Cooperation Agency, Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere, Inc.
HIV/AIDS in Honduras | International response and aid
The discovery of AIDS patients in the United States in the 1980s created a need for resources to be provided to patients and others affected by the disease. This is not unique to HIV/AIDS, there are organizations providing similar services for other diseases like and . Many HIV/AIDS organizations are expansions of previously-existing LGBTQ , which are present in 32 states and have evolved over time to serve the shifting needs of the LGBTQ community. These organizations were created to serve LGBTQ people's specific healthcare concerns as well as counteract the impact of social determinants, stigma, and bias. They readily adapted to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
AIDS service organization | Development
Through her commitment and work Maumoon was able to contribute positively to promoting the rights of women and men as well as adolescents and youth in the Maldives. In an interagency role, she also contributed positively to better understanding and strategic interventions in the areas of HIV/AIDS as well as drug use, which was a growing problem in the Maldives. In particular, she worked with the Government to launch life skills education for youth. When the Asian Tsunami struck the Maldives in December 2004, she played a lead role in alleviating the hardship suffered by her fellow Maldivians as a part of the UN interagency relief and rehabilitation effort.
Dunya Maumoon | United Nations involvement
He was part of the International AIDS Society (IAS) 2016 International Scientific Working Group of more than 50 experts responsible for updating and revising the 2012 Global Scientific Strategy: Towards an HIV Cure.
Éric A. Cohen | Scientific Activities and Involvements
Public and external funding sources for HIV/AIDS in Rwanda in fiscal year 2011–2012 totaled USD 234.6 million. Of the total funding, USD 17.7 million (7.6% of total HIV/AIDS spending) came from public funding, and USD 216.8 million (92.4% of total HIV/AIDS spending) came from external funding. This total funding excludes out-of-pocket and private sector contribution. Among external HIV/AIDS funding sources in Rwanda, the Global Fund made up 48.8% of HIV/AIDS funding, followed by the U.S. government (39.3%), international NGOs (2.8%), and UN agencies (1.8%). Additional bilateral organizations played a smaller role, with the Government of Luxembourg and Swiss Development Cooperation combined contributing 0.2% of total HIV/AIDS funding.
HIV/AIDS in Rwanda | Rwanda fiscal year 2011–2012
Though Mboup and his team had discovered evidence of a second immunodeficiency virus in 1985, the virus was not yet isolated or known as HIV-2. After Mboup's 1985 study, a collaboration emerged to further research this new type of virus and its affects. Mboup's team at the University of Dakar along with Harvard University, and two other French universities formed the collaboration. The goal of the institutions working together was to create a research team that was equal in its contributions. Though Mboup's laboratory was not as funded or technically advanced as Harvard University at the time, Mboup emphasized the need for an equal partnership to ensure the collaboration did not become detached from Senegal and West Africa and would instead bring research infrastructure and opportunities to Senegal.
Souleymane Mboup | Origins
Other major sponsors of HIV/AIDS programs, as well as other health and development areas, include the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Increasingly, other governments, private foundations, and the private sector are partnering with FHI 360 to overcome the health and development challenges. In 2010, Family Health International rebranded itself with the new tagline, “The science of improving lives,” highlighting its commitment to empirical science empowering the world’s most vulnerable people. The name was simplified to FHI, reflecting a broadened scope that encompasses health and development as well as service to families, communities, and nations.
FHI 360 | History
The government recently began implementing its third National Strategic Plan on HIV/AIDS/STIs, covering 2007 to 2011. The Plan focuses on achieving universal access to prevention, treatment, and care and support. Currently, only 56 percent of HIV-infected people who need treatment receive ART, according to a WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF report. In July 2007, the World Bank announced that it would work with Jamaica to design a second HIV/AIDS prevention and control project to be implemented after the current project closes in May 2008.
HIV/AIDS in Jamaica | National response
One official with ties to senior management at the UNAIDS Geneva secretariat also noted, under Sidibe's leadership, that "UNAids mirrors the whole UN as a ‘boys club’ with hierarchical and patriarchal culture of discrimination, lack of transparency and accountability that enables harassment."
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS | Sexual harassment scandal
With a focus on research in the intersection of health, social, and political sciences, her studies and publications aim to improve access to prevention, care and treatment for HIV/AIDS and other diseases. Binagwaho has spoken frequently about the significant role research has played in improving health in her country. She actively fights for children's rights and equality in Rwanda and around the world. She is at the vanguard of the fight against HIV/AIDS, and striving to disseminate implementation research methodology to advance interventions to diminish and eliminate the burden of the disease. Her PhD dissertation focused on the analysis of missed opportunities for children affected by HIV to fulfil their human right to health.
Agnes Binagwaho | Research and activism
The Declaration of Commitment (2001) set 2010 as a target year to meet specified population goals. The Political Declaration of Commitment (2006) emphasized the importance of government participation, in addition to all other organizations, agencies and individual, in creating an environment conducive to HIV/AIDS prevention, intervention, and services by ensuring human rights and individual freedoms. The global economic recession that took place close to 2010 reduced the amount of public funding given towards HIV/AIDS organizations and causes.
Vienna Declaration (drug policy) | Background
As part of a comprehensive HIV prevention response, young people need accurate and relevant information about HIV transmission and a supportive environment where they can talk openly about risk behaviour. They also need to know their HIV status. UNICEF’s goal is to reduce by 25 per cent the number of young people with HIV globally.
Unite for Children, Unite Against AIDS | Prevention of new infections
individual, relationship, community, society) and over an adequate period of time. ... Using different prevention strategies in combination is not a new idea. ... [C]ombination approaches have been used effectively to generate sharp, sustained reductions in new HIV infections in diverse settings. Combination prevention reflects common sense, yet it is striking how seldom the approach has been put into practice. ... Prevention efforts to date have overwhelmingly focused on reducing individual risk, with fewer efforts made to address societal factors that increase vulnerability to HIV. ... UNAIDS' combination prevention framework puts structural interventions—including programmes to promote human rights, to remove punitive laws that block the AIDS response, and to combat gender inequality and HIV related stigma and discrimination—at the centre of the HIV prevention agenda.
HIV/AIDS in Africa | Combination prevention programmes
The focus of these interventions was to harness indigenous peer networks for risk reduction. He was the Thailand principal investigator (PI) of Project Accept/HPTN 043, which showed the strong influence of community mobilization, HIV counseling and testing at the village level with post-test support services reduced behavioral risk and increased HIV counseling and testing to 72% of at-risk villagers in three years. Other work addresses the use of antiretroviral treatment as HIV prevention (HPTN 052) which was cited by "Science" as the major scientific breakthrough of 2011 and opioid substitution therapy as HIV prevention (NPTN 058) for persons who inject drugs.
David Celentano | Research interests