From here, in males they cross under the vas deferens and in front of the seminal vesicles to enter the bladder near the trigone. In females, the ureters pass behind the ovaries, and then travel in the lower midline section of the broad ligament of the uterus. For a short part, the uterine arteries travel on top for a short (2.5 cm) period. They then pass by the cervix, travelling inwards towards the bladder.
Structure
Ureter
Ureter | Structure
The ureters are between 1.5 - 6 mm in diameter, and surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle for 1 - 2 cm near their ends just before they enter the bladder. The ureters are between 1.5 - 6 mm in diameter, and surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle for 1 - 2 cm near their ends just before they enter the bladder. They are  between 1.5 - 6 mm in diameter, and surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle for 1 - 2 cm near their ends It is between 1.5 - 6 mm in diameter and surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle for 1 - 2 cm
what tissue types form the wall of the ureter
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urothelial cells
assistant
what is ureter?
user
The ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
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what is the size of this tube?
user
The ureter is lined by urothelium, a type of transitional epithelium that is capable of responding to stretches in the ureters. The transitional epithelium may appear as a layer of column-shaped cells when relaxed, and of flatter cells when distended. Below the epithelium sits the lamina propria. The lamina propria is made up of loose connective tissue with many elastic fibers interspersed with blood vessels, veins and lymphatics. The ureter is surrounded by two muscular layers, an inner longitudinal layer of muscle, and an outer circular or spiral layer of muscle. The lower third of the ureter has a third muscular layer.
Ureter | Microanatomy
The ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the human adult, the ureters are usually long and around in diameter. The ureter is lined by urothelial cells, a type of transitional epithelium, and has an additional smooth muscle layer in third closest to the bladder that assists with peristalsis. The ureters can be affected by a number of diseases; including urinary tract infections and kidney stone. is when a ureter is narrowed, due to for example chronic inflammation. Congenital abnormalities that affect the ureters can include the development of two ureters on the same side, or abnormally placed ureters.
Ureter | Introduction
The ureters are tubular structures, approximately in adults, that pass from the pelvis of each kidney into the bladder. From the renal pelvis, they descend on top of the psoas major muscle to reach the brim of the pelvis. Here, they cross in front of the common iliac arteries. They then pass down along the sides of the pelvis, and finally curve forwards and enter the bladder from its left and right sides at the back of the bladder. The ureters are between 1.5 - 6 mm in diameter, and surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle for 1 - 2 cm near their ends just before they enter the bladder.
Ureter | Structure
The ureters enter the bladder from its back surface, traveling before opening into the bladder at an angle on its outer back surface at the slit-like "ureteric orifices". This location is also called the vesicoureteric junction. In the contracted bladder they are about apart and about the same distance from the internal urethral orifice; in the distended bladder these measurements may be increased to about . A number of structures pass by, above, and around the ureters on their path down from the kidneys to the bladder. In its upper part, the ureter travels on the psoas major muscle, and sits just behind the peritoneum.
Ureter | Structure
The wall of the urinary bladder is normally 3–5 mm thick. When well distended, the wall is normally less than 3 mm.
Urinary bladder | Structure
From here, in males they cross under the vas deferens and in front of the seminal vesicles to enter the bladder near the trigone. In females, the ureters pass behind the ovaries, and then travel in the lower midline section of the broad ligament of the uterus. For a short part, the uterine arteries travel on top for a short (2.5 cm) period. They then pass by the cervix, travelling inwards towards the bladder.
Ureter | Structure
The tubes attained widths up to 7 mm.
Saarina | Description
The anatomical variation in membranous urethral length measurements in men have been reported to range from 0.5 cm to 3.4 cm.
Membranous urethra | Introduction
In males the neck of the urinary bladder is next to the prostate gland. The bladder has three openings. The two ureters enter the bladder at ureteric orifices, and the urethra enters at the trigone of the bladder. These ureteric openings have mucosal flaps in front of them that act as valves in preventing the backflow of urine into the ureters, known as vesicoureteral reflux. Between the two ureteric openings is a raised area of tissue called the interureteric crest. This makes the upper boundary of the trigone. The trigone is an area of smooth muscle that forms the floor of the bladder above the urethra.
Urinary bladder | Structure
The urethra is a fibrous and muscular tube which connects the urinary bladder to the external urethral meatus. Its length differs between the sexes, because it passes through the penis in males.
Urethra | Structure
The ureters are muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the human adult, the ureters are usually 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long. In humans, the ureters arise from the renal pelvis on the medial aspect of each kidney before descending towards the bladder on the front of the psoas major muscle. The ureters cross the pelvic brim near the bifurcation of the iliac arteries (which they run over). This "pelviureteric junction" is a common site for the impaction of kidney stones (the other being the uteterovesical valve). The ureters run posteriorly on the lateral walls of the pelvis.
Excretory system | Ureter
The length (estimated) attains 22 mm, its diameter 6 mm.
Inquisitor powelli | Description
IVU-shows Adder head appearance or Cobra head appearance. Cystoscopy-shows translucent cyst which is thin walled surrounding ureteric orifice
Ureterocele | Diagnosis
Sensation supplied is sparse close to the kidneys and increases closer to the bladder. Sensation to the ureters is provided by nerves that come from T11 - L2 segments of the spinal cord. When pain is caused, for example by spasm of the ureters or by a stone, the pain may be referred to the dermatomes of T11 - L2, namely the back and sides of the abdomen, the scrotum (males) or labia majora (females) and upper part of the front of the thigh.
Ureter | Nerve supply
The ureters develop from the ureteric buds, which are outpouchings from the mesonephric duct. This is a duct, derived from mesoderm, found in the early embryo. Over time, the buds elongate, moving into surrounding mesodermal tissue, dilate, and divide into left and right ureters. Eventually, successive divisions from these buds form not only the ureters, but also the pelvis, major and minor calyces, and collecting ducts of the kidneys. The mesonephric duct is connected with the cloaca, which over the course of development splits into a urogenital sinus and the anorectal canal. The urinary bladder forms from the urogenital sinus.
Ureter | Development
The ureters are richly supplied by nerves that form a network () of nerves, the ureteric plexus that lies in the adventitia of the ureters. This plexus is formed from a number of nerve roots directly (T9-12, L1, and S2-4), as well as branches from other nerve plexuses and nerves; specifically, the upper third of the ureter receives nerve branches from the renal plexus and aortic plexus, the middle part receives branches from the upper hypogastric plexus and nerve, and the lower ureter receives branches from the lower hypogastric plexus and nerve. The plexus is in the adventitia. The these nerves travel in individual bundles and along small blood vessels to form the ureteric plexus.
Ureter | Nerve supply
The larger cranial bulb prevents distal migration, while the longer narrow section maintains the increased diameter of a predilated stricture in the ureter section.
Ureteric balloon catheter | Introduction
A ureteral stent (pronounced you-REE-ter-ul), or ureteric stent, is a thin tube inserted into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of the urine flow from the kidney. The length of the stents used in adult patients varies between 24 and 30 cm. Additionally, stents come in differing diameters or gauges, to fit different size ureters. The stent is usually inserted with the aid of a cystoscope. One or both ends of the stent may be coiled to prevent it from moving out of place; this is called a JJ stent, double J stent or pig-tail stent.
Ureteric stent | Introduction
In 1820 it was recorded that other urns might be present ""as not more than a fourth part of it has yet been examined"". A height of 5 to 6 feet measured in 1820 with stones possibly removed previously for road building, etc.
Cairnduff | Description
Size of tubers: 1 to 3.5 cm.
Gymnadenia conopsea | Description
Insufficient submucosal length of the ureter relative to its diameter causes inadequacy of the valvular mechanism. This is precipitated by a congenital defect or lack of longitudinal muscle of the portion of the ureter within the bladder resulting in an ureterovesicular junction (UVJ) abnormality.
Vesicoureteral reflux | Primary VUR
The anatomy of the human urinary system differs between males and females at the level of the urinary bladder. In males, the urethra begins at the internal urethral orifice in the trigone of the bladder, continues through the external urethral orifice, and then becomes the prostatic, membranous, bulbar, and penile urethra. Urine exits through the external urethral meatus. The female urethra is much shorter, beginning at the bladder neck and terminating in the vaginal vestibule.
Urinary system | Structure
They measure 20–30 by 20–25 μm and feature a surface ornamentation of irregular polygonal meshes. The mesh ridges are up to 4 μm high and 5–8 μm wide.
Tuber donnagotto | Description
The membranous urethra or intermediate part of male urethra is the shortest, least dilatable, and, with the exception of the urinary meatus, the narrowest part of the urethra. It extends downward and forward, with a slight anterior concavity, between the apex of the prostate and the bulb of the urethra, perforating the urogenital diaphragm about 2.5 cm below and behind the pubic symphysis. The hinder part of the urethral bulb lies in apposition with the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, but its upper portion diverges somewhat from this fascia: the anterior wall of the membranous urethra is thus prolonged for a short distance in front of the urogenital diaphragm; it measures about 2 cm in length, while the posterior wall which is between the two fasciæ of the diaphragm is only 1.25 cm long.
Membranous urethra | Introduction
Beyond these layers sits an adventitia containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and veins.
Ureter | Microanatomy
Blockage, or obstruction of the ureter can occur, as a result of narrowing within the ureter, or compression or fibrosis of structures around the ureter. Narrowing can result of ureteric stones, masses associated with cancer, and other lesions such as endometriosis tuberculosis and schistosomiasis. Things outside the ureters such as constipation and retroperitoneal fibrosis can also compress them. Some congenital abnormalities can also result in narrowing or the ureters. Congenital disorders of the ureter and urinary tract affect 10% of infants. These include partial or total duplication of the ureter (a duplex ureter), or the formation of a second irregularly placed () ureter; or where the junction with the bladder is malformed or a ureterocoele develops (usually in that location).
Ureter | Anatomical and surgical abnormalities
Additionally, reflux of urine from the bladder back up the ureters is a condition commonly seen in children. The ureters have been identified for at least two thousand years; with the word ureter stemming from the stem relating to urinating and seen in written records since at least the time of Hippocrates. It is however only since the 1500s that the term "ureter" has been consistently used to refer to the modern structure; and only since the development of medical imaging in the 1900s that techniques such as X-ray, CT and ultrasound have been able to view the ureters. The ureters are also seen from the inside using a flexible camera, called ureteroscopy, which was first described in 1964.
Ureter | Introduction
The length (estimated) attains 22 mm, its diameter 6 mm.
Inquisitor komiticus | Description
These layers are surrounded by three layers of muscle fibres arranged as an inner layer of fibres orientated longitudinally, a middle layer of circular fibres, and an outermost layer of longitudinal fibres; these form the destrusor muscle, which can be seen with the naked eye.
Urinary bladder | Microanatomy
The UR is quite thin, the telson being fairly short in length.
Hyperia macrocephala | Description
If the ureters have been resited as a result of surgery, for example due to a kidney transplant or due to past surgery for vesicuureteric reflux, that site may also become narrowed. A narrowed ureter may lead to ureteric enlargement () and cause swelling of the kidneys (hydronephrosis). Associated symptoms may include recurrent infections, pain or blood in the urine; and when tested, kidney function might be seen to decrease. These are considered situations when surgery is needed. Medical imaging, including urinary tract ultrasound, CT or nuclear medicine imaging is conducted to investigate many causes. This may involve reinserting the ureters into a new place on the bladder (reimplantion), or widening of the ureter.
Ureter | Anatomical and surgical abnormalities
The larger tubercles are mostly gray. The venter is yellowish to cream with numerous dark brown melanophores that make a vermiculate pattern on belly and thighs.
Craugastor adamastus | Description
Over time, as the bladder enlarges, it absorbs the surrounding parts of the primitive ureters. Finally, the entry points of the ureters into the bladder move upwards, owing to the upward migration of the kidneys in the developing embryo.
Ureter | Development
In the human male, the urethra is on average long and opens at the end of the external urethral meatus. The urethra is divided into four parts in men, named after the location: There is inadequate data for the typical length of the male urethra; however, a study of 109 men showed an average length of 22.3 cm (SD = 2.4 cm), ranging from 15 cm to 29 cm.
Urethra | Male
The kidney shaped microspores are 24 to 33 micrometers long, bearing tubercles. It is very similar to "I. macrospora", only reliably distinguishable by cytology or through careful megaspore measurement.
Isoetes tuckermanii | Introduction
Ureteral development begins in the human fetus around the 4th week of embryonic development. A ureteric bud, arising from the mesonephric (or Wolffian) duct, gives rise to the ureter, as well as other parts of the collective system. In the case of a duplicated ureter, the ureteric bud either splits or arises twice. In most cases, the kidney is divided into two parts, an upper and lower lobe, with some overlap due to intermingling of collecting tubules. However, in some cases the division is so complete as to give rise to two separate parts, each with its own renal pelvis and ureter.
Duplicated ureter | Pathophysiology
As it passes down the muscle, it travels over the genitofemoral nerve and. The inferior vena cava and the abdominal aorta sit to the midline of the right and left ureters respectively. In the lower part of the abdomen, the right ureter sits behind the lower mesentery and the terminal ileum, and the left ureter sits behind the jejunum and the sigmoid colon. As the ureters enter the pelvis, they are surrounded by connective tissue, and travel backwards and outwards, passing in front of the internal iliac arteries and internal iliac veins. They then travel inwards and forwards, crossing the umbilical, inferior vesical and middle rectal arteries.
Ureter | Structure
From its conception, the tube has been varied to suit different structural needs.
Tube (structure) | Variants
The chimneys may be wide or much narrower than the rest of the tube.
Chaetopterus | Housing tubes
The size of the shell varies between 33 mm and 100 mm.
Distorsio anus | Description
The page size is 65.5 x 49 centimeters. It is in the collection of the Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt.
Hortus semper virens | Description
The dimensions of cucurbiturils are generally on the ~ 10 Å size scale. For instance, the cavity of cucurbit[6]uril has a height ~ 9.1 Å, an outer diameter ~ 5.8 Å, and an inner diameter ~ 3.9 Å.
Cucurbituril | Introduction
The foot is small, narrow for its length. The lung is long and narrow. Kidney is very narrowly triangular, being wider at the base, tapering anteriorly, slightly longer than the pericardium. There is apparently no secondary ureter. The buccal mass is small, about twice as long as wide, the oesophagus opening well forward. Salivary glands are not united, and in "Holospira goldfussi" they have long ducts.
Holospira | Anatomy
It measured 100’ x 40’.
Edgar Müller | Introduction
At this time the ureters move from the mesonephric ducts to the trigone. In males, the base of the bladder lies between the rectum and the pubic symphysis. It is superior to the prostate, and separated from the rectum by the recto-vesical pouch. In females, the bladder sits inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina; thus its maximum capacity is lower than in males. It is separated from the uterus by the vesico-uterine pouch. In infants and young children the urinary bladder is in the abdomen even when empty.
Urinary bladder | Development
Cormus composed of large, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes. Water-collecting tubes converge to form conical projections with an osculum. The surface of the tubes is hispid because of the presence of diactines and trichoxea. Cells with granules have not been observed. The skeleton comprises equiangular and equiradiate triactines and very few tetractines. Actines are conical and straight, with a sharp tip. Diactines and fusiform and slightly curved. They are projected towards the exterior of the tubes. Trichoxeas are also present, perpendicular to the surface of the tubes.
Arturia hirsuta | Description
There are two ducts, connecting the left and right epididymis with the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct in order to move sperm. In humans, each tube is about long, 3 to 5 mm (0.118 to 0.197 inches) in diameter and is muscular (surrounded by smooth muscle). Its epithelium is pseudostratified columnar epithelium lined by stereocilia. They are part of the spermatic cords.
Vas deferens | Structure
The width of the aperture is 2.5-3.9 mm. The height of the aperture is 4.8-6.0 mm. Excretory system: The renal tube extends straightly from the pericardial region toward the mantle collar, diagonally across the roof of the pallial cavity. In its distal part, behind the osphradium, it shows two distinct flexures, coming back upon itself and, after a short course, bending sharply cephalad and rightward forming a ureter which tapers to a subterminal meatus behind the pneumostome. Reproductive system: The ovotestis appears composed by pressed acini around a collecting canal which continues into an ovispermiduct presenting a very short smooth-walled proximal segment followed by a bosselated swelling seminal vesicle and finally a relatively short distal segment which ends in the carrefour.
Lymnaea meridensis | Description
Common sizes are 8’-12’ diameter, with clear spans over 100’. A variety of options exist for material type, paint and internal arrangements to complete the tubular gallery.
Tubular Gallery | Specifications
The different diameters are known as:
Culoepuya | Organology
They range from less than 1 cm to several cm in width, but may be dozens of metres in length.
Termite | Shelter tubes
Cormus of the holotype formed of thin, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes. A large tube functioning as an osculum is physically connected to thinner water-connecting tubes, receiving the excurrent water from them. The skeleton has no special organization, comprising equiangular and equiradiate triactines and tetractines in roughly the same proportions. They are similar in size. Their actines are cylindrical or conical, with a blunt tip. Some of them are larger in the middle. The apical actine of the tetractines has almost the same diameter at the base as the facial actines. It is conical, shorter, straight, smooth and sharp. Trichoxeas are also present but there are very few.
Arturia sueziana | Description
The insertion of a drainage tube into the renal pelvis, bypassing the uterers and urinary tract, called nephrostomy, was first described in 1941. Such an approach differed greatly from the open surgical approaches within the urinary system employed during the preceding two millennia.
Ureter | History
"Pelanechinus triceps" is known from the Jura. The type specimen has a diameter of and a height of . The primary tubercles are perforated and smooth.
Pelanechinus | "Pelanechinus triceps"
For duplication of urinary tract, bladders can be combined to form a single larger bladder without altering the duplicated ureters.
Caudal duplication | Genitourinary tract
The ureters are a component of the urinary system. Urine, produced by the kidneys, travels along the ureters to the bladder. It does this through regular contractions called peristalsis.
Ureter | Function
There are around 12 rows of scales above the lateral line and 40-42 rows below. The first 5-10 scales along the lateral line are modified into overlapping elongate tubes. The maximum known size is long and .
Orthosternarchus tamandua | Description
Megaureter is a medical anomaly whereby the ureter is abnormally dilated. Congenital megaureter is an uncommon condition which is more common in males, may be bilateral, and is often associated with other congenital anomalies. The cause is thought to be aperistalsis of the distal ureter, leading to dilatation. The cutoff value for megaureter is when it is wider than 6 or 7 mm. A functional obstruction at the lower end of the ureter leads to progressive dilatation and a tendency to infection. The ureteric orifice appears normal and a ureteric catheter passes easily.
Megaureter | Introduction
It is an area of smooth tissue for the easy flow of urine into and from this part of the bladder - in contrast to the irregular surface formed by the rugae. The walls of the bladder have a series of ridges, thick mucosal folds known as rugae that allow for the expansion of the bladder. The detrusor muscle is the muscular layer of the wall made of smooth muscle fibers arranged in spiral, longitudinal, and circular bundles. The detrusor muscle is able to change its length. It can also contract for a long time whilst voiding, and it stays relaxed whilst the bladder is filling.
Urinary bladder | Structure
Related to the urinary bladder, anteriorly there are the following folds:
Umbilical folds | Introduction
The word "ureter" comes from the Ancient Greek stem "uro" relating to urination, and the first use of the word is seen during the era of Hippocrates to refer to the urethra. The anatomical structure of the ureter was noted by 40 AD. However, the terms "ureter" and "urethra" were variably used to refer to each other thereafter for more than a millennium. It was only in the 1550s that anatomists such as Bartolomeo Eustacchio and Jacques Dubois began to use the terms to specifically and consistently refer to what is in modern English called the ureter and the urethra.
Ureter | History
In this case, usually one ureter drains correctly to the bladder, with the duplicated ureter presenting as ectopic.
Ectopic ureter | Introduction
A ureteric stent may be inserted to relieve an obstruction. If the cause cannot be removed, a nephrostomy may be required, which is the insertion of a tube connected to the renal pelvis which directly drains urine into a stoma bag.
Ureter | Anatomical and surgical abnormalities
The size of an adult shell varies between 30 mm and 73 mm.
Pristiterebra tuberculosa | Description
Length of body, <J, 811, 9, 7.510; of tegmina, $ and 9, 2.53: of forceps, $ , 4.76, 9, 33.5; of Fig. 29. Dom acu- pygidial spine, $ , .8 1 mm.
Doru aculeatum | Description
They then curve anteriormedially to enter the bladder through the back, at the vesicoureteric junction, running within the wall of the bladder for a few centimeters. The backflow of urine is prevented by valves known as ureterovesical valves. In the female, the ureters pass through the mesometrium on the way to the bladder.
Excretory system | Ureter
Abdominal tubercles are present anterolaterally.
Araneus | Description
The difference between the two could lead to fluid entering or exiting the ureter due to the osmotic pressure. Histologie 1er cycle des études médicales, Lüllman-Rauch, 2008
Facet cells | Introduction
The tubules collectively constitute the mesonephros.
Mesonephros | Formation
The size of the shell varies between 25 mm and 60 mm.
Gyrineum aculeatum | Description
The pore is surrounded by small, irregularly shaped lobes; and the excretory duct is directed forward. The rectum and anus are atrophied or absent; non-functional.
Tylenchulus semipenetrans | Morphology
The front of the first segment is margined and have a row of irregularly shaped and raised tubercles. The second segment is further expanded and have a rounded posterior corner and lobe, which is flaring. Their basal surface is expanded broadly and deeply with a concave in front of the middle. Some of the tubercles can be seen in a row on segment 4, but the difference is minimal until segment 14, with the 4 others after segment 14 are bigger in both size and height. Tubercles do not change as fast as the segments, so there might be the same tubrercle on a various segment.
Cyrtodesmus humerosus | Segment and tubercle description
has a diameter estimated at around , roughly a fifth the size of Pluto.
2014 FC72 | Physical characteristics
The size of the shell varies between 35 mm and 80 mm.
Conus urashimanus | Description
It has an estimated span of and a mass of .
57 Mnemosyne | Introduction
Typical tube sizes range from 3ml to 300ml. Most tubes are designed to be dispensed with hand pressure, but some are used with a tube key at the base to help roll them up.
Tube (container) | Introduction
The corpora cavernosa are homogeneous and relatively hypoechoic cylindrical structures lined with tunica albuginea, a thin membrane that has a thickness of approximately 2 mm when the penis is flaccid and 0.25 mm when it is erect. The corpus spongiosum, a ventral, medial body that is more echoic than the corpora cavernosa, is also covered by the tunica albuginea and contains the urethra. As can be seen in Figures 1 and 2, it is more dilated and prominent in its proximal segment, known as the bulb, and in its distal segment, constituting the glans. Buck's fascia is superficial to the tunica albuginea and covers all of the structures described.
Penile ultrasonography | Anatomy and physiology
The anatomy of "Tomigerus clausus" was examined by Harold Heath in 1914. The mantle has more highly thickened margins and more glandular epithelium than in the genus"Anostoma", extending throughout the body whorl of the shell to the region adjacent to the aperture. It thus terminates at the point where the ureter bends abruptly upon itself. The external openings of the ureter and intestine occupy the usual positions on the right side, and from this point they pursue a course parallel to the external surface of the body, in close contact with the mantle cavity. The ureter bends sharply upon itself at the termination of the mantle cavity, and, dorsally placed with reference to this chamber, proceeds anteriorly to unite with the forward extremity of the kidney.
Tomigerus clausus | Anatomy
With creation of a urinary diversion it is possible for the ureters to become obstructed preventing the drainage of urine from the kidneys. If this occurs, another procedure to insert a percuntaneous nephrostomy tube may be need to allow drainage of urine from the body. Obstruction of the ureter most commonly occurs at the site where the ureters are reconnected to the urinary diversion created. A small, hollow, flexible tube called a stent may be placed inside the ureter at the time of surgery to possibly help the reconnection site to heal. This reconnection site is also at risk for leaking urine within the abdomen.
Cystectomy | Urinary tract
In the human female, the urethra is about 4 cm long, and exits the body between the clitoris and the vagina, extending from the internal to the external urethral orifice. The meatus is located below the clitoris. It is placed behind the symphysis pubis, embedded in the anterior wall of the vagina, and its direction is obliquely downward and forward; it is slightly curved with the concavity directed forward. The proximal two-thirds of the urethra is lined by transitional epithelial cells, while the distal third is lined by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Between the superior and inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, the female urethra is surrounded by the urethral sphincter.
Urethra | Female
The interior of the test lining has between one and four ridges separating the stercomares, or waste masses. Individual "Occultammina" tubes are between 0.38 and 1 cm in diameter. Networks of "Occultammina" sized 5–10 cm across have been found at the Ogasawara trench.
Occultammina | Description
The ovary is subtended by four line- to awl-shaped scales of about 1 mm (0.04 in) long.
Leucospermum utriculosum | Description
A urinary diversion is then created and the free ends of the ureters are reconnected to the diversion.
Cystectomy | Open
Adult male: length 9-10 mm, pronotum length 1.6-1.9 mm, pronotum width 1.80-2.20 mm, femur length 4.90-5.60 mm, femur width 1.60-1.90 mm. Adult female: length 14 -16 mm, pronotum length 2.50-2.65 mm, pronotum width 3.05- 3.30 mm, femur length 7.00-7.20 mm, femur width 2.10-2.50 mm.
Sigaus minutus | Dimensions
Walls of the tube are typically agglutinated with small quartz grains.
Archaeichnium | Description
The Fallopian tube is composed of four parts. These are, described from near the ovaries to inwards near the uterus, the "infundibulum" with its associated "fimbriae" near the ovary, the "ampulla" that represents the major portion of the lateral tube, the "isthmus", which is the narrower part of the tube that links to the uterus, and the interstitial (or intramural) part, the narrowest part of the uterine tube, that crosses the muscles of the uterine. The average length of a fallopian tube is 11-12 cm.
Fallopian tube | Structure
The prostatic urethra, the widest and most dilatable part of the urethra canal, is about 3 cm long. It runs almost vertically through the prostate from its base to its apex, lying nearer its anterior than its posterior surface; the form of the canal is spindle-shaped, being wider in the middle than at either extremity, and narrowest below, where it joins the membranous portion. A transverse section of the canal as it lies in the prostate is horse-shoe-shaped, with the convexity directed forward.
Prostatic urethra | Introduction
Smooth muscle bundles pass on either side of the urethra, and these fibers are sometimes called the internal urethral sphincter, although they do not encircle the urethra. Further along the urethra is a sphincter of skeletal muscle, the sphincter of the membranous urethra (external urethral sphincter). The bladder's epithelium is termed transitional epithelium which contains a superficial layer of dome-like cells and multiple layers of stratified cuboidal cells underneath when evacuated. When the bladder is fully distended the superficial cells become squamous (flat) and the stratification of the cuboidal cells is reduced in order to provide lateral stretching.
Urination | Anatomy of the bladder and outlet
The composition of tubular fluid changes throughout the nephron, from the proximal tubule to the collecting duct and then as it exits the body, from the ureter.
Tubular fluid | Composition table
The spongy urethra (cavernous portion of urethra, penile urethra) is the longest part of the male urethra, and is contained in the corpus spongiosum of the penis. It is about 15 cm long, and extends from the termination of the membranous portion to the external urethral orifice. Commencing below the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm it passes forward and upward to the front of the pubic symphysis; and then, in the flaccid condition of the penis, it bends downward and forward.
Spongy urethra | Introduction
The trabeculae of the tunica albuginea are more delicate, nearly uniform in size, and the meshes between them smaller than in the corpora cavernosa penis: their long diameters, for the most part, corresponding with that of the penis.
Tunica albuginea (penis) | Introduction
The complication rate associated with ureterostomy procedures is less than 5–10%. Risks during surgery include heart problems, pulmonary (lung) complications, development of blood clots (thrombosis), blocking of arteries (embolism), and injury to adjacent structures, such as bowel or vascular entities. Inadequate ureteral length may also be encountered, leading to ureteral kinking and subsequent obstruction. If plastic tubes need inserting, their malposition can lead to obstruction and eventual breakdown of the opening (anastomosis). Anastomotic leak is the most frequently encountered complication. Normal results for a ureterostomy include the successful diversion of the urine pathway away from the bladder, and a tension-free, watertight opening to the abdomen that prevents urinary leakage.
Ureterostomy | Risks
Urial males have large horns, curling outwards from the top of the head turning in to end somewhere behind the head; females have shorter, compressed horns. The horns of the males are up to long. The shoulder height of an adult male urial is between .
Urial | Characteristics
The average total length (body + tail) is with a maximum total length of (possibly slightly more).
Echis pyramidum | Description
In humans, the bladder is a hollow muscular organ situated at the base of the pelvis. In gross anatomy, the bladder can be divided into a broad , a body, an apex, and a neck. The apex is directed forward toward the upper part of the pubic symphysis, and from there the median umbilical ligament continues upward on the back of the anterior abdominal wall to the umbilicus. The peritoneum is carried by it from the apex on to the abdominal wall to form the middle umbilical fold. The neck of the bladder is the area at the base of the trigone that surrounds the internal urethral orifice that leads to the urethra.
Urinary bladder | Structure
There is evidence that the tube was flexible.
Cloudinidae | Morphology
The cap is in diameter.
Gymnopilus parvulus | Description
The full length of the "Nichollsemys" is unknown, but Brinkman made a chart of the length of some parts of the specimen. The length from the basioccipital to the premaxilla measures 11.4 cm, the width of all the quadrates measures 9.8 cm, the depth at level of the quadrates measures 7.1 cm, the intraorbital width measures 2 cm, and the length measures 3.6 cm. The cranium has many things in common with that of Toxochelys: for example, they both have a rostrum basisphenoidale shaped like a rod.
Nichollsemys | Description
The pronephros disappears very early; the structural elements of the mesonephros mostly degenerate, but the gonad is developed in their place, with which the Wolffian duct remains as the duct in males, and the Müllerian as that of the female. Some of the tubules of the mesonephros form part of the permanent kidney.
Development of the urinary system | Introduction
"Annulatubus", meaning ringed tube, possesses a long tube-like structure with uniformly spaced ridges. At lengths between 178mm, and 250mm, and widths between 15mm and 50mm it is significantly larger than most other tube-like fossils of the Ediacaran. It is described as having a similar ringed tube structure to "Sekwitibulus" but differs in size and ridge shape. It is unknown if "Annulatubus" possessed a holdfast like other similar Ediacarans.
Annulatubus | Description