The SS "Christopher Columbus" was an American excursion liner on the Great Lakes, in service between 1893 and 1933. She was the only whaleback ship ever built for passenger service. The ship was designed by Alexander McDougall, the developer and promoter of the whaleback design. "Columbus" was built between 1892 and 1893 at Superior, Wisconsin, by the American Steel Barge Company. Initially, she ferried passengers to and from the World's Columbian Exposition. Later, she provided general transportation and excursion services to various ports around the lakes. At , the ship was the longest whaleback ever built, and reportedly also the largest vessel on the Great Lakes when she was launched.
Introduction
SS Christopher Columbus
SS Christopher Columbus | Introduction
An American excursion liner on the Great Lakes An American excursion liner on the Great Lakes It was an American excursion liner on the Great Lakes, in service between 1893 and 1933. An American excursion liner on the Great Lakes, in service between 1893 and 1933.
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The rounded hull top was then added, followed by the six turrets, which were substantially larger than those employed on freighter whalebacks. The ship was launched on December 3, 1892, after which two superstructure decks were mounted on the turrets along the centerline of her hull to afford access to her two internal decks, one in the turrets and one in the hull below. She was fitted out over the remainder of late 1892 and early 1893. Electric lighting was used, and she was elegantly furnished. Her grand saloon and skylighted promenade deck contained several fountains and a large aquarium filled with trout and other fish of the lakes.
SS Christopher Columbus | Construction and Columbian Exposition
The Columbus, laid down before the start of World War I, was originally to be named "Hindenburg". However, her then-sister, originally named "Columbus", was handed over to British government and then sold to the White Star Line after the war as part of reparations in 1920. The Allies allowed the Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL), her owners, to keep the remaining ship. NDL decided to give her the name of her departed sister, now the British "Homeric". Construction, which had been held up by the war, resumed at Schichau Shipyards in Danzig, Germany.
SS Columbus (1922) | Introduction
"Columbus" is said to have carried more passengers during her career than any other vessel on the Great Lakes. After a career lasting four decades, she was retired during the Great Depression and scrapped in 1936 by the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company at Manitowoc, Wisconsin.
SS Christopher Columbus | Introduction
USS "Columbus" (SSN-762) is a nuclear powered fast attack submarine and the second vessel of the United States Navy to be named for Columbus, Ohio. The contract to build her was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut, on 21 March 1986 and her keel was laid down on 9 January 1991. She was launched on 1 August 1992 sponsored by Mrs. Margaret DeMars, wife of Admiral Bruce DeMars and commissioned on 24 July 1993.
USS Columbus (SSN-762) | Introduction
The SS "Christopher Columbus" was an American excursion liner on the Great Lakes, in service between 1893 and 1933. She was the only whaleback ship ever built for passenger service. The ship was designed by Alexander McDougall, the developer and promoter of the whaleback design. "Columbus" was built between 1892 and 1893 at Superior, Wisconsin, by the American Steel Barge Company. Initially, she ferried passengers to and from the World's Columbian Exposition. Later, she provided general transportation and excursion services to various ports around the lakes. At , the ship was the longest whaleback ever built, and reportedly also the largest vessel on the Great Lakes when she was launched.
SS Christopher Columbus | Introduction
The "Columbus", conceived as an elaborate ferry, was intended to demonstrate that the whaleback design would work well in passenger service, and would be able to travel at high speed. The ship's name honored the explorer Christopher Columbus as did the World's Columbian Exposition itself, timed to coincide with the 400th anniversary of his first voyage to the New World.
SS Christopher Columbus | Background and proposal
The World's Fair Steamship Company ordered the construction of the "Columbus" at an estimated cost of $360,000. The job was undertaken at McDougall's American Steel Barge Company works in Superior, Wisconsin, starting in the fall of 1892. The hull framing, which included nine bulkheads, was completed on September 13, 1892. The ship's propulsion mechanisms were next installed, consisting of a single four-bladed, diameter, pitch propeller, the two reciprocating triple-expansion steam engines (with three cylinders of , and diameters in a common frame with a stroke) manufactured by Samuel F. Hodge & Co. of Detroit, Michigan, and six steel tubular return Scotch boilers, ( diameter by long), built by Cleveland Shipbuilding Company.
SS Christopher Columbus | Construction and Columbian Exposition
The third USS "Columbus" (CA-74), a "Baltimore"-class heavy cruiser, was the first ship of the United States Navy named for Columbus, Ohio. She was launched on 30 November 1944 by Bethlehem Steel Co., Quincy, Massachusetts; she was sponsored by Mrs. E. G. Meyers; and commissioned on 8 June 1945, Captain Allen Hobbs in command.
USS Columbus (CA-74) | Introduction
She made daily round-trip excursions from the Goodrich docks at the Rush Street Bridge. "Columbus" had at least three accidents. In June 1895 she suffered an explosion caused by a steam pipe becoming disconnected while she was underway. Accounts differ, but some claim that this happened during a race with her rival, "Virginia". In July 1905, she collided with the schooner "Ralph Campbell" in the Chicago River. On June 30, 1917, she was involved in her most serious accident, a collision with a water tower. The collision happened in Milwaukee while she was being maneuvered by tugs away from her dock.
SS Christopher Columbus | Regular service
SS "Columbus" may refer to one of the following passenger steamers:
SS Columbus | Introduction
In 1915, the SS "Eastland" capsized while docked in the Chicago River, with the loss of over 800 lives. Officials subsequently ordered many passenger ships to undergo stability testing, which the "Columbus" passed easily. Even with 7,500 sandbags (simulating passengers) piled on one side, and tugboats pulling in that direction, she listed only 12 degrees. "Columbus" was featured at the Century of Progress exhibition in Chicago in 1932–33.
SS Christopher Columbus | Regular service
She had triple-expansion steam engines and was quite popular and convinced NDL that larger passenger liners were feasible.
SS Columbus (1922) | Construction and maiden voyage
"Christopher" sailed from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 25 December 1943 for duty off Brazil and to Trinidad on training exercises in convoys and on screening cruisers during their shakedown and training periods. Between 16 January and 11 February, she sailed off Montevideo, screening the British cable ship Cambria as she repaired broken cables.
USS Christopher | U.S. Navy (1943-1944)
The members of the council are awarded with the fourth grade of the order (Grand Officer).
Order of Christopher Columbus | Introduction
The cabins and public spaces were fitted out with oak paneling, velvet carpets, etched glass windows, leather furniture and marble. Shops and restaurants were provided for the passengers. McDougall's American Steel Barge Company had committed in the contract that the "Columbus" would be built and delivered in three months, making her one of the fastest-built large ships of her time. The builders further promised rapid loading and unloading, predicting that the vessel would be able to embark 5,000 passengers in five minutes, and disembark the same passengers in even less time. The "Columbus" was specified to be able run the from the dock downtown to the fairgrounds at Jackson Park and 64th Street in 20 minutes.
SS Christopher Columbus | Construction and Columbian Exposition
The saloon measured 80 feet by 34 feet and was in Tudor Gothic style. The corridor aft to the regular staterooms was a picture gallery, with ten oil paintings depicting scenes about Christopher Columbus. The regular staterooms could accommodate 110 passengers and another 44 forward in Servants cabins. The two berth regular cabins were seven feet by seven feet. Her exterior decoration included a figurehead of George Washington. "President’s" wooden hull was subdivided into watertight compartments. However, it was not as robust as "Great Western" or the new Cunard vessels just entering service. After just two round trip voyages, she required refit after stormy seas weakened and twisted her hull.
SS President | Development and design
Christopher Columbus was an explorer born in Genoa, Italy. Christopher Columbus or Chris Columbus may also refer to:
Christopher Columbus (disambiguation) | Introduction
Notes Citations References
Christopher (1785 ship) | Notes, citations, and references
Four ships of the United States Navy have been named USS "Columbus", the first two after the explorer Christopher Columbus, and the other two after Columbus, Ohio, the capital of the state.
USS Columbus | Introduction
The Milwaukee River current caught her, spinning her sideways, and her bow sheared off two legs of the Yahr-Lang Drug Company's water tower, toppling it and flooding "Columbus"' decks with about . The collision killed 16 passengers and severely damaged her pilot house, putting her out of service for the rest of the year. The "Columbus" was one of the first ships to be fitted with an on-board radio, installed by 1909, when she was allocated the call letters "KC". "Columbus" and the SS "Chicago" used radio to help coordinate the rescue of over 200 passengers from the Goodrich liner "City of Racine" when the "Racine" was disabled off Waukegan, Illinois, in Lake Michigan.
SS Christopher Columbus | Regular service
The "Columbus" was taken out of service in 1933, and changed hands twice during the Great Depression, in 1933 and again in 1934. She was scrapped in 1936 at the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company in Manitowoc, Wisconsin. SS "Christopher Columbus" carried 1.7–2 million passengers in her first year alone, and is estimated to have carried more passengers than any other vessel on the Great Lakes. She was one of the most photographed passenger ships on the lakes, and souvenir postcards of her are still widely available. One of her anchors, the design of which was patented by McDougall on February 3, 1891, is displayed at the Mariners' Museum in Newport News, Virginia.
SS Christopher Columbus | Disposition
USS "Columbus" was a 90-gun ship of the line in the United States Navy. She was launched on 1 March 1819 by Washington Navy Yard and commissioned on 7 September 1819, Master Commandant J. H. Elton in command.
USS Columbus (1819) | Introduction
The vessel had a steel hull, and a single 132 nhp triple-expansion steam engine, with cylinders of , , and diameter with a stroke, that drove a single screw propeller, and moved the ship at up to .
SS Rosario di Giorgio | Design and Construction
With the building of the "Bremen" and "Europa", the "Columbus" was supplanted as the queen of the NDL fleet. In 1929, she was given a refit to make her resemble her younger, larger and faster running mates. This included the addition of two larger smokestacks and replacement of the reciprocating engines with geared steam turbines. She left Bremerhaven on 20 June 1939. At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, "Columbus" was ordered to return to Germany at once. The Royal Navy was on the lookout for enemy ships. Putting her passengers ashore at Havana, Cuba, her captain and crew sped to Veracruz, evading the British.
SS Columbus (1922) | Later career
The vessel had a steel hull, and a single 328 nhp triple-expansion steam engine, with cylinders of , and diameter with a stroke, that drove a single screw propeller, and moved the ship at up to .
SS Queen Cristina (1896) | Design and Construction
Captain Brian McIlvaine, former commanding officer of , replaced Marquez temporarily. After a few months in command CAPT McIlvaine was replaced with CDR James Doody. At the end of a DMP (depot modernization period) In Bremerton, Washington, "Columbus" relocated back to Pearl Harbor on December 22, 2006.
USS Columbus (SSN-762) | Operational history
The first USS "Columbus" was a ship in the Continental Navy. Built as a merchant ship at Philadelphia in 1774 as "Sally", she was purchased from Willing, Morris & Co., for the Continental Navy in November 1775, Captain Abraham Whipple was given command. Between 17 February and 8 April 1776, in company with the other ships of Commodore Esek Hopkins' squadron, "Columbus" took part in the expedition to New Providence, Bahamas, where the first Navy-Marine amphibious operation seized essential military supplies. On the return passage, the squadron captured the British schooner, "Hawk", on 4 April, and brig "Bolton" on the 5th.
USS Columbus (1774) | Introduction
SS "William B. Woods" was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. Named after William B. Woods, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and a member of the Ohio General Assembly.
SS William B. Woods | Introduction
Then a fire broke out and the ship was burnt. It had to be rebuilt at a cost of £100,000 because scenes set on it had yet to be shot. March collapsed one day due to heatstroke.
Christopher Columbus (1949 film) | Shooting
The history of the "Columbus" is linked with that of the whalebacks, an innovative but not widely accepted ship design of the late 1880s, and of their designer, Alexander McDougall. A Scottish immigrant, Great Lakes captain, inventor and entrepreneur, McDougall developed the idea of the whaleback as a way to improve the ability of barges to follow a towing vessel in heavy seas. Whalebacks were characterized by distinctive hull shapes with rounded tops, lacking conventional vertical sides. Waves thus broke across their hulls with considerably less force than when striking a conventional hull. Water could also flow around the rounded turrets which resembled gun turrets on contemporary warships; the superstructure and deckhouses were mounted on these turrets.
SS Christopher Columbus | Background and proposal
The SS "Cleveland" was a steam-powered passenger ship in the early twentieth century. It was operated by the Hamburg America Line and ran between the United States and Germany bringing many immigrants to the US.
SS Cleveland | Introduction
The American crew and the captain were exasperated by the seemingly outrageous order, but had no other option but to give in, and started to pack their kit whilst British seamen began to take the ship over.
SS Ohio | Malta, "Pedestal" planning and "Ohio"
At the same time, a fleet auxiliary, RFA "Boxol", began to pump the 10,000 tons of fuel oil into her own tanks. As the oil flowed out, "Ohio" sank lower and lower in the water. The last drops of oil left her and simultaneously her keel settled on the bottom. Her captain, Dudley William Mason, was subsequently awarded the George Cross.
SS Ohio | Arrival
The passenger steamer City of Columbus ran aground on Devil’s Bridge off the Gay Head Cliffs in Aquinnah, Massachusetts, in the early hours of January 18, 1884. She was owned by Boston & Savannah Steamship Company and was built in 1878 by Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works, at Chester, Pennsylvania. "City of Columbus" made regular runs from Boston, Massachusetts to Savannah, Georgia.
SS City of Columbus | Introduction
The sculpture was modified again in 1992 during the Columbus Quincentenary, which celebrated the 500th anniversary of Columbus's voyage to America. The Knights of Columbus installed a plaque bearing another statement about Christopher Columbus. This one contains the line, "May the genius abiding in the Italian Race encourage tolerance and acceptance of all cultures as America's ultimate contribution to humanity."
Christopher Columbus (Vittori) | Historical information
And he carved figureheads for the gun-ships ("Benjamin Franklin", 1815, U.S. Naval Academy Museum), ("Christopher Columbus", 1819, whereabouts unknown), ("Sir Walter Raleigh", 1820, whereabouts unknown), and ("Hercules", 1824–37, attributed to Rush or his son John, whereabouts unknown).
William Rush | United States Navy
"Tuscaloosa" took all personnel to New York City. On 18 January 1940, 512 crewmen were moved to Angel Island. In October, 8 officers were able to escape on the "Asama Maru". In 1941, 411 German nationals from the "Columbus" were sent to Fort Stanton, New Mexico. At the end of war many returned to Germany.
SS Columbus (1922) | Later career
Material shortages caused by the war delayed her completion until 1922. She made her maiden voyage in April 1924. At the time, she was the German merchant marine's largest, fastest ocean liner. She measured 32,581 gross register tons, was long with 1,750 cabins for luxury, first, second and tourist class passengers. Her maximum speed was 23 knots. "She had been chartered for a number of years by Cooks Travel Agency in New York and cruised into West Indian waters about every two weeks with occasional trips around South America and Africa." She was one of the first liners to have an outside swimming pool installed on her top deck, as well as a platform for night-time dancing.
SS Columbus (1922) | Construction and maiden voyage
SS "C. Francis Jenkins" was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after C. Francis Jenkins, a pioneer of early cinema and television.
SS C. Francis Jenkins | Introduction
She changed hands in 1905 to the Milwaukee & Chicago Transportation company – possibly a Goodrich holding company – and again in 1909 to Goodrich Transit Line. Her livery was at some point between 1906 and 1909 changed to a black hull with yellow accents, and she was placed in service on the route between Chicago and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The "Columbus" remained with the Goodrich line for several years. Although she was used for excursions elsewhere around the Great Lakes, her regular schedule was a daily trip to Milwaukee, leaving Chicago mid-morning, sailing to Milwaukee for a two-hour stopover, and then returning ("see advertisement right").
SS Christopher Columbus | Regular service
SS "John Philip Sousa" was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after John Philip Sousa, an American composer and conductor of the late Romantic era known primarily for American military marches.
SS John Philip Sousa | Introduction
I believe that people from the mainland come here to take them as slaves. They ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them. I think they can very easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion. If it pleases our Lord, I will take six of them to Your Highnesses when I depart, in order that they may learn our language.
Christopher Columbus | First voyage (1492–1493)
Which American ship sank the "I-25" remains unknown.
SS Fort Camosun | Introduction
The Spanish queen provides the ships Chris needed. The people whom she brought to be Chris' shipmates are prisoners but Chris does not mind. Chris, at last, sets off on his voyage to India.
Chris Columbus, Jr. | Plot
I believe that people from the mainland come here to take them as slaves. They ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them. I think they can very easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion. If it pleases our Lord, I will take six of them to Your Highnesses when I depart, in order that they may learn our language.
Voyages of Christopher Columbus | Rediscovery of the Americas
In September 2015, "Birmingham"s sail was placed on static display at Defense Supply Center, Columbus.
USS Birmingham (SSN-695) | Introduction
USS "Christopher" (DE-100) was a Cannon class destroyer escort built for the United States Navy. She served only a short time in the Atlantic Ocean before being transferred to Brazil, in December 1944. She was renamed NAe "Benevente" (D-20) and was finally retired and scrapped in 1964.
USS Christopher | Introduction
Hence, the ship was the largest merchant ship in Italian service.
SS Cristoforo Colombo | Origins and construction
Notes Citations References
HMS Saint Christopher (1806) | Notes, citations, and references
In early November, they received orders to attempt a blockade run to Germany. On 14 December the "Columbus" departed Veracruz, escorted by seven American destroyers through the American coastal neutrality zone. On 19 December the British destroyer HMS "Hyperion" sighted "Columbus" about 400 miles off the coast of Virginia. The still neutral American heavy cruiser "Tuscaloosa" was also in the area, and silently observed the two ships. Rather than surrender the ship, her crew scuttled her, and she burned and sank. Her passengers and crew, 576 crewmembers, including boys, stevedores and nurses, were taken aboard "Tuscaloosa" as rescued seamen, not as prisoners of war as they would have been had the British picked them up.
SS Columbus (1922) | Later career
Cambridge was the name of a number of steamships.
SS Cambridge | Introduction
Cast at the Micheluccio Foundry in Pistoia, Italy, the statue was a gift of the citizens of Genoa, Italy to the citizens of Columbus. It was transported from Italy to the United States aboard the Italian ocean liner SS "Cristoforo Colombo". The statue was uncrated and erected in Columbus on October 10, 1955, and dedicated on October 12, 1955, during the city's Columbus Day celebration. As the statue was undergoing repair work in 1979, a time capsule in the form of a copper box was discovered. It contained, among other items, a railroad bill of lading for shipment of the statue.
Statue of Christopher Columbus (Columbus City Hall) | History
This incident was reported as one of the worst ocean disasters of its time.
SS City of Columbus | The shipwreck
Designed by Gibbs & Cox, "Santa Paula" and her sisters featured their signature winged funnel. The ships were exceptionally powerful and could achieve with only three boilers in use. The main engines were twin steam turbines, double reduction geared to twin screws. The screws turned inward, which made the ships awkward to maneuver. The dining room was on the promenade deck between the two funnels and had a retractable roof to let passengers dine under the tropical sky. All public rooms were on the promenade deck. The dining room formed an atrium stretching up two and a half decks to the retractable dome.
SS Santa Paula (1932) | Design and construction
Built in 1918, the SS "Santa Teresa was originally a passenger liner. In World War I she was requisitioned by the U.S. Navy and served under the title USS "Santa Teresa" (ID 3804). She served as a commercial vessel between the wars, first under her original name, and later as the SS "Kent. During World War II she served first with the U.S. Army as the USAT "Ernest Hinds", and later with the Navy as USS "Kent" (AP-28). She spent the final part of the war as an Army hospital ship, once more under the name USAT (or USAHS) "Ernest Hinds".
SS Santa Teresa | Introduction
The rounded contours of whalebacks gave them an unconventional appearance, and McDougall's ship and barge designs were received with considerable skepticism, resistance, and derision. As they had porcine-looking snouts for bows, some observers called them "pig boats". After McDougall was unable to persuade existing shipbuilders to try his designs, he founded the American Steel Barge Company in Superior, Wisconsin in 1888, and built them himself. McDougall actively promoted his design and company by sending the SS "Charles W. Wetmore" to London, and starting another shipyard in Everett, Washington, which built the SS "City of Everett". When the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, to be held in Chicago, Illinois, was in the planning stages, McDougall recognized another opportunity to publicize his design.
SS Christopher Columbus | Background and proposal
SS "William Patterson" was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after William Patterson, a businessman, a gun-runner during the American Revolution, and a founder of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
SS William Patterson | Introduction
An entry in his journal from September 1498 reads: "From here one might send, in the name of the Holy Trinity, as many slaves as could be sold ..."
Christopher Columbus | Third voyage (1498–1500)
It was inducted into the National Maritime Hall of Fame of the American Merchant Marine Museum in 2008.
Francis A. Dales | SS Ohio
This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register as well as various press releases and news stories.
USS Cincinnati (SSN-693) | References
His left is gracefully extended and holds a chart of what was once an unknown sea. The head of the statue is bare, and the physiognomy about as represented in the bust of the navigator at Genoa. On the front cap of the pedestal are the words "Presented to the city of Philadelphia by the Italian Societies". Beneath this is a medallion representing the landing of Columbus. On the opposite side of the cap is inscribed "Dedicated October 12, 1876, by the Christopher Columbus Monument Association, on the Anniversary of the Landing of Columbus, October 12, 1492". Underneath is the Genoese coat of arms and the words "In commemoration of the First Century of American Independence".
Statue of Christopher Columbus (Philadelphia) | Description and history
The marble sculpture depicted Christopher Columbus. The memorial included a marble base featuring the three ships of the Columbus fleet: the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María. It bore the inscription "Discoverer of America."
Statue of Christopher Columbus (Baltimore) | Description
Metal lettering on the pedestal's back reads: A plaque on the pedestal's front, added in 1956, states: A plaque on the pedestal's back, added in 1992 reads:
Christopher Columbus (Vittori) | Plaques & Text
The Europeans rescued three of these boys.
Voyages of Christopher Columbus | Caribbean exploration
SS "Hugh J. Kilpatrick" was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Hugh J. Kilpatrick, an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War, achieving the rank of brevet major general. He was later the United States Minister to Chile.
SS Hugh J. Kilpatrick | Introduction
She was allocated to Calmar Steamship Corporation, on 30 March 1942.
SS Christopher Newport | History
He would write later of his adventure in his book. "Man-of-War Life: a Boy's Experience in the U. S. Navy, largely autobiographical (Cincinnati, 1855)".
USS Columbus (1819) | History
Cristoforo Colombo (1451–1506) was an Italian explorer better known as "Christopher Columbus". Cristoforo Colombo may also refer to:
Cristoforo Colombo (disambiguation) | Introduction
/ Modern history has been shaped by / one man's courage to pursue a dream."
Statue of Christopher Columbus (Ohio Statehouse) | Inscriptions
SS "Walter M. Christiansen" was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Walter M. Christiansen, the Chief Engineer of , which was sunk 2 February 1942, by .
SS Walter M. Christiansen | Introduction
Would the sovereigns send immediately additional professionals and medical supplies along with decent European food, etc. No gold could be mined without the augment.
Santa María (ship) | The "Memorial" letter of Columbus
Later, the crates were moved to Alfredo Sciarotta, silversmith and metalworker, for assembly.
Statue of Christopher Columbus (Newport, Rhode Island) | Creation of statue
SS "President Cleveland was an American steam passenger ship that operated from 1947 to 1973. She became the Panamanian-flag passenger ship SS "Oriental President in 1973 before being scrapped in 1974. She operated on routes in the Pacific Ocean.
SS President Cleveland (1947) | Introduction
"Penn" 's commanding officer, Commander J.H. Swain RN, offered Captain Mason a tow with a heavy 10-inch manila hemp rope. With the tow line in place, "Penn" moved ahead, straining its engines to the limit; "Ohio" continued to list to port. The two ships were not making any progress, even drifting backwards due to the easterly wind. Now both ships were sitting ducks, and as another serious attack developed, the destroyer went to full speed to part the tow. A German bomber dove on the tanker and was shot down by "Ohio" 's gunners, but just before its demise, the aircraft's crew released its cargo.
SS Ohio | Under tow
Two, and possibly three, ships sailed from Liverpool as slave ships named Christopher:
Christopher (Liverpool slave ship) | Introduction
SS "Ponce De Leon" was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Ponce De Leon, a Spanish explorer and conquistador known for leading the first official European expedition to Florida and the first governor of Puerto Rico.
SS Ponce De Leon | Introduction
SS "Cassius Hudson" was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Cassius Hudson, a Farm Demonstration Agent for the North Carolina Extension Service and developer of 4-H Youth Development programs.
SS Cassius Hudson | Introduction
The ship was long, with a beam of . She had a depth of . She was assessed as , , . The ship was propelled by a compound steam engine. Rated at 1,200IHP, it drove a single screw propeller and could propel the ship at .
SS Salamanca (1943) | Description
Between them the engines developed a total of 1,167 NHP and propelled her by twin screws.
SS Juvenal | Building
"President Cleveland" originally ordered by the Maritime Commission during World War II, as one of the Admiral-class Type P2-SE2-R1 transport ships, and intended to be serve in the United States Navy with the name USS "Admiral D. W. Taylor" (AP-128). The ship was laid down on 28 August 1944 at the Bethlehem Steel shipyard in Alameda, California, but was cancelled on 16 December 1944. Redesigned for commercial passenger service, the ship was launched on 23 June 1946 with the name SS "President Cleveland", and she was completed in 1947.
SS President Cleveland (1947) | Construction
Christopher Columbus (; ; Ligurian: "Cristoffa Corombo"; Italian: "Cristoforo Colombo"; Spanish: "Cristóbal Colón"; between 25 August and 31 October 145120 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for European exploration and colonization of the Americas. His expeditions, sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, were the first European contact with the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. Scholars generally agree that Columbus was born in the Republic of Genoa and spoke a dialect of Ligurian as his first language. He went to sea at a young age and travelled widely, as far north as the British Isles and as far south as what is now Ghana.
Christopher Columbus | Introduction
In addition, the 'tween decks were designed to accommodate a large number of emigrants, troops or cattle in case of need. As built, the ship was long (between perpendiculars) and abeam, a mean draft of . "Queen Cristina" was assessed at and and had deadweight of approximately 7,000. The vessel had a steel hull, and a single 341 nhp triple-expansion steam engine, with cylinders of , and diameter with a stroke, that drove a single screw propeller, and moved the ship at up to .
SS Queen Cristina (1901) | Design and Construction
The USS Christopher (DE-100) was named, in 1943, in honor of this Navy Cross recipient.
Harold Jensen Christopher | Honored by Ship Naming
Harding ordered the Quartermaster, Roderick A. McDonald, to go port followed by Captain Wright's order to "hard port" and once again the "City of Columbus" smacked against the reef. Wright attempted in vain to free the ship. Attempts to use the sails only pushed the boat further into the reef. After these attempts he decided to go over the “obstruction”. This just made things worse. The captain gathered the 87 passengers from below and was in the midst of explaining their situation when a rush of water into the cabin forced all to the top deck, where a giant wave struck the boat and swept all women and children, and many of the men, into the frozen waters.
SS City of Columbus | The shipwreck
In 2015, as its funds dwindled, the group began accepting bids to scrap the ship; however, sufficient donations came in via extended fundraising. Large donations have kept the ship berthed at its Philadelphia dock while the group continues to further investigate restoration plans.
SS United States | Introduction
Christopher Columbus (; Ligurian: "Cristoffa Corombo"; Italian: "Cristoforo Colombo"; Spanish: "Cristóbal Colón"; before 31 October 145120 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for European exploration and colonization of the Americas. His expeditions, sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, were the first European contact with the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. He has been represented in many fictional and semi-fictional works, including plays, operas, films and TV, as well as literary works.
Christopher Columbus in fiction | Introduction
SS "Edward K. Collins" was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after US Army Lieutenant Colonel Edward K. Collins.
SS Edward K. Collins | Introduction
In June 2003, DNA samples were taken from these remains as well as those of Columbus's brother Diego and younger son Fernando. Initial observations suggested that the bones did not appear to match Columbus's physique or age at death. DNA extraction proved difficult; only short fragments of mitochondrial DNA could be isolated. These matched corresponding DNA from Columbus's brother, supporting that both individuals had shared the same mother. Such evidence, together with anthropologic and historic analyses, led the researchers to conclude that the remains belonged to Christopher Columbus. In 1877, a priest discovered a lead box at Santo Domingo inscribed: "Discoverer of America, First Admiral".
Christopher Columbus | Location of remains
In November 1980, after a patrol in the Mediterranean Sea, "Cincinnati" was visited by former President of the United States Richard M. Nixon and Admiral Hyman Rickover.
USS Cincinnati (SSN-693) | Introduction
In January 1946 the "James Parker" was delivered to Bethlehem Steel Company (56th St. Yard) and converted for carrying military dependents until 15 May 1946 when she was redelivered to the Panama Railroad Company, at New York. Also in January 1946 sister ship "Cristobal" was delivered to Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Company and converted. She continued carrying dependents until 14 June 1946.
SS Panama (1939) | Final voyages
The ships also stopped in Copenhagen, Denmark and Karlskrona, Sweden. During the voyage back to Austria-Hungary, the squadron visited Cherbourg, France and Palermo, Italy. Celebrations to honor the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's first trans-Atlantic voyage were held in several countries; "Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie", "Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf", and "Kaiser Franz Joseph I" represented Austria-Hungary during the ceremonies in Genoa, Italy, Columbus's birthplace. During the 1893 fleet maneuvers, "Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie" was mobilized to train alongside the ironclads "Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf", , , and , among other vessels. In February 1897, "Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie" deployed to Crete to serve in the International Squadron, a multinational force made up of ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, French Navy, Imperial German Navy, Italian Royal Navy ("Regia Marina"), Imperial Russian Navy, and British Royal Navy that intervened in the 1897-1898 Greek uprising on Crete against rule by the Ottoman Empire.
SMS Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie | Service history
A second plaque, added in 1992, claims that Columbus started "the merging of the cultures of the old and new worlds; Thereby changing forever the course and history of mankind."
Statue of Christopher Columbus (Saint Paul, Minnesota) | Origin
In February of the same year, the wooden bridge of "Ohio"'s sister ship "Pennsylvania" was torn from the vessel in a hurricane, and a new iron bridge was subsequently installed on all four of the "Pennsylvania" class vessels. In 1875, a decision was made to increase the first class complement of all Pennsylvania class vessels from 75 to 100.
SS Ohio (1872) | 1870s
SS "Christopher Newport" was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Christopher Newport, was an English seaman and privateer. He is best known as the captain of , the largest of three ships which carried settlers for the Virginia Company, in 1607, on the way to found the settlement at Jamestown, in the Virginia Colony, which became the first permanent English settlement in North America. He was also in overall command of the other two ships on that initial voyage, in order of their size, and . He made several voyages of supply between England and Jamestown; in 1609, he became Captain of the Virginia Company's new supply ship, , which met a hurricane during the Third Supply mission, and was shipwrecked on the archipelago of Bermuda.
SS Christopher Newport | Introduction
SS "Johan Printz" was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Johan Printz, the governor from 1643 until 1653, of the Swedish colony of New Sweden, in North America.
SS Johan Printz | Introduction
SS "Newton D. Baker" was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Newton D. Baker, a lawyer, the 37th Mayor of Cleveland, and the United States Secretary of War, during World War I.
SS Newton D. Baker | Introduction
The name "Christopher Columbus" is the Anglicisation of the Latin Christophorus Columbus. His name in Ligurian is Cristoffa Corombo, in Italian Cristoforo Colombo, and in Spanish Cristóbal Colón. He was born between 25 August and 31 October 1451 in the territory of the Republic of Genoa (now part of modern Italy), though the exact location remains disputed. His father was Domenico Colombo, a wool weaver who worked both in Genoa and Savona and who also owned a cheese stand at which young Christopher worked as a helper. His mother was Susanna Fontanarossa. He had three brothers—Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino, and Giacomo (also called Diego), as well as a sister named Bianchinetta.
Christopher Columbus | Early life
"Santa María", being Columbus' largest ship, was only about this size, and "Niña" and "Pinta" were smaller, at only 50 to 75 tons burden and perhaps on deck (updated dimensional estimates are discussed below in the section entitled Replicas).
Santa María (ship) | Design of the ship
The rest of the crew abandoned ship. One of her escorts, submarine HMS "P614", attempted to scuttle her, but she remained afloat. At 08:08, she was discovered abandoned and sunk by torpedoes from , at , northeast of Bear Island.
SS Christopher Newport | Sinking
SS "Frederic C. Howe" was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Frederic C. Howe, a member of the Ohio Senate, Commissioner of Immigration of the Port of New York, and president of the League for Small and Subject Nationalities.
SS Frederic C. Howe | Introduction