Mesoscale meteorology is the study of weather systems smaller than synoptic scale systems but larger than microscale and storm-scale cumulus systems. Horizontal dimensions generally range from around 5 kilometers to several hundred kilometers. Examples of mesoscale weather systems are sea breezes, squall lines, and mesoscale convective complexes. Vertical velocity often equals or exceeds horizontal velocities in mesoscale meteorological systems due to nonhydrostatic processes such as buoyant acceleration of a rising thermal or acceleration through a narrow mountain pass.
Introduction
Mesoscale meteorology
Mesoscale meteorology | Introduction
It deals with  the study of weather systems smaller than synoptic scale systems but larger than microscale and storm-scale cumulus systems The mesoscale is the next smaller scale, and often is divided into two ranges: meso-alpha phenomena range from across (the realm of the tropical cyclone), while meso-beta phenomena range from across (the scale of the mesocyclone). Meso-alpha phenomena range from across (the realm of the tropical cyclone), while meso-beta phenomena range from across (the scale of the mesocyclone) The mesoscale is the next smaller scale, and often is divided into two ranges: meso-alpha phenomena range from across, while meso-beta phenomena range from across.
we would expect what with low pressure in the northern hemisphere
user
234 significant extratropical cyclones form each winter
assistant
how does a low pressure area form?
user
Cyclogenesis is the development and strengthening of cyclonic circulations
assistant
what does the first word mean?
user
It  is the development and strengthening of cyclonic circulations in the atmosphere results in the formation of low pressure area
assistant
how is this associated with the weather?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
what are some of its related terms?
user
It is the opposite of cyclolysis
assistant
which scaled are used to measure it?
user
The macroscale, the synoptic scale, the mesoscale, and the microscale
assistant
what does the first one do?
user
It deals with systems with global size, such as the Madden–Julian oscillation
assistant
who invented the second one?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
what is the function of the third one?
user
Mesoscale meteorology is the study of weather systems smaller than synoptic scale systems but larger than microscale and storm-scale cumulus systems. Horizontal dimensions generally range from around 5 kilometers to several hundred kilometers. Examples of mesoscale weather systems are sea breezes, squall lines, and mesoscale convective complexes. Vertical velocity often equals or exceeds horizontal velocities in mesoscale meteorological systems due to nonhydrostatic processes such as buoyant acceleration of a rising thermal or acceleration through a narrow mountain pass.
Mesoscale meteorology | Introduction
Mesoscale meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena that has horizontal scales ranging from 1 km to 1000 km and a vertical scale that starts at the Earth's surface and includes the atmospheric boundary layer, troposphere, tropopause, and the lower section of the stratosphere. Mesoscale timescales last from less than a day to weeks. The events typically of interest are thunderstorms, squall lines, fronts, precipitation bands in tropical and extratropical cyclones, and topographically generated weather systems such as mountain waves and sea and land breezes.
Meteorology | Mesoscale
Mesoscale Meteorology is divided into these subclasses: As a note, tropical and subtropical cyclones are classified by National Hurricane Center as synoptic scale rather than mesoscale.
Mesoscale meteorology | Subclasses
LeMone worked as a Staff Scientist II in the Mesoscale Research Section (NCAR) from 1978 to 1980. From 1984 to 1986, she was Section Head of the Mesoscale Interactions Section, Cloud Systems Division (NCAR). She was Group Leader of the Mesoscale Interactions Section, Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division (NCAR) from 1986-1987. The Publications Page of the Mesoscale & Microscale Meteorology Laboratory retrieves 234 articles with LeMone as one of the authors.
Margaret Anne LeMone | Mesoscale & Microscale Meteorology Laboratory
In the third part it exposes the doctrines on the meteors, it talks about the stars and their influence on humans, of the three regions of the air or atmosphere, of the comets, of the tides, of the ray and of a lot of other atmospheric phenomena. The fourth part devotes fray Alonso to comment the books "De Anima" by Aristotle. To end the "Physica speculatio", there are some reflections on the treatise "De Caelo" by Aristotle.
Physica speculatio | Subjects
Misoscale is an unofficial scale of meteorological phenomena that ranges in size from 40 meters to about 4 kilometers. This scale was proposed by Ted Fujita, the father of the Fujita scale, to classify phenomenon of the order of the rotation within a thunderstorm, the scale of the funnel cloud of a tornado, and the size of the swath of destruction of a microburst. It is a subdivision of the microscale.
Misoscale meteorology | Introduction
There are several forms of mesoscale meteorology, including simplistic isolated thunderstorms unrelated to advancing cold fronts, to the more complex daytime/nocturnal Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) and Mesoscale Convective Complex (MCC), to squall line thunderstorms.
Squall | Squall line life cycle
As in synoptic frontal analysis, mesoscale analysis uses cold, warm, and occluded fronts on the mesoscale to help describe phenomena. On weather maps mesoscale fronts are depicted as smaller and with twice as many bumps or spikes as the synoptic variety. In the United States, opposition to the use of the mesoscale versions of fronts on weather analyses, has led to the use of an overarching symbol (a trough symbol) with a label of outflow boundary as the frontal notation.
Mesoscale meteorology | Mesoscale boundaries
Thunderstorms, squall lines, drylines, sea and land breezes, mountain breeze and valley breezes, mountain waves, mesolows and mesohighs, wake lows, mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs), tropical cyclone and extratropical cyclone rainbands, macrobursts, gust fronts and outflow boundaries, heat bursts, urban heat islands, and other mesoscale phenomena can cause weather conditions in a localized area to be significantly different from that dictated by the ambient large-scale conditions. As such, meteorologists need to understand these phenomena in order to improve forecast skill. Observations are critical to understanding the processes by which these phenomena form, evolve, and dissipate. The long-term observing networks (ASOS, AWOS, Coop), however, are too sparse and report too infrequently for mesoscale research.
Mesonet | Purpose
There are four main scales, or sizes of systems, dealt with in meteorology: the macroscale, the synoptic scale, the mesoscale, and the microscale. The macroscale deals with systems with global size, such as the Madden–Julian oscillation. Synoptic scale systems cover a portion of a continent, such as extratropical cyclones, with dimensions of across. The mesoscale is the next smaller scale, and often is divided into two ranges: meso-alpha phenomena range from across (the realm of the tropical cyclone), while meso-beta phenomena range from across (the scale of the mesocyclone). The microscale is the smallest of the meteorological scales, with a size under (the scale of tornadoes and waterspouts).
Cyclogenesis | Meteorological scales
A third office was created about 1042 by Emperor Henry III for the recently acquired Kingdom of Burgundy. He initially bestowed it on Archbishop Hugh I of Besançon. It only appears in the hands of the Archbishop of Trier in the twelfth century as the chancellory of Arles, as Burgundy was then known.
Archchancellor | Introduction
The first were proposed in 1935 by Maurice Paul. The basic idea behind Paul's solution is that spherical mirrors, with an aperture stop at the centre of curvature, have "only" spherical aberration – no coma or astigmatism (but they do produce an image on a curved surface of half the radius of the spherical mirror). So if the spherical aberration can be corrected, a very wide field of view can be obtained. This is similar to the conventional Schmidt design, but the Schmidt does this with a refractive corrector plate instead of a third mirror. Paul's idea was to start with a Mersenne beam compressor, which looks like a Cassegrain made from two (confocal) paraboloids, with both the input and output beams collimated.
Three-mirror anastigmat | Paul telescope
Mesoscale features are smaller than synoptic scale systems like fronts, but larger than storm-scale systems like thunderstorms. Horizontal dimensions generally range from over ten kilometres to several hundred kilometres.
Surface weather analysis | Mesoscale features
The second is a calendar, organized by phenological event around the year. The third is a collection of observations, organised by animal or plant group and species, with a section on meteorology. The apparently rambling structure of the book is in fact bracketed by opening and closing sections, arranged like the rest as letters, which "give form and scale and even a semblance of narrative structure to what would otherwise have been a shapeless anthology."
The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne | Overview
In the second volume, he provides "experimental proof of the specular reflection of accidental as well as essential light, a complete formulation of the laws of reflection, and a description of the construction and use of a copper instrument for measuring reflections from plane, spherical, cylindrical, and conical mirrors, whether convex or concave." The third volume "analyses the important question of the variations light undergoes while traveling in mediums having different densities, i.e. the nature of refracted light, the formation of refraction, the nature of images formed by refracted light."
Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire | Physics
Charney began his career at his alma mater, UCLA, as an instructor in physics and meteorology from 1941 to 1946. In 1946, Charney became a research associate at the University of Chicago under Carl-Gustav Rossby, a Swedish-born American meteorologist whose theories of large-scale air movements helped revolutionize meteorology. From 1947 to 1948, Charney held a National Research Council postgraduate fellowship at the University of Oslo in Norway. During this year, he developed a technique known as the “quasi-geostrophic approximation” for calculating the large-scale motions of planetary-scale waves. Charney's quasi-geostrophic vorticity equations allowed for concise mathematical description of large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulations, enabling future numerical weather prediction work.
Jule Gregory Charney | Career and legacy
First Observatory Second Observatory Third Observatory
Clarke Observatory | Observatories
Working with students who provided coding expertise as well as original scientific insights (including Chaing Chen, Piotr J. Flatau, Michael D. Moran, Jerome Schmidt, Craig J. Tremback, Gregory Tripoli) he developed one of the first comprehensive mesoscale weather forecast models in the U.S. – the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). This modelling system was subsequently merged with a smaller subset of the code based on the mesoscale model developed independently by Roger A. Pielke for his Ph.D. research related to sea breeze studies and subsequently with his students at the Colorado State University. RAMS has been used as a basis for other weather forecasting systems.
William R. Cotton | Mesoscale modeling
There exist two main hypotheses on how this triple system formed. The first one is a giant collision and subsequent reaccretion in the disc. The second one is gravitational capture of a third object by a preexisting binary. The similar sizes of Lempo and Hiisi favor the latter hypothesis.
47171 Lempo | Origin
So long as these three items are preserved, the three branches of the family will prosper. These gifts, of course, are seen by Gerschel as symbolic of the three functions, and the prosperity of the three sons so endowed varies accordingly: the eldest son receives a gift symbolizing the third function (e.g., a loaf of bread; cf. the third function identification of Lipoxaïs, eldest son of the Scythian Targitaos) and becomes a successful farmer and the father of many children; the second son receives a gift symbolic of the second function (e.g., a sword) and becomes a successful warrior; the youngest son receives a gift symbolic of the first function (e.g., a ring or a cup) and becomes a priest, an abbot, or the governor of a province.
Systems of social stratification | Other peoples
This notion is used to predict the possibility of tornadic development in a thundercloud. In this case, the vertical integration will be limited below cloud tops (generally 3 km or 10,000 feet) and the horizontal wind will be calculated to wind relative to the storm in subtracting its motion:
Hydrodynamical helicity | Meteorology
A third source of lift is wind circulation forcing air over a physical barrier such as a mountain (orographic lift). If the air is generally stable, nothing more than lenticular cap clouds will form. However, if the air becomes sufficiently moist and unstable, orographic showers or thunderstorms may appear.
Cloud physics | Orographic lift
The mesosphere (; from Greek "mesos", "middle") is the third layer of the atmosphere, directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere. In the mesosphere, temperature decreases as altitude increases. This characteristic is used to define its limits: it begins at the top of the stratosphere (sometimes called the stratopause), and ends at the mesopause, which is the coldest part of Earth's atmosphere with temperatures below . The exact upper and lower boundaries of the mesosphere vary with latitude and with season (higher in winter and at the tropics, lower in summer and at the poles), but the lower boundary is usually located at altitudes from above the Earth's surface and the upper boundary (the mesopause) is usually around .
Mesosphere | Introduction
The next atmosphere, consisting largely of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and inert gases, was produced by outgassing from volcanism, supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids. A major part of carbon dioxide emissions were soon dissolved in water and built up carbonate sediments. Water-related sediments have been found dating from as early as 3.8 billion years ago. About 3.4 billion years ago, nitrogen was the major part of the then stable "second atmosphere". An influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere because hints of early life forms have been dated to as early as 3.5 billion years ago.
Paleoclimatology | Second atmosphere
The proof was repaired by Hans Werner Ballmann in 1978. One proof of this conjecture examines the homology of the space of smooth curves on the sphere, and uses the curve-shortening flow to find a simple closed geodesic that represents each of the three nontrivial homology classes of this space.
Theorem of the three geodesics | History and proof
A presidential decree founded El Observatorio Meteorológico y Astrónomico de México (The Meteorological and Astronomical Observatory of Mexico) on February 6, 1877 as part of the Geographic Exploring of the National Territory commission. By 1880, it became an independent agency located at Chapultepec Castle, then encompassing six observatories. In 1901, the Servicio Meteorologia Nacional was formed with 31 sections for each state and 18 independent observatories which reported back to the central office in Tacubaya via telegraph. It joined the World Meteorological Organization in 1947. By 1980, the organization included 72 observatories, of which eight launched weather balloons and radiosondes, and five radars serviced the country.
Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Mexico) | History
Paul Rowland Julian (born October 12, 1929), a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society, is an American meteorologist who served as a longtime staff scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), was co-author with Roland Madden of the study establishing the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), and contributed to the international, multi-institutional Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP), Tropical Wind, Energy Conversion, and Reference Level Experiment (TWERLE), and Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) meteorology research programs. The MJO meteorologic phenomenon he co-discovered is the largest element of the intraseasonal variability in the tropical atmosphere, a traveling pattern arising from large-scale coupling between atmospheric circulation and tropical deep convection.
Paul Julian (meteorologist) | Introduction
In 1962 a new building was inaugurated in the University City of Madrid that in the 70s assumed the central services. In the democratic period, a new restructuring took place in 1978, when it was renamed the National Institute of Meteorology (INM) and became dependent on the Ministry of Transport and Communications. The second and last restructuring of the agency happened in 2008, when the National Meteorological Institute was renamed State Meteorological Agency and it assumed all the goods and responsibilities of it.
State Meteorological Agency | History
A second work by Dalton, "Elements of English Grammar" (or "A new system of grammatical instruction: for the use of schools and academies"), was published in 1801.
John Dalton | Meteorology
In 1930, he passed his Candidate Real examinations and took a position as meteorologist in the Norwegian Weather Service in Tromsø. In 1932, he was transferred to Bergen, and, from 1933 to 1935, he served as meteorologist with the Lincoln Ellsworth Antarctic Expedition. In 1936, he was invited to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he served as assistant professor. In 1940, he was asked to join in establishing a meteorology program at University of California, Los Angeles. The program was initially part of the physics department; it became a separate department in 1946. Holmboe was chairman for the first year after the Department of Meteorology was established and served as chairman again for the period from 1949 through 1958.
Jørgen Holmboe | Life and career
The group included Carl-Gustaf Rossby (who was the first to explain the large scale atmospheric flow in terms of fluid dynamics), Tor Bergeron (who first determined how rain forms) and Jacob Bjerknes.
Meteorology | Research into cyclones and air flow
Lewis and Merle Randall in 1923:
Third law of thermodynamics | History
The third is the Dragon Chronophage, exhibited in Shanghai on 27–30 March 2015 as part of Design Shanghai, China's premier design event. It features a Chinese dragon which appears to swallow a pearl every hour.
John Taylor (inventor) | Horology and the Chronophage clocks
In 1804, Sir John Leslie observed that a matte black surface radiates heat more effectively than a polished surface, suggesting the importance of black-body radiation. In 1808, John Dalton defended caloric theory in "A New System of Chemistry" and described how it combines with matter, especially gases; he proposed that the heat capacity of gases varies inversely with atomic weight. In 1824, Sadi Carnot analyzed the efficiency of steam engines using caloric theory; he developed the notion of a reversible process and, in postulating that no such thing exists in nature, laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics.
Meteorology | Atmospheric composition research
Microscale meteorology is the study of short-lived atmospheric phenomena smaller than mesoscale, about 1 km or less. These two branches of meteorology are sometimes grouped together as "mesoscale and microscale meteorology" (MMM) and together study all phenomena smaller than synoptic scale; that is they study features generally too small to be depicted on a weather map. These include small and generally fleeting cloud "puffs" and other small cloud features. Microscale meteorology controls the most important mixing and dilution processes in the atmosphere. Important topics in microscale meteorology include heat transfer and gas exchange between soil, vegetation, and/or surface water and the atmosphere caused by near-ground turbulence.
Microscale meteorology | Introduction
James R. Holton (2004) "An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology", Academic Press, International Geophysics Series Volume 88, Fourth Edition, 535 p., , .
Prognostic equation | References
Aristotle is describing a spherical lithosphere (Earth), hydrosphere (water) and atmosphere (air and fire).
Meteorology (Aristotle) | Spherical Earth
The third prediction states that if prediction two works in intermediate steps to create a function of an individual organ, then each step also helps create the upper limit of the function." This means that if multiple units work together in multiple steps, they function together to create an upper limit (e.g., V in terms of function or ability.
Symmorphosis | Performance
The region of influence of the second body is shortest in that direction, and so it acts as the limiting factor for the size of the Hill sphere. Beyond that distance, a third object in orbit around the second (e.g. the Moon) would spend at least part of its orbit outside the Hill sphere, and would be progressively perturbed by the tidal forces of the central body (e.g. the Sun), eventually ending up orbiting the latter.
Hill sphere | Introduction
He became interested in the third law of thermodynamics as a field of research during his experimental research for his Ph.D. research under Professor George Ernest Gibson comparing the relative entropies of glycerine crystals and glass. The principal objective of his researches was to demonstrate through range of appropriate tests that the third law of thermodynamics is a basic natural law. In 1926, he proposed a method for observing temperatures considerably below 1 Kelvin (1 K is −457.87 °F or −272.15 °C). His work with D.P. MacDougall between 1933 and 1935 successfully employed them. He developed a magnetic refrigeration device of his own design in order to achieve this outcome, getting closer to absolute zero than many scientists had thought possible.
William Giauque | Absolute zero
In meteorology (and climatology), a mesonet, portmanteau of mesoscale network, is a network of (typically) automated weather and environmental monitoring stations designed to observe mesoscale meteorological phenomena. Dry lines, squall lines, and sea breezes are examples of phenomena that can be observed by mesonets. Due to the space and time scales associated with mesoscale phenomena, weather stations comprising a mesonet will be spaced closer together and report more frequently than synoptic scale observing networks, such as ASOS. The term mesonet refers to the collective group of these weather stations, and are typically owned and operated by a common entity. Mesonets usually record in situ surface weather observations but some involve other observation platforms, particularly vertical profiles of the planetary boundary layer (PBL).
Mesonet | Introduction
For "Rees's Cyclopædia" he contributed articles on meteorology, but the titles are not known. Luke Howard also published the first textbook in meteorology in 1837, "Seven Lectures in Meteorology". In the fifth lecture, Howard included the same classification scheme he proposed in 1802, slightly changing his descriptions. Howard notes again the importance of cloud studies for meteorology in the introduction of his work, claiming clouds to be "the subjects of grave theory and practical research...shewn to be governed, in their production, suspension, and destruction, by... fixed Laws."
Luke Howard | Later meteorological work
The compressed input beam is then directed to a spherical tertiary mirror, which results in traditional spherical aberration. Paul's key insight is that the secondary can then be converted back to a spherical mirror. One way to look at this is to imagine the tertiary mirror, which suffers from spherical aberration, is replaced by a Schmidt telescope, with a correcting plate at its centre of curvature. If the radii of the secondary and tertiary are of the same magnitude, but opposite sign, and if the centre of curvature of the tertiary is placed directly at the vertex of the secondary mirror, then the Schmidt plate would lie on top of the paraboloid secondary mirror.
Three-mirror anastigmat | Paul telescope
Erik Anton Björkdal was a Swedish meteorologist who studied at the Bergen School of Meteorology where the theory of fronts was developed. His contribution was mainly in the field of dynamic meteorology. Among his works, mention must be made of the correlation between the tropopause geopotential and the troposphere temperature.
Erik Björkdal | Introduction
The same year, a second tower was built some away from the main Gregorian Tower, overlooking the Vatican Gardens behind St. Peter's Basilica on the south-west border. It was built to a diameter of with a lower wall thickness of , which could bear the load of a 13-inch photographic refractor, newly procured from Paris. Augustinian Father Rodriguez was the expert meteorologist who held the post of director from 1898 to 1905. In 1891, Pope Leo XIII, promulgating the motu proprio "Ut mysticam", designated the second tower as the seat of the newly established Vatican Observatory, a decision which required altering the roof to provide a flat terrace for astronomical observations.
Gregorian Tower | Third stage
In 1989, it became a subagency of the General de Administracion del Agua.
Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Mexico) | History
In accordance with the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia (Article 9.15), the Catalan government has sole responsibility for the Meteorological Service of Catalonia. To that end, the Executive Council of Catalonia created the Meteorology Service as part of the Ministry of the Environment in July 1996. Article 11 of the Meteorology Service. The duties of the Meteorology Service are as follows:
Meteorological Service of Catalonia | From 1921 to the Present
Dr. Anthes has published a number of books: Anthes, R. A., 1981: Instructor's Manual to Accompany The Atmosphere. 3rd ed. Merrill Publishing Company, Columbus. Anthes, R. A., 1981: Current Mesoscale Meteorological Research in the United States. National Academies Press, Washington.
Richard A. Anthes | Books
In 1854, the United Kingdom government appointed Robert FitzRoy to the new office of "Meteorological Statist to the Board of Trade" with the task of gathering weather observations at sea. FitzRoy's office became the United Kingdom Meteorological Office in 1854, the second oldest national meteorological service in the world (the Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG) in Austria was founded in 1851 and is the oldest weather service in the world). The first daily weather forecasts made by FitzRoy's Office were published in "The Times" newspaper in 1860. The following year a system was introduced of hoisting storm warning cones at principal ports when a gale was expected.
Meteorology | Observation networks and weather forecasting
Function () is also used for the interpolation of observed Extensive Air Shower spectra in the knee region. Function () can be re-written as: formula_10
Ter-Antonyan function | Introduction
His major contribution was the primitive equations which are used in climate models. It was this work that inspired both V. Walfrid Ekman and Carl-Gustav Arvid Rossby to apply it to large-scale motions in the oceans and atmosphere and to make modern weather forecasting feasible. Bjerknes himself had foreseen the possible applications as early as 1904. This attack upon the meteorological problems from a hydrodynamical point of view was after 1906 supported by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D.C., of which he became a research associate. Two introductory volumes, "Statics and Kinematics", of a greater work, "Dynamic Meteorology and Hydrography", were published in 1913 under the auspices of the Institution.
Vilhelm Bjerknes | Life and career
In the engineering field, he modified Bourdon's anemograph that was installed at the Fabra Observatory to address design problems. He named the improved model "Bourdon-Jardí". It continues in use. Upon approval of the creation of the Meteorological Service of Catalonia by the Permanent Council of the Commonwealth of Catalonia in September 1919, Eduard Fontserè was appointed its director. He appointed Ramon Jardí as his assistant. While director of the Fabra Observatory, he represented the Meteorological Service of Catalonia at international meetings of the Conference of Directors of Meteorological Services.
Ramón Jardí i Borrás | Career
1. Holton, J. R. (2004). An introduction to dynamic meteorology. (4 ed., Vol. 88, pp. 269–276). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 2. Hoskins, B. J., & Bretherton, F. P. (1972). Atmospheric frontogenesis models: Mathematical formulation and solution. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 11-13. 3. Martin, J. E. (2006). Mid-latitude atmospheric dynamics. (1 ed., pp. 189–194). England: Wiley.
Frontogenesis | References
The "Tristan mesoplate" is similarly defined. A third mesoplate, "Icelandic", is inferred to underlie the northernmost Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, much of Eurasia to the north of the Alps and Himalayas; since the Iceland hotspot trace is not consistent with either the Hawaiian or Tristan set.
Mesoplates | Development of the kinematic concept
David Jonathan Stensrud (born 1961) is an American meteorologist recognized for numerical modeling and forecasting of hazardous synoptic and mesoscale weather and for incorporating new data into models. Stensrud earned a B.A. in meteorology and mathematics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. At Pennsylvania State University (PSU) he earned M.S. in meteorology in 1985 with the thesis "On the Development of Boundary Layer Rolls from the Inflection Point Instability" and in 1992 a Ph.D. with the dissertation "Southward Burst Mesoscale Convective Systems: An Observational and Modeling Study". He joined the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) in 1986 as a research meteorologist and is an adjunct professor at the affiliated University of Oklahoma (OU).
David Stensrud | Introduction
As the atmosphere is a chaotic nonlinear dynamical system (i.e. Butterfly effect), this increase in data increases understanding of initial conditions and boosts model performance. In addition to meteorology and climatology users, transportation departments, energy producers and distributors, other utility interests, and agricultural entities also have a need for fine scale weather information. These organizations operate dozens of mesonets within the US and globally. Environmental, emergency management and public safety, and insurance interests also are heavy users of mesonet information.
Mesonet | Purpose
While at Princeton in 1962, Michel Hénon and Carl Heiles worked on the non-linear motion of a star around a galactic center with the motion restricted to a plane. In 1964 they published an article titled "The applicability of the third integral of motion: Some numerical experiments". Their original idea was to find a third integral of motion in a galactic dynamics. For that purpose they took a simplified two-dimensional nonlinear axi-symmetric potential and found that the third integral existed only for a limited number of initial conditions. In the modern perspective the initial conditions that do not have the third integral of motion are called chaotic orbits.
Hénon–Heiles system | Introduction
The third generation builds on the second generation and adds in a theory of sensorimotor inference in the neocortex. This theory proposes that cortical columns at every level of the hierarchy can learn complete models of objects over time and that features are learned at specific locations on the objects. The theory was expanded in 2018 and referred to as the Thousand Brains Theory.
Hierarchical temporal memory | Third generation: sensorimotor inference
Therefore, the Schmidt plate required to make the tertiary mirror a Schmidt telescope is eliminated by the paraboloid figuring on the convex secondary of the Mersenne system, as each corrects the same magnitude of spherical aberration, but the opposite sign. Also, as the system of Mersenne + Schmidt is the sum of two anastigmats (the Mersenne system is an anastigmat, and so is the Schmidt system), the resultant system is also an anastigmat, as third-order aberrations are purely additive. In addition the secondary is now easier to fabricate. This design is also called a Mersenne–Schmidt, since it uses a Mersenne configuration as the corrector for a Schmidt telescope.
Three-mirror anastigmat | Paul telescope
He then, during the second half of the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s, developed, on the basis of ideas deduced qualitatively from his previous work in turbulence theory, a method of "one-point" closure at the third order of the turbulence equations, called the "clipping" approximation. Thanks to this approximation, he and his research team at the EERM carried out some "firsts": first simulation with a one-point closure method of penetrating convection; then subsequent applications to numerous atmospheric boundary layer situations, with extension to the cloudy case. These results have been widely cited in the international literature. These third-order simulations have also been used as a "numerical laboratory" to develop and calibrate simpler methods, known as "parameterizations", for example in the case of top boundary layer entrainment or night boundary layer development.
Jean-Claude André | Scientific work
Ferrel used Coffin's data to confirm theories of about the “general circulation of the atmosphere.” Indeed, Landsbergh, 1964 credits Coffin's data as being foundational to the creation of mathematical climatology. Youmans argues that Northern Hemisphere was the first to establish that there are three large circulation cells in the Northern, and then later the Southern, hemispheres. This, in combination with Coffin's derivation Buys-Ballot's law, found in another piece, lead Youmans to go so far as to say that Coffin's results “have been referred to in all the treatises on meteorology which have appeared since their publication, and they have been employed with other materials as the basis of the wind-charts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, prepared and published by the English Board of Trade.” The Smithsonian institution calls Coffin one of four people to make significant contributions to “one of the most important additions to meteorology of the present day…the establishment of the dependence of the force and direction of the wind upon the pressure of the atmosphere at different points." Henry, the leader of the Smithsonian Institution, called "The Winds of the Globe" “perhaps the most important contribution to knowledge which the institution has given to the world.”
James Henry Coffin | Reception/legacy
The success which attended his efforts gave him a national reputation, and in 1866 Senator Matteucci and Signor Berti, minister of public instruction, urged him to take charge of the department of meteorology at Florence. Denza did not accept the post, but in the following year, at Berti's invitation, he read a paper on meteors at the "Instituto Superiore" in Florence. In 1872 he began a series of researches on terrestrial magnetism with special reference to magnetic declination, which illness, however, prevented him from completing. In 1883 the Duke of Aosta invited him to take charge of the scientific education of his three sons.
Francesco Denza | Biography
Forms of MCS that develop within the tropics use either the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or monsoon troughs as a focus for their development, generally within the warm season between spring and fall. One exception is that of lake-effect snow bands, which form due to cold air moving across relatively warm bodies of water, and occurs from fall through spring. Polar lows are a second special class of MCS which form at high latitudes during the cold season. Once the parent MCS dies, later thunderstorm development can occur in connection with its remnant mesoscale convective vortex (MCV). Mesoscale convective systems are important to the United States rainfall climatology over the Great Plains since they bring the region about half of their annual warm season rainfall.
Mesoscale convective system | Introduction
Nimbus 3, the third in a series of second-generation meteorological research and development satellites, was designed to serve as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for the testing of advanced meteorological sensor systems and the collecting of meteorological data. The polar-orbiting spacecraft consisted of three major elements: (1) a sensory ring, (2) solar paddles, and (3) the control system housing. The solar paddles and the control system housing were connected to the sensory ring by a truss structure, giving the satellite the appearance of an ocean buoy. Nimbus 3 was nearly tall, in diameter at the base, and about across with solar paddles extended.
Nimbus 3 | Mission
In 1905 he was appointed by the Meteorological Office director of experiments in connexion with the investigation of the upper air, and in 1907 designed a meteorograph for use with balloons. He also produced, in conjunction with Dr. Napier Shaw, the microbarograph and a recording mercury barometer, as well as various other instruments. From 1901 to 1902 he was President of the Royal Meteorological Society and in 1905 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Although he was never a full-time academic, he was a member of the International Commission for Scientific Aeronautics, and became an honorary or corresponding member of various foreign scientific societies.
William Henry Dines | Introduction
Elias Mariolopoulos (1900–1991) was a Greek meteorologist. Born in Athens, he graduated from the School of Physics and Mathematics, University of Athens; MA, University of Cambridge; Diploma in Meteorology Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, and PhD, Docteur de l’ Université de Paris, Sciences; Docteur es Sciences Physiques, Paris, 1925. He has closely collaborated with Sir Napier Shaw, then head of the British Meteorological Office and President of the International Meteorological Committee, which has been predecessor of the World Meteorological Organization. In 1926, he was appointed as Head of the Meteorological Department of the National Observatory, Athens. In 1928, he was elected Professor of Meteorology and Climatology at the Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
Elias Mariolopoulos | Introduction
For since the fourth mode is there by parallage [ἀπὸ παραλλαγῶν], the phthora binds it, and instead of moving to the first plagal [ἀντὶ τοῦ κατελθεῖν πλάγιον πρώτου], it continues to the second plagal.
Papadic Octoechos | The triphonia between phthora nenano and the echos protos or the echos tetartos
The second and third gastralia share a single medial ossicle, as do the fifth and sixth. The fourth medial ossicle is unusually massive, being about twice the thickness of the other medial ossicles. All of the gastralia converge to a single central point, which is a feature that is unprecedented among polycotylids, being only otherwise seen in "Cryptoclidus". It is unlikely that this unusual arrangement is the product of taphonomic processes, since all of the gastralia seem to be preserved in alignment; the arrangement of the gastralia does not appear to be influenced by age either.
Mauriciosaurus | Vertebral column
It was the first institution dedicated to the meteorological service in Spain. Its first director was the scientific Augusto Arcimís who remained in office until 1910. The first headquarters of the Institute was the Castle building in the Retiro Park, Madrid. With different denominations and organic ascriptions, this agency has been playing the role of "National Meteorological Service" since its creation. During the Second Republic, in 1933, it became dependent on the Directorate-General for Aeronautics of the Ministry of War. After the Civil War, in 1940, all the meteorological services were unified in the renowned "National Meteorological Service", which was attached to the Ministry of Air.
State Meteorological Agency | History
In 1946, Fjørtoft published a treatise on the stability of circular vortices, which gained international recognition. In the same year, he was appointed meteorologist at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute, where he came in contact with Arnt Eliassen. In 1949, Fjørtoft was invited to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, United States. Here, he joined a team composed of the American meteorologists Jule Charney, Philip Thomson, Larry Gates, and applied mathematician John von Neumann, who performed the first successful numerical prediction using the ENIAC electronic computer with the assistance of ENIAC programmer Klara Dan von Neumann. They published their work on numerical weather prediction in the periodical "Tellus" in November 1950.
Ragnar Fjørtoft | Biography
As a result, tropical cyclones help to maintain equilibrium in the Earth's troposphere.
Mesoscale convective system | Tropical cyclone
The prognostic mesoscale model MEMO describes the dynamics of the atmospheric boundary layer. In the present model version, air is assumed to be unsaturated. The model solves the continuity equation, the momentum equations and several transport equations for scalars (including the thermal energy equation and, as options, transport equations for water vapour, the turbulent kinetic energy and pollutant concentrations).
MEMO model (wind-flow simulation) | Model equations
It is operated by Romanian Ministry of Environment. http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=35
Administrația Națională de Meteorologie | Introduction
This was a substantial improvement over the earlier mark, although the basic design still had not reached its potential. Wind tunnel and flight tests demonstrated that the original short nacelles, which did not extend far fore and aft of the wing, contributed heavily to compressibility buffeting at high speed. New, longer nacelles not only cured some of the compressibility problems but added at altitude, even without upgraded powerplants. The last batch of Meteor F.3s featured the longer nacelles; other F.3s were retrofitted in the field with the new nacelles. The F.3 also had the new Rolls-Royce Derwent engines, increased fuel capacity, and a new larger, more strongly raked bubble canopy.
Gloster Meteor | Second World War
The following types of cyclones are not identifiable in synoptic charts.
Cyclone | Mesoscale
Species of the related genus "Tricrepicephalus" can be differentiated from those of "Meteoraspis" by having three equally prominent pits in the anterior border furrow, a much less vaulted cephalon, with spines reaching at least to the third thorax segment, 12 thorax segments and two long, tubular, curved pygidial spines that are reminiscent of the pincers of an earwig.
Meteoraspis | Comparison with "Tricrepicephalus"
The third layer (Layer III) forms a ribbon of astrocyte cell bodies that are believed to maintain a subpopulation of astrocytes able to proliferate in vivo and form multipotent neurospheres with self-renewal abilities in vitro. While some oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells have been found within the ribbon, they not only serve an unknown function, they are uncommon by comparison to the population of astrocytes that reside in the layer. The astrocytes present in Layer III can be divided into three populations through electron microscopy, with no unique functions yet recognizable; the first type is a small astrocyte of long, horizontal, tangential projections mostly found in Layer II; the second type is found between Layers II and III as well as within the astrocyte ribbon, characterized by its large size and many organelles; the third type is typically found in the lateral ventricles just above the hippocampus and is similar in size to the second type but contains few organelles.
Subventricular zone | Layer III
He came to this conclusion by cutting the tumours and observing the center. He also studied the worms and insects that "corrode and ravage the orchard." During his life he also carried out research in meteorology. After the discovery of the "natural nitrary", scholars from many European academies came to Molfetta, and Giovene took the opportunity to meet and discuss with many of them. One of these was Giuseppe Toaldo, who made him interested in meteorology, as a science useful to regulate agriculture. During his life, Giovene collected atmospheric, rainfall and barometric data, and studied their development. From 1788 to 1797, he wrote, for every year and starting from his observations, a memory of rainfall and their consequences on agriculture.
Giuseppe Maria Giovene | Agronomy and meteorology
Precision and recall are combined using the harmonic mean in the following fashion, with recall weighted 9 times more than precision:
METEOR | Algorithm
The ionization is so weak that when night falls, and the source of ionization is removed, the free electron and ion form back into a neutral molecule. The mesosphere has been called the "ignorosphere" because it is poorly studied relative to the stratosphere (which can be accessed with high-altitude balloons) and the thermosphere (in which satellites can orbit). A deep sodium layer is located between . Made of unbound, non-ionized atoms of sodium, the sodium layer radiates weakly to contribute to the airglow. The sodium has an average concentration of 400,000 atoms per cubic centimetre. This band is regularly replenished by sodium sublimating from incoming meteors.
Mesosphere | Dynamic features
“Mesosphere” (not to be confused with mesosphere, a layer of the atmosphere) is derived from “mesospheric shell”, coined by Reginald Aldworth Daly, a Harvard University geology professor. In the pre-plate tectonics era, Daly (1940) inferred three spherical layers comprise the outer Earth: lithosphere (including the crust), asthenosphere, and mesospheric shell. Daly's hypothetical depths to the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary ranged from 80 to 100 km and the top of the mesospheric shell (base of the asthenosphere) from 200 to 480 km. Thus, Daly's asthenosphere was inferred to be 120 to 400 km thick. According to Daly, the base of the solid earth mesosphere could extend to the base of the mantle (and, thus, to the top of the core).
Mesoplates | Mesosphere (solid earth)
Jule Gregory Charney (January 1, 1917 – June 16, 1981) was an American meteorologist who played an important role in developing numerical weather prediction and increasing understanding of the general circulation of the atmosphere by devising a series of increasingly sophisticated mathematical models of the atmosphere. His work was the driving force behind many national and international weather initiatives and programs. Considered the father of modern dynamical meteorology, Charney is credited with having "guided the postwar evolution of modern meteorology more than any other living figure." Charney's work also influenced that of his close colleague Edward Lorenz, who explored the limitations of predictability and was a pioneer of the field of chaos theory.
Jule Gregory Charney | Introduction
John Alexander Third (1865–1948) was a Scottish mathematician.
John Alexander Third | Introduction
For specific information on the third declension as it appears in Latin and Greek, and paradigms of nouns belonging to the different subcategories, see the appropriate sections in Latin declension and Ancient Greek nouns.
Third declension | Further reading
Philippe Janvier assigned "Cephalaspis gigas", an Early Devonian osteostracan agnathan with a tremendously wide headshield, to the newly erected genus "Meteoraspis" in 1981. This name however, was already used by Resser in 1935 for a trilobite. In 1987 the osteostracan genus was renamed to "Parameteoraspis".
Meteoraspis | Reassigned species
Sir William Napier Shaw (4 March 1854 – 23 March 1945) was a British meteorologist. He introduced the tephigram, a diagram for evaluating convective instability in the atmosphere. He also served as president of the International Meteorological Committee and Royal Meteorological Society.
Napier Shaw | Introduction
Joseph G. Galway (December 3, 1922 – June 29, 1998), was an American meteorologist pioneering in the fields of severe convective storm forecasting and research. He was one of the first forecasters for the Severe Local Storms Unit (SELS) and the National Severe Storms Forecast Center (NSSFC), and developed widely used synoptic (as well as mesoscale) predictors associated with severe thunderstorms and tornadoes, such as the jet streak and lifted index.
Joseph G. Galway | Introduction
The third period was the thermal subsidence beginning from Miocene. Since the late Miocene, the South China Sea basin stopped its expansion. During this period, the sediment layers are horizontal and basically not controlled by the effects of faulting.
Taixinan Basin | Evolution
Gerard's "old translation" ("vetus translatio") was superseded by an improved text by William of Moerbeke, the "nova translatio", which was widely read, as it survives in numerous manuscripts; it received commentary by Thomas Aquinas and was often printed during the Renaissance.
Meteorology (Aristotle) | Introduction
For example, say the input voltage signal is the sine wave and the device transfer function produces an output of the form where "G" is the amplifier gain, and "D" is cubic distortion. We may substitute the first equation into the second and, using the trigonometric identity
Third-order intercept point | Theory
Shortly after this MIT launched the first department of meteorology in the US. In 1931 he also became a research associate at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). His interests during this time ranged over atmospheric thermodynamics, mixing and turbulence, and the interaction between oceans and the atmosphere. On 9 January 1939 he became an American citizen and in that same year, assistant director of research at the U.S. Weather Bureau. His appointment as chair of the department of meteorology at the University of Chicago in 1940 began the period in which he turned his attention to large-scale atmospheric motions. He identified and characterized both the jet stream and Rossby waves in the atmosphere.
Carl-Gustaf Rossby | Biography
Originally 300 F.1s were ordered, but the total produced was reduced to 20 aircraft as the follow-on orders had been converted to the more advanced models. Some of the last major refinements to the Meteor's early design were trialled using this first production batch, and what was to become the long-term design of the engine nacelles was introduced upon "EE211". The original nacelles had been discovered by the RAE to suffer from compressibility buffeting at higher speeds, causing increased drag; the re-designed longer nacelles eliminated this and provided an increase in the Meteor's maximum speed. The lengthened nacelles were introduced on the final fifteen Meteor IIIs.
Gloster Meteor | Into production
After launch was completed, the third stage/crew compartment would orbit the Earth at an altitude of at a velocity of , where it would stay for approximately two months before returning to Earth.
Goodyear Meteor Junior | Concept
"The Hydro-Estimator (H-E) version of the Auto-Estimator (AE) was developed by Clay Davenport, a contractor working for the ORA Hydrology Team under the direction of Dr. Rod Scofield. The Hydro-Estimator algorithm differs from the original AE by using a brightness temperature screening technique. It adjusts the rain rate assigned to each picture element (pixel) according to the surrounding pixel temperatures. This helps separate raining and non-raining pixels and decreases the need for radar screening. It also helps focus rainfall estimate totals into more clearly defined maxima. There is less of a tendency for overestimating for very cold cloud tops using the H-E, and it does a much better job of estimating for large mesoscale convective complexes (MCC's).
Clay Davenport | Meteorology
https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091557/http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html
Administrația Națională de Meteorologie | External links
Wiin-Nielsen's meteorological career began in 1952 at the University of Copenhagen as scientific assistant to Professor Ragnar Fjørtoft. He later moved to next took him to the Institute of Meteorology at Stockholm, which had been set up by Carl-Gustaf Rossby in 1947. Here he participated in the first numerical prediction that completed its computation ahead of the time for which the forecast was made. In 1959 he moved to the US for fifteen years, beginning at the Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit, run by the U.S. Weather Bureau, the U.S. Air Force, and the U.S. Navy. In 1961 he accepted an offer to work at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado, where his research focused on the general circulation of the atmosphere.
Aksel C. Wiin-Nielsen | Career
Consider a long era, during which two of the functions "a", "b", "c" (let them be "a" and "b") undergo small oscillations while the third function ("c") decreases monotonously. The latter function quickly becomes small; consider the solution just in the region where one can ignore "c" in comparison to "a" and "b". The calculations are first done for the Type IX space model by substituting accordingly λ = μ = ν = 1. After ignoring function "c", the first 2 equations give and can be used as a third equation, which takes the form The solution of is written in the form
BKL singularity | Two perturbations
They are long-lived, nocturnal in formation as they tend to form overnight, and commonly contain heavy rainfall, wind, hail, lightning and possibly tornadoes.
Mesoscale convective system | Mesoscale convective complex
The North American Mesoscale Model (NAM) refers to a numerical weather prediction model run by National Centers for Environmental Prediction for short-term weather forecasting. Currently, the Weather Research and Forecasting Non-hydrostatic Mesoscale Model (WRF-NMM) model is run as the NAM, thus, three names (NAM, WRF, or NMM) typically refer to the same model output. The WRF replaced the Eta model on June 13, 2006. The model is run four times a day (00, 06, 12, 18 UTC) out to 84 hours. It is currently run with 12 km horizontal resolution and with three-hour temporal resolution, providing finer detail than other operational forecast models.
North American Mesoscale Model | Introduction
Kreil set up a meteorological observation system for the entire territory of the Austrian monarchy and carried out for this also the first country geomagnetic recording. 1865, began at the Central Institution with the publication of a daily weather map. Karl Jelinek succeeded him. 1872 moved to Central, in the new and final quarters of the Hohe Warte in Vienna Dobling which Henry Ferstel built. A year later, in 1873, the Central Institution organized the first international meteorological congress in Vienna, founded the International Meteorological Organization (IMO) as a precursor of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics | History