The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and led by the United Kingdom. It produced a brief period of French domination over most of Europe. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and its resultant conflict. The wars are often categorised into five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon: the Third Coalition (1805), the Fourth (1806–07), the Fifth (1809), the Sixth (1813–14), and the Seventh (1815).
Introduction
Napoleonic Wars
Napoleonic Wars | Introduction
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I. During the Napoleonic Wars, the German struggle against the occupying French forces was significantly symbolised by the colours of black, red, and gold. It were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and led by the United Kingdom. They were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and led by the United Kingdom.
what does the red on the german flag represent
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Red and white were also colours of the Hanseatic League (13th–17th century). Hanseatic trading ships were identifiable by their red-white pennants, and most Hanseatic cities adopted red and white as their city colours (see Hanseatic flags)
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when was it accepted as the national flag?
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1848
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what are napoleonic wars?
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The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and led by the United Kingdom. It produced a brief period of French domination over most of Europe. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and its resultant conflict. The wars are often categorised into five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon: the Third Coalition (1805), the Fourth (1806–07), the Fifth (1809), the Sixth (1813–14), and the Seventh (1815).
Napoleonic Wars | Introduction
The Napoleonic Wars were a series of major conflicts from 1803 to 1815 pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and its resultant conflict. In the aftermath of the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte gained power in France in 1799. In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor of the French. In 1805, the French victory over an Austrian-Russian army at the Battle of Austerlitz ended the War of the Third Coalition.
19th century | Napoleonic Wars
Historian Mike Rapport (2013) suggested to use the term "French Wars" to unambiguously describe the entire period from 1792 to 1815. In France, the Napoleonic Wars are generally integrated with the French Revolutionary Wars: "".
Napoleonic Wars | Start date and nomenclature
Napoleon seized power in 1799, creating a military dictatorship. There are a number of opinions on the date to use as the formal beginning of the Napoleonic Wars; 18 May 1803 is often used, when Britain and France ended the only short period of peace between 1792 and 1814. The Napoleonic Wars began with the War of the Third Coalition, which was the first of the Coalition Wars against the First French Republic after Napoleon's accession as leader of France. Britain ended the Treaty of Amiens and declared war on France in May 1803. Among the reasons were Napoleon's changes to the international system in Western Europe, especially in Switzerland, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.
Napoleonic Wars | Overview
The Napoleonic wars was a series of wars lasting from 1803 to 1815. Spain was just one of the many countries which resisted the expansion of the French Empire under Napoleon I. It is notable for the bravery of its general population who fought as Guerrillas, preventing the occupying French forces from obtaining supplies or safe passage. Further information
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | The Napoleonic Wars
No consensus exists as to when the French Revolutionary Wars ended and the Napoleonic Wars began. Possible dates include 9 November 1799, when Bonaparte seized power on 18 Brumaire, the date according to the Republican Calendar then in use; 18 May 1803, when Britain and France ended the one short period of peace between 1792 and 1814; or 2 December 1804, when Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor. British historians occasionally refer to the nearly continuous period of warfare from 1792 to 1815 as the Great French War, or as the final phase of the Anglo-French Second Hundred Years' War, spanning the period 1689 to 1815.
Napoleonic Wars | Start date and nomenclature
The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts involving Napoleon's French Empire and changing sets of European allies by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionized European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly due to the application of modern mass conscription. French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe, but collapsed rapidly after France's disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812. Napoleon's empire ultimately suffered complete military defeat resulting in the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France. The wars resulted in the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and sowed the seeds of nascent nationalism in Germany and Italy that would lead to the two nations' consolidation later in the century.
History of Western civilization | Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars were the direct cause of wars in the Americas and elsewhere.
Napoleonic Wars | Subsidiary wars
This set the stage for the last conflict in the Napoleonic Wars, the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo, the restoration of the French monarchy for the second time and the permanent exile of Napoleon to the distant island of Saint Helena, where he died in May 1821.
1810s | Napoleonic Wars
This list includes all those battles which were fought throughout the Napoleonic era, April 1796 – 3 July 1815.
List of Napoleonic battles | Introduction
The Napoleonic Wars were a defining event of the early 19th century, and inspired many works of fiction, from then until the present day.
Napoleonic Wars | In fiction
In Germany and Poland, new Napoleonic client states, such as the Kingdom of Westphalia, Duchy of Warsaw, and Republic of Danzig, were established.
Napoleonic Wars | War of the Fourth Coalition 1806–1807
The Napoleonic Wars are the series of wars that took place in Europe while Napoleon was France's head of state. They are the continuation of the wars that arose as a result of the French Revolution in 1789, saw France briefly dominate most of Europe, and continued until the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815. These were wars on a formerly unprecedented scale, largely as a result of mass conscription, and Britain remained at war with France throughout the period of 1803 to 1815, only two years before Austen died. Two of Jane Austen's brothers, Frank and Charles, made their careers in the Royal Navy.
Georgian society in Jane Austen's novels | Napoleonic Wars
After occupying Lisbon in November 1807, and with the bulk of French troops present in Spain, Napoleon seized the opportunity to turn against his former ally, depose the reigning Spanish royal family and declare his brother King of Spain in 1808 as José I. The Spanish and Portuguese revolted with British support and expelled the French from Iberia in 1814 after six years of fighting.
Napoleonic Wars | Introduction
The naval campaigns, operations and battles of the Napoleonic Wars were events during the period of World-wide warfare between 1802 and 1814 that were undertaken by European powers in support of their land-based strategies. All events included in this article represent fleet actions that involved major naval commands larger than 3–4 ships of the line, and usually commanded by a flag officer. The period commenced with the breakdown of the Peace of Amiens on the 16 May 1803. Three days later Cornwallis began the Blockade of Brest. On 10 May 1804 William Pitt was instrumental in creating the Third Coalition.
Naval campaigns, operations and battles of the Napoleonic Wars | Introduction
As a result of the Treaty of Pressburg, the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved.
19th century | Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars were a defining event of the early 19th century, and inspired many works of fiction, from then until the present day.
Napoleonic Wars in fiction | Introduction
With the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, many of its dukes and princes joined the Confederation of the Rhine, a confederation of Napoleonic client states. These states preferred to use their own flags. The confederation had no flag of its own; instead it used the blue-white-red flag of France and the Imperial Standard of its protector, Napoleon. During the Napoleonic Wars, the German struggle against the occupying French forces was significantly symbolised by the colours of black, red, and gold, which became popular after their use in the uniforms of the Lützow Free Corps, a volunteer unit of the Prussian Army.
Flag of Germany | Napoleonic Wars
This video game allows the player to re-enact the Napoleonic Wars using a bird's-eye view. Starting with earliest battles against the Holy Roman Empire to grab territory for the fledgling French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars in the year 1796, Napoleon would guide the French Revolutionary Wars until they ended in 1802. All the nations that were a participant in the Napoleonic Wars were included like the Russian Empire, Great Britain, and the Spanish Empire. Napoleon's first in-game battle would located in present-day Italy; making the battle equally important in Italian history as it was in French history. There are also battles in Egypt against the Ottoman Empire along with various other conquests in Europe.
Napoleon Senki | Introduction
The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts in the late 18th and early 19th centuries between Revolutionary France and later the French Empire and coalitions of various European states. Prussia was a member of three of the six anti-French coalitions.
Wars and battles involving Prussia | Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815)
The goal of these wars was to establish a stable government in France while showing Europe the army they had amassed for protection. Napoleon, upon ascending to First Consul of France in 1799, had inherited a chaotic republic; he subsequently created a state with stable finances, a strong bureaucracy, and a well-trained army. In 1805, Austria and Russia formed the Third Coalition and waged war against France. In response, Napoleon defeated the allied Russo-Austrian army at Austerlitz in December 1805, which is considered his greatest victory. At sea, the British severely defeated the joint Franco-Spanish navy in the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805.
Napoleonic Wars | Introduction
This page is currently an incomplete list, references somewhat attached to sectors not units. No attempt has been made to link units to other Wikipedia pages as of 30/05/2018.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | Introduction
"See also": French Revolutionary Wars, Napoleonic Wars
List of invasions | French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815)
The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution, the first being the National Assembly, the second being the Legislative Assembly, and the third being the Directory. The Napoleonic era begins roughly with Napoleon Bonaparte's "coup d'état", overthrowing the Directory, establishing the French Consulate, and ends during the Hundred Days and his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo (9 November 1799 – 18 June 1815). The Congress of Vienna soon set out to restore Europe to pre-French Revolution days. Napoleon brought political stability to a land torn by revolution and war.
Napoleonic era | Introduction
Napoleonic studies (; ) is a field of historical research devoted to Napoleon and the Napoleonic era (1799–1815), encompassing the time period from the French Revolution through the Napoleonic Wars.
Napoleonic studies | Introduction
With the partial exception of Great Britain, all of the states at the time did not keep especially accurate records, so calculating losses is to a certain extent a matter of conjecture.
Napoleonic Wars casualties | Introduction
The War of 1812 coincided with the War of the Sixth Coalition. Historians in the United States and Canada see it as a war in its own right, while Europeans often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars. The United States declared war on Britain because of British interference with American merchant ships and forced enlistment into the British Royal Navy. France had interfered as well, and the US considered declaring war on France. The war ended in a military stalemate, and there were no boundary changes at the Treaty of Ghent, which took effect in early 1815 when Napoleon was on Elba.
Napoleonic Wars | War of 1812
[[Category:Napoleon] [[Category:First French Empire]] [[Category:French Revolution]] [[Category:Modern history of France]] [[Category:Historical eras]]
Napoleonic era | References
The European political landscape was dominated by the Napoleonic Wars, a series of conflicts declared against Napoleon's First French Empire and changing sets of European allies by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionized European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly due to the application of modern mass conscription. French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe by the end of the decade. The decade brought hard times. On 9 November 1799 (18 Brumaire), Napoleon overthrew the French government, replacing it with the Consulate, in which he was First Consul.
1800s (decade) | Napoleonic Wars
The so-called "Continental System" formed a league of armed neutrality to disrupt the blockade and enforce free trade with France. The British responded by capturing the Danish fleet, breaking up the league, and later secured dominance over the seas, allowing it to freely continue its strategy. Napoleon won the War of the Third Coalition at Austerlitz, forcing the Austrian Empire out of the war and formally dissolving the Holy Roman Empire. Within months, Prussia declared war, triggering a War of the Fourth Coalition. This war ended disastrously for Prussia, defeated and occupied within 19 days of the beginning of the campaign.
Napoleonic Wars | Overview
I. R. 16 " in the top corner by the pole. The lettering is under the Doppeladler, but this may be something left by those making the flag. 2) The illustrated flags come from the New York Public Library collection and specifically the Vinkhuijzen Collection of Military Uniforms. The Library states that it believes these pictures come from a scrapbook completed by Dr. Vinkhuijzen before 1910 and are thus in the public domain.
Flags of the Imperial Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars | Additional Notes
Until the time of Napoleon, European states employed relatively small armies, made up of both national soldiers and mercenaries. These regulars were highly drilled professional soldiers. Ancien Régime armies could only deploy small field armies due to rudimentary staffs and comprehensive yet cumbersome logistics. Both issues combined to limit field forces to approximately 30,000 men under a single commander. Military innovators in the mid-18th century began to recognise the potential of an entire nation at war: a "nation in arms". The scale of warfare dramatically enlarged during the Revolutionary and subsequent Napoleonic Wars. During Europe's major pre-revolutionary war, the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763, few armies ever numbered more than 200,000 with field forces often numbering less than 30,000.
Napoleonic Wars | Enlarged scope
Historians have explored how the Napoleonic wars became total wars. Most historians argue that the escalation in size and scope came from two sources. First was the ideological clash between revolutionary/egalitarian and conservative/hierarchical belief systems. Second was the emergence of nationalism in France, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere that made these "people's wars" instead of contests between monarchs. Bell has argued that even more important than ideology and nationalism were the intellectual transformations in the culture of war that came about through the Enlightenment. One factor, he says, is that war was no longer a routine event but a transforming experience for societies—a total experience.
Napoleonic Wars | Total war
After a relatively peaceful period from 1801-1803 (during which the Royal Navy supplied material and naval support to Haitian rebels fighting Napoleon's forces in the Caribbean), war in Europe began again. Napoleon's plans to invade Britain failed due to the inferiority of his navy, and in 1805, Lord Nelson's fleet decisively defeated the French and Spanish at the Battle of Trafalgar, which was the last significant naval action of the Napoleonic Wars. The series of naval and colonial conflicts, including a large number of minor naval actions, resembled those of the French Revolutionary Wars and the preceding centuries of European warfare.
United Kingdom in the Napoleonic Wars | Overview
The 1765 pattern standard of 11. Szeckler Husaren is in the Budapest Military Museum.
Flags of the Imperial Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars | Surviving examples
In Germany, the term has thus been shunned since the Bonn Republic, with "French Revolutionary Wars" and "Napoleonic Wars" more commonly used today.
French period | Introduction
The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving Britain, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Russia and Austria at different times, from 1799 to 1815. In the case of Spain and its colonies, in May 1808, Napoleon captured Carlos IV and King Fernando VII and installed his own brother, Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish Throne because he did not want anyone outside of his own bloodline to rule Spain. This event disrupted the political stability of Spain and broke the link with some of the colonies which were loyal to the Bourbon Dynasty.
Decolonization of the Americas | Napoleonic Wars
The French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars declared against the French Republic and Napoleon's French Empire by opposing coalitions that ran from 1792 to 1815 involving many often large scale naval battles resulting in the capture of numerous ships. Among the most notable of such battles were the Battle of Trafalgar and the Battle of Copenhagen involving hundreds of ships and many thousands of seamen and officers.
List of ships captured in the 19th century | French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
In the Napoleonic Wars, an army corps under General Jourdan on a retreat overran the Franconian Switzerland. French military police rode through the villages and extorted protection money from the peasants – sometimes many times in quick succession.
Heiligenstadt in Oberfranken | Napoleonic Wars (1796)
He was ultimately removed from his command for insubordination.
Michel Ney | Napoleonic Wars
The war was a short one taking place between 26 July – 14 August 1814 and was a Swedish victory that put Norway into a personal union with Sweden under Charles XIV John of Sweden. The union was peacefully dissolved in 1905. The United Kingdom of the Netherlands created as a buffer state against France dissolved rapidly with the independence of Belgium in 1830.
Napoleonic Wars | Political effects
Collars, cuffs and lapels red piped yellow, yellow pocket piping, with white metal buttons.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 6º Farnesio
During the Napoleonic Wars, a number of states in Europe were allied with the British against France. Britain, which had a large navy but a small army, was unable to deploy major forces on the Continent. Britain was a wealthy commercial power and so paid out millions of pounds to Allied nations, which could field much larger armies against the French. An example is the £1,500,000 paid to Austria to commit troops to the campaign against France in the Netherlands in 1793, an expedition to which the British could contribute only men. Adjusted for inflation, this is equivalent to £273,000,000 in 2011.
Golden Cavalry of St George | Napoleonic Wars
Two-and-a-half million troops fought in the conflict and the total dead amounted to as many as two million. This era included the battles of Smolensk, Borodino, Lützen, Bautzen, and the Dresden. It also included the epic Battle of Leipzig in October, 1813 (also known as the Battle of Nations), which was the largest battle of the Napoleonic wars, which drove Napoleon out of Germany. The final stage of the War of the Sixth Coalition, the defense of France in 1814, saw the French Emperor temporarily repulse the vastly superior armies in the Six Days Campaign. Ultimately, the Allies occupied Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate and restoring the Bourbons.
1810s | Napoleonic Wars
After the Napoleonic Wars, a Concert of Europe was set up to create a forum for discussion rather than create shifting alliance patterns, which had a tendency to cause major wars. This was successful through most of the 19th century, until World War I collapsed the post-Napoleonic system amid increasingly acute nationalist tensions, which led to the formation of Germany and the collapse of the Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman empires.
Stately quadrille | Decline
During the Napoleonic Wars, the Grande Armée of France regularly maintained multiple fronts. In the seven year long Peninsular War (1807–1814) imperial French contingents and Spanish and Anglo-Portuguese armies wrestled for control of the Iberian Peninsula in numerous battles. Nonetheless, in 1812 as French military presence in Iberia had begun to decline, emperor Napoleon Bonaparte personally lead an army of more than 600.000 troops to the east into Russia, seeking to decisively defeat the Russian Empire and force Tsar Alexander I to comply with the Continental System. Great Britain was also present on multiple fronts of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe and the Canadian, the Chesapeake Bay and Louisiana theaters of the War of 1812 in North America.
Two-front war | Napoleonic Wars
Due to military shortages and lack of organisation in French territory, many breaches of the Continental System occurred as French-dominated states tolerated or even encouraged trade with British smugglers. The French Continental System was largely ineffective and did little economic damage to Great Britain. As Napoleon realised that extensive trade was going through Spain and Russia, he invaded those two countries. He tied down his forces in Spain, and lost very badly in Russia in 1812. Both sides entered further conflicts in attempts to enforce their blockade; the British fought the United States in the War of 1812 (1812–15), and the French engaged in the Peninsular War (1808–14) to prevent smuggling into Spain.
Napoleonic Wars | War of the Fifth Coalition 1809
The Austrian defeat was sealed by the Treaty of Lunéville early the following year, further compelling the British to sign the Treaty of Amiens with France, establishing a tenuous peace.
Napoleonic Wars | Background
As this process led to open conflicts between "independentists" and "loyalists", the Spanish American Independence Wars immediately ensued; resulting, by the 1820s, in the definitive loss for the Spanish Empire of all its American territories, with the exception of Cuba and Puerto Rico.
History of Western civilization | Napoleonic Wars
In response to the naval blockade of the French coasts enacted by the British government on 16 May 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree on 21 November 1806, which brought into effect the Continental System. This policy aimed to eliminate the threat from Britain by closing French-controlled territory to its trade. Britain maintained a standing army of 220,000 at the height of the Napoleonic Wars, of whom less than half were available for campaigning. The rest were necessary for garrisoning Ireland and the colonies, and providing security for Britain. France's strength peaked at around 2,500,000 full-time and part-time soldiers including several hundred thousand National Guardsmen whom Napoleon could draft into the military if necessary.
Napoleonic Wars | Economic warfare
A plate by the French artist, Rigo, (No.33) shows Austrian 1792 and 1806 patterns with a commentary by the renowned French vexillogist Pierre Charrie, who suggested a probable distribution of these flags among the Austrian infantry units, which were part of the Auxiliary Korps attached to Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812: 1780 Muster (1792 for Franz II) IR2 Hiller (Hungarian) IR9 Czartoryski (German) IR19 Alvinczy (vakat) (Hungarian)
Flags of the Imperial Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars | 1812 campaign
In the latter case, historians do not term the War of the Second Coalition "Napoleonic", since Napoleon did not initiate it himself, but merely "inherited" it from the Revolutionary French Directory which he overthrew during the war. Because it only pertains to wars involving any of the Coalition parties, not all wars counted amongst the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars are considered "Coalition Wars". For example, the French invasion of Switzerland (1798, between the First and Second Coalition), the Stecklikrieg (1802, between the Second and Third Coalition) and the French invasion of Russia (1812, between the Fifth and Sixth Coalition) were not "Coalition Wars", since France fought against a single opponent.
Coalition Wars | Compared to other terms
Even the change of government due to the French Revolution seemed to intensify rather than diminish the rivalry, and the Napoleonic Wars included a series of legendary naval battles, culminating in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, by which Admiral Horatio Nelson broke the power of the French and Spanish fleets, but lost his own life in so doing.
Naval warfare | 18th century
The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars that were declared against Napoleon's French Empire by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815, coinciding almost exactly with the Regency Era. They include the War between Britain and France, which lasted from 1803 to 1814. Military fiction set in the Regency generally includes characters from British troops who were involved in this war. Well-known authors include Bernard Cornwell, C.S. Forester, and Patrick O'Brian. More recently, Novik (see above) refights the Napoleonic Wars with dragons for air support.
Regency novel | Military fiction
Collars, cuffs and lapels sky blue piped red, red pocket piping, white button holes with white metal buttons.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 2º Reina
France's defeat resulted in the independence of Saint-Domingue and led Napoleon to sell the territory making up the Louisiana Purchase to the United States.
Napoleonic Wars | Latin American Revolutions
The French forces crossed the Niemen River on 24 June 1812. Russia proclaimed a Patriotic War, and Napoleon proclaimed a Second Polish war. The Poles supplied almost 100,000 men for the invasion force, but against their expectations, Napoleon avoided any concessions to Poland, having in mind further negotiations with Russia.
Napoleonic Wars | Invasion of Russia 1812
Collars yellow piped white, cuffs and lapels green piped white, green pocket piping, with white metal buttons. Bicorn edged in white with red plume.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 6º Sagunto (1703)
Empires in Arms the Napoleonic Wars is a strategy video game based upon Australian Design Group's boardgame Empires in Arms, developed by American studio Outflank Strategy Wargames.
Empire in Arms: The Napoleonic Wars of 1805–1815 | Introduction
Between 16 August 1803 and 25 March 1804, "Cameleon" captured "St. Spiridion", "St. Antonio di Padua", "Madonna di Montinero", and "Jeune Adelaide".
HMS Cameleon (1795) | Napoleonic Wars
Heads and leaders of states affected by Napoleon's regime and the Napoleonic wars:
Napoleonic era | Rulers
Large sums were made available for the purpose, sometimes as formal subsidies and sometimes as bribes for European statesman. It was partly funded by the introduction of the income tax by Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger. The policy was extremely costly but ultimately proved successful, as a coalition of European nations eventually defeated France in 1814.
Golden Cavalry of St George | Napoleonic Wars
Collars, cuffs and lapels black piped white, black pocket piping, with white metal buttons. Bicorn edged in white with red plume.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 7º Numancia (1707)
Both ships were captured and taken into the navy.
HMS Foudroyant (1798) | Napoleonic Wars
Dark blue cuffs and collars piped white, white lapels piped dark blue with white metal buttons.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 31st Regiment, Ordenes Militares (1793)
It was a horizontal tricolor, with red (top), white and green stripes; in the middle, an emblem composed by a quiver, accolade to a war trophy, with four arrows that symbolized the four provinces forming the "Po federation"; all within a crown of bay.
Flags of Napoleonic Italy | Transpadane, Cispadane and Cisalpine Republics
Yellow collars, cuffs, lapels yellow piped white, yellow turn backs and pocket piping with white metal buttons.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | Gerona (1792)
The "Lütticher Freiwillige" (or Lüttich Volunteers) were raised in 1794 by the Bishop of Lüttich (Liege), the unit's flag was diagonally divided in each quarter in yellow and black, overlaid with a white cross and the city arms. A single-pointed pennant bearing a black Doppeladler and an unknown coat of arms is said to have been captured in the 1796-7 Italy campaign, but it may be an earlier flag as it lacks a contemporary finial. This now hangs in the Musée de l'Armée. Two surviving 1800 Erzherzog Karl Legion flags appear to be the flags of the senior Bohemian and Moravian battalions.
Flags of the Imperial Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars | French Revolution War & 1805 War Irregular Units
After the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815, he was exiled during the first years of the Bourbon Restoration and only returned to France in 1819.
Marcellin Marbot | Napoleonic wars
Sky blue Jackets with yellow collars piped white, sky blue lapels piped white, yellow cuffs and turnbacks, with white metal buttons. White trousers.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 39th Regiment, Napoles (1707)
Collars, cuffs and lapels red piped white, red pocket piping, white button holes with white metal buttons.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 3º Príncipe
After the Russian campaign, he became senator (1813).
Géraud Duroc | The Napoleonic Wars
Hinrichs was promoted to Generalleutnant before his death in 1834.
Johann von Hinrichs | Napoleonic Wars
Sky Blue lapels and cuffs piped white, white collars piped sky blue with white metal buttons.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 19th Regiment, Murcia (1694)
As Napoleon waged war on Europe, between 1803 and 1806, the following changes to the Constitution of the Holy Roman Empire were attempted until the Empire's collapse:
Prince-elector | Napoleonic politics
In 1806, a Fourth Coalition was set up. On 14 October Napoleon defeated the Prussians at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, marched through Germany and defeated the Russians on 14 June 1807 at Friedland. The Treaties of Tilsit divided Europe between France and Russia and created the Duchy of Warsaw. On 12 June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with a Grande Armée of nearly 700,000 troops. After the measured victories at Smolensk and Borodino Napoleon occupied Moscow, only to find it burned by the retreating Russian army. He was forced to withdraw. On the march back his army was harassed by Cossacks, and suffered disease and starvation.
International relations, 1648–1814 | Napoleonic wars
Collars, cuffs and lapels scarlet piped white, scarlet pocket piping, with white metal buttons. Bicorn edged in white with red plume.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 2º Reina (1730)
Collars yellow piped white, cuffs and lapels black piped white, black pocket piping, with white metal buttons. Bicorn edged in white with red plume.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 8º Lusitania (1709)
Collars and cuffs yellow piped white, lapels scarlet piped white, scarlet pocket piping, with white metal buttons. Bicorn edged in white with red plume.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 4º Pavia (1684)
Purple cuffs, collars piped white, white lapels piped purple with white metal buttons.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 27th Regiment, Princessa (1766)
Collars, cuffs and lapels sky blue piped white, sky blue pocket piping, with white metal buttons. Bicorn edged in white with red plume.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 3º Almansa (1676)
July 20–23, 2006 — "Africa's Independence – The Wars of Africa" 1905–2006 July 26–29, 2007 — "The Wars of South Asia: Afghanistan, Burma, India and Pakistan, 1800–2007" July 24–27, 2008 — "The World on Fire – The first world war: The Seven Years and French & Indian Wars, 1754–63" July 16–19, 2009 — "Ride to the Sound of the Guns… – Napoleon's 1809 Campaign and the Spanish Ulcer" July 8–11, 2010 — "Pike and Shotte: Seventeenth Century Warfare" 1600–1699 July 8–10, 2011 — "Brother Against Brother: The American Civil War" 1861–1865 July 19–22, 2012 — "Colonial Warfare, Imperialism and Gunboat Diplomacy, 1836-1937" July 18–21, 2013 — "American Civil War, 1863 – the Year of Decision" July 17–20, 2014 — "Big Wars, Little Soldiers – World Wars throughout time" July 16–19, 2015 — "End of Empires" July 14–17, 2016 — "Cavalry, Mounted warfare through the ages" July 13–16, 2017 — "100 Years of Tanks" July 12–15, 2018 — "Wars of Conquest and Those That Lead Them" July 11–14, 2019 — "Extreme Terrain Edition: Jungle Warfare" July 8-12, 2020 — Cancelled due to Covid restrictions
Historicon | Convention dates and themes
During the early stages of the French Revolutionary Wars, battalions in French armies often attacked in column formation in an attempt to drive through enemy lines by sheer weight of numbers. Against enemy units already weakened by the fire from skirmishers or artillery, this was often successful. Later, during the Napoleonic Wars, French units would approach in column formation and deploy into line when close to the enemy. However, against the British they frequently failed to deploy into line before being engaged. During the Peninsular War, after the Battle of Sabugal (3 April 1811), the Duke of Wellington wrote, "our loss is much less than one would have supposed possible, scarcely 200 men...
Column (formation) | Napoleonic Wars
'What! What! 'exclaimed the King, 'all lawyers? all lawyers? Call them the Devil's Own, call them the Devil's Own!" "And the Devil's Own they were called accordingly."
Inns of Court Regiment | Napoleonic Wars
This articles provides a list of wars occurring between 1800 and 1899. Conflicts of this era include the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the American Civil War in North America, the Taiping Rebellion in Asia, the Paraguayan War in South America, the Zulu War in Africa, and the Australian frontier wars in Oceania.
List of wars: 1800–1899 | Introduction
1) It has been claimed that Austrian flags from after 1806 and later into the Napoleonic period had identifiers in the top corners and some displayed Hungarian arms on the reverse. These claims seem to come from: Wise, T.: "Flags of the Napoleonic Wars" (Osprey MAA 78) 1978. There is no regulation prior to the earliest known regular flag with identifiers, an 1816 pattern, held in the Museum of Military History, Vienna and there are no flags with Hungarian arms aside from the Insurrection patterns. However, aside from the 1809 "VUMB" Landwehr flag, the 1792-pattern Leibfahne of IR16 Lusignan displays "L.
Flags of the Imperial Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars | Additional Notes
John with a Neapolitan garrison and placed under the guarantee of third powers. The weakening of the Knights of St. John by the confiscation of their assets in France and Spain along with delays in obtaining guarantees prevented the British from evacuating it after three months as stipulated in the treaty. The Helvetic Republic had been set up by France when it invaded Switzerland in 1798. France had withdrawn its troops, but violent strife broke out against the government, which many Swiss saw as overly centralised. Bonaparte reoccupied the country in October 1802 and imposed a compromise settlement. This caused widespread outrage in Britain, which protested that this was a violation of the Treaty of Lunéville.
Napoleonic Wars | Prelude
On 2 December 1804, after a failed assassination plot, he crowned himself Emperor. In 1805, Napoleon planned to invade Britain, but a renewed British alliance with Russia and Austria (Third Coalition), forced him to turn his attention towards the continent, while at the same time failure to lure the superior British fleet away from the English Channel, ending in a decisive French defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar (in this battle, British Admiral Horatio Nelson was fatally wounded) on 21 October put an end to hopes of an invasion of Britain. On 2 December 1805, Napoleon defeated a numerically superior Austro-Russian army at Austerlitz, forcing Austria's withdrawal from the coalition ("see Treaty of Pressburg") and dissolving the Holy Roman Empire.
1800s (decade) | Napoleonic Wars
In 1806, a Fourth Coalition was set up, on 14 October Napoleon defeated the Prussians at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, marched through Germany and defeated the Russians on 14 June 1807 at Friedland. The Treaties of Tilsit divided Europe between France and Russia and created the Duchy of Warsaw. The War of the Fifth Coalition, fought in the year 1809, pitted a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against the French Empire and Bavaria. Major engagements between France and Austria, the main participants, unfolded over much of Central Europe from April to July, with very high casualty rates.
1800s (decade) | Napoleonic Wars
During the Hundred Days, he joined Napoleon and after the downfall of the Emperor, Sorbier was exiled and then placed on the retirement list by King Louis XVIII.
Jean-Barthélemot Sorbier | Napoleonic Wars
Red lapels, cuffs piped white, white collars piped red with brass buttons.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 17th Regiment, Mallorca (1682)
Collars, cuffs and lapels red piped white, red pocket piping, with white metal buttons.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 5º Borbón
This is a non-fiction bibliography of works about the Napoleonic Wars as selected by editors.
List of books about the Napoleonic Wars | Introduction
The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts between 1803–1815,and pitted the United Kingdom against the French Empire. In 1809, as the British Army grew in size, as a result of these conflicts, larger formations were needed to better co-ordinate the assembled battalions, regiments, and brigades. This resulted in the creation of four British divisions, including the 2nd Division. The division, primarily based in Portugal fought in the Peninsular War, waged between 1807-1814 and a subset of the Napoleonic Wars. The below tables provide two examples of the division's order of battle during this war. Following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, he was exiled.
List of orders of battle for the British 2nd Division | Napoleonic Wars
Dark blue collars piped white, cuffs, lapels and turn backs red piped white, red pocket piping with white metal buttons.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 2º de Aragón (1793)
The outbreak of the French Revolution had been received with great alarm by the rulers of Europe's continental powers, which had been further exacerbated by the execution of Louis XVI of France, and the overthrow of the French monarchy. In 1793, the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of Naples, Prussia, the Spanish Empire, and the Kingdom of Great Britain formed the First Coalition to curtail the growing unrest in France. Measures such as mass conscription, military reforms, and total war allowed France to defeat the coalition, despite the concurrent civil war in France. Napoleon, then a general in the French army, forced the Austrians to sign the Treaty of Campo Formio, leaving only Great Britain opposed to the fledgling French Republic.
Napoleonic Wars | Background
During the War of the Second Coalition (1799–1801), Britain occupied most of the French and Dutch overseas possessions, the Netherlands having become a satellite state of France in 1796, but tropical diseases claimed the lives of over 40,000 troops. When the Treaty of Amiens ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized. The peace settlement was in effect only a ceasefire, and Napoleon continued to provoke the British by attempting a trade embargo on the country and by occupying the city of Hanover, capital of the Electorate, a German-speaking duchy which was in a personal union with the United Kingdom.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | Napoleonic Wars
Institutional legacies remain to this day in the form of civil law, with clearly defined codes of law—an enduring legacy of the Napoleonic Code. France's constant warfare with the combined forces of different combinations of, and eventually all, of the other major powers of Europe for over two decades finally took its toll. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, France no longer held the role of the dominant power in Continental Europe, as it had since the times of Louis XIV, as the Congress of Vienna produced a "balance of power" by resizing the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace.
Napoleonic Wars | Political effects
Collars, cuffs and lapels red piped yellow, red pocket piping, yellow button holes with brass buttons.
Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars | 1º Rey
In a series of conflicts from 1803 to 1815, known as the Napoleonic Wars, the alliances of the powers of Europe formed five coalitions against the First French Empire of Napoleon. Like the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, these wars revolutionized the construction, organization, and training of European armies and led to an unprecedented militarization, mainly due to mass conscription. French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe, but collapsed rapidly after France's disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812. Napoleon's empire ultimately suffered complete military defeat in the 1813–1814 campaigns, resulting in the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France.
Johann von Klenau | Background