A chemist (from Greek "chēm(ía)" alchemy; replacing "chymist" from Medieval Latin "alchimista") is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, reaction rates, and other chemical properties. The word 'chemist' is also used to address Pharmacists in Commonwealth English. Chemists use this knowledge to learn the composition and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes.
Introduction
Chemist
Chemist | Introduction
They study the composition of matter and its properties, carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms, etc. In 1836, Bunsen succeeded Friedrich Wöhler at the Polytechnic School of Kassel. A scientist trained in the study of chemistry Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
where is rubidium found on the periodic table
user
It is the 37th element.
assistant
what letters are used to represent it?
user
Rb
assistant
who discovered it?
user
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
assistant
who is the former?
user
German chemist
assistant
which university did he attend?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
what scientific law did the latter introduce?
user
Kirchhoff's circuit laws, laws of spectroscopy and law of thermochemistry.
assistant
can you briefly describe the first one?
user
His  first law is that the algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point (or node) is zero. The second law is that in a closed circuit, the directed sums of the voltages in a closed system is zero.
assistant
what is the role of any scientist in the same field as the former?
user
A scientist is someone who conducts scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of interest. In classical antiquity, there was no real ancient analog of a modern scientist. Instead, philosophers engaged in the philosophical study of nature called natural philosophy, a precursor of natural science. It was not until the 19th century that the term "scientist" came into regular use after it was coined by the theologian, philosopher, and historian of science William Whewell in 1833. In modern times, many scientists have advanced degrees in an area of science and pursue careers in various sectors of the economy such as academia, industry, government, and nonprofit environments.""
Scientist | Introduction
Chemists may specialize in any number of subdisciplines of chemistry. Materials scientists and metallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. The work of chemists is often related to the work of chemical engineers, who are primarily concerned with the proper design, construction and evaluation of the most cost-effective large-scale chemical plants and work closely with industrial chemists on the development of new processes and methods for the commercial-scale manufacture of chemicals and related products.
Chemist | Introduction
A chemist (from Greek "chēm(ía)" alchemy; replacing "chymist" from Medieval Latin "alchimista") is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, reaction rates, and other chemical properties. The word 'chemist' is also used to address Pharmacists in Commonwealth English. Chemists use this knowledge to learn the composition and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes.
Chemist | Introduction
A scientist is a person who engages in science. Scientist or The Scientist may also refer to:
Scientist (disambiguation) | Introduction
A year later, he became a volunteer "assistant tutor" at the Polytechnique, a position he held for 11 years until, in 1851, he was appointed "exit examiner" at the same school. His role was to monitor the progress of the Polytechnique students during their studies and classify them according to their merit upon leaving school. At the same time, he was appointed as a member of the School Improvement Council and replaced his former mentor, Chevreul, who had resigned. Meanwhile, in 1845, Cahours obtained the title of Doctor of Science at the Faculty of Science in Paris and, in the same year, took the place of Dumas as the Chair of the General Chemistry Courses at the Ecole Centrale, a position he retained until 1870.
Auguste André Thomas Cahours | Career
By the time of the medieval university system, knowledge was divided into the "trivium"—philosophy, including natural philosophy—and the "quadrivium"—mathematics, including astronomy. Hence, the medieval analogs of scientists were often either philosophers or mathematicians. Knowledge of plants and animals was broadly the province of physicians.
Scientist | Classical antiquity
The roles of "scientists", and their predecessors before the emergence of modern scientific disciplines, have evolved considerably over time. Scientists of different eras (and before them, natural philosophers, mathematicians, natural historians, natural theologians, engineers, and others who contributed to the development of science) have had widely different places in society, and the social norms, ethical values, and epistemic virtues associated with scientists—and expected of them—have changed over time as well. Accordingly, many different historical figures can be identified as early scientists, depending on which characteristics of modern science are taken to be essential. Some historians point to the Scientific Revolution that began in 16th century as the period when science in a recognizably modern form developed.
Scientist | History
He was a student at the École normale supérieure from 1955 to 1959 and passed the Agrégation of biology in his final year, a highly competitive postgraduate examination which serves as a national ranking of students. Then he devoted his thesis to a problem of organization of nerves (the analysis of the circuits involved in the startle reaction of the anaesthetized cat to chloralose). He became a Doctor of Science in 1965.
Philippe Ascher | Education
Gadolin became the ordinary professor of chemistry at the Royal Academy of Turku in 1797, after the death of Pehr Adrian Gadd. He retained the position until his retirement in 1822. He was one of the first chemists who gave laboratory exercises to students. He even allowed the students to use his private laboratory.
Johan Gadolin | Career
He has used his knowledge of magic to show how supernatural feats can be done by ordinary means. Even as a university student, Schwarcz found chemistry to be a dry subject, so he established a series of courses designed to bring chemistry to the general student, and later to the public through a series of lectures. The lectures include magic and spontaneity to keep the audience interested. "A good lecturer is also an actor. A lecture should seem spontaneous, even if it's been given many times before... You capture the audience's attention. Then, without their realizing it, you pump a little scientific information into their brains.
Joseph A. Schwarcz | Biography
Fourier founded a new branch of mathematics — infinite, periodic series — studied heat flow and infrared radiation, and discovered the greenhouse effect. Girolamo Cardano, Blaise Pascal Pierre de Fermat, Von Neumann, Turing, Khinchin, Markov and Wiener, all mathematicians, made major contributions to science and probability theory, including the ideas behind computers, and some of the foundations of statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics. Many mathematically inclined scientists, including Galileo, were also musicians. There are many compelling stories in medicine and biology, such as the development of ideas about the circulation of blood from Galen to Harvey.
Scientist | Renaissance
Because of these factors affecting exact job titles with distinct responsibilities, some chemists might begin doing technician tasks while other chemists might begin doing more complicated tasks than those of a technician, such as tasks that also involve formal applied research, management, or supervision included within the responsibilities of that same job title. The level of supervision given to that chemist also varies in a similar manner, with factors similar to those that affect the tasks demanded for a particular chemist.
Chemist | Education
This role of female scientist encompasses many feminine stereotypes portrayed in movies. In this role the woman is subordinate to her male counterpart, who is either her father or her lover. She is smart and capable, but her secondary role does not allow her to demonstrate her abilities. Flicker writes that when this woman plays the role of lover to the male scientist, "her work place is limited to the bed." She is only good for sexual satisfaction, not for the degree she earned. The assistant role is seen in the female Dr. Medford in the film "Them!", as she is portrayed alongside an older gentleman of the same name.
Portrayal of women scientists in film | "The Daughter/Assistant"
He was a trainee, then "attaché", "chargé" and research master at the CNRS from 1970 to 1983, then a Professor at the Pierre and Marie Curie University from 1983 to 2015, at the same time part-time assistant professor at the Ecole Polytechnique (1984-1988). From 1989 to 1992 he was Head of Laboratory at the Institut Pasteur, then Professor from 1993 to 2015. He was the head of the "Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Levures" from 1989 to his retirement in 2015. Among the other functions occupied during his carrier, he has been appointed Scientific Deputy Director General of the Institut Pasteur from 2006 to 2008, by the Director General, Alice Dautry, and from 1997–2011 he was a Senior member of the Institut Universitaire de France.
Bernard Dujon | Functions in science and education
He had an important role during the period of the Convention : in charge with Monge and Lagrange to select the mathematics teachers for the newly created high-schools (""Grandes Ecoles""), in charge to evaluate "war weapons" and to conduct experiments on "projectiles shapes". In 1794, he attended a "representative of the nation" in a survey of "coal mines and weapons manufactures". The general inspector Monnet () met him during this mission and left a description of him in a memoir : " an extremely exalted head...and a witty person that never lacks of presence of mind ".
François Peyrard | 1789-1794 : among the scientists of the French Revolution
From 1986-88 Fostiropoulos was investigating effects of intermolecular forces in real gases at the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University. One focus was to study the thermodynamic properties of freons in order to substitute them by environmentally compatible substances in refrigerator units.
Konstantinos Fostiropoulos | First scientific career - "fundamental research"
Kirchhoff's first law is that the algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point (or node) is zero. The second law is that in a closed circuit, the directed sums of the voltages in a closed system is zero.
Gustav Kirchhoff | Kirchhoff's circuit laws
In 1938, he was promoted to full professor, and he remained in Ghent until his retirement in 1974. Most of his scientific research was on colloids and surface chemistry, focussing on electrokinetics.
Arend Joan Rutgers | Introduction
Scientists are individuals who conduct scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of interest. The term "scientist" was coined by William Whewell in 1833. In modern times, many professional scientists are trained in an academic setting and upon completion, attain an academic degree, with the highest degree being a doctorate such as a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Many scientists pursue careers in various sectors of the economy such as academia, industry, government, and nonprofit organizations. Scientists exhibit a strong curiosity about reality, with some scientists having a desire to apply scientific knowledge for the benefit of health, nations, environment, or industries.
Science | Scientists
The first Professor and Public Lecturer in Experimental Philosophy, Mechanics and Chemistry was Dr Thomas Garnett, whom Rumford poached from the newly founded Andersonian Institute in Glasgow. Despite Garnett's first lectures being a great success, his salary was frozen, he was not allowed to practise as a doctor, and Humphry Davy was appointed as his assistant, so he resigned. Humphry Davy was an even greater success, as was his assistant and successor Michael Faraday. Davy's immediate successor was William Thomas Brande. Thus the Institution has had an instrumental role in the advancement of science since its founding. Notable scientists who have worked there include Sir Humphry Davy (who discovered sodium and potassium), Michael Faraday, James Dewar, Sir William Henry Bragg and Sir William Lawrence Bragg (who jointly won the Nobel prize for their work on x-ray diffraction), Max Perutz, John Kendrew, Antony Hewish, and George Porter.
Royal Institution | History
In September 1859 he finally quit Chile for England. Soon after his arrival in London he was appointed lecturer on chemistry to St. Mary's Hospital (1860), and in 1862 became professor of chemistry in the London Institution. In the same year he was appointed chemist to the aniline colour works of Simpson, Maule, & Nicholson, a post which he held till 1866, when he became a partner in the old firm of his family - Messrs. J. C. & J. Field - in which he remained and of which he was senior partner at the time of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1863.
Frederick Field (chemist) | Return to England
Mathematician and physicist Sir John Leslie (1766–1832) is chiefly noted for his experiments with heat and was the first person to artificially create ice. Other major figures in science included William Cullen (1710–90), physician and chemist, James Anderson (1739–1808), agronomist. Joseph Black (1728–99), physicist and chemist, discovered carbon dioxide (fixed air) and latent heat, and developed what many consider to be the first chemical formulae.
Scottish Enlightenment | Mathematics, science and medicine
Examples include important churchmen such as the Augustinian abbot Gregor Mendel (pioneer in the study of genetics), the monk William of Ockham who developed Ockham's Razor, Roger Bacon (a Franciscan friar who was one of the early advocates of the scientific method), and Belgian priest Georges Lemaître (the first to propose the Big Bang theory). Other notable priest scientists have included Albertus Magnus, Robert Grosseteste, Nicholas Steno, Francesco Grimaldi, Giambattista Riccioli, Roger Boscovich, and Athanasius Kircher. Even more numerous are Catholic laity involved in science:Henri Becquerel who discovered radioactivity; Galvani, Volta, Ampere, Marconi, pioneers in electricity and telecommunications; Lavoisier, "father of modern chemistry"; Vesalius, founder of modern human anatomy; and Cauchy, one of the mathematicians who laid the rigorous foundations of calculus.
Role of Christianity in civilization | Letters and learning
. Under his supervision, she completed her PhD thesis on "Voltages and currents arising when disconnecting electrical systems contain long lines" the same year, earning the title of Doctor of Technical Sciences.
Maria Wanda Jastrzębska | Education and early career
In 1766 he succeeded Black as Professor of Chemistry at the University of Glasgow. He in turn was succeeded in 1770 by Black's assistant, William Irvine. In 1769, he announced that balls with like electrical charges repel each other with a force that varies as the inverse-square of the distance between them, anticipating Coulomb's law of 1785.
John Robison (physicist) | Biography
At the time, German academics were the leading authorities in the natural sciences, especially chemistry and thermodynamics.
Josiah Willard Gibbs | Career, 1863–73
Chemists may belong to professional societies specifically for professionals and researchers within the field of Chemistry, such as the Royal Society of Chemistry in the United Kingdom, or the American Chemical Society (ACS) in the United States.
Chemist | Professional societies
A government scientist is a scientist employed by a country's government, either in a research-driven job (for example J. Robert Oppenheimer on the Manhattan Project), or for another role that requires scientific training and methods. In some countries other terms such Technical officers is also used for scientists.
Government scientist | Introduction
All of them were physicists, except for D'Agostino who was a chemist.
Via Panisperna boys | Introduction
In keeping with his gas analogy, he maintains that just as one cannot measure the exact positions and velocities of gas molecules, one cannot pinpoint the exact productivity or contribution levels of individual scientists within science.
Little Science, Big Science | Galton Revisited
Our conclusion, in brief, is that science bears little resemblance to its conventional portrait. We believe that the logical structure discernible in scientific knowledge says nothing about the process by which the structure was built or the mentality of the builders. In the acquisition of knowledge, scientists are not guided by logic and objectivity alone, but also by such nonrational factors as rhetoric, propaganda, and personal prejudice. Scientists do not depend solely on rational thought, and have no monopoly on it. The authors present a series of case studies associated with the conduct of scientific research, from the manipulation of results to the total fabrication of whole experiments.
Betrayers of the Truth | Introduction
On the other hand, he engaged in the new learning based on experimentation that was producing men like William Harvey, Galileo Galilei and Francis Bacon. Van Helmont was a careful observer of nature; his analysis of data gathered in his experiments suggests that he had a concept of the conservation of mass. He performed an experiment to determine where plants get their mass. He grew a willow tree and measured the amount of soil, the weight of the tree and the water he added. After five years the plant had gained about 164 lbs (74 kg). Since the amount of soil was basically the same as it had been when he started his experiment (it lost only 57 grams), he deduced that the tree's weight gain had come from water.
Jan Baptist van Helmont | Career as chemistry pioneer
In 1966, Kopelman accepted a professorship position in chemistry at the University of Michigan, where he has served for over 50 years. As an educator, Kopelman has successfully trained many active scientists in the fields of chemistry, biomedical engineering, applied physics and others. Students of his have included Weihong Tan and Nobel-Prize winners Eric Betzig, Roald Hoffman, Richard Smalley, and Arieh Warshel. In his scientific work, he has authored over 600 publications, including scientific papers, patents, and books with nearly 30,000 citations. His publications have an h-index of over 80 (h-indexes of over 60 are considered to be “truly exceptional”).
Raoul Kopelman | Educator and Scientific Researcher
He acknowledged that the same theory had been independently developed at the same time by Benjamin Franklin—the two men later became allies in both scientific and political matters. On 14 August 1747 he made an experiment to conduct electricity through a 6,732 foot long wire at Shooter's Hill in London. At another experiment he made, the wire was 12,276 feet. Previous experiments in France had only tried shorter distances.
William Watson (scientist) | Introduction
The "bricoleur"'s foil is the engineer, who creates out of whole cloth without the need for "bricolage"—however, the engineer is merely a myth since all physical and intellectual production is really "bricolage".
Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences | "Bricolage"
Raoult was born at Fournes, in the "département" of Nord. He became aspirant "répétiteur" at the Lycée of Reims in 1853, and after holding several intermediate positions was appointed in 1862 to the professorship of chemistry in Sens lycée. There he prepared a thesis on electromotive force which gained him a doctor's degree in Paris the following year. In 1867 Raoult was put in charge of chemistry classes at Grenoble, and three years later he succeeded to the chair of chemistry, which he held until his death in 1901. Raoult's earliest researches were physical in character, being largely concerned with the phenomena of the voltaic cell; later there was a period when more purely chemical questions engaged his attention.
François-Marie Raoult | Life and work
He assumed the direction of the School until the graduation of the first class of students. In 1974 he prepared the first draft of the Master's project in Chemical Engineering and in 1980 he participated in the commission in charge of founding this postgraduate course. He was also founder of the Laboratory initially known has Laboratory of Interfacial Phenomena and Oil Recovery (1978) and now Formulation Interfaces Rheology and Processes (FIRP) Laboratory.
Jean-Louis Salager | Scientific Work
The higher the competency level achieved in the field of chemistry (as assessed via a combination of education, experience and personal achievements), the higher the responsibility given to that chemist and the more complicated the task might be. Chemistry, as a field, have so many applications that different tasks and objectives can be given to workers or scientists with these different levels of education or experience. The specific title of each job varies from position to position, depending on factors such as the kind of industry, the routine level of the task, the current needs of a particular enterprise, the size of the enterprise or hiring firm, the philosophy and management principles of the hiring firm, the visibility of the competency and individual achievements of the one seeking employment, economic factors such as recession or economic depression, among other factors, so this makes it difficult to categorize the exact roles of these chemistry-related workers as standard for that given level of education.
Chemist | Education
Chemistry, and its antecedent alchemy, became an increasingly important aspect of scientific thought in the course of the 16th and 17th centuries. The importance of chemistry is indicated by the range of important scholars who actively engaged in chemical research. Among them were the astronomer Tycho Brahe, the chemical physician Paracelsus, Robert Boyle, Thomas Browne and Isaac Newton. Unlike the mechanical philosophy, the chemical philosophy stressed the active powers of matter, which alchemists frequently expressed in terms of vital or active principles—of spirits operating in nature. Practical attempts to improve the refining of ores and their extraction to smelt metals were an important source of information for early chemists in the 16th century, among them Georg Agricola (1494–1555), who published his great work "De re metallica" in 1556.
Scientific Revolution | Chemistry
As a profession, the scientist of today is widely recognized.
Scientist | Profession
In 1830, Hess took up chemistry full-time, researching and teaching, and later became an adjunct professor of Chemistry at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. His most famous paper, outlining his law on thermochemistry, was published there in 1840. His principle, a progenitor for the first law of thermodynamics, came to be called Hess's law. It states that in a series of chemical reactions, the total energy gained or lost depends only on the initial and final states, regardless of the number or path of the steps. This is also known as the law of constant heat summation. Like most of his colleagues, Hess was primarily an experimental chemist interested in the discovery and analysis of new substances.
Germain Henri Hess | Contributions to chemistry
This is a list of chemists. It should include those who have been important to the development or practice of chemistry. Their research or application has made significant contributions in the area of basic or applied chemistry.
List of chemists | Introduction
Researchers who are permanent employees of the CNRS are classified in two categories, each subdivided into two or three classes, and each class is divided into several pay grades. In principle, research directors tend to head research groups, but this is not a general rule (a research scientist can head a group or even a laboratory and some research directors do not head a group). Employees for support activities include research engineers, studies engineers, assistant engineers and technicians. Contrary to what the name would seem to imply, these can have administrative duties (e.g. a secretary can be "technician", an administrative manager of a laboratory an "assistant engineer").
French National Centre for Scientific Research | Employment
Field wrote forty-three papers on scientific subjects for various periodicals, in addition to one written in conjunction with his brother-in-law, Sir F. A. Abel. Among them are:
Frederick Field (chemist) | Writings
Scientists include experimentalists who mainly perform experiments to test hypotheses, and theoreticians who mainly develop models to explain existing data and predict new results. There is a continuum between two activities and the division between them is not clear-cut, with many scientists performing both tasks. Those considering science as a career often look to the frontiers. These include cosmology and biology, especially molecular biology and the human genome project. Other areas of active research include the exploration of matter at the scale of elementary particles as described by high-energy physics, and materials science, which seeks to discover and design new materials.
Scientist | Research interests
Later, in 1972, he moved from industry to university. For many years he worked as assistant professor on fundamentals of ion exchange. In 1990, after the Velvet Revolution, he was promoted to associate professor. His research group worked mainly on selective removal of heavy metals via chelating ion exchangers and removal of nitrates from water. In 1997, he became head of Department of Power Engineering. For his teaching and scientific achievements, he was promoted to full professor in 2000. He retired soon after in 2002 at age of 65 (mandatory retirement) but he was still leading his research group working on part-time.
Zdeněk Matějka | Introduction
In the 1970-80s, scientists and designers working in the field of piezo electronics were tasked to develop a piezo sensor with specified electro-physical parameters and minimal weight and volume. Using Pontryagin maximum principle he was the first to find a theoretical solution to this type of problems. He was also one of the first scientists, who in cooperation with his students solved two- and three-dimensional electroelastic dynamic tasks on the basis of generalized variation principle with the use of methods of finite and boundary elements. He was among the first scientist who could theoretically prove the existence of "edge effect" in piezoceramic disk membranes.
Aladdin Allahverdiyev | Scientific and Educational Activities
Although in other fields of science students of the method are generally not practitioners in the field, in chemistry (particularly in synthetic organic chemistry) intellectual method and philosophical foundations are often explored by investigators with active research programmes. Elias James Corey developed the concept of "retrosynthesis" published a seminal work "The logic of chemical synthesis" which deconstructs these thought processes and speculates on computer-assisted synthesis. Other chemists such as K. C. Nicolaou (co-author of "Classics in Total Synthesis") have followed in his lead.
Philosophy of chemistry | Philosophers of chemistry
Latour's 1987 book "Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society" is one of the key texts of the sociology of scientific knowledge in which he famously wrote his Second Principle as follows: "Scientist and engineers speak in the name of new allies that they have shaped and enrolled; representatives among other representatives, they add these unexpected resources to tip the balance of force in their favor."
Bruno Latour | "Laboratory Life"
The experiments of Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794), a French chemist regarded as the founder of modern chemistry, were among the first to be truly quantitative. Lavoisier showed that although matter changes its state in a chemical reaction, the quantity of matter is the same at the end as at the beginning of every chemical reaction. In one experiment, he burned phosphorus and sulfur in air to see whether the results further supported his previous conclusion (Law of Conservation of Mass). In this experiment, however, he determined that the products weighed more than the original phosphorus and sulfur. He decided to do the experiment again.
History of experiments | Antoine Lavoisier
Chemistry and physics are branches of science that both study matter. The difference between the two lies in their scope and approach. Chemists and physicists are trained differently, and they have different professional roles, even when working in a team. The division between chemistry and physics becomes diffuse at the interface of the two branches, notably in fields such as physical chemistry, chemical physics, quantum mechanics, nuclear physics/chemistry, materials science, spectroscopy, solid state physics, solid-state chemistry, crystallography, and nanotechnology.
Comparison of chemistry and physics | Introduction
From the start of his career, Lewis regarded himself as both chemist and physicist.
Gilbert N. Lewis | Thermodynamics
In the Early Modern period, scientists such as William Harvey in England and Galileo Galilei in Italy reacted against the theories of Aristotle and other classical era thinkers like Galen, establishing new theories based to some degree on observation and experiment. Harvey demonstrated the circulation of the blood, establishing that the heart functioned as a pump rather than being the seat of the soul and the controller of the body's heat, as Aristotle thought. Galileo used more doubtful arguments to displace Aristotle's physics, proposing that bodies all fall at the same speed whatever their weight.
Aristotle | On Early Modern scientists
During his career, he has supervised more than 60 PhD students (+ 10 in progress) and trained many postdoctoral fellows. 25 former PhDs and post-docs are now professors in Canada, China, Denmark, France, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Singapore, UK & United States. Education has been a major part of his activities, and his lecture notes have formed the basis of a textbook entitled: "Electrochimie Physique et Analytique" (now in the third edition); translated in English "Analytical and Physical Electrochemistry".
Hubert Girault | Academic career
Jean Henri Hassenfratz (20 December 1755 – 26 February 1827) was a French chemist, physics professor, mine inspector, and participant in the French Revolution. In 1794, Hassenfratz took part (with Monge) in the creation of the École Polytechnique (first known as "École centrale des travaux publics"). Hassenfratz became its first professor of physics, a position he held until 1815, when he was succeeded by Alexis Petit (a former child prodigy and Polytechnique alumni who would soon discover the Dulong–Petit law, in 1819).
Jean Henri Hassenfratz | Introduction
Such mechanisms also play a great role in molecular biology. These cryptands, as Lehn dubbed them, became his main center of interest, and led to his definition of a new type of chemistry, "supramolecular chemistry", which instead of studying the bonds inside one molecule, looks at intermolecular attractions, and what would be later called "fragile objects", such as micelles, polymers, or clays.
Jean-Marie Lehn | Career
José J. Fripiat (1 July 1923 – 17 February 2014) was a Belgian scientist and former professor at the Universite Catholique de Louvain. He obtained a M.S. degree in Chemistry and Physics in 1944 at the Universite Catholique de Louvain. He started his career as a "soil physicist" in a research institute located in the Belgian Congo. While working in Congo he calculated and measured the motion of the water levels in soils of Central Africa and was able to predict it. In 1951, he received the Barman Award of the Belgium Royal Academy. In 1967, he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Exact Sciences for his work on surface chemistry.
José J. Fripiat | Introduction
Flicker argues that women are often pigeonholed into these six limiting roles when written in films. Each of these roles places the female scientist character on the sidelines, and does not allow her to be on the same level as her male counterpart(s). Despite the fact that the women in these roles are educated, and often just as educated as the men on their team, they are used primarily as assistants and sexual characters. Producers strategically write women's roles for the male gaze, often making the female characters use their "weapons of a woman," such as sex appeal, to be attractive to male characters and viewers alike.
Portrayal of women scientists in film | Female Characters as Objects in Film
In May 1711 he was elected a member of the Académie Royale des Sciences (botany section), subsequently transferring to the "chemistry section" in 1715. From 1718 to 1720 he was "Garde des marchands-apothicaires" in Paris, then later served as "inspecteur de pharmacie" at the Hôtel-Dieu. In 1731 he attained the title of alderman in Paris. From 1707 to 1751, he published numerous articles in the "Histoire et Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences".
Claude Joseph Geoffroy | Introduction
In 1970, in order to combat boredom and absenteeism in his introductory zoology course, Eakin gave his first lecture in character, appearing unannounced in full costume and makeup as William Harvey, the 17th-century physician who made the first complete descriptions of blood circulation. His portrayals of historic scientists, including Charles Darwin, Louis Pasteur, and Gregor Mendel, often involved elaborate wigs, makeup, costumes, and props, aided by professional makeup artists and drama teachers- his portrayal of Darwin required up to three hours of makeup, wig, and beard preparation. His lectures were popular with students from the start and attracted international attention, with profiles in publications such as "LIFE", "Der Spiegel", and the "International Herald Tribune".
Richard M. Eakin | "Great scientists speak again"
Chernodub worked for the ITEP (1994–2001, 2003–2006, 2007–2008) and for the Japanese Kanazawa (2001–2003) and Hiroshima University (2006–2007). Since 2008, he holds a permanent position as a researcher for the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), at the of the University of Tours. He is also a Visiting Professor at the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University (Belgium; 2010–2012), and a referee for the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Russian Ministry of Education and Science, and the French National Agency for Research.
Maxim Chernodub | Work as a scientist
By revealing the mechanistic bases of these individual processes through a combination of theory and experiment, he has significantly deepened, and in some cases revolutionised, the understanding of whole systems in small (gas-phase) and giant (polymer) reaction dynamics.
Robert Gilbert (chemist) | Introduction
They exhibit a strong curiosity about reality. Other motivations are recognition by their peers and prestige. The Nobel Prize, a widely regarded prestigious award, is awarded annually to those who have achieved scientific advances in the fields of medicine, physics, chemistry, and economics. Some scientists have a desire to apply scientific knowledge for the benefit of people's health, the nations, the world, nature, or industries (academic scientist and industrial scientist). Scientists tend to be less motivated by direct financial reward for their work than other careers. As a result, scientific researchers often accept lower average salaries when compared with many other professions which require a similar amount of training and qualification.
Scientist | Career
Socially, they constituted the petite bourgeoisie, composed of scholar-bureaucrats (scholars, professionals, and technicians) who administered the dynastic rule of the Joseon dynasty. In his 1847 address, Gerhart asserted that scholars have an obligation to constantly continue their studies so as to remain aware of new knowledge being generated, and to contribute their own insights to the body of knowledge available to all:
Scholar | Role in society
Academician Mirsaidov Ulmas Mirsaidovich is the author of 450 scientific articles, 15 monographs, 75 inventor's certificates and patents. Under his supervision, 9 doctors of sciences and more than 40 PhD dissertations were defended. He founded perfect scientific school of chemists in the country which has international importance. He is a great authority in the field of hydrogen compounds chemistry. For the first time in Tajikistan, he started systematic investigations in the field of lightweight metals hydrides and power-consuming substances chemistry. These investigations results made it possible to reveal and justify mechanism, behavior regularity and many reactions directivity. He is a great propagandist of science history.
Ulmas Mirsaidovich Mirsaidov | Scientific articles
Latcham.
Humberto Fuenzalida | Career as scientist
(While his father was alive, Théodore's papers were published under the name "de Saussure fils", as was the custom of the day for the sons of scientists having the same surname.) Nicolas-Théodore and his two siblings were educated at home by their father. From 1782 to 1786, he attended the l'académie de Genève, where he studied math, science, and history. During the early years of the French Revolution he traveled abroad, meeting with eminent scientists in London. He traveled abroad again in the late 1790s, and in 1800 became acquainted with Parisian scientists and other luminaries. While there, he took courses in chemistry and presented a paper.
Nicolas Théodore de Saussure | Biography
Lavoisier's researches included some of the first truly quantitative chemical experiments. He carefully weighed the reactants and products of a chemical reaction in a sealed glass vessel so that no gases could escape, which was a crucial step in the advancement of chemistry. In 1774, he showed that, although matter can change its state in a chemical reaction, the total mass of matter is the same at the end as at the beginning of every chemical change. Thus, for instance, if a piece of wood is burned to ashes, the total mass remains unchanged if gaseous reactants and products are included.
Antoine Lavoisier | Pioneer of stoichiometry
His first chemistry research was published in 1735 and in 1736 he became an assistant chemist at the Academie Royale des Sciences, succeeding Charles Marie de la Condamine (1701-1774). He rose to the position of chief chemist in 1743 after the death of Louis Lemery. Hellot's contributions to chemistry include studies on dyeing and mordants for wool. He also demonstrated that colors in precious minerals were due to gaseous additives at the time of formation. Hellot studied the formulation and assaying of metals and their alloys and techniques for refining metal. In 1763 he was part of committee to examine fire hazards in a coalmine in Briancon.
Jean Hellot | Introduction
In modern times, many professional scientists are trained in an academic setting (e.g., universities and research institutes), mostly at the level of graduate schools. Upon completion, they would normally attain an academic degree, with the highest degree being a doctorate such as a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Although graduate education for scientists varies among institutions and countries, some common training requirements include specializing in an area of interest, publishing research findings in peer-reviewed scientific journals and presenting them at scientific conferences, giving lectures or teaching, and defending a thesis (or dissertation) during an oral examination. To aid them in this endeavor, graduate students often work under the guidance of a mentor, usually a senior scientist, which may continue after the completion of their doctorates whereby they work as postdoctoral researchers.
Scientist | Education
The following provides more detail on his lifetime of work as a scientist in chemistry, materials science and energy science.
Dieter Gruen | Introduction
Raoul Kopelman (born October 21, 1933) is a scientist, inventor, and is currently the Richard Smalley Distinguished University Professor of Chemistry, Physics, Applied Physics, Biophysics, Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Biology at the University of Michigan. Amongst other accomplishments, he is well known for developing the Hoshen-Kopelman algorithm. He was also amongst the first scientists pushing to establish the field of nanotechnology.
Raoul Kopelman | Introduction
Until the late 19th or early 20th century, scientists were still referred to as "natural philosophers" or "men of science". English philosopher and historian of science William Whewell coined the term "scientist" in 1833, and it first appeared in print in Whewell's anonymous 1834 review of Mary Somerville's "On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences" published in the "Quarterly Review". Whewell's suggestion of the term was partly satirical, a response to changing conceptions of science itself in which natural knowledge was increasingly seen as distinct from other forms of knowledge. Whewell wrote of "an increasing proclivity of separation and dismemberment" in the sciences; while highly specific terms proliferated—chemist, mathematician, naturalist—the broad term "philosopher" was no longer satisfactory to group together those who pursued science, without the caveats of "natural" or "experimental" philosopher.
Scientist | 19th century
James Apjohn as the Chair of Chemistry in the RCSI. While this would be unusual today, in the latter part of the 19th century and early part of the 20th century the cultivation of chemical sciences and the practice of medicine were frequently associated with the same person. Barker died in Dublin 11 September 1873 at the age of 63.
William Barker (chemist) | Introduction
G. Deicha performed his whole scientific career in the CNRS (French National Centre for Scientific Research). He retired with the title "Directeur de recherche de classe exceptionnelle"
Georges Deicha | Scientific career
He is Emeritus Professor at the Institut Pasteur.
Bernard Dujon | Functions in science and education
O. Kraemer wrote, "Professor Seifriz is a versatile scientist. His work on emulsions, gels, and other colloid topics is well known among chemists and physicists, but they may not be aware that Professor Seifriz is a member of a botany department and is an active investigator in botany and biology. Professor Seifriz's general attitude toward science, and, in particular, his point of view in his book is typified by the quotation from Descartes with which he introduces his preface: If, therefore, anyone wishes to search out the truth of things in serious earnest, he ought not to select one special science; for all the sciences are conjoined with each other and interdependent." In a review of Seifriz' book, "The Structure of Protoplasm", C.
William Seifriz | Research
"Vem är det : Svensk biografisk handbok 1963", Ed. Ingeborg Burling, P. A. Norstedt & Söners Förlag, Stockholm, 1962, p. 251.
Gösta Ehrensvärd (chemist) | Sources
Sabatier studied at the École Normale Supérieure, starting in 1874. Three years later, he graduated at the top of his class. In 1880, he was awarded a Doctor of Science degree from the College de France. In 1883 Sabatier succeeded Édouard Filhol at the Faculty of Science, and began a long collaboration with Jean-Baptiste Senderens, so close that it was impossible to distinguish the work of either man. They jointly published 34 notes in the "Accounts of the Academy of Science", 11 memoirs in the "Bulletin of the French Chemical Society" and 2 joint memoirs to the "Annals of Chemistry and Physics".
Paul Sabatier (chemist) | Education
With a desire of helping society, he later attended the Israel Institute of Technology to earn his bachelor's degree in chemical engineering and his master's degree in chemistry. He took classes on quantum mechanics with David Bohm and group theory with David Fox.
Raoul Kopelman | Birth, Education, and Early Career
Jobs for chemists generally require at least a bachelor's degree, but many positions, especially those in research, require a Master of Science or a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.). Most undergraduate programs emphasize mathematics and physics as well as chemistry, partly because chemistry is also known as "the central science", thus chemists ought to have a well-rounded knowledge about science. At the Master's level and higher, students tend to specialize in a particular field. Fields of specialization include biochemistry, nuclear chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, polymer chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, quantum chemistry, environmental chemistry, and thermochemistry. Postdoctoral experience may be required for certain positions.
Chemist | Education
Pedro Nunes lived in a transition period, during which science was changing from valuing theoretical knowledge (which defined the main role of a scientist/mathematician as commenting on previous authors), to providing experimental data, both as a source of information and as a method of confirming theories. Nunes was, above all, one of the last great commentators, as is shown by his first published work “Tratado da Esfera”, enriched with comments and additions that denote a profound knowledge of the difficult cosmography of the period. He also acknowledged the value of experimentation. In his "Tratado da sphera" he argued for a common and universal diffusion of knowledge.
Pedro Nunes | Work
For example, Joseph Priestley was a clergyman and educator, who spoke freely with others, especially those in his scientific community, including Benjamin Franklin, a self-made man who retired from the printing business. A system of patents was developed to allow inventors a period of time (often twenty years) to commercialise their inventions and recoup a profit, although in practice many found this difficult. The talents of an inventor are not those of a businessman, and there are many examples of inventors (e.g. Charles Goodyear) making rather little money from their work whilst others were able to market it.
History of science policy | 18th and 19th centuries
After graduating, he worked briefly as a high school teacher before he returned to university. In 1951, he completed his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in physics with Friedrich Bopp (Fritz) with a dissertation on a quantum mechanics problem posed by Arnold Sommerfeld related to unipolar induction. Samelson became interested in numerical analysis, and when Hans Piloty, an electrical engineer, and Robert Sauer, a professor of Mathematics, began working together, he joined and got involved in early computers as a research associate in the Mathematical Institute of the Technical University of Munich. This changed his scientific career. His first publications came from Sauer's interests dealing with supersonic speed flow and precision problems of digital computations for numerical calculations of eigenvalues.
Klaus Samelson | Career
His study established that any particular droplet's electrical charge is a multiple of a definite, fundamental value — the electron's charge — and thus a confirmation that all electrons have the same charge and mass. Beginning in 1912, he spent several years investigating and finally proving Albert Einstein's proposed linear relationship between energy and frequency, and providing the first direct photoelectric support for Planck's constant. In 1923 Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics. In 1909, S. P. L. Sørensen invented the pH concept and developed methods for measuring acidity. In 1911, Antonius Van den Broek proposed the idea that the elements on the periodic table are more properly organized by positive nuclear charge rather than atomic weight.
History of chemistry | 20th century
The second opponent on doctoral thesis was the State Prize of the USSR laureate, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Professor Anatolii Regel. Doctoral dissertation of Ernest Arushanov began a new research direction in physics and materials science of semiconductors – the growth of single crystals, determination of the band structure, scattering mechanisms of charge carriers and the practical application of semiconductors AB and AB based on cadmium[4].
Ernest Arushanov | Research
Bill Bryson, in his "A Short History of Nearly Everything", notes: Chemistry as an earnest and respectable science is often said to date from 1661, when Robert Boyle of Oxford published "The Sceptical Chymist" — the first work to distinguish between chemists and alchemists — but it was a slow and often erratic transition. Into the eighteenth century scholars could feel oddly comfortable in both camps — like the German Johann Becher, who produced sober and unexceptionable work on mineralogy called "Physica Subterranea", but who also was certain that, given the right materials, he could make himself invisible.
Johann Joachim Becher | Commentary
He produced his first major scientific work here on the Eurasian hobby, which was published in 1865 under the title ""Falco subbuteo Linné"". He wrote a number of popular works in Kolozsvár, for example, "The Art of the Spider" appeared in the 1866 Kolozsvár Almanach. Brassai and Herman had were almost identical in appearance. both wearing shoulder length hair and long beards. The striking exterior masked people who wanted to know and experience everything, especially the life of animals in natural surroundings. However, the two scientists did not share the same character: Brassai loved to spend time on the details, while Herman sought out great generalizations, delving into details only to support his arguments.
Ottó Herman | Scientific work
He then returned to Paris as assistant to AJ Balard at the College de France, in 1876 he succeeded him in the chair of chemistry, and in 1882 he became directing professor at the municipal École de Physique et de Chimie. The two latter chairs he held together until his death, which happened at Mézy, Seine et Oise.
Paul Schützenberger | Introduction
Gassiot was a close associate of William Robert Grove at the Royal Society, encouraging Grove to join the London Institution where the two worked together on the development of photography. Gassiot's work was particularly important in the demise of the contact theory of voltaic electricity. Starting in 1840 he performed a number of experiments culminating in 1844 where he used a battery of 100 mutually insulated Grove cells to show that a spark could be drawn before an electrical contact was made. Gassiot extended Groves's work on striae in electrical discharges, showing that the discharge cannot continue in a vacuum.
John Peter Gassiot | Scientist
After returning to India, Gadre joined as a lecturer at the Department of Chemistry of University of Pune and became a Professor of Physical Chemistry in 1988. Since joining the University of Pune, Gadre's work has focused on the study of molecular scalar fields and their topographical characteristics. In 1985 he proposed a new maximum entropy principle which has been since investigated by other researchers. Gadre has been at the forefront of investigating chemical reactivity and weak interactions through the use of molecular electrostatics potentials and momentum densities. Gadre has also contributed to algorithms and codes for efficiently parallelising quantum chemical ab inito calculations.
Shridhar Ramachandra Gadre | Career
The three major employers of chemists are academic institutions, industry, especially the chemical industry and the pharmaceutical industry, and government laboratories. Chemistry typically is divided into several major sub-disciplines. There are also several main cross-disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry. There is a great deal of overlap between different branches of chemistry, as well as with other scientific fields such as biology, medicine, physics, radiology, and several engineering disciplines.
Chemist | Employment
In that year he communicated an experiment in bioelectricity: by making a wound in a finger and inserting the electrode of a galvanometer, while placing the other electrode in contact with an unwounded finger, a current was observed to flow. Lettsom observed that the experiment was repeatable for he had tried it himself. In 1857 while on diplomatic service in Mexico he sent to the Royal Entomological Society of London some seeds which, when put in a warm place, became "very lively". The grub responsible had not been investigated scientifically before, wrote Lettsom, and he asked the Society to do so.
William Garrow Lettsom | Scientist
Thus, already in 1970, this encyclopedia put academician Abdullayev as the sixth most influential scientist in semi-conductor research, higher than such giants as Academicians Alferov and Keldish!"
Hasan Abdullayev | Scientific efforts and peer recognition
It wasn't until the 19th century that sufficient socioeconomic changes occurred for scientists to emerge as a major profession.
Scientist | History
He is a member of the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences
Andreas Kjær (scientist) | Introduction
Additionally, success by scientists has traditionally involved non-scientific elements, such as inspiration from mythical or religious sources. Based on these arguments, Feyerabend defended the idea that science should be separated from the state in the same way that religion and state are separated in a modern secular society (). He envisioned a "free society" in which "all traditions have equal rights and equal access to the centres of power" (). For example, parents should be able to determine the ideological context of their children's education, instead of having limited options because of scientific standards. According to Feyerabend, science should also be subjected to democratic control: not only should the subjects that are investigated by scientists be determined by popular election, scientific assumptions and conclusions should also be supervised by committees of lay people.
Paul Feyerabend | Role of science in society
Seen in "", this woman scientist does very little. For the sake of the dramatization of the film, she is crucial, but she does not advance the story and does not contribute much to the solution. Instead, her femininity causes more trouble for the team of scientists. She is young, attractive, and subject to experience womanly emotions which add an extra layer to the existing predicament, forcing the man to solve the problem in order to get the team out of trouble. She is "naïve in her actions," messing up every task that is given to her despite her extensive education and knowledge, while her male counterpart stands in stark contrast and ends up saving the day.
Portrayal of women scientists in film | "The Naïve Expert"
He founded the scientific field of Social Energetics, which was later expanded on by Frederick Soddy in his book "The Role of Money". He was inspired by reading Henry George to investigate sociology. He came to the conclusion that the same mathematics and reasoning applied equally to entropy, energy and thermodynamics in steam boilers as well as in the social body.
Sidney Armor Reeve | Biography
Hoffmann in the Royal College of Chemistry in Oxford Street. Field was one of the original members of the Chemical Society of London, started in 1846, and he read his first paper to that society in the following year.
Frederick Field (chemist) | Early life