However, he was still a figure of some note in leftist circles in the city, which partially explained the CIA's hostility. While Árbenz was living in Montevideo, his wife came to join him. He was also visited by Arévalo a year after his own arrival there. Although the relationship between Arévalo and the Árbenz family was initially friendly, it soon deteriorated due to differences between the two men. Arévalo himself was not under surveillance in Uruguay and was occasionally able to express himself through articles in the popular press. He left for Venezuela a year after his arrival to take up a position as a teacher.
Europe and Uruguay
Jacobo Árbenz
Jacobo Árbenz | Europe and Uruguay
Paris, Prague, Montevideo, Uruguay Paris, Prague and Moscow Mexican embassy in Guatemala City Switzerland.
what is operation pbfortune?
user
It was a covert United States operation to overthrow the democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz
assistant
where did the place get its name?
user
The name "Guatemala" comes from the Nahuatl word "Cuauhtēmallān" , or "place of many trees".
assistant
name a few literatures associated with nahuatl?
user
Chalco written by Chimalpahin, from Tlaxcala by Diego Muñoz Camargo, from Mexico-Tenochtitlan by Fernando Alvarado Tezozomoc and those of Texcoco by Fernando Alva Ixtlilxochitl
assistant
when did the person against whom the operation was intended become president?
user
March 15, 1951
assistant
was he ever exiled?
user
Yes, Árbenz and his family were the victims of a CIA-orchestrated and intense defamation campaign that led them to exile
assistant
where did he spend his exile period?
user
Through this entire period, coverage of Árbenz in the Guatemalan press was very negative, influenced largely by the CIA's campaign. The family then initiated a long journey in exile that would take them first to Mexico, then to Canada, where they went to pick up Arabella (the Árbenzs' oldest daughter), and then to Switzerland via the Netherlands and Paris. They hoped to obtain citizenship in Switzerland based on Árbenz's Swiss heritage. However, the former president did not wish to renounce his Guatemalan nationality, as he felt that such a gesture would have marked the end of his political career. Árbenz and his family were the victims of a CIA-orchestrated and intense defamation campaign that lasted from 1954 to 1960.
Jacobo Árbenz | Beginning of exile
After Árbenz's resignation, his family remained for 73 days at the Mexican embassy in Guatemala City, which was crowded with almost 300 exiles. During this period, the CIA initiated a new set of operations against Árbenz, intended to discredit the former president and damage his reputation. The CIA obtained some of Árbenz's personal papers, and released parts of them after doctoring the documents. The CIA also promoted the notion that individuals in exile, such as Árbenz, should be prosecuted in Guatemala. When they were finally allowed to leave the country, Árbenz was publicly humiliated at the airport when the authorities made the former president strip before the cameras, claiming that he was carrying jewelry he had bought for his wife, María Cristina Vilanova, at Tiffany's in New York City, using funds from the presidency; no jewelry was found but the interrogation lasted for an hour.
Jacobo Árbenz | Beginning of exile
After resigning due to the coup organized by the United Fruit Company and the United States Department of State, the Árbenz family remained for 73 days at the Mexican embassy in Guatemala, which was crowded with almost 300 exiles. When they were finally allowed to leave the country, Jacobo Arbenz was publicly humiliated at the airport because the liberationist authorities made the former president strip before the cameras, claiming that he was carrying jewelry he had bought for his wife at Tiffany's in New York City, using funds from the presidency; no jewelry was found during the hour-long interrogation. The Arbenz family embarked into exile, going first to México, then to Canada, where they went to pick up Arabella who was attending school there, and then on to Switzerland via the Netherlands.
Arabella Árbenz | Family humiliation and exile
After a brief stay in Moscow, Árbenz returned to Prague and then to Paris. From there he separated from his wife: María traveled to ElSalvador to take care of family affairs. The separation made life increasingly difficult for Árbenz, and he slipped into depression and took to drinking excessively. He tried several times to return to Latin America, and was finally allowed in 1957 to move to Uruguay. The CIA made several attempts to prevent Árbenz from receiving a Uruguayan visa, but these were unsuccessful, and the Uruguayan government allowed Árbenz to travel there as a political refugee. Árbenz arrived in Montevideo on May 13, 1957, where he was met by a hostile "reception committee" organized by the CIA.
Jacobo Árbenz | Europe and Uruguay
After being unable to obtain citizenship in Switzerland, the Árbenz family moved to Paris, where the French government gave them permission to live for a year, on the condition that they did not participate in any political activity, then to Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia. After only three months, he moved to Moscow, which came as a relief to him from the harsh treatment he received in Czechoslovakia. While traveling in the Soviet Union and its vassal states, he was constantly criticized in the press in Guatemala and the US, on the grounds that he was showing his true communist colors by going there.
Jacobo Árbenz | Europe and Uruguay
After resigning due to the coup organized by the United Fruit Company and the United States Department of State, the Árbenz Vilanova family remained for 73 days at the Mexican embassy in Guatemala, which was crowded with almost 300 exiles. When they were finally allowed to leave the country, Jacobo Arbenz was publicly humiliated at the airport when the liberationist authorities made the former president strip before the cameras, claiming that he was carrying jewelry he had bought for his wife at Tiffany's in New York City, using funds from the presidency. No jewelry was found during the hour-long interrogation.
Maria Cristina Vilanova | Humiliation and exile
A close friend of Árbenz, Carlos Manuel Pellecer, turned out to be a spy working for the CIA.
Jacobo Árbenz | Beginning of exile
However, he was still a figure of some note in leftist circles in the city, which partially explained the CIA's hostility. While Árbenz was living in Montevideo, his wife came to join him. He was also visited by Arévalo a year after his own arrival there. Although the relationship between Arévalo and the Árbenz family was initially friendly, it soon deteriorated due to differences between the two men. Arévalo himself was not under surveillance in Uruguay and was occasionally able to express himself through articles in the popular press. He left for Venezuela a year after his arrival to take up a position as a teacher.
Jacobo Árbenz | Europe and Uruguay
Arbenz tried several times to return to Latin America, and was finally allowed to move to Uruguay in 1957 (Arbenz joined the Communist Party in that year), living in Montevideo from 1957 to 1960. Uruguay had been supportive throughout the Guatemalan revolutionary process, and became home to the two former presidents of the so-called "Guatemalan Democratic Spring". Arbenz's predecessor, Juan José Arévalo, had been in Montevideo on several prior occasions, establishing himself there between 1958 and early 1959, when he accepted a university position in Venezuela; he expressed his views through a number of newspaper articles he penned. On the other hand, Arbenz and his family, who arrived in mid-1957, had a very different experience: his communist ties, especially with José Manuel Fortuny, and forced passage through Czechoslovakia, the USSR and China, aroused suspicions.
Maria Cristina Vilanova | Humiliation and exile
In Switzerland, the Swiss authorities requested that Arbenz renounce his Guatemalan nationality, so as to prevent him from conducting resistance activities. The ousted president refused this request, as he felt that such a gesture would have marked the end of his political career. Furthermore, Arbenz could not seek political asylum, because Switzerland had not yet ratified the 1951 agreement of the newly created United Nations Refugees Convention, which was designed to protect people fleeing from communist regimes in Eastern Europe. Árbenz and his family were instead the victims of a CIA-orchestrated defamation campaign that lasted from 1954 to 1960, which only abated when the Cuban revolution triumphed in 1959, and that included a close friend of Árbenz, who turned out to be a double agent working for the CIA: Carlos Manuel Pellecer.
Arabella Árbenz | Family humiliation and exile
During his stay in Uruguay, Árbenz was initially required to report to the police on a daily basis; eventually, however, this requirement was relaxed somewhat to once every eight days. María Árbenz later stated that the couple was pleased by the hospitality they received in Uruguay, and would have stayed there indefinitely had they received permission to do so.
Jacobo Árbenz | Europe and Uruguay
Asturias devoted much of his political energy towards supporting the government of Jacobo Árbenz, successor to Juan José Arévalo Bermejo. Asturias was asked following his work as an ambassador to help suppress the threat of rebels from El Salvador. While his efforts were backed by the U.S. and Salvadoran governments, the rebels succeeded in invading Guatemala and overthrew Jacobo Árbenz' rule in 1954. When the government of Jacobo Árbenz fell Asturias was expelled from the country by Carlos Castillo Armas because of his support for Árbenz. He was stripped of his Guatemalan citizenship and went to live in Buenos Aires and Chile, where he spent the next eight years of his life.
Miguel Ángel Asturias | Exile and rehabilitation
After being rejected for entry by Switzerland, the Árbenz family moved to Paris, France and then to Prague, Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovak officials were uncomfortable with Arbenz, unsure if he would demand the government compensate him for shipments of Second World War-era arms that they had sold Guatemala in 1954. After only three months, the family moved again, this time to Moscow, which proved a relief from the harsh treatment they encountered in Czechoslovakia. Arbenz tried to return to Latin America several times, finally being allowed to move to Uruguay in 1957 (Arbenz joined the Communist Party in that year). The Arbenz family lived in Montevideo from 1957 to 1960.
Arabella Árbenz | Seeking shelter
Árbenz and his family ended up instead the victims of an intense, CIA-orchestrated defamation campaign that lasted from 1954 to the triumph of the Cuban revolution in 1959. Árbenz's close friend Carlos Manuel Pellecer worked for the CIA, playing a key role in the defamation campaign. After being spurned by Switzerland, the Árbenz family moved to Paris, and then to Prague. Czechoslovak officials were uncomfortable with his stay, unsure if he would demand compensation for the poor quality of Second World War-era arms that they had sold him in 1954. After only three months, he moved again, this time to Moscow, which proved to be a relief from the harsh treatment he received in Czechoslovakia.
Maria Cristina Vilanova | Humiliation and exile
The Arbenz family then embarked into exile, taking them first to México, then to Canada, where they went to pick up daughter Arabella, and then on to Switzerland via the Netherlands. As a condition for entry, the Swiss authorities asked Arbenz to renounce his Guatemalan nationality, to prevent the ousted president from continuing his resistance in Switzerland. Arbenz refused this request, as he felt that such a gesture would mark the end of his political career. Furthermore, he could not benefit from political asylum, because Switzerland had not yet ratified the 1951 Agreement of the newly created United Nations High Commission for Refugees, designed to protect people fleeing from communist regimes in Eastern Europe.
Maria Cristina Vilanova | Humiliation and exile
For 12 years, from 1973 to 1985, when a civic-military dictatorship ruled Uruguay, Benedetti lived in exile. He first went to Buenos Aires, and then to Lima in Peru where he was detained, deported and then given amnesty. He went to Cuba in 1976 and the following year to Madrid, Spain. His exile was made particularly trying by the fact that his wife had to remain in Uruguay to look after both of their mothers. In 1980 he moved to Palma, Majorca.
Mario Benedetti | Exile
At the end of the war, the Republican Generalitat will order him the task of evacuating all the intellectuals. Finished the war will exile first in France, embark towards Buenos Aires and establish definitively in Santiago of Chile, where he will live for eight years. During the exile, he continued his task of intellectual compromised with his time and his country. He collaborated with "Catalonia" (edited in Buenos Aires) and directed "Germanor" (Brothehood) (edited in Chile). He set up the collection "The pine of the three branches" along Xavier Benguerel.
Joan Oliver i Sallarès | The Civil War and the exile
He remained in exile in Paris until an amnesty was declared. He returned in 1918 and was elected president of the "Sindicato Metalúrgico de Vizcaya". He represented the union of the 13th congress of the UGT in 1918, and in the 14th congress in 1920.
Leandro Carro | Early years (1890–1920)
Born in Paysandú, Uruguay on July 26, 1934, Gargano went into exile in Spain in 1974 following a coup d'état. He returned to Uruguay several years later.
Reinaldo Gargano | Exile
Astigarrabía went into exile with his family and lived in Panama for 21 years. After twenty years Dolores Ibárruri stated that he was "recoverable". He rejoined the PCE, and then moved to Cuba for the next 20 years. After the Basque Communist Party was reorganized in 1974 he was given a symbolic position in the party, which was now headed by Ormazábal. In the late 1970s Astigarrabía left his family in Cuba to return to Basque politics. He returned to Spain in 1980, and was named Honorary President of "Euskadiko Ezkerra" on his return. Astigarrabía died in his home in San Sebastián on 4 March 1989.
Juan Astigarrabía | Exile and return (1938–89)
After the end of the war, he fled to Argentina and lived there until his death in 1971.
Francisco Galán | Exile
Under the dictatorship of Juan Vicente Gómez, he was imprisoned and then exiled to Spain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and then the United States. Protesting at the dictatorship, he encountered the anarchist organization "Generación Consciente" in Barcelona. He eventually returned to Venezuela, and died in Caracas, aged 88.
Carlos Brandt | Exile
When the National Party took power in Uruguay in late 1958, the situation worsened for Arbenz there. In 1960, after the Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro invited Árbenz to Cuba, which Árbenz Guzmán readily agreed to.
Maria Cristina Vilanova | Humiliation and exile
Between 1871 and 1875 he lived in Mexico, Cuba and the United States. Back in Barcelona, in the year 1879 he participated in the founding of the Typographical Society and constitution of the Federation of the Region Spanish (FTRE) in Barcelona in September 1881, which was part of the federal commission.
Antoni Pellicer | Exile and Return to Spain
However, the pressure of the Trujillo dictatorship became unbearable, especially for anybody with social concerns. His poems were putting him up against the regime, so after receiving threats and feeling his life in danger, he fled to Cuba in 1947. The exile would last sixteen years, until the regime fell in 1963. During the exile he traveled to many countries, but spent most of the time in Cuba.
Pedro Mir | Life and career
Once he was settled in, he joined other Spanish exiles — including Luis Buñuel, with whom he formed a working friendship. In Mexico he worked as screenwriter. He also wrote for the newspapers "Nacional" and "Excélsior" and worked as a Professor at the Film Academy in Mexico. He became a Mexican citizen in 1955 and lived in Mexico City until his death. In 1972, he was elected Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres by the French Government.
Max Aub | Exile
In 1896, after attacking the government in his newspaper, he was convicted to prison by a War Council. However, he fled to France where he stayed for a while. He then moved to Madrid, where he was detained and jailed for several months. After receiving a pardon from the Ministry of Overseas, Don Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, he remained in Madrid for three years collaborating for the newspapers "El Globo", "El Heraldo", and "El Liberal".
Mariano Abril y Ostalo | Exile in Europe
Peurifoy promised to arrange a truce, and the plotters went to Árbenz and informed him of their decision. Árbenz, utterly exhausted and seeking to preserve at least a measure of the democratic reforms that he had brought, agreed. After informing his cabinet of his decision, he left the presidential palace at 8 pm on June 27, 1954, having taped a resignation speech that was broadcast an hour later. In it, he stated that he was resigning in order to eliminate the "pretext for the invasion," and that he wished to preserve the gains of the October Revolution. He walked to the nearby Mexican Embassy, seeking political asylum.
Jacobo Árbenz | Operation PBSuccess
"Betancourt's third, and longest, period of exile was a time of enormous frustration. In the prime of his life --for roughly the decade of his forties-- he was forced into relative inactivity and obscurity. He traveled extensively, living in Cuba, Costa Rica, and Puerto Rico, and remained a leader of an opposition-in-exile to the Perez Jimenez dictatorship. And of course wrote 'Venezuela: Oil and Politics'. A beach home outside of San Juan (Puerto Rico) provided a quiet refuge for this work," wrote Franklin Tugwell in his Introduction to the 1978 English publication of Betancourt's book. "The preparation of this book has been as hectic as the life of the author.
Rómulo Betancourt | Third exile
He went into hiding in 1975, when members of Radical Democracy turned against the dictatorship demanding the return to democracy. Upon the re-formation of the Radical Party of Chile in 1988, he joined its ranks, where he worked until the day of his death on April 23, 1994. His ashes rest in the Elqui Valley, a place where he always wanted to return.
Julio Alberto Mercado Illanes | Exile
He walked to the nearby Mexican Embassy, seeking political asylum. Two months later he was granted safe passage out of the country, and flew to exile in Mexico.
1954 Guatemalan coup d'état | Árbenz's resignation
Dire need and economic hardship overwhelmed his home. His mother had to leave their village to look for ways to rebuild their lives and try to reunite the family, but he could not stand it any longer. He, therefore, decided to abandon their land and travel alone to Madrid in search of work in August 1942, at the age of sixteen. At this young age he began his forced emigration that lasted until 1956 when he settled in New York City (United States). In Madrid he continued his studies in high school, but his life changed completely by having to work in order to send money home and to also pay for his studies.
Odón Betanzos Palacios | Early years
The Spanish scattering took place during a public ceremony at the Bridge of the French.
Carlos Romero Giménez | Exile in Mexico
In 1947 Zeida went into exile to Uruguay, where he lived almost half his adult life.
Marcos Zeida | Exile in Uruguay
After the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, Insulza was prohibited from entering Chile. Insulza lived in exile in Italy from 1974 to 1981 and in Mexico from 1981 to 1988, doing research and then working as the Director of the United States Studies Institute in the Center for Economic Research and Teaching (CIDE). He was a professor at Mexico's Universidad Nacional Autónoma, the Universidad Iberoamericana, and the Diplomatic Studies Institute. He has written numerous publications in his field.
José Miguel Insulza | Exile in Mexico
Shortly after the fall of Victoriano Huerta's de facto government, Harootian was persecuted by the new authorities and chose to leave the country.
Jacobo Harrotian | Late life and exile
Romero was taken to the Gurs concentration camp, where along with Spanish refugees (including his friend, Lieutenant Colonel Francisco Buzón Llanes) Jews were concentrated awaiting to be deported for extermination. He, his wife and daughter were saved due to the humanitarian proceedings of Gilberto Bosques, Consul of Mexico, distinguished for his outstanding work in helping Spanish refugees, Jews and other people being persecuted, providing them shelter in that country. Mexico was wide open to receive refugees, especially under the presidency of Lazaro Cardenas del Rio. Overcoming many difficulties they were able to travel to Marseille, where they managed to embark for Oran.
Carlos Romero Giménez | Exile in France and Resistance
Soon afterwards, his daughter Arabella committed suicide in Bogotá, an incident that badly affected Árbenz. Following her funeral, the Árbenz family remained indefinitely in Mexico City, while Árbenz himself spent some time in France and Switzerland, with the ultimate objective of settling down in Mexico. On one of his visits to Mexico, Árbenz contracted a serious illness, and by the end of 1970 he was very ill. He died soon after. Historians disagree as to the manner of his death: Roberto Garcia Ferreira stated that he died of a heart attack while taking a bath, while historian Cindy Forster wrote that he committed suicide.
Jacobo Árbenz | Daughter's suicide and death
During the 1947 Paraguayan Civil War, Roa Bastos was forced to flee to Buenos Aires, Argentina, because he had spoken out against President Higinio Moríñigo. About 500,000 of his fellow Paraguayans left for Argentina at the same time. Roa Bastos remained in Argentina until just before the establishment of the military dictatorship there in 1976, and he did not return permanently to Paraguay until 1989. He found exile difficult, but his time in Buenos Aires was a prolific period. Roa Bastos said this in reference to his exile: I can't complain...Exile brought out in me, in addition to a revulsion against violence and against depreciation of the human condition, a feeling for the universality of man.
Augusto Roa Bastos | Exile in Argentina (1947–1976)
From 1940 to 1945, he lived underground and then left the country. In 1946, with the democratic restoration, he returned to the country to once more join in with the activities of the Paraguayan Communist Party. He participated in the civil war of 1947, and then was exiled to the Argentina In the year 1978 he was elected as Secretary-General of the Paraguayan Communist Party, a position he held until his death in 1981, in Buenos Aires.
Obdulio Barthe | Exile and struggles
Madero and his family went into exile again in 1926. They spent a year in California and two in Texas before returning to Mexico in 1929.
Emilio Madero | Exile
Subsequently, his political influence was greatly diminished. In 1825, he was named ambassador in Peru, and in October also named ambassador to Chile. After his return to Buenos Aires, he was exiled and also spent some time in prison for his opposition against the government of Juan Manuel de Rosas. He emigrated to Rio de Janeiro, from where he tried to mount an insurrection against Rosas in 1840. In 1846, he fled first the Chile and then Peru, before returning to Buenos Aires after the fall of Rosas government in 1852.
Ignacio Álvarez Thomas | Biography
At the beginning of his exile from Panama, Díaz spent about six years in Caracas, Venezuela, during the presidency of Carlos Andres Perez, a personal friend who granted him political asylum. Caracas was also the birthplace of his second wife, Claret Maigualida, with whom he would spend the rest of his life. Later, he spent time in Argentina, travelled throughout Europe, and finally arrived in Ecuador with Maigualida and his children, Daniel Roberto Díaz Herrera, Carlos Guillermo Díaz Herrera (who is currently participating in politics) and Romai Anastacia Díaz de Homes.
Roberto Díaz Herrera | Years of exile
After the military overthrow of the Popular Unity government and the subsequent death of President Salvador Allende, the new military junta declared members of his government enemies of the state. The military junta moved quickly to remove Allende’s ministers from the public scene with many imprisoned, exiled and some murdered. Enriquez Frödden was arrested, imprisoned and then relocated to the remote concentration camp set up in Dawson Island. He was forced into exile with his wife in 1976 and settled in Mexico where he remained for about 14 years. Enriquez Frödden (with his wife Raquel) spent the rest of their lives campaigning for the disappeared and denouncing the human rights abuses that were committed by the Pinochet regime.
Edgardo Enríquez | Arrest and exile
The family's experience turned out to be lukewarm: the former president's communist ties, especially with José Manuel Fortuny, and forced passage through Czechoslovakia, the USSR and China, aroused suspicions. When the National Party took power in Uruguay in late 1958, the situation worsened for Arbenz there. In 1960, after the Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro invited Árbenz to Cuba, a suggestion that Árbenz Guzmán readily agreed to.
Arabella Árbenz | Seeking shelter
Levi was from a family of Jewish descent (his father Enzo was a renowned lawyer in Modena). In 1938, when he was twelve he moved to Argentina with his family in order to escape Fascist persecution. In Buenos Aires he completed his studies and in 1943 he began his career in journalism, as the director of "Italia libera (Free Italy)".
Arrigo Levi | Exile to Argentina
He made his way to the Brazilian embassy and asked for asylum. He spent eighteen months there, until he was able to obtain a safe-conduct pass from the Cuban government. He went first to Ecuador, then to Colombia, and then to Miami. In 1962, Miami was full of exile politics, and Aruca wanted to continue his studies. He asked for guidance from the Jesuits at Miami's Belen Jesuit Preparatory School, who told him about another Jesuit institution in Washington, D.C., Georgetown University. He got a job at the Madison Hotel as a bellboy and studied English. In September 1963, he entered Georgetown University with the help of a federal student loan program set up for Cuban refugees.
Francisco Aruca | Biography
Historian Roberto Garcia Ferreira wrote in 2008 that Árbenz's legacy was still a matter of great dispute in Guatemala itself, while arguing that the image of Árbenz was significantly shaped by the CIA media campaign that followed the 1954 coup. Garcia Ferreira said that the revolutionary government represented one of the few periods in which "state authority was used to promote the interests of the nation's masses." Forster described Árbenz's legacy in the following terms: "In 1952 the Agrarian Reform Law swept the land, destroying forever the hegemony of the planters. Árbenz in effect legislated a new social order ...
Jacobo Árbenz | Legacy
In October 1995, Árbenz's remains were eventually repatriated to Guatemala, accompanied by his widow María. The Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala awarded him with a posthumous decoration soon after.
Jacobo Árbenz | Daughter's suicide and death
In the 1970s he became famous in the whole of Latin America with his song "Chiquillada", also performed by Leonardo Favio and Jorge Cafrune. Between 1970 and 1973 he lived in Buenos Aires, leaving in exile at the onset of the Uruguayan dictatorship due to his communist ideals. He travelled to México, France and Spain, eventually settling in the Netherlands with his Dutch wife Anke van Haastrecht.
José Carbajal (Uruguayan musician) | Exile
After his exile, Larrea moved to Bordeaux in France, and did business with some of his old associates. He continued correspondence with Bernardino Rivadavia, and in 1818 he moved to Montevideo, under Brazilian control at that time, and strengthened his contacts in Buenos Aires from there. He was finally able to return to Buenos Aires in 1822 due to the oblivion law. Once he returned to Buenos Aires, Larrea avoided political activities and concentrated on business activities. He established a mailing service between Buenos Aires and Le Havre (France), but the venture failed. He then worked in animal husbandry, both in Buenos Aires and in Montevideo.
Juan Larrea (politician) | Exile and return
He rejected attempts at being recruited into the "Frente Ampla" (Broad Front), a mid-1960s informal caucus of pre-dictatorship leaders intent on pressuring for re-democratization, which included Carlos Lacerda and Juscelino Kubitschek. Brizola broke the few remaining ties with his brother-in-law and fellow exile, João Goulart, over the attempted recruitment.
Leonel Brizola | Exile and return (1964–1979)
During the last military dictatorship in Argentina, often called the National Reorganization Process, Shua took a boat to Europe and went into exile in France, part of a wave of exiled political figures and intellectuals. Her sister and her two cousins were also exiled. She lived in Paris from 1976 to 1977, working for the Spanish magazine "Cambio 16".
Ana María Shua | Exile
He would later say of this time: "I stayed in Europe for more than twenty years; I worked in an Industrial Chemistry Laboratory [...] attended some secret socialist-oriented meetings [...] studied a little literature; learned languages and directed a Reading and Writing School in a small Russian town". Rodríguez returned to America in 1823, using his name "Simón Rodríguez" again. In Colombia he established the first workshop-school in 1824. He was called to Peru by Simón Bolívar and became "Director for Public Education, Physical and Mathematical Sciences and Arts" and "Director of Mines, Agriculture and Public Roads" of Bolivia.
Simón Rodríguez | Exile
In 1960 Arredondo went into exile. After arriving to USA, he moved to Dominican Republic where he was a professor of agricultural economics at the Centro Interamericano de Estudios Económicos y Sociales (CIDES) in Santo Domingo from 1963 to 1964. He later came back to Miami, where he remained active in several professional and political organizations. He also worked as a researcher for the Cuban Economics Research Project at the University of Miami.
Alberto Arredondo Gutiérrez | Biography
In France he stayed only five months because of the hostility shown by his government to the Spanish liberal exiles, who were heavily guarded by the police and who were not allowed to reside in the border departments with Spain. At that time Torrijos claimed for him and for his subordinates the salary stipulated in the agreement of surrender of Cartagena which the government refused to pay (they would only collect after the revolution of 1830, triumphed in France) – and entered in Contact with the general Lafayette, deputy and one of the main leaders of the liberal opposition to the Monarchy of Louis XVIII, with which it would maintain an active correspondence of the one that created a long friendship.
José María de Torrijos y Uriarte | Exile in England (1824–1830)
The "coup d'état" of the Uruguayan government surprised him on June 27, 1973, while residing in Venezuela, so he lived in exile for the remainder of his life. He was a member of Uruguay's "Generation of '45," also known as the "Critical Generation": Carlos Maggi, Manuel Flores Mora, Emir Rodríguez Monegal, Idea Vilariño, Carlos Real de Azúa, Carlos Martínez Moreno, Mario Arregui, Mauricio Muller, José Pedro Díaz, Amanda Berenguer, Tola Invernizzi, Mario Benedetti, Ida Vitale, Líber Falco, Juan Cunha, Juan Carlos Onetti, among others.
Ángel Rama | Biography
Upon the defeat of the Republic in 1939, he fled to France. Arrested during the German occupation of France, he spent most of World War II imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg concentration camp, until the liberation of the camps at the end of the war. He died in exile in Paris in 1946; his remains were returned to Madrid in 1978 after Franco's death in 1975.
Francisco Largo Caballero | Exile, death, and legacy
Despite having a wife and six children in Spain, he never married again but had another child. In the Soviet Union, he wrote his memoirs "Trayectoria". He died in Rome in 1968. After the death of the dictator Francisco Franco in 1975 and the change of the political situation in Spain, his remains were transferred to Spain.
Antonio Cordón García | Exile
In February 1939, wearing the uniform of pilot Katiuska, he crossed the Pyrenees to go into exile in France. He was admitted to the Concentration Camp in Argelès-sur-Mer. There he was again involved with the Second World War. He was taken to serve in the German Submarine Base in Bordeaux. He passed on, to the Résistance forces, valuable information on the types of German fortifications, which then reached the British High Command. When World War II ended, he worked as Turner Operator in the Messier Hispanic-Swiss Factory, Bugatti in Oloron-Sainte-Marie. There he married the Spaniard Esperanza Miguel Portero. He returned to Spain in 1958, after 19 years of absence.
Juan Hernández Giménez | Exile
Due to the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner's government, Giménez went into exile in Argentina. He spent most of his time in the city of Corrientes. After Stroessner was ousted, he returned to Paraguay and died in 1991.
Herminio Giménez | Life
He refrained from active political life for the remainder of the war, exiling himself to Mexico. In 1945, toward the end of World War II, he was one of those who attempted to form a republican government-in-exile and hoped to reach an accord with the monarchist opposition to Francisco Franco, the ruler of Spain since the end of the Civil War, with a view to restoring Spanish democracy. The failure of that initiative led to his definitive retirement from active politics. He died in Mexico City in 1962. In Mexico, he wrote several books, such as "Palabras al viento" ("Words in the Wind", 1942), "Discursos en América" ("Discourses in America", 1944) and at the end of his life, "Cartas a un escultor: pequeños detalles de grandes sucesos" ("Letters to a Sculptor: Small Details of Great events", 1962).
Indalecio Prieto | Exile
Once the Madrid government declared amnesty Cortina returned to Spain, though exact year remains obscure. There is no information on his fate during the early 1880s; he might have accompanied his younger brother when the latter settled in Mexico in 1879; one source claims he resided in Argentina. At unspecified time he took up residence in Cuba, most likely already as a civil servant. In 1884 he rose to secretary of gobernador in the province of Matanzas; some time afterwards though perhaps no later than in 1885 he moved to Cienfuegos, probably provisionally taking the job of local customs official.
José Díez de la Cortina y Olaeta | On exile and overseas (1876-1898)
Following the U.S.-sponsored coup, Fortuny took refuge in the Mexican embassy for a while, before going into exile. Due to his status as a prominent communist during the Cold War, he was kept under surveillance by the Central Intelligence Agency. During his exile, he spent time in Brazil, Uruguay, and Cuba. He died in Mexico City at age 89, from heart failure.
José Manuel Fortuny | Exile and death
Jacobo Arbenz Vilanova (born 13 November 1946) is a politician in Guatemala. He is the son of former progressive Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, who was overthrown in a CIA sponsored coup d'état in 1954. Arbenz Vilanova fled the country following the ouster of his father's government and spent almost 50 years in exile – in Mexico, France, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Soviet Union, Uruguay, Cuba and El Salvador, but mostly in Costa Rica – before deciding to return during the administration of Alfonso Portillo. After unsuccessfully trying to form his own political party to fight the 2003 presidential election, he was accepted as the candidate of the Christian Democracy party (DCG) after two earlier DCG presidential candidates withdrew.
Jacobo Arbenz Vilanova | Introduction
He died on 24 February 1956 in Mexico.
Antonio Lara Zárate | Exile (1939–56)
From 1939, after the fall of Catalonia, López-Bago was exiled to France until his death in Paris in 1972. His remains are interred in the Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris.
José Riquelme y López Bago | Exile and death
On June 5, 1820 the first edition of the newspaper "El Argos" came out, founded by Fernández. It ran for thirty-four editions and it had a revolutionary outlook and called for the unification of the peoples of America.
José Fernández Madrid | Exile
In 1822, Rodríguez was able to return to the country, provided that he delegate his administrative functions to a priest who had the full confidence of the government. In the meantime he lived in Melipilla. That same year he was reinstated in his post, which he held until 1825 when he was again expelled from the country. This time, the reason was directly related to the controversial visit of the Apostolic legate of the Vatican, Giovanni Muzi, whom the press accused of visiting the country as a spy of the Holy Alliance. This suspicion was brought about by the recent opposition of the papacy to the independence of the countries of Latin America, as had been highlighted in the encyclical "", which called for "uprooting and completely destroying the baleful weeds of riot and insurrection that the enemy sowed in those countries" of "America, subject of the Catholic King of Spain".
José Santiago Rodríguez Zorrilla | Return, confinement, and new exile
She visited with her old friends from the "defunct" "Lyceum Women's Club" which was continuing its activities in an unofficial and clandestine way. A few months later her husband, who was still in Buenos Aires, committed suicide. Grief-stricken she went to America to live with her son who was in exile. Later she returned to Madrid and died on 8 May 1952 at age 65. In 1957, a few years after her death, María Martos de Baeza and playwright Matilde Ras sponsored a fund raising effort to erect a monument in her honor in the Parque del Oeste in Madrid.
Elena Fortún | Exile
He then switched to Monmouth College in Illinois, emerging with an Art History degree in 1968. The transfer had been arranged by his mother, who worked at Monmouth College, between 1964 and 1975, as a professor of Spanish. Between 1965 and 1968 mother and son shared an apartment in the little town. Jorge Guillermo's father died in 1967.
Jorge Guillermo | Political exile and further education
While in Mexico, he helped plan an armed insurrection of Peru that ultimately failed when the group was captured upon returning to Peru. He and his companions were imprisoned and tortured. During this period, he became disillusioned with APRA, as APRA politicians had sided with the state against the revolutionary current.
Guillermo Carnero Hoke | Early activism and first exile
From 1939 until his death in 1963 he lived in exile. After a few days' walk he crossed the French border on 31 January 1939. During the first days he stayed in Perpignan, a little city close to border but soon moved to England where he had contacts with members of the Labour Party. Nevertheless, being unable to find a job and with the menace of the outbreak of the Second World War he flew to Argentina where his wife Sara lived. Manuel Serra and his family did not move to Europe until 1948, settling in Perpignan from where they never moved again.
Manuel Serra Moret | Exile
Edo spent many years in jail or in exile in Francoist Spain. His first incarceration was in Figueras castle in 1947 after refusing military service, he escaped to France and was arrested the next year on his clandestine re-entry to the country. He again escaped and went into exile. On its creation after the re-unification congress of 1961, he formed part of the CNT's "Defensa Interior", created to fight against Francoist Spain. He was arrested in 1966 in Madrid, spending the time until 1974 in Carabanchel, Soria and Segovia prisons where he wrote "La corriente". In that time he met other anti-Francoist prisoners such as Stuart Christie After a brief spell (1972-1974) in Paris, he returned and was again arrested (on 1 May 1974) and remained in jail until the Amnesty of 1976.
Luís Andrés Edo | Activism during the Spanish State
With Obando defeated, the War of the Supremes quickly ended in favour of the government, Obando decided to go into exile and fled to Peru where he was welcomed by President Juan Crisóstomo Torrico, but when the latter was ousted by Juan Francisco de Vidal, the new administration gave in to the extradition request that New Granada put in through its Ambassador in Ecuador Rufino Cuervo y Barreto and its Ambassador in Peru Juan Antonio Pardo. Obando then escaped to Chile under the protection of President Manuel Bulnes Prieto. He remained in exile until January 1, 1849 when then President Mosquera gave amnesty to all those who committed political crimes.
José María Obando | Exile and return
Melo was banished from New Granada after the dissolution of the Great Colombia. He traveled to Venezuela, where he joined the military group that rose up in 1835 demanding the restoration of the Great Colombia, and political and social reforms. After their defeat, he went to Europe, in December 1836. Melo studied at the Military Academy in Bremen, Saxony, and became interested in socialist ideas debated in local circles.
José María Melo | First exiles
After the Cuban Revolution of 1959, a representative of the Fidel Castro government asked Árbenz to come to Cuba, to which he readily agreed, sensing an opportunity to live with fewer restrictions on himself. He flew to Havana in July 1960, and, caught up in the spirit of the recent revolution, began to participate in public events. His presence so close to Guatemala once again increased the negative coverage he received in the Guatemalan press. He was offered the leadership of some revolutionary movements in Guatemala but refused, as he was pessimistic about the outcome. In 1965 Árbenz was invited to the Communist Congress in Helsinki.
Jacobo Árbenz | Daughter's suicide and death
From 1955 to 1957, Aurora de Albornoz studied in Paris with Bergamín.
José Bergamín | Exile
He lived in Buenos Aires and New York City during his years in exile and died in the latter in 1873.
José Antonio Páez | Introduction
He was appointed consul of the United Provinces by governor Manuel Dorrego, and moved back to Bordeaux to strengthen commerce with France. He resigned as consul in 1830, shortly after the first appointment of Juan Manuel de Rosas as governor, and returned to private business once more. His business began to fail, and he lived at various times in Montevideo, Colonia del Sacramento and Bordeaux, before returning again to Buenos Aires. He committed suicide on June 20, 1847. He was the last surviving member of the Primera Junta.
Juan Larrea (politician) | Exile and return
While there, he became associated with painters such as David Alfaro Siqueiros and Diego Rivera as well as with members of the writers group, "Contemporáneos". In 1974 he was called "one of the most interesting unknowns in Latin America [...] whose work somehow never attracted much attention, by rights he should have ranked with Carlos Pellicer or Xavier Villaurrutia. Perhaps because he was Guatemalan he never seemed to receive critical notice."
Luis Cardoza y Aragón | Exile and diplomatic career
From there, three months later, and after being liberated, he travelled to Chile (1811), where he worked with Generales Bernardo O'Higgins and Juan Mackenna, and became a friend of José Miguel Carrera. He had to seek refuge in Buenos Aires (1814) after the Battle of Rancagua. Was a Vice President of the Tucumán Congress (1817–1819). He lived in Montevideo, Uruguay (1820), where he was a deputy to Congress (1828–1830). He died soon after in 1832.
Jaime de Zudáñez | Biography
He was identified with the strongly rurally based National Party (Uruguay), and, because of his involvement in the intermittent Civil War which ended only in 1904, de Viana was forced into exile in Argentina for a number of years.
Javier de Viana (author) | Background
Born in the refugee camp at Porto Recanati, to a mother who had escaped Nazi deportation and a father who had fought with the Anglo-Polish forces, in late 1948 he and his family moved to South America. He spent the first few years of his life in the Misiones and Iguazú forests, and in Paraguay and the Chaco region. In Buenos Aires he witnessed the bombing of the Casa Rosada, and the fall of Perón (1955).
Alessandro Kokocinski | Early life
where he spoke on a tour that was organized by USLA. Blanco spoke to approximately 10,000 people in the U.S.A.
Hugo Blanco (politician) | Exile
Faced with impending withdrawal of his asylum, he sought the American Embassy In Uruguay, where he held talks with political counselor John Youle. Youle, over the opposition of Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs Terence Todman, granted Brizola a transit visa that allowed Brizola, who in mid-1977 was deported from Uruguay for alleged "violations of norms of political asylum", to travel to—and eventually be given immediate asylum in—the United States.
Leonel Brizola | U.S. rescue from Uruguay, exile in the U.S. and Europe (1977–1979)
However, in view of the impossibility of gaining the support of all the political forces in exile, Negrín resigned from his position as head of the government of the Republic in exile before the plenary session of the Cortes in exile meeting in Mexico in August 1945.
Juan Negrín | Exile and death
Early in his career, he was associated with Carlos Edmundo de Ory and the Postism literary movement. He was labeled a traitor under Spain’s Francoist State for signing a petition to protest the torture of miners in Asturias. Afterwards, he participated in clandestine antigovernment activities until he was eventually driven into exile. He lived with his wife, translator and professor Pilar Gómez Bedate, in various places including Sweden and Puerto Rico before returning to Spain in the 1980s.
Ángel Crespo | Introduction
In 1939, Albornoz, Salas, and daughter Concha de Albornoz emigrated to Havana, Cuba; and finally to Mexico City. His son Alvarito, Alavarito's wife Maria Araceli, and their son later joined them. In exile, Albornoz Alvaro continued his representation for the Spanish Second Republic and with the Mexico City community of Spanish exiles. He was a member of Spanish Republican Action. He also helped found the Ateneo Salmerón. He served on the committee of the Spanish Junta de Liberation, representing the Republican Left party, working closely with Indalecio Prieto. He continued to travel and advocate on behalf of the duly elected government of Spain.
Álvaro de Albornoz | Life in Exile
When Jorge Rafael Videla's military dictatorship came to power in 1976, however, the book was banned in Argentina, and Roa Bastos was exiled once again, this time to Toulouse, France.
Augusto Roa Bastos | Exile in Argentina (1947–1976)
He returned to Spain in 1958, but was arrested for his previous activities as an opponent of the Nationalists during the Civil War. He was forced to go into exile again in 1963 after his apartment was burned down by his enemies, and also because he had signed a manifesto with more than 100 other intellectuals addressed to Manuel Fraga Iribarne that denounced the regime’s use of torture and repression against the miners of Asturias. He returned for good in 1970, settling in Madrid and becoming a political opponent of what he perceived were the shady deals behind the Spanish transition to democracy ("La Transición"), and was expelled as a writer from various newspapers.
José Bergamín | Return to Spain
He put the emerging Spanish private foundation movement in contact with Medoza and other leading philanthropists in Latin America and the USA. In 1973 Azcárate helped José Lino Vaamonde to prepare an account of the work done by the team to protect the Spanish artistic heritage during the civil war.
Justino de Azcárate | Exile
Árbenz was born in Quetzaltenango, the second-largest city in Guatemala, in 1913. He was the son of a Swiss German pharmacist, Hans Jakob Arbenz Gröbli, who immigrated to Guatemala in 1901. His mother, Octavia Guzmán Caballeros, was a Ladino woman from a middle-class family who worked as a primary school teacher. His family was relatively wealthy and upper-class; his childhood has been described as "comfortable". At some point during his childhood, his father became addicted to morphine and began to neglect the family business. He eventually went bankrupt, forcing the family to move to a rural estate that a wealthy friend had set aside for them "out of charity".
Jacobo Árbenz | Early life
After six years in exile Merlo was arrested by the Argentine government in Mexico in 1995 and sentenced to life in prison. Pardoned in May 2003 by Eduardo Duhalde, then-president, he quietly returned to civilian life, and died in 2006 of cardiac arrest. Merlo said after the pardon that he never was a terrorist. On 13 February 2011 Joaquín Ramos, an ex guerrilla wrote a letter where he described how idealized the revolutionary struggle was and how improvised the assault was, in addition to his experience in the trials after the battle.
Movimiento Todos por la Patria | Aftermath
In 1960, following the Cuban Revolution, the Pérez y Guillermo family relocated from Cuba to the United States. Like thousands of other political refugees from Cuba, they settled in Miami, where Jorge Guillermo attended high school. Despite coming from a highly intellectualised family, there are indications that Jorge Guillermo did not share his elder brother's appetite for scholarship. There was evidently no doubt that he would nevertheless complete a course of university-level education. In 1963 he entered Cornell College in Iowa. His one-year student visa expired after a year, but he and his brother were reclassified as refugees due to the political situation in Cuba.
Jorge Guillermo | Political exile and further education
In April 1964, a coup d'état overthrew Goulart. Brizola was the only political leader to support for the president, sheltering him in Porto Alegre and hoping a bid to rouse the local army units towards the restoration of the toppled régime could be made. Brizola engaged himself in schemes to confront the military putschists, including giving a fiery public speech at the Porto Alegre City Hall, exhorting army NCOs to "occupy barracks and arrest the generals", which earned him the lasting hatred of the dictatorship's military commanders. After an unsuccessful month in Rio Grande, Brizola fled in early May 1964 to Uruguay, where Goulart was already in exile after offering little support to Brizola's attempts at armed resistance.
Leonel Brizola | Exile and return (1964–1979)
Sometime after the publication of "The Longest War", Timerman left Israel with his wife. According to journalist Amos Elon, Timerman felt disappointed by the Israeli state—not "like a Jew coming home", as he had hoped. Nevertheless, said Timerman, "I am an Israeli citizen, I behave like an Israeli citizen, and I am always going to be an Israeli citizen." He moved to Madrid and then to New York. Timerman praised the election of Raúl Alfonsín, saying: "Alfonsín's victory has opened an era of democracy that is a completely new phenomenon in Argentina." Judge Fernando Zavalia had, in July 1982, ordered the release of all others arrested in connection with the Graiver case.
Jacobo Timerman | Journeys and return to Argentina
The 1843 overthrow of his ally, President Fructuoso Rivera of Uruguay, forced del Carril yet again into exile, and he fled to Brazil. He cultivated a friendship via correspondence with the powerful Governor of Entre Ríos, Justo José de Urquiza, in subsequent years, and following the latter's defeat of Rosas' forces in the 1852 Battle of Caseros, del Carril returned to Argentina.
Salvador María del Carril | Exile and return
Death [edit] He returned to Costa Rica to fall Carrillo, and stayed away from politics, devoted to the management of their coffee plantations. Died in San José, Costa Rica, on 26 October 1862.
Joaquín Mora Fernández | Exile
In hopes of finally attaining true freedom as an individual and an artist, and after days spent crowded into the Peruvian Embassy, Alfonzo left Cuba via the Mariel boatlift in 1980, on a journey that was marred by violence. "One of many artists who came to the United States in the Mariel boat lift, Alfonzo quickly developed a following in this country."
Carlos Alfonzo | Exile from Cuba