The London Borough of Camden measures roadside air quality in Bloomsbury. In 2017, average Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) levels recorded in Bloomsbury significantly exceeded the UK National Objective for cleaner air, set at 40μg/m3 (micrograms per cubic metre).
Air pollution
Bloomsbury
Bloomsbury | Air pollution
Yes, air pollution Air pollution from nitrogen dioxide. Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context. In 2017, average Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) levels recorded in Bloomsbury significantly exceeded the UK National Objective for cleaner air.
what advantages does england seem to have to start the industrial revolution
user
It transformed  its society into the world's first industrialised nation.
assistant
which age can its history be traced back to?
user
780,000 years ago
assistant
what are some of the rivers found in this country?
user
Thames, Mersey, Tyne, Severn etc
assistant
any well-known museums here?
user
London's British Museum
assistant
where is this museum located?
user
Bloomsbury area of London, United Kingdom
assistant
who was the founder?
user
Sir Hans Sloane
assistant
which was the new building constructed at the start of the 1900s?
user
A conservation laboratory
assistant
what are the middle eastern countries that it has departments for?
user
Mesopotamia, Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, Anatolia, the Caucasus, parts of Central Asia, Syria etc
assistant
what are the parks located in the same area as this museum?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
is there any type of pollution in the area mentioned earlier?
user
The London Borough of Camden measures roadside air quality in Bloomsbury. In 2017, average Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) levels recorded in Bloomsbury significantly exceeded the UK National Objective for cleaner air, set at 40μg/m3 (micrograms per cubic metre).
Bloomsbury | Air pollution
The UK has established an air quality network where levels of the key air pollutants are published by monitoring centres. Air quality in Oxford, Bath and London is particularly poor. One study performed by the Calor Gas company and published in the Guardian newspaper compared walking in Oxford on an average day to smoking over sixty light cigarettes. The UK Air Quality Archive contains more precise information which permits a cities management of pollutants to be compared against the national air quality objectives set by DEFRA in 2000 Localized peak values are often cited, but average values are also important to human health.
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | Published pollution information
Bloomsbury is a district in the West End of London. It is considered a fashionable residential area, and is the location of numerous cultural, intellectual, and educational institutions. Bloomsbury is home of the British Museum, the largest museum in the United Kingdom, and several educational institutions, including University College London and a number of other colleges and institutes of the University of London as well as its central headquarters, the New College of the Humanities, the University of Law, the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, Syracuse University Abroad, and many others. Bloomsbury is an intellectual and literary hub for London, as home of world-known Bloomsbury Publishing, publishers of the "Harry Potter" series, and namesake of the Bloomsbury Set, a group of British intellectuals which included author Virginia Woolf, biographer Lytton Strachey, and economist John Maynard Keynes.
Bloomsbury | Introduction
The Central Westbury section of Westbury was built on dumping grounds/Junkyards for many industrial plants and gas refinery waste grounds resulting in high levels of radiation and more. There are many factories in the area which are known to contribute to Westbury (Central Westbury's) high asthma rate, shortened lifespan, etc. and further contributes to its industrial/residential neighborhood roots.
Westbury, New York | Pollution
Also in Bloomsbury is the Foundling Museum, close to Brunswick Square, which tells the story of the Foundling Hospital opened by Thomas Coram for unwanted children in Georgian London. The hospital, now demolished except for the Georgian colonnade, is today a playground and outdoor sports field for children, called Coram's Fields. It is also home to a small number of sheep. The nearby Lamb's Conduit Street is a pleasant thoroughfare with shops, cafes and restaurants. The Dickens Museum is in Doughty Street. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology and the Grant Museum of Zoology are at University College London in Gower Street.
Bloomsbury | Museums
There are no artificial or natural ponds. As of 2008 there were 27 mature London plane trees ("Platanus × acerifolia") with heights of around the perimeter of the park, and another 28 similar trees scattered through the interior. Most of the trees are in pits, because most of the ground surface is impermeable. The beds of annual plants around the monument and the health center are the only vegetated and permeable areas of the park other than the tree pits. The northwest section of the park has less vegetation than the southeast section. The six-story Morgan Mail Building along the northern perimeter is a high-collision site for birds, with collisions peaking in mid May.
Chelsea Park | Ecology
The British Museum, which first opened to the public in 1759 in Montagu House, is at the heart of Bloomsbury. At the centre of the museum the space around the former British Library Reading Room, which was filled with the concrete storage bunkers of the British Library, is today the Queen Elizabeth II Great Court, an indoor square with a glass roof designed by British architect Norman Foster. It houses displays, a cinema, a shop, a cafe and a restaurant. Since 1998, the British Library has been located in a purpose-built building just outside the northern edge of Bloomsbury, in Euston Road.
Bloomsbury | Museums
Uniquely for the time, Waterhouse's building was faced inside and out with terracotta, the first building in England to be so designed; although expensive to build, this was resistant to the acid rain of heavily polluted London, allowed the building to be washed clean, and also allowed it to be decorated with intricate mouldings and sculptures. A smaller North Hall, immediately north of the Central Hall, would be used for exhibits specifically relating to British natural history. On 18 April 1881 the new British Museum (Natural History) opened to the public. As relocating exhibits from Bloomsbury was a difficult and time-consuming process, much of the building remained empty at the time the museum opened.
Ceilings of the Natural History Museum, London | Waterhouse's building
East Herts District Council monitors nitrogen dioxide (NO) levels at Hockerill Junction in the town centre. There are four diffusion tubes around the junction for air quality monitoring. In 2017, three out of four tubes failed to meet the UK National Objective of 40μg/m (micrograms per cubic metre):
Bishop's Stortford | Air Pollution
Officials investigated, noting that the instance of certain types of cancer were indeed elevated in the area. They were, however, unable to establish a causal link to the Mercer Rubber Company debris. At a September 13, 2006 meeting with local residents held at the Nottingham Firehouse, just yards from the old Mercer Rubber site and Sayen Park, state officials admitted to concerned residents that their findings reported in the Public Health Assessment are incomplete. The study did not include testing of groundwater or include data from residents who moved away or those who were diagnosed with cancer before 1979.
Sayen Park Botanical Garden | Pollution
Newham Council partake in roadside pollution monitoring. In a 2018 report, Leytonstone Road in Stratford recorded the highest percentage of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in roadside air of all monitoring sites in Newham, with an annual mean of 60%. Temple Mills Lane in Stratford recorded an annual mean of 40%. It is thought that Nitrogen Dioxide is linked to respiratory conditions, can decrease lung function and increase response to allergens.
Stratford, London | Air Quality
The London Borough of Waltham Forest monitors kerbside and roadside Nitrogen Dioxide (NO) levels in Walthamstow. To the north of Walthamstow at the Crooked Billet Roundabout (North Circular), there is an automatic monitoring site which recorded an average NO concentration of 61.1μg/m3 (micrograms per cubic metre) in 2017. This fails to meet the UK National Air Quality Objective set by the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affiars (DEFRA) at 40μg/m3. Alternative roadside monitoring sites along Hoe Street and Selborne Road also failed to meet the UK National Air Quality Objective, with one diffusion tube on Selborne Road recording an annual average NO concentration of 61.0μg/m3.
Walthamstow | Air pollution
The site was built on what was one of the country's most polluted sites, the former PRChemicals factory. Decontaminating the site took many years and was done with painstaking precision.
Thames Barrier Park | Introduction
Bloomsbury contains some of London's finest parks and buildings, and is particularly known for its formal squares. These include:
Bloomsbury | Parks and squares
Later in the year Himalayan balsam and bindweed flower there and stinging nettles are prominent. In winter evergreen trees and plants including ivy on deciduous trees provides some greenery together with the grass. Near the play area on either side of the brook is a small with trees including oaks, larches and other conifers. Residents sometimes use the woodland for recreation but the brook is polluted and there is frequently a noticeable smell. The grassy area is acceptable and residents use it more. In the part of the recreational area nearer to Longbridge is a basketball court and post war private houses border the recreational area there.
Turves Green | The Now
The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames carries out air pollution monitoring in Barnes, both kerbside and in the London Wetlands Centre. There are several sites in Barnes which measure the concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide () and Particulate Matter PM in the air. A site along Castelnau recorded an annual mean concentration of () at 31μgm-3 in 2017. The annual mean concentration of PM was 18μgm-3 at the same site in the same year. Both results show that Barnes' air is the cleanest it has been since 2011, at least. Whilst Castelnau is on the kerbside, the Wetlands monitoring site recorded far lower (i.e.
Barnes, London | Air pollution
The site was once a gravel pit. Once the gravel was all extracted, it was used as a landfill for 50 years by London. The waste is stacked high. A thick clay cap was placed on top followed by soil and plants. Methane from the rotting waste is being captured and burned to produce electricity.
Thurrock Thameside Nature Park | History
They set up a small museum on the first floor of the building, called the Museum of Neo-Liberalism, chronologizing its rise and fall. There was also a library set up on the fourth floor, with a focus on radical left-wing literature. The library, like the rest of the building, was open-access, and the public were actively encouraged to take advantage of this new large public space, for reading and working in. It provided desks, chairs and seating areas for this purpose.
Bloomsbury Social Centre | Activities
There is public access to a view point over the gardens. At the rear of the building (not open to the public) there is the remains of the medieval conduit-head of the water supply of the London Greyfriars, discovered in Bloomsbury in 1911 and re-erected here in 1927. The former head office building is a grade II* listed building. The former laboratory building, remains of the Round Pond, Greyfriars conduit head, former engine house and former windmill are all grade II listed buildings.
New River Head | Introduction
To the north of the square is Great Russell Street and Bedford Place, leading to Russell Square. To the south is Bloomsbury Way. To the west is the British Museum and Holborn is the nearest underground station to the southeast. There are gardens in the centre of the square.
Bloomsbury Square | Geography
Research suggests that additional pollution-prevention systems fitted at Battersea may have worsened the air quality. Flue-gas washing reduced the temperature of the flue-gases; so they did not rise but instead slumped to a ground level, causing a local nuisance. Additionally, there was pollution and smoke from vehicle exhaust, particularly from steam locomotives and diesel-fuelled buses which had replaced the recently abandoned electric tram system. Other industrial and commercial sources also contributed to the air pollution.
Great Smog of London | Sources of pollution
Scadbury Park is a Local Nature Reserve in Chislehurst in the London Borough of Bromley. It is also a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation. It is over 300 acres, and is part of an extensive wildlife corridor together with Petts Wood and the Jubilee Country Park. It has large areas of ancient woodland, especially oaks, and flowers include lily of the valley, which is rare in London. Ponds have London's largest population of protected great crested newts. Much of it is undisturbed grassland, and it also includes a working farm. The main entrance is in Old Perry Street.
Scadbury Park | Introduction
The owner of the Bloomsbury Square property, Peter Nahum, said that the squatters were "essentially nice, middle-class kids, who would go and wash at friends' flats nearby." He complained that it cost a lot of money to evict them and asked "Why have a free school in central London? Why not go to the poorer districts if you want to educate people?" The Daily Telegraph wrote that "A ragtag bunch of up to 40 activists and undergraduates has exploited legal loopholes to live for free in a string of historic buildings in London. Dressed in scavenged clothes and ripped vintage tweed jackets, the squatters have struck four times in the past six weeks."
Really Free School | Criticisms
Transport for London (TfL) and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets monitor the air quality around Canary Wharf. In 2017, an automatic monitoring station in Blackwall found that local air quality failed to meet UK National Air Quality Objectives, recording an annual average Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) concentration of 56 μg/m3 (micrograms per cubic metre). The National Objective is set by the government at 40 μg/m3. Alternative stations nearer Canary Wharf recorded cleaner air. Monitors at the Limehouse Link/Westferry Road junction and on Prestons Road recorded a 2017 annual average NO2 concentration of 40 μg/m3, which Tower Hamlets argue fails to meet the UK National Objective.
Canary Wharf | Air pollution
The area is bisected north to south by the main road Southampton Row/Woburn Place, which has several large tourist hotels and links Tavistock Square and Russell Square – the district's focal points. The road runs from Euston Road in the north to High Holborn in the south. The area west of Southampton Row/Woburn Place is notable for its concentration of academic establishments, museums, and formal squares. Here are the British Museum and the central departments and colleges of the University of London, including Birkbeck College, University College London, the School of Oriental and African Studies, and the University of London's School of Advanced Study.
Bloomsbury | Geography
The main north–south road in west Bloomsbury is Gower Street which is a one-way street running south from Euston Road towards Shaftesbury Avenue in Covent Garden, becoming Bloomsbury Street when it passes to the west of the British Museum. East of Southampton Row/Woburn Place (an area not always described as part of Bloomsbury) are the Grade II listed Brunswick Centre, a residential and shopping centre, and Coram's Fields children's recreation area. The area to the south is generally less residential, containing several hospitals, including Great Ormond Street, and gradually becomes more commercial in character as it approaches Holborn at Theobald's Road.
Bloomsbury | Geography
During an interview for BBC1, the presenter David Sillito was "'speechless"' when the artist explained that he could not use genuine London air within the London pod. The "Pollution Pods" have been exhibited at the Starmus Festival, Trondheim, Somerset House, London , World Health Organisation's first international conference on Air Pollution, Place des Nations, Geneva, , Germany, TED Annual Conference, Vancouver, Canada, Science Gallery Melbourne, Australia, UN Climate Action Summit, UN Buildings, New York City, and COP 25, Madrid. Greta Thunberg when visiting the "Pollution Pods" remarked ""It’s an incredible exhibition, It’ll really bring attention to these problems, and if people can experience this, people from all around the world, how these people live everyday, it will bring lots of attention and people will be more encouraged to deal with these problems"".
Michael Pinsky | Exhibitions & Projects
Bloomsbury is an area in central London. Bloomsbury may also refer to:
Bloomsbury (disambiguation) | Introduction
In the common law, the primary protection was found in the tort of nuisance, but this only allowed for private actions for damages or injunctions if there was harm to land. Thus smells emanating from pig sties, strict liability against dumping rubbish, or damage from exploding dams. Private enforcement, however, was limited and found to be woefully inadequate to deal with major environmental threats, particularly threats to common resources. During the "Great Stink" of 1858, the dumping of sewerage into the River Thames began to smell so ghastly in the summer heat that Parliament had to be evacuated. The Metropolitan Commission of Sewers Act 1848 had allowed the Metropolitan Commission for Sewers to close cesspits around the city in an attempt to "clean up" but this simply led people to pollute the river.
United Kingdom environmental law | History
The proliferation of factories and works in north Manchester, Failsworth and Oldham during and after the Industrial Revolution led to Moston Brook becoming badly polluted. Local children referred to it as the "Black Brook", though the brook changed colour depending on the dyes or pigments being discharged into the brook and its tributaries. At the time, children were known to have drowned in the brook while playing there. Other pollutants over the years included oil gas tar from Hollinwood Gas Works and waste from Failsworth tannery. Both the Rochdale and Hollinwood Canals discharged overflows into the streams, so pollution from the canal water would also find its way into the system.
Moston Brook | Pollution
Bloomsbury is a ward in the London Borough of Camden, in the United Kingdom. The ward has existed since the creation of the borough on 1 April 1965 and was first used in the 1964 elections.
Bloomsbury (ward) | Introduction
On September 1, 2006, an article in the Times of Trenton disclosed that New Jersey officials were warned about pollution at the Sayen House and Gardens site three days before the park opened in 1991. According to an anonymous source in 1991, the site had been used "for years" as a dumping ground for "waste chemicals and solid debris" from the now-defunct Mercer Rubber Company site located across the street at 136 Mercer Street. The Mercer Rubber Company was also formerly owned by the Sayen family. Former employees have corroborated the anonymous 1991 complaint, adding that a "pipe underneath the plant carried waste to a stream that ran through the Sayen Gardens property and eventually to Miry Run Brook." Local residents had noted what they believed to be elevated instances of some types of cancer among people who lived within a one-mile radius of the park.
Sayen Park Botanical Garden | Pollution
The smell affect to visitors of Tchaikovsky State House-Museum. In 2017, The Emergency Situations Ministry detected that the concentration of hydrogen sulphide in the air exceeded a threshold limit value by 25 times in the living area. People's health has worsened noticeably, the number of patients suffering from cancer has increased. While planning to double the dump's square, local authorities keep reassuring people that everything is under control and there is nothing to worry about.
Aleksinsky Quarry | Ecological disaster
The area around Queen Square in Bloomsbury, close by to the main campus, is a hub for brain-related research and healthcare, with the UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and UCL Institute of Neurology located in the area along with the affiliated National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery. The UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and the affiliated Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children are located adjacently, forming a hub for paediatric research and healthcare. The UCL Ear Institute, the UCL Eastman Dental Institute and the affiliated Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital and Eastman Dental Hospital are located nearby in east Bloomsbury along Gray's Inn Road and form a hub for research and healthcare in audiology and dentistry respectively.
University College London | Bloomsbury
The building was under lease to the School of Oriental and African Studies, who responded to the occupation of the building by acquiring a Notice of Eviction. The occupiers were evicted by bailiffs at 7 A.M. on Thursday, 22 December 2011. At this point, the Bloomsbury Social Centre ceased to exist.
Bloomsbury Social Centre | Eviction
(WC1A 2HR), two minutes walk from the British Museum
St George's, Bloomsbury | Opening times and services
Air pollution along the A400 varies. Air pollution is monitored by the City of Westminster, the London Borough of Camden, and the London Borough of Islington. Levels of Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sometimes exceed the Air Quality Objective, set by the UK Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (Defra) at 40 micrograms per metres cubed (μg/m^3). Exposure to high levels of NO2 can lead to respiratory problems, and the gases sometimes inflame the lining of the lungs, reducing immunity to lung infections. In the City of Westminster, there is a nearby NO2 monitoring point entitled Oxford Street East. In 2018, levels of NO2 failed to meet the Air Quality Objective, with the monitoring point recording an annual mean of 76 μg/m^3.
A400 road (Great Britain) | Air pollution
The UK National Air Quality Information Archive offers almost real-time monitoring of "current maximum" air pollution measurements for many UK towns and cities. This source offers a wide range of constantly updated data, including:
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | Published pollution information
Local campaigning societies sprang up to complain about the health risks, such as the "Committee for the Consumption of Smoke" in Leeds. The Alkali Act of 1863 was passed - and intermittently amended - to regulate irritant gaseous hydrochloric acid produced in the Leblanc process to make sodium carbonate, but also the sulphuric acid often caused by emissions from the same factories. The Public Health Act was passed in 1875, which legislated not just for the health effects of air pollution but also the visual effects. Experiments by the London County Council and the Meteorological Council from 1902–1903 found that 20% of London fogs were due to smoke alone, all were made denser and longer-lasting by smoke and that the death rate "enormously expands" during the fogs.
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | Prehistory to the 20th Century
Hanworth Park remains substantially a public open space, with large areas of cultivated grass, plus other areas allowed to revert to scrubland. Hanworth Park House is unoccupied and fenced. The site of the former GAL factory is occupied by the Leisure West retail/entertainment complex. In the northern corner of the park, Feltham Community College and its playing fields are enclosed, and at the southeast edge is a public sports facility once known as Feltham Airparcs but renamed in 2010 as Hanworth Air Park Leisure Centre & Library with the addition of the library. Hanworth Air Park is the home of Feltham Rugby Football Club, founded 1947.
London Air Park | Today
Tilbury A had several railway sidings accessed via a connection to the London, Tilbury and Southend railway between the former Tilbury Riverside and Low Street railway stations. In 1963 Tilbury A was used in experiments by the CEGB on the behaviour of pollutants (principally sulphur dioxide) in flue gas plumes emitted from the power station chimneys. The results showed that the maximum pollutant concentrations occurred 2.4 km downwind of the station in strong winds and 9.6 – 13 km downwind in light winds.
Tilbury power stations | A station
NO2 pollution dropped five times as quickly in Central London as it did in the rest of the UK.
Ultra Low Emission Zone | Effect on air pollution
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and the Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine (formerly the Royal London Homoeopathic Hospital) are both located on Great Ormond Street, off Queen Square, which itself is home to the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (formerly the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases). Bloomsbury is also the location of University College Hospital, which re-opened in 2005 in new buildings on Euston Road, built under the government's private finance initiative (PFI). The Eastman Dental Hospital is located on Gray's Inn Road close to the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital administered by the Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust.
Bloomsbury | Hospitals
Bloomsbury is an area of central London between Euston Road and Holborn, developed by the Russell family in the 17th and 18th centuries into a fashionable residential area. It is notable for its array of garden squares, literary connections (exemplified by the Bloomsbury Group), and numerous hospitals and academic institutions.
Lists of people from the London Borough of Camden | Bloomsbury residents
Pymmes Brook receives most of its water from urban run-off as overland flow or via surface water drains and combined sewage outfalls (CSOs). There is some overflow from Jacks (Beechhill) lake. Jacks Lake burst its banks in the 1930s causing flooding in East Barnet with glasshouses and cows carried downstream! Following on from this event the banks and the first part of the channel was heavily reinforced with concrete. Water quality parameters are indicative of a high level of pollution, in particular, there are areas with misconnections resulting in very high levels of fecal coliforms. Cat Hill for instance often exceeds 1 million colonies of "Eschericia coli" per 100 mls of water.
Pymmes Brook | Pollution issues
In 1956, Feltham Urban District Council purchased Hanworth Park, and the former GAL factory was taken over by Thorn EMI.
London Air Park | Decline 1945–1955
Alongside the brook near Clifton, is a local nature reserve, which consists of wetland and scrub, where kingfishers have been seen in the vicinity of the brook. There is another nature reserve beside the brook known as Keyworth Meadow, which supports a population of turtle doves. In the 17th century, a bridge over the brook marked the start of Clifton Grove which was originally an avenue of elm trees that bordered the carriage route to Clifton Hall. Although the elm trees were lost to Dutch elm disease, the grove still exists, and contains other trees including oak, chestnut, and giant redwoods.
Fairham Brook | Wildlife and ecology
There were similar results: dissolved oxygen levels were low, phosphate levels were high, and pH levels were basic (even though the pH tested as normal). A high level of pollution exists in Royce Brook, especially rusting iron, soda cans, plastic bottles, and plastic bags which was documented in the research project of the summer 2006.
Royce Brook | Pollution
The museum houses two extensive exhibition spaces. The largest is dedicated to the permanent exhibition covering conflicts from 1900 to the present day, and the other space is used for special exhibitions. Trafford Ecology Park The Trafford Ecology Park is what remains of Trafford Park's ornamental boating lake. Boating continued on the lake until the 1930s, but by then its water had become polluted by asbestos and oil seepage from the neighbouring Anglo American Oil depot. During the Second World War the site was used as a tip for foundry waste. Esso bought the land in 1974, and levelled and partly seeded it, to improve the frontage to its own site.
Trafford Park | Landmarks
There are eight display zones in the exhibition. The above display zones are to exhibit the problems and the solution of various kinds of pollutions.
Fanling Environmental Resource Centre | Exhibition Hall
The facility was commissioned (began operations) in 1971, by the Greater London Council. The building is of metal sheet clad construction with a reinforced concrete chimney. It was described by Bridget Cherry as being, ""on the edge of the marshes, in a setting that enhances its impressive scale. Vast box-like forms clad in corrugated metal sheeting, pale grey and dark grey, approached by two big ramps on tapering piers. Huge cylindrical concrete chimney containing two flues"". The incinerator is currently Britain's largest and it handles unrecycled waste from seven London Boroughs: Barnet, Camden, Enfield, Islington, Hackney, Haringey, and Waltham Forest.
Edmonton EcoPark | History
A notable species is the small blue butterfly, which is rare in the borough. Plants include the nationally scarce ivy broomrape, and kidney vetch and bird's-foot trefoil. The site is located at the corner of Devonshire Avenue and Devonshire Road.
Devonshire Avenue Nature Area | Introduction
Blackleach Country Park was in an old industrial area of Walkden which had chemical works. One of the more famous factories of the Blackleach site was a factory which produced dyes. Adjacent to the factory was a large mound of waste, known locally as "Stink Bomb Hill", due to the strong sulphurous smell that emanated from it. Some of the dyes were accidentally released into the air, and one of the hills in the park became a striking purple at its peak. Rumours spread about the hill and people began taking children, suffering with whooping cough, up the hill, believing it would cure them.
Blackleach Country Park | History
Several London railway stations serve Bloomsbury. There are three London Underground stations in Bloomsbury: King's Cross St. Pancras station offers step-free access to all lines, whilst Euston Square offers step-free access to the westbound platform. Other stations nearby include: Euston, Warren Street, Goodge Street, Tottenham Court Road, Holborn and Chancery Lane. There is a disused station in Bloomsbury on the Piccadilly line at the British Museum. There are also three National Rail stations to the north of Bloomsbury:
Bloomsbury | Rail
According to official data, the area around York Road is "a TfL Air Quality Focus Area, due to high levels of air pollutants; two schools in the ward are also in areas that breach air quality limit values." There is also an above-average level of 0-16 year olds living in the area, a demographic that has higher healthcare levels than average. Levels of childhood excess weight are higher than the Wandsworth average and children and young people living in the ward are more likely to be admitted to hospital with an injury compared to Wandsworth as a whole. It is believed by governmental sources that high pollution levels measured at two local schools and on the Estates are primarily due to considerable building works and transport activities occurring within the ward.
Winstanley Estate | Health
The local authority say that vehicle exhaust fumes are the main source of air pollution in Southwark. Roadside air pollution levels are monitored by the local authority in Bermondsey. Results from 2017 suggest that Bermondsey has some of the highest Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) levels in the Borough. NO2 concentration was particularly high near the Rotherhithe Tunnel, along Jamaica Road and on Old Kent Road: All the above sites failed to meet national air quality objectives. A monitoring site on Old Kent Road registered an annual mean 22µg/m-3 in 2017 for PM10 (particulates often found in exhaust), which meets national air quality objectives.
Bermondsey | Air pollution
A narrow strip along the eastern edge of the park and two smaller nearby areas have been designated the Battersea Park Nature Areas Local Nature Reserve, with an area of three hectares. They have a variety of woodland bird species including blackcap and bullfinch. There are 20 species of butterfly and several of stag beetle. Other invertebrate species include the hoverfly "Volucella zonaria".
Battersea Park | Battersea Park Nature Areas
The museum ceased exhibiting at Burlington Gardens in 1997 and the Department of Ethnography moved back to the British Museum in Bloomsbury in 2004.
6 Burlington Gardens | Museum of Mankind
The Still River is polluted with mercury nitrate from the hat industry in Danbury, which has flowed into the Housatonic River and into Long Island Sound. The Housatonic River is polluted with Monsanto chemicals called Aroclor, polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs. From "circa" 1932 until 1977, the river received PCBs pollution discharges from the General Electric plant at Pittsfield, Massachusetts.
Fairfield County, Connecticut | Pollution
Torrington Square is a square in Bloomsbury, owned by the University of London, located in central London, England. Today it is a square in name only, most of the houses having been demolished by the university. The southern end of the square is dominated by the University of London's Senate House. Birkbeck College and the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) are located here. To the southwest is Malet Street and to the southeast is Russell Square. The square is the site of a weekly farmers' market, held on Thursdays.
Torrington Square | Introduction
Neighbouring areas include St Pancras to the north and west (the core area of Fitzrovia, to the west, is part of St Pancras), Covent Garden to the south and Holborn to the east. For street name etymologies see "Street names of Bloomsbury".
Bloomsbury | Geography
Atmospheric pollution caused by burning cheap soft coal created the city's notorious pea soup fog. Air pollution from burning wood or coal was nothing new to London - complaints about the city's dirty atmosphere exist as far back as the 13th century - but the population explosion and industrialisation of the 19th century aggravated both the severity of the fogs and their lethal effects on Londoners. The fogs were at their worst in the month of November, but occurred frequently throughout the autumn and winter. Sulphur dioxide and soot emitted from chimneys mixed with the natural vapour of the Thames Valley to form a layer of greasy, acrid mist that shrouded the city up to 240 feet (75 metres) above street level.
19th-century London | Fog
The free festival is a celebration of the local area, partnering with galleries, libraries and museums, and achieved charitable status at the end of 2012. As of 2013, the Duchess of Bedford is a festival patron and Cathy Mager is the Festival Director.
Bloomsbury | Culture
The nature reserve was formerly part of the park of Ashtead House. It is mainly woodland on heavy London Clay and it has two ponds. Fauna include the broad-bodied chaser and emperor dragonfly and the common blue damselfly.
Ashtead Park | Ecology
The area remained rural at this time. In the 16th century with the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Henry VIII took the land back into the possession of the Crown and granted it to Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton.
Bloomsbury | Origins and etymology
The park has tennis courts and bowling greens, a conservatory, a bandstand (where music events are occasionally held) a children's playground and a garden of remembrance. Arthur Mee described it as "one of the most charming and varied in all the London area". The park has a variety of wildlife habitats, including the lakes, some small woods and magnificent oak trees. Aquatic plants include rigid hornwort, which is rare in London. There are also breeding birds such as Canada geese, mallard, tufted duck, coot and moorhen. There used to be a running track at the North East of the park.
Broomfield Park, Palmers Green | Facilities
Pollen is poorly preserved in the chalky soils found around Avebury, so the best evidence for the state of local environment at any time in the past comes from the study of the deposition of snail shells. Different species of snail live in specific habitats, so the presence of a certain species indicates what the area was like at a particular point in time. The available evidence suggests that in the early Neolithic, Avebury and the surrounding hills were covered in dense oak woodland, and as the Neolithic progressed, the woodland around Avebury and the nearby monuments receded and was replaced by grassland.
Avebury | Location and environment
Since 1993 the London Air Quality Network of King's College London has coordinated the monitoring of air pollution across 30 London boroughs and Heathrow, and has noted that in 2005–2006 almost all road and curbside monitoring sites across greater London exceeded the annual average limits for nitrogen dioxide of 40 μgmformula_1 (21 ppb), with eleven sites exceeding the hourly limits of 200 μgmformula_1 (105 ppb) on at least 18 occasions each. In 2000 one measuring site exceeded EU limits for air pollution, pollution rose for two years prior to 2007. The Green Party reported that nine sites in London exceeded the EU limits for air pollution in 2007.
London low emission zone | History
Battersea Park has a history of displaying sculpture by major artists, with large triennial exhibitions in the 1940s, 50s and 60s, although the 1954 and 1957 exhibitions took place in Holland Park instead of Battersea Park. More recently the park presents an annual student sculpture prize with the winning sculpture going on show in for a year. Some of the current sculptures have remained in the park since the large exhibitions.
List of public art in the London Borough of Wandsworth | Battersea Park
The A23 at Brixton suffered the most consistently high levels for more than two-fifths of the period. Carbon monoxide levels had reduced rapidly during the late 1990s and been relatively stable since 2002. In 2007 Transport for London (TfL) estimated that there were 1,000 premature deaths and a further 1,000 hospital admissions annually due to poor air quality from all causes.
London low emission zone | History
The gardens are laid out in formal style, with a wide range of trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials and bulbs, providing colour and interest throughout the year. Areas important for wildlife are the bog and ditch, bed ponds, garden pond, shrubs and woodland areas. The ponds accommodate amphibians and insect larvae. Hillingdon Borough Council report sightings of a rare damselfly in a pond in the surrounding open space of St Marys', Wood End, of which the Gardens are a part. The Council claims, too, the first sightings ever of small red-eyed damselflies in Hillingdon at the ornamental pond of the Beck Theatre.
Norman Leddy Memorial Gardens | Flora and fauna
In the London Borough of Camden, levels of NO2 are monitored in several locations in close proximity to the A400. Results from 2018 include:
A400 road (Great Britain) | Air pollution
More areas of England warned of 'very high' air pollution in April 2014. High levels of pollution in London and other parts of the south east of England may at worst days cause sore eyes and sore throats and experts warned those with heart conditions and asthma to stay inside.
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | April 2014
cleaner) results than Castelnau did in 2017, with an annual mean () concentration at 21μgm-3, and a mean reading of 15μgm-3 for PM. A monitoring site on Barnes High Street recorded more polluted air than the other, with () levels at 43.0μgm-3 (annual mean, 2017). This site therefore failed to meet the UK National Air Quality Objective of 40μgm-3 (annual mean) for ().
Barnes, London | Air pollution
The worst levels of air pollution are experienced by people in the most deprived 10% areas in England. These people are also subject to 41% higher concentrations of nitrogen dioxide from transport and industry than the average. The average black or black-British African in the UK person is exposed to 27.25 micrograms per cubic metre of harmful pollutant PM10. This is over 28% higher than the average urban white person.
Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom | Air pollution
With a wide range of different habitats, the country park is a haven for wildlife and an important site for nature conservation. It is a Local Nature Reserve. Many wetlands and ponds in Britain have become polluted or have disappeared, leaving the plants and animals that like wet conditions with fewer places to live. The Dragonfly Pond was built to encourage dragonflies and damselflies, and many other plants and animals such as frogs, toads and newts can be found there too. In the summer months the blue and green Emperor Dragonfly, the largest dragonfly in Britain, can be found there.
South Norwood Country Park | Wildlife
The London Borough of Hackney measures roadside air quality in Dalston, in particular the concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in the district. Diffusion tubes which measure the concentration of NO2 in roadside air show that across Dalston, the local roadside air quality failed to meet the UK National Objective of 40g/m³ (micrograms per cubic metre) in 2017. In 2017, the average roadside NO2 levels in several key locations in Dalston were:
Dalston | Air Pollution
Bloomsbury Square is a garden square in Holborn, Camden, London. Developed in the late 17th century, it was initially known as Southampton Square and was one of the earliest London squares. By the early 19th century, Bedford House along the north of the square had been demolished and replaced with terraced housing designed by James Burton.
Bloomsbury Square | Introduction
A period of unusually cold weather preceding and during the Great Smog led Londoners to burn much more coal than usual to keep themselves warm. While better-quality "hard" coals (such as anthracite) tended to be exported to pay off World War II debts, post-war domestic coal tended to be of a relatively low-grade, sulphurous variety (similar to lignite) which increased the amount of sulphur dioxide in the smoke. There were also numerous coal-fired power stations in the Greater London area, including Fulham, Battersea, Bankside, Greenwich and Kingston upon Thames, all of which added to the pollution. According to the UK's Met Office, the following pollutants were emitted each day during the smoggy period: 1,000 tonnes of smoke particles, 140 tonnes of hydrochloric acid, 14 tonnes of fluorine compounds and 370 tonnes of sulphur dioxide which may have been converted to 800 tonnes of sulphuric acid.
Great Smog of London | Sources of pollution
An important species (nationally scarce) found on the site is ivy broomrape. This parasitic plant is already recorded in Gloucestershire in various localities. It grows on ivy. There are thick areas of 'Irish ivy' within the grounds. Wooded areas and hedgerow areas support hybrid bluebells ("Hyacinthoides non-scripta" and "Hyacinthoides hispanica"). The meadow areas support a range of species which include red campion, primrose, nettle-leaved bellflower, enchanter's nightshade, garlic mustard, hedge woundwort, upright hedge parsley and green alkanet. The car park areas have been constructed of 'grass pavers' and support species such as yarrow, black medick and wild strawberry.
The Park, University of Gloucestershire | Flowers
By the 20th century - at least - respiratory diseases were the UK's biggest killers [the death-rate from bronchitis in the UK remained the highest in the world in the early 1950s, 65 per 100,000 in England and Wales, more than twice than of the nearest other country, Belgium].
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | Prehistory to the 20th Century
Howe Park Wood, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, is nearby,
Westcroft | Environment
Gillespie Park is a 3.4 hectare Local Nature Reserve and Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation in Highbury in the London Borough of Islington. It also hosts the Islington Ecology Centre, which provides environmental education for schools and organises walks and talks for adults. It is owned and managed by Islington Council. The site is protected by Fields in Trust through a legal "Deed of Dedication" safeguarding the future of the space as public recreation land for future generations to enjoy. The site has meadow and woodland areas with several ponds, and there are 244 species of plants, 94 of birds and 24 of butterflies.
Gillespie Park | Introduction
Bloomsbury Social Centre was the name given to a building in Bloomsbury, London, which was squatted as a self-managed social centre by students in affiliation with Occupy London, and the global Occupy movement. It was occupied on Wednesday, 23 November 2011, and evicted on Thursday, 22 December, lasting a total of 30 days. It was situated at 53 Gordon Square, in an historic six-storey Georgian Grade II-listed building, renovated by famous British architect, Charles Holden, the principal architect of nearby Senate House.
Bloomsbury Social Centre | Introduction
There are said to have been 140 species of flora. In 2016 the Bee Friendly Trust installed on platform 2 of the District line at West Brompton station, a number of flower boxes to attract pollinating insects.
Lillie Bridge (Fulham) | Green corridor
Pheasanthouse Wood is mixed woodland, with a bog area which has sphagnum moss. In Poors Piece there are oak pollards and a marsh area. Scrubs Wood is mainly hornbeam and chestnut coppice, while Backwarden, which is owned by the National Trust, has varied habitats including a pond, woodland and heathland. Hitchcock's Meadow also has diverse habitats such as flower-rich ancient pasture, woodland and marsh. Dormice are common in the reserves. There is access to Woodham Walter Common from Common Lane.
Danbury Ridge Nature Reserves | Introduction
Early in December 1952, a cold fog descended upon London. Because of the cold, Londoners began to burn more coal than usual. The resulting air pollution was trapped by the inversion layer formed by the dense mass of cold air. Concentrations of pollutants, coal smoke in particular, built up dramatically. The problem was made worse by use of low-quality, high-sulphur coal for home heating in London in order to permit export of higher-quality coal, because of the country's tenuous postwar economic situation. The "fog", or smog, was so thick that driving became difficult or impossible. The extreme reduction in visibility was accompanied by an increase in criminal activity as well as transportation delays and a virtual shut down of the city.
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | The Great Smog of 1952
The Centre for Wildlife Gardening is a 0.22 hectare nature reserve in Peckham in the London Borough of Southwark. It is owned by Southwark Council and managed by the London Wildlife Trust. It is a Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade I. Formerly a council depot, the centre has a wildlife garden with a range of habitats, a nursery for wild flowers and raised beds for community use. There are other habitats such as a chalk bank with wild flowers, meadows, a woodland copse, a bog garden and a roof garden. There are two ponds with frogs, newts and dragonflies.
Centre for Wildlife Gardening | Introduction
Gunnersbury Park is a park in the London Borough of Hounslow between Acton, Brentford, Chiswick and Ealing, West London, England. Purchased for the nation from the Rothschild family, it was opened to the public by Neville Chamberlain, then Minister of Health, on 21 May 1926. The park is currently jointly managed by Hounslow and Ealing borough councils. A major restoration project funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund was completed in 2018. The park and garden is Grade II listed.
Gunnersbury Park | Introduction
The self-managed social centre was squatted by University of London students as an act of protest against a number of political issues of the day, including cuts to the national budget by the incumbent Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition government, the tripling of University tuition fees in England and Wales, the wars in the Middle East, and, more generally, Free Market Capitalism, the political Right-wing, and neo-liberalism.
Bloomsbury Social Centre | Occupation
The area also has the main sewage treatment works which during the summer has reportedly been the cause of a nasty stink, although Essex and Suffolk Water deny there is anything wrong with it. Also further along from there is the main local depot for the cable TV company Telewest Blueyonder, which came to the area in the early 1990s under the name of United Artists before changing its name to Telewest and then more recently to Virgin Media. This previously had been the main customer service centre for United Artists.
Pitsea | Employment
The blast furnace bellows were powered by a watermill. The furnace and millpond of Tilgate Furnace were not in the Park, but on the Tilgate Brook (since diverted), just south of Furnace Farm -now occupied by the town neighbourhood of Furnace Green. The actual furnace was at Laurel Close, but pinpointing the site is not now possible because no archaeological survey or excavation took place before building work. As mentioned, the bellows had to be in operation 24/7 which required an unchanging water supply to the mill. This made dry spells of weather a real worry, so the proprietors created "head ponds".
Tilgate Park | Air and water
In order to improve air quality in London, there has been of fund of 20 million pounds. This came from the Our Mayor’s Air Quality Fund (MAQF). London implemented 12 Emission Low Bus Areas. This helps reduce toxic fumes that are released from vehicles. London is in the same situation as in the United States when it comes to managing pollution.
Industrial waste | In London
The history of the park and garden was researched by Kate Felus in 2007.
Danbury, Essex | Victorian period
Montagu House (sometimes spelled "Montague") was a late 17th-century mansion in Great Russell Street in the Bloomsbury district of London, which became the first home of the British Museum. The first house on the site was destroyed by fire in 1686. The rebuilt house was sold to the British Museum in 1759, and demolished in the 1840s to make way for the present larger building.
Montagu House, Bloomsbury | Introduction
In the 19th century the square was occupied mainly by middle class professionals. The writer Isaac D'Israeli lived at No. 6 from 1817 to 1829 and for part of that time his son, the future Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli lived with him. In the 20th century most of the buildings came to be used as offices.
Bloomsbury Square | History
The competition currently has twelve entry categories, most of which are determined by population size. Within each category, similarly sized communities compete across a spectrum of horticultural endeavour, community participation and environmental responsibility, which includes dealing with issues of litter, graffiti and vandalism.
Britain in Bloom | Structure
The residential Bancroft district is divided by Shenley Brook into Bancroft Park to the north and Bancroft to the south. The brook valley here is part of the flood control system and there is a permanent wetland with associated plants and wildlife. The foundations of a Romano-British farm known as Bancroft Roman Villa are in what is now the North Loughton Park, overlooking the Shenley Brook. Rescue excavations in 1957 identified a group of perhaps four buildings, traces of a hypocaust and sherds of Iron Age pottery. A copy of the famous "Concrete Cows" sculpture is at the southern end of the park (the original is in the Milton Keynes Museum).
Stantonbury | Bancroft
Bloomsbury Street contains three listed buildings:
Bloomsbury Street | Listed buildings
A visitor centre is also located on site to allow people to see the plant in action. A project to build over 2,500 homes at Flaxby Park on the opposite side of the A1(M), has registered an interest in taking the steam from the site to heat the new homes.
Allerton waste recovery park | Process