Floris National Park (Central African Republic); Garamba, Upemba and Kundelungu National Parks (Congo-Kinshasa); Omo National Park (Ethiopia); Masai Mara Game Reserve and Ruma National Park (Kenya); Golden Gate Highlands National Park (South Africa); Serengeti National Park (Tanzania); Kidepo Valley, Lake Mburo and Murchison Falls National Parks (Uganda); Kafue and Liuwa Plain National Parks and Bangweulu Swamp (Zambia).
Threats and conservation
Oribi
Oribi | Threats and conservation
Yes, The oribi occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range, such as: Gashaka Gumti National Park in Nigeria, the Pendjari and W National Parks (Benin); Aouk Hunting Zone (Chad); Benoue, Bouba Njida and Faro National Parks (Cameroon); Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park (Central African Republic); Occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range, such as: Gashaka Gumti National Park, the Pendjari and W National Parks, etc The oribi occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range, such as: Gashaka Gumti National Park in Nigeria Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
what is an oribi?
user
It is a small antelope.
assistant
where is it found?
user
Eastern, southern and western Africa from savannahs, floodplains and tropical grasslands
assistant
how does it look like?
user
This antelope features a slightly raised back, and long neck and limbs. The glossy, yellowish to rufous brown coat contrasts with the white chin, throat, underparts and rump. The bushy tail, brown to black on the outside, has white insides.
assistant
what family does it belong to?
user
It was the sole member of its genus
assistant
can you tell me about its diet?
user
Oribi prefers fresh grasses and browses occasionally. Grasses can constitute up to 90% of the diet; preferred varieties include "Andropogon", "Eulalia", "Hyparrhenia
assistant
is it under threat of extinction?
user
They are estimated as Vulnerable. Hunting is a relatively minor threat,  numbers have also declined due to agricultural expansion and competition from livestock.
assistant
have any steps been taken for their protection?
user
The oribi has been classified as Least Concern by the IUCN. The total population (as of 2008) is estimated at 750,000. However, the subspecies "O. o. haggardi" is listed as Vulnerable because, as of 2008, the total population is estimated at less than 10,000 mature individuals, and is feared to be declining. Hunting is a relatively minor threat, since the oribi shows some tolerance to hunting. Nevertheless, the steep fall of 92% in oribi populations in Comoé National Park (Côte d'Ivoire) has been attributed to poaching. Numbers have also declined due to agricultural expansion and competition from livestock. The oribi occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range, such as: Gashaka Gumti National Park in Nigeria, the Pendjari and W National Parks (Benin); Aouk Hunting Zone (Chad); Benoue, Bouba Njida and Faro National Parks (Cameroon); Manovo-Gounda St.
Oribi | Threats and conservation
The conservation status of this species was changed from near threatened to vulnerable in the 2008 World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List because the species has declined at least 30% over the past 30 years (three generations) due to hunting and habitat loss. This is considerably better than the 1994 assessment which found it to be endangered, followed by the 2003 assessment which found the species to be near threatened. Although the conservation status has improved, actual population numbers are on a decreasing trend. Since it only lives in white water flooded forests, it is very susceptible to human impact (i.e.: land acquisition for agriculture and/or pastures).
Bald uakari | Conservation
Deforestation and forest degradation are the most likely threats within the range of the Albertine owlet. The forest in the Itombwe Mountains and Kahuzi-Biéga National Park is under increasing pressure from agricultural clearance and grazing, timber cutting, mining and hunting. The range lies within a conflict ridden region with thousand of refugees in camps but this also seems to have resulted in outward emigration, leaving areas depopulated as well. More needs to be known about the biology and status of this taxon.
Albertine owlet | Conservation status
Floris National Park (Central African Republic); Garamba, Upemba and Kundelungu National Parks (Congo-Kinshasa); Omo National Park (Ethiopia); Masai Mara Game Reserve and Ruma National Park (Kenya); Golden Gate Highlands National Park (South Africa); Serengeti National Park (Tanzania); Kidepo Valley, Lake Mburo and Murchison Falls National Parks (Uganda); Kafue and Liuwa Plain National Parks and Bangweulu Swamp (Zambia).
Oribi | Threats and conservation
The IUCN classifies the okapi as endangered. It is fully protected under Congolese law. The Okapi Wildlife Reserve and Maiko National Park support significant populations of the okapi, though a steady decline in numbers has occurred due to several threats. Other areas of occurrence are the Rubi Tele Hunting Reserve and the Abumombanzi Reserve. Major threats include habitat loss due to logging and human settlement. Extensive hunting for bushmeat and skin and illegal mining have also led to population declines. A threat that has emerged quite recently is the presence of illegal armed groups around protected areas, inhibiting conservation and monitoring actions.
Okapi | Threats and conservation
The species is listed as near-threatened, and almost meets the criteria for vulnerable (having extent of occurrence (EOO) of less than 15,504 km²).The species shows no sign of continued decline in population. The species, like other island species, faces threats from natural disasters like hurricanes and volcanic eruptions. It may also face a threat from change in land cover, and agricultural use.
Sturnira angeli | Conservation
Males may guard their offspring from predators and keep away other males. Weaning takes place at four to five months. The oribi lives for 8 to 12 years in the wild, and for 12 to 14 years in captivity.
Oribi | Reproduction
This species is threatened because of habitat destruction. At the Forêt du Day site, 95% of its preferred juniper habitat is dead or dying and is unable to support this bird. While an overarching reason behind this destruction remains unknown, overgrazing by cattle, camels, and goats is believed to have been a significant contributor, along with rain, climate change, and a fungal disease. Hunting, the gathering of firewood, egg collecting, and general human disturbance are also believed to be threats. At the Mabla Mountains site, the habitat is also being degraded by the collection of firewood and overgrazing. In 1937, part of the Forêt du Day site was set aside as Day Forest National Park; this designation is no longer valid.
Djibouti spurfowl | Conservation
The dibatag has been identified as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). It has not been listed under the Washington Convention (CITES). There are no protected areas in its range. No population estimates or surveys could be made in the three decades from the 1960s to the 1990s due to political unrest and armed conflicts in the areas covering the range. The total surviving population is not known. In 1998, Rod East gave an estimate that the populations must be in only a few thousand given a total remaining range of and a population density of 0.1 to 0.3 per square kilometer.
Dibatag | Threats and conservation
The species is listed as critically endangered by the IUCN. It is found in one area and its population is continuing to decline. It is under threat by increased urbanisation, effluents from agricultural and forestry, and livestock ranching. It occupies an area less than 10 km. There are no conservation measures in place.
Campanula aghrica | Conservation
The species is listed as near-threatened by the IUCN. The main threats it faces, like most other island species, is the chance of natural disasters like hurricanes and volcanic eruptions. It is also threatened by the change in land use and agriculture.
Sturnira paulsoni | Conservation
This species is listed as vulnerable because the population trends are decreasing to more than 30% over the last three generation (approximately 30 years). This is due to the hunting for the meat and traditional medicine, as well as habitat loss. The forest habitat is being loss rapidly, especially due to oil palm plantations and other anthropogenic habitats. For conservation, this species is protected Indonesian law and is totally protected in Sarawak. There are at least seven protected areas known, which only one in Malaysia, Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary.
White-fronted surili | Threats and conservation
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species lists this species as vulnerable. It is believed to have declined by 30% over the last 24 years and has low densities in fragmented populations in a range of about of mountain territory. It is threatened by habitat loss as the forests in which it lives are being felled for timber.
Bufo eichwaldi | Status
According to the IUCN Red List the population is vulnerable and decreasing; threats include development, livestock farming, fire, invasive species and logging. Its conservation status has not been evaluated by any other source.
Boophis fayi | Conservation status
The known sites are all forest reserves (Kwamgumi, Segoma and Mtai Forest Reserves), but they are not well protected. Because of the very small range and threats to the habitat, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assessed this species as "Critically Endangered" in 2016.
Mertensophryne usambarae | Habitat and conservation
Significant pressures are present from an expanding human population of the region, particularly due to conversion of habitat to agriculture, extraction of river water for human consumption, and widespread slash-and-burn practises. According to C. Michael Hogan: "While the population for "H. darlingi" may be secure for the present, the threat accretion trends place a significant pressure upon the habitat itself, as well as the fragmentation of habitat."
Amnirana darlingi | Conservation
Due to the wide range and abundance of "A. barackobamai", the species is not considered to be a threatened species overall, though some isolated populations (such as those local to the Sutter Buttes) may be vulnerable.
Aptostichus barackobamai | Conservation status
The Okapi Wildlife Reserve was created with the help of the Okapi Conservation Project in 1992. The project continues to support the reserve by training and equipping wildlife guards and by providing assistance to improve the lives of neighboring communities. The Okapi Wildlife Reserve was added to the list of World Heritage Sites in danger in 1997. The main threats to the reserve are deforestation, primarily caused by slash and burn agriculture, and commercial hunting for the sale of bush meat. Gold mining has also been problematic to the Reserve. As of 2005, the fighting in the eastern part of the country moved within the boundaries of the Reserve, causing its staff to flee or be evacuated.
Okapi Wildlife Reserve | History
Another threat is potential introduction of fish to Lake Oku. Although a large portion of the species' small range (14 km²) is within Kilum-Ijim Plantlife Sanctuary, livestock grazing and agricultural expansion occurs within the area.
Phrynobatrachus njiomock | Habitat and conservation
In the 1990s this was considered a rather unknown species, being cryptic and easily overlooked, and it was believed not to be threatened and probably more common, but at the same time possibly endangered with extinction. Nonetheless, it has a restricted range, and in 1996 its conservation status was assessed as 'vulnerable' by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). In 2009 this was upgraded to 'endangered', but as of 2019 it is considered 'near threatened' by SANBI, with a population decreasing in numbers. Near threatened is because SANBI has inferred that the total population will be reduced in 2049 by 21-27%, based on the recent rate of habitat loss.
Protea decurrens | Conservation
Even in protected areas, the animals are poached. Another striking problem is finding adequate funds and political will to protect the species. The species have a fragmented distribution and are therefore at risk from inbreeding and loss of genetic variation. The film "The Return of Sangai" is a documentary by George Thengummoottil about the species in Keibul Lamjao National Park.
Eld's deer | Threats
This species is only found in the northern mountains of Ethiopia. Once widespread in the Semien Mountains, the numbers dropped during the 20th century. Only 200–250 animals were surviving in 1994–1996, but recently the population has somewhat increased to about 500 individuals in 2004. Habitat loss and hunting are major threats to the species. The encroaching settlement, livestock grazing, and cultivation are also big problems. Road construction is also fragmenting their habitat. The most important stronghold for their survival is now the sized Semien National Park which was established in 1969. The Walia ibex is considered to be vulnerable by the IUCN and needs further conservation measures to survive.
Walia ibex | Threats
The IUCN lists this species as Vulnerable. Continuous destruction of primary and secondary forests, conversion of fertile lands to agricultural and residential areas, as well as indiscriminate human killings can threaten the survival of this animal.
Dryophiops philippina | Conservation status
Some efforts being made for this species include – aggressive reforestation, trying to get a captive population, the removal of feral ungulates, and collecting of data about its life to help with the three other plans. Conservationists have yet to obtain the eggs of this species, which will be needed to create a breeding population in captivity. Moreover, adults will be needed to keep up what little populations are still left. It is threatened by habitat loss and predation by invasive species.
ʻAkiapolaʻau | Conservation and threats
It is classed as vulnerable by the IUCN because most of its habitat has been destroyed over the last 60 years, and it is now thought to live in an area as small as 20,000 km², of which only around 2,000 km² are occupied by this species. It is thought that habitat destruction is not the only cause for the decreasing population trend, but that they are also still hunted for food and collected for the pet trade. It may be more threatened than initially estimated, since the northern population were confirmed to be of different species ("V. bitatawa") in 2010.
Gray's monitor | Threats
Since then, Ansow Gunsalam has established a nursery close to the Mesilau Lodge at the base of Kinabalu Park to protect the endangered species of that area, including "N. burbidgeae". The conservation status of "N. burbidgeae" is listed as Endangered on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species based on an assessment carried out in 2000. This does not agree with an informal assessment made by Charles Clarke in 1997, who classified the species as Vulnerable based on the IUCN criteria. However, Clarke noted that since all known populations of "N. burbidgeae" lie within the boundaries of Kinabalu National Park and are inaccessible to collectors, they "are unlikely to become threatened in the foreseeable future".
Nepenthes burbidgeae | Threats and conservation status
Local droughts, possibly related to global climate change, have appeared to have further compromised the breeding habitat and behaviour of the species. Some conservation efforts have been undertaken, including protecting nests by the installation of metal belts that prevent predators from accessing them, but the protection of ideal habitat and the increasing human populations in Cambodia continues to be a vexing challenge. Increasing ecotourism in the region and education to local people is clearly required for the species to successfully recover from the brink of extinction. The current population is estimated at 100 pairs, with a total population (including young and juveniles) of fewer than 500 individuals.
Giant ibis | Status
This species has been classified as having the "At Risk, Naturally Uncommon" conservation status under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.
Orocrambus jansoni | Conservation Status
Therefore, a large portion of the population is dependent on the efforts and contributions of private landowners. Furthermore, another threat is that the adult birds may be captured in order to collect the eggs and nestlings for food or medicine in some African tribal practices. The hunting of these birds has also been popular in farming populations to supplement their meat supplies. Local hunting continues to be a threat today.
Southern bald ibis | Conservation status
The Balikun jerboa has a wide range and is presumed to have a large total population. No specific threats have been identified and there are several protected areas within its range, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".
Balikun jerboa | Status
Currently, this species is not listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species nor in any of the CITES Appendices. In 2004, a proposal was submitted by Kenya to have it listed in CITES Appendix II on the grounds that the species has a very limited geographic range and suffers from rapid habitat loss. It is also threatened by illegal trade due to demand from reptile collectors in Europe and North America. Apparently this proposal was not accepted. The Commission of European Communities considered the arguments weak, saying that they did not demonstrate significant trade, and that the species is already protected in Kenya.
Atheris desaixi | Conservation status
Droughts and habitat degradation are the major threats across the range. In Somalia, conservation measures have been hindered by lack of political stability due to conflicts over two to three decades in the latter half of the 20th century. During this period its habitat was adversely affected by over-exploitation of wildlife, prevalence of weapons and deforestation. In Ethiopia hunting is the most severe threat to the dibatag; locals have claimed that dibatag meat is preferred due to its excellent taste. However its brown pelage and alertness and timidity make hunting for it in dense bushes considerably difficult compared to other antelopes.
Dibatag | Threats and conservation
Its natural habitats are undisturbed montane forests. It is only known from two sites, one near the Mazumbai Forest Reserve at above sea level, and the other one in the Shume-Magambo Forest Reserve at asl. The only known breeding site is a small forest swamp that is bordering a small stream in Mazumbai (suitable swamp also exists in Shume-Magambo). This species is believed to be decreasing because of habitat loss, caused by agricultural expansion, logging and expanding human settlements. While it occurs in or near protected areas, additional habitat protection would be needed. Because the species is only known from two sites in one location suffering from habitat loss, it has been assessed as "Critically Endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Hyperolius tanneri | Habitat and conservation
In New Zealand its conservation status was declared to be "Not Threatened" in 2004, 2009 and 2012 under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, and this New Zealand classification was reaffirmed in 2018, with the further comment that it was safe overseas.
Leucopogon fraseri | Conservation status
The tepui is within the Jaua-Sarisariñama National Park, and no major threats to this species have been identified.
Stefania percristata | Conservation status
It is probably threatened by loss of closed-canopy forests. It is present in the Moukalaba-Doudou National Park and probably in some other protected areas too.
Alexteroon obstetricans | Introduction
The steep mountainsides with poor soil are not suitable for farming or for the timber industry so the habitats and animal life of Kinabalu remain largely intact, with about a third of the original habitat now degraded. Kinabalu Park was established in 1964 and the nearby mountains were protected as the Crocker Range National Park in 1984. However even national park status does not guarantee full protection, as logging permits were granted on Trus Madi in 1984. Climate Change is likely to reduce the suitable habitat for cold-adapted species from the montane habitats.
Mount Kinabalu | Threats and preservation
edwardsiana". The conservation status of "N. edwardsiana" is listed as Vulnerable on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The species has also been classified as Vulnerable by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. However, Charles Clarke notes that since all known populations of "N. edwardsiana" lie within the boundaries of Kinabalu National Park and are inaccessible to collectors, they "are unlikely to become threatened in the foreseeable future". Taking this into account, Clarke suggests a revised assessment of Conservation Dependent based on the IUCN criteria.
Nepenthes edwardsiana | Threats and conservation status
This species has the "Nationally Critical" conservation status under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.
Orocrambus ornatus | Conservation Status
In 2015, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assessed "Telmatobius dankoi" as being critically endangered. Its range is very small, and the habitat is affected by water pollution from mining activities. Additional threats are abstraction of surface water for human consumption and agriculture, as well as recreational activities. In 2019, a team of conservationists and indigenous leaders visited the type locality of the species and found that it had been devastated by water extraction by mining, agriculture, and real estate development, with the creeks completely dry and the vegetation parched. The lack of dead frogs indicated that the change had happened a long time prior to their arrival.
Telmatobius dankoi | Conservation
Beira are subject to some low level hunting but its small size, extreme wariness, and the inaccessible rocky habitat may allow it to withstand hunting pressure. Overgrazing, drought and cutting of acacia scrub for charcoal production are thought to be greater threats. It is listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN. In Djibouti it is thought to be rare but not endangered. and its status in Ethiopia is currently unknown, the last record being in 1972. The only captive breeding group of beira is at Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation where they have been successfully bred and the number reached a peak of 58 in 2005.
Beira (antelope) | Conservation
This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure).
Plain nightjar | Conservation Status
This species has an extremely large range, and does not approach the title for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). Even though the population shows to be decreasing, the decline is not presumed to be able to get the title for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size has not been calculated, but it is not believed to reach the namesake for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure).
Great jacamar | Conservation
The International Union for Conservation of Nature has classified the Nubian ibex as "vulnerable" on the basis that fewer than 10,000 mature individuals remain and the population is declining. Threats faced by the animal include competition with livestock for water and fodder, hunting pressure, and habitat destruction. In Israel, the historically dense ibex population, described in the Bible (Psalm 104:18), was decimated in the wake of the First World War when the sudden availability of rifles enabled Bedouin to hunt them to near extinction. After the establishment of the state, when hunting was outlawed and nature reserves were created in which they were protected, the ibex population rebounded.
Nubian ibex | Status
Other protected species include the northern brown howler (Alouatta guariba guariba), Atlantic titi (Callicebus personatus), giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), cougar (Puma concolor), jaguar (Panthera onca), oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), the ant Dinoponera lucida, Hercules beetle (Dynastes hercules) and the Characiformes fish Rachoviscus graciliceps.
Sooretama Biological Reserve | Status
Most of the original forest has been cleared for the planting of maize, cassava, and other crops so only small isolated patches remain. Furthermore, this clearance is ongoing due to the growing population of the island and this represents a threat to the birds. In 1998 two national parks were designated on the island for the protection of endangered species: the Laiwangi Wanggameti National Park and Manupeu Tanah Daru National Park.
Sumba | Threats and preservation
Although it was considered 'not threatened' in the past (following Hilton-Taylor (1996)), and dense stands exist, the South African National Biodiversity Institute classed it as 'vulnerable' in 2019. There are no severe threats. It can be considered well-conserved: as of 2008, 96% of the population is protected in nature reserves, for example in the Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve in the Western Cape.
Protea caespitosa | Conservation
In the most recent published assessment, the species is listed as a vulnerable species. It has a population of 8,000-10,000 individuals, and colonies are known to be as big as 500 individuals, although most are considerably smaller. Tourism and habitat loss, including vegetation around its main colony, are the main threats to the species. Along with the construction of lights and routes inside caves for cave tourism, these have led to rapid losses of population for the species. The species also faces threats from the illegal hunting of it by some locals. There is no government-backed effort to protect the species.
Hipposideros alongensis | Conservation
The Okarito kiwi is currently classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN due to habitat loss and predation by introduced stoats. Conservation efforts such as Operation Nest Egg and the stoat control regime have been partially successful in restoring the rowi population. However, the rowi is still in a fragile stage of existence. Predation, mainly from imported animals such as stoats, is still the biggest threat to the rowi. The South Okarito Forest was designated a kiwi sanctuary in 2000. The West Coast Wildlife Centre in Franz Josef village operates a conservation programme as part of Operation Nest Egg. Eggs at risk of predation are removed, the chicks hatched in captivity, raised in a natural predator-free environment until old enough to fend for themselves, and then returned to the wild.
Okarito kiwi | Status and conservation
"Powelliphanta" "Kirwans"is classified by the New Zealand Threat Classification System as "Range Restricted".
Powelliphanta &quot;Kirwans&quot; | Conservation status
The island has had protected status since 1935, when it became a wildlife refuge. In 1958 it was also designated a Reserve for the Preservation of Flora and Fauna. It is free of mammalian predators; rabbits were eradicated between 1958 and 1962. Threats come from introduced boxthorn plants, which impale birds and block access to burrows, as well as from human disturbance resulting from unauthorised access.
Motunau Island | Conservation status
The population of this species may be dense within its restricted geographic range. It is vulnerable to habitat degradation, by slash-and-burn cultivation of maize, burning for charcoal, commercial timber and for construction. which is happening in most of its range apart from to the north of Manombo. The birds are also taken by dogs, by hunting, and introduced rats ("Rattus" sp) may also be a problem. In 2002 there was an estimated population 115,000 and it is estimated that numbers are falling. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has classified the conservation status of this bird as ″vulnerable″.
Subdesert mesite | Status
As of 2016, it is evaluated as a data deficient species by the IUCN. It meets the criteria for this designation because basic details of its biology and ecology are yet unknown. The extent of its geographic range is also poorly understood, as are any threats that it may be facing. It is possibly impacted by the deforestation of the Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena region, though.
Sturnira koopmanhilli | Conservation
This species has an extremely large range, estimated at 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles) which is not believed to declining or fragmentating. Although its population is unknown, it is not thought to be declining. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern by the IUCN.
Ibisbill | Conservation status
Most extant wild individuals of this species are restricted to protected areas, namely Songimvelo Game Reserve (which contains the largest numbers) and Barberton Nature Reserve in Mpumalanga, and in KwaZulu-Natal the Ithala Game Reserve. The population in Eswatini is largely protected within the Malolotja National Park.
Protea comptonii | Protected areas
, there were only four known subpopulations of "Abrus sambiranensis". Threats to the species include from soil erosion due to deforestation and from harvesting for use in traditional medicine. Two subpopulations are present in Manongarivo Special Reserve where the species is conserved.
Abrus sambiranensis | Conservation
The issue is most severe in Sithulpahuwa where thousands of pilgrims visit, leading to a great degree of commercialisation. Department of Wildlife Conservation has taken some conservation measures such as management of grazing lands, conservation of small water ponds, and eradication of invasive alien species. A long electric fence was erected to prevent elephants from moving into nearby villages.
Yala National Park | Threats and conservation
Several factors contribute to the projected decline of the species, including predation, habitat destruction, and hunting. The kipunji has only two known predators: crowned eagles ("Stephanoaetus coronatus") and leopards ("Panthera pardus"). The biggest threats to the species come from human activities. Logging for timber and charcoal production are the most prominent threats, but locals are also known to hunt the kipunji due to its crop-destroying habits or simply as a food source. Continued habitat loss is anticipated to cause a loss of the Bujingijila Corridor that links two populations in the Mount Rungwe and Livingstone forests. The species was included in the list of "The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates" in 2006 and 2008.
Kipunji | Conservation
The oribi occurs in a variety of habitats – from savannahs, floodplains and tropical grasslands with tall grasses to montane grasslands at low altitudes, up to above the sea level. Recently burnt areas often attract groups of oribi. The choice of habitat depends on the availability of cover needed to escape the eyes of predators. Population densities typically vary between 2 and 10 individuals per km; however, densities as high as 45 individuals per km have been recorded in tropical grasslands that receive over of annual rainfall and open floodplains. The oribi's range overlaps with those of larger grazers such as the African buffalo, hippopotamus, hartebeest, Thomson's gazelle and topi.
Oribi | Distribution and habitat
The bay duiker has been historically overhunted across its range for bushmeat. A 2007 study of the extinction of the bay duiker in the Ipassa Makokou Biosphere Reserve (Gabon) held overhunting responsible for the elimination of the species from the reserve. The survival of the bay duiker is also threatened by human settlement and agricultural expansion due to this duiker's preference for old-growth forests, and habitat degradation. The habitat of the bay duiker has depleted to a large extent due to deforestation. The bay duiker, unlike the other duiker species, is still found in significant numbers, and is classified as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).
Bay duiker | Threats and conservation
The World Conservation Union (IUCN) has noted the following as threats to the species: a period of hunting by humans during the Great Leap Forward, entanglement in fishing gear, the illegal practice of electric fishing, collisions with boats and ships, habitat loss, and pollution. Further studies have noted that a lack of information on the baiji's historical distribution or ecology, the environmental impact of the construction of the Three Gorges Dam on the living space of the baiji, and the failure to act for the protection of the baiji are also threats to the species. During the Great Leap Forward, when traditional veneration of the baiji was denounced, it was hunted for its flesh and skin, and quickly became scarce.
Baiji | Causes of decline
Threats are probably habitat loss and bushmeat hunting. However, this species is protected by Salonga National Park.
Angolan kusimanse | Introduction
Protection of the island's environment started in 1976 with the creation of the 6,500 ha Teitei Batti Wildlife Refuge. In 1979 this has been expanded to 56,500 ha and upgraded to Nature Reserve status. In 1981 the whole island has been declared a biosphere reserve. In 1993 the 190,500 ha large Siberut National Park has been declared. Logging concessions threaten 70% of the forests outside the national park, and thus endanger the entire ecosystem of the island.
Siberut National Park | Conservation and threats
"C. stejnegeri" is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with the following criteria: B1ab(iii) (v3.1, 2001). A species is listed as such when the best available evidence indicates its extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 20,000 km (7,720 mi), estimates indicate it is severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations, and a continuing decline has been observed, inferred, or projected in its area, extent, and/or quality of habitat. Therefore, it is considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. The population trend was down when assessed in 2007.
Crotalus stejnegeri | Conservation status
According to the IUCN it was threatened by habitat loss in 2004. Protected populations occur in Carara National Park, Río Piro Wildlife Refuge, Corcovado National Park, Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge (from ), and at least historically in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve area.
Craugastor rugosus | Conservation
This species is classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with the following criteria: B1ab(iii,v) (v3.1, 2001). A species is listed as such when the best available evidence indicates that the extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 20,000 km², the population to be severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations, and that a continuing decline has been observed, inferred or projected in the area, extent and/or quality of habitat and in the number of mature individuals. It is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
Bothriechis aurifer | Conservation status
A 2017 assessment found that 96,126 km, or 77%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas.
Beni savanna | Conservation and threats
In the southern mountain range of Aser-Jog, in Djibouti, the beira antelope "Dorcatragus megalotis", an endemic and vulnerable species is reported. 99 different individuals have been recorded. However, they face competition from cattle in grazing. Hence, a proposal has been mooted to establish a wild life refuge in this range, as a protected area.
Wildlife of Djibouti | Mammals
The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the conservation status of "P. cassini" as being "endangered"; this is because of the small number of locations from which it is known, and the degradation of its habitat as deforestation takes place for logging, the creation of oil palm plantations, agricultural activities and road-building. It is estimated that the total population of the bird numbers between 1000 and 2500 individuals and is likely to be declining. However the bird is little-known, and there may be other breeding colonies at present unknown; if that proves to be the case, the bird's status may need to be changed to "vulnerable".
Baudó oropendola | Status
The nature of the distribution of "O. mortimeri" means that there are no natural impediments to "O. niloticus" spreading throughout its range and it has already displaced the native species in much of Lake Kariba, especially in areas where there are fish farms rearing "O. niloticus", a practice which began in the 1990s.
Oreochromis mortimeri | Conservation
A small population occurs north of the Virunga National Park, but lacks protection due to the presence of armed groups in the vicinity. In June 2012, a gang of poachers attacked the headquarters of the Okapi Wildlife Reserve, killing six guards and other staff as well as all 14 okapis at their breeding center. The Okapi Conservation Project, established in 1987, works towards the conservation of the okapi, as well as the growth of the indigenous Mbuti people. In November 2011, the White Oak Conservation center and Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens hosted an international meeting of the Okapi Species Survival Plan and the Okapi European Endangered Species Programme at Jacksonville, which was attended by representatives from zoos from the US, Europe, and Japan.
Okapi | Threats and conservation
Hirola are critically endangered and their numbers continue to decline in the wild. There are between 300–500 individuals in the wild and none currently in captivity. Despite being one of the rarest antelopes, conservation measures for the antelope have so far been marginal. The Arawale National Reserve was created in 1973 as a small sanctuary for them, but has been left unmaintained since the 1980s. In 2005, four local communities in the Ijara District, in collaboration with Terra Nuova, established the Ishaqbini Hirola Conservancy. As of 2014 23 km predator-proof fenced sanctuary has been constructed at Ishaqbini and a founding population of 48 hirola is breeding well within the sanctuary.
Hirola | Status and conservation
These separate species often occur in close proximity to each other, increasing predator vigilance. This antelope is highly sporadic in distribution; it occurs mainly in eastern, southern and western Africa, ranging from Nigeria and Senegal in the west to Ethiopia and Eritrea in the east and southward to Angola and the Eastern Cape (South Africa). It is feared to be extinct in Burundi.
Oribi | Distribution and habitat
Its extinction would represent an irreplaceable loss for the long-term survival of the nomadic populations. In 1975, the National Range Agency of Somalia protected an area of about 50ha by prohibiting grazing. Since then, many other areas have been protected from grazing. In these areas and in all the native areas, the situation of Yeheb bush had considerably improved according to a 1983 study. However, a mission in 2015 found that the species had disappeared from the Haud plateau of Somaliland, although still to be found on the Ethiopian side of the border. It is exotic in Israel, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania and in the Republic of Yemen.
Cordeauxia | Distribution
The classification by national EPBC legislation is vulnerable, with identified threats including an increased risk of fire as a result of invasive grasses, couch and buffel grass, alterations to availability of ground water and the impact of increased tourism. A large number of the trees are protected by occurring within the Finke Gorge National Park, some fringing groves of the palm are found on pastoral land and tourist areas and are subject to separate conservation actions.
Livistona mariae | Conservation status
The species is classified as near threatened by the IUCN. Though still fairly common locally, its populations have decreased due to habitat loss, accelerated by massive logging operations, deforestation, cattle grazing, and mining. Illegal trapping for the local and international cage-bird trade is considered to be the main threat to this species, as it is adaptable and can tolerate some habitat modification if left unmolested. Heavy trapping pressure and habitat fragmentation due to forest clearing are thought to be responsible for some localised extinctions of this species.
Toucan barbet | Conservation
Some of the localities in which it is found are under threat of mining, and bushfires are a threat to the populations in the maquis vegetation, With an extent of occurrence (EOO) of , and an area of occupancy (AOO) of , it satisfies the criteria for it to be declared vulnerable under the IUCN criteria of 2012.
Marsdenia mackeeorum | Conservation status
The reserve is home to endangered titi monkeys. Threats include encroachment of people, cattle and horses, accidental fires, poaching and siltation and pollution of the water courses.
Andradina Biological Reserve | Conservation
Threats to the national park are posed by illegal logging and mining. Between 1990 and 2003 forests declined in North Maluku from 86% to just under 70%, with much of it occurring in the lowlands (below 400m). As a result, species with large amounts of their range at low elevations were most strongly affected.
Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park | Conservation and threats
The Madagascan population has been markedly declining mainly through unsustainable harvesting of eggs, nest site disturbance and wetland habitat degradation. Human interference and habitat loss also pose threats to the "abbotti" race. Because nesting individuals are apparently fearless of humans, this species is an easy target for hunters. Habitat loss and degradation pose another serious threat to the population. Important areas of this species’ habitat are threatened with pollution, sedimentation and encroachment of alluvial sands. Such sedimentation is caused by soil erosion from slash and burn cultivation (Birdlife International, 2013). Its mangrove habitat is also threatened with destruction for charcoal production.
Malagasy sacred ibis | Threats and survival
The population is estimated at between and individuals, the majority of which live in swamps in South Sudan, Uganda, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia. There is also a viable population in the Malagarasi wetlands in Tanzania. BirdLife International has classified it as Vulnerable with the main threats being habitat destruction, disturbance and hunting. The bird is listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
Shoebill | Status and conservation
"Powelliphanta" "Matakitaki" is classified by the New Zealand Threat Classification System as "Range Restricted".
Powelliphanta &quot;Matakitaki&quot; | Conservation status
This species has been classified as having the "At Risk, Naturally Uncommon" conservation status under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. The species is also listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. It is thought to be threatened mainly by habitat destruction - forest clearing, removing logs and rocks in which they live, or other events such as fires or over collection of species, particularly adult females. Other threats include predation, likely by introduced species (birds, rats etc.).
Peripatoides indigo | Conservation
In 2013 the Department of Conservation classified "Opacuincola eduardstraussi" as Nationally Critical under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. The species was judged as meeting the criteria for Nationally Critical threat status as a result of it occupying a total area of less than 1 hectare. It is found only in one location and is also classified as Data Poor under the threat classification system.
Opacuincola eduardstraussi | Conservation Status
Deforestation by logging of forests and subsequent sedimentation and alteration of stream conditions are the primary threats to this species. It can be locally very common along streams but is declining in abundance. This species is found in Mt. Kinabalu and Gunung Mulu National Parks which are well protected. However, the mountains in Kalimantan need urgent and increased protection.
Staurois tuberilinguis | Conservation and threats
The major threat to the species is habitat loss and fragmentation due to urbanization and tourism development. It is not known to occur in any protected areas, making habitat protection an urgent priority.
Pseudophilautus amboli | Threats and conservation action
Their past extinction was due to tigers—precisely, the Balinese tiger—and humans hunting them for their antlers and pelts. Their main predators now are humans, leopards, dholes (the Asiatic wild dog), pythons, and crocodiles. Another cause for population decline is human related habitat loss. The land on which the deer live is cleared for agriculture and buildings.
Bawean deer | Conservation threats
The national parks and forest reserves are under threat due to poaching, invasive plants such as water hyacinth, unauthorized livestock grazing, illegal fishing, bush fires, mining, bamboo harvesting, encroachment of protected land for agricultural farming, firewood gathering, be keeping and herbal plant extraction. This situation is attributed to governance issues lacking in legal acts and guidelines and also heavy anthropogenic pressure. Conservation management plans have been instituted for all protected areas which involves the community of villages living in and around the protected areas. Conservation activities have focused on increasing the forest density by planting trees in a "natural self rehabilitation and natural regeneration of primary and high value species".
Wildlife of Rwanda | Conservation
Both locations have small forests composed of "Nothofagus betuloides", "Embothrium coccineum", "Maytenus magellanica", and "Drimys winteri", surrounded by tundra. One specimen was collected under a log at the forest-tundra border, the other by a small stream, both near the sea level ( asl). The species was last seen in 1998 and expeditions in 2001 and 2002 in the same area failed to find it. The threats are unknown but it is known to occur in the Bernardo O'Higgins National Park.
Alsodes kaweshkari | Habitat and conservation
This species is endangered on the state level in Oregon. Threats to its existence include wildland fire suppression and forest habitat destruction by human activity such as logging.
Iliamna bakeri | Conservation
The single population of skinks remain vulnerable, as an arrival of stoats or an accidental fire would threaten the entire species.
Te Kakahu skink | Conservation status
These populations might not face any threats. However, outside the protected areas much of the natural vegetation has been lost, and "Zhangixalus jarujini" has likely lost much of its original habitat.
Zhangixalus jarujini | Habitat and conservation
The conservation status of this species, "O. judgei", was thought to be secure, primarily because invasive mammalian predator populations could not become established in the harsh climate of the high alpine zone where they lived and also, because vast areas of undisturbed habitat remain intact. However, in 2012 the Department of Conservation reclassified the Barrier Skink as Nationally Endangered under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.
Barrier skink | Conservation status
"Phbalium whitei" is listed as "vulnerable" under the Australian Government "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999" and the Queensland Government "Nature Conservation Act 1992". The main threats to the species are inappropriate fire regimes and increasing visitor pressure in Girraween National Park.
Phebalium whitei | Conservation status
In 2006, the population in Ogaden was estimated at 1,500. The scenario is grim in Somalia: the dibatag have been overhunted, and their habitat faces destruction due to farming practices such as livestock grazing. They are also threatened by drought. It had nearly disappeared from most of the country by the early 1980s. Though locals claimed to have seen it in the central coastal hinterland even in the late 1980s, no clear surveys have been conducted since then to support this. Captive populations are not known.
Dibatag | Threats and conservation
There have been protective measures within the reserve to preserve the caribou population, such as the hunting and trapping of their main predators such as black bears and wolves. The number of moose is also being reduced.
Caribous-de-Val-d'Or Biodiversity Reserve | Protective measures
The type series from was collected from a flood plain. Presumably the habitat of this species is floodplain grassland and the tadpoles are aquatic. Threats to "Sclerophrys reesi" are poorly known, but agricultural encroachment, overgrazing by livestock, and expanding human settlements are potential threats. It is present in the poorly protected Kilombero Game Controlled Area.
Sclerophrys reesi | Habitat and conservation
Although the Knysna woodpecker has not yet been classified as endangered, the IUCN Red List lists them as Near Threatened as of 2012. Habitat shifting and alteration are predicted to occur in the future, affecting more than 90% of the population and causing rapid decline. A range contraction in KwaZulu-Natal in the 19th century has been attributed to the clearance of coastal bush for sugar-cane farming and township development. Some conservation actions, such as increasing knowledge and understanding about this species are already underway. For example, an estimated 1,000-1,500 individuals are thought to occur in reserves with these objectives like the Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve.
Knysna woodpecker | Conservation status and threats
The conservation status for this species was updated to critically endangered in 2008 due to a rapid decrease in population over the preceding decade. The 2012 population was estimated under 5,000 individuals and in 2016 fewer than 1,000.
ʻAkekeʻe | Threats
The olive colobus monkey is very susceptible to habitat loss due to increased enroachment of hunters and farmers on both protected and unprotected lands. In order to ensure that this threatened species is protected, the olive colobus has been listed under Appendix II of CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) and as a Class A species under the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, which monitor the international trade of species and their status in the environment. The olive colobus is also covered in many protected areas including Taï National Park on the Ivory Coast of West Africa, which was declared a Forest and Wildlife Refuge in 1926 and accepted as a biosphere reserve in 1982.
Olive colobus | Conservation