Paragliders take off in the vicinity of the fifth station Gotemba parking lot, between Subashiri and Hōei-zan peak on the south side of the mountain, in addition to several other locations, depending on wind direction. Several paragliding schools use the wide sandy/grassy slope between Gotemba and Subashiri parking lots as a training hill.
Paragliding
Mount Fuji
Mount Fuji | Paragliding
Yes, Several paragliding schools use the wide sandy/grassy slope between Gotemba and Subashiri parking lots as a training hill. Yes, paragliders take off in the vicinity of the fifth station Gotemba parking lot Yes paragliding Yes, Paragliding
where do jet streams occur in the atmosphere
user
On Earth, the main jet streams are located near the altitude of the tropopause and are westerly winds
assistant
how were they discovered?
user
In 1920s, Wasaburo Oishi, detected the jet stream from a site near Mount Fuji.
assistant
where is this mountain located?
user
It is  located on the island of Honshū, is the highest mountain in Japan
assistant
how do people climb this mountain?
user
Climbers usually start at the fifth stations, as these are reachable by car or by bus. The summit is the tenth station on each trail. The stations on different routes are at different elevations
assistant
is it a volcanic mountain?
user
Yes, Scientists have identified four distinct phases of volcanic activity in the formation of Mount Fuji. The first phase, called "Sen-komitake", is composed of an andesite core recently discovered deep within the mountain.
assistant
is it a threat currently?
user
Yes,  indicators suggestive of heightened eruptive danger, such as active fumaroles and recently discovered faults, are typical occurrences at this type of volcano.
assistant
are there any adventure activities nearby it?
user
Other indicators suggestive of heightened eruptive danger, such as active fumaroles and recently discovered faults, are typical occurrences at this type of volcano.
Mount Fuji | Current eruptive danger
With the helicopter's engine now able to withstand the ash cloud, the group decides to try through it. On the other side, they find a darkened wasteland covered by rivers of lava, and see the wrecks of Nimura's helicopter squadron. Mount Fuji has vanished, and in its place they find a gigantic crater. They dare to fly inside the hole to see how deep it goes, but ascend when they are overcome by fear. Considering the environmental conditions, the group theorizes that Mount Fuji has either suffered a catastrophic volcanic eruption or has been hit by a meteor. Flying through the ash cloud again, the group find themselves in a location where the sky is brighter, and the ash falling is almost snow-like.
Dragon Head | Arc 4: Discovery
Scientists study the activity of the magma rising by measuring CO emissions in the deeper parts of the volcano. Studies from before the Tohoku earthquake show the CO emissions below 5 gCO/m/day, which is the detection limit. If the emissions rise above 5 gCO/m/day then seismic activity is occurring and an eruption could possibly take place. According to a five-stage evolutionary model for the release of volcanic gas, Mt. Fuji would be considered stage I. Magma is at a considerable depth and no emissions of gases can be observed regularly. Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, much attention was given to the volcanic reaction of Mount Fuji.
Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji | Current eruptive danger
Geologically, the mountain is a cinder cone of andesite, formed by volcanic activity. It is thought that the mountain is a dormant vent to a still active volcano (designated Iō-tō, the name of the island as a whole). From 1889 to 1957, the Japanese government recorded sixteen eruptions on the peak. One eruption lasted for sixty-five minutes, and created a crater with a diameter of 35 meters and a depth of fifteen meters on the runway near the former airfield from World War II. The Japanese Meteorological Agency reported that on May 2, 2012, a small eruption caused water discoloration to the northeast, and confirmed the appearance of a new fumarole.
Mount Suribachi | Geology
The forest floor mostly consists of volcanic rock which can be difficult to penetrate with hand tools. Since the forest is very dense, in recent years, hikers and tourists trekking through Aokigahara have begun to use plastic tape to mark their paths to avoid getting lost. Designated trails lead to several tourist attractions such as the Narusawa Ice Cave, Fugaku Wind Cave and Lake Sai Bat Cave which are three larger lava caves near Mount Fuji, the ice cave being frozen year-round. Aokigahara has been falsely portrayed as a place where navigational compasses go haywire. Needles of magnetic compasses will move if placed directly on the lava, aligning with the rock's natural magnetism, which varies in iron content and strength by location.
Aokigahara | Geography
Experts have found that the internal pressure of the Mount Fuji magma chamber has increased to an estimated 1.6 megapascals, raising speculation over the possibility of an eruption. The financial damage to Japan from a Fuji eruption is estimated at ¥2.5 trillion (about $25 billion).
Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji | Current eruptive danger
Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, there was speculation in the media that the shock may induce volcanic unrest at Mount Fuji. In September 2012, mathematical models created by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NRIESDP) suggested that the pressure in Mount Fuji's magma chamber could be 1.6 megapascals higher than it was before its last eruption in 1707. This was interpreted by some media outlets to mean that an eruption of Mount Fuji could be imminent. However, since there is no known method of directly measuring the pressure of a volcano's magma chamber, indirect calculations of the type used by NRIESDP are speculative and unverifiable.
Mount Fuji | Current eruptive danger
After Mount Fuji and Mount Ontake, Mount Norikura is the third tallest volcano in Japan. It is a stratovolcano and hardened lava flows can still be seen near the peak. There are eight plains and 12 crater lakes on the mountain that were formed by volcanic activity. The Norikura Skyline is a road through the mountain, but it has to be closed for much of the year because of heavy snow fall. Even in the summer, some snow remains on the northeastern face of the mountain.
Mount Norikura | Nature
There has been volcanic activity in the vicinity of Mount Fuji for several million years. The earliest geologically known volcano was that became active 700,000 years ago. Another volcano to the south-east of Mount Fuji—known as —was also highly active throughout the period. The peak of Komitake is about above sea-level on the north face of Mount Fuji (at the fifth station). Komitake entered another period of activity around 100,000 years ago. This created a new volcano known as that reached a height of . It created many explosive eruptions that threw out large amounts of scoria, volcanic ash and lava.
Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji | Komitake and Old Fuji
Ngauruhoe erupted 45 times in the 20th century, most recently in 1977. Fumaroles exist inside the inner crater and on the rim of the eastern, outer crater. Climbers who suffer from asthma may be affected by the strong sulphurous gases emitted from the crater. A significant increase in earthquake activity in May 2006 prompted the alert level to be raised from zero (typical background activity, no signs of significant unrest) to one (signs of volcano unrest). Over the next two years GeoNet recorded an average of 5 to 30 earthquakes a day close to Ngauruhoe, though the maximum daily number was as high as 80.
Mount Ngauruhoe | Recent activity
Erciyes Dagi volcano has manifested explosive eruptions preceding the formation of lava domes. Such eruptions may endanger the cities of Kayseri, Hacilar, and Talas. Melting of the remnant ice on the volcano may generate dangerous lahars; in 1985 an eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia claimed 20,000 fatalities after such a mudflow. Even without an eruption, strong rainfall could form mudflows on the densely populated steep slopes of the volcano. About five hotels exist at the mountain, which is a major winter sports site. In 2010, 324,221 tourists visited the mountain and Kayseri, most of them domestic tourists.
Mount Erciyes | Threats and human interaction
Due to volcanic deformation, the summit of Mount Takada-Ōdake shifted to the west and increased in elevation by , shifting its summit from the border of Aomori and Towada to being entirely in the city of Towada. As of May 2020, intense fumarole activity is ongoing at Jigokunuma near Sukayu Onsen and National Routes 103 / 394.
Hakkōda Mountains | Modern activity and the current threat
In late 2012 the mountain became quite active, spewing volcanic ash. In November 2012, and continuing into 2013, a 3 km exclusion zone was set up and residents living around the mountain were evacuated or moved to Maumere city on the main island of Flores. In the first 8 months of 2013 there was regular activity from the lava dome including repeated ash plumes – generally reaching altitudes of 2–3 km – dome collapses, explosions, avalanches and pyroclastic flows.
Paluweh | 2012–2013
Following the Old Fuji period, there were about 4,000 years of inactivity, ending at around 5,000 years ago, when Mount Fuji became active again; this period is known as , and continues to the present day. Eruptions of New Fuji exhibit phenomena such as lava flows, magma, scoria, volcanic ash, collapses and side eruptions, leading it to be called "a department store of eruptions". Ash from New Fuji is often black, and eruptions are new in terms of geological layers. Valuable data on the activity of Mount Fuji is recorded in Japanese historical documents dating from the 8th century onwards.
Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji | New Fuji
Mount Fuji is the tallest volcano in Japan, and also the highest peak. The mountain as it appears now is the "New Fuji volcano", which began to erupt about 10,000 years ago. Under the "New Fuji volcano" lies the "Old Fuji volcano", which was active between 100,000 years ago and 10,000 years ago, and the "Komitake volcano", which became active 700,000 years ago.
Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji | Introduction
Flank eruptions, mostly in the form of parasitic cinder cones, ceased in 1707. The largest cone, Omuro-Yama, is one of more than 100 cones aligned NW-SE and NE-SW through the summit. Mt. Fuji also has more than 70 lava tunnels and extensive lava tree molds. Two large landslides are at the head of the Yoshida-Osawa and Osawa-Kuzure valleys.
Mount Fuji | Geology
The numbers of suicides in the past creates an allure that has persisted across the span of decades. Many of these hikers mark their travelled routes by leaving coloured plastic tapes behind as they pass, causing concerns from prefectural officials with regard to the forest's ecosystem.
Mount Fuji | Aokigahara forest
Two fatal incidents have happened in modern history due to volcanic gas emitted from the northern group. On 12 July 1997, three soldiers of the Japan Self-Defense Forces died after gas accumulated in the valley they were training in. On 20 June 2010, a teenage girl died after being exposed to volcanic gas near Sukayu Onsen. After the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake, seismic activity around the volcanic group increased. After a series of earthquakes between February and October 2013, Mount Ōdake saw a degree of deformation. Future eruptions are forecast to come from the peak of Mount Ōdake and Jigokunuma, a volcanic crater lake.
Hakkōda Mountains | Modern activity and the current threat
Access to Ōwakudani is via a funitel, the Hakone Ropeway (Ōwakudani Station), or a bus line from Odawara Station, Hakone-Yumoto Station, Kowakidani Station / Kojiri, the Izuhakone Bus (Ōwakudani Bus Stop). There is a road to a visitor's center just below the Kuro-tamago hot springs site. Most visitors used to hike the roughly trail (which has been closed since 2015 due to increased volcanic activity) or take the Hakone Ropeway to close to where the eggs are boiled to participate in the ritual egg eating. The funitel offers a vast view of Mount Fuji (on clear days) and the sulphur vents just below the visitor's center.
Ōwakudani | Access
Pre-Komitake started erupting in the Middle Pleistocene in an area north of Mount Fuji. After a relatively short pause, eruptions began again which formed Komitake Volcano in the same location. These eruptions ended 100,000 years ago. Ashitake Volcano was active from 400,000 to 100,000 years ago, and is located southeast of Mount Fuji. Mount Fuji started erupting 100,000 years ago, with Ko-Fuji (old-Fuji) forming 100,000 to 17,000 years ago, but which is now almost completely buried. A large landslide on the southwest flank occurred about 18,000 years ago. Shin-Fuji (new-Fuji) eruptions in the form of lava, lapilli and volcanic ash, have occurred between 17,000 and 8,000 years ago, between 7,000 and 3,500 years ago, and between 4,000 and 2,000 years ago.
Mount Fuji | Geology
Minor hydrothermal explosions could still potentially be dangerous, as the ejection of ballistic blocks or tall waves could threaten people standing near the lake, traveling at speeds from . Landslides could threaten visitors to the national park or researchers by creating tsunami-sized waves, also potentially damaging infrastructure surrounding the lake.
Mount Mazama | Recent activity and potential hazards
Daisetsuzan National Park consists of three volcanic mountain groups. The groups consist of stratovolcanoes piled on top of each other. As one vent becomes active, it builds a peak then stops until a new vent appears. These groups are: These volcanic groups lie around a central highlands dominated by Mount Tomuraushi. The park is also known for its alpine meadows and remote backcountry.
Daisetsuzan National Park | Mountain groups
The 864 A.D. eruption of Mount Fuji brought huge lava flows, creating Lake Shōji and Lake Sai of the Fuji Five Lakes by dividing Se-no-umi into two, several cinder cones such as Ōmuro and Nagao mountains, and a large flat area now called the Aokigahara Forest. In this forest can be found several lava tubes, including: All three were declared as Natural Monuments of Japan in 1929.
Fugaku Wind Cave | Aokigahara Forest
At the summit, seismicity and deformation are negligible. Sulfur dioxide emission rates at both the summit and the Lower East Rift Zone are drastically reduced; the combined rate is lower than at any time since late 2007. Earthquake and deformation data show no net accumulation, withdrawal, or significant movement of subsurface magma or pressurization as would be expected if the system was building toward a resumption of activity. , the lull in eruptive activity at Kīlauea continues and most of the park is open; however, some road segments and trails remain closed to visitors, while the Jaggar Museum of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory is closed indefinitely.
Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park | Recent events
Paragliders take off in the vicinity of the fifth station Gotemba parking lot, between Subashiri and Hōei-zan peak on the south side of the mountain, in addition to several other locations, depending on wind direction. Several paragliding schools use the wide sandy/grassy slope between Gotemba and Subashiri parking lots as a training hill.
Mount Fuji | Paragliding
Although the volcano has been inactive, it is still classified as potentially active due to the active thermal features of the mountain. Tourist are allowed to hike on its peak.
Burauen | Attractions
Mazama is considered dormant, but it remains monitored by the United States Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory. Future eruptions would likely take place near the western side of the complex and within the caldera rim; they could occur underwater. The ejection of lava rich in gas from shallow water could produce huge ash columns, but submarine eruptions at deeper depths may decrease the explosiveness of the event. Nonetheless, the rapid mixing of water and lava could produce dangerous pyroclastic surges, which are more gaseous and less solid than pyroclastic flows. Such flows could pass over topographic barriers, move rock fragments at , and travel several miles from their vent.
Mount Mazama | Recent activity and potential hazards
In 2010, earthquake activity and noises from Huaynaputina alerted the local population and led to a volcanological investigation. As part of this investigation, seismic activity was recorded around the amphitheatre; analysis showed that seismic activity was concentrated around the amphitheatre with no recorded earthquakes within it and appeared to be associated mainly with the faults and lineaments in the region. The researchers recommended more extensive seismometer coverage of the area and regular sampling of fumaroles, as well as reconnaissance of georadar and self potential of the volcano.
Huaynaputina | Hazards and volcanological research
The Hakkōda Mountains incident occurred on 23 January 1902, when a group of Imperial Japanese Army soldiers marched in a blizzard on the Hakkōda Mountains en route to Tashiro Hot Spring located in the Hakkōda Mountains. The 199 deaths during a single ascent make it the world's largest mountaineering disaster in the modern history of mountain climbing. Two people were killed and 12 were injured after an avalanche struck a hiking party in 2007. Depressions in the mountains can trap toxic volcanic gases emitted from vents. These gases have lead to the deaths of several people in modern history.
Hakkōda Mountains | Dangers and accidents
The mountain peak has a small area that can only hold about 10 people, but it offers an unobstructed 360-degree panoramic view. There is also a triangulation station on the peak.
Mount Kanmuri (Gifu, Fukui) | Introduction
On July 16, 2009, eight members of an adventure tour group on a 4-day hiking trek died of exposure on Mount Tomuraushi. Five others from the group were helicoptered to safety. On the same day, another climber died on nearby Mount Biei. The next day a lone hiker was found dead on Mount Tomuraushi.
Mount Tomuraushi (Daisetsuzan) | History
About 2,300 years ago the east face of the volcano collapsed and lahars flowed down to the Gotemba area as far as the Ashigara plain in the east and the Suruga bay across Mishima city in the south. This incident is now called the . Liquid mud piled up over an area as wide as the city area of Mishima.
Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji | The Gotemba mud flow
National Science Foundation. Later, while a research professor and translator at Tokyo Metropolitan University, Glicken became involved with research at Mount Unzen. The volcano had recently resumed eruptive activity in November 1990, after being dormant for 198 years. In the months after its first activity, it erupted sporadically, and the government evacuated its vicinity near the end of May 1991. On June 2, 1991, Glicken visited the mountain with Katia and Maurice Krafft. The three entered a danger zone near the base of the volcano the following day, assuming that any potentially hazardous pyroclastic flows would follow a turn in the landscape and safely bypass them.
Harry Glicken | Research after St. Helens and death
Although the location attracts a considerable number of visitors, most of them are tourists who do not practice the Shugendō teachings. Mount Gassan is a stratovolcano and rises to the height of 1984 m. The area contains marshes and subalpine forests with many plants that grown in alpine meadows, including usagi-giku (arnica unalascensis), and rare animals such as ermine and alpine accentor. The renowned haiku poet Matsuo Bashō made a haiku at this site during his journey Oku no Hosomichi in 1689: The location also attracts many skiers in winter and some who want to enjoy the sport till mid-July.
Bandai-Asahi National Park | Dewasanzan
Fugaku Wind Cave () is a lava tube at the northern foot of Mount Fuji, Japan. It is the largest of the several lava tubes that are found in the Aokigahara forest in Fujikawaguchiko Town, Yamanashi Prefecture.
Fugaku Wind Cave | Introduction
From a vantage point near the top of the cone it was once possible to leap into the crater. As a result, the volcano became a popular venue for suicides. Beginning in the 1920s, several suicides occurred in the volcano every week; more than six hundred people jumped in 1936. Authorities eventually erected a fence around the base of the structure to curb the number of suicides.
Mount Mihara | Suicide
Solfataric activity is ongoing. In 1985 and 1987 yellow (sulfur-bearing) steam clouds were reported, reaching heights of above the summit. The fumaroles cluster in two places, in the crater and on the southern flank where they reach over down. The fumaroles are reported to make "jet"-like noises and temperatures range from , ASTER imaging has indicated temperature anomalies of up to 8 kelvins. Water vapour and carbon dioxide making up the bulk of the gases, other components are hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, methane and sulfur dioxide. Mud pots have also been observed. Likewise, the volcano features ongoing seismic activity, including about two earthquakes per day and three seismic swarms in 2011–2012.
Guallatiri | Eruptive activity
On January 23, 2018, a minor phreatic eruption of the volcano occurred. One person was killed, and others were injured in an avalanche triggered by the eruption. The next day, new activity forced police to suspend search operations. One month after the eruption, it was announced by prefectural officials that only the summit of the volcano was off limits to the public.
Mount Kusatsu-Shirane | Introduction
On the 26th when the tip of a pyroclastic flow approached 500 m from the nearest private houses, Shimabara City issued an evacuation recommendation for Kita-Kamikoba town, Minami-Kamikoba town, Shiratani town, Tenjin Motomachi, and Fuda Motomachi - all located in the Mizunashi River basin. It was done without trouble. In order to capture the pyroclastic flow activity on film, the mass media chose a select spot within the evacuation advisory area, but 4.0 km away from the lava dome, 200 m away from the Mizunashi River (where debris flows were frequent), and 40 m high. This shooting spot was located on the prefectural road in the village of Kita-Kamikoba, and was favored by the media because they were able to view Fugen-dake directly in front of them.
Mount Unzen | Preparations
The volcano takes the form of a lava dome that was built above a ridge of a Tertiary mountain range, near the Japanese coast. The volcano is one of the youngest in Japan, its age is estimated at only 3100 years old. The top of the lava dome is cut by fissures where mild phreatic eruptions have taken place in recent historical times.
Niigata-Yakeyama | Morphology
Prior to April 2016 (when the cable car was closed), the Mount Aso Ropeway provided access to the mountain. A shuttle bus now runs to the crater's edge. At the foot of the mountain there are also various campsites, and horse riding at Kusasenrigahama. Because Mount Aso is a volcano, there are many "onsen" hot springs in the area. There are two hot springs within the crater that are associated with Aso Kujū National Park.
Mount Aso | Tourism
Today, hydrothermal activity is maintained in and around the caldera of Mount Akita-Yakeyama in the form of fumaroles, the circulation of water from hot springs and, in places, boiling puddles of mud and sulfur deposits. In the common era, more than eight eruptions of Mount Akita-Yakeyama were recorded, notably in 1678, three in the nineteenth century, and five in the twentieth century, but no eruptions of Mount Hachimantai itself. However, the Japan Meteorological Agency, in compliance with international standards since 2003, considers that a volcano is active if it has erupted during the Holocene, for the last 10,000 years or so, or shows significant geothermal activity.
Mount Hachimantai | History
If eruptive activity were to resume, scientists would likely be able to detect increased seismicity as magma makes its way through the crust. The abundance of seismic activity and the sensitivity of the existing Canadian National Seismograph Network in this area would alert the GSC and possibly trigger an expanded monitoring effort. As the magma nears the surface, the volcano would likely swell and the surface fracture, causing greatly increased vigour in the hot springs and the creation of new springs or fumaroles. Minor and possibly large landslides could occur and might temporarily block the Squamish River, as has happened in the past without earthquake shaking and intrusion-related deformation.
Mount Cayley massif | Volcanic hazards
Mount Fuji is located at a triple junction trench where the Amurian Plate, Okhotsk Plate, and Philippine Sea Plate meet. These three plates form the western part of Japan, the eastern part of Japan, and the Izu Peninsula respectively. The Pacific Plate is being subducted beneath these plates, resulting in volcanic activity. Mount Fuji is also located near three island arcs: the Southwestern Japan Arc, the Northeastern Japan Arc, and the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc. Mt. Fuji's main crater is in diameter and in depth. The bottom of the crater is in diameter. Slope angles from the crater to a distance of are 31°–35°, the angle of repose for dry gravel.
Mount Fuji | Geology
Volcano surfing or volcano boarding, is a sport performed on volcano slopes. The most popular slope is the Cerro Negro near Leon in western Nicaragua. Riders hike up the volcano and slide down, sitting or standing, on a thin plywood or metal board. The sport is also practiced on Mt. Yasur on Tanna, Vanuatu and Mt. Bromo, Indonesia. Volcano surfing can be an extreme sport. Potential dangers include falling off and getting cut by the rough volcanic ash, breathing poisonous gasses, contracting histoplasmosis (otherwise known as 'caver's disease'), or being hit by flying molten lava. Protective gear, including jumpsuits and goggles, is used.
Volcano surfing | Introduction
They are a memorial to the dead from the last eruption in the 1950s. Mt. Vulcan, which is locally called the "Old Volcano", is a misnomer as it is actually the youngest volcano on the island, formed in the 1871 eruption.
Mount Hibok-Hibok | Hiking activity
The paragliding at Myōjinyama requires neither registration nor inscription fee. The launch is shallow, thus suitable for novice pilots. The area can be used for both launches and landings. There is also an additional free landing zone courtesy of the Minami Green Hill Resort in the vicinity of Lake Yamanaka. Other landing areas include most of the coast of Lake Yamanaka and the multiple tennis courts and football fields that can serve for an emergency landing. The best launch conditions are with a western to northern wind; so, the site is complementary to Gotenba Gogome and Zubashiri at Mt. Fuji, which is a 30-minute to drive from Myōjinyama.
Myōjinyama | Gliding at Myōjinyama
Eruptions and volcanic tremors were reported on 21 January and 22 January with activity subsiding on 23 January 2011. On 23 January 2011 at 6:00 am the alert status at Mount Bromo remained at Level III. On 23 January 2011 an exclusion zone was recommended for communities living around Mount Bromo. Tourists and hikers were advised to not come within a radius of 2 km from the active crater. CVGHM stated that they expected warning signs to be installed stating the limit radius of 2 km from the crater. Operational caution was recommended for flights into and leaving Juanda International Airport IATA:SUB in Surabaya.
Mount Bromo | 2011 eruptions
Sakurajima's activity became more prominent in 1955, and the volcano has been erupting almost constantly ever since. Thousands of small explosions happen each year, throwing ash to heights of up to a few kilometers above the mountain. The Sakurajima Volcano Observatory was set up in 1960 to monitor these eruptions. Monitoring of the volcano and predictions of large eruptions are particularly important because it is in a densely populated area, with the city of Kagoshima's 680,000 residents just a few kilometers from the volcano. The city conducts regular evacuation drills, and a number of shelters have been built where people can take refuge from falling volcanic debris.
Sakurajima | Recent activity
Mount Kengamine (剣ヶ峰 "Kengamine"), one peak on the mountain, was formed in two eruptions 9,600 and 9,200 years ago. Mount Ebisu (恵比寿岳 "Ebisu-dake"), another peak, was formed during an eruption 2,000 years ago. Though the volcano has lost some of its eruptive power, volcanic gas is still escaping through the Yū River (湯川 "Yū-gawa") and there are many spa areas in the surrounding area.
Mount Norikura | Geological features
Presently, Parinacota is dormant, but future volcanic activity is possible. Explicit fumarolic activity has not been observed, but satellite imaging has shown the evidence of thermal anomalies on the scale of , and reports of sulfurous smells at the summit imply that a fumarole may exist in the summit area. The volcano is seismically active including one potential seismic swarm, but earthquake activity is less than at Guallatiri farther south. Based on Landsat Thematic Mapper images, it was considered a potentially active volcano in 1991. The volcano is one among ten volcanoes in northern Chile monitored by SERNAGEOMIN and has a volcano hazard level published.
Parinacota (volcano) | Present-day activity and hazards
Sangay can and has been climbed. It was first ascended in 1929 by Robert T. Moore, prior to its current eruption beginning in 1934. However, the volcano's current active state presents dangers to mountaineers in the form of falling ejecta; in 1976, two members of an expedition on the volcano were struck and killed by falling debris. In addition, the volcano is located in a remote region with poor roads and is difficult to access, and periods of heavy rainfall can flood rivers and cause landslides, rendering the mountain routes impassable. Nonetheless, the Instituto Ecuatoriano Forestal y de Areas Naturales, which maintains an office near the mountain, facilitate such activities by providing local guides and rooms for rent to visitors.
Sangay | Recreation
The was Japanese aerial lift line in Aso, Kumamoto, operated by . It was opened in 1958, and climbs Mount Aso. Its official website claims it was the first aerial lift in the world to be built on an active volcano. The ropeway has been dismantled as a result of damaged sustained during the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes and a shuttle bus now runs from the original boarding area to the crater edge.
Mount Aso Ropeway | Introduction
Biking and trekking can be done in the numerous paths inside the reserve, while enjoying the landscape emmarked by the volcanoes of the area where mountaineering can be practiced. It is possible to visit volcanic and geothermal land features like the Chucura volcanic crater and the Umalaso hot springs.
Salinas y Aguada Blanca National Reserve | Activities
Beginning in June, repeated collapse of this erupting dome generated ash flows that swept down the mountain's slopes at speeds as high as . Unzen is one of more than 75 active volcanoes in Japan; an eruption in 1792 killed more than 15,000 people—the worst volcanic disaster in the nation's history.
Stratovolcano | Hazards
The volcanic eruption happened at 11:52 Japan Standard Time (UTC+9). There were no significant earthquakes that might have warned authorities in the lead up to the phreatic eruption—caused by ground water flashing to steam in a hydrothermal explosion. The mountain is a popular tourist attraction for hikers, being considered good for beginner climbers and relatively safe, and the weather was also good, so there were several hundred people on its slopes at the time. The police said that they were searching for people remaining on the mountain. By 17:00 the police reported that three people were missing and were believed to be under ash.
2014 Mount Ontake eruption | Timeline
Visitors can also find several hiking and walking paths that take them through the beautiful valleys, and take a look at Devil's Valley (Jigokudani). With many volcanic areas in Japan by the same name, visitors are no longer able to walk within the sulfur valley due to gas-related safety concerns.
Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route | Sights
It is the worst volcanic disaster in the country's recorded history. Mount Fuji is a dormant stratovolcano that last erupted on 16 December 1707 till about 1 January 1708. The Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji did not have a lava flow, but it did release some of volcanic ash. It spread over vast areas around the volcano and reached Edo almost away. Cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi provinces. In Edo, the volcanic ash was several centimeters thick. The eruption is rated a 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. There are three VEI-7 volcanoes in Japan.
Geography of Japan | Volcanic eruptions
Reports of historical volcanic activity are unclear and the youngest radiometric dates are 6,950 ± 20 years before present. Currently, the volcano features vigorous fumarolic activity that is visible from a great distance and involves numerous vents on Materkuh. Taftan appears to be part of a geothermal area, and a number of hot springs can be found around the volcano.
Taftan (volcano) | Introduction
The tourist site in Ōwakudani was closed in May 2015 due to volcanic activity. It re-opened on April 27, 2016, but not fully, as it is not possible to walk close to the steaming vents due to the hazards involved. People with asthma, bronchitis, heart disease, heart pacemakers, and pregnant women are advised not enter the valley because of high volcanic activity.
Ōwakudani | Closure
The Rincón de la Vieja Volcano is set within the Rincón de la Vieja National Park, which spans over and helps protect both montane forests and dwarf cloud forests. Trails extend from the Santa Maria ranger station and wind through the park, passing hot springs and waterfalls along the way. Mammals within the park include sloths, tapirs, kinkajous, pumas, jaguar, and both howler and spider monkeys. Previously, hikers could climb to the crater and guides experienced in wildlife, birdwatching, geology and other interests are available. As of September 22, 2011, access to the crater is no longer available due to the eruption of September 16 where volcanic ash and mud rose over from the regular crater lagoon.
Rincón de la Vieja Volcano | Tourism
Localized carbon dioxide toxicity, known locally as 'mazuku', has killed children even more recently. In locations where the gas seeps from the ground at relatively high levels, without the dispersing effects of wind, its effects can be deadly. On March 8, 2016, Goma Volcano Observatory discovered a new vent that opened in the northeast edge of the crater, following local reports of rumblings coming from the volcano. Some fear that this could lead to a flank eruption.
Mount Nyiragongo | Ongoing threat
The volcanoes are stratovolcanos that are 1 million to 200,000 years old. The rock is mainly basalt, dacite, and andesite. Mount Yoko has shown the most recent activity and is now considered an active volcano. It last erupted about 800 years ago. In 888 a debris avalanche on the East side of the volcanic massif caused Lake Matsubara to form. The Tateshina-kogen plateau was formed by a large lava flow.
Northern Yatsugatake Volcanic Group | Geology and volcanic activity
There are not a lot of extreme mountain climbers ascending this peak, so Mount Minami Katsuragi is generally quiet, with few climbers. The sides of the mountain are covered in Japanese cedar and "Sasa veitchii", or bamboo grass.
Mount Minami Katsuragi | Environs
The disaster resulted in 43 dead or missing, and 9 injured. The photographer of the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper died holding his Nikon F4. The camera recorded seven frames of the pyroclastic flow, although it was discolored by heat. All of the areas surrounding the “fixed point” where many casualties occurred, were within the advised evacuation zone.
Mount Unzen | Pyroclastic flows
has facilities for camping and hiking, and is located in the fir forests at the eastern foot of the mountain.
Mount Kanmuri (Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima) | Recreation
Beyond this distance, slope angles are about 27°, which is caused by an increase in scoria. Mid-flank slope angles decrease from 23° to less than 10° in the piedmont. Scientists have identified four distinct phases of volcanic activity in the formation of Mount Fuji. The first phase, called "Sen-komitake", is composed of an andesite core recently discovered deep within the mountain. "Sen-komitake" was followed by the ""Komitake" Fuji", a basalt layer believed to be formed several hundred thousand years ago. Approximately 100,000 years ago, "Old Fuji" was formed over the top of "Komitake" Fuji. The modern, "New Fuji" is believed to have formed over the top of Old Fuji around 10,000 years ago.
Mount Fuji | Geology
The islands occupy the northern portion of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc which extends to the Izu Peninsula and Mount Fuji on the Honshū mainland which are northern extensions of the Izu volcanic arc. The Izu arc ends there at a tectonic triple junction. Volcanic activity is frequent in the area. 31 people were killed when the research vessel "Kaiyō Maru no 5" was destroyed during the 1953 eruption of Myōjin-shō. Volcanic activity, including the release of harmful gases, forced the evacuation of Miyake-jima in 2000. Residents were allowed to return permanently to the island in February 2005 but were required to carry gas masks in case of future volcanic emissions.
Izu Islands | Geology
Fugaku Wind Cave can be accessed from Japan National Route 139 on the south side (on Mt. Fuji side).
Fugaku Wind Cave | Transportation
In light of the dangers it presents to nearby populations, Sakurajima was designated a Decade Volcano in 1991, identifying it as worthy of particular study as part of the United Nations' International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.
Sakurajima | Recent activity
Tourism in the region was threatened due to a massive haze engulfing the slopes of the mountain. The mountain later recovered after the government and local stakeholders initiated a holistic recovery plan for the entire natural park.
Mount Apo | Climate
The resulting debris-avalanche deposit covers an eighty km area to the northeast, although much of soils all around contain volcanic residues. The last known eruption occurred about 700 years ago, but there is still a possibility of it reactivating and should be monitored. The volcano is part of an ecological reserve as part of the Isidro Fabela State Park. On the road that leads up the volcano, there is a statue of the Virgin Mary. This road leads to a lookout point at the top, which allows for a view of about forty km in all directions. Visible from the valley floor are the radio and television transmission towers that are at the top.
Jocotitlán | Geography and environment
, or Mount Kaimon, is an undissected volcano – consisting of a basal stratovolcano and a small central volcano, part of the Ibusuki field – which rises to a height of 924 metres above sea level near the city of Ibusuki in southern Kyūshū, Japan. The last eruption occurred in the year 885. Kaimondake is sometimes referred to as "the Fuji of Satsuma".
Mount Kaimon | Introduction
The post-collapse lava flows have been affected by glacial activity, indicating that eruptive activity ceased before the end of the last glacial stage; thus the volcano was largely constructed in pre-Holocene times. However, a long and wide lava flow extending from the youngest summit lava dome appears to post-date glaciation, and the dome itself is also unmodified. An uncertain report of an eruption on 3 December 1903 exists, as well as on 8 October 1927. Increased fumarolic activity was observed in 1854, 1888, 1889, and 1960. Substantial earthquake activity occurs at Ollagüe in a diffuse pattern around the volcano, sometimes in the form of seismic swarms.
Ollagüe | Recent activity and hazards
Though part of the “Southern Alps”, Mount Nyukasa is not included in the Minami Alps National Park. There are multiple mountain climbing trails, and the summit offers a view of Mount Fuji. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency has an observatory near the peak of Mount Nyukasa.
Mount Nyukasa | Outline
Their bodies were eventually brought down when the Japanese Self-Defense Forces cut the rope with gunfire in order to retrieve the bodies. () Japan offers a high level of support with helicopter trained mountain rescue teams, though with high wind there is always the chance that they cannot be deployed. Along the upper ridges there are two safety huts. One is the emergency hut for 2-3 near Ichinokura-dake (一ノ倉岳), which may be hard to find on deep snow and therefore unusable. The much larger "Shoulder Hut" below the summit of Tanigawa-Dake is much more spacious, but is unheated and unmanned in winter.
Mount Tanigawa | Safety
The latest eruption, in 1707 (the 4th year of the "Hōei" era), was known as the great "Hōei" eruption. It followed several weeks after the Great "Hōei" earthquake, an 8.7 on the Richter scale. The earthquake severely damaged the city of Osaka, but more than that, it created enough seismic activity to compress the magma chamber 20 km deep in the inactive Mt. Fuji. Due to the compression of the magma chamber, basaltic lava rose from the bottom to the higher dacitic magma chamber at 8 km deep. The mixing of the two different types of magma caused a Plinian eruption to occur.
Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji | Hōei eruption
According to reports it lasted intermittently for the whole morning that day. A volcanic explosivity index of 2 has been estimated. These volcanic activities were at first assumed to have occurred in the local Andes mountains, but a geological expedition by Giacomo Bove in 1882 found no evidence of a volcano there; the field itself was accidentally discovered by geologists of SERNAGEOMIN in 1978.
Fueguino | Eruptive history
The mountain has been selected by the Volcanic Eruption Prediction Council as a volcano that requires a complete monitoring and observation system for volcanic disaster prevention. It is a volcano that has a depression due to erosion between Mt. Shirane and Mt. Goshiki, which are composed of old Neogene volcanic rocks around the highest peak, Mt. Okushirane. This is a newly formed lava dome where there are mountains of the Shirane volcano group such as Maeshirane, Goshikiyama, Sotoyama, and Shiranekakuzan, which are stratovolcanoes. About 5300 years ago, there have been several large-scale eruptions, and it is believed that there are more than four eruptions that left sediments in the vicinity.
Mount Nikkō-Shirane | Volcanic History and Activity
It has a conical-shaped crater and as the name "Kofuji" (small Mount Fuji) suggests, the shape of Mount Azuma is like that of Mount Fuji. Mount Azuma's appealing symmetrical crater and the nearby fumarolic area with its many onsen have made it a popular tourist destination. The Bandai-Azuma Skyline passes just below the crater, allowing visitors to drive to within walking distance of the crater and other various hiking trails on the mountain. There is also a visitor center along the roadway near the crater, where a collection of eateries, facilities, a parking lot, and a stop for buses from Fukushima Station are located.
Mount Azuma-kofuji | Introduction
, located on the island of Honshū, is the highest mountain in Japan, standing . It is the second-highest volcano located on an island in Asia (after Mount Kerinci on the island of Sumatra), and seventh-highest peak of an island on Earth. Mount Fuji is an active stratovolcano that last erupted from 1707 to 1708. The mountain stands about southwest of Tokyo and is visible from there on clear days. Mount Fuji's exceptionally symmetrical cone, which is snow-capped for about five months of the year, is commonly used as a cultural icon of Japan and it is frequently depicted in art and photography, as well as visited by sightseers and climbers.
Mount Fuji | Introduction
There is no historical record of the eruptions of Mount Asahi. Tephrochronology and radiocarbon dating have determined the following events: Mount Asahi currently exhibits steam activity in the form of fumaroles.
Asahi-dake | Eruptive history
Taftan displays vigorous fumarolic activity, with high temperature vents found around the crater. Fumaroles are found chiefly in the eastern and at the edge of the western crater, with minor fumaroles within the western crater, along some minor craters and along the major lava flow. These gas exhalations are known as "Dood" by local peoples and they appear as yellow-white clouds with a strong smell. The vents they come from have the shape of fissures, cracks and crevices. The larger fumaroles can reach diameters of . The occurrence of hydrothermal explosions has been inferred from the presence of breccia made up by volcanic rocks.
Taftan (volcano) | Fumarolic and geothermal activity
This four-kilometre long lava flow ("Yakebashiri Lava Flow") has been designated a Natural Monument by the Japanese government. Mount Iwate has largely been quiet since 1732, with a small emission of steam and ash in 1919 and a series of volcanic earthquakes from 1998 to 2003.
Mount Iwate | Geology
Mount Atago is open to the public only by permission of the JASDF. Hiking requires permission, at least a week in advance, from the JASDF Mineokayama Sub-Base. Permission is not always granted. Photography of the radar facility is not permitted. Access to the triangulation station is not allowed. The summit of Mount Atago is the highest in Japan not open to the public.
Mount Atago (Minamibōsō, Chiba) | Hiking
Older than nearby Mount Aso, it formed over the past 100 million years. Extensive volcanic activity took place 56 million years to 50 million years ago. The last eruption took place from 200,000 years to 150,000 years ago. In 1889 a 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck beneath the mountain. In 2016 the foreshock of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes also struck beneath Mount Kinbō.
Mount Kinbō (Kumamoto) | Geology
The mountain is one of the most dangerously active volcanoes in the world; its last eruption was recorded in 2017. Previously, up to 5,000 people living near the volcano have had to be evacuated for their safety. The volcano's recent history includes eruptions in 1966, 2005 and 2016. In general, the new activity can happen anywhere on Ambae, but with highest likelihood in the rift zone, a long wide region that runs the length of the island and contains the summit.
Manaro Voui | Volcanic activity
Based on the results of instrumental and visual monitoring by CVGHM (PVMBG), on 11 November activity at Mount Merapi was found to remain high with ash falls and pyroclastic flows extending to 3 km. Under these conditions, the volcanic activity status remained at a dangerous level (level 4), with an ongoing danger from hot air clouds and lava. In the reports of by CVGHM (PVMBG), on 11 November the eruptive activities were noted to be continuing but at a level of decreased intensity. Seventeen avalanches were recorded with one hot ash eruption and one volcanic earthquake. The volcano remained a level 4 alert with a recommendation of a "Caution" level being adopted.
2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi | Thursday 11 November
The volcano resumed natrocarbonatite lava flow which started to fill the large crater from the 2007-2008 eruption. As of July 2013, there is a large active hornito on the western edge of the crater floor. During June, residents near the volcano reported several earthquakes. The new crater is inaccessible and climbers have only occasionally glimpsed into it.
Ol Doinyo Lengai | 2013
New cones and lava fields have formed inside the caldera, all of which have been submerged except for Wizard Island. Mapping the caldera floor with high-resolution multibeam echo sounders, vehicle-motion sounders and navigators, and a dual-differential global positioning system (DGPS), scientists from the US government and universities detected volcanoes and landslide deposits under the water. Between 7,700 and 7,200 years ago, the central lava platform, the Merriam Cone, and Wizard Island were produced, as well as lava flows. These eruptions produced of andesitic lava, half of that in the Wizard Island cone. Wizard Island lava interacted with water to form breccia piles, and as the water levels rose, only the top of the Wizard Island edifice stayed above the water.
Mount Mazama | Recent activity and potential hazards
Alternatively, there is a campsite on a golf course next to the festival site which costs ￥3000 for the weekend (2011), complete with toilets, showers and food stalls. About 17,000 festival goers choose to spend their nights here every year. The campsite is hilly in many places and flat spots are taken quickly, however, the manicured putting greens, which are the flattest areas are generally out of bounds to campers. In previous years many took the option of sleeping rough – a relatively common practise amongst young Japanese during the warmer months thanks to a low crime rate – in the vicinity of the site and Echigo-Yuzawa Station, however this is now prohibited.
Fuji Rock Festival | Accommodation
After mid-2008, the number of volcanic earthquakes close to Ngauruhoe declined to the background level. Regular measurements of volcanic gas levels and the temperature of a summit gas vent failed to record any significant changes over the subsequent two and a half years. GNS Science accordingly reduced the alert level for Ngauruhoe to Level 0 on 2 December 2008. “The reduction in earthquake activity means that an eruption in the near future is unlikely without further earthquakes or other changes and the appropriate alert level is therefore zero”, said GNS Science Volcano Section Manager Gill Jolly. An increase in seismic activity in March 2015 resulted in the alert level being raised to Level 1.
Mount Ngauruhoe | Recent activity
In 864 (the 6th year of the "Jōgan" era) there was an eruption on the north-east side of Mount Fuji, which produced a great amount of lava.
Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji | Jōgan eruption
Scientists flying over the volcano on March 8, 2012 noted fresh ash deposits on the east flank of the volcano near the crater, likely from an phreatic eruption on February 22. Later that day, a small ash plume erupted from the crater; by March 13, scientists detected ash deposits at the head of the Gualí River. After seismicity continued to increase, the alert level was raised to Orange, and in April Nevados National Natural Park authority closed the reserve, fearing lahars and ashfall hazards. The sudden activity peak in March did not culminate in a major eruption, and activity declined enough that the alert level was lowered to Yellow on May 3.
Nevado del Ruiz | Recent activity
The eruptive activity caused great damage to the Shimabara Peninsula, especially Shimabara City and Fukae Town. The main factor that led to damage were debris flows and lahars, initiated by heavy rain which destabilized pyroclastic flow and ash debris previously deposited on the slopes. The Mizunashi basin, as well as the Senbongi district and parts of Shimabara were severely damaged. In addition, there was concern about the collapse of Mt. Mayuyama, which previously caused the 1972 disaster. In this eruptive activity, however, Mt. Mayuyama protected the center of Shimabara from the pyroclastic flows. In areas other than Shimabara and Fukae, there was ash fall depending on the wind direction, and at Kumamoto Airport, it had an impact on the arrival and departure of aircraft.
Mount Unzen | Effects of the Heisei Eruptions / Restoration Work
Merriam cone does not have a summit crater, but rises to above the northern lake floor. Merriam cone was produced underwater, and was probably formed at the same or similar time as Wizard Island and the central platform. Mazama was last active about 4,800 years ago, when an eruption took place near Wizard Island's eastern base. This eruption took place underwater, and it produced viscous lava that created a rhyodacite lava dome, about 2,400 years after the first period of postcaldera activity. Given that Mazama has had periods of sporadic eruptions for 420,000 years, the United States Geological Survey thinks that it is "virtually certain" that Mazama will erupt again in the future.
Mount Mazama | Recent activity and potential hazards
It is located about 15 kilometres southwest of the city of Fukushima and east of Mount Bandai. Its last known eruption was in 1996. An eruption in 1900 killed 72 workers at a sulfur mine located in the summit crater.
Mount Adatara | Introduction
On May 7, 2013, at 8 a.m. (PST), the volcano produced a surprise phreatic eruption lasting 73 seconds. Ash, steam and rock were produced during this eruption. Ash clouds reached 500 meters above the volcano's summit and drifted west southwest. The event killed five climbers, of whom three were German, one was a Spaniard living in Germany, and one was a Filipino tour guide. Seven others were reported injured. The bodies of the hikers were soon located by the authorities. However, due to rugged and slippery terrain, the hikers' remains were slowly transferred from Camp 2 to Camp 1, the site of the rescue operations at the foot of the volcano.
Mayon | 2013 phreatic eruption
Fugaku Wind Cave, 201 meters long with an average height of 8.7 meters, is found in the Aokigahara area. It is so named from "Fugaku" (富岳), a literary name for Mount Fuji (富士山), and "Fūketsu" (風穴) for wind cave, because there is enough circulation of air on the cave. The walls of the cave are mostly made of basalt. Inside the cave, there are icicles even in summer, lava terraces and rope-like lava forms. From the Edo period to the Meiji period (ca. 1600 to 1900) this cave was used to keep the eggs of silk worms. Fugaku Wind Cave along with Narusawa Ice Cave nearby is managed by Fuji Sightseeing Industry Co.
Fugaku Wind Cave | Fugaku Wind Cave
Present day activities surrounding sulphur vents are the result of massive land slides in the past. Construction of concrete barriers and stabilization of the area have been under way for decades.
Ōwakudani | Access