Container ships (sometimes spelled containerships) are cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called containerization. They are a common means of commercial intermodal freight transport and now carry most seagoing non-bulk cargo. Container ship capacity is measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU). Typical loads are a mix of 20-foot and 40-foot (2-TEU) ISO-standard containers, with the latter predominant. Today, about 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide is transported by container ships, and the largest modern container ships can carry over 23,000 TEU (e.g., "MSC Gülsün"). Container ships now rival crude oil tankers and bulk carriers as the largest commercial seaborne vessels.
Introduction
Container ship
Container ship | Introduction
They carry all of their load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called containerization. These are cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size intermodal containers. They carry all of their load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called containerization. In truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called containerization
what was ss christopher columbus?
user
An American excursion liner on the Great Lakes
assistant
where is this lake situated?
user
The upper mid-east region of North America
assistant
which religions are practiced in that continent?
user
Christianity, Atheism,  Buddhism
assistant
what are the symbols associated with the first religion?
user
The cross
assistant
are there emblems like that symbol?
user
Yes
assistant
what was its significance in pre christian era?
user
In the European Bronze Age the cross symbol appeared to carry a religious meaning, perhaps as a symbol of consecration, especially pertaining to burial.
assistant
and what is its significance in christianity?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
does the lake mentioned above has any sea transport connection to any ocean?
user
Yes, the Great Lakes accessible to ocean-going vessels, shifts in shipping to wider ocean-going container ships
assistant
how does the last type of ship mentioned above carries cargo?
user
Lake freighters built for the Great Lakes in North America differ in design from sea water–going ships because of the difference in wave size and frequency in the lakes. A number of these ships are larger than Seawaymax and cannot leave the lakes and pass to the Atlantic Ocean, since they do not fit the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway.
Cargo ship | Size categories
Lakers are generally bulk carriers; that is, they carry cargoes of rock, ore, salt or grain in large contiguous holds, not packed in containers. The earlier ships required rail cars unloading on ore docks and unloading machinery at the receiving docks, but modern lakers are self unloaders, allowing them to unload faster and in more ports. The most common cargoes on the Great Lakes are taconite, limestone, grain, salt, coal, cement, gypsum, sand, slag, and potash. Much of the cargo supplies the steel mills of the auto industry, centered around the Great Lakes because of the ease of transport. Other destinations include coal-fired power plants, highway department salt domes and stone docks, where limestone is unloaded for the construction industry.
Lake freighter | Cargo
Like all of the Great Lakes, Lake Michigan is today used as a major mode of transport for bulk goods. In 2002, 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved via the Lakes. This was, in order of volume: iron ore, grain and potash. The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry. There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo, but most container vessels cannot pass the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway because the ships are too wide. The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downward trend for several years.
Lake Michigan | Shipping
Except when the water is frozen during winter, more than 100 lake freighters operate continuously on the Great Lakes, which remain a major water transport corridor for bulk goods. The Great Lakes Waterway connects all the lakes; the smaller Saint Lawrence Seaway connects the lakes to the Atlantic oceans. Some lake freighters are too large to use the Seaway, and operate only on the Waterway and lakes. In 2002, 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved on the Lakes. This was, in order of volume: iron ore, grain and potash. The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry.
Great Lakes | Shipping
Lake freighters, or lakers, are bulk carrier vessels that ply the Great Lakes of North America. These vessels are traditionally called boats, although classified as ships. Since the late 19th century, lakers have carried bulk cargoes of materials such as limestone, iron ore, grain, coal, or salt from the mines and fields of the upper Great Lakes to the populous industrial areas farther east. The 63 commercial ports handled 173 million tons of cargo in 2006. Because of winter ice on the lakes, the navigation season is not usually year-round. The Soo Locks and Welland Canal close from mid-January to late March, when most boats are laid up for maintenance.
Lake freighter | Introduction
Although the Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway make the Great Lakes accessible to ocean-going vessels, shifts in shipping to wider ocean-going container ships—which do not fit through the locks on these routes—have limited container shipping on the lakes. Most Great Lakes trade is of bulk material, and bulk freighters of Seawaymax-size or less can move throughout the entire lakes and out to the Atlantic. Larger ships are confined to working in the lakes themselves. Only barges can access the Illinois Waterway system providing access to the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze over in winter, interrupting most shipping from January to March.
Great Lakes | Shipping connection to the ocean
There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo but most container ships cannot pass the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway because the ships are too wide. Only four bridges are on the Great Lakes other than Lake Ontario because of the cost of building structures high enough for ships to pass under. The Blue Water Bridge is, for example, more than 150 feet high and more than a mile long.
Great Lakes | Shipping
The shallow draft imposed by the rivers (the controlling depth is in the St. Marys River and in Lake Saint Clair) restricts the cargo capacity of Lakers, but that is partially recovered by their extra length and box design. Since Great Lakes waves never achieve the great length or period of ocean waves, particularly compared to the waves' height, ships are in less danger of being suspended between two waves and breaking, so the ratio between the ship's length, beam and its depth can be a bit larger than that of an ocean-going ship. The Lake vessels generally have a 10:1 length to beam ratio, whereas ocean vessels are typically 7:1.
Lake freighter | Design
Therefore, ship designers have favored bluff bows over streamlined bows. After World War II, several ocean freighters and tankers were transported to the Great Lakes and converted to bulk carriers as a way to acquire ships cheaply. Several of them served well in the role and continue to sail today ("Lee A. Tregurtha", and a few others). Another distinguishing feature of Lake vessels versus Ocean vessels is the cargo hatch configuration. On the Lake vessels, the hatches are traditionally spaced apart. This configuration was needed to match the hatches to the loading facilities. At the turn of the 19th century, most ore loading facilities had loading chutes spaced every .
Lake freighter | Design
U.S.-flagged freighters carried the largest portion of the trade, accounting for two-thirds of all cargo by weight. U.S. hulls carried most of the iron, limestone and cement while Canadian boats carried most of the potash and almost all of the salt and grain moved on the lakes. Destination harbors, ship sizes and legal restrictions greatly affect the pattern of haulage. Large U.S. ships hauled most of the iron ore on the lakes (79%) from U.S. mines to U.S. mills. This reflects the requirement of the Jones Act, as well as the industry using large volumes of material while being concentrated in a few large harbor locations.
Lake freighter | Cargo
The vessel was a break-bulk transporter. That meant that the freight was unloaded from the rail car and loaded onto the ship by hand, rather by packages or by bulk into large ship containers. The freight material was then transported across Lake Michigan. At the other end the freight was unloaded by hand and reloaded into other freight cars at the port the vessel arrived at. All the cross-lake ferries until 1896 were of this type.
SS John Sherman | Description
The vessel was designed specifically as a bulk carrier capable of carrying approximately 200,000 cubic feet of bulk cargo on each trip. The ship had two steel decks with poop, forecastle and bridge located on top of her main deck, had her machinery located amidships and had two main cargo holds. A water-tight center-line bulkhead ran the entire length of the ship from keel to the top of main deck. The freighter also possessed all the modern machinery for quick loading and unloading of cargo from four main hatches, including eight winches and a large number of derricks. The vessel was also equipped with wireless apparatus located in the bridge house, had submarine signal system installed and had electrical lights installed along the decks.
SS Lake Frampton | Design and construction
Cargo vessels known as lakers haul grain, coal, and iron ore from the Lake Superior ports of Duluth, Superior, Two Harbors, and Silver Bay, through Lake Superior to the lower Great Lakes, while ocean-going ships referred to as salties operate from the Twin Ports through the St. Lawrence Seaway to the Atlantic Ocean.
Transportation in Minnesota | Water transportation
Salt and Canadian grain can be hauled to numerous smaller ports of either country on smaller, mostly Canadian, ships which can also enter the St. Lawrence Seaway with the Canadian ports of Montreal and Quebec City.
Lake freighter | Cargo
This ore is the usual cargo of the largest ships. More common are lake boats in the classes, because of the limitations of the Welland Canal. These vessels vary greatly in configuration and cargo capacity, being capable of hauling between 10,000 and 40,000 tons per trip depending on the individual boat. These smaller boats can serve smaller harbors around the Lakes which have irregular need for their services. The latest major vessel built for bulk cargoes on the lakes is the articulated tug/barge combo "Ken Boothe Sr./Lakes Contender". The 740-foot barge "Lakes Contender" and the tug "Ken Boothe Sr." entered service in 2012.
Lake freighter | Size
The Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway opened the Great Lakes to ocean-going vessels. Wider ocean-going container ships do not fit through the locks on these routes, and thus shipping is limited on the lakes. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze in winter, interrupting most shipping. Some icebreakers ply the lakes. The Great Lakes are also connected by the Illinois Waterway to the Gulf of Mexico via the Illinois River (from Chicago) and the Mississippi River. An alternate track is via the Illinois River (from Chicago), to the Mississippi, up the Ohio, and then through the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway (combination of a series of rivers and lakes and canals), to Mobile Bay and the Gulf.
Lake Michigan | Connection to ocean and open water
A bulk carrier is a ship used to transport bulk cargo items such as iron ore, bauxite, coal, cement, grain and similar cargo. Bulk carriers can be recognized by large box-like hatches on deck, designed to slide outboard or fold fore-and-aft to enable access for loading or discharging cargo. The dimensions of bulk carriers are often determined by the ports and sea routes that they need to serve, and by the maximum width of the Panama Canal. Most lakes are too small to accommodate bulk carriers, but a large fleet of lake freighters has been plying the Great Lakes and St.
Merchant ship | Bulk carrier
As built, the bulk carrier was long overall and between perpendiculars with a beam of . The ship has a midsummer draught of and a depth of hold of . As built, the ship measured and a . The ship is powered by two SEMT Pielstick 12PC-CV-400 diesel engines turning one shaft. The ship has a maximum speed of , and a cruising speed of . In 2012, the ship underwent conversion to a lake freighter and was remeasured and . The vessel has capacity for and carries a crew of between 13 and 15.
Tecumseh (lake freighter) | Description
Lake freighters, also called lakers, are cargo vessels that ply the Great Lakes. The most well-known is , the latest major vessel to be wrecked on the Lakes. These vessels are traditionally called boats, not ships. Visiting ocean-going vessels are called "salties." Because of their additional beam, very large salties are never seen inland of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Because the smallest of the Soo Locks is larger than any Seaway lock, salties that can pass through the Seaway may travel anywhere in the Great Lakes. Because of their deeper draft, salties may accept partial loads on the Great Lakes, "topping off" when they have exited the Seaway.
Ship | Great Lakes
Self-unloading equipment worked well for cargoes that could "flow" out of the holds onto belts, such as coal and limestone. It did not work well for grain, which flowed too readily and would spill off the conveyors, or iron ore, which would not flow well and would hang up in the hold. Because the predominant cargo for lakers was iron ore, self-unloaders did not become common until higher grade ores were depleted and taconite pellets were developed in the 1970s. Steam power first appeared in the 1860s and became the standard source of power for over a century. The Canadian grainboat "Feux Follets" of 1967 was the last laker to be built with a steam turbine and thus was the last steamer built on the lakes.
Lake freighter | Famous vessels
Container ships (sometimes spelled containerships) are cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called containerization. They are a common means of commercial intermodal freight transport and now carry most seagoing non-bulk cargo. Container ship capacity is measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU). Typical loads are a mix of 20-foot and 40-foot (2-TEU) ISO-standard containers, with the latter predominant. Today, about 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide is transported by container ships, and the largest modern container ships can carry over 23,000 TEU (e.g., "MSC Gülsün"). Container ships now rival crude oil tankers and bulk carriers as the largest commercial seaborne vessels.
Container ship | Introduction
Because these vessels must traverse the locks of the Great Lakes Waterway, they all have features in common, and their appearance differs from similarly sized ocean-going freighters. For instance, they are narrower and generally longer. An early variation of the type (designed by Alexander McDougall and built from 1887 through 1898) was the "whaleback" design, which featured significant tumblehome in the sides of the hull and a rounded bow, looking rather like the back of a whale. Where the superstructure of an ordinary freighter had the bridge in the center of the vessel, lake freighters typically have the bridge and associated superstructure on the bow.
Lake freighter | Design
The Type L6 ship is a United States Maritime Administration (MARAD) designation for World War II as a Great Lakes dry break bulk cargo ship. The L-Type Great Lakes Dry Bulk Cargo Ships were built in 1943 for World War II. The ships has a 15,82 deadweight tonnage. The L6 ships were built by two companies: American Ship Building Company and Great Lakes Engineering Works,Ashtabula, Ohio/ Great Lakes Engineering Works, River Rouge, Ohio that built the type L6-S-B1 and American SB that built the class L6-S-A1. Steel supply needed for World War was great. To supply iron ore from Lake Superior to steel foundries, the United States Commission had a series of L6 Lakers ship built.
Type L6 ship | Introduction
A container ship is a cargo ship that carry all of its load in truck-size containers, in a technique called containerization. They form a common means of commercial intermodal freight transport.
Merchant ship | Container ship
The largest vessels on the lakes are the 1000-footers (300 m). These vessels are between long, wide and of hull depth. They can carry as much as of bulk cargo although their loading is dependent on lake water levels especially in the channels and ports. A dozen of these ships were built, all constructed between 1976 and 1981, and all remain in service today. The most powerful of these is , which carried two Enterprise DMRV-16-4 diesel engines driving twin propellers and was rated at , making it the most powerful lake boat on the seaway. This allowed a top speed of .
Lake freighter | Size
In addition the ships can carry special ten-foot ore concentrate containers in holds No. 2, 3 and 4, with two layers on tank top and one on tweendeck. For loading and unloading of general cargo, containers and bulk cargo the ships are geared with four deck cranes located on the centerline, one on the aft deck and three forwards of the superstructure. The No. 2 crane on the foredeck is a twin type crane with a lifting capacity of 2 × 40 tonnes at while the others are single hydraulic cranes, capable of lifting 20 tonnes, with a maximum outreach of .
SA-15 (ship) | Cargo handling
James R. Barker is an American bulk carrier that operates on the upper four North American Great Lakes. She is the third vessel of her size to be built. There are fourteen vessels that are restricted to the upper lakes because they are too large to travel through the Welland Canal that connects Lake Erie to the lowest lake, Lake Ontario. Like her sister ship, the "Mesabi Miner", she is owned and operated by the Interlake Shipping Company. In spite of their size these two vessels are able to maneuver, in harbor, without requiring assistance from tugboats.
James R. Barker (1976 ship) | Introduction
Lake freighters, or lakers, are bulk carrier vessels which ply the Great Lakes. The best-known variety is the oreboat, depicted in songs from Gordon Lightfoot, Stan Rogers and others. Some classic-design lakers still operate, including a few with steam engines.
List of Great Lakes museum and historic ships | Lakers: bulk carriers
The SA-15 class freighters are capable of carrying a wide variety of cargo ranging from general and dry bulk cargoes to containers and trailers. Heavy cargo up to 80 tonnes and long goods up to can also be carried. The ships, designed to serve the remote arctic regions, are also equipped with flexible cargo handling equipment for loading and unloading in undeveloped ports. The cargo gear is designed to operate normally at an ambient temperature of and maintain operational condition at temperatures as low as . It is also extensively winterized by arranging most of the operating equipment inside the cargo access units.
SA-15 (ship) | Cargo handling
The vessel is among the largest container ships in the world and has overall length of , moulded beam of and maximum draft of . The cargo ship has deadweight of 185,000 DWT and gross tonnage of 175,000 GT with capacity for 17,722 TEU. The cargo ship has 1,254 reefer points for transportation of temperature controlled containers. With a breadth of 54 metres, it can carry 21 containers across, athwartships.
CMA CGM Kerguelen | Principal Characteristics
The ship hauled both package freight and bulk cargo, as well as, for a short time, passengers for both U.S. and Canada—an unusual history for a Great Lakes ship. In 1912, Chicago & Duluth renamed the ship "Minnekahta". The ship was sold again in 1913, and finally, in 1914, the ship was purchased by the Great Lakes Transportation Company Ltd. of Midland, Ontario, overhauled, and had her name changed to the "Glenyon". At the same time, the ship's registry was changed to be Canadian. On October 30, 1924, the "Glenlyon" left Thunder Bay, Ontario carrying 143,000 bushels of wheat. The weather turned particularly bad, and the ship was forced to anchor in the Welcome Islands.
SS Glenlyon | History
Similarly, the largest lakers are confined to the Upper Lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie) because they are too large to use the Seaway locks, beginning at the Welland Canal that bypasses the Niagara River. Since the freshwater lakes are less corrosive to ships than the salt water of the oceans, lakers tend to last much longer than ocean freighters. Lakers older than 50 years are not unusual, and as of 2005, all were over 20 years of age. , built in 1906 as "William P Snyder", was the oldest laker still working on the Lakes until its conversion into a barge starting in 2013.
Ship | Great Lakes
A cargo ship or freighter is a merchant ship that carries cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another. Thousands of cargo carriers ply the world's seas and oceans each year, handling the bulk of international trade. Cargo ships are usually specially designed for the task, often being equipped with cranes and other mechanisms to load and unload, and come in all sizes. Today, they are almost always built by welded steel, and with some exceptions generally have a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years before being scrapped.
Cargo ship | Introduction
The River class is a type of bulk carrier designed for service on the Great Lakes. One ship of the class is due to enter service for the Interlake Steamship Company in 2022.
River-class freighter | Introduction
As built the lake freighter was long overall and between perpendiculars with a beam of . The ship had a depth of hull of and a mid-summer draught of . The ship was and at construction with a capacity of . Using heavy fuel oil, the vessel was powered by two Foster-Wheeler water tube boilers providing steam to a De Laval cross compound steam turbine driving one shaft rated at . The ship was designed for the stone trade and is equipped with a discharge boom that can be swung 120 degrees to port or starboard. The boom is used to unload the vessel's cargo.
MV Saginaw | Description
The term Seawaymax refers to vessels which are the maximum size that can fit through the canal locks of the St. Lawrence Seaway, linking the inland Great Lakes of North America with the Atlantic Ocean. Seawaymax vessels are in length, wide, and have a draft of and a height above the waterline of . A number of lake freighters larger than this size cruise the Great Lakes and cannot pass through to the Atlantic Ocean. The size of the locks limits the size of the ships which can pass and so limits the size of the cargoes they can carry.
Seawaymax | Introduction
A cargo ship or freighter is any sort of ship or vessel that carries cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another. Thousands of cargo carriers ply the world's seas and oceans each year; they handle the bulk of international trade. Cargo ships are usually specially designed for the task, often being equipped with cranes and other mechanisms to load and unload, and come in all sizes.
Merchant ship | Cargo ship
There are two main types of dry cargo: bulk cargo and break bulk cargo. Bulk cargoes, like grain or coal, are transported unpackaged in the hull of the ship, generally in large volume. Break-bulk cargoes, on the other hand, are transported in packages, and are generally manufactured goods. Before the advent of containerization in the 1950s, break-bulk items were loaded, lashed, unlashed and unloaded from the ship one piece at a time. However, by grouping cargo into containers, of cargo, or up to about , is moved at once and each container is secured to the ship once in a standardized way.
Container ship | History
The SA-15 class multipurpose cargo ships have a maximum overall length of or with the stern notch excluded. Their hulls are long at the waterline and their length between perpendiculars is . The breadth of the ships, like all other cargo ships operating in the Northern Sea Route, is limited to by the size of the escorting icebreakers. The shallow waters of the Northern Sea Route limit the draught to , but outside the arctic their cargo capacity can be increased by allowing the ice-strengthened parts of the hull to become submerged. Increasing the draught to increases their displacement from 27,660 tons to 31,000 tons and deadweight tonnage from 16,600 to around 23,000 tons.
SA-15 (ship) | General characteristics
These lake freighters are all in the 700-footer class which are between long: Self-unloading vessels "Atlantic Erie", "Atlantic Huron", "Atlantic Superior", , , (formerly "Jean Parisien"), (formerly ), (formerly "J.W. McGiffin"), , , (formerly "H.M. Griffith") (named after Paul Martin Sr.), (formerly ), , Gearless bulk vessels "Birchglen" (Decommissioned), "Cedarglen" (Decommissioned), "CSL St-Laurent", "CSL Welland", "Mapleglen" (Decommissioned), "Oakglen", "Pineglen" (Decommissioned), , , "Spruceglen"
Canada Steamship Lines | CSL fleet
Traditionally they had a second island, over the engine room in the stern. These dual cabined boats were constructed between 1869 and 1974. "R. J. Hackett" premiered the style and the second "Algosoo" was the final vessel designed this way. More recently built lakers, like CSL "Niagara", have a single large superstructure island at the stern. Vessel speeds are not as important on the Lakes as on the ocean. Ports are often closer together than in ocean trade, so cargo capacity is more important than speed. Lake vessels are designed with the greatest block coefficient to maximize the vessel's size in the locks within the Great Lakes/St Lawrence Seaway system.
Lake freighter | Design
After World War II, an international bulk trade began to develop among industrialized nations, particularly between the European countries, the United States and Japan. Due to the economics of this trade, ocean bulk carriers became larger and more specialized. In this period, Great Lakes freighters increased in size, to maximize economies of scale, and self-unloaders became more common to cut turnaround time. The thousand-footers of the Great Lakes fleets, built in the 1970s, were among the longest ships afloat, and, in 1979, a record 214 million tons of bulk cargo were moved on the Great Lakes.
Bulk carrier | History
Lake Superior has been an important link in the Great Lakes Waterway, providing a route for the transportation of iron ore as well as grain and other mined and manufactured materials. Large cargo vessels called lake freighters, as well as smaller ocean-going freighters, transport these commodities across Lake Superior. Shipping was slow to arrive at Lake Superior in the 19th century. The first steamboat to run on the lake was the "Independence" in 1847, whereas the first steamers on the other Great Lakes began sailing in 1816. Ice closes the Lake shipping from mid-January to late March. Exact dates for the shipping season vary each year, depending on weather conditions that form and break the ice.
Lake Superior | Shipping
Cargo ships are categorized partly by cargo capacity, partly by weight (deadweight tonnage DWT), and partly by dimensions. Maximum dimensions such as length and width (beam) limit the canal locks a ship can fit in, water depth (draft) is a limitation for canals, shallow straits or harbors and height is a limitation in order to pass under bridges. Common categories include: The TI-class supertanker is an Ultra Large Crude Carrier, with a draft that is deeper than Suezmax, Malaccamax and New Panamax. This causes Atlantic/Pacific routes to be very long, such as the long voyages south of Cape of Good Hope or south of Cape Horn to transit between Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Cargo ship | Size categories
Cargo in holds may be either packaged in crates, bales, etc., or unpackaged (bulk cargo). Access to holds is by a large hatch at the top. Ships have had holds for centuries; an alternative way to carry cargo is in standardized shipping containers, which may be loaded into appropriate holds or carried on deck. Holds in older ships were below the orlop deck, the lower part of the interior of a ship's hull, especially when considered as storage space, as for cargo. In later merchant vessels it extended up through the decks to the underside of the weather deck. Some ships have built in cranes and can load and unload their own cargo.
Hold (compartment) | Description
As built, the lake freighter was long overall and between perpendiculars with a beam of . The ship had a gross register tonnage (GRT) of 22,465 tons and a deadweight tonnage (DWT) of 35,028 tons. The vessel was powered by a diesel engine driving one propeller giving the bulk carrier a maximum speed of . In 1988, the vessel was updated so that "Algobay" could provide ocean coastal service to South America. In 2009, the vessel was reconstructed in China. The ship's length overall became and between perpendiculars with a gross tonnage (GT) of 24,102 tons and a deadweight tonnage of 37,257 tons.
Radcliffe R. Latimer | Description
Two Trillium-class bulk carriers were ordered as part of a nine-ship building program started 2010, both were completed for CSL in 2014. Classified as LR 100A1 Great Lakes Bulk Carrier, the ships have a gross tonnage of 22,579 tons. "CSL St-Laurent" has a deadweight tonnage of 36,363 tons and "CSL Welland" has a deadweight tonnage of 36,417 tons. The ships are long overall with a beam of . "CSL Welland" has a maximum draught of . Both ships have five holds. "CSL Welland" and "CSL St-Laurent" were constructed by Yangfan Shipyard in Zhoushan, China. "CSL Welland" was named for the Welland Canal.
Trillium-class freighter | Bulk carrier
In the early 1950s Defoe Shipbuilding constructed two large Great Lakes freighters. They were both roughly based on U.S. Steel's Pittsburgh Steamship Company AA Class ship design and shared similar dimensions. As of April 2009, one of the two vessels is still in service on the Great Lakes. The only remaining large Great Lakes bulk freight vessel built by Defoe Shipbuilding still in service is the 642' 03" long, M/V "Ojibway" (Defoe hull #00422) operated by the Canadian firm Lower Lakes Towing, of Port Dover, Ontario, Canada. The "Ojibway" was originally built as the steamer "Charles L. Hutchinson" (2) for the Pioneer Steamship Company of Cleveland, Ohio, and entered service on September 24, 1952.
Defoe Shipbuilding Company | Great Lakes Bulk Freighters
The Great Lakes freighter SS "Henry Steinbrenner" was a long, wide, and deep, dry bulk freighter of typical construction style for the early 1900s, primarily designed for the iron ore, coal, and grain trades on the Great Lakes. Commissioned by the Kinsman Transit Co. of Cleveland, Ohio she was launched as hull number 14 by Jenks Ship Building Co. of Port Huron, Michigan. Her design featured a forward forecastle containing crew cabins topped with an additional cabin and pilot house. The mid section was a long nearly flat deck over the cargo holds only interrupted by 12 hatches fitted with telescoping type hatch covers.
SS Henry Steinbrenner | Introduction
The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie (at Buffalo, New York) and at the south side of Lake Ontario (at Oswego, New York).
Great Lakes | Shipping connection to the ocean
About 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide is transported by container, and the largest container ships can carry over 19,000 TEU (Twenty-Foot Equivalent, or how many 20 foot containers can fit on a ship). Between 2011 and 2013, an average of 2,683 containers were reported lost at sea. Other estimates go up to 10,000; of these 10% are expected to contain chemicals toxic to marine life.
Intermodal container | Ship
The ship designers used this pattern for their hatch configuration. This pattern continues today, even with modern Lake vessels. A lake vessel has many more hatches than an ocean vessel of equal length. The largest deep lock at the Soo is the Poe Lock which is long and wide. Because of size restrictions, thirty vessels on the lakes can only pass between Lake Superior and Lake Huron using the Poe lock although none approaches the lock's size. Many lakers are restricted to the Lakes, being unable to navigate the St Lawrence Seaway whose locks allow a maximum vessel size of in length or in breadth.
Lake freighter | Design
Some shipping companies are building new freighters to ply the waters of the Great Lakes. The following are new freighters in use or will be launched for use in the Great Lakes:
Lake freighter | Newest freighters
MV "Calumet" is Great Lakes bulk freighter currently in operation.
Calumet (1973 ship) | Introduction
Over the next 25 years, freighters based on the "Hackett"'s design (now called Great Lakes freighters) became the most common type of ship found on the Great Lakes. Over the next 100 years, the design of the "Hackett" was the basis for nearly every bulk freighter built for use on the inland waterways of North America. Even as construction shifted to iron and steel hulls in the 1880s, the basic design of the "Hackett" was still followed.
SS R.J. Hackett | Significance of the "Hackett"
The ship was built to seawaymax dimensions, which are the maximum dimensions a ship could be to enter the locks of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The lake freighter was long overall and between perpendiculars with a beam of . The vessel had a maximum draught of and a maximum summer draught of . The ship was powered by a John Inglis steam turbine fed by two Babcock & Wilcox water-tube boilers turning one fixed pitch propeller, rated at . The vessel had a maximum speed of . The lake freighter had a gross register tonnage (GRT) of 17,873 tons and a deadweight tonnage of 26,930 tons.
Algoma Provider | Description
It has a 15,550 ton capacity. It was renamed, shortened and converted to a bulk cement carrier in 1991. The "Alpena" is a moderate sized ship in the Great Lakes fleet; the largest Lakers are almost twice its length and breadth and carry four times its cargo. She is able to transit the canals of the St. Lawrence Seaway due to her small size.
PS Alpena | Similarly named ships
The NTSB investigation noted that Great Lakes cargo vessels could normally avoid severe storms and called for the establishment of a limiting sea state applicable to Great Lakes bulk cargo vessels. This would restrict the operation of vessels in sea states above the limiting value. One concern was that shipping companies pressured the captains to deliver cargo as quickly and cheaply as possible regardless of bad weather. At the time of "Edmund Fitzgerald"s foundering, there was no evidence that any governmental regulatory agency tried to control vessel movement in foul weather, despite the historical record that hundreds of Great Lakes vessels had been wrecked in storms.
SS Edmund Fitzgerald | Complacency
The Port of Cleveland generated over $350 million and over 15 million tons of cargo in a recent year. The current port facility is unable to handle larger cargo ships, and the cranes needed to lift goods such as steel to truck trailers are insufficient to meet current shipping standards.
Lake Erie | Ports
The world's bulk transport has reached immense proportions: in 2005, 1.7 billion metric tons of coal, iron ore, grain, bauxite, and phosphate was transported by ship. Today, the world's bulk carrier fleet includes 6,225 ships of over 10,000 DWT, and represent 40% of all ships in terms of tonnage and 39.4% in terms of vessels. Including smaller ships, bulk carriers have a total combined capacity of almost 346 million DWT. Combined carriers are a very small portion of the fleet, representing less than 3% of this capacity. The lake freighters of the Great Lakes, with 98 ships of 3.2 million total DWT, despite forming a small fraction of the total fleet by tonnage and only operating 10 months a year, carried a tenth of the world's bulk cargo because of the short trip distance and fast turnarounds.
Bulk carrier | Fleet characteristics
There are several key points in the design of modern container ships. The hull, similar to bulk carriers and general cargo ships, is built around a strong keel. Into this frame is set one or more below-deck cargo holds, numerous tanks, and the engine room. The holds are topped by hatch covers, onto which more containers can be stacked. Many container ships have cargo cranes installed on them, and some have specialized systems for securing containers on board. The hull of a modern cargo ship is a complex arrangement of steel plates and strengthening beams. The hull is built around the keel.
Container ship | Architecture
The effort to repatriate "The Kee" bore fruit on June 23, 2012 (100 years to the day after she first entered Port McNicoll), when the ship returned to her former berth before a crowd of thousands.
List of Great Lakes museum and historic ships | SS "Keewatin" (Port McNicoll, Ontario)
A water-tight center-line bulkhead ran the entire length of the ship from keel to the top of main deck. In order to be able to load and unload her cargo in a day or less, her holds and hatches were arranged in such a way so they could easily work together with the conveyor cargo loading system. The freighter had no cargo-handling gear of her own with the exception of a forward hoist which were to be used sparingly. The vessel was also equipped with wireless apparatus located in the bridge house, had submarine signal system installed and had electrical lights installed along the decks.
SS William O'Brien | Design and construction
Shipping is supplemented by air freight, a more expensive process mostly used for particularly valuable or perishable cargoes. Seaborne trade carries more than US$4 trillion worth of goods each year. There are two main kinds of freight, bulk cargo and break bulk or general cargo, most of which is now transported in containers. Commodities in the form of liquids, powder or particles are carried loose in the holds of bulk carriers and include oil, grain, coal, ore, scrap metal, sand and gravel. Break bulk cargo is usually manufactured goods and is transported in packages, often stacked on pallets. Before the arrival of containerization in the 1950s, these goods were loaded, transported and unloaded piecemeal.
Sea | Trade
Lawrence Seaway under Canadian flag. During the winter of 2008–2009, it operated a weekly, fixed service between [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] and [[St. Pierre et Miquelon]], carrying [[roll-on/roll-off]], [[Break bulk cargo|break bulk]], [[Intermodal container|containers]], and [[Reefer ship|refrigerated goods]]. Crew on the ship can load and unload it with the two 35-tonne cranes. Another Canadian firm, Hamilton-based [[McKeil Marine]], operates a fleet of [[tug]]-and-[[barge]] combinations; these have has been moving commodities such as tar, fuels, aluminum ingots, and break bulk cargoes for years on the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]]. Along the St. Lawrence River, McKeil Marine transports aluminum ingots from a smelter in Quebec to destinations in Ohio, a distance of .
Short-sea shipping | US and Canada
The ships have five holds fitted with tweendecks, four forwards and one abaft of the superstructure, with a total grain capacity of 31,181 cubic metres. The foremost hold, No. 1, is specially designed for the carriage of explosives for the mining industry, inflammable liquids and chemicals in packages, and for this reason has a separate seawater fire extinguishing system that can also be used to cool the bulkhead between the foremost holds. Lower holds No. 2, 3 and 4 are designed for bulk cargoes such as coal, ore and grain. Containers can be carried in all holds and on the hatch covers, and the total container capacity of the SA-15 class ships is 576 twenty-foot equivalent units, forty of which can be refrigerated, or 236 forty-foot equivalent units.
SA-15 (ship) | Cargo handling
The Great Lakes freighter SS "Scotiadoc was a long, wide, and deep, dry bulk freighter of typical construction style for the early 1900s, primarily designed for the iron ore, coal, and grain trades on the Great Lakes. Commissioned by the Lakewood Steamship Co. of Cleveland, Ohio, SS "Martin Mullen was launched as hull number 422 by American Ship Building Co. of Columbus.
SS Scotiadoc | Introduction
The ship underwent a refit at Veracruz, Mexico before sailing to the Great Lakes. "Tecumseh" arrived at Montreal, Quebec on 29 December 2011 where it was fitted with Port Colborne fairleads from the scrapped . Since entering service on the Great Lakes, the bulk carrier is primarily used to transport grains. On 16 December 2019, the 14 crewmembers aboard "Tecumseh" were taken off the ship after a fire broke out in the engine room. The ship had been travelling from Windsor, Ontario to Thunder Bay, Ontario carrying a load of canola. The United States Coast Guard responded to the fire, which happened off Zug Island in the Detroit River, on the United States side.
Tecumseh (lake freighter) | Construction and career
To prevent collisions and groundings, the Great Lakes are well-served with lighthouses and lights, and floating navigation aids. The U.S. Coast Guard and Canadian Coast Guard maintain stations around the Great Lakes including icebreakers and rescue helicopters. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and other agencies maintain the harbors and seaways to limit groundings by dredging and seawalling.
Lake freighter | Ship losses and accidents
The history of commercial passenger shipping on the Great Lakes is long but uneven. It reached its zenith between the mid-19th century and the 1950s. As early as 1844, palace steamers carried passengers and cargo around the Great Lakes. By 1900, fleets of relatively luxurious passenger steamers plied the waters of the lower lakes, especially the major industrial centres of Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, and Toronto.
Great Lakes passenger steamers | Introduction
SS "Clifton", originally "Samuel Mather", was a whaleback lake freighter built in 1892 for service on the Great Lakes. She was long, beam, and depth, and had a 3,500 ton capacity. The self-propelled barge was built by the American Steel Barge Company in West Superior, Wisconsin. Her builders used a design well-suited to carry iron ore, her intended trade. The new vessel was christened "Samuel Mather", after a cofounder of Pickands Mather and Company, which at the time was the second largest fleet on the Great Lakes. After 31 years of service as an ore boat, the vessel was superannuated out of iron ore and was refitted as a carrier of stone aggregate.
SS Clifton | Introduction
English River is a Canadian lake freighter and bulk carrier, launched in 1961. In her initial years she carried bulk cargoes and deck cargoes to smaller ports on the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River watershed and estuary. Her cargo capacity is about a quarter that of most of the Great Lakes fleet, she is slightly more than half the length, and her draught is about two-thirds that of larger vessels. By 1973 there was less need to sail to these small ports, as they could be served by new roads or railroads, so she was converted to a self-loading and unloading bulk carrier.
English River (ship) | Introduction
Before World War II, the international shipping demand for bulk products was low—about 25 million tons for metal ores—and most of this trade was coastal. However, on the Great Lakes, bulk carriers hauled vast amounts of ore from the northern mines to the steel mills. In 1929, 73 million tons of iron ore was transported on the Lakes, and an almost equal amount of coal, limestone, and other products were also moved. Two defining characteristics of bulk carriers were already emerging: the double bottom, which was adopted in 1890, and the triangular structure of the ballast tanks, which was introduced in 1905.
Bulk carrier | History
CSL Tadoussac is a lake freighter currently operated by Canada Steamship Lines (CSL) on the Great Lakes. She was launched in 1969. Initially named Tadoussac, following her refit in 2001, she was renamed "CSL Tadoussac" She was the last freighter built for CSL in the traditional two superstructure design, which puts her bridge up in the ship's bow. The vessel primarily transports iron ore and coal.
CSL Tadoussac | Introduction
Cargo ships/freighters can be divided into seven groups, according to the type of cargo they carry. These groups are:
Cargo ship | Types
Usually, one or more U.S. Coast Guard icebreakers help keep the water passage open for part of the fall and early winter, although shipping usually ceases for two to three months thereafter. The St. Lawrence Seaway allows navigable shipping from the GLW to the Atlantic Ocean, while the Illinois Waterway extends commercial shipping to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The Great Lakes Waterway is co-administered by the governments of Canada and the United States of America.
Great Lakes Waterway | Introduction
Container ships are used to transport containers by sea. These vessels are custom-built to hold containers. Some vessels can hold thousands of containers. Their capacity is often measured in TEU or FEU. These initials stand for "twenty-foot equivalent unit," and "forty-foot equivalent unit," respectively. For example, a vessel that can hold 1,000 40-foot containers or 2,000 20-foot containers can be said to have a capacity of . After the year 2006, the largest container ships in regular operation are capable of carrying in excess of . Onboard ships they are typically stacked up to seven units high. A key consideration in the size of container ships is that larger ships exceed the capacity of important sea routes such as the Panama and Suez canals.
Intermodal freight transport | Container ships
This is a list of cargo ships past and present, which are freighters engaged in the transportation of passengers and goods. It includes ships which carry small numbers of passengers in addition to their primary freight cargo. "Note that ships with multiple names may be listed here under each name."
List of cargo ships | Introduction
Mark Thompson, a merchant seaman and author of numerous books on Great Lakes shipping, stated that if her cargo holds had watertight subdivisions, "the "Edmund Fitzgerald" could have made it into Whitefish Bay." Frederick Stonehouse also held that the lack of watertight bulkheads caused "Edmund Fitzgerald" to sink. He said: Stonehouse called on ship designers and builders to design lake carriers more like ships rather than "motorized super-barges" making the following comparison: After "Edmund Fitzgerald" foundered, Great Lakes shipping companies were accused of valuing cargo payloads more than human life, since the vessel's cargo hold of had been divided by two non-watertight traverse "screen" bulkheads.
SS Edmund Fitzgerald | Lack of watertight bulkheads
MV "Edwin H. Gott" is a very large diesel-powered lake freighter owned and operated by Great Lakes Fleet, Inc, a subsidiary of Canadian National Railway. This vessel was built in 1979 at Bay Shipbuilding Company, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin and included self-unloading technology. The ship is long and at the beam. It has a carrying capacity of , has a unloading boom and is capable of unloading 11,200 NT/hr. This is a maximum load of about 74,100 tons. The ship has five cargo holds, but 20 hatches which are . The hatches are significantly smaller than other large lake freighters.
MV Edwin H. Gott | Introduction
Thunder Bay is a lake freighter cargo vessel, built and launched in China in 2013. The ship is owned, and operated on the Great Lakes, by the Canada Steamship Lines (CSL). Like her three sister ships in CSL's Trillium class, , , and , the vessel is a self-unloading bulk carrier, with a conveyor belt on a long boom that can be deployed over port or starboard sides.
Thunder Bay (ship) | Introduction
For a port to efficiently send and receive cargo, it requires infrastructure: docks, bollards, pilings, cranes, bulk cargo handling equipment, and so on – equipment and organization supporting the role of the facilities. From pier to pier these may differ, one dock handling intermodal transport needs (container-ships linked to rail by cranes); another bulk handling capabilities (such as conveyors, elevators, tanks, pumps) for loading and unloading bulk cargoes like grain, coal, or fuels. Others may be outfitted as passenger terminals or for mixed mode operations. Generally, Harbors, seaports and marinas all host watercraft, and consist of components such as piers, wharfs, docks and roadsteads.
Maritime transport | Infrastructure
"David Dows" was a 5-masted schooner used primarily for transporting wheat. "Susquehanna", "Owego", and "Chemung" were propeller-driven package freighters. The whaleback was a celebrated passenger vessel. "Onoko" and all other vessels from "Curry" on were or are propeller-driven bulk carriers. The steamship "Quebec", launched in 1865, appears in lists of Great Lakes vessels. At 283 feet, she was longer than both "Nebraska" and "David Dows", but her service was on the St. Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec, not on the Great Lakes proper. She continued in service for many years and was dismantled in 1938.
Queen of the Lakes | A succession of Queens
The Maritime Commission ordered ten Great Lakes Bulk Carriers of the L6-S-B1 type. The L6-S-B1 was design with a 3-cylinder triple expansion steam engines. The L6-S-A1 used a lentz 4-zylinder compound engines. All L6 ships were coal burning and delivered between May and November 1943. L6-S-B1 was built for the US Maritime Commission under USMC contract MCc-1834 in 1943 at the River Rouge yard. Each L6 ship cost $2.265 million. The first L6-S-B1 was the SS "Adirondack/Richard J. Reiss", hull 290, keel was laid on March 9, 1942 and launched on September 19, 1942. The ships are often called the Class Lake Bulk Freighter now.
Type L6 ship | Introduction
MV "Paul R. Tregurtha" is a Great Lakes-based bulk carrier freighter. She is the current "Queen of the Lakes", an unofficial but widely-recognized title given to the longest vessel active on the Great Lakes. Launched as "William J. De Lancey", she was the last of the 13 "thousand footers" to enter service on the Great Lakes, and was also the last Great Lakes vessel built at the American Ship Building Company yard in Lorain, Ohio.
MV Paul R. Tregurtha | Introduction
In shipping, break bulk cargo or general cargo are goods that must be loaded individually, and not in intermodal containers nor in bulk as with oil or grain. Ships that carry this sort of cargo are called general cargo ships.
Break bulk cargo | Introduction
The ships have a bulk cargo capacity of or 6,800 tons (e.g.: coal, cereals, live cattle), a refrigerated cargo capacity of , and can carry up to 140 containers. The ships are powered by two 6-cylinder Sulzer 6 ZL 40/48 marine diesel engines of each, driving two variable-pitch propellers; with a maximum speed of .
Costa Sur-class cargo ship | Design
The first of these "package and passenger freighters", "Hercules", was built in Buffalo in 1843. "Hercules" displayed all the features that defined the type, a screw propelled the vessel, passengers were accommodated in staterooms on the upper deck, and package freight below on the large main deck and in the holds. Engines developed as well. Compound engines, in which steam was expanded twice for greater efficiency, were first used on the Great Lakes in 1869. Triple-expansion engines, for even greater efficiency, were introduced in 1887 and quadruple-expansion engines, the ultimate type of reciprocating engine for speed, power and efficiency, appeared on the lakes in 1894.
Great Lakes passenger steamers | History
Ice cargoes tended to cause damage to ships in the longer term, as the constant melting of the ice and the resulting water and steam encouraged dry rot. Shipment sizes varied; depending on the ports and route. The typical late 19th-century U.S. vessel was a schooner, carrying around 600 tons (500,000 kg) of ice; a large shipment from Norway to England might include up to 900 tons (800,000 kg).
Ice trade | Transportation
The C1-B cargo ships were constructed with flush full scantling type decks having a raked stem and cruiser stern. Two complete steel decks, the main and second decks, were fitted and a third deck was fitted below the second deck extending from the stem to the forward machinery space bulkhead. The double bottom extended from the forward collision bulkhead to the after collision bulkhead. Two 28-foot lifeboats, with a capacity of 60 persons each, were stowed under mechanical davits on the bridge deck. The hull was subdivided by seven transverse bulkheads, all watertight to the main deck. Five cargo holds were provided: three forward and two aft of the machinery space.
MS American Leader | Hull Design
Wooden boxes or crates are stowed on double dunnage in the holds and single dunnage in the 'tween decks. Heavy boxes are given bottom stowage. The loading slings are often left on to aid discharge.
Break bulk cargo | Wooden shipping containers
After the vessel's conversion to a laker, the gross register tonnage increased to 18,531 tons and the deadweight tonnage to 29,050 tons. The length overall of the ship was increased to and between perpendiculars to . The beam was also increased to .
MS Windoc (1959) | Description
Cargo movements on the Great Lakes Waterway and Saint Lawrence Seaway system can be classified as short-sea shipping under this broadening of terminology. The St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation of Canada and its US counterpart, the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation, have for the past several years promoted this concept under its marketing umbrella "Hwy [[HO". The concept is intended to use existing capacity on the St. Lawrence – Great Lakes corridor in harmony with rail and truck modes to reduce overland congestion. Great Lakes Feeder Lines of Burlington, [[Ontario, Canada]] was the first company to operate a "fit for purpose", European-built short-sea shipping vessel, named "Dutch Runner", on the St.
Short-sea shipping | US and Canada
Another interesting 1000-footer is "Presque Isle", an integrated tug and barge combination. "Presque Isle" is the largest tug / barge composite in the world. All of the 1000-footers are US vessels. The Canadian fleet needs to travel to and from its major cities along the St. Lawrence Seaway, so the largest length for the Canadian vessels is (Seawaymax-size). The reason for this standard length is the Welland Canal, which bypasses the Niagara Falls. The locks here are roughly long, and for safety reasons, limiting the maximum length of the vessels. Because of the Jones Act, Canadian ships cannot carry ore from American mines to American mills.
Lake freighter | Size
A passenger ship is a merchant ship whose primary function is to carry passengers on the sea. The category does not include cargo vessels which have accommodations for limited numbers of passengers, such as the ubiquitous twelve-passenger freighters once common on the seas in which the transport of passengers is secondary to the carriage of freight. The type does however include many classes of ships designed to transport substantial numbers of passengers as well as freight. Indeed, until recently virtually all ocean liners were able to transport mail, package freight and express, and other cargo in addition to passenger luggage, and were equipped with cargo holds and derricks, kingposts, or other cargo-handling gear for that purpose.
Passenger ship | Introduction
A passenger ship is a ship whose primary function is to carry passengers. The category does not include cargo vessels which have accommodations for limited numbers of passengers, such as the formerly ubiquitous twelve-passenger freighters in which the transport of passengers is secondary to the carriage of freight. The type does however include many classes of ships which are designed to transport substantial numbers of passengers as well as freight. Indeed, until recently virtually all ocean liners were able to transport mail, package freight and express, and other cargo in addition to passenger luggage, and were equipped with cargo holds and derricks, kingposts, or other cargo-handling gear for that purpose.
Merchant ship | Passenger ship
A drop keel containing transducers for the measurement of plankton density and ocean currents can be lowered below the bottom of the ship. A hydraulic A-frame in the stern of the ship can be used to tow sampling nets and dredges. To transport supplies to polar research stations, the ship has a cargo hold located in the bow of the vessel. It is served by a 35-ton main crane and three 10-ton general cargo cranes, all of which can also be used to lower scientific equipment and vehicles on ice. When heavy loads are being lifted, a heeling tank is used to balance the vessel.
S. A. Agulhas II | Facilities
If the expansion project goes ahead, feeder ships would take containers from the port of Oswego on Lake Ontario in upstate New York to Melford International Terminal in Nova Scotia for transfer to larger oceangoing ships.
Saint Lawrence Seaway | Lock, channel dimensions, and additional statistical data
The LCHs have a maximum payload of 180 tons; equivalent to 3 Leopard 1 tanks, 13 M113 armoured personnel carriers 23 quarter-tonne trucks, or four LARC-V amphibious cargo vehicles. As a troop transport, a "Balikpapan"-class vessel can transport up to 400 soldiers between a larger amphibious ship and the shore, or embark 60 soldiers in six-berth caravans for longer voyages. The vessel's payload affects the range: at 175 tons of cargo, each vessel has a range of , which increases to with a 150-ton payload, and when unladen. The flat, box-like keel causes the ships to roll considerably in other-than-calm conditions, limiting their ability to make long voyages.
HMPNGS Lakekamu | Design and construction
Examples of waterway infrastructure include the Suez Canal and the Panama Canal. These waterways are still in use for commercial purposes today. Some waterways can only operate under seasonal conditions. For example, the Great Lakes operate shipping for approximately eight months each year, but cannot continue operations during winter months when the lakes typically become frozen. Most inland shipping lines are based on speed and efficiency to deliver cargo.
Shipping line | Shipping in the Twentieth Century