Injections into muscular tissue may have taken place as early as the year 500. Beginning in the late 1800s, the procedure began to be described in more detail and techniques began to be developed by physicians practicing at the time. In the early days of intramuscular injections, the procedure was performed almost exclusively by physicians. In the mid 1900s, nurses began preparing equipment and patients for intramuscular injections as part of their delegated duties from physicians, and by 1961 they had "essentially taken over the procedure". To this time, there was not uniform procedures or education for nurses in proper administration of intramuscular injections, and complications from improper injection were common.
History
Intramuscular injection
Intramuscular injection | History
Injections into muscular tissue may have taken place as early as the year 500, but, by 1961 they had "essentially taken over the procedure" 1923 As early as the year 500 more detailed in the late 1800s. The administration of vaccines was for diphtheria in 1923. 500 C.E.
the three most commonly used sites for intramuscular injections are
user
The deltoid muscle of the upper arm, the gluteal muscle of the buttock, in infants, the vastus lateralis muscle of the thigh
assistant
does this have any complications?
user
Yes, the most frequent complications of a deltoid injection include pain, redness, and inflammation around the injection site, which are almost always mild and last only a few days at most.
assistant
why is it taken?
user
In medicine, it is one of several methods for parenteral administration of medications.
assistant
is it meant for any specific populations?
user
In some populations, a change in injection site, needle length, or technique is necessary; for  example, in very young people or frail elderly people, a normal length needle may be too long to safely inject in the desired muscle
assistant
which country was it used first?
user
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context.
assistant
can you list some of it's uses?
user
Intramuscular injection is commonly used for medication administration, such as, vaccination
assistant
what technique is used for it?
user
The injection site is first cleaned using an antimicrobial and allowed to dry, it is performed in a quick, darting motion perpendicular to the skin, at an angle between 72 and 90 degrees.
assistant
when was it first used?
user
Injections into muscular tissue may have taken place as early as the year 500. Beginning in the late 1800s, the procedure began to be described in more detail and techniques began to be developed by physicians practicing at the time. In the early days of intramuscular injections, the procedure was performed almost exclusively by physicians. In the mid 1900s, nurses began preparing equipment and patients for intramuscular injections as part of their delegated duties from physicians, and by 1961 they had "essentially taken over the procedure". To this time, there was not uniform procedures or education for nurses in proper administration of intramuscular injections, and complications from improper injection were common.
Intramuscular injection | History
Intramuscular injections began to be used for administration of vaccines for diphtheria in 1923, whooping cough in 1926, and tetanus in 1927. By the 1970s, researchers and instructors began forming guidance on injection site and technique to reduce the risk of injection complications and side effects such as pain. Also in the early 1970s, botulinum toxin began to be injected into muscles to intentionally paralyze them for therapeutic reasons, and later for cosmetic reasons. Until the 2000s, aspiration after inserting the needle was recommended as a safety measure, to ensure the injection was being administered in a muscle and not inadvertently in a vein.
Intramuscular injection | History
However, this is no longer recommended as evidence shows no safety benefit and it lengthens the injection, which causes more pain.
Intramuscular injection | History
After immunoglobulin therapy's discovery and description in "Pediatrics" in 1952, weekly intramuscular injections of immunoglobulin (IMIg) were the norm until intravenous formulations (IVIg) began to be introduced in the 1980s. During the mid and late 1950s, one-time IMIG injections were a common public health response to outbreaks of polio before the widespread availability of vaccines. Intramuscular injections were extremely poorly tolerated due to their extreme pain and poor efficacy – rarely could intramuscular injections alone raise plasma immunoglobulin levels enough to make a clinically meaningful difference.
Immunoglobulin therapy | 1950s – intramuscular
The practice of intracardiac injection originated in the 1800s. It was commonly performed during the 1960s, as it was considered the fastest way to get medication to the heart. The practice began declining during the 1970s as more reliable delivery methods (i.e., intravenous, endotracheal, and intraosseous) came into use. Around that time, studies revealed that intravenous injections were equally effective and were less prone to risks and complications.
Intracardiac injection | History
Intravitreal injection was first mentioned in a study in 1911, in which the injection of air was used to repair a detached retina. There were also investigations evaluating intravitreal antibiotics injection using sulfanilamide and penicillin to treat endophthalmitis in the 1940s, yet due to the inconsistency of results and safety concerns, this form of drug delivery was only for experimental use and not applied in patients. It was until 1998, that fomivirsen (Vitravene™), the first intravitreal administered medication, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In 2004, when Aiello et al. published the first guidelines for intravitreal injection in the journal ‘Retina’, fomivirsen was still the only medication licensed by the FDA for intravitreal injection.
Intravitreal injection | History
The use of tourniquets and injected anesthesia to induce localized anesthesia was first introduced by August Bier in 1908. He used an Esmarch bandage to exsanguinate the arm and injected procaine between two tourniquets to rapidly induce anesthetic and analgesic effects in the site. Though it proved effective, IVRA remained relatively unpopular until C. McK. Holmes reintroduced it in 1963. Today, the technique is common due to its economy, rapid recovery, reliability, and simplicity.
Intravenous regional anesthesia | History
The first recorded attempt at administering a therapeutic substance via IV injection was in 1492, when Pope Innocent VIII fell ill and was administered blood from healthy individuals. The treatment did not work and resulted in the death of the pope and donors. There was virtually no success with any attempts at injection therapy until the 1800s, when in 1831 Thomas Latta studied the use of IV fluid replacements for cholera treatment. The first solutions which saw widespread use for IV injections were simple "saline-like solutions", which were followed by experiments with various other liquids, including milk, sugar, honey, and egg yolk.
Intravenous therapy | History
In the 1660s, J. D. Major of Kiel and J. S. Elsholtz of Berlin were the first to experiment with injections in humans. These early experiments were generally ineffective and in some cases fatal. Injection fell out of favor for two centuries.
Hypodermic needle | Early use and experimentation
An intramuscular injection can be administered in multiple different muscles of the body. Common sites for IM injection include: deltoid, dorsogluteal, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and ventrogluteal muscles. Sites that are bruised, tender, red, swollen, inflamed or scarred are generally avoided. The specific medication and amount being administered will influence the decision of the specific muscle chosen for injection. The injection site is first cleaned using an antimicrobial and allowed to dry. The injection is performed in a quick, darting motion perpendicular to the skin, at an angle between 72 and 90 degrees. The practitioner will stabilize the needle with one hand while using their other hand to depress the plunger to slowly inject the medication - a rapid injection causes more discomfort.
Intramuscular injection | Technique
Duncan used autotransfusion during the amputation of limbs by removing blood from the amputated limb and returning it to the patient by femoral injection. This method was apparently fairly successful. A German, M. J. Theis, reported the first successful use of intraoperative autotransfusion in 1914, with a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. The earliest report in the American literature on the use of autotransfusion was by Lockwood in 1917 who used the technique during a splenectomy for Banti syndrome. Interest in the unrefined technique of autotransfusion continued through to the early 1940s, and was applied to various procedures including treatment of ectopic pregnancy, hemothorax, ruptured spleen, perforating abdominal injuries, and neurosurgical procedures.
Autotransfusion | History
The first record of an epidural injection is from 1885, when American neurologist James Corning of Acorn Hall in Morristown, NJ used the technique to perform a neuraxial blockade. Corning inadvertently injected 111 mg of cocaine into the epidural space of a healthy male volunteer, although at the time he believed he was injecting it into the subarachnoid space. Following this, in 1901 Fernand Cathelin first reported intentionally blocking the lowest sacral and coccygeal nerves through the epidural space by injecting local anesthetic through the sacral hiatus. The loss of resistance technique was first described by Achile Dogliotti in 1933, following which Alberto Gutiérrez described the hanging drop technique.
Epidural administration | History
The infraclavicular approach was first developed by Raj. In 1977, Selander described a technique for continuous brachial plexus block using an intravenous catheter secured in the axilla.
Brachial plexus block | History
The site is located by dividing the front thigh into thirds vertically and horizontally to form nine squares; the injection is administered in the outer middle square. This site is also the usual site of administration for epinephrine autoinjectors, which are used in the outer thigh, corresponding to the location of the vastus lateralis muscle.
Intramuscular injection | Injection sites
The ancient Greeks and Romans knew injection as a method of medicinal delivery from observations of snakebites and poisoned weapons. There are also references to "anointing" and "inunction" in the Old Testament as well as the works of Homer, but injection as a legitimate medical tool was not truly explored until the 17th century. Christopher Wren performed the earliest confirmed experiments with crude hypodermic needles, performing intravenous injection into dogs in 1656. These experiments consisted of using animal bladders (as the syringe) and goose quills (as the needle) to administer drugs such as opium intravenously to dogs. Wren and others' main interest was to learn if medicines traditionally administered orally would be effective intravenously.
Hypodermic needle | Early use and experimentation
Buserelin was first described in 1976 and was introduced for medical use in 1984. Intranasal buserelin was the first GnRH agonist demonstrated to achieve medical castration in humans. This was initially observed via a marked decrease in circulating testosterone levels in a single patient in 1980.
Buserelin | History
The first public discussions of SQL injection started appearing around 1998; for example, a 1998 article in Phrack Magazine.
SQL injection | History
The area must be cleaned prior to administering the injection, and the injection should be administered in a fast, darting motion to decrease the discomfort to the individual. The volume to be injected in the muscle is usually limited to 2-5 milliliters, depending on injection site. A site should not be chosen which has signs of infection or muscle atrophy. Intramuscular injections should not be used in people with myopathies or clotting problems. Intramuscular injections commonly result in pain, redness, and swelling or inflammation around the injection site. These side effects are generally mild and last no more than a few days at most.
Intramuscular injection | Introduction
Intramuscular injection is commonly used for medication administration. Medication administered in the muscle is generally quickly absorbed in the bloodstream, and avoids the first pass metabolism which occurs with oral administration. The medication may not be considered 100% bioavailable as it must still be absorbed from the muscle, which occurs over time. An intramuscular injection can be administered faster and is less invasive than an intravenous infusion, as the site of injection (a muscle versus a vein) is much larger. Medications administered in the muscle may also be administered as depot injections, which provide slow continuing release of medicine over a long period of time.
Intramuscular injection | Uses
The first histological studies of ainhum were conducted by O. E. H. Wucherer and published in 1872, and the first imaging studies were conducted in 1924.
Ainhum | History
Estriol succinate was introduced for medical use in 1966.
Estriol succinate | History
Intramuscular injection, often abbreviated IM, is the injection of a substance into a muscle. In medicine, it is one of several methods for parenteral administration of medications. Intramuscular injection may be preferred because muscles have larger and more numerous blood vessels than subcutaneous tissue, leading to faster absorption than subcutaneous or intradermal injections. Medication administered via intramuscular injection also is not subject to the first-pass metabolism effect which affects oral medications. Common sites for intramuscular injections include the deltoid muscle of the upper arm and the gluteal muscle of the buttock. In infants, the vastus lateralis muscle of the thigh is commonly used.
Intramuscular injection | Introduction
The first child born from a gamete micromanipulation (technique in which special tools and inverted microscopes are used that help embryologists to choose and pick an individual sperm for ICSI IVF) was a Singapore-born child in April 1989. The technique was developed by Gianpiero Palermo at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, in the Center for Reproductive Medicine headed by Paul Devroey and Andre Van Steirteghem. Actually, the discovery was made by a mistake. The procedure itself was first performed in 1987, though it only went to the pronuclear stage. The first activated embryo by ICSI was produced in 1990, but the first successful birth by ICSI took place on January 14, 1992 after an April 1991 conception.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection | History
1840s), chloral derivatives (1831 et seq.), ephedrine (1836?), nicotine (1828), and many others of all types, psychoactive and not. Morphine in particular was used much more widely after the invention of the hypodermic syringe, and the practise of local anaesthesia by infiltration was another step forward in medicine resulting from the hypodermic needle, discovered at around the same time that it was determined that cocaine produced useful numbing of the mucous membranes and eye.
Drug injection | Origin and early use
While there were previous identifications of the epitrochleoanconeus in animal studies, under a variety of names, Gruber (1866) seems to offer the first extensive comparative study involving the epitrochleoanconeus in man. This was shortly followed by several accounts by Wood describing his identification of the muscle during a series of dissections in humans along with comparative studies in other animals.
Epitrochleoanconeus muscle | History
The needle is withdrawn at the same angle inserted. Gentle pressure may be applied with gauze if bleeding occurs. Pressure or gentle massage of the muscle following injection may reduce the risk of pain. The CDC does not recommend the practice of aspirating for blood to rule out injecting into a blood vessel, as aspiration may increase the risk of pain. There is no evidence that aspiration is useful to increase safety of intramuscular injections when injecting in a site other than the dorsogluteal site.
Intramuscular injection | Technique
H." in "The American Journal of the Medical Sciences", also in 1860. An American surgeon, L.A. Stimson, used the expression in 1879 and again in 1906 (in the same journal). That it was in common use by the 20th century is apparent from later mentions, such as by the prominent obstetrician J. Whitridge Williams in 1911, as well as detailed discussion of its use in a popular book authored by Dr. Morris Fishbein, editor of "The Journal of the American Medical Association" in 1930.
Primum non nocere | Origin
From the original description of the illness in 1895 until the first description of corticosteroid injection by Jarrod Ismond in 1955, it appears that the only treatment offered was surgery. Since approximately 1972, the prevailing opinion has been that of McKenzie (1972) who suggested that corticosteroid injection was the first line of treatment and surgery should be reserved for unsuccessful injections.
De Quervain syndrome | History
Rarely, nerves or blood vessels around the injection site can be damaged, resulting in severe pain or paralysis. If proper technique is not followed, intramuscular injections can result in localized infections such as abscesses and gangrene. While historically aspiration was recommended to prevent inadvertent administration into a vein, it is no longer recommended for most injection sites.
Intramuscular injection | Introduction
Intravenous formulations began to be approved in the 1980s, which represented a significant improvement over intramuscular objections, as they allowed for a sufficient amount of immunoglobulin to be injected to reach clinical efficacy, although they still had a fairly high rate of adverse effects (though the addition of stabilizing agents reduced this further).
Immunoglobulin therapy | 1980s – intravenous
The first vaccine for passive immunology was discovered by a group of German scientists under the leadership of Emil von Behring in 1890. The first inactive tetanus toxoid was discovered and produced in 1924. A more effective adsorbed version of the vaccine, created in 1938, was proven to be successful when it was used to prevent tetanus in the military during World War II. DTP (which is the combined vaccine for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) was first used in 1948, and was continued until 1991, when it was replaced with an acellular form of the pertussis vaccine due to safety concerns.
Tetanus vaccine | History
The hypodermic needle and syringe in its current form was invented by the French scientist Charles Pravaz in 1851, and became especially known during the wars of that and the subsequent decade. However, the first well-known attempt to inject drugs into the body was a 1667 attempt to inject a solution of opium into a dog, and some had suspected that parenteral administration of drugs may work better based on the practise of rubbing opium and other drugs into sores or cuts on the skin for the purpose of causing systemic absorption and the beginnings of scientific understanding of the functioning of the lungs.
Drug injection | Origin and early use
The tensiomyography method was invented in the late 1980s and has since been improved through many prototypes and developed to the stage where clinical application of the method was possible. Although tensiomyography was initially intended for medical use, the method was also introduced into sports medicine and athletic training in 1996. In recent years, the development and application of the method has shifted more towards sports in cooperation with Srdjan Djordjevič, a biologist, applied physiologist and the founder of the company TMG-BMC Ltd.
Tensiomyography | History
Alan B. Scott first injected botulinum toxin into extraocular muscles since the early 1970s and published his results 1981, giving rise to a wide scope of clinical research on the use of the toxin. The effect of bupivaine injection on extraocular muscles was first known as causing postsurgical strabismus as a complication of cataract surgery due to the myotoxicity of the local anaesthetic drug bupivaine when inadvertently injected into an extraocular muscle.
Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus | History
It was patented in 1991 and came into medical use in 2002.
Olmesartan | History
EMP was originally introduced for use by intravenous injection. Subsequently, an oral formulation was introduced, and the intravenous preparation was almost abandoned in favor of the oral version.
Estramustine phosphate | History
Luschka (1820–1875) and Virchow (1821–1902) first described arteriovenous malformations in the mid-1800s. Olivecrona (1891–1980) performed the first surgical excision of an intracranial AVM in 1932.
Arteriovenous malformation | History
The history of neuraxial anesthesia goes back to 1885.
History of neuraxial anesthesia | Introduction
The technique of this surgery was first described by Mustardé in 1960. Further publications by him appeared in 1963 and 1967.
Mustardé technique | History
The first case of vaginal evisceration that was described in the medical literature occurred in 1864.
Vaginal evisceration | History
In 1978, Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann published the first description of the patch clamp technique in "Pflügers Archiv".
Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology | History
The nuchal scan first came into widespread use in 2003.
Nuchal scan | History
The first actual recording of this activity was made by Marey in 1890, who also introduced the term electromyography. In 1922, Gasser and Erlanger used an oscilloscope to show the electrical signals from muscles. Because of the stochastic nature of the myoelectric signal, only rough information could be obtained from its observation. The capability of detecting electromyographic signals improved steadily from the 1930s through the 1950s, and researchers began to use improved electrodes more widely for the study of muscles. The AANEM was formed in 1953 as one of several currently active medical societies with a special interest in advancing the science and clinical use of the technique.
Electromyography | History
The use of microinjection as a biological procedure began in the early twentieth century, although even through the 1970s it was not commonly used. By the 1990s, its use had escalated significantly and it is now considered a common laboratory technique, along with vesicle fusion, electroporation, chemical transfection, and viral transduction, for introducing a small amount of a substance into a small target.
Microinjection | History
Corticosteroids were first made available for general use around 1950.
Topical steroid | History
In 1947, Manuel Curbelo described placement of a lumbar epidural catheter, and in 1979, Behar reported the first use of an epidural to administer narcotics.
Epidural administration | History
The history of nuclear cardiology began in 1927 when Dr. Herrmann Blumgart developed the first method for measuring cardiac strength by injecting subjects with a radioactive compound known as Radium C (Bi). The substance was injected into the venous system and travelled through the right heart into the lungs, then into the left heart and out into the arterial system where it was then detected through a Wilson chamber. The Wilson chamber represented a primitive scintillation counter which could measure radioactivity. Measured over time, this sequential acquisition of radioactivity produced what was known as "circulation time". The longer the "circulation time", the weaker the heart.
Myocardial perfusion imaging | History
Once fertilized, the egg is transformed into a proembryo and it has to be transferred to the uterus to continue its development. The first human pregnancy generated by ICSI was carried out in 1991 by Gianpiero Palermo and his team.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection | Introduction
The earliest known use of muscle relaxant drugs was by natives of the Amazon Basin in South America who used poison-tipped arrows that produced death by skeletal muscle paralysis. This was first documented in the 16th century, when European explorers encountered it. This poison, known today as curare, led to some of the earliest scientific studies in pharmacology. Its active ingredient, tubocurarine, as well as many synthetic derivatives, played a significant role in scientific experiments to determine the function of acetylcholine in neuromuscular transmission. By 1943, neuromuscular blocking drugs became established as muscle relaxants in the practice of anesthesia and surgery.
Muscle relaxant | History
In some populations, a change in injection site, needle length, or technique is necessary. For example, in very young people or frail elderly people, a normal length needle may be too long to safely inject in the desired muscle. For this reason, in these people, a shorter needle is recommended to decrease the risk of injecting too deep. It is also recommended to consider using the anterolateral thigh as an injection site in infants under one year old. To help infants and children cooperate with injection administration, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices in the United States recommends using distractions, giving something sweet, and slow lateral swaying.
Intramuscular injection | Special populations
Another early use of gasoline direct injection was on the Hesselman engine invented by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman in 1925. Hesselman engines use the ultra lean-burn principle; fuel is injected toward the end of the compression stroke, then ignited with a spark plug. They are often started on gasoline and then switched to diesel or kerosene.
Fuel injection | History and development
The first description of the condition occurred in 1979.
Topical steroid withdrawal | History
Urethral bulking agents were first used in 1938 and incorporated morrhuate sodium as the injection material. Bovine collagen use began after 1989 and was considered the best example of treatment. All subsequent studies afterwards were compared with this agent. Its use was stopped in 2011. Other bulking agents have been in use since the 1990s. The use of some was discontinued due to complications, the 'unpleasantness' of the procedure and the cost of the procedure.
Urethral bulking injections | History
By 1927, use of osmotic agents in IV delivery became official.
Osmotherapy | History
Estropipate was introduced for medical use by Abbott in 1968. It was approved by the in the United States in 1991.
Estropipate | History
In 2004 with the rise of intravitreal injections, a group of experts established the first general guidelines for administering intravitreal injections. Until an update in 2014 these were consensus guidelines in the US. In 2014 a panel of 16 health professionals with expertise in different aspects of the injection reviewed and revised the original guidelines. Together they released areas of general agreement, areas with no clear consensus, and recommended sequence of steps for intravitreal injection.
Intravitreal administration | Procedure and guidelines
Intraocular lens scaffold technique was introduced by Dr Amar Agarwal in 2012. He used this technique in a case which had posterior capsular rupture during a phacoemulsification procedure.
IOL Scaffold | History
The preparation of sucrose octapropionate was first described in 1933 Gerald J. Cox and others.
Sucrose octapropionate | History
The concept of creating irritation or injury to stimulate healing has been recorded as early as Roman times when hot needles were poked into the shoulders of injured gladiators. Prolotherapy use began in the 1930s and was originally used in the treatment of ligamentous laxity. In the 1950s, George S. Hackett, a general surgeon in the United States, began performing injections of irritant solutions in an effort to repair joints and hernias. This practice is what would eventually evolve into modern-day prolotherapy. In 1955, Gustav Anders Hemwall became acquainted with George Hackett at an American Medical Association meeting and started practicing prolotherapy.
Prolotherapy | History
The first long-acting (depot) injections were antipsychotics fluphenazine and haloperidol. The concept of a depot injection arose before 1950, and originally was used to describe antibiotic injections that lasted longer to allow for less frequent administration.
Depot injection | Discovery
Tetraethoxymethane was described the first time in 1864.
Tetraethoxymethane | History
In World War I, injection of tetanus antiserum from horses was widely used as a prophylaxis against tetanus in wounded soldiers, leading to a dramatic decrease in tetanus cases over the course of the war. The modern method of inactivating tetanus toxin with formaldehyde was developed by Gaston Ramon in the 1920s; this led to the development of the tetanus toxoid vaccine by P. Descombey in 1924, which was widely used to prevent tetanus induced by battle wounds during World War II.
Clostridium tetani | History
In people who are overweight, a 1.5-inch needle may be used to ensure the injection is given below the subcutaneous layer of skin, while a -inch needle may be used for people who weigh under . In any case, the skin does not need to be pinched up prior to injecting when the appropriate length needle is used.
Intramuscular injection | Special populations
Leuprorelin was discovered and first patented in 1973 and was introduced for medical use in 1985. It was initially marketed only for daily injection, but a depot injection formulation was introduced in 1989.
Leuprorelin | History
In 1919, Weed and McKibben, biomedical researchers at Johns Hopkins Medical School, were the first ones to document the use and effect of osmotically active substances on brain mass. While studying transfer of salt solutions from blood to Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), they first noted that concentrated sodium chloride intravenous (IV) injection led to collapse of the thecal sac which prevented them from withdrawing CSF from the lumbar cistern. In order to further study the effect, they conducted lab experiments on anesthetized cats which underwent craniotomy. They observed changes to the convexity of cat's brain upon IV injection, specifically, they noted that Hypertonic Saline IV injection resulted in maximum shrinkage of the brain in 15-30 mins, while administration of hypotonic solutions resulted in protrusion and rupture of the brain tissue.
Osmotherapy | History
Prior to the advent of vaccines and antibiotics, specific antitoxin was often the only treatment available for infections such as diphtheria and tetanus. Immunoglobulin therapy continued to be a first line therapy in the treatment of severe respiratory diseases until the 1930s, even after sulfonamides were introduced. In 1890 antibody therapy was used to treat tetanus, when serum from immunized horses was injected into patients with severe tetanus in an attempt to neutralize the tetanus toxin, and prevent the dissemination of the disease. Since the 1960s, human tetanus immune globulin (TIG) has been used in the United States in unimmunized, vaccine-naive or incompletely immunized patients who have sustained wounds consistent with the development of tetanus.
Passive immunity | History and applications of artificial passive immunity
The first spinal analgesia was administered in 1885 by James Leonard Corning (1855–1923), a neurologist in New York. He was experimenting with cocaine on the spinal nerves of a dog when he accidentally pierced the dura mater. The first planned spinal anaesthesia for surgery in man was administered by August Bier (1861–1949) on 16 August 1898, in Kiel, when he injected 3 ml of 0.5% cocaine solution into a 34-year-old labourer. After using it on 6 patients, he and his assistant each injected cocaine into the other's spine. They recommended it for surgeries of legs, but gave it up due to the toxicity of cocaine.
Spinal anaesthesia | History
Ernst von Bergmann in 1892. Soon other discoveries in the field of Medicine made techniques to advance. In 1884 Morris was a member of the audience in Berlin when Karl Koller gave his first public demonstration of cocaine as a local anesthetic in eye work. Later on in the United States this experimentation will see his leader in the figure of Dr. William Stewart Halsted. So then anesthetics started to be used regularly during surgical operations.
Robert Tuttle Morris | Antisepsis enters
The first therapies for the treatment of diphtheria and tetanus came into use in the mid-1890s and had a major impact on the development of the history of medicine. Emil Behring (1854–1917) had pioneered the technique, using guinea pigs to produce serum. Based on his observation that people who survived infection with the diphtheria bacterium never became infected again, he discovered that the body continually produces an antitoxin, which prevents survivors of infections from being infected again with the same agent. It was necessary for Behring to immunize larger animals in order to produce enough serum to protect humans, because the amount of antiserum produced by guinea pigs was too little to be practical.
Antiserum | History
This technique was first practiced by Herman Knapp in 1884. Here, 2% xylocaine is introduced into the muscle cone behind the eyeball. The injection is usually given through the inferior fornix of the skin of the outer part of the lower lid when the eye is in primary gaze. The ciliary nerves, ciliary ganglion, oculomotor nerve and abducens nerve are anesthetized in retrobulbar block. As a result, global akinesia, anaesthesia and analgesia are produced. The superior oblique muscle, which is outside the muscle cone, is not usually paralyzed. The complications of retrobulbar block are globe perforation, optic nerve injury, retrobulbar haemorrhage and extraocular muscle palsy.
Anesthesia for eye surgery | Retrobulbar block
Clinical descriptions of tetanus associated with wounds are found at least as far back as the 4th century BCE, in Hippocrates' "Aphorisms". The first clear connection to the soil was in 1884, when Arthur Nicolaier showed that animals injected with soil samples would develop tetanus. In 1889, "C. tetani" was isolated from a human victim by Kitasato Shibasaburō, who later showed that the organism could produce disease when injected into animals, and that the toxin could be neutralized by specific antibodies. In 1897, Edmond Nocard showed that tetanus antitoxin induced passive immunity in humans, and could be used for prophylaxis and treatment.
Clostridium tetani | History
Pre-planned automatic motions are used to move the robot arms away from the patient's head for manual tool exchange, and then return them to the original position and orientation. On May 12, 2008, the first image-guided MR-compatible robotic neurosurgical procedure was performed at University of Calgary by Dr. Garnette Sutherland using the NeuroArm.
NeuroArm | History
Intracerebral hemorrhage was first distinguished from strokes due to insufficient blood flow, so called "leaks and plugs", in 1823.
Intracerebral hemorrhage | History
In 2002, a study replicating Brown-Séquard's method determined that the amount of testosterone obtained was too low to have any clinical effect. Testosterone, the most active anabolic-androgenic steroid produced by Leydig cells in the testes, was first isolated in 1935 and chemically synthesized later in the same year. Synthetic derivatives of testosterone quickly followed. By the end of the following decade, both testosterone and its derivatives were applied with varying degrees of success for a number of medical conditions. It was not until the 1950s, however, that athletes began to discover that anabolic steroids could increase their muscle mass. According to sports physician John Ziegler, the first confirmed use of an anabolic steroid in an international athletic competition was at the weightlifting championships in Vienna in 1954, when the Russians weightlifters used testosterone.
Ergogenic use of anabolic steroids | History
Norgestomet was developed and introduced for veterinary use in the mid-1970s.
Norgestomet | History
Ommaya's invention, the Ommaya reservoir, was the first subcutaneous reservoir that allowed for repeated intrathecal injections. Before his invention patients had to suffer repeated lumbar punctures for intrathecal drug administration. Spinal angiography was pioneered by Ommaya, Di Chiro, and Doppman. This work allowed for the visualization of arteries and veins and allowed for understanding of spinal cord arteriography. The same team reported the treatment of spinal cord AVMs by percutaneous embolization of an intercostal artery using stainless steel pellets. This was one of the first reports of interventional neuroradiology. Ommaya's models and work in traumatic injury were foundational to the biomechanics of traumatic brain injury.
Ayub Ommaya | Many firsts
Another nurse recalled that these were said to be vitamin injections, and it was also clear that the amounts of opiated injected were constant until September 1950, when another doctor first increased the dosage.
John Bodkin Adams | Trial
By the late 1940s, clinical experience with brachial plexus block in both peacetime and wartime surgery was extensive, and new approaches to this technique began to be described. For example, In 1946, F. Paul Ansbro was the first to describe a continuous brachial plexus block technique. He secured a needle in the supraclavicular fossa and attached tubing connected to a syringe through which he could inject incremental doses of local anesthetic. The subclavian perivascular block was first described by Winnie and Collins in 1964. This approach became popular due to its lower risk of pneumothorax compared to the traditional Kulenkampff approach.
Brachial plexus block | History
Cordotomy was first performed in 1912 by the American Neurosurgeons, William Gibson Spiller (1863–1940) and Edward Martin (1859–1938). Due to the surgical risks, it remained a rare procedure until the percutaneous technique was developed in 1965. During the 1990s the procedure became less widely used, partly because medical pain-control options had improved, and partly due to concern about side-effects. Nevertheless it is still considered an effective treatment for severe pain.
Cordotomy | History
Both techniques are now used to identify when the needle has correctly been placed in the epidural space. In 1921 Fidel Pagés, a military surgeon from Spain, developed the technique of "single-shot" lumbar epidural anesthesia, which was later popularized by Italian surgeon Achille Mario Dogliotti. Later, in 1931 Eugen Aburel described using a continuous epidural catheter for pain relief during childbirth. In 1941, Robert Hingson and Waldo Edwards recorded the use of continuous caudal anesthesia using an indwelling needle, following which they described the use of a flexible catheter for continuous caudal anesthesia in a woman in labor in 1942.
Epidural administration | History
This technique was first developed by Pierre Dellenbach and colleagues in Strasbourg, France, and reported in 1984. Steptoe and Edwards used laparoscopy to recover oocytes when IVF was introduced, and laparoscopy was the major method of oocyte recovery until TVOR was introduced.
Transvaginal oocyte retrieval | History
The technique of this surgery was described by Stenström in 1963 and was slightly altered by him in 1973.
Stenström technique | History
The ventrogluteal (hip) site is used for injections which require a larger volume to be administered, greater than 1 ml, and for medications which are known to be irritating, viscous, or oily. It is also used to administer narcotic medications, antibiotics, sedatives and anti-emetics. The ventrogluteal site is located in a triangle formed by the anterior superior iliac spine and the iliac crest, and may be located using a hand as a guide. The ventrogluteal site is less painful for injection than other sites such as the deltoid site. The vastus lateralis site is used for infants less than 7 months old and people who are unable to walk or who have loss of muscular tone.
Intramuscular injection | Injection sites
In 1897, Edmond Nocard showed that tetanus antitoxin induced passive immunity in humans, and could be used for prophylaxis and treatment. Tetanus toxoid vaccine was developed by P. Descombey in 1924, and was widely used to prevent tetanus induced by battle wounds during World War II.
Tetanus | History
Romanian surgeon Nicolae Racoviceanu-Piteşti (1860–1942) was the first to use opioids for intrathecal analgesia; he presented his experience in Paris in 1901. In 1921, Spanish military surgeon Fidel Pagés (18861923) developed the modern technique of lumbar epidural anesthesia, which was popularized in the 1930s by Italian surgery professor (18971966). Dogliotti is known for describing a "loss-of-resistance" technique, involving constant application of pressure to the plunger of a syringe to identify the epidural space whilst advancing the Tuohy needle – a technique sometimes referred to as Dogliotti's principle. Eugène Aburel Bogdan (18991975) was a Romanian surgeon and obstetrician who in 1931 was the first to describe blocking the lumbar plexus during early labor, followed by a caudal epidural injection for the .
History of neuraxial anesthesia | 20th century
By 1944, Abbott and Costello had the routine copyrighted.
Who's on First? | History
The introduction of protein-based cross-links, the introduction of free-radical scavenging molecules such as sorbitol, and minimal stabilisation of the HA chains through chemical agents such as NASHA (non-animal stabilised hyaluronic acid) are all techniques that have been used. In the late 1970s, intraocular lens implantation was often followed by severe corneal edema, due to endothelial cell damage during the surgery. It was evident that a viscous, clear, physiologic lubricant to prevent such scraping of the endothelial cells was needed.
Hyaluronic acid | History
The first clinical case of TMAU was described in 1970.
Trimethylaminuria | History
For a long time muscular imbalance had many different theories that revolved around it. It wasn't until 1949 when there was a first manual on muscle testing appeared, written by therapists Henry and Florence Kendall, which discusses muscle weakness in polio patients and treatments approaching tight and weak muscles. In the 1960s Dr. George Goodheart and Dr. Vladimir Janda each took their own paths in treating patients with muscular imbalance, Goodheart focusing on muscle weakness being the primary cause of muscle imbalance, whilst Janda took on the muscle tightness approach, both developed a large following that continues on today.
Muscle imbalance | History
In 1899, the discovery of the existence of antibodies against sperm was made independently both by Serge Metchnikoff of the Pasteur Institute and by Nobel prize laureate Karl Landsteiner. In 1929, the first recorded attempt at immunocontraception was made by Morris Baskin, clinical director of the Denver Maternal Hygiene Committee. In this trial 20 women who were known to have at least 1 prior pregnancy were injected with their husband's semen, and no conception was recorded in 1 year of observation of these couples. A United States patent (number 2103240) was issued in 1937 for this approach as a contraceptive, but no product for widespread consumption ever came from this approach.
Immunocontraception | Early research
The transsphenoidal approach was first attempted by Hermann Schloffer in 1907. Use of the procedure grew in the 1950s and 60s with the introduction of intraoperative fluoroscopy and operating microscope.
Transsphenoidal surgery | History
Intramuscular testosterone undecanoate was not introduced in Europe and the United States until much later (in the early to mid 2000s and 2014, respectively). The history of testosterone as a medication has been reviewed.
Testosterone (medication) | History
Intrauterine transfusion (IUT) was introduced in 1963 by A.W. Liley. Early IUTs involved transfusion into the fetal peritoneum (abdomen). Almost 20 years later, the procedure was improved to a transfusion into the umbilical vein, which allowed for better absorption of red blood cells.
Intrauterine transfusion | History
The injective-surjective-bijective terminology (both as nouns and adjectives) was originally coined by the French Bourbaki group, before their widespread adoption.
Bijection, injection and surjection | History
Indeed, the idea of exploring asymmetric tetrahydroisoquinolinium esters had already been seeded with parallel and earlier syntheses of another series of asymmetric potential neuromuscular blocking agents, although the original concept for asymmetricity in the design of new neuromuscular blocking drugs dates back to 1962 with reported combinations of the respective halves of laudexium and succinylcholine (suxamethonium) modeled, presumably, on the asymmetric structure of the prototypical neuromuscular blocking agent "d"-tubocurarine that made its entry into anesthetic practice on 23 January 1942, at the Montreal Homeopathic Hospital. Very shortly after the breakthrough in May 1992, however, Patel relinquished his Fellowship and further progress languished until late 1993/early 1994 when the research was resumed by another team of Burroughs Wellcome Co.
Gantacurium chloride | History
Julius Mount Bleyer (16 March 1859 – 3 April 1915) was a New York doctor who specialized in laryngology who took a keen interest in medical jurisprudence. He studied the methods used for capital punishment and as a member of a commission, was among the first to propose lethal injections in 1888. He pointed out in "The Medico-Legal Journal", the problems with other methods of executing death sentences including decapitation and electrocution. Lethal injections were however not used until the early 1980s. Bleyer was also a pioneer of photofluoroscopy, a method of visualizing x-rays to observe the functioning of internal organs.
Julius Mount Bleyer | Introduction
The development of image intensifier tubes began during the 20th century, with continuous development since inception.
Image intensifier | History
It was apparently first performed by J. Marion Sims and later described by Max Huhner.
Postcoital test | History
The term was suggested in 1946 by Lwoff and collaborators.
Organotroph | History
The injector was invented by Henri Giffard in 1858, for use on steam locomotives , and patented in the United Kingdom by Messrs Sharp Stewart & Co. of Glasgow. After some initial scepticism resulting from the unfamiliar and superficially paradoxical mode of operation, the injector became widely adopted for steam locomotives as an alternative to mechanical pumps.
Injector | History