Parnassius smintheus, the Rocky Mountain parnassian or Rocky Mountain apollo, is a high-altitude butterfly found in the Rocky Mountains throughout the United States and Canada. It is a member of the snow Apollo genus ("Parnassius") of the swallowtail family ("Papilionidae"). The butterfly ranges in color from white to pale yellow-brown, with red and black markings that indicate to predators it is unpalatable. "Parnassius smintheus" primarily feeds on the leaves of the "Sedum lanceolatum" plant as larvae and on its nectar as adults. The butterfly tends to reside in meadows and avoids forests, because it strongly prefers light. The males of this species fly from meadow to meadow frequently to find females and food resources, whereas females are more likely to avoid flying.
Introduction
Parnassius smintheus
Parnassius smintheus | Introduction
It is a high-altitude butterfly found in the Rocky Mountains. A high-altitude butterfly Its a high-altitude butterfly found in the Rocky Mountains throughout the United States and Canada. It is a high-altitude butterfly.
what is parnassius smintheus?
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Readiness to fly is correlated with light intensity.
Parnassius smintheus | Flight patterns
Description by Adalbert Seitz (1909):
Parnassius tenedius | Description
This suggests that in this species, the plug's primary role is to prevent the female butterfly from mating multiple times.
Parnassius smintheus | Nuptial gifts
Males fly long distances continuously in search of females, stopping only to bask or feed.
Parnassius smintheus | Mate searching behavior
Parnassius smintheus, which is a closely related species found in North America, is often misidentified as Parnassius phoebus. Some researchers also tend to split the North American population of Parnassius smintheus into two or three species, the northernmost of which are usually regarded as being part of P. phoebus, while the rest is considered to be P. smintheus.
Parnassius phoebus | Similar species
recurvus".
Parexus | Introduction
"P. smintheus" is currently abundant in the Rocky Mountains, but the closely related species "Parnassius apollo" and "Parnassius mnemosyne" are threatened in Europe due to habitat loss and population isolation. These phenomena are beginning to endanger "P. smintheus" as well. Due to fire suppression and possibly global warming, the tree line has risen while the meadow areas have decreased by over 78% since 1952. There is likely to be less feeding grounds for the larvae of this species as the tree line continues to rise, since they prefer to feed further away from it. Conservation efforts would best be directed at conserving remaining habitat and promoting connectivity among existing populations.
Parnassius smintheus | Conservation
Connectivity may be maintained by preventing forest encroachment and maintaining unforested corridors among patches. "Parnassius smintheus" is vulnerable to changes in temperature as a result of climate change. In particular, warm Novembers as well as short-term cold and warm temperatures extremes in November are associated with the greatest declines in population. Short term warm weather in November could cause premature hatching of the eggs, the larvae of which would then die as normal winter temperatures resume.
Parnassius smintheus | Conservation
If the snow melts before March, the eggs hatch while the larval foodplant is still toxic, and the larvae perish.
Parnassius smintheus | Food resources
Original description by Andrey Avinoff:
Parnassius hannyngtoni | Description
Paulus, published by Brepols (Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis 16).
Paschasius Radbertus | Introduction
"P. smintheus" is often misidentified as "Parnassius phoebus", which is a closely related Holarctic species. Some researchers also tend to split the North American population of the butterfly into two or three species. Usually, the northernmost populations will be regarded as being part of "P. phoebus," while the rest is considered to be "P. smintheus". These regional species can be best distinguished by the location of where they are found.
Parnassius smintheus | Similar species
Since the butterflies avoid forest edges, meadows surrounded by forest will experience lower immigration and emigration rates.
Parnassius smintheus | Local dispersal
Ants are "partial predators" of adults, as the ants will cut away the margins of the wings for food while the butterflies are resting.
Parnassius smintheus | Predators
Note: The wing pattern in "Parnassius" species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975).
Parnassius ariadne | Identification
The males seem to have mate choice in this species, as they emerge from the pupae earlier than the females and patrol for females, heavily preferring newly emerged females that have not yet flown. Although the species is not yet endangered, the climate change and human activity over the last few decades have reduced its viable habitats, and this process is continuing.
Parnassius smintheus | Introduction
Subspecies "P. i. augustus" was described by Hans Fruhstorfer in the 1907 book "The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma – Butterflies, Volume II":
Parnassius imperator | Description
Similar to "Parnassius delphius" but the submarginal spots of the hindwing upperside, when present, are paler and not centred with blue. The forewing spots usually have a less well-developed pigmentation and the sphragis is smaller than in "P. delphius".
Parnassius patricius | Description
Consiliodorus, father to Philomusus and uncle to Studioso is meeting with a messenger, Leonarde, who will deliver a letter to Philomusus and Studioso. He sent those two young men to on a journey seven years ago, and now expects results. Consiliodorus exits as Philomusus and Studioso enter, both bemoaning that since leaving Parnassus fate hasn't been kind, and the world is not a fruitful place for scholars. They meet a former student, Ingenioso, who tells them he has been living by the printing house and selling pamphlets. Now he is pursuing the support of a patron. The patron appears, and Ingenioso offers him immortality through his verse.
Parnassus plays | Synopsis of "The Return from Parnassus"
Parnassius stenosemus is a high-altitude butterfly which is found in north India (Ladakh). It is a member of the snow Apollo genus ("Parnassius") of the swallowtail family (Papilionidae). "P. stenosemus" was originally described as a subspecies of "P. delphius" and has also been regarded as conspecific with "P. stoliczkanus". It was treated as a good (true) species by Felix Bryk in 1935, a view accepted by many later authors including Weiss (1992).
Parnassius stenosemus | Introduction
is the work of Victorinus'.
Aelius Festus Aphthonius | Introduction
The Latin specific epithet "jacquemontii" refers to the French botanist and geologist Victor Jacquemont (1844–1912).
Parnassius jacquemontii | Taxonomy
The female may or may not oviposit on the foodplant itself, and may often lay her eggs over a meter away from the plant. The embryo develops into first instar larva within a month of oviposition but the egg does not hatch until the snow melts the next spring.
Parnassius smintheus | Egg
The Parnassus (, referring to Mount Parnassus) is a fresco painting by the Italian High Renaissance artist Raphael in the Raphael Rooms (""Stanze di Raffaello""), in the Palace of the Vatican in Rome, painted at the commission of Pope Julius II. It was probably the second wall of the "Stanza della Segnatura" to be painted between 1509 and 1511, after "La Disputa" and before "The School of Athens", which occupy other walls of the room.
The Parnassus | Introduction
Anonymus Valesianus (Excerptum Valesianum [I and II]) is the conventional title of a compilation of two fragmentary vulgar Latin chronicles, named for its 17th-century editor, Henri Valois, or Henricus Valesius (1603–76), who published the text for the first time in 1636, together with his first printed edition of the "Res Gestae" of Ammianus Marcellinus. It took almost another fifty years when his brother Hadrian re-edited the work of Anonymus in the edition of Ammianus Marcellinus in 1681. It was the first time when Excerpta Valesiana, that is the edition of the Pars Posterior was clearly separated from other fragments. The texts exist only in a single ninth-century manuscript in Berlin.
Anonymus Valesianus | Introduction
parvus".
Palorchestes selestiae | Introduction
Swedish Wikipedia provides further references and synonymy
Parnassius apollonius | Further reading
Larger than "P. delphius" and "P. stoliczkanus", the markings are less well defined, bands of forewing complete, the discal one posteriorly sometimes separated into spots, hindwing with narrow marginal band, two to four blue-centred submarginal spots, being preceded by a narrowly shaded band; the anterior ocellus sometimes absent, or reduced to a black dot. Kashmir (Ladak, Kutie pass)
Parnassius stenosemus | Description
It is larger than "P. delphius". Its submarginal spots are heavy and contiguous. The hindwing is almost without a marginal band, but with two very large blue-centred anal spots and two likewise blue scaled.
Parnassius maximinus | Description
Gullio plans to eventually recite these verses as part of his wooing of Lesbia. In the next scene, Consiliodorus, father to Philomusus, uncle to Studioso, who funded their journey to Parnassus meets with the carrier and horse-back messenger Leonarde. Leonarde reports that he scolded Philomusus and Studioso and reminded them that their nurturing was costly. Leonarde thinks they may have found jobs as clerks. Consiliodorus is disappointed they are not doing as well as they should be doing.
Parnassus plays | Synopsis of "The Return from Parnassus"
Matthaeus Silvaticus or Mattheus Sylvaticus (c. 1280 – c. 1342) was a medieval Latin medical writer and botanist.
Matthaeus Silvaticus | Introduction
Underside without red basal spots. Pouch of female whitish, strongly elongate, similar to that of "P. mnemosyne". Antenna black. Altai, Saissan. Often confounded with the American "Parnassius clodius" or forms of the same; however, these are not difficult to recognize by the pattern being somewhat similar to that of "P. eversmanni" and "P. felderi".
Parnassius ariadne | Description
If specimens in which only the hind-marginal spot is centred red, while all the other spots of the forewing are black, should be considered worth a name "venusi" Schauf.
Parnassius nomion | Description
There are many subspecies. The better described ones include:
Parnassius apollonius | Subspecies
It bears a very distant similarity to "P. apollonius" on account of the external spots of the forewing and the basal one of the hindwing being filled in with red; it differs, however, from that insect specifically in the marginal pattern of the wings. Special distinctions the black venter, legs and antenna are mentioned, the fringes being chequered black and white or entirely black.
Parnassius honrathi | Diagnostic characters
The Parnassus is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Andrea Mantegna, executed in 1497. It is housed in the Musée du Louvre of Paris.
Parnassus (Mantegna) | Introduction
Parnassius smintheus, the Rocky Mountain parnassian or Rocky Mountain apollo, is a high-altitude butterfly found in the Rocky Mountains throughout the United States and Canada. It is a member of the snow Apollo genus ("Parnassius") of the swallowtail family ("Papilionidae"). The butterfly ranges in color from white to pale yellow-brown, with red and black markings that indicate to predators it is unpalatable. "Parnassius smintheus" primarily feeds on the leaves of the "Sedum lanceolatum" plant as larvae and on its nectar as adults. The butterfly tends to reside in meadows and avoids forests, because it strongly prefers light. The males of this species fly from meadow to meadow frequently to find females and food resources, whereas females are more likely to avoid flying.
Parnassius smintheus | Introduction
Note: The wing pattern in "Parnassius" species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975). A magnificent form [of "delphius"], profusely marked with black, the deep red ocelli of hindwing enlarged, their black borders connected by a broad bar; the females usually darker, with more extended pattern. On hindwing below large red basal spots and a red-centred hindmarginal spot.
Parnassius cardinal | Description
Parnassius acdestis is a high-altitude butterfly found in India. It is a member of the genus "Parnassius" of the swallowtail family, Papilionidae. The species was first described by Grigory Grum-Grshimailo in 1891.
Parnassius acdestis | Introduction
This butterfly is closely related to "P. patricius" subspecies "priamus". Five subspecies are described.
Parnassius hide | Classification
The society was based on a plan started in 1720 by three Augustinian fathers. Eusebius Amort (1692-1775) was a leading theologian and an opponent of the Jesuits. Gelasius Hieber (1671-1731) was a famous preacher in the German language. Agnellus Kandler (1692-1745) was a genealogist and librarian. The initial plans fell through, but in 1722 they issued the first edition of the "Parnassus Boicus", communicating interesting information from the arts and sciences.
Parnassus Boicus | Origins
The collection later turned up in the Jesuit "Collège de Clermont" in Paris. The parchment bundle, originally consisted of 34 flimsy layers – a manuscript prepared by nine different hands – was later ordered and attached together according to the hands. The collection appeared in the catalogue of the Jesuit college at the occasion of the sale of the library by auction in 1764. The collection was sold and transferred to a certain Johannes Meermann ("Codex Meermannus" 794) in the Hague. Following the death of Meermann, the collection was possessed by an English collector Sir Thomas Phillipps ("Codex Phillippsianus 1885").
Anonymus Valesianus | Introduction
Pouch small, leaf shaped, pointed, on the broad portion of its under surface a longitudinal carina.
Parnassius bremeri | Description
These included Severinus, Archbishop of Aquileia and his followers, then at Grado, whom he ordered to attend a synod at Ravenna. When the council failed to solve any major issues, he forced the archbishop to declare his loyalty to the Orthodox creed. His violence, combined with alleged charges of insanity, prompted his removal from office in 589.
Smaragdus | Introduction
Parnassius maximinus is a high-altitude butterfly which is found in western ranges of the Tien Shan Mountains. It is a member of the snow Apollo genus ("Parnassius") of the swallowtail family (Papilionidae). Previously it was regarded as conspecific with "P. delphius".
Parnassius maximinus | Introduction
His memory is strong in the IUS, as many of its fellows were his students.
Sam C. Sarkesian | Introduction
Kirghistan, Nepal, northern India (Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim), western China, Sinkiang and Szechwan.
Parnassius acdestis | Range
"P. simo" differs from "P. simonius" by the upper hindwing having its submarginal band represented by a discontinuous row of arrow-like teeth and from "P. boedromius", by the upper hindwing submarginal band being smoothly dentate (tooth like).
Parnassius simonius | Identification
It has been suggested that this preference in males for meadows with more food resources may be due to their increased energy requirements, as they spend much more time flying than females. In contrast, the female butterflies showed no preference for meadows with more nectar flowers or host plants, or for greater numbers of males.
Parnassius smintheus | Range and habitat
Macray immediately edited and published all three plays together. The handwritten manuscripts of the first two plays consist of twenty folio leaves, and were written imperfectly by a copyist who may have had trouble at times reading his original. A handwritten manuscript of the third play, "The Return from Parnassus, or the Scourge of Simony", also exists. It was found in an old family library, according to Macray. The handwriting indicates that it is contemporary with the play's first performances. It is a small quarto volume, bound in parchment. The manuscript is housed in the Folger Shakespeare Library.
Parnassus plays | Printing history
Stephanus Parmenius (; c. 1555 – 29 August 1583) was a Hungarian scholar and Humanist poet who traveled to Oxford and became involved in the English exploration of the New World. He joined Humphrey Gilbert's expedition to North America with the intention of writing a chronicle of the voyage and its discoveries. Parmenius reached Newfoundland, likely becoming the first Hungarian in the New World. However, he died on the return voyage in 1583 when his ship was lost at sea.
Stephanus Parmenius | Introduction
Parnassius cephalus is a high altitude butterfly which is found in Tibet and west China. It is a member of the snow Apollo genus ("Parnassius") of the swallowtail family, Papilionidae. The species was first described by Grigory Grum-Grshimailo in 1891.
Parnassius cephalus | Introduction
The "Parnassius" species of butterflies are often hard to identify and can sometimes only be identified by dissection of the genitalia. P.R. Ackery (1975) provides a key available online.
Parnassius stubbendorfi | Identification
Thomas the Apostle in 1st Century A.D.
Thomas Athanasius | Introduction
A copy of the emperor's reply has survived in a papyrus found in the Fayyum.
Gaius Vitrasius Pollio (prefect AD 41) | Introduction
And this is the monad which is in Setheus like a concept.
Setheus | Introduction
It is thought that the two students, Studioso and Philomusus are in part portrayals of Shakespeare and Thomas Kyd. Of course Shakespeare never attended university, but for the students there might be some satiric pleasure in imagining such a character attempting Cambridge, meeting failure, and in the end being forced to return to the country life from whence he came, as occurs in the plays. It is thought that "Furor Poeticus" represents John Marston, and "Luxurio" represents Gabriel Harvey.
Parnassus plays | Identifying allusions
Note: The wing pattern in "Parnassius" species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975). "Parnassius boedromius" is distinguished by a reduction of the markings. On the forewing the discal band almost entirely absent, no red spots either above or below, ocelli vestigial.
Parnassius boedromius | Description
The "Parnassius" species of butterflies are often hard to identify and can sometimes only be identified by dissection of the genitalia. P. R. Ackery (1975) provides a key available online.
Parnassius szechenyii | Identification
The Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus makes no mention of Juventinus and Maximinus, nor does Gregory of Nazianzus or church historian Socrates of Constantinople.
Juventinus and Maximinus | Introduction
John 18:36-20:14 was written by another hand. It has numerous lacunae.
Codex Purpureus Sarzanensis | Introduction
While Parlamocchi places the rebellion of Seniorectus and the attempted garrisoning of Montecassino in 1134, this hypothesis is refuted by the presence of Joscelin in the chronicle of Peter the Deacon: Joscelin being appointed chamberlain only in October 1135.
Seniorectus | Introduction
The pamphlet was written in response to Joseph Hall's "An Humble Remonstrance to the High Court of Parliament". It is thought that John Milton wrote the postscript for Smectymnuus's reply. This response provoked Hall to write another reply: "A Defence of the Humble Remonstrance, against the Frivolous and false Expectations of Smectymnuus". Smectymnuus answered Hall again with their "A Vindication of the Answer to the Humble Remonstrance, from the Unjust Imputations of Frivolousnesse and Falsehood".
Smectymnuus | Introduction
Parnassius schultei is a high-altitude butterfly which is found in Tibet and west China. It is a member of the snow Apollo genus ("Parnassius") of the swallowtail family (Papilionidae).
Parnassius schultei | Introduction
Parnassus or Apollo and the Muses is a 1631-1633 painting by Nicolas Poussin, inspired by Raphael's "Parnassus" in the Stanza della Segnatura and now in the Prado Museum in Madrid. It was first mentioned in Spain in a 1746 inventory of the La Granja de San Ildefonso palace.
Parnassus (Poussin) | Introduction
Note: The wing pattern in "Parnassius species" is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see P.R. Ackery (1975). Hindwing with very narrow marginal band, the submarginal spots isolated, small; the ultracellular costal spot of forewing continued by grey scaling, forming an s-shaped band.
Parnassius acdestis | Description
Paulus Melissus (also: "Paul Melissus," "Paul Schede", or "Paulus Schedius Melissus"; 20 December 1539 – 3 February 1602) was a humanist Neo-Latin writer, translator and composer.
Paulus Melissus | Introduction
Sminthurus is a genus of springtails described by Pierre André Latreille in 1802.
Sminthurus | Introduction
Eight subgenera are recognized within the genus: Other names that are no longer valid include:
Parnassius | Synonymy
Maximilianus Transylvanus' origins and paternity are a matter of dispute among historians.
Maximilianus Transylvanus | His origins and paternity
Antenna and abdomen black above, the latter sparsely clothed with white hairs.
Parnassius apollonius | Diagnostic description
The ground colour of the main form is purer and more extended white than in "Parnassius delphius", bands of forewing rather sharply defined, but narrow, no black shading on disc in male, hindmarginal spot present; hindwing with narrow grey margin, a submarginal band of halfmoons, two rather large blackish anal spots, small ocelli, filled in with deep red. Female with stronger markings, disc of forewing dusted with black, submarginal band broader, ocelli of hindwing larger, the margin of hindwing more strongly blackened. From Sarafshan (Samarkand), Alai and Transalai mountains.
Parnassius staudingeri | Description
Parnassius nordmanni is a high altitude butterfly which is found the Caucasus. It is a member of the snow Apollo genus (Parnassius) of the swallowtail family, Papilionidae. The larva feeds on "Corydalis" species including "C. alpestris", "C. conorhiza" and "C. emanueli".
Parnassius nordmanni | Introduction
Northern Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.
Parnassius delphius | Range
Note: The wing pattern in "Parnassius" species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975). Discal markings dull, submarginal band of forewing distinct, hindmarginal spot absent as a rule; ocelli of hindwing bright carmine, hindmarginal spots black, blackish hindmarginal area broad, two bluish-black anal spots, a faint submarginal and narrow marginal band.
Parnassius delphius | Description
Aspasius Paternus (fl. 3rd century) was a Roman senator who was appointed consul twice.
Aspasius Paternus | Introduction
The black-sided sphenomorphus ("Parvoscincus decipiens") is a species of skink found in the Philippines.
Parvoscincus decipiens | Introduction
Parrhasius (Greek: Παρράσιος) may refer to:
Parrhasius | Introduction
Anthoni Schoonjans, nicknamed Parhasius (1655 – 13 August 1726) was a Flemish painter known for his portraits as well as his history paintings. After training in Antwerp he had an international career, which saw him work in various countries in Europe including France, Italy, Germany, Austria, The Dutch Republic and Denmark. He was a court painter in Vienna, Copenhagen, Berlin and Düsseldorf.
Anthoni Schoonjans | Introduction
His thesis was not widely accepted.
Dialogue of Athanasius and Zacchaeus | Introduction
The standard edition of the surviving fragments and testimonies is Leonardo Tarán's "Speusippus of Athens: A Critical Study with a Collection of the Related Texts and Commentary" (1982).
Speusippus | Introduction
Apart from these characters the general aspect very similar to that of "Parnassius eversmanni". Tatsienlu, western China. — In the female of the smaller form "groumi" Oberth. from Amdo (Kuku-nor) the red is usually absent from the spots of the forewing, the spots themselves being very strongly marked, the black discal shadow stronger, ground colour of wings purer, submarginal band of forewing separated into spots and abbreviated, ocelli of hindwing bright red, anal spot black.
Parnassius orleans | Description
They decline and continue on. Next, in the land of Rhetorique, Philomusus and Studioso overtake a character named Stupido, who set out on the same pilgrimage ten years ago, but has given up and now follows trivial pursuits. He disguises his lack of talent with a pose of not appreciating scholarship. Philomusus and Studioso then encounter the lover, Amaretto, who encourages them to leave their pilgrimage, and instead linger in the land of Poetry and dally with wenches. This time Philomusus and Studioso are persuaded and abandon, at least for a while, the path to Parnassus.
Parnassus plays | Synopsis of "The Pilgrimage to Parnassus"
He was a teacher in the Janus Pannonius University.
Bertalan Andrásfalvy | Introduction
Text of Tractatus de Mulieribus at archive.org
Tractatus De Mulieribus | Text
Note: The wing pattern in "Parnassius" species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975). Opaque white, with a very faint yellowish tint; fringes black or whitish, a thin marginal line being black. Forewing dusted with black on the veins, at the base and at the costal margin, bearing the usual spots; distal margin narrowly vitreous, this band usually extended only as far as three-fourths of edge.
Parnassius felderi | Description
Pakistan, Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and further east to Sikkim, Nepal and China.
Parnassius acco | Range
He entrusted the two boys to the care of his nephew and deputy Parsegh and his host Basilius, and stated that on his death Parsegh should be made Catholicos to be followed by Gregory.
Parsegh of Cilicia | Introduction
The tapsters has a similar problem with another former student, Luxuioso. Philomusus and Studioso meet up, both complain of the lowly jobs they have taken, Philomusus is a sexton/gravedigger, and Studioso is a household servant, farmhand, waiter and tutor. Percevall enters with a grave-digging job for Philomusus. Percevall wants Philomusus to quickly dig a grave for his father, who may not be dead yet, but will be very soon. He also wants Philomusus to write out the soon-to-be-dead father's will so that Percevall will inherit his fortune. Next Studioso enters with the boy he is tutoring, and attempts to give a lesson in Latin grammar.
Parnassus plays | Synopsis of "The Return from Parnassus"
William Harry Evans said that it was very rare. Further information is needed on this species. The butterfly is protected by law in India.
Parnassius stoliczkanus | Status
Female similar, but in the specimen in the collection of the British Museum marked as the type, on the upperside of the hindwing the red in the discal spot in interspace 5 has disappeared, the same colour in the spot in interspace 7 is reduced to a minute speck, and on the underside the middle red spot of the basal three only is present, much reduced in size. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male.
Parnassius simo | Description
His argument is as follows: This is not provided in the second-hand report by Pseudo-Aristotle; however, the quality of wholeness is a major claim in Parmenides’ thesis, and it is likely that Melissus either made the argument for this point in a fragment that has not come down to us or expected it to be understood or inferred from his other arguments.
Melissus of Samos | The same
Similar to "Parnassius ariadne" but the forewing without submarginal macular band, the vitreous margin is considerably widened, there being often a blackish spot before the hindmargin; ocelli of hindwing reddish yellow, distal margin glossy grey. The female strongly marked, partly powdered with blackish scaling; costal spot of forewing enlarged to an abbreviated band; the ocelli of the hindwing sometimes connected by a black line. Underside without basal spots. In ab. "trimaculata" Schaposchn. the anal spot bears sometimes a distinct red pupil, being ocellus-like.
Parnassius nordmanni | Description
The male, besides, somewhat duller, hindmarginal spot of forewing sometimes also marked with red, the submarginal markings more strongly developed. Hindwing grey at the base in both sexes, only in rare exceptional cases with a red basal spot above.
Parnassius actius | Description
varius".
Phlegmariurus varius | Introduction
Note: The wing pattern in "Parnassius" species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975). Ground-colour pure white; forewing with complete blackish submarginal band and a sometimes abbreviated discal one, as well as with white and black chequered fringes. Hindwing with very narrow dark margin, two blue anal spots, which are continued anteriorly by two further black spots and a submarginal band.
Parnassius cephalus | Description
The "Parnassius" species of butterflies are often hard to identify and can sometimes only be identified by dissection of the genitalia. P. R. Ackery (1975) provides a key available online. will key to "Parnassius delphius" but it is smaller and has better defined markings. The discal band of forewing shortened, in exceptional cases running into the submarginal band. Hindwing with broad marginal band, in which there stand four or five darker spots, which are dusted with blue in the female; as a rule only one ocellus preserved, namely the posterior one, being sometimes reduced to a dot; moreover, often a red hindmarginal dot.
Parnassius stoliczkanus | Identification
He then worked as a priest at Remüs (Ramosch).
Florinus of Remüs | Introduction
Note. The wing pattern in "Parnassius" species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain. Structural characters derived from the genitalia, wing venation, sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more, but not entirely reliable. The description given here is a guide only. For an identification key see Ackery P.R. (1975). "P. apollonius" is recognizable especially by the sharply defined black submarginal spots of both wings; moreover, in males there is hardly a distinct greyish vitreous marginal band, the edge being however a little more sparsely scaled with white than the disc and only anteriorly shaded with grey.
Parnassius apollonius | Diagnostic description
This practice of selling church positions is "simony", which is referred to in the subtitle of this play.
Parnassus plays | Synopsis of "The Return from Parnassus; Or the Scourge of Simony"