In January 2016, the Ministry of Defence acknowledged that the Northrop Grumman intercooler in the propulsion system was unreliable. A staggered refit was also announced, which will involve cutting into the ship's hulls and fitting additional diesel generation capacity. On occasion there have been near-complete power generation failures, temporarily disabling propulsion, power generation for weapons, navigational systems and other purposes, leaving the ships vulnerable to "total electric failure". In June 2016, defence chiefs stated that the Northrop Grumman intercooler could not cope with the warm waters of the Gulf. The manufacturers, Rolls-Royce, said that while the engines for the WR-21 had been built as specified by the Ministry of Defence, the conditions in the Middle East were not "in line with the specs of the intercooler".
Engine trouble
Type 45 destroyer
Type 45 destroyer | Engine trouble
On occasion there have been near-complete power generation failures, temporarily disabling propulsion, power generation for weapons, navigational systems and other purposes, leaving the ships vulnerable to "total electric failure". In June 2016, defence chiefs stated that the Northrop Grumman intercooler could not cope with the warm waters of the Gulf. The Ministry of Defence acknowledged that the Northrop Grumman intercooler in the propulsion system was unreliable. Yes. n January 2016, the Ministry of Defence acknowledged that the Northrop Grumman intercooler in the propulsion system was unreliable
what was one of the provisions of the petition of right (1628)
user
No person should be forced to provide a gift, loan or tax without an Act of Parliament.
assistant
what does the term "petition of right" refer to?
user
It is an English constitutional document setting out specific individual protections against the state.
assistant
who formulated it?
user
Charles I
assistant
what kinds of provisions does it have?
user
No person should be forced to provide a gift, loan or tax without an Act of Parliament. No free individual should be imprisoned or detained unless a cause has been shown. Soldiers or members of the Royal Navy should not be billeted in private houses without the free consent of the owner.
assistant
which period marked the age of sail for the navy mentioned above?
user
During the reign of Henry VIII.
assistant
do they have an escort fleet?
user
Yes, there are six Type 45 destroyers and 13 Type 23 frigates in active service.
assistant
what is type 45?
user
It is also known as the D or "Daring" class. It is a class of six guided missile destroyers built for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy.
assistant
did its engine face any trouble?
user
"Daring" broke down in November 2010 and April 2012, "Dauntless" in February 2014 and "Duncan" in November 2016.
Type 45 destroyer | Engine trouble
The Type 45 destroyer, also known as the D or "Daring" class, is a class of six guided missile destroyers built for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. The class is primarily designed for anti-aircraft and anti-missile warfare and is built around the PAAMS (Sea Viper) air-defence system utilizing the SAMPSON AESA and the S1850M long-range radars. The first three destroyers were assembled by BAE Systems Surface Fleet Solutions from partially prefabricated "blocks" built at different shipyards; the remaining three were built by BAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships. The first ship in the "Daring" class, HMS "Daring", was launched on 1 February 2006 and commissioned on 23 July 2009.
Type 45 destroyer | Introduction
The First Sea Lord, Admiral Philip Jones, clarified that the "WR-21 gas turbines were designed in extreme hot weather conditions to what we call "gracefully degrade" in their performance, until you get to the point where it goes beyond the temperature at which they would operate... we found that the resilience of the diesel generators and the WR-21 in the ship at the moment was not degrading gracefully; it was degrading catastrophically, so that is what we have had to address". While the Ministry of Defence does not release detailed information related to the number of problems experienced by the class, including total engine failure, several such occasions have been reported in the media.
Type 45 destroyer | Engine trouble
In January 2016, the Ministry of Defence acknowledged that the Northrop Grumman intercooler in the propulsion system was unreliable. A staggered refit was also announced, which will involve cutting into the ship's hulls and fitting additional diesel generation capacity. On occasion there have been near-complete power generation failures, temporarily disabling propulsion, power generation for weapons, navigational systems and other purposes, leaving the ships vulnerable to "total electric failure". In June 2016, defence chiefs stated that the Northrop Grumman intercooler could not cope with the warm waters of the Gulf. The manufacturers, Rolls-Royce, said that while the engines for the WR-21 had been built as specified by the Ministry of Defence, the conditions in the Middle East were not "in line with the specs of the intercooler".
Type 45 destroyer | Engine trouble
In 2016 it was revealed that due to a design flaw on the Northrop Grumman intercooler which, when attached to the Rolls-Royce WR-21 gas turbines and functioning in the warm climate of the Persian Gulf, power availability was diminished considerably; and it quickly became apparent that the class was not operating as originally envisioned. A refit will take place from 2019–21 to fully resolve the problems with the six ships in the class.
Type 45 destroyer | Introduction
The UK had sought to procure a new class of air-defence guided missile destroyers in collaboration with seven other NATO nations under the NFR-90 project; the project collapsed due to varying requirements of the different countries involved. The UK then joined France and Italy in the programme; however, differing national requirements, workshare arguments and delays led to the UK withdrawing on 26 April 1999 and starting its own national project. On 23 November 1999 Marconi Electronic Systems (MES) was confirmed as prime contractor for the Type 45 project. Seven days later MES and British Aerospace merged to form BAE Systems (BAE), making the latter the prime contractor.
Type 45 destroyer | Development
The combination of greater efficiency and high fuel capacity gives an endurance of at . High power density and the hydrodynamic efficiency of a longer hull form allow high speeds to be sustained. It has been reported that "Daring" reached her design speed of in 70 seconds and achieved a speed of in 120 seconds during sea trials in August 2007.
Type 45 destroyer | Propulsion and power
On 7 September 2007 it was reported that Saudi Arabian officials had been invited to observe "Daring"s sea trials. In 2009 the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee conducted an enquiry into the procurement. Its main conclusions were that despite the destroyer being based on 80% new technology, there was a failure to take sufficient account of technical risk, over-optimism, and an inappropriate too-early fixed price project entered into before many elements had been specified. This resulted in a difficult commercial relationship until a contract renegotiation in 2007. It noted that the MoD believed six ships would still enable it to meet the operational requirement of having five ships at sea, with only a small risk of failing to meet that requirement.
Type 45 destroyer | Ships in the class
we found that the resilience of the diesel generators and the WR-21 in the ship at the moment was not degrading gracefully; it was degrading catastrophically, so that is what we have had to address." The Admiral still argued that despite the problems, the Royal Navy has been able to deploy Type 45 destroyers in nine-month cycles to the Gulf region where temperatures are high with little fault. The Royal Navy has also been able to maintain at least two Type 45s at operational readiness.
Rolls-Royce WR-21 | Operational issues
In 2009 it was discovered that the Northrop Grumman intercooler as fitted in the WR-21, on Type 45 destroyers, had a major design flaw, failing to operate in water temperatures beyond 30°C. The intercooler of the first Type 45 destroyer, , failed in the mid-Atlantic in 2010 and had to be repaired in Canada, with further repairs for intercooler failure in 2012 in Bahrain. The Type 45's pioneering integrated electric propulsion (IEP) system uses two WR-21s and two Wartsila 2-MW diesel generators to power everything on board, including weapons systems in addition to propulsion and other functions, leaving the ships vulnerable to "total electric failure".
Rolls-Royce WR-21 | Operational issues
HMS "Daring" is the lead ship of the Type 45 or "Daring"-class air-defence destroyers built for the Royal Navy, and the seventh ship to hold that name. She was launched in 2006 on the Clyde and conducted contractor's sea trials during 2007 and 2008. She was handed over to the Royal Navy in December 2008, entered her base port of Portsmouth for the first time in January 2009 and was formally commissioned on 23 July 2009. As the lead ship of the first destroyer class built for the Royal Navy since the Type 42 in the 1970s, she has attracted significant media and public attention.
HMS Daring (D32) | Introduction
The Type 45 destroyers were built to replace the Type 42 ("Sheffield"-class) destroyers that had served during the Falklands War, with the last Type 42 being decommissioned in 2013. The National Audit Office reported that, during an "intensive attack", a single Type 45 could simultaneously track, engage and destroy more targets than five Type 42 destroyers operating together. After the launch of "Daring" on 1 February 2006 Admiral Sir Alan West, a former First Sea Lord, stated that it would be the Royal Navy's most capable destroyer ever, as well as the world's best air-defence ship. The reduction in the number to be procured from twelve, then to (up to) eight, finally with only six confirmed (in 2008) was controversial.
Type 45 destroyer | Introduction
The Aster missile is autonomously guided and equipped with an active RF seeker enabling it to cope with "saturated attacks" thanks to a "multiple engagement capability" and a "high rate of fire". Presently the "Daring"-class destroyers are equipped with a 48-cell A50 Sylver Vertical Launching System allowing for a mix of up to 48 Aster 15 and 30 missiles.
Type 45 destroyer | Advanced air-defence
In July 2007, Ministry of Defence officials stated that they "still planned to build eight Type 45 destroyers" and that "the extra two ships were still included in planning assumptions". This plan was officially abandoned on 19 June 2008 when the Minister for the Armed Forces, Bob Ainsworth, announced in Parliament that options for the seventh and eighth destroyers would not be taken up. The continual scaling back of the project, first from twelve to eight, and subsequently to six ships, has been criticised for leaving the Royal Navy with insufficient ships to meet its requirements. On 9 March 2007, "The Independent" reported that Saudi Arabia was considering buying "two or three" Type 45s.
Type 45 destroyer | Ships in the class
The Type 45 project has been criticised for rising costs and delays, with the six ships costing £6.46 billion, an increase of £1.5 billion (29%) on the original budget. The first ship entered service in 2010, rather than 2007 as initially planned. In 2007, the Defence Select Committee expressed its disappointment that the Ministry of Defence (MOD) and BAE had failed to control rising costs.
Type 45 destroyer | Development
The Type 42 also had "insufficient space for an efficient operations room", which slowed the work rate and made early Type 42s, notably the lead ship "Sheffield", very difficult to fight in. Although often described as obsolete, the Type 42 still proved effective against modern missile threats during the 1991 Gulf War. The Type 42 is also equipped with a 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun and earlier vessels shipped six Ships Torpedo Weapon System (STWS) torpedo launchers. Two Vulcan Phalanx Mk 15 close-in weapon systems (CIWS) were fitted to British Type 42s in lieu of the carried 27-foot whaler and Cheverton launch after the loss of "Sheffield" to an Exocet missile in 1982.
Type 42 destroyer | Design
BAE's Portsmouth shipyard is responsible for Blocks E/F (bridge to the bow) and the funnels and masts. For ships 2 to 6 blocks A-D were assembled in the Ships Block and Outfit Hall of the Govan shipyard, and taken fully outfitted to the Scotstoun berth. The masts and funnels were also fitted before launch. For the first-of-class, Block A was assembled at Govan and moved to Scotstoun, where it was mated to Block B/C, which was already fitted with the WR-21 turbines and machinery. Block D, also assembled at Scotstoun, was fitted to these three blocks. The bow sections (E/F) were mated at Portsmouth and taken by barge to Scotstoun.
Type 45 destroyer | Construction
The 'Darings' were the largest destroyers then built (1949) for the RN, having a displacement of 3,820 tonnes, a length of , a beam of , and a draught of . The "Daring"s were the last conventional gun destroyers of the RN, and were armed with the QF 4.5 inch /45 (113 mm) Mark V gun in three double mounts UD Mk.VI (later renamed simply Mark N6). The main armament was controlled by a director Mark VI fitted with Radar Type 275 on the bridge and a director CRBF (close range blind fire) aft with Radar Type 262 providing local control for 'X' turret on aft arcs.
Daring-class destroyer (1949) | Design
The Type 42 or "Sheffield" class, was a class of fourteen guided missile destroyers that served in the Royal Navy. A further two ships of this class were built for and served with the Argentine Navy. The first ship of the class was ordered in 1968 and launched in 1971. Two of the class ("Sheffield" and "Coventry") were sunk in action during the Falklands War of 1982. The Royal Navy used this class of destroyer for 38 years between 1975 and 2013. No ships of this class remain active in the Royal Navy and just one remains in the Argentine Navy.
Type 42 destroyer | Introduction
The Type 45 destroyers are in length, with a beam of , a draught of and a displacement of approximately . This makes them significantly larger than the Type 42 they replace (displacement ). The Type 45 destroyers are the first British warships built to meet the Lloyd's Register's Naval Ship Rules for hull structure requiring design approval by Lloyd's Register for the principal structural arrangements of the vessel. BAE Systems is the Design Authority for the Type 45, a role traditionally held by the UK Ministry of Defence. The design of the Type 45 brings new levels of radar signature reduction to the Royal Navy.
Type 45 destroyer | General specifications
The Sea Viper air-defence system: A 48-cell A50 Sylver Vertical Launching System for a mix of up to 48: The Type 45 does not have a formal theatre ballistic missile defence (TBMD) capability but its potential for such a role is being assessed. Land-based Aster 30 Block 1 missiles have intercepted short-range ballistic missiles and trials of a land-based SAMPSON modified for BMD were planned for early 2012. The Ministry of Defence announced in 2013 that the first ship, "Daring", would take part in ballistic defence trials with the US Missile Defence Agency (MDA) as part of a major research and development programme.
Type 45 destroyer | Anti-air warfare
In 2014, the Royal Navy website stated that "Duncan" would be the first Type 45 destroyer to be armed with the Harpoon anti-ship missile system. On 2 March 2015, "Duncan" left Portsmouth armed with Harpoon anti-ship missiles.
HMS Duncan (D37) | Characteristics
A hundred and forty-three Type D (丁型) ships were ordered but only sixty-seven were completed and commissioned between February 1944 and July 1945. A further 57 ships were planned under the 1944-45 Programme but were never ordered. They displaced 1,020 tons (full load) and carried three 4.7 in (120 mm) guns, six 25mm (0.98 in) AA machine guns, 13 depth charge throwers, one depth charge chutes, up to 120 depth charge, and one 81 mm (3.2 in) mortar. The Type D version was a further simplification of the "Ukuru" design and were built to the same design as the Type C escort ship.
Japanese destroyers of World War II | Type D
The UK ships are all now decommissioned. By 2007 none of the batch 1 vessels remained in commission. Initially the UK sought to procure replacements first in collaboration with seven other NATO nations under the NFR-90 project and then with France and Italy through the Horizon CNGF programme. However, both these collaborative ventures failed and the UK decided to go it alone with a national project. The UK Type 42s are succeeded by six Type 45 destroyers. , , , , and are all in commission. The Type 42 class suffered from cramped accommodation, a problem for crew safety and comfort, and also when finding space for upgrades.
Type 42 destroyer | Replacement
It had a dry weight of , including auxiliary machinery, but not the oil cooler. The six engines combined would give the Type 1942 destroyer class a range to match the pocket battleships and U-boats.
German destroyer Z51 | Diesel engines
The Royal Navy has replaced them with Type 45 destroyers.
Type 42 destroyer | Introduction
Type 293 was carried on the foremast for target indication. Like the earlier , the "Daring"s had their machinery arranged on the 'unit' principle, where boiler rooms and engine rooms alternated to increase survivability. The boilers utilised pressures and temperatures (, ) hitherto unheard of in the conservative Royal Navy, allowing great improvements in efficiency to be made without increasing weight. The wide spacing of the boilers resulted in widely spaced funnels. The forward funnel was trunked up through the lattice foremast (referred to as a mack) with the after funnel a stump amidships. Neither was provided with a casing, resulting in a curious, rather unappealing appearance, although the utility of the funnels was considered by some to enhance the overall appearance.
Daring-class destroyer (1949) | Design
The Type 43 was a proposed destroyer class for the Royal Navy. It was intended to follow on from the Type 42 but armed with the Sea Dart Mark II missile. The primary role of the Type 43 was to protect a task force from air-launched missile attack. There were two proposed variants - the small variant and the large variant. The project advanced to feasibility design before being cancelled in 1981.
Type 43 destroyer | Introduction
Six MAN type 12Z32/34 engines were ordered in 1943, but only four were completed by the end of the war in 1945. Test work on the engines was abandoned in February 1945, due to lack of fuel. The type 12Z32/34 engine was 24-cylinder, placed in a 2 × 12 configuration, had a bore, a stroke motor, and was a 'V' form, fast-running, double-acting, two-stroke, diesel engine made of welded steel. It had a maximum of 600 revs per minute, a piston speed of , maximum output of , medium effective pressure of , and a maximum fuel demand of .
German destroyer Z51 | Diesel engines
HMS "Duncan" is the sixth and last of the Type 45 or "Daring"-class air-defence destroyers built for the Royal Navy and launched in 2010. "Duncan" is named after Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan (1 July 1731 – 4 August 1804), who defeated the Dutch fleet at the Battle of Camperdown on 11 October 1797. The destroyer has served in the Mediterranean, Black and Caribbean Seas and in 2019 was deployed to the Persian Gulf in response to increased tensions with Iran in the region.
HMS Duncan (D37) | Introduction
They generally displaced 355 to 370 tons and had a length of . All were powered by triple expansion steam engines for and had coal-fired water-tube boilers, except for the final vessel ("Stag") in which the engine power was slightly raised to . Armament was one QF 12-pounder gun on a bandstand on the forecastle, five QF 6-pounder guns (two sided abreast the conning tower, two sided between the funnels and one on the quarterdeck) and two single tubes for 18-inch (450 mm) torpedoes. Due to the successful development of their previous 26 and 27-knot torpedo boat destroyers, John I Thornycroft & Company developed their two funnel design for the 1894/1895 – 1897/1898 building programs.
D-class destroyer (1913) | Design
The Type 45 destroyers take advantage of some Horizon development work and use the Sea Viper air-defence system and the SAMPSON radar. The ships are built by BAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships, originally created as BVT Surface Fleet by the merger of the surface shipbuilding arms of BAE Systems and VT Group. These two companies previously built the ships in collaboration. BAE's two Glasgow shipyards and single Portsmouth shipyard are responsible for different "blocks". BAE's Govan yard is responsible for Block A (stern to edge of helicopter hangar). The Scotstoun yard builds Blocks B/C (a 2600 tonne section which contains the Rolls-Royce WR-21 gas turbines, starts with the helicopter hangar to the bridge section) and Block D (bridge section itself).
Type 45 destroyer | Construction
Their design differed greatly from previous ones in that it utilized steam turbines, rather than diesel engines. Overall, their design gave them 12% higher engine performance despite having lighter machinery, and a more powerful main armament with a shorter hull. The project never made it past the drawing board, and no ship of the class was ever ordered or laid down.
Type 1945 destroyer | Development
HMS "Dragon" is the fourth ship of the Type 45 or "Daring"-class air-defence destroyers built for the Royal Navy. She was launched in November 2008 and commissioned on 20 April 2012.
HMS Dragon (D35) | Introduction
The addition of so high up in the ships caused stability problems. To compensate for these additions, the foremast searchlight and the aft rangefinder were removed and the forward rangefinder was replaced by a model, totaling . The addition of more depth charges and degaussing equipment more than offset the saving and meant that the motor boat, its derrick and the electric capstan also had to be removed, for a net addition of lower in the ships. In mid- to late 1942, the surviving ships had their funnels cut down to reduce top weight. Beginning in late 1941, the survivors had their light anti-aircraft armament augmented by a single 2 cm quadruple mount that replaced the two guns on the aft superstructure.
Type 1934A destroyers | Modifications
Navy PV Ventura aircraft of Bombing Squadron 127 and a British Catalina of the Royal Air Forces No. 202 Squadron attacked the submarine and forced her to surface. "Wishart" and "Anthony" then approached "U-761", and the submarine scuttled herself within sight of the destroyers, suffering nine dead. "Wishart" and "Anthony" captured her 48 survivors. "Wishart" remained on convoy defence duty at Gibraltar until January 1945, when the Royal Navy decided to withdraw her from service and she steamed to the United Kingdom for deactivation.
HMS Wishart (D67) | 1943–1945
The second group was equipped with 40mm no. 1 Vickers AA guns, however these guns had problems firing at higher angles; the guns would malfunction or not fire at all. Because of this the ships of this group could use only their single 75mm AA gun against targets above 1000 meters. After 12 years of ignoring this issue it was finally solved in 1939 by stiffening the guns, however when Germany invaded the Netherlands started in May 1940 this issue wasn't solved for the surface ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy.
Admiralen-class destroyer | Design
The Type 45 destroyers, the Royal Navy's latest vessels of this type, have resurrected the letter naming convention, taking D names, and repeating some of the previous "Daring" class.
Naming conventions for destroyers of the Royal Navy | Back to letters
I was i/c 'B' boiler room and saw the repeater telegraph move to "Full Astern". This is an order which has to be obeyed immediately regardless of damage to machinery. The safety valves on my boiler lifted within seconds as the engine room responded shutting off steam to the ahead turbine. The pressure rapidly fell then as the astern manouvering valves were opened, falling to 150psi before beginning to recover. Water in some quantity must have gone with the steam as several rows of tthe astern turbine were carried away. Fortunately, being the Port engine in 'B' Unit, we managed to get the engine into reverse mode somewhat more quickly than the 'A' Unit which pulled the ship round to Port very narrowly avoiding the almost inevitable collision.
HMS Daring (D05) | Third commission (November 1956 – October 1958)
Due to a shortage of diesel engines to power both groups of vessels, the Type Ds were powered by turbine engines, the only "Kaibōkan" type to use turbines.
Japanese destroyers of World War II | Type D
The Type 45s are considerably larger, displacing 7,500 tonnes, compared to the Type 42 displacement of 3,600 tonnes.
Type 42 destroyer | Replacement
This class was originally conceived to be a stopper for long-range strategic bombers from the former Soviet Long Range Aviation/A-VMF and as area defence for carrier battle groups. As world political climates shifted, so too the role of the Type 42 followed. The class reached its operational zenith during the Falklands War with seven ships taking part in Operation Corporate and the immediate aftermath. The Type 42 provided a capable long-range defence against Argentine air force assets, scoring three confirmed kills. With their weaknesses exposed - "Sheffield" was hit and disabled by a long-range first generation air-to-surface missile and sank six days later, "Coventry" was sunk by conventional iron bombs and "Glasgow" was disabled by a single bomb which passed straight through her aft engine room without exploding - an extensive rethink was conducted and future iterations in and out of build and refit contained upgrades but limited by the Type 42's ageing overall design.
Type 42 destroyer | Availability and use of the Type 42
They were to have high-angle (anti-aircraft) director ship gun fire-control systems, placed on their fore and aft, which were to be fitted with radio direction finders. They were to be propelled by two three-bladed propellers, two sets of Wagner turbines, four Wagner-Deschimag boilers feeding high-pressure superheated steam (at and ), intended to give her , and a speed of , , or , depending on if they were at standard load, full load, or deep load, respectively. They were to carry of oil, to give her a range of at . The machinery was calculated to have a weight-power ratio of .
Type 1945 destroyer | Characteristics
On 29 April 1957 "Dainty" delivered emergency supplies, including 2000 blankets and 300 tents along with medical supplies and a team of doctors to the town of Fethiye in Turkey which had been badly damaged by a pair of earthquakes. On 2 April 1958, "Dainty" collided with the destroyer when coming alongside "Solebay" at Portsmouth Harbour, with both destroyers being damaged in the collision. "Dainty" entered refit at Portsmouth on 16 April that year, where her aft set of torpedo tubes was removed, allowing a deckhouse to be added containing additional accommodation, badly needed as the "Daring"s' large crews meant that they were cramped.
HMS Dainty (D108) | Service
The first years of World War II had shown that British destroyers were ill-equipped to deal with concentrated air attacks, and the Royal Navy suffered heavy losses as a result. In 1941 urgent consideration of the problem led to a naval staff requirement for a new class of large fleet destroyer with High Angle (HA) twin guns and an HA control system. It was decided that this main armament would be set forward in a superfiring configuration for all guns to engage one target. Arcs of fire were increased by setting the bridge structure further aft than normal. The proposed anti-aircraft (AA) armament were eight 40/60 mm guns in twin mountings set atop the middle and after deck houses to give all around, overlapping arcs of fire.
Battle-class destroyer | "1942" or "Early Battle" class
The D class were repeats of the C's, except that the TSDS was replaced by storage for up to 30 depth charges and ASDIC. The C and D-class destroyers displaced at standard load and at deep load. The ships had an overall length of , a beam of and a draught of . They were powered by Parsons geared steam turbines, driving two shafts, which developed a total of and gave a maximum speed of . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers that operated at a pressure of and a temperature of . The destroyers carried a maximum of of fuel oil that gave them a range of at .
C and D-class destroyer | Design and description
Even when the Royal Navy in the Far East was facing a critical submarine shortage in March 1944, "Tuna" was rejected from being sent there due to her untrustworthy foreign engines. The Cammell Laird Sulzer 2-stroke engines received mixed reviews; some boats like and were perfectly satisfactory, while the engines caused problems on others. They were insufficiently engineered for running at full speeds, and tended to crack the cylinder rings and blocks.
British T-class submarine | Propulsion
In 1958, the 'DC' group had their after torpedo tubes removed and replaced with a deck house providing additional accommodation facilities. This modification was made in the 'AC' ships in 1959–1960. Also at the same time, the 'ACs' had their STAAG mounts replaced with single mount Mark 7 Bofors and had the director Mark VI replaced by the new director MRS-3 (medium range system) incorporating the Radar Type 903 for fire control. The Sea Cat missile launcher was fitted briefly to "Decoy" for acceptance trials in 1961, but it was later removed and never fitted to the rest of the 'Darings' as had been envisaged.
Daring-class destroyer (1949) | British modifications
Men and women will continue to sleep in separate spaces, in common with most other navies.
Type 45 destroyer | General specifications
HMS "Dauntless" is the second ship of the Type 45 or "Daring"-class air-defence destroyers built for the British Royal Navy. She was launched at Govan in January 2007, was handed over to the Royal Navy on 3 December 2009 and was formally commissioned on 3 June 2010.
HMS Dauntless (D33) | Introduction
A Type 286 short-range surface search radar, adapted from the Royal Air Force's ASV radar, was also added. The early models, however, could only scan directly forward and had to be aimed by turning the entire ship. Some ships also received a Huff-Duff radio direction finder on a short mainmast.
C and D-class destroyer | Wartime modifications
The Type 45 is fitted with an advanced and innovative integrated electric propulsion system. Historically, electric-drive ships (like ) have supplied power to their electric motors using DC, and ship's electrical load, where necessary at all, was either separately supplied or was supplied as DC with a large range of acceptable voltage. Integrated electric propulsion seeks to supply all propulsion and ship's electrical load using alternating current at a high quality of voltage and frequency. This is achieved by computerised control, high quality transformation, and electrical filtering. Two Rolls-Royce WR-21 gas turbines drive GE alternators and along with two Wärtsilä 12V200 diesel generators provide electrical power at 4,160 volts to a GE high voltage system.
Type 45 destroyer | Propulsion and power
In addition, eight 12.7 mm machine guns were fitted.
British World War II destroyers | C and D
These ships were based on the preceding B class, but were enlarged to increase their endurance and to allow for the inclusion of a QF 3-inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft gun. This class introduced a director control tower for British destroyers. The 'C' class were unique in having a split bridge, with the compass platform and wheelhouse separated from the chartroom and director tower. This unusual layout was not repeated. As per Admiralty policy in alternating Two-Speed Destroyer Sweep (TSDS) minesweeping gear and ASDIC (sonar) capability between destroyer flotillas, the C class lacked ASDIC and were designed to carry only six depth charges.
C and D-class destroyer | Design and description
The engine could continue running even if one cylinder failed by disconnecting the cylinder from the crankshaft. The 12 boats completed at the Royal Dockyards fitted with Admiralty diesel engines proved equally reliable, even though the engines were somewhat more complicated than the Vickers ones. In contrast, the MAN diesels proved to be rather troublesome. In particular, the MAN diesels were built under license, and once the Second World War broke out in 1939, technical support from the German MAN company immediately stopped. By 1943, only two of the T boats with MAN engines were left ( and ), and they were relegated to training use.
British T-class submarine | Propulsion
HMS "Bristol" (D23) is a Type 82 destroyer, the only vessel of her class to be built for the Royal Navy. Originally intended as the first of a class of large destroyers to escort the CVA-01 aircraft carriers projected to come into service in the early 1970s, "Bristol" turned out to be a unique ship: the rest of the class were cancelled with the CVA-01 carriers in the 1966 Strategic Defence Review. Following a long career which included the Falklands War, she was converted into a training ship in 1987 and continues to serve in that role. In 1991 while part of the Dartmouth training squadron, she suffered a Olympus gas turbine failure that damaged the power turbine.
HMS Bristol (D23) | Introduction
The G-class destroyers were proposed for the Royal Navy's shipbuilding programme as a follow-on to the Weapon class. Like the Weapons, the G class were meant as a smaller destroyer, capable of being built in facilities that could not manage the larger or ships. The major change was to replace the Weapons' main gun armament of six 4-inch guns with four 4.5 inch guns in the new Mk. VI twin mountings. The new class used the same machinery as the Weapon class, arranged in the "unit" system, with two separate boiler rooms and engine rooms, meaning that a single hit was unlikely to cause a total loss of power.
G-class destroyer (1944) | Design
"Perth" was the lead ship of three guided missile destroyers built for the RAN. Based on the United States Navy's , "Perth" had a displacement of 3,370 tons at standard load, and 4,618 tons at full load, a length of overall and between perpendiculars, a beam of , and a maximum draught of . Propulsion was provided by four Foster Wheeler boilers feeding two General Electric turbines, which provided to the destroyer's two propeller shafts. "Perth" could achieve speeds of . The ship's company consisted of 22 officers and 311 sailors. As a guided missile destroyer, "Perth"s main armament consisted of a Mark 13 missile launcher firing Tartar missiles.
HMAS Perth (D 38) | Design and construction
The class were all fitted with two Admiralty 3-drum boilers with a pressure of at . All had Parsons single-reduction geared turbines, generating at 350 RPM, and driving the two shafts to produce a maximum of ( under full load condition). All were engined by their builders except "Cossack" and "Constance", which were engined by Parsons. Their bunkers could hold 615 tons of oil fuel, giving them a radius of at and at .
C-class destroyer (1943) | Engineering
The Type 1945 destroyers were a planned class of destroyers, for the Kriegsmarine, whose design was based upon that of the Type 1936D and E destroyers. Their plan involved a return to steam boilers, which had been replaced by diesel engines in all ships designs after the Type 1942 destroyers. No ships were ever built, as the end of the war was rapidly approaching.
Type 1945 destroyer | Introduction
All vessels had the distinctive turtleback that was intended to clear water from the bows but actually tended to dig the bow in to anything of a sea, resulting in a very wet conning position and poor seaboats that were unable to reach top speed in anything but perfect conditions. They generally displaced around 350 tons and had a length of around 200 feet. All were powered by triple expansion steam engines for and had coal-fired water-tube boilers, except some unique "specials" that used steam turbines in addition to, or in lieu of, the reciprocating engines. Armament was one QF 12-pounder gun on a bandstand on the forecastle, five QF 6-pounder (two sided abreast the conning tower, two sided between the funnels and one on the quarterdeck) and two single tubes for 18-inch torpedoes.
C-class destroyer (1913) | Introduction
The R class was a class of sixteen War Emergency Programme destroyers ordered for the Royal Navy in 1940 as the 3rd and 4th Emergency Flotilla. The Q and R class repeated the preceding O and P class, reverting to the larger J, K and N-class hull to allow for increased top weight (maximum permissible weight). Since they had fewer main guns than the J, K and Ns, magazine space was replaced by fuel bunkers allowing for at (compared with the of their ancestors). Like the O and P classes, they were armed with available weapons: 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns on single mountings allowing only 40° of elevation.
List of destroyers of India | R class
The British destroyer was hit at least seven times that caused her to run aground. Other British ships returned fire, but the gunners had abandoned ship once their ammunition was exhausted and only the three-man demolition party was still aboard when a British destroyer approached. They lit the fuses and ran ashore and the depth charges blew her apart before she could be boarded.
Type 1936 destroyers | Norwegian Campaign
One torpedo hit the in the stern. In addition, the ship hit twice with shells. As the British ships were withdrawing, they encountered five German destroyers at close range. Two of the German ships crossed the T of the British ships and quickly set "Hardy" on fire and forced her to run aground. "Havock" was next in line and fired torpedoes at the German destroyers, but they all missed. She was hit in return, but not significantly damaged. In the confusion and limited visibility, "Havock" pulled out of the line to find out what happened to "Hardy" and to protect the rear of the British formation from the other three German destroyers in pursuit, but then had to then to turn again to allow her rear guns to fire when her forward guns failed.
HMS Havock (H43) | World War II
Only the port outer shaft was operable, but its turbine had temporarily lost steam due to the explosion. The flooding quickly caused "Manchester" to take on an 11-degree list and both the main radio room and the four-inch magazine to fill with water. At about 01:40 Drew ordered "Emergency Stations" which was a standing order when not already at action stations that required all crewmen not required to operate or supply the anti-aircraft guns to proceed to their abandon ship positions. Transferring oil from the starboard fuel tanks to port and jettisoning the starboard torpedoes reduced the list to about 4.5 degrees by 02:45.
HMS Manchester (15) | Operation Pedestal
She was damaged in a collision with a merchant vessel on 17 January whilst escorting Convoy ON18, causing a twenty-foot hole in her side but fortunately she did not sink and was taken under tow. After temporary repairs at Invergordon, she was towed to Grangemouth for repairs that were not completed until 22 July. She carried out post-refit trials and returned to Scapa Flow to rejoin the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla. She transferred to the 13th Destroyer Flotilla based at Gibraltar in October, escorting the aircraft carrier , "Barham", the heavy cruiser , and the light cruisers and from the Firth of Clyde to Gibraltar.
HMS Duncan (D99) | World War II
Later uses included The Gulf War, when "Gloucester" struck and eliminated a large, land-based surface to surface missile with her Sea Dart missile system. More often than not, Type 42s were called upon to carry out fleet contingency ship duties, West Indies counter drugs operations and Falkland Islands patrol, NATO Mediterranean and Atlantic task group operations and Persian Gulf patrols. There was essentially no task this ship class was not engaged in over its near forty-year collective career. As far as value-for-money is concerned, notwithstanding its ability to burn fifteen tonnes per hour of marine diesel at top speed and a large, cramped ships' company, this class provided the UK with considerable ability during a very changeable political, economic and military background of change.
Type 42 destroyer | Availability and use of the Type 42
The ships were fitted with Normand boilers which generated around . They were armed with the standard 12-pounder gun and two torpedo tubes and carried a complement of 63 officers and ratings. Ships of this type bore four funnels and were designated s.
Earnest-class destroyer | Introduction
HMS "Daring" was a D-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the early 1930s. The ship spent the bulk of her career on the China Station. She was briefly commanded by Louis Mountbatten before World War II. "Daring" escorted convoys in the Red Sea in October–November 1939 and then returned to the UK in January 1940 for the first time in five years. While escorting a convoy from Norway, she was sunk by the in February 1940.
HMS Daring (H16) | Introduction
Attempts were made to improve the appearance by adding a streamline case to the funnel, but this was later removed. Of note was a new design of bridge, breaking with a lineage going back to the H-class destroyer of 1936. /-inch armour plating was added to the turrets, the bridge and the fire control cable runs.
Daring-class destroyer (1949) | Design
The "Daring" class was a class of eleven destroyers built for the Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Constructed after World War II, and entering service during the 1950s, eight ships were constructed for the RN, and three ships for the RAN. Two of the RN destroyers were subsequently sold to and served in the Peruvian Navy (MGP). A further eight ships were planned for the RN but were cancelled before construction commenced, while a fourth RAN vessel was begun but was cancelled before launch and broken up on the slipway. The "Daring"-class ships were both the largest and most heavily armed ships serving in Commonwealth navies to be classified as destroyers.
Daring-class destroyer (1949) | Introduction
Despite preceding experience, there were two significant defects in the design, however. Rudder design did not give the required turning circle and the stern was redesigned as transom. The new engines suffered damage to the turbine blades, a problem not solved until 1943. The class was active in the landings in the Dutch East Indies, Battle of Midway and the Solomon Islands. All were lost during the war.
Japanese destroyers of World War II | "Asashio"
The Type 42 destroyer was built to fill the gap left by the cancellation of the large Type 82 destroyer. It was intended to fulfil the same role, with similar systems on a smaller and more cost-effective hull. The ships are primarily carriers for the GWS-30 Sea Dart surface-to-air missile system. The first batch had the 965 or 966 surveillance radar which had a "slow data-rate". The Type 992Q radar used to designate targets for the gun and missiles lacked Moving Target Indiction (MTI). Though "British radar manufacturers [had] offered to retrofit MTI to these radars... nothing was done." Without MTI the Type 992Q had difficulty in tracking aircraft when land was behind the aircraft or when there were snow or rain showers.
Type 42 destroyer | Design
They also carried DRBV 20A and DRBC 11 and DRBC 30 radars. The main armament was guided by a single fire control director, with a second slotted aft for the 57 mm guns. The ships had a complement of 347.
T 47-class destroyer | Design and description
Beginning in May 1940, the after bank of torpedo tubes was removed and replaced with a QF 12-pounder Mk V anti-aircraft gun, the after mast and funnel being cut down to improve the gun's field of fire. Four to six QF 20 mm Oerlikon cannons were added to the surviving ships, usually replacing the 2-pounder or .50-calibre machine gun mounts between the funnels. One pair of these was added to the bridge wings and the other pair was mounted on the searchlight platform. Early in the war, depth charge stowage increased to 33 in the C class, while the D class carried 38.
C and D-class destroyer | Wartime modifications
The Type 42 destroyers (also known as the "Sheffield" class) were made in three batches; "Cardiff" was built in the first. She cost over £30 million, which was double her original quoted price. Her keel was laid down on 6 November 1972, at Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd in Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria. The build was interrupted by a labour shortage at Vickers. To solve this problem, she was towed to Swan Hunter Hawthorn Leslie yard in Hebburn, Tyne and Wear and completed there. Type 42s were designed as anti-aircraft vessels primarily equipped with the Sea Dart, a surface-to-air missile system capable of hitting targets up to away.
HMS Cardiff (D108) | Construction
Armament was generally one QF 12 pounder on a bandstand on the forecastle, up to five QF 6 pounder and 2 single tubes for torpedoes. The "Daring" and "Havock"-class ships initially had a third tube in the bow, fixed to fire straight ahead, but this was found to weigh down the bows and it was possible for the ship to run over its own torpedo when moving at high speed, as such they were later removed and this feature was not repeated in later vessels.
A-class destroyer (1913) | Introduction
The Type 1936C destroyer was a planned class of destroyer for the "Kriegsmarine". The class was intended to consist of five ships, "Z46", "Z47", "Z48", "Z49" and "Z50". They were designed to be an improvement of Type 1936A and B destroyers. Only two of the five ships, "Z46" and "Z47", were ever laid down, and work was halted for a year between 1942 and 1943. Construction was constantly interrupted by numerous problems, dominantly due to air raids, material supply delays and a shortage of copper. The two ships that were laid down, "Z46" and "Z47", were blown up by Allied troops in 1945.
Type 1936C destroyer | Introduction
A further criticism, not just of the Battle-class design, but of British destroyers generally, was of the main machinery layout. Until 1936 all destroyers were laid out with three boiler rooms, as the naval staff considered this the minimum requirement for battle damage survivability. In 1936 the head of the destroyer section of the Constructors Department came up with a radical new design for the J class. This included a new system of longitudinal framing to both ease construction and increase the integral strength of the ships. It also called for a two-boiler layout with both boilers fitted back to back, allowing them to vent up a single large funnel.
Battle-class destroyer | "1943" or "Later Battle" class
In the late afternoon of 30 April 1942, during the attack on the Arctic Convoy QP 11, two of her torpedoes struck and crippled the Royal Navy light cruiser . At the time "Edinburgh" was carrying many tons of gold bullion from the USSR destined for the UK.
German submarine U-456 | HMS Edinburgh
In 1940 and 1941, to improve the anti-aircraft capabilities, all ships had their aft torpedo tubes removed and replaced with a single 4 inch gun QF Mark V on a HA Mark III mounting. The relatively ineffective multiple machine guns were replaced with a single 20 mm Oerlikon, with a further pair added abreast the searchlight platform amidships. The high-speed destroyer mine sweeps were replaced with a rack and two throwers for 45 depth charges and a Type 286 Radar air warning was added at the masthead alongside Type 285 fire control on the H/A rangefinder-director. In 1942 the 4 in gun was removed and the torpedoes returned to all surviving vessels.
J-, K- and N-class destroyer | Modifications
There were no C-C diesel-hydraulic locomotives to use as a template in mid-1955. The arrangement produced a continuous tractive effort of 39,600 lbf (176 kN) at 12.6 mph (20.3 km/h). Unusually for a British diesel locomotive, the D600s had spoked wheels. They could work in multiple with each other or up to two D6300 locomotives using the orange square coupling code.
British Rail Class 41 (Warship Class) | Mechanical details
The D class as they were known from 1913 was a fairly homogeneous group of torpedo boat destroyers (TBDs) built for the Royal Navy in the mid-1890s. They were all constructed to the individual designs of their builder, John I. Thornycroft & Company of Chiswick, to meet Admiralty specifications. The uniting feature of the class was a top speed of and they all had two funnels.
D-class destroyer (1913) | Introduction
The I-class destroyers were a group of nine destroyers, including a flotilla leader, built for the Royal Navy during the 1930s. Four similar ships were ordered by the Turkish Navy, of which two were purchased for the Royal Navy, bringing the number of these ships British service to 11—although three of the original ships had been lost by the time "Inconstant" and "Ithuriel" were commissioned. The I-class served in World War II and six were lost, with a seventh ship being written off.
I-class destroyer | Introduction
HMS "Hampshire" was a destroyer of the Royal Navy. Laid down, in March 1959 a couple of weeks behind the class leader , she was classified as a guided missile destroyer, as the Sea Lords regarded the concept of the cruiser and big gun ship as discredited by the perceived failure of the and the obsolescence of the heavy gun. The description of guided missile destroyer seemed more likely to win approval from the Treasury and Government for an adequate number of warships the size of small cruisers, which could play many traditional cruiser flagship and command functions, but had no armour around its gun and missile magazine.
HMS Hampshire (D06) | Introduction
Under the 1939 Emergency War Programme 36 more Hunts had been ordered; three of these were completed to the original (Type I) design. Depth charge stowage could also be increased from 40 in the Type I to 110.
Hunt-class destroyer | Design
Six "Earnest"-class destroyers served with the Royal Navy: , , , , and . These ships were all built by Cammell Laird and were part of the class of 'thirty knotters'. Concern about the higher speeds of foreign boats had prompted to Admiralty to order new destroyers capable of , rather than the requirement which had been standard. The boats were not able to make this speed in bad weather, where they were usually wet and uncomfortable with cramped crew quarters, but they proved their toughness in serving through World War I, despite being twenty years old. Thanks to their watertight bulkheads, their thin plating and light structure they were able to take a great deal of damage and remain afloat, although their plates buckled easily, affecting their handling.
Earnest-class destroyer | Introduction
Because of Japan's deteriorating war situation, the Type D version was a further simplification of the "Ukuru" design and were built to the same design as the Type C escort ship. However, due to a shortage of diesel engines to power both groups of vessels, the Type D were powered by turbine engines. This gave a slight increase in speed, from to , but a reduction in range and endurance, at instead of . The Type D was the only "Kaibōkan" type to use turbines. They were smaller by 200 tons than the "Ukuru"s and engines that propelled them were also smaller, at versus for the "Ukuru"s.
Type D escort ship | Design
In 1999, the eventual replacement for the Type 42 was announced. Unlike in the 1970s, when economics dictated a large number of smaller hulls, the Type 45 destroyer is even bigger than the Type 82, but was limited to a build total of six units, which will be primarily be charged with escorting the Royal Navy's new aircraft carriers. In this way, the Type 45 can be seen as the true modern descendant of the Type 82.
Type 82 destroyer | Revival of the large air defence escort
The design for the small variant Type 43 resembled a Type 42 with one twin Sea Dart launcher forward and directors fore and aft.
Type 43 destroyer | Small Variant
HMS "Wishart" (D67) was a Modified W-class destroyer of the British Royal Navy that saw service in World War II. She spent most of her wartime career based at Gibraltar, engaged in convoy defence, but also served in various naval and military operations in the Mediterranean Sea.
HMS Wishart (D67) | Introduction
This displaced at standard load. The following month the Admiralty asked that the 16-inch turrets be replaced by quadruple turrets and the DNC replied that no design work had been done on such turrets and would thus delay construction by 15 to 18 months and add about to the ship's displacement. The DNC asked permission to investigate further methods of reducing the size of 'B3' in July and work continued on both designs through October. By this time the impossibility of even maintaining the existing battle fleet, much less building such large battleships, had become clear in light of Britain's economic difficulties and further design work was informally suspended on all but the new Mk IV gun and its Mk III turret; this was finally cancelled by the First Sea Lord on 10 March 1949.
Lion-class battleship | 1944 design
They were better constructed than their A-class forebears (the "26 knotter" and "27 knotter" groups), but still were poor seaboats unable to reach top speed in anything but perfect conditions.
D-class destroyer (1913) | Classification
HMS "D4" was a British D class submarine built by Vickers, Barrow. "D4" was laid down on 24 February 1910, launched 27 May 1911 and was commissioned on 29 November 1911. She was the first submarine to be fitted with a gun for offensive use. During World War I, on 22 June 1915, "D4" found the stranded German minesweeper "Bielefeld" in the Heligoland Bight off Juist, Germany, guarded by a German destroyer. "D4"′s commanding officer decided to attack the destroyer first, but the torpedo "D4" fired missed. The alerted destroyer made several runs over "D4", which was submerged in water only 30 feet (9.1 meters) deep, in an attempt to ram her, but did not succeed and eventually left the scene.
HMS D4 | Introduction
However, during sea trials, early critical issues were discovered, especially with the reliability of the new steam turbines. Another issue was with design of the rudder, which initially led to problems with the ship's turning radius. These issues were addressed by the start of the Pacific War with a modified stern and rudder.
Asashio-class destroyer | Design
Close in anti-aircraft armament consisted of six Bofors 40 mm guns, with two twin mounts and two single mounts. Ten 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes were fitted, in two quintuple mounts.
G-class destroyer (1944) | Design
And in July 2016, "Freedom" suffered a seawater leak into one of its two main diesel propulsion systems and had to return to San Diego for seawater decontamination.
Freedom-class littoral combat ship | Engine maintenance incidents
An ahead-throwing anti-submarine weapon, at first planned to be the Mark 17, a large, trainable Hedgehog anti-submarine spigot mortar, would be fitted. The final design, SCB-71, or the "Dealey" or DE-1006 class, was long overall and at the waterline, with a beam of and a draft of . Displacement was light and full load. 2 Foster-Wheeler boilers fed steam to a geared steam turbine, which drove a single propeller shaft. The machinery was rated at which gave a design speed of . A single-shaft machinery layout was chosen to ease mass production, avoiding potential bottlenecks in gear-cutting which had delayed production of wartime destroyer escorts.
Dealey-class destroyer escort | Development and design
The intended ship's company for "Duchess" was 278. The main armament of a "Daring"-class destroyer consisted of six QF 4.5-inch Mk I – V naval guns, arranged in three twin turrets, two located forward, the third aft. For anti-aircraft warfare, the ships were fitted with four to six 40 mm Bofors guns: a reduction from the wartime-intended eight. Both main and anti-aircraft guns were radar-controlled. Two 5-tube launchers for 21 inch (533 mm) torpedoes were installed, along with a Squid anti-submarine mortar.
HMAS Duchess (D154) | Design and construction
The NBL-built D800s were withdrawn before their Class 42 sisters, themselves doomed to a short life because of the decision to standardise on diesel-electric transmission for mainline locomotives. None have survived into preservation. Many of the names were allocated to Class 50 locomotives, which were also named after British warships. They were allocated to Bristol Bath Road, Laira Plymouth, Newton Abbot and Old Oak Common.
British Rail Class 43 (Warship Class) | Withdrawal