Fossils of "Ypresiomyrma" were first studied and described by Bruce Archibald, Stefan Cover and Corrie Moreau of the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. They published their 2006 description of the genus and species in an "Annals of the Entomological Society of America" journal article. The genus name is a combination of Ypresian, referring to the age of the specimens and the Greek "", meaning "ant". The minimum fossil age is approximately 54.5 to 55.5 million years. Along with the genus description, the paper contained descriptions of the type species "Ypresiomyrma orbiculata" and "Ypresiomyrma bartletti", both from the McAbee Fossil Beds in British Columbia, part of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands lake system.
History and classification
Ypresiomyrma
Ypresiomyrma | History and classification
Bruce Archibald, Stefan Cover and Corrie Moreau Bruce Archibald, Stefan Cover and Corrie Moreau Bruce Archibald Bruce Archibald, Stefan Cover and Corrie Moreau.
what is ypresiomyrma?
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It is an extinct genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmeciinae.
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how are they classified?
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As "incertae sedis"
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who described them for thr first time?
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The alates were poor flyers due to their size, and birds and animals most likely preyed on these ants. "Ypresiomyrma" is not assigned to any tribe, and is instead generally regarded as "incertae sedis" within Myrmeciinae. However, some authors believe "Ypresiomyrma" should be assigned as "incertae sedis" within Formicidae.
Ypresiomyrma | Introduction
Archibald, Cover and Moreau also included a redescription of the Danish species "Pachycondyla rebekkae" under the new name combination "Ypresiomyrma rebekkae". A fourth species, "Ypresiomyrma orientalis" was described in 2015. Archibald and colleagues originally classified "Ypresiomyrma" as "incertae sedis" (Latin for "of uncertain placement") within the ant subfamily Myrmeciinae, as the ants could not be identified to any tribe level. However, a 2008 paper by Cesare Baroni Urbani of the University of Basel, Switzerland, expressed doubt that members of "Ypresiomyrma" were even ants. He notes that the development of the malar area (an area between the compound eyes and the mandibles) was different and not reduced, as a reduced malar is synapomorphic (key diagnostic traits) in Myrmeciinae.
Ypresiomyrma | History and classification
Baroni Urbani further notes that the antennae's shape on the type species could not be properly determined, making its true placement within Formicidae indeterminable. However, the antennae of "Y. rebekkae" has an elongated scape which means the fossil is definitely an ant, as this feature is a key diagnostic trait for Formicidae. Due to this, Baroni Urbani believed that "Ypresiomyrma" could only be confidently classified as "incertae sedis" within the family Formicidae. A subsequent report by Russian palaeoentomologist Gennady M. Dlussky describing new myrmecines accepted the classification of Archibald and colleagues without mentioning the comments of Baroni Urbani.
Ypresiomyrma | History and classification
Fossils of "Ypresiomyrma" were first studied and described by Bruce Archibald, Stefan Cover and Corrie Moreau of the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. They published their 2006 description of the genus and species in an "Annals of the Entomological Society of America" journal article. The genus name is a combination of Ypresian, referring to the age of the specimens and the Greek "", meaning "ant". The minimum fossil age is approximately 54.5 to 55.5 million years. Along with the genus description, the paper contained descriptions of the type species "Ypresiomyrma orbiculata" and "Ypresiomyrma bartletti", both from the McAbee Fossil Beds in British Columbia, part of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands lake system.
Ypresiomyrma | History and classification
Ypresiomyrma is an extinct genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmeciinae that was described in 2006. There are four species described; one species is from the Isle of Fur in Denmark, two are from the McAbee Fossil Beds in British Columbia, Canada, and the fourth from the Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya fossil site in Russia. The queens of this genus are large, the mandibles are elongated and the eyes are well developed; a stinger is also present. The behaviour of these ants would have been similar to that of extant Myrmeciinae ants, such as solitary foraging for arthropod prey and never leaving pheromone trails.
Ypresiomyrma | Introduction
This species is known from over 100 specimens collected from the earliest Ypresian Ølst and Fur Formations, found in calcareous rocks. The specimens were first studied and described by Jes Rust and N. Møller Andersen in 1999, and they named the species for Rebekka Madsen who collected the type specimen in September 1994. The holotype and paratype queen described are well preserved, although the legs are missing; the part and counterpart, GMUC No. 1995 8B and GMUC No. 1995 8A are deposited in the Geological Museum of the University of Copenhagen. At that time, Rust and Andersen placed the species into the modern ponerin genus "Pachycondyla" based on the shape of the abdominal segment VI and lack of dentition on the mandibles.
Ypresiomyrma | "Y. rebekkae"
"Ypresiosirex" was first studied by the paleoentomologists S. Bruce Archibald from Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia and Alexandr Rasnitsyn of the A. A. Borissiak Paleontological Institute. Their 2015 type description of the new genus and species was published in the journal "Canadian Entomologist". The genus name "Ypresiosirex" was coined by the researchers as a combination of Ypresian, the age of the fossil, and "Sirex" a horntail genus name. The specific epithet "orthosemos" is derived from Greek meaning "with vertical stipes", alluding to the corrugated texture of the wing membrane at its base. "Ypresiosirex orthosemos" was one of three sawfly species described in Archibald & Rasnitsyn's 2015 paper, the other two being "Ulteramus republicensis" and "Cuspilongus cachecreekensis", from the Klondike Mountain Formation and the McAbee fossil beds respectively.
Ypresiosirex | History and classification
The antennae are not preserved and the eyes cannot be distinguished. The mandibles have around ten or fewer teeth. The forewings of the queen are faintly preserved, and portions of the legs are preserved and disarticulated. Some portions of the gaster are deformed and the specimen appears to be crushed, but the overall morphology of this species justifies its placement within Myrmeciinae. An undescribed worker in the form genus "Myrmeciites" may possibly be a "Y. bartletti" ant, but this cannot be confirmed due to its poor preservation.
Ypresiomyrma | "Y. bartletti"
El Ciprés was first reported in 1941 by Edwin M. Shook, who named it Cimientos. The location of the site was lost by the 1970s and rediscovered in 1991. The site possesses a well-preserved I-shaped ballcourt. In common with other Postclassic sites, it is defensively situated on a plateau surrounded by deep ravines. Most of the structures of the site are small but possess fine flagstone masonry. The two larger structures are the ballcourt and a long structure on the east side of the site.
Chajoma | El Ciprés
Placement of the genus into Siricidae was based on the modified abdomen tip which forms a cornus. The basal area of the wings shows distinct corrugation running from the leading edge to the rear edge, which is not seen in any other hymenopterans.
Ypresiosirex | Description
"Y. orthosemos" is known only from one fossil, a part and counterpart holotype, specimen number RBCM.EH2015.004.0001.001A&B, which is housed in the collections of the Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria, British Columbia. "Ypresiosirex" was described from a specimen which was recovered from outcrops of the early Eocene, Ypresian McAbee Fossil Beds near Cache Creek, British Columbia. The unnamed formation outcropping at the McAbee Fossil Beds preserve an upland temperate flora that was first interpreted as being Microthermal, although further study has shown them to be more mesothermal in nature. The plant community preserved in the McAbee Fossil Beds site is mostly broadleaf pollen with alder and elm dominating, and may represent a successional forest involving multiple volcanic ash eruptions.
Ypresiosirex | History and classification
"Y. orbiculata" was described from a single part and counterpart compression fossil found at the Middle Ypresian McAbee Fossil Beds, Kamloops Group, near Cache Creek, British Columbia. The type specimens numbered UCCIPR L-18 F-749 and UCCIPR L-18 F-750 for the part and counterpart is currently preserved in the palaeoentomology collections housed at Thompson Rivers University, in Kamloops, British Columbia. Archibald, Cover, and Moreau coined the specific epithet from the Latin ""orbiculatus"", meaning "rounded" or "circular", in reference to the shape of the head. The species is discernible from the other two species of "Ypresiomyrma" by its notably rounded head capsule, and by the shape of the petiole which has a smoothly sloping convex shape with a node in the center.
Ypresiomyrma | "Y. orbiculata"
These fossil species date back to the Middle Ypresian. Archibald and colleagues originally classified "Avitomyrmex" as "incertae sedis" (Latin for "of uncertain placement") within the ant subfamily Myrmeciinae, as the specimens are unable to be properly identified. In 2008, however, Cesare Baroni Urbani of the University of Basel, Switzerland, noted that no specimen in this genus allows a proper examination of the apomorphy (key diagnostic traits) of the subfamilial or familial characters. While Baroni Urbani excludes "Avitomyrmex" from Myrmeciinae and classifies it as "incertae sedis" in Hymenoptera, the morphological characters and wings show the specimens are undoubtedly a hymenopteran insect.
Avitomyrmex | History and classification
Its original type section was located in the vicinity of Ieper. The top of the Ypresian (the base of the Lutetian) is identified by the first appearance of the foraminifera genus "Hantkenina" in the fossil record.
Ypresian | Stratigraphic definition
A well-developed stinger is present in the fossilized specimens. Only a single complete male is known from all the collected specimens. The body length is shorter in comparison to the queen caste, measuring and it is also more slender. The head and mandibles are small, but the eyes are fully developed and large. The antennae are not preserved, and only small fragments of the legs are present. The gaster is smaller and more elongated, but the genitalia are not preserved.
Ypresiomyrma | "Y. rebekkae"
The type specimens of "Y. geinitzi" and "Y. constrictus" were collected in 1868, and when first described were part of the University of Königsberg's amber collection. The fossils were initially studied by Austrian entomologist Gustav Mayr who placed the two species in the genus "Hypoclinea", now considered a junior synonym of the living genus "Dolichoderus". Mayr's 1868 type descriptions of the new species were published in the journal "Beiträge zur Naturkunde Preussens". All the "Y. samlandicus" syntypes were collected by 1915, and the first 73 described were part of the University of Königsberg amber collection. These fossils were first studied by American entomologist William Morton Wheeler, whose type description of ""Iridomyrmex" samlandica" was published in the journal "Schriften der Physikalisch-Ökonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg".
Yantaromyrmex | History and classification
Ypresiosirex is an extinct genus of sawfly in the horntail family Siricidae. The genus is solely known from a single Eocene fossil found in North America. At the time of its description the new genus was composed of a single species named Ypresiosirex orthosemos.
Ypresiosirex | Introduction
There are several characteristics that separate "Ypresiomyrma" from other ant genera. The waist connecting the thorax and the abdomen in "Ypresiomyrma" is composed of a single segment. The head in each species varies in shape, and mandibles are a distinct triangular shape and shorter than the head capsule with eight to twelve teeth, although they are elongated. Queens of the genus are large, measuring over . Other characters include large, well developed eyes, a rounded propodeal dorsum and a noticeable stinger.
Ypresiomyrma | Description
In his review, "Iridomyrmex" was split into a more restricted genus group while the other species which did not match the definition of that genus were moved to other genera. At that time Shattuck provisionally kept "Y. geinitzi" in "Iridomyrmex" citing a lack of specimens for him to study, while both "Y. constrictus" and "Y. samlandicus" were transferred to the genus "Anonychomyrma". The placements of "Y. geinitzi" was retained until 2011 when Shattuck and Brian Heterick again reviewed "Iridomyrmex". With more fossils to study and based on a number of characters, "Y. geinitzi" was also moved to "Anonychomyrma". The three species were reviewed again, this time in 2013.
Yantaromyrmex | History and classification
The single described female of "Ypresiosirex" is mostly complete, missing the very apical section of the ovipositor. The female has a body length of approximately and an overall preserved length of with the partially preserved ovipositor included. The body is dark in coloration overall, with an area of the mid-abdomen possibly lighter, though the change in color may be the result of preservation showing the ventral color and not the dorsal color. The fore-wings show darkening near the base which grades to hyaline for the rest of the membrane. In some areas of the head and thorax preservation is detailed enough to show the surfaces had a patterning of shallow densely spaced pits.
Ypresiosirex | Description
In the geologic timescale the Ypresian () is the oldest age or lowest stratigraphic stage of the Eocene. It spans the time between , is preceded by the Thanetian age (part of the Paleocene) and is followed by the Eocene Lutetian age. The Ypresian is consistent with the lower Eocene.
Ypresian | Introduction
The Ypresian age begins during the throes of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). The Fur Formation in Denmark and the Messel shales in Germany are from this age.
Ypresian | Events
"Y. orientalis" was described from a part and counterpart holotype and a solitary forewing paratype compression fossil found at the late Eocene Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya fossil site, in the Sikhote-Alin area of far-eastern Russia. The type specimens numbered PIN 3429/1109 for the part and counterpart and PIN 3429/1198 are currently preserved in the A.A. Borissiak Paleontological Institute fossil collections of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dlussky, Rasnitsyn, and Perfilieva coined the specific epithet from the Latin ""orientalis"", meaning "eastern", in reference to the type locality. The species is discernible from "Y. rebekkae" by its smaller petiole node size. While there are no distinct differences between "Y.
Ypresiomyrma | "Y. orientalis"
orientalis" and the two Okanagan Highlands species "Y. bartletti" and "Y. orbiculata", the fossils were placed into a new species by Dlussky, Rasnitsyn, and Perfilieva. This is due to the notable time difference between the highlands and Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya. Though the possible gyne is incomplete the estimated body length is and the mesosoma is robust. The forewing has closed 1+2r, 3r, rm and mcu cells, with the 3r elongated while the 1+2r is shorted to just over twice as long as wide.
Ypresiomyrma | "Y. orientalis"
The Ypresian stage was introduced in scientific literature by Belgian geologist André Hubert Dumont in 1850. The Ypresian is named after the Flemish city of Ypres in Belgium (spelled "Ieper" in Dutch). The definitions of the original stage were totally different from the modern ones. The Ypresian shares its name with the Belgian Ieper Group (French: "Groupe d'Ypres"), which has an Ypresian age. The base of the Ypresian stage is defined at a strong negative anomaly in δC values at the PETM. The official reference profile (GSSP) for the base of the Ypresian is the Dababiya profile near the Egyptian city of Luxor.
Ypresian | Stratigraphic definition
This suborder was described by Chatton and Villeneuve in 1936
Blastogregarinorina | History
They chose the name "mayrianum" to honor Gustav Mayr for his work as a myrmecologist.
Yantaromyrmex | History and classification
Yantaromyrmex is an extinct genus of ants first described in 2013. Members of this genus are in the subfamily Dolichoderinae of the family Formicidae, known from Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene fossils found in Europe. The genus currently contains five described species, "Y. constrictus", "Y. geinitzi", "Y. intermedius", "Y. mayrianum" and "Y. samlandicus". The first specimens were collected in 1868 and studied by Austrian entomologist Gustav Mayr, who originally placed the fossils in other ant genera until the fossils were reviewed and subsequently placed into their own genus. These ants are small, measuring from in length and can be characterized by their trapezoidal shaped head-capsules and oval compound eyes that are located slightly to the rear of the capsules midpoint, with no known ocelli present.
Yantaromyrmex | Introduction
"Paradoxosisyra" is one of three Sisyridae genera described from the fossil record, the others being the Cretaceous "Prosisyrina" from Taimyr amber and the Eocene "Paleosisyra" from Baltic amber. Due to the different structure of the mouthparts from other members of Sisyridae, Makarkin erected a new subfamily Paradoxosisyrinae for the genus, placing the other genera into the subfamily Sisyrinae.
Paradoxosisyra | History and classification
Both males and workers have a five segmented gaster and the males are distinguished by the slightly protruding stipites (the second segment of the maxilla) at the tip of segment five.
Yantaromyrmex | "Y. constrictus"
Both "Y. geinitzi" and "Y. constrictus" were both moved from "Hypoclinea" to the small related genus "Bothriomyrmex" in 1873 by Dalla Torre. In his 1915 paper "The ants of Baltic Amber" Wheeler suggested both species and the newly named ""I." samlandica" would be better placed in the genus "Iridomyrmex" and noted "Y. geinitzi" to be one of the most abundant ant species in the Baltic amber he had studied. Wheeler based the placement on the structuring of the labial and maxillary palpi. This placement was unchallenged until the genus was reviewed, redefined and split up in 1992 by Steven Shattuck.
Yantaromyrmex | History and classification
In 920 Hywel Dda united Seisyllwg and Dyfed to create the kingdom of the Deheubarth.
Ystrad Tywi | History
During the neolithic, sedentary populations inhabited the dels Aspres hills, and built megalithic dolmens in the area.
Pic dels Aspres | History
Ygapema errata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2008.
Ygapema errata | Introduction
Isérables is first mentioned in 1227 as "Aserablos". In 1324 it was mentioned as "Yserablo".
Isérables | History
"Bombus cerdanyensis" was described from a solitary fossil, which is a compression-impression fossil pair preserved in layers of soft sedimentary rock. Along with other well preserved insect fossils, the "B. cerdanyensis" specimen was collected from layers of Late Miocene terrigenous and diatomites exposed around the small town of Bellver de Cerdanya, Spain. The sediments are reported as from a deep mountain paleolake that exists about 10 million years ago. Study of the paleoflora preserved in the shales indicates the lake was around in elevation in a climate that was warmer than the current conditions in the area. At the time of study, the holotype counterpart and part were part of the paleoentomology collections housed by the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle.
Bombus cerdanyensis | History and classification
The petiole is similar in appearance to "Prionomyrmex janzeni", and the propodeum is round. The queen is estimated to have been approximately . The compound eyes are large and oval shape, but the antennae cannot be described due to poor preservation. The mandibles are large, containing seven to eight teeth. A well-developed stinger is also present.
Ypresiomyrma | "Y. orbiculata"
"Epeira cylindrica" was at a time placed in Linyphiidae and is considered "incertae sedis", as is ""Araneus" cylindriformis" . "Epeira" was synonymized with the genus "Aranea" by William Elford Leach in 1815, and with "Araneus" by Eugène Simon in 1904, though this synonymy was not universally recognized.
Araneus | Taxonomic history
The holotype specimen, IGM-PB 2573–632, is preserved in the paleontological collections housed in the Instituto Geologica which is part of the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City, Mexico.
Eucommia constans | History and classification
All these catalogues, unrivaled in Western medieval literature, are of great historical value.
Ystoria Mongalorum | Content
Characteristics of the male were described in 1996 by Wayne Maddison.
Zygoballus incertus | History and taxonomy
The morphology of the mandibles indicate they were specialised tools for excavating chambers in soil or wood during colony foundation; their large size and common occurrence in their geographical range would mean they were an important food source to a variety of birds and Paleogene animals that predominately fed on insects.
Ypresiomyrma | Ecology
Even after its placement within Myrmeciinae it was still classified as "incertae sedis". However, Cesare Baroni Urbani of the University of Basel, Switzerland classified the genus as "incertae sedis" within the family Formicidae. Baroni Urbani justifies his decision by stating the characters of the ant are similar to those of "Cariridris", an insect from the Lower Cretaceous that was once placed in Myrmeciinae, but is now "incertae sedis" within the subclade Aculeata. "Archimyrmex" also shares a similar structure to other ants and insects within the order Hymenoptera. The key diagnostic traits (synapomorphies) of Myrmeciinae ants cannot be observed although the described species have elongated scapes (the first segment of the antenna), a key diagnostic trait for Formicidae.
Archimyrmex | History and classification
A 2012 report describing new myrmecine fossils accepted the classification of Archibald and colleagues while disregarding Baroni Urbani's comments.
Archimyrmex | History and classification
Xyridacma is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae erected by Edward Meyrick in 1888.
Xyridacma | Introduction
Before the merging of the families Ithonidae and Polystoechotidae in 2010, "Allorapisma" was the first Ithonidae fossil to be described from the Cenozoic.
Allorapisma | History and classification
The genus was described and placed in the family Yponomeutidae by Edward Meyrickin 1932. The genus and species was not studied again until Clarke examined specimens at the British Museum in 1965 and selected a lectotype. Clarke retained the species in Yponomeutidae. Study of the type and syntypes led to a transfer to the family Choreutidae.
Telosphrantis | Taxonomy
A subsequent report describing new fossil myrmecines accepted the classification of Archibald and colleagues without comment on the views of Baroni Urbani. The following cladograms generated by Archibald and colleagues show two possible phylogenetic positions of "Macabeemyrma" among some ants of the subfamily Myrmeciinae; the cladogram on the right included three additional extinct genera compared to that on the left. They suggest that "Macabeemyrma ovata" and other extinct ants such as "Avitomyrmex" and "Ypresiomyrma" may be closely related to the living "Nothomyrmecia macrops".
Macabeemyrma | History and classification
This fungus was first described by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart.
Thelephora terrestris | History and taxonomy
Accordingly, it is now classified outside Phyllotini and considered as Sigmodontinae "incertae sedis".
Irenomys | Taxonomy
It was described by William Wright Smith.
Saxifraga consanguinea | History
Yramea cytheris is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It was first described by Dru Drury in 1773 from the Falkland Islands. In some systems it is included in genus "Issoria".
Yramea cytheris | Introduction
The latter parts were not printed due to government intervention, but have survived in manuscript form.
Y Drych Cristnogol | Introduction
However, this classification scheme was based on "Gephyrostegus" fossils, as the two genera were still considered synonymous in 1947.
Diplovertebron | History
The species was first described as "Cerostoma manella" by August Busck in 1903. This name was already occupied by the species "Ypsolopha manella" described a year earlier by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. In 1982 John B. Heppner published the replacement name "Ypsolopha buscki".
Ypsolopha buscki | Taxonomy
A series of fossils from the three genera were examined by Dlussky and Perfilieva and based on the very notable similarities between the three species, they synonymized the three genera under "Archimyrmex", treating both "Ameghinoia" and ""Polanskiella"" as junior synonyms. A fourth species, "A. wedmannae" was described by Dlussky in 2012 based on fossils found in the Middle Eocene Messel Pit site of Germany. The specific epithet was chosen by Dlussky to honour paleoentomologist Sonja Wedmann. Before "Archimyrmex" was placed into the subfamily Myrmeciinae, Wheeler classified the genus as "incertae sedis" (Latin for "of uncertain placement") within the ant subfamily Myrmicinae, as it could not be confidently placed into any ant tribe.
Archimyrmex | History and classification
eriensis", he suggested that "T. boylei" could have descended directly from "Erieopterus". "Tylopterella" was classified as part of the family Eurypteridae until 1989, when the American paleontologist Victor P. Tollerton classified it as "incertae sedis" (a taxon with unclear relationships) due to the scarce material and lack of obvious features of any family. However, in 2011, the British geologist and paleobiologist James C. Lamsdell created the new superfamily Onychopterelloidea and family Onychopterellidae, assigning "Tylopterella" and "Onychopterella" to the latter. This family was characterized by the presence of spines in the second to fourth pairs of appendages, lack of spines in the fifth and sixth (except occasionally spurs in the eighth podomere, that is, leg segment of the sixth appendage), the shape of the carapace with lateral eyes and a lanceolate or styliform telson.
Tylopterella | Classification
The second species described from the McAbee Fossil Beds is "Y. bartletti" which, like "Y. orbiculata", is known from a single queen specimen. The holotype part and counterpart are included in the Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa collections as GSC 127632a and GSC 127632b. The shape of the head is subtriangular, which separates it from "Y. orbiculata", and at an estimated it is smaller than "Y. rebekkae". The petiole shape in "Y. bartletti" is distinct from both other species. The specific epithet was chosen in honor of Rod Bartlett who collected the specimen, and to honor his work with the Vancouver Paleontological Society and the British Columbia Paleontological Alliance.
Ypresiomyrma | "Y. bartletti"
"Eucommia constans" was first identified by Susana Magallón-Puebla and Sergio R. S. Cevallos-Ferriz in 1994 from the Miocene to Pleistocene Pié de Vaca Formation which outcrops in the state of Puebla in East-central Mexico. The species is the only record of the genus "Eucommia" in Mexico, and is the youngest occurrence of "Eucommia" in North America. "E. constans" is also the southernmost occurrence of "Eucommia" in North America, and when first described the species was the southernmost species to be described in world. The species was described from a group of over one-hundred and fifty compression fossils studied by Magallón-Puebla and Cevallos-Ferriz who published their findings in an "International Journal of Plant Sciences" article.
Eucommia constans | History and classification
Most of these have now been placed elsewhere.
Hydnaceae | History
The entrance to the fort was through a rocky gully. The footings of a tower were discovered when the site was excavated; its stones are believed to date from the 2nd to the 4th centuries.
Caer y Twr | Introduction
This error was eventually corrected, and "M. mycetomatis" was placed in the Sordariales order.
Madurella mycetomatis | History
In 1988, Hattrup and Johnson described the following radiographic classification system:
Hallux rigidus | Classification
This genus was described in 2010 by Wünschmann "et al".
Nephroisospora | History
This narrative history and other information was taken from the benevolent book of Mr. Eulogio Eleazar published 1980 entitled "History of Cantilan".
Carcanmadcarlan | Topography
They noted older fossils are reported in the literature, but no detailed descriptions of the specimens have been published.
Aphaenogaster dlusskyana | History and classification
At the time of description however the two organs had not been found in connection, and so where described under separate names. The fruits are over double the size of the older Ypresian age "Trochodendron drachukii" fruits from the McAbee Fossil Beds in Canada.
Trochodendron rosayi | Taxonomy
A new stratotype for the Lutetian was proposed by Blondeau (1981) about north of Paris. The neostratotype is located on the right bank of the river Oise at St. Leu d'Esserent and the large quarry at St. Vaast-les-Mello (Oise). Since 2003, the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) for the Ypresian is set in the Dababiya section close to Luxor, Egypt, where the uppermost Tarawan Limestone, the Esna Formation and the lowermost Thebes Limestone define the Ypresian sequence. Several other proposals for the lithostratigraphic redefinition of the top of the Ypresian exist; among others the Punta Torcida Formation of the Austral or Magallanes Basin in Tierra del Fuego, the Azkorri Sandstone in the Gorrondatxe section of the North Pyrenean Foreland or Basque–Cantabrian Basin, the Agost section close to Alicante in the Agost Basin in the Betic Cordillera, and the Fortuna section north of Murcia in the Prebetic realm of the Betic Cordillera, all in Spain.
Ieper Group | Ypresian
constrictus" which always has numerous erect hairs on the body and legs. The high conical propodeum and scape which does not extend to the edge ofhte head capsule isolate "Y. intermedius" from "Y. samlandicus". The right antennae of the type specimen is preserved with the head of a "Ctenobethylus goepperti" worker ant clamped near the tip, and it seems the two had just fought prior to entombment.
Yantaromyrmex | "Y. intermedius"
The fossils were described by Gennady Dlussky and Sonja Wedmann in a 2012 paper on the poneromorph ants of Messel, with the genus and both species named in it. The genus name is a combination of the ant genus "Ectatomma" and the Greek word "pseudo", meaning false. The specific epithet "eocenica" is derived from the Eocene age of the fossil, while the name "striatula" is based on the Latin "striatulus", meaning "marked by parallel lines".
Pseudectatomma | History and classification
Like this, Eburodunum-Yverdon survived the hard times, until the 15th century. The Castrum was noted in the "Notitia Dignitatum" (dated c. 420 CE).
Yverdon-les-Bains | The Castrum
It was first described by G. Brook in 1891 as "Madrepora polystoma".
Acropora polystoma | Taxonomy
Its elongated head and mandibles distinguish this species from those in the genus "Ypresiomyrma", which are otherwise thought to have a close phylogenetic relationship due to similarities. The waist consists of a single segment, and whether or not the ant has a sting cannot be fully determined due to the condition of the specimen collected.
Macabeemyrma | Description
The fort was built for a contingent of up to 500 cavalrymen, recruited originally in Spain from the Vettones, and these Vettonian cavalry would have played a significant part in the conquest of the area held by the Silures.
Y Gaer | History
A. Butler was probably the first to propose a systematic classification for many euptychiine taxa, excluding species now in the ""Taygetis" clade". In his monograph of "Euptychia" (then used as a catch-all genus to include most euptychiine species), Butler divided the genus into seven groups (Division I to VII). Subsequently, Butler proposed an updated classification for the group and recognized 27 "species groups" within "Euptychia sensu" Butler (1867). G. Weymer recognized 29 "species group" within "Euptychia sensu" Butler, in addition to treating "Taygetis" and "Amphidecta" in his monograph of Satyridae in the "Macrolepidoptera of the American Faunistic region" by A.
Euptychiina | History of classification
Others geographers arranged it differently.
Dascylium | History
Despite these comments, a 2012 report by Russian palaeoentomologist Gennady M. Dlussky does not make any comment in regard to Baroni Urbani's views; instead, he accepts the classification of Archibald and colleagues.
Myrmeciites | History and classification
Ypres was a 1925 feature-length documentary produced by British Instructional Films, directed by Walter Summers. It was made up entirely of reconstructions of the various Battles of Ypres performed by members of the British Armed Forces. The following year, Summers directed another battle reconstruction "Mons". The film was remastered with a new soundtrack for its DVD release in 2010. The documentary can be viewed in its entirety on the British Pathé website.
Ypres (1925 film) | Introduction
Guard Cavalry Division (Günther von Etzel) 4th Cavalry Division (Otto von Garnier)
First Battle of Ypres order of battle | <a href="I%20Cavalry%20Corps%20%28German%20Empire%29">I Cavalry Corps</a> (<a href="Manfred%20von%20Richthofen%20%28general%29">Manfred von Richthofen</a>)
Llankibatrachus is an extinct genus of prehistoric frogs in the family Pipidae. They are known from the Ypresian (Casamayoran) Huitrera Formation of Argentina.
Llankibatrachus | Introduction
Archibald, Cover, and Moreau moved the species to "Ypresiomyrma" based on the similarity to the McAbee species, by the shape of the abdominal segment III, which differs from that found in the Ponerinae subfamily genera, and by the morphology of the petiole. "Y. rebekkae" can be distinguished from other species by the shape of its petiole and the size of its head, being notably larger than "Y. bartletti". The ants' somewhat angular head is also different, with other species having a rounded head. The species is known almost exclusively from queens, with only one known male ant assigned to it by Rust and Andersen.
Ypresiomyrma | "Y. rebekkae"
Ypres is an ancient town, known to have been raided by the Romans in the first century BC. It is first mentioned by name in 1066 and is probably named after the river Ieperlee on the banks of which it was founded. During the Middle Ages, Ypres was a prosperous Flemish city with a population of 40,000 in 1200 AD, renowned for its linen trade with England, which was mentioned in the "Canterbury Tales". As the third largest city in the County of Flanders (after Ghent and Bruges) Ypres played an important role in the history of the textile industry.
Ypres | Origins to First World War
2 males, 1 female, together with some more or less typical specimens, from Cedre, Hautes Pyrenees.
Orthosia incerta | Technical description and variation
In fact, at the moment of the suppression of this Office, they remained 520 “Gentilhombres de cámara con ejercicio y servidumbre”. Among them, only 155 belonged to the titled nobility. This Court class was just behind the category of “Gentilhombres Grandes de España con ejercicio y servidumbre”.
Gentilhombres de cámara con ejercicio | Introduction
Mordellistena y-nigrum is a species of beetle in the genus "Mordellistena" of the family Mordellidae. It was described by Ray in 1937.
Mordellistena y-nigrum | Introduction
A species of "Dileptus" was described by C. G. Ehrenberg in 1833, under the name "Amphileptus margaritifer". Eight years later, Félix Dujardin created the genus "Dileptus" and moved Ehrenberg's "A. margaritifer" to it, along with "Dileptus anser" Müller 1773 (now classified in "Pseudomonilicaryon") and "Dileptus folium" (now "Litonotus cygnus"). Over the next century, many new species were described. By 1963, when Jean Dragesco published the first detailed account of the genus, it included about 50 species. In a comprehensive taxonomic study published in 2012, Peter Vďačný and Wilhelm Foissner restricted the genus "Dileptus" to dileptids "having more than 50 dispersed macronuclear nodules that divide individually," which left only ten nominal species within the group.
Dileptus | History and Classification
2nd Cavalry Division (Georg Thumb von Neuburg) 7th Cavalry Division (Ernst von Heydebreck)
First Battle of Ypres order of battle | <a href="II%20Cavalry%20Corps%20%28German%20Empire%29">II Cavalry Corps</a> (<a href="Georg%20von%20der%20Marwitz">Georg von der Marwitz</a>)
Makovicky. However, these specimens were less complete than their predecessor, and so the original specimen was made the holotype when describing the taxon.
Xuanhuaceratops | Classification
Cylindrepomus ysmaeli is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hüdepohl in 1987.
Cylindrepomus ysmaeli | Introduction
"P. plinthoglypta" was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1892.
Pyrgotis plinthoglypta | Taxonomy
longicaudata", until separated in 1997.
Naraoia | History of the classification
Rhyssostelma is a species of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1844. It contains only one known species, Rhyssostelma nigricans, endemic to Argentina.
Rhyssostelma | Introduction
Milner concluded that "Doratorhynchus" is a "nomen vanum" because they noted that the phalanx was not diagnostic enough anyway and only assignable to Pterodactyloidea "incertae sedis". They assigned CAMSM J.5339 to "Gnathosaurus" as "G. macrurus" and CAMSM J.5340 to an indeterminate ctenochasmatid.
Doratorhynchus | Introduction
Marine Division (Ludwig von Schröder)
First Battle of Ypres order of battle | <a href="4th%20Army%20%28German%20Empire%29">German Fourth Army</a> (<a href="Albrecht%2C%20Duke%20of%20W%C3%BCrttemberg">Albrecht of Württemberg</a>)
At the time of description, the part and counterpart holotype specimen, PIN 3429/1183 & PIN 3429/1164 was preserved in the A. A. Borissiak Paleontological Institute collections, part of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The fossil, an isolated head of a queen, was first described by the trio of paleomyrmecologists Gennady Dlussky, Alexandr Rasnitsyn, and Ksenia Perfilieva. In the type description, Dlussky, Rasnitsyn, and Perfilieva named the species "G. incertus", with the specific epithet derived from the Latin "incertus" meaning "doubtful". "G. incertus" is distinguished from the other two species of "Gesomyrmex" described from Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya in several ways. With a long head, the queen of "Gesomyrmex magnus" is much larger than the single "G.
Gesomyrmex incertus | History and classification
In the original description of his newly introduced Ypresian stage Dumont (1850) did mention neither stratotype nor type locality. He simply referred to the "collines d'Ypres" or Ieper Hills, as the area where the unit is best developed. However, it remains unclear what is meant by this term. The town of Ieper is situated in western Belgium, at the southern end of a small, NW-SE oriented depression ( above mean sea level), surrounded from north to south by a series of low hills (between ). Dumont probably envisaged the elevated zones a few km north and east of Ieper (St.-Jan, Zillebeke, etc.), where clay beds have been quarried for brick and tile making for quite a long time.
Ieper Group | Ypresian
In 138-137 BC the Cyneticum was aggregated into Hispania Ulterior province, only to become again a battleground during the Sertorian Wars, when Quintus Sertorius seized Conistorgis and Consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius devastated the region in retaliation, being defeated at the battle of Laccobriga in 78 BC.
Cynetes | History
Juan de Yciar or Iciar (16th century) was a calligraphist and mathematician active in Zaragoza in the middle of 16th century.
Juan de Yciar | Introduction
Description of type, male specimen, collected in Jeypore by Beddome in 1877: Measurements :
Cyrtodactylus jeyporensis | Description
Ygapema arixi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2005.
Ygapema arixi | Introduction