The Cree are generally divided into eight groups based on dialect and region. These divisions do not necessarily represent ethnic sub-divisions within the larger ethnic group: Due to the many dialects of the Cree language, the people have no modern collective autonym. The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves using modern forms of the historical "nêhiraw", namely "nêhiyaw" and "nêhirawisiw", respectively. Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais all refer to themselves using modern dialectal forms of the historical "iriniw", meaning 'man.' Moose Cree use the form "ililiw", coastal East Cree and Naskapi use "iyiyiw" (variously spelled "iiyiyiu", "iiyiyuu", and "eeyou"), inland East Cree use "iyiniw" (variously spelled "iinuu" and "eenou"), and Montagnais use "ilnu" and "innu", depending on dialect.
Sub-groups / Geography
Cree
Cree | Sub-groups / Geography
Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context. Downstream people and Upstream people Sorry. I cannot find the answer based on the context. Cree
what is parnassius smintheus?
user
It is a high-altitude butterfly found in the Rocky Mountains.
assistant
where did this mountain take its name from?
user
It is a translation of the Cree name ' is given as, "When seen from across the prairies, they looked like a rocky mass".
assistant
what is the history behind this first mentioned name?
user
The name is derived from the Algonkian-language exonym "Kirištino.
assistant
what are some different types of it?
user
The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves as "nêhiyaw" and "nêhirawisiw"; the Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais as "iriniw" etc.
assistant
what are its people?
user
The Cree are generally divided into eight groups based on dialect and region. These divisions do not necessarily represent ethnic sub-divisions within the larger ethnic group: Due to the many dialects of the Cree language, the people have no modern collective autonym. The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves using modern forms of the historical "nêhiraw", namely "nêhiyaw" and "nêhirawisiw", respectively. Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais all refer to themselves using modern dialectal forms of the historical "iriniw", meaning 'man.' Moose Cree use the form "ililiw", coastal East Cree and Naskapi use "iyiyiw" (variously spelled "iiyiyiu", "iiyiyuu", and "eeyou"), inland East Cree use "iyiniw" (variously spelled "iinuu" and "eenou"), and Montagnais use "ilnu" and "innu", depending on dialect.
Cree | Sub-groups / Geography
The Cree use "Cree," "cri," "Naskapi, or "montagnais" to refer to their people only when speaking French or English.
Cree | Sub-groups / Geography
The members with Plains Cree populations are Flying Dust First Nation, Makwa Sahgaiehcan First Nation, Ministikwan Lake Cree Nation, and Waterhen Lake First Nation
Cree | Downstream people
The Cree (, , etc.; ) are one of the largest groups of First Nations in North America. In Canada, over 350,000 people are Cree or have Cree ancestry. The major proportion of Cree in Canada live north and west of Lake Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories. About 27,000 live in Quebec. In the United States, Cree people historically lived from Lake Superior westward. Today, they live mostly in Montana, where they share the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation with Ojibwe (Chippewa) people.
Cree | Introduction
The people of Nisichawayasihk are largely ancestral descendants of indigenous Cree peoples who have populated the Canadian Shield region of northern and central Canada since the retreat of the glaciers about 10,000 years ago. Largely left alone by the Government of Canada during initial colonization and settlement of Western Canada. In the mid-1870s, the Indigenous peoples of the Lake Winnipeg area were interested in making a treaty with the Government of Canada. They had heard about the concessions offered to the Indigenous nations of Treaties 1 to 4 (see Numbered Treaties), and subsequently demanded the government provide similar economic assistance, provisions of tools and protection against the encroachment of outsiders (such as surveyors and settlers) on their territories.
Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation | History
The name "Cree" is derived from the Algonkian-language exonym "Kirištino˙", which the Ojibwa used for tribes around Hudson Bay. The French colonists and explorers, who spelled the term "Kilistinon", "Kiristinon", "Knisteneaux", "Cristenaux", and "Cristinaux", used the term for numerous tribes which they encountered north of Lake Superior, in Manitoba, and west of there. The French used these terms to refer to various groups of peoples in Canada, some of which are now better distinguished as Severn Anishinaabe (Ojibwa), who speak dialects different from the Algonquin. Depending on the community, the Cree may call themselves by the following names: the "nēhiyawak", "nīhithaw", "nēhilaw", and "nēhinaw"; or "ininiw", "ililiw", "iynu" ("innu"), or "iyyu".
Cree | Name
The Naskapi are the Innu First Nations inhabiting a region of northeastern Quebec and Labrador, Canada. The Naskapi are traditionally nomadic peoples, in contrast with the territorial Montagnais, the other segment of Innu. The Naskapi language and culture is quite different from the Montagnais, in which the dialect changes from y to n as in "Iiyuu" versus "Innu". "Iyuw Iyimuun" is the Innu dialect spoken by the Naskapi. Today, the Naskapi are settled into two communities:
Cree | Naskapi
Cree have always identified themselves as "iIyiyuuch" which means "the people". The Cree have continued practising their traditions way of hunting, trapping and fishing. Parts of Wemindji's populations still lives off the land year round.
Wemindji | Culture and traditions
These names are derived from the historical autonym "nēhiraw" (of uncertain meaning) or from the historical autonym "iriniw" (meaning "person"). Cree using the latter autonym tend to be those living in the territories of Quebec and Labrador.
Cree | Name
The "Saāwithiniwak" or Woodland Cree, are a Cree people, calling themselves Nîhithaw in their own dialect of the language. They are the largest indigenous group in northern Alberta and are an Algonquian people. Prior to the 18th century, their territory extended west of Hudson Bay, as far north as Churchill. Although in western Northern Saskatchewan and Manitoba, by the 18th century, they acted as middlemen in trade with western tribes. After acquiring guns through trade, they greatly expanded their territory and drove other tribes further west and north.
Woodland Cree | Introduction
Ojibwe/Chippewa, Odawa, Potawatomi, and a variety of Cree groups lived in Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Western Ontario, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the Canadian Prairies. The Arapaho, Blackfoot and Cheyenne developed as indigenous to the Great Plains.
Algonquian peoples | Upper west
The Cree are the most populous nation in the Algonquian-language family. The majority live in Quebec and Ontario, but Cree also live in Manitoba, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. There are 10 Cree First Nations communities in northern Quebec. They are the: The Cree of Quebec number approximately 19,000 people.
Indigenous peoples in Quebec | <a href="Cree">Cree</a>
These peoples live in the boreal forest in what are now Canada's western provinces and territories. They were originally hunter-gatherers dependent on caribou, moose and the fur trade. Most spoke Athapaskan languages except the Crees and Inland Tlingit. Major ethnicities in the Yukon, Northwest Territories and the northern parts of the western provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) include the following:
List of First Nations peoples | Western subarctic
Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw, officially named Atikamekw Sipi – Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw, is a tribal council in Quebec, Canada. It is composed of three Atikamekw First Nations. The council is based in La Tuque, Quebec. The Atikamekw are inhabitants of the area they refer to as Nitaskinan ("Our Land"), in the upper Saint-Maurice River valley. The First Nations:
Cree | Atikamekw ("Nehiraw")
With a population of approximately 716 members, Misipawistik is a small community compared to the average First Nations community. The population consists of Cree, Metis people, and other First Nations people. Cree, and English are the two languages most widely used.
Misipawistik Cree Nation | Demographics
According to archaeological discoveries, Paleo-Indians inhabited the lands of what is now southern Saskatchewan, including the Montmartre area, since 9500 BCE. Paleoindian means "ancient Indian". The finding of spearheads and bones indicated that people lived on the land for hundreds of years. The Paleo-Indians were a hunter gatherer society who hunted mainly large game animals, such as bison and buffalo. The Assiniboine people, a branch of the Sioux, referred to themselves as Nakota's people. They occupied the southern portion of the plains after migrating from the Devil's Lake Region in the United States. The early Jesuits mention the Assiniboine as a strong and hardy people living in the forest band lake regions around Lake Winnipeg as early as 1640.
Montmartre, Saskatchewan | First Peoples
The Nez Perce had many allies and trading partners among neighboring peoples, but also enemies and ongoing antagonist tribes. To the north of them lived the Coeur d’Alene (Schitsu'umsh) (’Iskíicu’mix), Spokane (Sqeliz) (Heyéeynimuu), and further north the Kalispel (Ql̓ispé) (Qem’éespel’uu, both meaning "Camas People"), Colville (Páapspaloo) and Kootenay / Kootenai (Ktunaxa) (Kuuspel’úu), to the northwest lived the Palus (Pelúucpuu) and to the west the Cayuse (Lik-si-yu) (Weyíiletpuu – "Ryegrass People"), west bound there were found the Umatilla (Imatalamłáma) (Hiyówatalampoo), Walla Walla, Wasco (Wecq’úupuu) and Sk'in (Tike’éspel’uu) and northwest of the latter various Yakama bands (Lexéyuu), to the south lived the Snake Indians (various Northern Paiute (Numu) bands (Hey’ǘuxcpel’uu) in the southwest and Bannock (Nimi Pan a'kwati)-Northern Shoshone (Newe) bands (Tiwélqe) in the southeast), to the east lived the Lemhi Shoshone (Lémhaay), north of them the Bitterroot Salish / Flathead (Seliš) (Séelix), further east and northeast on the Northern Plains were the Crow (Apsáalooke) (’Isúuxe) and two powerful alliances – the Iron Confedery (Nehiyaw-Pwat) (named after the dominating Plains and Woods Cree (Paskwāwiyiniwak and Sakāwithiniwak) and Assiniboine (Nakoda) (Wihnen’íipel’uu), an alliance of northern plains Native American nations based around the fur trade, and later included the Stoney (Nakoda), Western Saulteaux / Plains Ojibwe (Bungi or Nakawē), and Métis) and the Blackfoot Confederacy (Niitsitapi or Siksikaitsitapi) (’Isq’óyxnix) (composed of three Blackfoot speaking peoples – the Piegan or Peigan (Piikáni), the Kainai or Bloods (Káínaa), and the Siksika or Blackfoot (Siksikáwa), later joined by the unrelated Sarcee (Tsuu T'ina) and (for a time) by Gros Ventre or Atsina (A'aninin)).
Nez Perce people | Enemies and Allies
The Assiniboine or Assiniboin people ( when singular, Assiniboines / Assiniboins when plural; Ojibwe: "Asiniibwaan", "stone Sioux"; also in plural Assiniboine or Assiniboin), also known as the Hohe and known by the endonym Nakota (or Nakoda or Nakona), are a First Nations/Native American people originally from the Northern Great Plains of North America. Today, they are centered in present-day Saskatchewan. They have also populated parts of Alberta and southwestern Manitoba in Canada, and northern Montana and western North Dakota in the United States. They were well known throughout much of the late 18th and early 19th century, and were members of the Iron Confederacy with the Cree.
Assiniboine | Introduction
The Nakota people shared an allied relationship with the Nehiyawak or Cree, who occupied the Canadian Shield and boreal forest from what is now northern Quebec to northern Alberta. As allies, the Nehiyawak and Nakota traded with the Mandan south to the Missouri River, and occasionally made war on the Lakota (Sioux), Dakota (Sioux) and Atsina (Gros Ventre) to the southeast and southwest. In the early 1800s, fur traders traveled the southern plain (formerly North West Territories) to make exchanges with the Cree, Sioux and Assiniboine people. These groups joined together were referred to as the Iron Confederacy. After the fur traders discovered indigenous nations, they began referring to the people as the "Plains Indians".
Montmartre, Saskatchewan | First Peoples
The Chipewyan (Denésoliné or Dënesųłı̨né or Dënë Sųłınë́, meaning "the original/real people") are a Dene Indigenous Canadian peoples of the Athabaskan language family, whose ancestors are identified with the Taltheilei Shale archaeological tradition. They are part of the Northern Athabascan group of peoples, and come from what is now Western Canada.
Chipewyan | Introduction
A census report by the Indigenous and Northern Affairs division of the Government of Canada placed the Total Registered Population at 2412, and the Total Population on Reserve at 604.
Peepeekisis Cree Nation | Population
The Cree are an indigenous people of the Subarctic, who historically hunted and gathered in seasonal migrations. In summer, they traveled on waterways by canoe: fishing and harvesting berries and other food staples. In fall, they hunted waterfowl along the shores of James Bay. Prior to winter, Cree families traveled to their winter settlements, where they hunted and trapped big game and small, fur-bearing animals. Prior to spring thaw, the families hunted waterfowl as they migrated north. This was an historical, annual cycle for the Swampy Cree. Early exposure to European society heavily influenced Cree lifestyles. The Hudson's Bay Company establishing a trading post for fur in 1673 in the Moose Factory region.
Moose Cree First Nation | History
The distributive locative suffix /ena:hk/ is used with nouns that reference humans or animals. In this way, "ayīsiyiniw-" "human being" becomes "ayīsiyinināk" "among humans" or "in this world". Similarly, the noun "sāsīw" "Sarci Indian" changes to "at Sarci Reserve" "sāsīnāhk".
Plains Cree | Locative suffix
Traditionally, they were called either "Noopiming-ininiwag" (People in the Woods) or "Ajijaakoons" (Little Crane) by the Ojibwa. The Oji-Cree identify by the autonym is "Anishinaabe" or "Anishinini" (Original Human). Their language and culture also derive from mixed Ojibwa and Cree traditions. "Anishinaabemowin" (the Oji-Cree language) is more closely related to Ojibwa structurally, although its literary tradition more closely resembles that of Cree. "Anishinaabemowin" has about 12,600 speakers.
Oji-Cree | Introduction
Today, together with the "n-Cree" dialect-speaking Woodland Cree, those who live in the Lowlands and Uplands who speak the "n-Cree" dialect are called "Swampy Cree", but culturally Moose Cree (the Cree speaking the "l-dialect") and other peoples of the Upland including the Oji-Cree occasionally self-identify as being "Swampy Cree".
Swampy Cree | First Nations
The Swampy Cree people, also known by their autonyms "Néhinaw", "Maskiki Wi Iniwak", "Mushkekowuk," "Maškékowak" or "Maskekon" (and therefore also "Muskegon" and "Muskegoes") or by exonyms including "West Main Cree," "Lowland Cree", and "Homeguard Cree", are a division of the Cree Nation occupying lands located in northern Manitoba, along the Saskatchewan River in northeastern Saskatchewan, along the shores of Hudson Bay and adjoining interior lands south and west as well territories along the shores of Hudson and James Bay in Ontario. They are geographically and to some extant culturally split into two main groupings, and therefore speak two dialects of the Swampy Cree language, which is a "n-dialect":
Swampy Cree | Introduction
According to Statistics Canada and based on the 2016 Census the population of Pukatawagan 198 was 1,724, a decrease of 5.6% from 2011. Of the 2016 population 1,680 people were registered or Treaty Indian, 45 identified as neither and 25 people identified non-Aboriginal. No other Indigenous peoples were identified. The First Nations peoples identified as Cree, Ojibway, Saulteaux and Sioux. Besides English people in the community spoke Cree-Montagnais languages, a Central Algonquian languages and Ojibway language
Mathias Colomb First Nation | Demographics
The Dane-zaa, Chipewyan, and South Slavey speak (or spoke) languages from the Northern Athabaskan family, which is also common in the regions to the north and west of the park, and call themselves the "Dene" collectively. The Cree, by contrast, are an Algonquian people and are thought to have migrated here from the east within the timeframe of recorded history. Sometime after 1781 when a smallpox epidemic decimated the region, the two groups made a peace treaty at Peace Point through a ceremonial pipe ceremony. This is the origin of the name of the Peace River which flows through the region: the river became the boundary with the Dane-zaa to the North and the Cree to the South.
Wood Buffalo National Park | Before the park
The Dakelh called them "Tsattine / Tsat'en" and the Plains Cree called them "Amiskiwiyiniw", both meaning "Those who live among the beaver" or "Beaver People." In French, they are known as the "Gens de Castor", meaning "People of the Beaver".
Dane-zaa | Name
In normal, everyday spoken Plains Cree, several phonological contractions are observed. For instance, final vowels can merge with the initial vowel of the following word. This is how the phrase "nāpēw mīna atim" is reduced to "nāpēw mīn ātim" "a man and a dog". In this case, the contraction involved the same vowel; the first vowel is taken and included in the second word in its long form. When the contraction involves different vowels, the first vowel is deleted and the second is lengthened: "nāpēw mīna iskwēw" "a man and a woman" is reduced to "nāpēw mīn īskwēw". Contraction does not always occur, and the word boundary may also be distinguished by the insertion of the sound: "mīna iskwēw" and "mīna(h) iskwēw" respectively.
Plains Cree | Surface variations
Their lodges varied in materials depending upon where they lived. In the southern areas they lived in birch-bark wigwams, and further north, where birch was more stunted, they used coverings of pine boughs and caribou hide over conical structures. There was a clear division of labour among men and women. The men hunted, fished, made canoes, sledges, hunting tools and weapons of war. The women foraged, snared rabbits and other small mammals, tanned hides, cut firewood, made snowshoes, pitched tents, hauled wood, wove fish nets, and made clothing adorned with quill- and bead-work. Coats and blankets were made from woven hare skin or soft caribou fur.
Woodland Cree | Culture
MCN is a Cree-speaking community in Northern Manitoba, Canada. The people of Misipawistik are largely ancestral descendants of indigenous Cree peoples who have populated the Canadian Shield region of northern and central Canada for 10,000 to 35,000 years. Cree peoples had been migrating to the area during the summer seasons for thousands of years prior to establishing a year-round settlement with the advent of the North American fur trade. Cree and Mixed families would continue to follow their seasonal cycles well into the latter half of the 20th century. Many famous Canadian figures would pass through Misipawistik on the way through to Western Canada as transportation at the time relied heavily on waterways prior to the late 1800s.
Misipawistik Cree Nation | History
By the early 19th century, the Apsáalooke fell into three independent groupings, who came together only for common defense: Apsaalooke oral history describes a fourth group, the Bilapiluutche ("Beaver Dries its Fur"), who may have merged with the Kiowa in the second half of the 17th century.
Crow people | Historical subgroups
The first is "Anishinini" 'ordinary person' (plural "Anishininiwag") This term has been compared to Plains Cree "ayisiyiniw" 'person, human being.' The term "Anishinaabe" 'ordinary man,' which is widely used as a self-designation across the Ojibwa dialect continuum, is also used and accepted by Severn speakers.
Oji-Cree language | Introduction
The Atikamekw are the Indigenous inhabitants of the subnational country or territory called Nitaskinan ("Our Land"), in the upper Saint-Maurice River valley of Quebec (about north of Montreal), Canada. Their population currently stands at around 8,000. One of the main communities is Manawan, about northeast of Montreal. They have a tradition of agriculture as well as fishing, hunting and gathering. They have close traditional ties with the Innu people, who were their historical allies against the Inuit. The Atikamekw language, a variety of the Cree language in the Algic family, is in everyday use, making it therefore among the indigenous languages least threatened with extinction.
Atikamekw | Introduction
Their tribal area included the river valleys of the Judith River (Buluhpa'ashe, or "Plum River"), Powder River, Tongue River, Big Horn River and Wind River as well as the Bighorn Mountains (Iisiaxpúatachee Isawaxaawúua), Pryor Mountains (Baahpuuo Isawaxaawúua), Wolf Mountains (Cheetiish, or "Wolf Teeth Mountains") and Absaroka Range (also called Absalaga Mountains).
Crow people | In the Northern Plains
Ahenakew is a Cree surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Ahenakew | Introduction
Different sources in Canadian history texts document the area in which Woods Cree was and still is spoken today. In the early 1900s, J.B. Tyrrell, a Canadian geologist and cartographer and the editor of explorer David Thompson's work found that the people living in the area of Île-à-la-Crosse and upper Churchill River referred to themselves as "Nahathaway" and spoke the particular "-th" dialect of Woods Cre"e." The Hudson's Bay Company had made record of the area west of James Bay being inhabited by people speaking the "-th" dialect of Cree. This region of Woods Cree speakers has essentially remained the same until present.
Woods Cree | History and Geographic Distribution
The Oji-Cree are a First Nation in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba, residing in a narrow band extending from the Missinaibi River region in Northeastern Ontario at the east to Lake Winnipeg at the west. The Oji-Cree people are descended from historical intermarriage between the Ojibwa and Cree cultures, but are generally considered a nation distinct from either of their ancestral groups. They are considered one of the component groups of Anishinaabe, and reside primarily in a transitional zone between traditional Ojibwa lands to their south and traditional Cree lands to their north. Historically, the Oji-Cree were identified by the British and Canadian governments as "Cree." The Oji-Cree have identified with the Cree (or more specifically, the Swampy Cree) and not with the Ojibwa located to the south of them.
Oji-Cree | Introduction
Chipewyan peoples live in the region spanning the western Canadian Shield to the Northwest Territories, including northern parts of the provinces of Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan. There are also many burial and archaeological sites in Nunavut which are part of the Dënesųłı̨ne group. The following list of First Nations band governments had in August 2016 a total registered membership of 25,519, with 11,315 in Saskatchewan, 6,952 in Alberta, 3,038 in Manitoba and 4,214 in the Northwest Territories. All had Denesuline populations; however, several had a combination of Cree and Denesuline members (see the Barren Lands First Nation in Manitoba and the Fort McMurray First Nation in Alberta).
Chipewyan | Demographics
The Dënesųłı̨ne people are part of many band governments spanning Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and the Northwest Territories.
Chipewyan | Governance
The powerful Iron Confederacy (Nehiyaw-Pwat), an alliance of northern plains Indian nations based around the fur trade, developed as enemies of the Crow. It was named after the dominating Plains Cree and Assiniboine peoples, and later included the Stoney, Saulteaux, Ojibwe, and Métis.
Crow people | Enemies and allies
The band’s infrastructure includes a band office, arena, gymnasium, school, health clinic, and other maintenance facilities; it has a membership of 2,215 people, 607 of whom live on reserve.
Peepeekisis Cree Nation | History
The Innu (formerly referred to as the Montagnais) comprise nine First Nations in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec. These First Nations are: The Innu number 13,800 people.
Indigenous peoples in Quebec | <a href="Innu">Innu</a>
The name of this reserve originated from its first chief who was born about 1816 on the vast prairie region that was home to his people. He was named Ahtahkakoop, which in Cree means "Starblanket". He was a Head Chief of the Plains Cree who was part of the signing of Treaty Six in 1876. When the treaty was signed, the population of his band was 185 members. As of January 2003 the registered population of Ahtahkakoop is 2600 band members. The language spoken is Cree. The community was formerly known as "Sandy Lake Indian Band".
Ahtahkakoop Cree Nation | History
The population at the 2016 census was 533, an increase of 12.9% from the 2011 census. In the 2016 Census, there were 495 Indigenous people made up of 485 First Nations, Sahtu Dene people speaking North Slavey and 10 Métis people. In 2017, the Government of the Northwest Territories reported that the population was 510, with an average yearly growth rate of -0.4% from 2006.
Délı̨nę | Demographics
The Cree, Assiniboine, and Blackfoot people primarily ate bison (buffalo). The meat was used and prepared in multiple ways. It was boiled, dried, and made into pemmican. The hide was used for robes and boots and the bones were used for tools. They also ate other things like antelope, deer, elk, moose, gophers, and berries. Sage was used often as a seasoning and bannock is a type of bread cooked over the fire. The Indian Turnip was a common vegetable consumed by the Plains Aboriginals. The Aboriginal women gathered the vegetables and berries and also prepared the meals.
Shaunavon, Saskatchewan | Food
Sekani or Tse’khene are a First Nations people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group in the Northern Interior of British Columbia. Their territory includes the Finlay and Parsnip River drainages of the Rocky Mountain Trench. The neighbors of the Sekani are the Babine to the west, Dakelh to the south, Dunneza (Beaver) to the east, and Kaska and Tahltan, to the north, all Athabaskan peoples. In addition, due to the westward spread of the Plains Cree in recent centuries, their neighbors to the east now include Cree communities. Sekani people call their language ["tsek'ene"] or ["tθek'ene"] depending on dialect, which appended with "Dene" (meaning people), means "people on the rocks".
Sekani | Introduction
The Mannegishi (singular the same) are a race of trickster people in Cree folklore, similar in nature to the Memegwesi of the Ojibwa. They are described as semi-humanoid, being sexdactylous humans with very thin and lanky arms and legs and big heads minus a nose. According to one Cree schema of the mythology, there are two humanoid races, one being the familiar human species and the other being the "little people", i.e. Mannegishi. These people are said to live between rocks in the rapids. One of their biggest delights—a completely non-heroic form of trickster behavior—is to crawl out of the rocks and capsize the canoes of people canoeing through the rapids, spinning them to their death.
Mannegishi | Introduction
The Naskapi (Nascapi, Naskapee, Nascapee) are a Cree ethnic group and people native to the historical country St'aschinuw (ᒋᑦ ᐊᔅᒋᓄᐤ, meaning 'our [inclusive] land'), which is located in northern Quebec and Labrador, neighbouring Nunavik. They are closely related to Innu Nation, who call their homeland "Nitassinan". Innu people are frequently divided into two groups, the Neenoilno (called "Montagnais" by French people) who live along the north shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, in Quebec, and the less numerous Naskapi who live farther north. The Innu themselves recognize several distinctions (e.g. Mushuau Innuat, Maskuanu Innut, Uashau Innuat) based on different regional affiliations and various dialects of the Innu language.
Naskapi | Introduction
Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation is governed by an elected chief and council. Elections are held pursuant to NCN's own democratic election code. The last election in Nelson House was in July 2014. The Chief is currently Marcel Moody, a former Councillor. About 3,000 members of the NCN live in Nelson House and the remaining 2,100 off the reserve lands. Until 2005, the community of South Indian Lake on the shores of Southern Indian Lake was also part of the NCN. In December 2005, this community of about 1,100 persons separated from the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation to form the O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation.
Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation | Governance and population
Population of Aboriginal peoples in Canada:
1996 Canadian Census | Aboriginal peoples
The Numic languages (for example Comanche and Shoshoni) are from the Uto-Aztecan language family and came to the Plains from the southwest. Algonquian speakers (Plains Cree, Blackfoot, Saulteaux) are originally from the northeast. The Siouxan peoples (Great Sioux, Assiniboine, Nakoda, Mandan, Crow, etc.) speak a family of languages different from both of the above, and are from southeast. There are also small offshoots of the Na-Dene languages from the far northwest found on the Plains, including the Tsuu T'ina.
History of Alberta | Political history of the indigenous peoples
Endonyms are ' (Plains Cree), ' (Woods Cree), ' (Atikamekw), ' (Western Montagnais, Piyekwâkamî dialect), ' (Western Montagnais, Betsiamites dialect), ' (Eastern Montagnais), ' (Southern East Cree), ' (Northern East Cree), ' (Moose Cree), ' (Eastern Swampy Cree), and "" (Western Swampy Cree).
Cree language | Names
At one time the Cree lived in northern Minnesota, North Dakota and Montana. Today American Cree are enrolled in the federally recognized Chippewa Cree tribe, located on the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation, and in minority as "Landless Cree" on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation and as "Landless Cree" and "Rocky Boy Cree" on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, all in Montana. The Chippewa Cree share the reservation with the Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians, who form the "Chippewa" (Ojibwa) half of the Chippewa Cree tribe. On the other Reservations, the Cree minority share the Reservation with the Assiniboine, Gros Ventre and Sioux tribes.
Cree | In the United States
Population of Aboriginal peoples in Canada:
2001 Canadian Census | Aboriginal peoples
The Dené people () are an indigenous group of First Nations who inhabit the northern boreal and Arctic regions of Canada. The Dené speak Northern Athabaskan languages. "Dené" is the common Athabaskan word for "people" (Sapir 1915, p. 558). The term "Dené" has two usages. More commonly, it is used narrowly to refer to the Athabaskan speakers of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut in Canada, especially including the Chipewyan (Denesuline), Tlicho ("Dogrib"), Yellowknives (T'atsaot'ine), Slavey (Deh Gah Got'ine or Deh Cho), and Sahtu (the Eastern group in Jeff Leer's classification; part of the Northwestern Canada group in Keren Rice's classification).
Dene | Introduction
A traditional view among 20th century anthropologists and historians of the fur trade posits that the Western Woods Cree and the Plains Cree (and therefore their dialects) did not diverge from other Cree peoples before 1670, when the Cree expanded out of their homeland near James Bay because of access to European firearms. By contrast, James Smith of the Museum of the American Indian stated, in 1987, that the weight of archeological and linguistic evidence puts the Cree as far west as the Peace River Region of Alberta before European contact.
Cree language | Origin and diffusion
It was particularly applied to those people living in the lands that bordered Ungava Bay and the northern Labrador coast, near the Inuit communities of northern Quebec and northern Labrador. It is here that the term came to be used for the Naskapi First Nation. The Naskapi are traditionally nomadic peoples, in contrast with the more sedentary "Montagnais", who establish settled territories. "Mushuau Innuat" (plural), while related to the Naskapi, split off from the tribe in the 1900s. They were subject to a government relocation program at Davis Inlet. Some of the families of the Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach have close relatives in the Cree village of Whapmagoostui, on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay.
Innu | Montagnais, Naskapi or Innu
Historically, the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum were classified by their relationship to Hudson Bay and James Bay: Lowland (Homeguard) Cree who were found along the coast, Lowland (Half-Homeguard) Cree who seasonally transitioned between the coast and the interior, and the Upland Cree in the deep interior who often were intermixed with the Ojibwe. West of these Lowland and Upland Cree were the Woodland and Plains Cree. Linguistically, the Cree are divided by their general language features, where the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum are classified as "th-Cree", "n-Cree" and "l-Cree", from west to east; Cree traditionally associated with the Woodland Cree make no distinction between "s" and "š", while the Lowland and Upland Cree do.
Swampy Cree | First Nations
The actual Nakota are the Assiniboine and Stoney of Western Canada and Montana.
Dakota people | History
As of 2005, the population of 2,690 consisted of 1,313 males and 1,377 females. There were 1,261 adults, of which 198 were older than 60 years of age. The remaining 1,429 inhabitants were children. The indigenous population was 19, of which 3 people spoke indigenous languages.
Colotepec | Population
The French-speaking missionaries to the northwest of the Red River Colony referred to the Chipewyan people as Montagnais in their documents written in French. Montagnais (in French) therefore has often been mistakenly translated to Montagnais (in English), which refers to the Neenolino Innu of northern Quebec, and not the Dene (Chipewyan people).
Chipewyan | Terminology
The local population comprises about 500 or so Imraguen tribesmen that live in seven villages within the park. They base their economy on subsistence fishing using traditional methods.
Banc d'Arguin National Park | People
The Cree Nation of Wemindji is a Cree First Nation of Northern Quebec, Canada. It is headquartered at the Cree village of Wemindji and also has the "terre réservée crie" of the same name, both located in the Eeyou Istchee territory. In 2016, it has a registered population of 1,589 members. It is in negotiation with the government of Canada to obtain its self-governance.
Cree Nation of Wemindji | Introduction
The people are frequently classified into two groups: the "Neenoilno", often called by Europeans as "Montagnais" (French for "mountain people", English pronunciation: ), or "Innu proper" ("Nehilaw" and "Ilniw" - "people"), who live along the north shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, in Quebec; and the less numerous "Naskapi" ("Innu" and "Iyiyiw"), who live farther north. The Innu recognize several distinctions (e.g. Mushuau Innuat, Maskuanu, Uashau Innuat) based on different regional affiliations and speakers of various dialects of the Innu language. The word "Naskapi" was first recorded by French colonists in the 17th century and was subsequently applied to distant Innu groups beyond the reach of missionary influence.
Innu | Montagnais, Naskapi or Innu
Tough, Frank. ‘As Their Natural Resources Fail’: Native Peoples and the Economic History of Northern Manitoba, 1870-1930. Vancouver, British Columbia: University of British Columbia Press, 1996.
Misipawistik Cree Nation | References
The Naskapi live in northern Quebec. They comprise one First Nation, the Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach, based in Kawawachikamach. They number approximately 570 people. The Naskapi are recognized as a distinct nation by the governments of Quebec and Canada; however, they are often considered to be Innu living in a remote area. Their main language is Naskapi and their second language is English. The Naskapi committee is known as the NLMB (The Naskapi Local Management Board).
Indigenous peoples in Quebec | Naskapi
The Chippewa Cree Tribe is a federally recognized tribe on the Rocky Boy Reservation in Montana who are descendants of Cree who migrated south from Canada and Chippewa (Ojibwe) who moved west from the Turtle Mountains in North Dakota in the late nineteenth century. The two different peoples spoke related but distinct Anishinaabe languages, a branch of Algonquian languages. Rocky Boy Indian Reservation is located in Hill and Chouteau counties in northeastern Montana, about from the Canada–United States border. It has a total land area of , which includes extensive off-reservation trust lands. The population was 3,323 at the 2010 census.
Chippewa Cree | Introduction
The Miꞌkmaq are a First Nations people living in parts of Canada's Atlantic Provinces, Quebec, and New England. Miꞌkmaq may also refer to:
Miꞌkmaq (disambiguation) | Introduction
The Cree Nation of Mistissini (Cree: ᒥᔅᑎᓯᓃ) is a Cree First Nation of Canada. It is headquartered at the Cree village of Mistissini and also has a "terre réservée crie" of the same name, both in Northern Quebec. The nation is in negotiation with the government of Canada to obtain its self-governance. In 2016, it has a registered population of 3,964 members.
Cree Nation of Mistissini | Introduction
The mixture of members with ethnic ties to the modern Quinault tribe is made up of the Quinault, Hoh, Chehalis, Chinook, Cowlitz, Queets, and Quileute peoples. Linguistically, these groups belong to three language families: Chimakuan ("Quileute", "Hoh"), Chinookan ("Chinook groups"), and Salishan ("Chehalis", "Cowlitz", "Queets", and "Quinault").
Quinault people | Related peoples
Population is 303 according to the 2016 Census a decrease of 2.7% over the 2011 Census. In the 2016 Census the majority of the population, 270 people, were First Nations, 10 people were Métis and 10 were Inuit. The main languages in the community are Denesuline and English. In 2017 the Government of the Northwest Territories reported that the population was 330 with an average yearly growth rate of 0.0% from 2007. In 2016, 115 people said they spoke an Indigenous languages as their mother tongue. Of these 115 people, 105 spoke Dene (Chipewyan or Denesuline), 5 spoke Dogrib or Tłı̨chǫ and 5 spoke North Slavey or Hare.
Łutselk'e | Demographics
Radio-carbon dating of a human burial site nearby suggests that the region has been occupied for at least 7000 years. The people of the region are called "Inninuwug". The first Europeans gave various names to people of the region including "Kiristinon" or "Kritinou" which was eventually shortened to "Cree". This reservation is located at the major head-water lake of the Fawn River and subsequently the Severn River to Hudson Bay. Consequently, it has been a traditional gathering place for centuries. The first recorded European trader was James Swain who, in 1807, was charged with establishing a trading post at "Trout Lake" for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC).
Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug First Nation | History
In the table, “it" in a subject or an object refers to Cree inanimate gender. The presence of “they" or “them" indicates that the subject or object could be either singular or plural. And finally, the designation “him/her/it/them" indicates that the object could be either animate or inanimate and either singular or plural.
Plains Cree | Vocabulary
It is sometimes called an isolate, and sometimes classified as Penutian, most closely related to the Molala language. Even before relocation onto reservations, many Cayuse had adopted the Nez Perce language.
Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau | Languages
Moose Cree (Cree: "Mōsonī" or "Ililiw"), also known as Moosonee, and together with Eastern Swampy Cree, also known as Central Cree, West James Bay Cree or West Main Cree. They speak the l-dialect of the Cree language. The Moose Cree were first noted in Jesuit Relations for 1671, along the shores of James Bay and along the Moose River. On the Ochagach map (c. 1728), they (as "Monsonnis") were noted as far inland as the Rainy Lake region.
Moose Cree | Introduction
Pimicikamak Cree Nation is sometimes used as a name for Pimicikamak, one of the more populous Cree indigenous peoples in Canada. Etymologically, "Pimicikamak Cree Nation" is a description of this indigenous people, and is not a name. "Pimicikamak" is the Cree name of an indigenous people whose traditional territory was the drainage basin of the upper Nelson River in what came to be known as Rupert's Land. "Cree" is 18th-Century French slang derived from "the Old Algonkin dialect form "kiristino", which was "the name of an obscure band of Indians who roamed the region south of James Bay in the first half of the seventeenth century".
Pimicikamak Cree Nation | Introduction
Sometime before 1800 Cree people migrating from the east displaced the Sacree from the hills onto the plains. The Cree called the region Amiskwaciy, which literally means "beaver hills" and is the origin of the region's later names in French, and then English. The Cree pursued an economy based around trapping and trading with Euro-Canadian fur companies as well as the more traditional forms of hunting gathering, and fishing. The Cree also adopted buffalo hunting techniques from plains peoples to the south, including the use of buffalo pounds. The beaver and other game species in the area eventually became trapped out, and they largely abandoned the area as a permanent home, though continued to travel through the area.
Beaver Hills (Alberta) | Indigenous peoples and fur trade history
Most Chipewyan people now use "Dene" and "Denesuline" to describe themselves and their language. The Saskatchewan communities of Fond-du-Lac, Black Lake and Wollaston Lake are a few.
Chipewyan | Language
The Sayisi Dene, ("People of the East"), are Chipewyan, a Dene First Nation Aboriginal peoples of Canada group living in northern Manitoba. They are members of the "Sayisi Dene First Nation (Tadoule Lake, Manitoba)" () and are notable for living a nomadic caribou-hunting and gathering existence. In 1956, the Sayisi Dene residing at Little Duck Lake () in northern Manitoba were relocated to Churchill. The relocation of the Sayisi Dene is viewed as one of the most grievous errors committed by the federal government.
Sayisi Dene | Introduction
Hardly any physical artifacts or bones remain from the Shield peoples due to acidic soil, aside from fire-cracked rocks and stone tools. However, archaeologists have determined a diet of fish and caribou—with caribou hunting at narrow spots in the rivers where the animals would ford the water. Shield people likely used birchbark canoes to traverse lakes in the summer and snowshoes in the winter and may have been the ancestors of the Cree, Ojibwe and Montagnais. Shield people in the north would have had more connections with Paleo-Eskimos, although they did occupy part of Lake St. John at the same time as Maritime Indians.
Prehistory of Quebec | Shield culture
The current townsite of Opaskwayak, reserve parcel 21E, was a historical gathering place where people travelled for spiritual healing. The area Cree would meet here every summer to fish, harvest, and cultivate the land. Also during this time it was an opportunity for creating social ties and practising the ceremonial way of life known as the or Grand Medicine Society. The language of the Opaskwayak people is from the Swampy Cree "n"-dialect. There was a number of local bands who shared the same defined territory which in turn, composed of a number of interrelated families who came together periodically through the year for various social, cultural activities and ceremonies.
Opaskwayak Cree Nation | History
In Algonquian languages beyond the geographical range of the viper (i.e. Cree–Innu–Naskapi and Eastern Algonquian), the term's primary reference continues to focus on "*na:t-" 'close upon, mover towards, go after, seek out, fetch' and "*-awe:" 'condition of heat, state of warmth,' but no longer refers to the viper.
Nottoway people | Name
The Sapotaweyak Cree Nation is a First Nations band government whose reserves are located in Central Manitoba north-east of Swan River. The community is mainly Cree, but has a mixture of Plains Cree, Swampy Cree and Saulteaux languages, a unique dialect shared with Wuskwi Sipihk First Nation to the southwest. They have a number of dispersed reserves, most of which are along the shores of Lake Winnipegosis. The main centre of the community is Shoal River Indian Reserve 65A, located adjacent to Pelican Rapids (known as the "Métis Side" to the locals). About half the community's population resides on the reserve while the other half live off reserve.
Sapotaweyak Cree Nation | Introduction
In the 1700s the Atsina people inhabited the Shaunavon area. They were called the "Gros Ventre of the Prairies". They were called the "Gros Ventre of the Prairies". Gros Ventre means "Big Belly" in French. A'ani, A'aninin, and Haaninin are the Atsina tribe's autonyms. These terms mean "White Clay People" or "Lime People."They shared many of the same beliefs as the Aboriginal tribes that would come later such as the Cree, Assiniboine, and Blackfoot tribes. The Gros Ventres were driven farther south by the Nehiyawak's (Plains Cree) and the Nakoda's (Assiniboine) aggression at the end of the eighteenth century. The Atsina signed Lame Bull's Treaty with the US government in 1855.
Shaunavon, Saskatchewan | Atsina
, the Nation had a registered population of 793 with 688 people living on their reserve and 105 living off the reserve or on other (non-Kawawachikamach) lands. From Statistics Canada's 2016 Census, 601 people lived on the Kawawachikamach reserve up 2.6% from 586 in 2011 Census. With regards to speaking official languages, 70.3% reported only speaking English while only 1.7% reported speaking only French; 21.5% speak both official languages. 97.5% reported an indigenous language, most often Naskapi. is most spoken in the home.
Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach | Population
The Cree language (also known in the most broad classification as Cree-Montagnais, Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi, to show the groups included within it) is the name for a group of closely related Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 117,000 people across Canada, from the Northwest Territories to Labrador. It is the most widely spoken aboriginal language in Canada. The only region where Cree has official status is in the Northwest Territories, together with eight other aboriginal languages. The two major groups: Nehiyaw and Innu, speak a mutually intelligible Cree dialect continuum, which can be divided by many criteria. In a dialect continuum, "It is not so much a language, as a chain of dialects, where speakers from one community can very easily understand their neighbours, but a Plains Cree speaker from Alberta would find a Quebec Cree speaker difficult to speak to without practice." One major division between the groups is that the Eastern group palatalizes the sound to either (c) or to (č) when it precedes front vowels.
Cree | Language
The Cree Nation of Chisasibi is a Cree First Nation in Quebec, Canada. It is headquartered at the Cree village of Chisasibi in the Eeyou Istchee territory in Northern Quebec. The nation also has a "terre réservée crie" or Cree reserved land of the same name covering around the village. , the Nation is in negotiation with the government of Canada to obtain its self-governance. , it has a registered population of 4,585 members.
Cree Nation of Chisasibi | Introduction
The Niitsitapi were enemies of the Crow, Cheyenne ("kiihtsipimiitapi" – ″Pinto People″), and Sioux (Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota) (called "pinaapisinaa" – "East Cree") on the Great Plains; and the Shoshone, Flathead, Kalispel, Kootenai (called "kotonáá'wa") and Nez Perce (called "komonóítapiikoan") in the mountain country to their west and southwest. Their most mighty and most dangerous enemy, however, were the political/military/trading alliance of the Iron Confederacy or "Nehiyaw-Pwat" (in Plains Cree: "Nehiyaw" – 'Cree' and "Pwat" or "Pwat-sak" – 'Sioux, i.e. Assiniboine') – named after the dominating Plains Cree (called "Asinaa") and Assiniboine (called "Niitsísinaa" – "Original Cree"). These included the Stoney (called "Saahsáísso'kitaki" or "Sahsi-sokitaki" – ″Sarcee trying to cut″), Saulteaux (or Plains Ojibwe), and Métis to the north, east and southeast.
Blackfoot Confederacy | Enemies and warrior culture
Some may live also within the White Bear First Nations, which consists mostly of members of the Plains Cree, Western Saulteaux and Assiniboine.
Mdewakanton | Manitoba
As hunter-gatherers, the basic unit of organization for Cree peoples was the "lodge", a group of perhaps eight or a dozen people, usually the families of two separate but related married couples, who lived together in the same wigwam (domed tent) or tipi (conical tent), and the "band", a group of lodges who moved and hunted together. In the case of disagreement, lodges could leave bands and bands could be formed and dissolved with relative ease. However, as there is safety in numbers, all families would want to be part of some band, and banishment was considered a very serious punishment.
Cree | Historical
With a population of approximately 5,200, the NCN is a large and widespread community. Nelson House consists of nine areas, which are known to the residents as Hillside, Dogpoint, R.C. Point, Little R.C. Point, New Area, Hart's Point, Michelle Point, Bay Road and Moore's Bay.
Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation | Governance and population
Agency Chiefs Tribal Council is a Tribal Council located in Spiritwood, Saskatchewan representing three First Nations: Pelican Lake First Nation, Big River First Nation, and Witchekan Lake First Nation. Battlefords Tribal Council is based in North Battleford, Saskatchewan, The three member Nations are Lucky Man Cree Nation, Little Pine First Nation, and Poundmaker First Nation. Interlake Reserves Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Fairford, Manitoba. The only Cree member is Peguis First Nation.
Cree | Upstream people
Denesuline (Chipewyan) speak the Denesuline language, of the Athabaskan linguistic group. Denesuline is spoken by Aboriginal people in Canada whose name for themselves is a cognate of the word ("people"): (or ). Speakers of the language speak different dialects but understand each other. There is a 'k', t dialect that most people speak. For example, people in Fond du lac, speak the 'k' and say while others who use the 't' say . The name "Chipewyan" is, like many people of the Canadian prairies, of Algonquian origin. It is derived from the Plains Cree name for them, (), "pointed skin", from (), "to be pointed"; and (), "skin" or "hide" - a reference to the cut and style of Chipewyan parkas.
Chipewyan | Language
In 2003 a larger village was discovered away in Whitchurch-Stouffville; it is known as the Mantle Site, now named the Jean-Baptiste Lainé Site, in honor of a decorated Wendat-Huron World War II soldier. Canadian archeologist James F. Pendergast states: In the early 17th century, this Iroquoian people called themselves the Wendat, an autonym which means "Dwellers of the Peninsula" or "Islanders". The Wendat historic territory was bordered on three sides by the waters of Georgian Bay and Lake Simcoe. Early French explorers referred to these natives as the Huron, either from the French ' ("ruffian", "rustic"), or from ' ("boar's head").
Wyandot people | Origin, names and organization: before 1650
The total population is 31,688. Indigenous people include Zapotec, Mixe and Chontal. Economic activities include agriculture, growing maize, sorghum, peanuts, beans, coffee and various fruits. Some cattle is raised, and villagers often raise goats, sheep, and pigs. Hunting and fishing are typically practiced on a small scale for personal consumption. There is some logging activity, and the wild maguey is harvested for its juice.
Yautepec District | People
Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs is a Tribal Council located in North Battleford, Saskatchewan. Members are: Ahtahkakoop First Nation, Moosomin First Nation, Mosquito-Grizzly Bear's Head-Lean Man, Red Pheasant First Nation, Saulteaux First Nation, and Sweetgrass First Nation. File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan. Cree member Nations are: Little Black Bear First Nation, Muscowpetung Saulteaux Nation, Nekaneet Cree Nation, Okanese First Nation, Pasqua First Nation, Peepeekisis Cree Nation, Piapot Cree Nation, and Star Blanket Cree Nation Meadow Lake Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan with nine member First Nations.
Cree | Downstream people
Almost all of the Aboriginal population of Attawapiskat speak the Swampy Cree language, one of the varieties of the Cree language, as their first language. Many elders understand very little English; they speak Cree and other Aboriginal languages. Some of these elders, such as Shano Fireman, self-identify as Inninew (person, part of the people Cree).
Attawapiskat First Nation | Language
In Tanaina they were "Kenaniq' ht'an" while the Koyukon people to the north referred to them as "Dikinanek Hut'ana". The Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskan culture is an hunter-gatherer culture and have a matrilineal system. They were semi-nomadic and living in semi-permanent settlements. Their neighbors are other Athabaskan-speaking peoples: Koyukon (north and northeast), Holikachuk (northwest), Deg Hit'an (south and southwest), and Dena'ina (south and southeast).
Upper Kuskokwim people | Introduction