Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (; ; 30 March 1811 – 16 August 1899) was a German chemist. He investigated emission spectra of heated elements, and discovered caesium (in 1860) and rubidium (in 1861) with the physicist Gustav Kirchhoff. The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award for spectroscopy is named after Bunsen and Kirchhoff. Bunsen also developed several gas-analytical methods, was a pioneer in photochemistry, and did early work in the field of organoarsenic chemistry. With his laboratory assistant Peter Desaga, he developed the Bunsen burner, an improvement on the laboratory burners then in use.
Introduction
Robert Bunsen
Robert Bunsen | Introduction
German chemist German chemist German chemist a German chemist.
where is rubidium found on the periodic table
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It is the 37th element.
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what letters are used to represent it?
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Rb
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who discovered it?
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Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
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who is the former?
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The reaction is named after Robert Bunsen, who discovered it in 1853. A similar reaction is the basis for Karl Fischer titration.
Bunsen reaction | Introduction
Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (; ; 30 March 1811 – 16 August 1899) was a German chemist. He investigated emission spectra of heated elements, and discovered caesium (in 1860) and rubidium (in 1861) with the physicist Gustav Kirchhoff. The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award for spectroscopy is named after Bunsen and Kirchhoff. Bunsen also developed several gas-analytical methods, was a pioneer in photochemistry, and did early work in the field of organoarsenic chemistry. With his laboratory assistant Peter Desaga, he developed the Bunsen burner, an improvement on the laboratory burners then in use.
Robert Bunsen | Introduction
Robert Bunsen was born at Göttingen in 1811, in what is now the state of Lower Saxony in Germany. Bunsen was the youngest of four sons of the University of Göttingen's chief librarian and professor of modern philology, Christian Bunsen (1770–1837). After attending school in Holzminden, Bunsen matriculated at Göttingen in 1828 and studied chemistry with Friedrich Stromeyer as well as mineralogy with Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann and mathematics with Carl Friedrich Gauss. After obtaining a PhD in 1831, Bunsen spent 1832 and 1833 traveling in France, Germany, and Austria. During his journeys, Bunsen met the scientists Friedlieb Runge (who discovered aniline and in 1819 isolated caffeine), Justus von Liebig in Giessen, and Eilhard Mitscherlich in Bonn.
Robert Bunsen | Early life and education
Bunsen Peak was named for the German chemist Robert Bunsen, the inventor of the Bunsen Burner and responsible for early work on volcanic geyser theories.
Bunsen Peak | Introduction
Bunsen was one of the most universally admired scientists of his generation. He was a master teacher, devoted to his students, and they were equally devoted to him. At a time of vigorous and often caustic scientific debates, Bunsen always conducted himself as a perfect gentleman, maintaining his distance from theoretical disputes. He much preferred to work quietly in his laboratory, continuing to enrich his science with useful discoveries. As a matter of principle he never took out a patent. He never married. Despite his lack of pretension, Bunsen was a vivid "chemical character", had a well-developed sense of humor, and is the subject of many amusing anecdotes.
Robert Bunsen | Personality
The author examines Robert Bunsen and his history. Bunsen had passion for arsenic but an explosion left him half-blind for the rest of his life and because of this he created the Bunsen burner. He discusses many people who contributed to the periodic table, including Dmitri Mendeleev, the man accredited for creating the first periodic table. Mendeleev predicted other elements that were yet discovered. He put the 62 known elements into columns and rows but he was not the only scientist to attempt this. Julius Lothar Meyer also worked on his own periodic table. Mendeleev had left blanks in his table where the lanthanides are because he did not know what elements were to go there.
The Disappearing Spoon | Chapter 3. All in the family: The Genealogy of elements
Historians of science now realize his early discovery, and his Fermi Award recognized this discovery.
Alexander Hollaender | Introduction
Robert Bunsen knew that when certain elements burned in the flames of his burner they each turned the flame a different colour. Copper burned green, strontium red and potassium lilac – Bunsen wondered if every element had a unique colour. Bunsen was joined in his research by Gustav Kirchhoff. Kirchhoff used the concept of the dispersion of white light by a prism in the invention of the spectroscope, a device with a prism at its centre which split the light from Bunsen's flames into distinct bands of its constituent colours – the element's spectral lines. Kirchhoff and Bunsen realised these spectral lines were unique to each element, and, using this technique they discovered two new elements, cesium and rubidium.
Chemistry: A Volatile History | Bunsen's burner and Kirchhoff's spectrometer
He was promoted to full professorship in 1841. While at University of Marburg, Bunsen participated in the 1846 expedition for the investigation of Iceland's volcanoes. Bunsen's work brought him quick and wide acclaim, partly because cacodyl, which is extremely toxic and undergoes spontaneous combustion in dry air, is so difficult to work with. Bunsen almost died from arsenic poisoning, and an explosion with cacodyl cost him sight in his right eye. In 1841, Bunsen created the Bunsen cell battery, using a carbon electrode instead of the expensive platinum electrode used in William Robert Grove's electrochemical cell. Early in 1851 he accepted a professorship at the University of Breslau, where he taught for three semesters.
Robert Bunsen | Academic career
When Bunsen retired at the age of 78, he shifted his work solely to geology and mineralogy, interests which he had pursued throughout his career. He died in Heidelberg on 16 August 1899, at the age of 88.
Robert Bunsen | Retirement and death
The German chemist Robert Bunsen, who gave his name to the Bunsen burner in scientific experiments, was brought to Riddings in 1844 by Scottish scientist Professor Lyon Playfair to examine the behaviour of the coke fired blast furnaces. The buildings in which he worked still stand today on the former ironworks site.
Riddings | Industrial development
The newer design of Bunsen and Desaga, which provided a very hot and clean flame, is now called simply the "Bunsen burner", a common laboratory equipment.
Robert Bunsen | Academic career
Much to the dismay of the Dutch paleontologist Eugène Dubois (1858–1940) who had discovered Java Man, Schwalbe published in 1899 the influential treatise "Studien über Pithecantropus Erectus" (Study of Pithecantropus Erectus).
Gustav Schwalbe | Introduction
Robert George Bergman (born May 23, 1942) is an American chemist.
Robert G. Bergman | Introduction
Peter Desaga was a German instrument maker at the University of Heidelberg who worked with Robert Wilhelm Bunsen. In 1855, Desaga perfected an earlier design of the laboratory burner by Michael Faraday into the Bunsen burner. Neither Desaga nor Bunsen patented the design, and many imitations were marketed. The Bunsen burner was essential to the invention of the spectroscope by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Gustav Robert Georg Kirchhoff.
Peter Desaga | Introduction
He and Bunsen discovered caesium and rubidium in 1861. At Heidelberg he ran a mathematico-physical seminar, modelled on Neumann's, with the mathematician Leo Koenigsberger. Among those who attended this seminar were Arthur Schuster and Sofia Kovalevskaya. He contributed greatly to the field of spectroscopy by formalizing three laws that describe the spectral composition of light emitted by incandescent objects, building substantially on the discoveries of David Alter and Anders Jonas Ångström (see also: spectrum analysis). In 1862 he was awarded the Rumford Medal for his researches on the fixed lines of the solar spectrum, and on the inversion of the bright lines in the spectra of artificial light.
Gustav Kirchhoff | Life and work
Robert Glen Linderholm (October 19, 1933 – July 6, 2013) was an American amateur astronomer who discovered several asteroids. He lived in Cambridge, Nebraska where he had a private observatory, Lime Creek.
Robert Linderholm | Introduction
His answers led to other questions, and this scientific correspondence continued until 1740.
Dominique Parrenin | Works
In 1833 Bunsen became a lecturer at Göttingen and began experimental studies of the (in)solubility of metal salts of arsenous acid. His discovery of the use of iron oxide hydrate as a precipitating agent led to what is still today the most effective antidote against arsenic poisoning. This interdisciplinary research was carried on and published in conjunction with the physician Arnold Adolph Berthold. In 1836, Bunsen succeeded Friedrich Wöhler at the Polytechnic School of Kassel (). Bunsen taught there for three years, and then accepted an associate professorship at the University of Marburg, where he continued his studies on cacodyl derivatives.
Robert Bunsen | Academic career
In late 1852 Bunsen became the successor of Leopold Gmelin at the University of Heidelberg. There he used electrolysis to produce pure metals, such as chromium, magnesium, aluminium, manganese, sodium, barium, calcium and lithium. A long collaboration with Henry Enfield Roscoe began in 1852, in which they studied the photochemical formation of hydrogen chloride (HCl) from hydrogen and chlorine. From this work, the reciprocity law of Bunsen and Roscoe originated. He discontinued his work with Roscoe in 1859 and joined Gustav Kirchhoff to study emission spectra of heated elements, a research area called spectrum analysis. For this work, Bunsen and his laboratory assistant, Peter Desaga, had perfected a special gas burner by 1855, which was influenced by earlier models.
Robert Bunsen | Academic career
Robert Anthony Martienssen (born December 21st 1960) is an American plant biologist, Howard Hughes Medical Institute–Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation investigator, and professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, US.
Robert A. Martienssen | Introduction
His ideas on this subject were most fully developed in two volumes published in London before he left England.
Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen | Retirement
However, he did discover approximately 500 new objects.
Guillaume Bigourdan | Introduction
Robert Neal Rudmose-Brown was an academic botanist and polar explorer.
Robert Rudmose-Brown | Introduction
Von Mosengeil's results help break new ground in further researches by Planck (1907) and Einstein (1908).
Kurd von Mosengeil | Introduction
Among reasons to abandon this use was the discovery that its base lies actually in the latest Permian.
Buntsandstein | Introduction
It was discovered and named after Dr. John W. Huffman.
JWH-015 | Introduction
This information eventually led to the discovery of the Palisade Endings in humans.
Martin J. Steinbach | Research
He also discovered the first soluble organometallic complexes of the transition metals, to which the addition of a saturated hydrocarbon (C-H activation, C-H insertion) succeeded.
Robert G. Bergman | Research
Robert Herman (1914–1997) was an American astronomer. Robert Herman or Hermann may also refer to:
Robert Herman (disambiguation) | Introduction
In 1934 the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig elected him as a full member.
Robert König | Introduction
Robert Jacobus Fruin (11 November 1823 in Rotterdam – 29 January 1899 in Leiden) was a Dutch historian. A follower of Leopold von Ranke, he introduced the scientific study of history in the Netherlands when he was professor of Dutch national history () at Leiden University.
Robert Fruin | Introduction
Sir Maurice William Ernest de Bunsen, 1st Baronet, (8 January 1852 – 21 February 1932), was a British diplomat.
Maurice de Bunsen | Introduction
In 1999 he received a Technologie Doctor Honoris Causa from Lund University in Sweden.
Robert W. Brodersen | Introduction
Robert A. Freitas Jr. (born 1952) is a nanotechnology scientist.
Robert Freitas | Introduction
He became dissatisfied with pharmacy and returned to chemistry, finishing his doctorate at Giessen in 1850. In 1855 he moved to Heidelberg to work on fertilizers in the laboratory of Robert Bunsen. He wished to teach, but Bunsen's associates were not allowed to take private students. Therefore, with his wife's help, he converted a shed into a private laboratory. In 1857 he became privatdocent and his habilitation thesis "On the manufacture of the artificial manure known as superphosphate” contained a description of several crystalline substances which greatly interested Robert Bunsen. It was while at Heidelberg that Erlenmeyer was brought under the influence of August Kekulé, whose theoretical views he was one of the first to adopt.
Emil Erlenmeyer | Biography
Von Welsbach's discovery was initially a source of consternation to Brauner.
Bohuslav Brauner | Scientific contributions
Robert Kunzig is a scientific journalist, specializing in oceanography. He works at the European division of "Discover" magazine and is a regular contributor to National Geographic.
Robert Kunzig | Introduction
Robert (or Bob) Hanson (or Hansen or Hanssen) may refer to:
Robert Hanson | Introduction
Hans Peter Jørgen Julius Thomsen (16 February 1826 – 13 February 1909) was a Danish chemist noted in thermochemistry for the Thomsen–Berthelot principle.
Hans Peter Jørgen Julius Thomsen | Introduction
The relation is named after German physicists Ernst Bessel Hagen and Heinrich Rubens who discovered it in 1903.
Hagen–Rubens relation | Introduction
Ernst Christian Ludwig von Bunsen or Ernest de Bunsen (1819 in Rome – 1903 in London) was an Anglo-German writer whose speculative works proposing common origins of Buddhism, Essene Judaism and Christianity were later taken up as part of racist Aryan mythology. He was father of Maurice de Bunsen.
Ernest de Bunsen | Introduction
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (; 12 March 1824 – 17 October 1887) was a German physicist who contributed to the fundamental understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and the emission of black-body radiation by heated objects. He coined the term black-body radiation in 1862. Several different sets of concepts are named "Kirchhoff's laws" after him, concerning such diverse subjects as black-body radiation and spectroscopy, electrical circuits, and thermochemistry. The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award for spectroscopy is named after him and his colleague, Robert Bunsen.
Gustav Kirchhoff | Introduction
Å.G. Ekstrand meant that the idea probably came from the chemist Lars Fredrik Nilson.
Nobelinstitut | Introduction
Robert Gottsegen was an American periodontist pioneer in the field of periodontics.
Robert Gottsegen | Introduction
He also assisted Emilio Segrè in the discovery of element 85, astatine.
Robert Cornog | Introduction
Fridtjof Nansen (1861-1930) was a Norwegian explorer, scientist, diplomat, humanitarian and Nobel laureate. Various things were named in his honor:
Fridtjof Nansen (disambiguation) | Introduction
Harduini disquisitio de situ Paradisi terrestris examinatur" (ibid. 1750, fol.): — "Oratio de meritis Norimbergensium in Geographiam" (ibid. 1750, 8vo).
Johann Sigismund Mörl | Introduction
List of German inventors and discoverers
Claus-Frenz Claussen | See also
Morten Bo Madsen is a Danish physicist, associate professor at the Niels Bohr Institute. He was a Co-Investigator (participating scientist) on the Phoenix Mars mission which proved the presence of water on Mars.
Morten Bo Madsen | Introduction
Berger, J. F., 1927: Robert Gschwandner "Zeitschrift d. Österr. Ent.-Ver." 12(6): 53-57.
Robert Gschwandner | References
He married Luise Brömmel in 1872. Kirchhoff formulated his circuit laws, which are now ubiquitous in electrical engineering, in 1845, while still a student. He completed this study as a seminar exercise; it later became his doctoral dissertation. He was called to the University of Heidelberg in 1854, where he collaborated in spectroscopic work with Robert Bunsen. In 1857 he calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at the speed of light. He proposed his law of thermal radiation in 1859, and gave a proof in 1861. Together Kirchhoff and Bunsen invented the spectroscope, which Kirchhoff used to pioneer the identification of the elements in the Sun, showing in 1859 that the Sun contains sodium.
Gustav Kirchhoff | Life and work
He discovered Andromeda II.
Sidney van den Bergh | Introduction
The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award is a prize for "outstanding achievements" in the field of analytical spectroscopy. It has been awarded since 1990 by the German Working Group for Applied Spectroscopy, and is endowed with by PerkinElmer, Germany. The prize is named in honor of chemist Robert Bunsen and physicist Gustav Kirchhoff.
Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award | Introduction
They indeed found the long carbon chains they were looking for, but also found an unexpected product that had 60 carbon atoms. Over the course of 11 days, the team studied and determined its structure and named it buckminsterfullerene after noting its similarity to the geodesic domes for which the architect Buckminster Fuller was known. This discovery was based solely on the single prominent peak on the mass spectrograph, implying a chemically inert substance that was geometrically closed with no dangling bonds. Curl was responsible for determining the optimal conditions of the carbon vapor in the apparatus, and examining the spectrograph.
Robert Curl | Nobel Prize
Jakob Messikommer (18 August 1828 – 23 August 1917) was a Swiss archaeologist who among others discovered and researched the UNESCO serial site Wetzikon–Robenhausen.
Jakob Messikommer | Introduction
Robert F. Brauneis is a professor of intellectual property law at the George Washington University Law School.
Robert Brauneis | Introduction
It had been discovered by C. A. MacMunn in 1884, but that discovery had been forgotten or misunderstood.
David Keilin | Career
it is merely a question of time."
Fridtjof Nansen | Scientist and polar oracle
Robert Ochsenfeld (18 May 1901 – 5 December 1993) was a German physicist. In 1933 he discovered together with Walther Meissner the Meisner-Ochsenfeld effect. Born in Helberhausen, Germany, Ochsenfeld studied physics at the Philipps University of Marburg. The subject of his PhD was the study of ferromagnetism. In 1932-1933 he worked at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR) in Berlin in the low temperature group headed by Meissner. Leaving the PTR, he taught at the National Political Institutes of Education in Potsdam until 1940, followed by research for new weapons in World War II. After the war, he worked until retirement in the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), the successor of the PTR with focus on magnetic materials.
Robert Ochsenfeld | Introduction
Robert Litzenberger is Professor Emeritus at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Robert Litzenberger | Introduction
For most of his career he was a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Robert G. Gallager | Introduction
Norden died in 1725.
Robert Norden | Introduction
In 1878 Auer entered the University of Vienna, studying mathematics, general chemistry, engineering physics, and thermodynamics. He then moved to the University of Heidelberg in 1880, where he continued his studies in spectroscopy under the direction of Robert Bunsen, (inventor of the Bunsen burner). In 1882 he received his degree of Ph.D. and returned to Vienna to work as an unpaid assistant in Professor Adolf Lieben's laboratory, working with chemical separation methods for investigations on rare-earth elements.
Carl Auer von Welsbach | Early life
The two doctors described their findings in the inaugural edition of the journal "Deutsches Archiv für klinische Medicin", a publication co-founded by Friedrich Albert von Zenker (1825–1898) and Hugo Wilhelm von Ziemssen (1829–1902).
Rudolf Robert Maier | Introduction
This theorem would be rediscovered decades later by (and sometimes attributed to) Vincenzo Mollame and Otto Hölder.
Pierre Wantzel | Introduction
In 1885 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.
Bernhard Rathke | Introduction
Robert James Mann (1817–1886) was an English physician and science writer.
Robert James Mann | Introduction
Christian Charles or Karl Josias von Bunsen (25 August 1791 – 28 November 1860), also known as , was a German diplomat and scholar.
Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen | Introduction
However, although the data for Grete's article were obtained using a more original approach and were ready months before experiments were concluded in Meselson's laboratory, Grete's article appeared after Meselson's.
Grete Kellenberger-Gujer | Biography
Fridtjof Nansen (1861–1930) was a Norwegian polar explorer, scientist, diplomat, humanitarian, and Nobel laureate. Nansen may also refer to:
Nansen (disambiguation) | Introduction
In 1851 he returned to medicine, and several years later sold the "Landes-Industrie-Comptoir" to Ludwig Denicke from Lüneburg.
Robert Froriep | Introduction
He was rediscovered by Horst Gerson in 1946. He died in Haarlem.
Reyer Claesz Suycker | Introduction
Robert Norman was a 16th-century-English mariner, compass builder, and hydrographer who discovered magnetic inclination, the deviation of the Earth's magnetic field from the vertical.
Robert Norman | Introduction
Francis Robert Japp FRS (8 February 1848 – 1 August 1925) was a British chemist who discovered the Japp-Klingemann reaction in 1887. He was born in Dundee, Scotland, the son of James Japp, a minister of the Catholic Apostolic Church. He graduated from St Andrews with an M.A. in 1868 and entered the University of Edinburgh as a student of law. He left the university because of health problems and stayed in Germany for two years from 1871 until 1873. After returning to England he decided to study chemistry. He started his studies at the University of Heidelberg with Robert Bunsen, where he received his Ph.D.
Francis Robert Japp | Introduction
Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon / I:364 (1906) Author: Herman Hofberg, Frithiof Heurlin, Viktor Millqvist, Olof Rubenson - as a part of project "Runeberg”
Johan von Friesendorff | References
Robert Christison Robert Christison may also refer to:
Robert Christison (disambiguation) | Introduction
He also worked on the population biology of cycads, biogeography, and in biographical research on Charles Darwin historic figures in botanical exploration.
Robert Ornduff | Introduction
The initial discovery was quite serendipitous. Rosenberg was looking into the effects of an electric field on the growth of bacteria. He noticed that bacteria ceased to divide when placed in an electric field and eventually traced the cause of this phenomenon to the platinum electrode he was using.
Barnett Rosenberg | Introduction
Vilhelm Ludwig Peter Thomsen (25 January 1842 – 12 May 1927) was a Danish linguist and Turkologist. He successfully deciphered the Orkhon inscriptions which were discovered during the expedition of Nikolai Yadrintsev in 1889.
Vilhelm Thomsen | Introduction
At the 1978 summer school in Erice he proposed the existence of broken supersymmetry in atomic nuclei, which has since been observed experimentally.
Hagen Kleinert | Discoveries
For the explanation of their behaviour he collaborated with the physicist Otto Lehmann from Aachen. The discovery received plenty of attention at the time but no practical uses were apparent and the interest dropped soon.
Friedrich Reinitzer | Introduction
His thesis was on "New Techniques for the Study of Ionised Gases".
Robert Boyd (physicist) | Introduction
That has since been proved.
Alexander Brunschwig | Introduction
However, his process was never commercialized, and attempts to recreate it based on published information have been unsuccessful.
Johann Pucher | Introduction
http://www.scienceheroes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=147&Itemid=146
Nils Bohlin | References
Ludwig Ramberg (21 February 1874 – 25 December 1940) was the Swedish chemist who discovered in 1940 the Ramberg-Bäcklund reaction, together with his student Birger Bäcklund (2 May 1908 – 21 January 1997).
Ludwig Ramberg | Introduction
She died at Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany in 1876.
Frances Bunsen | Introduction
It was discovered in 2005 at the MMT Observatory of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), by astronomers Warren Brown, Margaret J. Geller, Scott J. Kenyon and Michael J. Kurtz.
SDSS J090745.0+024507 | Introduction
He communicated this discovery to a group of Berlin scientists in late 1745, and the news was transferred in a confused form to Leyden University where it was further investigated. This became more commonly known as the Leyden jar after graduate student Pieter van Musschenbroek of Leyden.
Ewald Georg von Kleist | Introduction
Robert P. Multhauf (1919–2004) was an American science historian, curator, director, scientific scholar and author. He served as president of the History of Science Society in the year 1979-80, and was awarded the Leonardo da Vinci Medal in 1987.
Robert P. Multhauf | Introduction
In 1921, he was awarded the Founder's Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society for his explorations of the Arctic.
Vilhjalmur Stefansson | Discoveries
Robert J. Forster is a professor of Physical Chemistry at Dublin City University.
Robert J. Forster | Introduction
Its age was estimated between 5,000 and 25,000 years through radiocarbon dating method.
Sigismund Ernst Richard Krone | Discoveries
By 2003, Joost Mertens, a Dutch historian of science, had verified many of the findings that Ms. Ambrière-Fargeaud had made about Thilorier.
Charles Thilorier | Introduction
The Bulirsch–Stoer algorithm is named after him and Bulirsch.
Josef Stoer | Introduction
The flehmen response was first described by Frederik Ruysch and described later by Ludwig Jacobson in 1813.
Flehmen response | Discovery
The same conclusion was independently found by Ben Oppenheimer from the American Natural History Museum.
Mizar and Alcor | The discovery
Robert J. Berman is a Swedish mathematical scientist currently at Chalmers University and was awarded the Göran Gustafsson Prize in 2017.
Robert J. Berman | Introduction
Robert Floyd Curl Jr. (born August 23, 1933) is a University Professor Emeritus, Pitzer–Schlumberger Professor of Natural Sciences Emeritus, and Professor of Chemistry Emeritus at Rice University. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 for the discovery of the nanomaterial buckminsterfullerene, along with Richard Smalley (also of Rice University) and Harold Kroto of the University of Sussex.
Robert Curl | Introduction