The Type 45 destroyer, also known as the D or "Daring" class, is a class of six guided missile destroyers built for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. The class is primarily designed for anti-aircraft and anti-missile warfare and is built around the PAAMS (Sea Viper) air-defence system utilizing the SAMPSON AESA and the S1850M long-range radars. The first three destroyers were assembled by BAE Systems Surface Fleet Solutions from partially prefabricated "blocks" built at different shipyards; the remaining three were built by BAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships. The first ship in the "Daring" class, HMS "Daring", was launched on 1 February 2006 and commissioned on 23 July 2009.
Introduction
Type 45 destroyer
Type 45 destroyer | Introduction
It is also known as the D or "Daring" class. It is a class of six guided missile destroyers built for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. It is a class of six guided missile destroyers. It is a class of six guided missile destroyers built for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. It is a class of six guided missile destroyers built for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy.
what was one of the provisions of the petition of right (1628)
user
No person should be forced to provide a gift, loan or tax without an Act of Parliament.
assistant
what does the term "petition of right" refer to?
user
It is an English constitutional document setting out specific individual protections against the state.
assistant
who formulated it?
user
Charles I
assistant
what kinds of provisions does it have?
user
No person should be forced to provide a gift, loan or tax without an Act of Parliament. No free individual should be imprisoned or detained unless a cause has been shown. Soldiers or members of the Royal Navy should not be billeted in private houses without the free consent of the owner.
assistant
which period marked the age of sail for the navy mentioned above?
user
During the reign of Henry VIII.
assistant
do they have an escort fleet?
user
Yes, there are six Type 45 destroyers and 13 Type 23 frigates in active service.
assistant
what is type 45?
user
The Type 45 destroyers are in length, with a beam of , a draught of and a displacement of approximately . This makes them significantly larger than the Type 42 they replace (displacement ). The Type 45 destroyers are the first British warships built to meet the Lloyd's Register's Naval Ship Rules for hull structure requiring design approval by Lloyd's Register for the principal structural arrangements of the vessel. BAE Systems is the Design Authority for the Type 45, a role traditionally held by the UK Ministry of Defence. The design of the Type 45 brings new levels of radar signature reduction to the Royal Navy.
Type 45 destroyer | General specifications
The Royal Navy has replaced them with Type 45 destroyers.
Type 42 destroyer | Introduction
In 2016 it was revealed that due to a design flaw on the Northrop Grumman intercooler which, when attached to the Rolls-Royce WR-21 gas turbines and functioning in the warm climate of the Persian Gulf, power availability was diminished considerably; and it quickly became apparent that the class was not operating as originally envisioned. A refit will take place from 2019–21 to fully resolve the problems with the six ships in the class.
Type 45 destroyer | Introduction
The Type 45s are considerably larger, displacing 7,500 tonnes, compared to the Type 42 displacement of 3,600 tonnes.
Type 42 destroyer | Replacement
Men and women will continue to sleep in separate spaces, in common with most other navies.
Type 45 destroyer | General specifications
The Type 45 is primarily designed for anti-aircraft and anti-missile warfare and the Royal Navy describe the destroyers mission as "to shield the Fleet from air attack". They are equipped with the PAAMS (also known as Sea Viper) integrated anti-aircraft warfare system which incorporates the sophisticated SAMPSON and S1850M long range radars and the Aster 15 and 30 missiles. Initially, 16 Type 23 frigates were delivered to the Royal Navy, with the final vessel, , commissioned in June 2002. However, the 2004 review of defence spending (Delivering Security in a Changing World) announced that three frigates of the fleet of sixteen would be paid off as part of a continuous cost-cutting strategy, and these were subsequently sold to the Chilean Navy.
Royal Navy | Escort fleet
In 1999, the eventual replacement for the Type 42 was announced. Unlike in the 1970s, when economics dictated a large number of smaller hulls, the Type 45 destroyer is even bigger than the Type 82, but was limited to a build total of six units, which will be primarily be charged with escorting the Royal Navy's new aircraft carriers. In this way, the Type 45 can be seen as the true modern descendant of the Type 82.
Type 82 destroyer | Revival of the large air defence escort
The escort fleet comprises guided missile destroyers and frigates and is the traditional workhorse of the Navy. there are six Type 45 destroyers and 13 Type 23 frigates in active service. Among their primary roles is to provide escort for the larger capital ships—protecting them from air, surface and subsurface threats. Other duties include undertaking the Royal Navy's standing deployments across the globe, which often consists of: counter-narcotics, anti-piracy missions and providing humanitarian aid. All six Type 45 destroyers have been built and are in commission, with being the last and final Type 45 entering service in September 2013. The new Type 45 destroyers replaced the older Type 42 destroyers.
Royal Navy | Escort fleet
The Type 45 destroyer, also known as the D or "Daring" class, is a class of six guided missile destroyers built for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. The class is primarily designed for anti-aircraft and anti-missile warfare and is built around the PAAMS (Sea Viper) air-defence system utilizing the SAMPSON AESA and the S1850M long-range radars. The first three destroyers were assembled by BAE Systems Surface Fleet Solutions from partially prefabricated "blocks" built at different shipyards; the remaining three were built by BAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships. The first ship in the "Daring" class, HMS "Daring", was launched on 1 February 2006 and commissioned on 23 July 2009.
Type 45 destroyer | Introduction
In July 2007, Ministry of Defence officials stated that they "still planned to build eight Type 45 destroyers" and that "the extra two ships were still included in planning assumptions". This plan was officially abandoned on 19 June 2008 when the Minister for the Armed Forces, Bob Ainsworth, announced in Parliament that options for the seventh and eighth destroyers would not be taken up. The continual scaling back of the project, first from twelve to eight, and subsequently to six ships, has been criticised for leaving the Royal Navy with insufficient ships to meet its requirements. On 9 March 2007, "The Independent" reported that Saudi Arabia was considering buying "two or three" Type 45s.
Type 45 destroyer | Ships in the class
The combination of greater efficiency and high fuel capacity gives an endurance of at . High power density and the hydrodynamic efficiency of a longer hull form allow high speeds to be sustained. It has been reported that "Daring" reached her design speed of in 70 seconds and achieved a speed of in 120 seconds during sea trials in August 2007.
Type 45 destroyer | Propulsion and power
The Type 45 destroyers take advantage of some Horizon development work and use the Sea Viper air-defence system and the SAMPSON radar. The ships are built by BAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships, originally created as BVT Surface Fleet by the merger of the surface shipbuilding arms of BAE Systems and VT Group. These two companies previously built the ships in collaboration. BAE's two Glasgow shipyards and single Portsmouth shipyard are responsible for different "blocks". BAE's Govan yard is responsible for Block A (stern to edge of helicopter hangar). The Scotstoun yard builds Blocks B/C (a 2600 tonne section which contains the Rolls-Royce WR-21 gas turbines, starts with the helicopter hangar to the bridge section) and Block D (bridge section itself).
Type 45 destroyer | Construction
The Type 45 is fitted with an advanced and innovative integrated electric propulsion system. Historically, electric-drive ships (like ) have supplied power to their electric motors using DC, and ship's electrical load, where necessary at all, was either separately supplied or was supplied as DC with a large range of acceptable voltage. Integrated electric propulsion seeks to supply all propulsion and ship's electrical load using alternating current at a high quality of voltage and frequency. This is achieved by computerised control, high quality transformation, and electrical filtering. Two Rolls-Royce WR-21 gas turbines drive GE alternators and along with two Wärtsilä 12V200 diesel generators provide electrical power at 4,160 volts to a GE high voltage system.
Type 45 destroyer | Propulsion and power
The Aster missile is autonomously guided and equipped with an active RF seeker enabling it to cope with "saturated attacks" thanks to a "multiple engagement capability" and a "high rate of fire". Presently the "Daring"-class destroyers are equipped with a 48-cell A50 Sylver Vertical Launching System allowing for a mix of up to 48 Aster 15 and 30 missiles.
Type 45 destroyer | Advanced air-defence
The Type 45 project has been criticised for rising costs and delays, with the six ships costing £6.46 billion, an increase of £1.5 billion (29%) on the original budget. The first ship entered service in 2010, rather than 2007 as initially planned. In 2007, the Defence Select Committee expressed its disappointment that the Ministry of Defence (MOD) and BAE had failed to control rising costs.
Type 45 destroyer | Development
The Type 45 destroyers are primarily designed for anti-air warfare with the capability to defend against targets such as fighter aircraft and drones as well as highly maneuverable sea skimming anti-ship missiles travelling at supersonic speeds. The Royal Navy describes the destroyers' mission as being "to shield the Fleet from air attack". The Type 45 destroyer is equipped with the Sea Viper (PAAMS) air-defence system utilizing the SAMPSON active electronically scanned array multi-function radar and the S1850M long-range radar. PAAMS is able to track over 2,000 targets and simultaneously control and coordinate multiple missiles in the air at once, allowing a large number of tracks to be intercepted and destroyed at any given time.
Type 45 destroyer | Advanced air-defence
Six ships have been ordered, and transfer of custody of the first happened on 10 December 2008. The MoD's initial planning assumption was to procure twelve ships (essentially a like-for-like replacement of a similar number of Type 42s), with the size of the second batch to be determined between 2005 and 2010. However this was reduced to eight ships in the 2003 defence white paper entitled "Delivering Security in a Changing World: Future Capabilities", following a strategic refocusing on "small to medium-scale operations" and expeditionary land operations. It was reported in December 2006 that the last two could be cut.
Type 45 destroyer | Ships in the class
The Type 45 destroyers were built to replace the Type 42 ("Sheffield"-class) destroyers that had served during the Falklands War, with the last Type 42 being decommissioned in 2013. The National Audit Office reported that, during an "intensive attack", a single Type 45 could simultaneously track, engage and destroy more targets than five Type 42 destroyers operating together. After the launch of "Daring" on 1 February 2006 Admiral Sir Alan West, a former First Sea Lord, stated that it would be the Royal Navy's most capable destroyer ever, as well as the world's best air-defence ship. The reduction in the number to be procured from twelve, then to (up to) eight, finally with only six confirmed (in 2008) was controversial.
Type 45 destroyer | Introduction
The ships of the Type 1945 destroyer class were to be long at the waterline and long o/a, have a beam of , a draught of , and displace at standard load, at full load, and at deep load. They were to have a complement of 350, and carry two motor pinnaces, one torpedo cutter and a motor dinghy. They were to be armed with eight SK C/41 guns, placed in four twin turrets, with 1,440 rounds of ammunition, four L/76.5 guns, with 5,000 rounds of ammunition, twelve L/66.6 M-44 guns, with 24,000 rounds of ammunition, eight total torpedo tubes, placed in quadruple tubes on her deck, with 16 torpedoes, and 100 mines.
Type 1945 destroyer | Characteristics
Nevertheless, the Type 45 has been designed with weight and space margin for a strike-length Mk41 or Sylver A70 silo to be retrofitted, allowing Type 45 to use the TLAM Block IV if required. The new Type 26 frigates will have strike-length Mk41 VLS tubes. SYLVER user France is developing MdCN, a version of the Storm Shadow/Scalp cruise missile that has a shorter range but a higher speed than Tomahawk and can be launched from the SYLVER system.
Tomahawk (missile) | Royal Navy
The Type 44 was proposed as a similar to the small variant Type 43, but with enhanced anti-submarine capability.
Type 43 destroyer | Type 44
The UK had sought to procure a new class of air-defence guided missile destroyers in collaboration with seven other NATO nations under the NFR-90 project; the project collapsed due to varying requirements of the different countries involved. The UK then joined France and Italy in the programme; however, differing national requirements, workshare arguments and delays led to the UK withdrawing on 26 April 1999 and starting its own national project. On 23 November 1999 Marconi Electronic Systems (MES) was confirmed as prime contractor for the Type 45 project. Seven days later MES and British Aerospace merged to form BAE Systems (BAE), making the latter the prime contractor.
Type 45 destroyer | Development
15 cm/45 41st Year guns equipped armored cruisers, predreadnought battleships and protected cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Armored cruisers: Predreadnought battleships:
15 cm/45 41st Year Type | Naval Use
The Sea Viper air-defence system: A 48-cell A50 Sylver Vertical Launching System for a mix of up to 48: The Type 45 does not have a formal theatre ballistic missile defence (TBMD) capability but its potential for such a role is being assessed. Land-based Aster 30 Block 1 missiles have intercepted short-range ballistic missiles and trials of a land-based SAMPSON modified for BMD were planned for early 2012. The Ministry of Defence announced in 2013 that the first ship, "Daring", would take part in ballistic defence trials with the US Missile Defence Agency (MDA) as part of a major research and development programme.
Type 45 destroyer | Anti-air warfare
BAE's Portsmouth shipyard is responsible for Blocks E/F (bridge to the bow) and the funnels and masts. For ships 2 to 6 blocks A-D were assembled in the Ships Block and Outfit Hall of the Govan shipyard, and taken fully outfitted to the Scotstoun berth. The masts and funnels were also fitted before launch. For the first-of-class, Block A was assembled at Govan and moved to Scotstoun, where it was mated to Block B/C, which was already fitted with the WR-21 turbines and machinery. Block D, also assembled at Scotstoun, was fitted to these three blocks. The bow sections (E/F) were mated at Portsmouth and taken by barge to Scotstoun.
Type 45 destroyer | Construction
These ships were designed to provide anti-aircraft escorts to convoys and light fleet aircraft carriers of the "Sydney" and "Virkant" classes and act as light destroyers on detached duties; as a result they were not built for fleet carrier task force speed —28 knots for the "Victorious" and "Audacious" classes and made only . They were envisioned in late World War II and immediately after as part of the 1944 project for a common hull anti-submarine warfare (A/S), anti-air warfare (A/A), and A/D frigate, and the design of the Type 41 was completed by December 1947. Like the 1950 RAN Battle-class variant (actually the Royal Navy variant, for war emergency production) and the unbuilt 1942 two-turret RN G destroyer, which the 1944 common hull escort closely resembles (shipyards building the Type 41, like Dennys Glasgow yard, had been provided with the full 1944 "Gallant"-class plans), the Type 41 "Leopard" class used the latest twin semi-auto 4.5" Mk6 turrets.
Leopard-class frigate | Design
The Type 43 was a proposed destroyer class for the Royal Navy. It was intended to follow on from the Type 42 but armed with the Sea Dart Mark II missile. The primary role of the Type 43 was to protect a task force from air-launched missile attack. There were two proposed variants - the small variant and the large variant. The project advanced to feasibility design before being cancelled in 1981.
Type 43 destroyer | Introduction
The design for the small variant Type 43 resembled a Type 42 with one twin Sea Dart launcher forward and directors fore and aft.
Type 43 destroyer | Small Variant
This meant that, unlike other post-war frigates, the Type 41 had a full destroyer armament of two twin 4.5" Mk6 gun turrets, giving them a more powerful armament than the Battle- or Weapon-class destroyers. The first production orders were in the 1951/2 and 1952/3 programmes. In 1953 eleven additional Type 41s, also with cat names like "Cougar" and "Cheetah", were planned, together with ten Type 61 or "Salisbury"-class frigates, with which they shared a common hull and machinery.
Leopard-class frigate | Design
The Type 1945 destroyers were a planned class of destroyers, for the Kriegsmarine, whose design was based upon that of the Type 1936D and E destroyers. Their plan involved a return to steam boilers, which had been replaced by diesel engines in all ships designs after the Type 1942 destroyers. No ships were ever built, as the end of the war was rapidly approaching.
Type 1945 destroyer | Introduction
They were to have high-angle (anti-aircraft) director ship gun fire-control systems, placed on their fore and aft, which were to be fitted with radio direction finders. They were to be propelled by two three-bladed propellers, two sets of Wagner turbines, four Wagner-Deschimag boilers feeding high-pressure superheated steam (at and ), intended to give her , and a speed of , , or , depending on if they were at standard load, full load, or deep load, respectively. They were to carry of oil, to give her a range of at . The machinery was calculated to have a weight-power ratio of .
Type 1945 destroyer | Characteristics
These were the final blocks to be attached. At this point the hull was launched into the Clyde and towed to the Scotstoun Dry Dock where the masts and funnels were fitted (the masts are partially outfitted with equipment, for example the mast for the S1850M radar is sent from Portsmouth to Thales Nederland to be fitted with radar equipment). Once this is complete, the remaining equipment is fitted: radar arrays, bow-mounted sonar, propellers, missile equipment and 4.5-inch gun. This modular construction arrangement was agreed in February 2002. However, when the original contract for three ships was signed in July 2000, BAE Systems Marine was to build the first and third ships, and Vosper Thornycroft (now VT) was to build the second.
Type 45 destroyer | Construction
The Type 45 destroyers, the Royal Navy's latest vessels of this type, have resurrected the letter naming convention, taking D names, and repeating some of the previous "Daring" class.
Naming conventions for destroyers of the Royal Navy | Back to letters
These ships were larger than other contemporary European destroyers and were based on the wartime , but were enlarged and had a dual purpose armament. The ships were designed as Squadron escorts ("Escorteur d'escadre") rather than for independent operations, therefore they had a slower speed than their predecessors. As built, the vessels had standard displacement of and at full load. They measured long overall with a beam and a draught of . They were propelled by Rateau geared turbines turning two shafts rated at , powered by four boilers raising steam at . They had a maximum speed of and a range of at .
T 47-class destroyer | Design and description
On 7 September 2007 it was reported that Saudi Arabian officials had been invited to observe "Daring"s sea trials. In 2009 the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee conducted an enquiry into the procurement. Its main conclusions were that despite the destroyer being based on 80% new technology, there was a failure to take sufficient account of technical risk, over-optimism, and an inappropriate too-early fixed price project entered into before many elements had been specified. This resulted in a difficult commercial relationship until a contract renegotiation in 2007. It noted that the MoD believed six ships would still enable it to meet the operational requirement of having five ships at sea, with only a small risk of failing to meet that requirement.
Type 45 destroyer | Ships in the class
The UK ships are all now decommissioned. By 2007 none of the batch 1 vessels remained in commission. Initially the UK sought to procure replacements first in collaboration with seven other NATO nations under the NFR-90 project and then with France and Italy through the Horizon CNGF programme. However, both these collaborative ventures failed and the UK decided to go it alone with a national project. The UK Type 42s are succeeded by six Type 45 destroyers. , , , , and are all in commission. The Type 42 class suffered from cramped accommodation, a problem for crew safety and comfort, and also when finding space for upgrades.
Type 42 destroyer | Replacement
"Daring" broke down in November 2010 and April 2012, "Dauntless" in February 2014 and "Duncan" in November 2016.
Type 45 destroyer | Engine trouble
The Minister of State for the Armed Forces, John Spellar, replied that HMS "Sheffield" would be withdrawn in 2012 and superseded by a Type 45 Destroyer, "Coventry" in 2001 superseded by HMS "St. Albans", a Type 23 frigate
Type 22 frigate | Ships – disposal and current state
The Type 41 or "Leopard" class were a class of anti-aircraft defence frigates built for the Royal Navy (4 ships) and Indian Navy (3 ships) in the 1950s. The Type 41 and the Type 61 variant introduced diesel-electric propulsion into the Royal Navy for its long range, low fuel use, and fewer necessary crew and skilled artificers, compared with steam turbines, as well as for its less complex (compared to contemporary turbine propulsion) diesel engines.
Leopard-class frigate | Introduction
The Type 42 or "Sheffield" class, was a class of fourteen guided missile destroyers that served in the Royal Navy. A further two ships of this class were built for and served with the Argentine Navy. The first ship of the class was ordered in 1968 and launched in 1971. Two of the class ("Sheffield" and "Coventry") were sunk in action during the Falklands War of 1982. The Royal Navy used this class of destroyer for 38 years between 1975 and 2013. No ships of this class remain active in the Royal Navy and just one remains in the Argentine Navy.
Type 42 destroyer | Introduction
Following delays and complications the UK withdrew and started its own Type 45 programme. The Type 45 destroyers use the SAMPSON radar with the PAAMS missile system, which was also developed for the Horizon frigates (French and Italian ships are to be fitted with the EMPAR MFR). The SAMPSON Radar is made in Cowes, Isle of Wight.
SAMPSON | History
A hundred and forty-three Type D (丁型) ships were ordered but only sixty-seven were completed and commissioned between February 1944 and July 1945. A further 57 ships were planned under the 1944-45 Programme but were never ordered. They displaced 1,020 tons (full load) and carried three 4.7 in (120 mm) guns, six 25mm (0.98 in) AA machine guns, 13 depth charge throwers, one depth charge chutes, up to 120 depth charge, and one 81 mm (3.2 in) mortar. The Type D version was a further simplification of the "Ukuru" design and were built to the same design as the Type C escort ship.
Japanese destroyers of World War II | Type D
Since the end of the Second World War, Royal Navy ship classes have also been known by their type number (e.g. Type 45 destroyer.)
Ship class | United Kingdom
The Type 15 frigate was a class of British anti-submarine frigates of the Royal Navy. They were conversions based on the hulls of World War II-era destroyers built to the standard War Emergency Programme "utility" design.
Type 15 frigate | Introduction
I-45 was an Imperial Japanese Navy Type B2 submarine. Completed and commissioned in December 1943, she served in World War II, patrolling in the Pacific Ocean and taking part in the Marianas campaign, the Philippines campaign, and the Battle of Leyte Gulf before she was sunk in October 1944.
Japanese submarine I-45 | Introduction
In spite of this, there were no battleship-to-battleship engagements involving either completed vessel of the "Yamato"-class and an enemy warship. Both were sunk by aerial attack.
46 cm/45 Type 94 naval gun | Introduction
They also carried DRBV 20A and DRBC 11 and DRBC 30 radars. The main armament was guided by a single fire control director, with a second slotted aft for the 57 mm guns. The ships had a complement of 347.
T 47-class destroyer | Design and description
Deck equipment and life rafts are concealed behind the ship's superstructure panels, producing a very "clean" superstructure, somewhat similar to that of the French s. The mast is also sparingly equipped externally. Speculation by the press suggests that this design gives the ship the radar cross-section of a small fishing boat. The "Daring" class is notable for being the first Royal Navy vessels to include gender-neutral living spaces to accommodate male and female crew members; communal shower and heads facilities have given way to individual cubicles, and six-person berths for junior ratings are far more flexible in accommodating a mixture of male and female sailors.
Type 45 destroyer | General specifications
By 1945 the wartime "utility" vessels were obsolescent as destroyers due to their relatively small size and makeshift armament. Future construction would be based on ever larger vessels, such as the and . Rapid advances in German U-boat technology with the Type XXI and Type XXVI rendered even some of the most modern Royal Navy escorts obsolete. This technology was being put into production by the Soviet Navy in the form of the . The Royal Navy began designing and constructing new fast anti-submarine frigates of the Type 12 and Type 14 design to counter this threat. However, it would be some time before these vessels could be brought into service and budget constraints limited the number of new hulls that could be constructed.
Type 15 frigate | History
The flight deck of the Type 45 is large enough to accommodate aircraft up to the size of a Chinook helicopter. It has hangar space for either one Merlin HM1 or two Lynx helicopters. The Merlin HM2 has a dipping sonar, sonobuoys and radar; the Merlin carries four anti-submarine Sting Ray torpedoes whilst the smaller Lynx HMA8 carried either two Sting Ray or four Sea Skua anti-ship missiles. From 2015 the Lynx has been replaced in RN service by the AW159 Wildcat whose weapons will include the Lightweight Multirole Missile (IOC 2021) and FASGW(H) missile (IOC 2022). The Wildcat is reliant on ship's sensors to prosecute submarine targets, since in RN service it currently has no dipping sonar or sonobuoys of its own.
Type 45 destroyer | Aviation
expects the Type 055 to fulfill a similar role as the .
Type 055 destroyer | Introduction
In March 2016 Britain and France announced a joint procurement programme with the intention of France acquiring Brimstone missiles to equip the Tiger Mk3 helicopter and Britain acquiring Aster Block 1NT missiles capable of intercepting medium range ballistic missiles of range. A block 2 version of the Aster 30 NT is under development by France and Italy capable of intercepting range missiles. MBDA are the prime contractor for both the weapons systems (Sea Viper) and the Samson radar with BAE systems as the secondary contractor reporting to MBDA.
Type 45 destroyer | Anti-air warfare
Their crew consisted of 11–15 officers and 305–20 sailors. The Type 1936B ships carried five SK C/34 guns in single mounts with gun shields, two each superimposed, fore and aft of the superstructure. The fifth mount was positioned on top of the rear deckhouse. The guns were designated No. 1 to 5 from front to rear. Their anti-aircraft armament consisted of four SK C/30 guns in two twin mounts abreast the rear funnel and fifteen C/38 guns in three quadruple and three single mounts. The ship carried eight above-water torpedo tubes in two power-operated mounts. Two reloads were provided for each mount.
German destroyer Z43 | Design and description
The exact configuration will be adequate but adaptable and the ships may form as part of the Queen Elizabeth-class carrier strike group.
Type 31 frigate | Characteristics
Ex-O class destroyers of the Pakistan Navy "Onslow" / "Tippu Sultan" and "Onslaught" / "Tughril" were returned to the UK between 1957 and 1959 to be converted along the lines of the Type 16 frigate.
Type 16 frigate | Ships
The Type 42 also had "insufficient space for an efficient operations room", which slowed the work rate and made early Type 42s, notably the lead ship "Sheffield", very difficult to fight in. Although often described as obsolete, the Type 42 still proved effective against modern missile threats during the 1991 Gulf War. The Type 42 is also equipped with a 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun and earlier vessels shipped six Ships Torpedo Weapon System (STWS) torpedo launchers. Two Vulcan Phalanx Mk 15 close-in weapon systems (CIWS) were fitted to British Type 42s in lieu of the carried 27-foot whaler and Cheverton launch after the loss of "Sheffield" to an Exocet missile in 1982.
Type 42 destroyer | Design
CD-35 was a C Type class escort ship ("Kaibōkan") of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Second World War.
Japanese escort ship No.35 | Introduction
Navy. Other navies used the term "frigate" for destroyer-sized ships specialized in anti-submarine warfare; the U.S. Navy used this term for fast-carrier anti-aircraft warfare ships. The DLGs succeeded the missile-less DLs.
USS Dewey (DDG-45) | Construction and design
The "Preneuse" class was a type of two 42-gun frigates.
Preneuse-class frigate | Introduction
The design initially included a single quadruple mount of torpedo tubes mounted between the aft 127 mm and 57 mm gun mounts. This was changed to four triple banks of 550 mm torpedo tubes with two placed along either side of the ship. These forward pair were designed to fire L3 ASW homing torpedoes and the aft pair, either L3 torpedoes or K2 anti-ship torpedoes. The ships were equipped with French sonars DUBV 1 and DUBA 1 mounted on the hull. They were intended to have a British-pattern lattice mast, but had twin tripods with lattice installed carrying a DRBV 11 surface and air search radar.
T 47-class destroyer | Design and description
The design for the large variant Type 43 had twin Sea Dart launchers both forward and aft with four radar directors. Also, two GWS.25 Seawolf launchers were located forward and aft. With launchers at both ends the flight deck was relocated midships between the two superstructure blocks. The helicopter hangar would have room for one Merlin or two Lynx helicopters.
Type 43 destroyer | Large Variant
and the littoral combat ship (LCS) were the main ship types planned in this area. However, by 2017 the Navy had reversed course, and put out a Request For Proposals (RFP) for a new frigate class, temporarily designated FFG(X). One major problem with ship classification is whether to base it on a ship's role (such as escort or air defense), or on its size (such as displacement). One example of this ambiguity is the air-defense ship class, which is classified as cruiser, though it uses the same hull as the s.
Destroyer escort | Post–World War II U.S. ship reclassification
After the end of the Second World War and as the Cold War started, the Royal Navy found itself with a shortage of fast anti-submarine escorts capable of dealing with modern Soviet diesel-electric submarines, with existing sloops and frigates too slow. At the same time, the relatively recent War Emergency destroyers, with their low-angle guns and basic fire control systems, were considered unsuitable for modern warfare, so it was decided to convert these obsolete destroyers into fast escorts, acting as a stop-gap solution until new-build ships, such as the Type 12 frigates could be built in sufficient numbers. The Type 15 frigate was a rebuild of War Emergency destroyers into 'first-rate' anti-submarine ships, with similar anti-submarine equipment as the new frigates.
HMS Undine (R42) | Type 15 modification
USS "L-6" (SS-45) was an L-class submarine built for the United States Navy during the 1910s.
USS L-6 (SS-45) | Introduction
Their design differed greatly from previous ones in that it utilized steam turbines, rather than diesel engines. Overall, their design gave them 12% higher engine performance despite having lighter machinery, and a more powerful main armament with a shorter hull. The project never made it past the drawing board, and no ship of the class was ever ordered or laid down.
Type 1945 destroyer | Development
The Type 1936B ships carried five 45-calibre SK C/34 guns in single mounts with gun shields, two each superimposed, fore and aft of the superstructure. The fifth mount was positioned on top of the rear superstructure. The guns were designated No. 1 to 5 from front to rear. The mounts had a range of elevation from -10° to +30°, which gave them a range of at maximum elevation. They fired projectiles at a muzzle velocity of at a rate of 15–18 rounds per minute. The ships carried a total of 600 shells for the guns. Their anti-aircraft armament consisted of four 80-calibre SK C/30 guns in two twin mounts abreast the aft funnel.
Type 1936B destroyer | Armament and sensors
In February 1998, the Minister of State for Defence, Dr Reid said: "Type 42 destroyers achieved approximately 84 to 86 per cent average availability for operational service in each of the last five years. This discounts time spent in planned maintenance."
Type 42 destroyer | Availability
The 15 cm/45 41st Year Type was a British naval gun designed by the Elswick Ordnance Company for export in the years before World War I that armed warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy. These guns served aboard Japanese ships during World War I and as coastal artillery during World War II.
15 cm/45 41st Year Type | Introduction
CD-51 was a C Type class escort ship ("Kaibōkan") of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Second World War.
Japanese escort ship No.51 | Introduction
The Horizon class is a class of air-defence destroyers in service with the French Navy and the Italian Navy, designated as destroyers using NATO classification. The programme started as the Common New Generation Frigate (CNGF), a multi-national collaboration to produce a new generation of air-defence frigates. In Italy the class is known as the Orizzonte class, which translates to "horizon" in French and English. The UK then joined France and Italy in the Horizon-class frigate programme; however, differing national requirements, workshare arguments and delays led to the UK withdrawing on 26 April 1999 and starting its own national project, the Type 45 destroyer.
Horizon-class frigate | Introduction
The T 47 class or "Surcouf" class were the first destroyers built for the French Navy after the Second World War. Twelve ships were built between 1955 and 1957. The ships were modernised in the 1960s and decommissioned in the 1980s, when they were replaced by the and s. The class was authorised in 1949 and were designed as aircraft carrier escort vessels. Three were modified to become flagships, four became anti-air guided missile destroyers and five became anti-submarine destroyers. One member of the class survives, as a museum ship at Nantes.
T 47-class destroyer | Introduction
The F "União" (F-45) is a Niteroi-class frigate of the Brazilian Navy. The "União" was the sixth ship of her class ordered by the Brazilian Navy, on 20 September 1970. The "União" was launched on 14 March 1975, and was commissioned on 12 September 1980.
Brazilian frigate União (F-45) | Introduction
we found that the resilience of the diesel generators and the WR-21 in the ship at the moment was not degrading gracefully; it was degrading catastrophically, so that is what we have had to address." The Admiral still argued that despite the problems, the Royal Navy has been able to deploy Type 45 destroyers in nine-month cycles to the Gulf region where temperatures are high with little fault. The Royal Navy has also been able to maintain at least two Type 45s at operational readiness.
Rolls-Royce WR-21 | Operational issues
Opytny () was the only member of her class of destroyers built for the Soviet Navy during the 1930s. The Soviet designation for her class was Project 45. She was completed in 1941 and fought in World War II as part of the Baltic Fleet. She was indigenously designed in contrast to the Type 7 which was built with Italian assistance and intended as a prototype for future Soviet destroyers. She was not a successful ship, with severe problems with her machinery and stability. Her intended armament of twin-gun turrets were transferred to the destroyer leader and replaced by single gun mounts.
Soviet destroyer Opytny | Introduction
This class was originally conceived to be a stopper for long-range strategic bombers from the former Soviet Long Range Aviation/A-VMF and as area defence for carrier battle groups. As world political climates shifted, so too the role of the Type 42 followed. The class reached its operational zenith during the Falklands War with seven ships taking part in Operation Corporate and the immediate aftermath. The Type 42 provided a capable long-range defence against Argentine air force assets, scoring three confirmed kills. With their weaknesses exposed - "Sheffield" was hit and disabled by a long-range first generation air-to-surface missile and sank six days later, "Coventry" was sunk by conventional iron bombs and "Glasgow" was disabled by a single bomb which passed straight through her aft engine room without exploding - an extensive rethink was conducted and future iterations in and out of build and refit contained upgrades but limited by the Type 42's ageing overall design.
Type 42 destroyer | Availability and use of the Type 42
CD-40 or No. 40 was a Type D escort ship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II and later the Republic of China Navy.
Japanese escort ship CD-40 | Introduction
The 20.3 cm/45 Type 41 naval gun was a Japanese Naval gun and coastal artillery used on cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy from the Russo-Japanese War through the end of World War II.
20.3 cm/45 Type 41 naval gun | Introduction
The solution to the problem lay in the 47 War Emergency Programme destroyers that remained in Royal Navy service, most of which were only a few years old and had seen little active service. Accordingly, plans were drawn up to convert these vessels into fast anti-submarine frigates incorporating as many lessons learned during wartime experience as possible. Ultimately, 23 of the utility destroyers were fully converted into Type 15 first-rate anti-submarine frigates, and a further ten were given limited conversions, and designated Type 16 frigates. The US Navy followed suit in 1960–65, with the "FRAM" program, by which , and s were progressively upgraded, pending the arrival of new s and s in 1969.
Type 15 frigate | History
The was a destroyer escort (or frigate) class built for the (later Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, JMSDF) in the late 1950s. In the FY1953, the Japanese government ordered three destroyer escorts, and this class. These vessels were the first indigenous post-World War II Japanese destroyer escorts, but their propulsion systems were different because the JMSDF tried to find the best way in the propulsion systems of future surface combatants. "Akebono" was a steam-powered vessel, but this class was diesel-powered vessels. So equipment of this class were almost the same as those of "Akebono", with two American 3"/50 caliber Mark 21 guns (or Type 54, the Japanese version) with two Mark 22 single mounts controlled by Mark 51 director each, four Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns with two dual mounts, a Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar and eight K-gun depth charge throwers.
Ikazuchi-class destroyer escort | Introduction
As part of the defence review it was also announced that the remaining Type 22 frigates would be decommissioned without replacement, reducing the Royal Navy's escort fleet from 23 destroyers and frigates to 19 (6 Type 45 destroyers and 13 Type 23 frigates). BAE Systems' original working baseline for the Global Combat Ship design was a vessel 141 metres long with a displacement of 6,850 tonnes and a range of 7,000 nautical miles at 18 knots. However, on 30 November 2010 it was reported that the specifications had been pared down, in effort to reduce the cost from £500M to £250–350M per ship.
Type 26 frigate | Global Combat Ship
This is a list of frigates of World War II. The list includes frigate-class ships, such as US Navy "destroyer escorts", and British "escort destroyers" and sloops. Note that US Navy "escort destroyers", are destroyer-class vessels and found in that list. The List of ships of World War II contains major military vessels of the war, arranged alphabetically and by type. The list includes armed vessels that served during the war and in the immediate aftermath, inclusive of localized ongoing combat operations, garrison surrenders, post-surrender occupation, colony re-occupation, troop and prisoner repatriation, to the end of 1945. For smaller vessels, see also List of World War II ships of less than 1000 tons.
List of frigates of World War II | Introduction
The Type 1945 destroyer was designed in 1945, based upon the design of the Type 1936D and E destroyers, the plans for which were later accidentally destroyed by fire. They were designed during a time when Germany was prioritizing construction of submarines, with little to no effort going into her surface fleet, making the odds of the Type 1945 destroyers, or any other type of ship which was designed after 1942, being constructed, near zero. However, the "Konstruktionsamt" (Construction Department) continued to create designs for surface ships until the end of the war. Before the design was even created, Germany was restricting the use of her surface fleet; after the sinking of the German battleship "Bismarck" on 27 May 1941, heavy restrictions were placed upon surface ship commanders' tactical freedom.
Type 1945 destroyer | Development
They carried of fuel oil. The class was initially designed for fleet anti-aircraft warfare (AA). The main guns were the dual-purpose French-designed Model 1948 /54 calibre gun, which enabled them to use standard U.S. ammunition. The main armament was mounted in three twin turrets. The secondary armament was composed of 57mm/60 modèle 1951 guns in three twin turrets and four single-mounted 20 mm Oerlikon cannon. Their heavy AA armament was chosen due to the lack of pre-war vessels with this ability. Originally, the ships did not have much anti-submarine warfare (ASW) armament included in the design beyond depth charge racks.
T 47-class destroyer | Design and description
120/45 guns armed a variety of ships such as armored cruisers, auxiliary cruisers, coastal defense ships, destroyers, gunboats, minesweepers, pre-dreadnought battleships, protected cruisers, seaplane tenders and unprotected cruisers of the Imperial Russian Navy built between 1890-1916. Armored Cruisers Auxiliary Cruisers Coastal defense ships
120 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892 | Naval Use
The Type 43/44 programme was cancelled by the Secretary of State for Defence John Nott in the 1981 defence review.
Type 43 destroyer | Cancellation
In 2014, the Royal Navy website stated that "Duncan" would be the first Type 45 destroyer to be armed with the Harpoon anti-ship missile system. On 2 March 2015, "Duncan" left Portsmouth armed with Harpoon anti-ship missiles.
HMS Duncan (D37) | Characteristics
The ships were to carry of oil, giving them a planned range of at a conceptual cruising speed of .
Type 1937J destroyer | Characteristics
In May 2000, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State (John Spellar) stated: "The running costs of each of the Royal Navy's Type 42 destroyers for each of the past five years are contained in the following table. This includes repair and maintenance, manpower, fuel and other costs such as port and harbour dues. Year-on-year variations are largely attributable to refit periods."
Type 42 destroyer | Including refits and upgrades
There have been three batches of ships, batch 1 and 2 displacing 4,820 tonnes and batch 3 (sometimes referred to as the "Manchester" class) displacing 5,200 tonnes. The batch 3 ships were heavily upgraded, though the proposed Sea Wolf systems upgrades were never fitted. Because of their more general warfare role, both Argentine ships were fitted with the MM38 Exocet, and not with a CIWS.
Type 42 destroyer | Design
Their crew consisted of 11–15 officers and 305–20 sailors. The Type 1936B ships carried five SK C/34 guns in single mounts with gun shields, two each superimposed, fore and aft of the superstructure. The fifth mount was positioned on top of the rear deckhouse. The guns were designated No. 1 to 5 from front to rear. Their anti-aircraft armament consisted of four SK C/30 guns in two twin mounts abreast the rear funnel and fifteen C/38 guns in three quadruple and three single mounts. The ship carried eight above-water torpedo tubes in two power-operated mounts. Two reloads were provided for each mount.
German destroyer Z35 | Design and description
The Type 1936C destroyer was a planned class of destroyer for the "Kriegsmarine". The class was intended to consist of five ships, "Z46", "Z47", "Z48", "Z49" and "Z50". They were designed to be an improvement of Type 1936A and B destroyers. Only two of the five ships, "Z46" and "Z47", were ever laid down, and work was halted for a year between 1942 and 1943. Construction was constantly interrupted by numerous problems, dominantly due to air raids, material supply delays and a shortage of copper. The two ships that were laid down, "Z46" and "Z47", were blown up by Allied troops in 1945.
Type 1936C destroyer | Introduction
The "John C. Butler" class were destroyer escorts that originated during World War II. The lead ship was , commissioned on 31 March 1944. The class was also known as the WGT type from their Westinghouse geared turbine drive. Of the 293 ships originally planned, 206 were canceled in 1944 and a further four after being laid down; three were not completed until after the end of World War II.
John C. Butler-class destroyer escort | Introduction
A hundred and thirty-two Type C (丙型) ships were ordered but only fifty-six were commissioned between February 1944 and 1945. A further 168 ships were planned under the 1944-45 Programme but were never ordered. They displaced 1,020 tons (full load) and carried three 4.7 in (120 mm) guns, six 25mm (0.98 in) AA machine guns, 13 depth charge throwers, one depth charge chutes, up to 120 depth charges, and one 81 mm (3.2 in) mortar. The Type C "Kaibōkan" was a further simplification of the "Ukuru" design. Due to the simplifications of the design, a significant saving was made in construction time.
Japanese destroyers of World War II | Type C
The 47mm guns were later replaced by 66 mm L/40 guns.
Huszár-class destroyer | Design
The few ships remaining in late 1944 also received the Type 13 radar.
Fubuki-class destroyer | Armament
The "Leopard"-class, or Type 41, frigates were designed for a main role of providing anti-aircraft protection for convoys. As such they were provided with a heavy gun armament but did not require high speed. They shared a common hull and machinery with the (or Type 61) aircraft direction frigates. "Leopard" was long overall, at the waterline and , with a Beam of and a draught of . Displacement was standard and deep load. She was powered by eight Admiralty Standard Range 1 (ASR1) diesel engines, with a total power of , driving two propeller shafts giving a speed of .
HMS Leopard (F14) | Construction and design
From the 1950s to 1975, the US Navy had three types of fast task force escorts and one type of convoy escort. The task force escorts were cruisers (hull classification symbols CAG/CLG/CG), frigates or destroyer-leaders (DL/DLG), and destroyers (DD/DDG); the convoy escorts were ocean escorts (DE/DEG), often called destroyer escorts as they retained the designation and number series of the World War II vessels. Added in the early 1970s was a new ocean escort called the patrol frigate (PF), another designation previously used in World War II, which was the initial designation of the . In 1975, these classifications were simplified to cruiser (CG), destroyer (DD/DDG), and frigate (FF/FFG).
United States Navy 1975 ship reclassification | Classification prior to 1975
Close in anti-aircraft armament consisted of six Bofors 40 mm guns, with two twin mounts and two single mounts. Ten 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes were fitted, in two quintuple mounts.
G-class destroyer (1944) | Design
Although the Mk 8 was fitted to the Type 45 destroyer, on the Type 26 Global Combat Ship it will be supplanted by the BAE 5-inch Mk 45 naval gun.
4.5-inch Mark 8 naval gun | Replacement
The deployment of Type 23s in lieu of Type 42s to high-intensity mission areas became more prevalent as serviceability and reliability issues dogged Type 42s availability, as has obsolescence of their combat and machinery system equipment.
Type 42 destroyer | Availability and use of the Type 42