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Arnold Butler: Truth in Abstraction
Spirituality is something that holds a different meaning depending on who you talk to. For some people, spirituality equals religion. For others, it is a sense of purpose or reconciliation with one’s own mind. For Arnold Butler, spirituality is art. He believes all things in life can be found in art, and art can be found in all things.
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Joule expansion of a pure many-body state
S. Camalet Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, UMR 7600, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Jussieu, Paris-75005, France
Received: date / Revised version: date
We derive the Joule expansion of an isolated perfect gas from the principles of quantum mechanics. Contrary to most studies of irreversible processes which consider composite systems, the gas many-body Hilbert space cannot be factorised into Hilbert spaces corresponding to interesting and ignored degrees of freedom. Moreover, the expansion of the gas into the entire accessible volume is obtained for pure states. Still, the number particle density is characterised by a chemical potential and a temperature. We discuss the special case of a boson gas below the Bose condensation temperature.
03.65.-w, 05.70.Ln, 05.60.Gg
Irreversible processes can be described within the framework of quantum mechanics by taking into account a large amount of degrees of freedom. A small number of these degrees of freedom are involved in the considered process and the other ones are ignored. Most of the studies are concerned with composite systems consisting of a subsystem of interest coupled to one or several large reservoirs. For example, the decoherence and relaxation into thermal equilibrium of a quantum system is obtained by coupling it to a large heat bath QDS . In the context of transport, the quantum conductor under study is maintained out-of-equilibrium by connecting it to large free particle reservoirs Datta . The interesting physics occurs generally in the subsystem and the reservoirs degrees of freedom are traced out Augsburg . The reservoirs are assumed large enough so that their states remain essentially unchanged during the studied process. It seems then natural to suppose that they are initially at thermal equilibrium.
It is often argued that the equilibrium states of the reservoirs result from their coupling to a thermal super-reservoir which is not taken into account explicitly in the model. Recently, it has been shown that such an ad hoc assumption is actually not necessary to understand the relaxation of a quantum system into thermal equilibrium Tasaki ; Mahler ; CT ; EPJB . It has been found that a boson bath initially in a pure state of macroscopically well-defined energy can induce this relaxation EPJB . The thermalisation process has thus been obtained as a consequence of the pure quantum-mechanical description of a truly isolated composite system. In this approach, the temperature of the asymptotic equilibrium state of the interesting subsystem is not introduced by hand by thermal averaging over the bath initial states. It is determined by the density of states of the bath and the macroscopic energy of its initial pure state.
In this Letter, we consider an isolated perfect quantum gas confined in a finite region of space. The gas particles do not interact with each other or with environmental degrees of freedom, they are only subject to a static confining potential. We show that the textbook example of an irreversible process, the Joule expansion, is a direct consequence of the quantum mechanics principles. More precisely, we study the time evolution of the number particle density ensuing from an initial pure many-body state situated in a subregion of the total accessible volume. Following Refs. Mahler ; CT ; EPJB , we consider pure states of macroscopically well-defined energy. Contrary to the usually studied case of composite systems, the interesting and ignored degrees of freedom are here part of the same many-body system. Consequently, the duration of the investigated process increases with the system size and we must study a finite system. However, we obtain, in the thermodynamic limit, a clear expansion of the gas into the entire accessible region for times much shorter than the Poincaré recurrence time of the system.
To simplify, we first restrict ourselves to the case of a one-dimensional perfect gas confined in a box of length . The indistinguishable particles, bosons or fermions, of mass constituting the gas are described by the Hamiltonian
where and create, respectively, a particle at position and in the single-particle eigenstate . The sum runs over the wavevectors where is a positive integer. We use units in which . In the following, we study the particle number density of the gas which can be written as
where the sum runs over both positive and negative wavevectors and denotes the average with respect to the initial gas state . The operators are given by
where . We remark that and for any state .
Particle number density as a function of space for Particle number density as a function of space for
Figure 1: Particle number density as a function of space for and times , and for (a) a 1D fermion gas at and (b) a 3D boson gas at or, equivalently, a single particle. In this last case, the first two curves cannot be distinguised.
We assume that initially the particles are confined in an interval where , and that is a state of macroscopically well-defined energy . We are interested in the subsequent evolution of the density (2) in the thermodynamic limit with finite mean distance and energy . The initial gas state reads
where refers to the -particle eigenstates of the Hamiltonian given by (1) with the upper limit replaced by . The wavevectors of the corresponding eigenmodes are denoted by where is a positive integer. An eigenstate corresponds to a set of occupation numbers obeying . For fermions, is restricted to the values and . The Hilbert space is spanned by the states satisfying where is much smaller than but much larger than the maximum level spacing of . In the thermodynamic limit, the dimension of is practically proportionnal to and a density of states can be defined. Moreover, this density satisfies the Boltzmann’s relation
where is the gas entropy per particle. As is well known, for a perfect gas, the relation (5) is a direct consequence of the exchange symmetry principle Diu .
We now show that, in the thermodynamic limit, almost all normalised states (4) lead to the same particle number density. To obtain this result, we use, following Refs. Mahler ; CT ; EPJB , the uniform measure on the unit sphere in
More precisely, we will evaluate the Hilbert space average and variance of following from this normalised distribution. To do so, we note that, in the limit , the reduced distribution of a finite number of components , equals . With this Gaussian distribution, we obtain the Hilbert space average
where and . This expression simply states that the Hilbert space average of the expectation value is equal to the microcanonical average at energy of the operator . It can be further simplified using the following standard arguments Diu . The microcanonical probability distribution of the occupation number is where and is the density of states of the Hamiltonian . This density obeys the Boltzmann’s relation (5) with the corresponding entropy . Expanding this entropy in the energy and number and taking into account that in the thermodynamic limit, result in where and are given by
Consequently, the microcanonical average numbers in (7) can be replaced by the Bose-Eintein or Fermi-Dirac occupation function at the microcanonical temperature and chemical potential determined by the intensive parameters and of the many-body state (4).
We define the Hilbert space variance of as the average of with respect to the measure (6). We find
where denotes the microcanonical average at energy of the observable . The upper bound is simply obtained by replacing the sum over the states by a sum over all the -particle eigenstates of the Hamiltonian . From the above arguments, one finds that the microcanonical distribution of two eigenmode occupation numbers is with and given by (8). As a consequence, the microcanonical average on the right side of the inequality (9) is equal to a finite grand-canonical average and hence, as , the variance vanishes exponentially in the thermodynamic limit. Therefore, for almost all states (4), the particle number density is given by (2) with the Fourier coefficients
where depending on the bosonic or fermionic nature of the particles. To describe a gas state of macroscopic energy , other choices than (4) are possible. For example, due to the exponential -dependence (5) of the density , one obtains the result (10) for almost all states of the Hilbert space spanned by the eigenstates satisfying and . We also remark that the above derivation is not restricted to the observables . The result (10) can be generalised to any -particle observables for . The expression (10) holds for higher-dimensional systems, provided that the confining potential is independent of . More precisely, the number of particles between and evolves according to (10) with replaced by a sum over transverse eigenmodes. We consider the case of macroscopic transverse dimensions towards the end of the paper.
Particle current
Figure 2: Particle current as a function of time for fermions, a fugacity of , and . The dotted and dashed lines are, respectively, the Landauer current and the contribution of the wavevector .
We now discuss the time evolution of the density . For that purpose, it is useful, using the properties of the Dirac comb function bookFT , to rewrite (10) as
where is the Fourier transform of the grand canonical occupation function . The function does not depend explicitly on the length , it depends only on the intensive parameters and via the definitions (8). It assumes its maximum value at and vanishes for large . As an example, consider the classical Maxwell-Boltzmann limit, where is the de Broglie thermal wavelength ( here), where . The expression (11) clearly shows that is periodic with period and depending on the parity of . Consequently, the density is periodic with period and . Times of the order of are practically inaccessible. For example, for He atoms and a length cm, the time period of the particle number density is of the order of a few days.
The gas expansion is described by the relaxation, for times , of the Fourier coefficients corresponding to wavelengths of the order of the box length . For these times and wavelengths, we obtain
up to a correction of order . The macroscopic wavelength components of the density are of order unity at initial time and then relax according to (12). The gas evolution is hence essentially an expansion into the entire accessible volume, as illustrated by Fig.1. This figure clearly shows that this evolution is very different from that of a single particle Aslangul . The results displayed in Figs.1 and 2 are obtained by numerical evaluation of the sum (10). We remark that in the Maxwell-Boltzmann limit, the gas expansion described by (12) is characterised by an -independent time of the order of as expected from classical physics dimensional considerations. In the example already mentionned of He atoms in a box of cm length, this time is of the order of ms at K and is thus far much shorter than .
Interestingly, the macroscopic wavelength approximation (12) can be interpreted in quasiclassical terms as follows. The number particle density resulting from this approximation can be written as an integral over of the distribution where for and otherwise. This probability density describes classical particles which are initially distributed uniformly in the sub-box with momenta distributed according to the grand-canonical occupation function and which evolve freely between perfectly elastic collisions with the walls of the container class . The gas expansion given by (12) can be characterised by the time evolution of the particle current . For short times, is constant and equal to the Landauer current Landauer flowing through a perfect conductor from a reservoir at thermal equilibrium, the interval here, to an empty reservoir, the interval here, see Fig 2. For longer times, the density and hence the current are well approximated by the longest wavelength terms of (2), see Figs. 1 and 2. Finally, the current essentially vanishes.
Contrary to the quasiclassical approximation (12), the quantum number particle density determined by (10) does not relax into a steady state. As is time periodic with period , the density fluctuates constantly, even in the Maxwell-Boltzmann limit. For the sake of clarity, we discuss this limit and a length . From (11), we deduce that is even and periodic with period . Moreover, we find, for , for and elsewhere, provided that where is the de Broglie thermal wavelength. To show that the microscopic fluctuations of the density do not dissapear in the thermodynamic limit, we consider
which is a global measure of the difference between and the uniform density . The distance decreases from the extensive value to finite values for . For these times, all the Fourier components are of the order of and can be written as an integral over on the intervals where is an integer. Consequently, the function is non-vanishing in finite size regions, see Fig.1, and changes with a characteristic time of the order of .
We finally discuss the case of a gas confined in a tridimensionnal box of length and rectangular cross-section . We assume that the gas is initially in a state of macroscopically well-defined energy and situated in a sub-volume between and . The main difference with the unidimensional system is that here, for bosons, the average occupation number of the sub-box lowest eigenmode is macroscopic for below the Bose condensation energy Diu . We note that, in this case, the microcanonical probability distribution of this occupation number is not of the grand-canonical form BEC . Whereas one eigenmode can be macroscopically populated here, the result remains valid since the dimension in (9) grows exponentially with . For fermions and for bosons with , the gas expands according to (11) with replaced by . For bosons with , the density is the sum of two contributions corresponding, respectively, to the condensed and non-condensed bosons. The contribution is the zero chemical potential limit of the above case. The other contribution is very different since equals times a single-particle position probability density, see Fig.1. Therefore, though we consider pure states, the behavior of the boson gas is radically different below and above the Bose condensation temperature Diu .
In conclusion, we have obtained an irreversible evolution of physically relevant degrees of freedom of a many-body system without any coupling to environmental degrees of freedom. More precisely, we have shown that an isolated quantum perfect gas confined in a finite region of space tends to fill uniformly the total accessible volume, with the noticeable exception of the low energy 3D Bose gas. Moreover, whereas we consider pure gas states, the gas expansion is characterised by a chemical potential and a temperature and is well described by the Landauer formula for short times. It would be interesting to study the influence of interactions between the particles and with an environment. For a weak coupling to an environment, the behavior of the number particle density should be well described by our results for short enough times. The particle-particle interactions could induce a complete relaxation of the single-particle density matrix into a grand-canonical equilibrium state.
We thank R. Chitra for helpful discussions and a careful reading of the manuscript.
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• (4) H. Tasaki, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1373 (1998).
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• (8) B. Diu, C. Guthmann, D. Lederer and B. Roulet, Physique statistique (Hermann, Paris, 1989).
• (9) R.N. Bracewell, The Fourier Transform and Its Applications (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1965).
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For everything else, email us at [email protected].
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This article has been authored by Dhruv Chhajed, a third year law student at Gujarat National Law University.
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (the “Code”) is gaining stability in the system as it has been fulfilling its role of restructuring and reviving since 2016. Meanwhile, there is an increasing interaction between the Code and the Real Estate Act, 2016. In August 2018, an amendment was made to the Code, stating that the Home Allottees filling under IBC for remedy were to be deemed as financial creditors.
Through this blog, the author has explored the fundamentals of the term ‘Financial debt’ and how the time value of money has a perplexing role post-2018 Code Amendment.
Role of Time Value of Money in Financial Debts?
The definition of the time value of money ("TMV”) as given in Black’s Law Dictionary, also referred in Nikhil Mehta v. AMR Infrastructure, as “Price associated with the length of time that an investor must wait until an investment matures or the related income is earned.
Financial Debt as defined under Section 5(8)(f) of the provides that primarily two components must be present for an debt to be qualified as financial debt.
1. The amount disbursed must be against time value of money “and
2. Should be any one type of the transactions between (a) to (i).
We can find the reflection of there being a time value of money in cases of clear consideration of money against credit facility or against payment of interest as seen in State Bank of India v. Advance Surfactants India. Therefore it is indubitable to consider an amount as Financial Debt without “Time Value of Money”.
Critical Importance of TMV
It appears that TMV adds an extra element to the ordinary debt. A financial debt has to be treated differently from operational debt per se. There is some prima facie difference between Section 7 claim of financial debt and a Section 9 claim of Operational Debt. One of it was found in Anil Mahindroo & Anr v. Earth Organics Infrastructure, whereby the Court stated if the amount portrayed in the nature of loan, then the transaction amount has to be recognised as a financial debt. Secondly, it is beyond doubt that in a transaction of operational debt there lies no consideration of time value of money. Simply because of the reason that the amounts advanced for value of goods and services are mere security rather than a funding to the project.
Precedents holding TMV as an essential for Financial Debt.
As already stated, TMV is essential to determine financial debt as per Section 5 of the Code. Therefore, in the light of Divyansh Infracon case where there is no agreement or document showing consideration of interest against time value of money, there is no dispute to the fact that the amount cannot be claimed as financial debts. Similarly, Narayan Rao case also states that when the loan advanced is neither bearing interest nor consideration against time value of money, then the amount is deemed unfit to be a financial debt.
Strikingly NCLT in the Nikhil Mehta gave a judgment favouring builder, which got overruled by NCLAT. However, the judgment of the Appellate Tribunal made it clear that the NCLT was not wrong on law but facts, and that the requirement of the time value of money is necessary for the financial debt.
Therefore the point of law that the claimant could not be said to be a financial creditor if the amount was not disbursed against time value of money as an element of financial debt is affixed. However, the problem begins with the Legislature broadening the scope of financial debt and various judgments conceding with the same.
Legislature's attempt to exclude TMV.
The legislature and creditors are moving forward with an approach to mellow down the impact of TMV. This has a huge impact on the real estate industry where;
Firstly, the Ordinance and Amendment of 2018 have been given a deeming effect to the amounts raised by the allottee under a real estate project as a commercial effect of borrowing.
Secondly, in the case, Swiss Ribbons, Attorney General of India Mr Venugopal had put forth the intent of the legislature as the policy shift in not looking at the allottees applications under Section 7 through the lens of financial debt but as default. Therefore superseding the definitional problem and looking at the prima facie questions of default under the Code only.
Recent Precedent’s overlooking TMV as an essential to Financial Debt.
It is with the simultaneous judgments that have broadly adopted the legislative policy creating confusion. The court simply certifies the proceeds as financial debt and fit for the application under Section 7 of the Code without applying the specific facts and terms of the agreement in each case.
For instance in Shinoy Koshy v. Granite Gate Properties, it was held that the mere purchasing of flats in a housing project makes the buyer a financial creditor and and can, therefore, initiate CIRP against the defaulting builder. In this case, the ground of default to refund the booking amount upon failure to give possession of flats on time was deemed sufficient to initiate CIRP. According to this ruling, the mere fact that there is a deemed commercial effect of borrowing makes the amount a financial debt under Section 5(8) (f) of the Code. In the scenario where there is no consideration of the second component, i.e., TMV against the booking amount in the contract, the amount ipso facto becomes non-financial debt. This is a total disregard to the TMV under section 5(8) (f).
Similarly, Ruby Kumari v. Krishna Assets Developers stated that homebuyers who purchased residential flat are financial creditors and defaulting on refund creates a valid ground for initiation of CIRP, no further deliberation on the time value of money and the circumstantial facts of the case were made.
Lastly, Sunil Handa v. Today Homes Noida India held that solely on the ground that there is the default on the part of the developer/builder on refund of money or delivering of possession, the statutory position of the financial creditor gets automatically filled. The financial creditor is now directly associated to that of the allottee rather than the amount being a financial debt.
Looking at the above precedents it can be said that, it is either the deeming commercial effect or the money received from an allottee that makes the amount a financial Debt.
The impact created from this is the disparity between different applicants. As noted above, the debts were allowed to be admitted even without TMV, whereas we have also noted multiple judgments indicating TMV as a pre-requisite for an application under Section 7 of the Code.
At the offset, problem does not glare itself out. It is only when the shell breaks, the true gravity of the lacuna created by courts can be understood. While on one hand, we have had tribunals/courts strongly applying and adhering to the requirements of Section 5(8) (f) of the Code and making TMV an indispensable element. But on the other hand we have seen courts/tribunal taking a lenient approach on TMV following a chain of unavoidable conclusions after it, i.e., the amount being a financial debt and the person claiming it a financial creditor.
Therefore, there lies a lacuna on concretisation and application of the law in the light of multiple theories prevalent in the current system. The problem being that two different sets of judgments going in two different directions, making the application of TMV even more unclear and a vague. The weightage of the time value of money while ascertaining the claim of financial debt is the current debate
After going through majority of the existing jurisprudence on the said contention, it would not be unwise to take the definitional standard and consider TMV as an essential even in the light of compelling amendments. TMV is the sundering component between financial debt and operational debt. Overlooking such effects can have critical misinterpretations far worse for commerce and industry.
This article was originally published on IBC Laws Blog and can be accessed here.
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©2020 by Indian Review of Advanced Legal Research.
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Allmade Shirts - An Eco-Friendly Choice
As a business owner, it’s essential to consider ways to offer more sustainable offerings to your company and your clients. This is especially true for your company’s apparel. As environmental concerns move to the forefront of global conversations, sustainable and eco-friendly options have become a calling card for many young people around the world. Using these buzz words in your advertising and offering apparel that meets the needs of environmentally focused people will only serve to build your brand.
But is it possible to find comfortable, eco-friendly shirts? For that answer, you need to look no further than Allmade t-shirts. Made from a blend of recycled polyester, Tencel modal (sourced from sustainable beech trees), and organic cotton, Allmade’s sustainable t-shirts are soft, long-lasting, and guilt-free. Built by a team of screen printers, this proven blend produces high-quality prints for your beautiful t-shirt logos and designs. This means high-quality printing and high-quality material in a shirt you can feel proud to wear.
Started in 2017 by a team of screen printers, Allmade quickly developed a passion for designing comfortable and sustainable shirts. A few years prior to Allmade’s creation, the ten founders found themselves on a trip to Haiti to work alongside garment workers and hear their stories. What they witnessed and learned shocked them. Children abandoned at orphanages so parents could meet the stifling demands at their garment factories, environmental havoc, and low wages were just a few of the monumental challenges faced by garment workers daily. Troubled by their findings, they set out to reduce environmental impact and the cycle of poverty, both domestically and abroad.
Since its inception, Allmade’s eco-friendly shirts have done just that. Through their mantra, ‘People, Purpose, Planning,’ they’ve developed a sustainable and person-focused way to make a difference both in Haiti and around the world. In 2020 alone, Allmade’s eco-friendly t-shirts reduced the amount of plastic going into the environment by almost 182,000 pounds! That’s the equivalent of 130,000 water bottles. In addition to the reduction in plastic waste, Allmade’s shirts have saved almost 270 million gallons of water and reduced carbon emissions by over 1 million kilograms. And the garment workers in Haiti? At Allmade’s factory, they now make fair wages, allowing them to care for themselves and their loved ones properly. That’s the kind of impact we value at Jersey Ink: passionate companies making a real-world impact.
As of today, Jersey Ink offers Allmade brand t-shirts in a variety of colors, fits, and styles. Each purchase has a direct positive impact on both the environment and strangers across the ocean. While Allmade is an incredible choice for your sustainable t-shirt needs, there are plenty of other sustainable t-shirt companies to choose from as well.
In addition to eco-friendly t-shirt options, there are plenty of ways for you and your company to positively impact our environment. Consider the following tips for a few ways to reduce your carbon footprint:
1) Assess your energy usage. Are lights left on unnecessarily throughout the day? Are the windows in your building drafty or improperly sealed? Once you’ve done an energy audit, make the necessary changes to reduce energy use. Bonus tip: Reducing energy usage is also a great way to save your company money!
4) Consider going paperless. If you are still sending paper invoices, using paper assessments, or developing paper manuals, consider moving to a virtual platform.
3) Develop policies to encourage the use of reusable materials. Offer refillable water bottles to all employees in lieu of plastic water bottles. Reuse old boxes for packaging materials and purchase used equipment and office furniture when possible.
4) Amp up your recycling program. Make recycling bins more accessible to your employees, partner with local companies to establish ‘shredding’ events, and offer incentives to employees to bolster recycling habits.
5) Purchase sustainable products. Eco-friendly products are more accessible than ever before. In addition to eco-friendly shirts, consider making sustainability for all purchases a company standard.
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The small-business market has gained momentum over the last couple of years. In fact, the number of small businesses that changed hands during the first half of 2016 surpassed the same period in 2015 and the previous record set in the first half of 2014.1
This is good news for business owners who need a thriving market to sell their businesses, especially those who have a large chunk of their personal wealth at stake.
One survey found that nearly half of small-business owners intend to sell their businesses in the next five years.2 If you are one of them, you might keep a close eye on the value of your business.
Fair Market Value
Lenders generally require a professional valuation before extending credit to interested buyers. An accountant or business appraiser may employ one or more of the following methods, depending on the nature of the business and other relevant factors.
The value is often expressed as a multiple of net income or revenue. An element of subjectivity means a seller and a potential buyer could draw very different conclusions when assessing a firm’s value, so competing figures might become the starting point for negotiations.
To help sell your business at a better price, spend some time cleaning up the books and the facilities. Because it often takes many months to find a qualified buyer and finalize the transaction, it might be wise to research the market and plan for a potential sale long before you intend to make your exit.
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Anticompetitive agreements
Assessment framework
What is the general framework for assessing whether an agreement or concerted practice can be considered anticompetitive?
Article 101 of the TFEU prohibits agreements, decisions by associations of undertakings, and concerted practices that have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the internal market. This notably includes agreements that directly or indirectly lead to price-fixing, market/customer sharing, limitation of production, innovation or investment, or imposing unfair commercial conditions on trading partners. Agreements or concerted practices can however be exempted if they fulfil the conditions of article 101(3) of the TFEU, in other words, if they:
• improve production/distribution of goods/services or technical/economic progress;
• do not go beyond what is necessary for such improvement;
• do not eliminate competition on a substantial part of the market; and
• grant a fair share of the benefits to consumers.
In the context of the covid-19 pandemic, the Commission adopted a Temporary Framework on 8 April 2020 setting out criteria for the assessment of business cooperation aiming at preventing shortages of essential products during the crisis. During this time, the Commission also accepted the need exceptionally to provide comfort letters, where appropriate, validating specific and well-defined cooperation projects. The first comfort letter was issued on 8 April 2020 at the request of Medicines for Europe, clearing a cooperation project between pharmaceutical companies aiming at avoiding shortages of supply for medicines used to treat covid-19.
Technology licensing agreements
To what extent are technology licensing agreements considered anticompetitive?
Technology transfer (TT) agreements are generally considered as pro-competitive under EU law. The framework for analysis is set forth in Regulation No. 316/2014 on the application of article 101(3) of the TFEU to categories of TT agreements (TTBER) and its corresponding guidelines. The TTBER provides a safe harbour for TT agreements provided that:
• the market shares of the parties do not exceed 20 per cent (combined) when the agreement is concluded between competing undertakings, or 30 per cent (on their respective markets) when the parties do not compete; and
• the agreement does not include any hardcore restriction (ie, price restrictions, market or customer allocation, restriction on the licensee’s ability to exploit its own technology, etc).
R&D agreements and specialisation agreements are covered by specific exemptions under, respectively, Regulation No. 1217/2010 and Regulation No. 1218/2010.
Co-promotion and co-marketing agreements
To what extent are co-promotion and co-marketing agreements considered anticompetitive?
Co-promotion (promotion of the same drug under the same brand by two different pharmaceutical companies) and co-marketing (promotion and sale of the same drug sold under two different brands by two different pharmaceutical companies) agreements fall within the wider category of commercialisation agreements. These types of agreements are very common in the pharmaceutical sector and generally considered as pro-competitive. For instance, the Commission found that an agreement between Pfizer and EISAI according to which Pfizer would discontinue its pipeline product and handle the production and marketing of EISAI’s own medicine, Aricept, could be exempted under article 101(3) of the TFEU (COMP/36.932, Pfizer/ESAI, 2000). However, co-promotion and co-marketing agreements may entail certain restrictions of competition, for example, if they allow an anticompetitive exchange of commercially sensitive information between actual or potential competitors or if they are entered into with the disguised aim of delaying market entry of a competing drug. Regarding the latter case, the Commission sanctioned a co-promotion agreement between Janssen-Cilag and Sandoz as in fact amounting to pay-for-delay (AT.39685, Janssen-Cilag/Sandoz, 2013). Sandoz had agreed not to launch a generic of Fentanyl on the market in exchange for a fee, covering a series of promotional activities; the Commission found that the fee was not justified by the activities and largely exceeded the profits Sandoz could have expected by entering the market. As a consequence, the Commission considered that the agreement restricted competition and fined the companies €16 million.
Other agreements
What other forms of agreement with a competitor are likely to be an issue? How can these issues be resolved?
Over the past 10 years, the Commission has notably focused its attention on agreements between originator companies and generic companies aiming at delaying generic entry on the market through a buy-out of competition (pay-for-delay agreements). More generally, any agreement or concerted practice with an actual or potential competitor involving an exchange of commercially sensitive information (such as strategic information on prices, customers or R&D) is likely to be found anticompetitive, as it will artificially increase transparency in the market and facilitate collusion.
Issues with vertical agreements
Which aspects of vertical agreements are most likely to raise antitrust concerns?
Vertical agreements are less likely to raise competition concerns. Regulation No. 330/2010 on the application of article 101(3) of the TFEU to categories of vertical agreements (VBER) provides for a safe harbour, as long as:
• the parties are not competing undertaking and their respective market shares do not exceed 30 per cent; and
• the agreement does not include hardcore restrictions (resale price maintenance, market sharing, restriction on passive sales, etc).
When an agreement falls outside the safe harbour provided for by the VBER, it must be assessed according to the Commission’s guidelines on vertical restraints and relevant case law.
In the pharmaceutical sector, provisions aiming to prevent parallel trade, in particular, differentiated price systems or restrictions on sales, should be assessed carefully. The ECJ notably confirmed that restrictions to parallel trade infringe competition, although they may be exempted under article 101(3) of the TFEU if they produce sufficient efficiencies to outweigh the restriction (C-501/06 P, GSK, 2009).
Patent dispute settlements
To what extent can the settlement of a patent dispute expose the parties concerned to liability for an antitrust violation?
Following its 2009 sector inquiry, the Commission investigated and sanctioned some patent settlements involving an important value transfer as being anticompetitive insofar as they in fact aimed at limiting market entry of generics (so-called pay-for-delay agreements).
For instance, in the Lundbeck case, the Commission found that agreements between Lundbeck and generic manufacturers of Citalopram, under which the latter received money in exchange for staying out of the market, restricted competition (AT.39226, Citalopram, 2013). The assessment of the Commission was confirmed by the General Court (T-472/13, Lundbeck, 2016).
Similarly, in Servier, the Commission fined Servier and several generic manufacturers for having entered into illegal pay-for-delay agreements. The General Court, however, partially annulled the Commission’s decision, notably with respect to one agreement between Servier and Krka where there was a genuine patent dispute; and the Commission did not demonstrate that the licence granted to Krka was not concluded at arm’s length (T-684/14, Krka, 2018).
While we still await the ECJ’s rulings in Lundbeck and Servier, the dismissal of these two appeals would not be surprising. Indeed, the ECJ has already provided some guidance in the context of its recent preliminary ruling in the Paroxetine case (C-307/18, Generics UK, 2020). The ECJ first recalled, with respect to potential competition, that the mere existence of a patent does not constitute a sufficient barrier to entry, and does not prevent the finding of potential competition provided that the generic company has the firm intention and ability to enter the market. The ECJ then confirmed its narrow interpretation of by-object restrictions which, in pay-for-delay cases, can be characterised if the value transfer is so important that it cannot have any other justification than the willingness of the parties not to engage in frontal competition. The ECJ further stated that, in this context, due account must be given to potential pro-competitive effects, provided that such effects are demonstrated. Taking the exact same view in her opinion of 4 June 2020, Advocate General Juliane Kokott proposed that the ECJ confirms the General Court’s judgement and Commission’s decision in the Lundbeck case.
Finally, the Commission’s investigation into Teva and Cephalon’s practices regarding an agreement relating to modafinil is still on-going.
Joint communications and lobbying
To what extent can joint communications or lobbying actions be anticompetitive?
The prohibition laid down in article 101(1) of the TFEU also applies to associations of undertakings such as trade associations. For instance, the Commission fined the French Order of Pharmacists for imposing minimum resale prices on its members (AT.39510, Ordre national des pharmaciens, 2010). Intermediaries (brokers, trade association, lobbies, etc) can be sanctioned if they facilitate the setting up of a cartel, for instance, by organising meetings or contributing to the dissemination of information, even if they are not themselves active on the relevant market (C-194/14 P, AC- Treuhand, 2015).
Public communications
To what extent may public communications constitute an infringement?
Public communication is normally not considered anticompetitive, but pharmaceutical companies must, however, be careful. In particular, communication of misleading information to health authorities, healthcare professionals and the public in general, in a context of scientific uncertainty, has recently been qualified by the ECJ as a restriction of competition by object (Case C-17916, Roche-Novartis, 2018).
Exchange of information
Are anticompetitive exchanges of information more likely to occur in the pharmaceutical sector given the increased transparency imposed by measures such as disclosure of relationships with HCPs, clinical trials, etc?
The increased transparency requirements imposed on the pharmaceutical industry could lead to increased risks of collusion and information exchanges. However, transparency rules usually provide for exceptions to disclosure in the case of commercially sensitive information, and compliance with transparency rules should not be considered as an infringement of article 101 of the TFEU. For example, Regulation No. 536/2014 on clinical trials (application postponed to 2021), which imposes reinforced transparency obligations with regard to clinical trial data via their publication on an EU database, allows disclosure limitations to protect commercially confidential information. Similarly, the EFPIA Disclosure Code, which requires all EFPIA members to disclose transfer of value to healthcare professionals and healthcare organisations, allows aggregate disclosure when individual disclosure is not legally permitted. In practice, the Commission has never prosecuted a competition infringement related to disclosure obligations to HCPs and the general public.
Law stated date
Correct on
Give the date on which the above content is accurate.
5 June 2020.
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MILWAUKEE - Grace Matthews Inc. and Aakash Chemicals and Dye-Stuffs Inc. (Aakash Chemicals) announced that private equity firm CenterOak Partners LLC, Dallas, Texas, has made an investment in Aakash Chemicals. Aakash Shah, the current CEO of Aakash Chemicals, has retained his ownership position in the business and will continue to serve as its CEO. Grace Matthews advised Aakash Chemicals on the transaction. Financial terms were not disclosed.
Based in Glendale Heights, Illinois, near Chicago, Aakash Chemicals is a supplier of pigments, dyes, liquid colorants, specialty resins and related chemical additives to the plastics, coatings, inks, agriculture and textile industries. Founded in the late 1970s as an importer of dyes for the textile industry, the company has evolved into a global supply chain partner with a reputation for providing significant value-added services, including quality control and technical support, research and development and product development, regulatory compliance, import/export logistics, and inventory management.
CenterOak Partners LLC is a private equity firm with a focus on making investments in middle-market companies organized or operating in the United States.
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| 0.995606
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The Premier 3D Rendering & Animation Software
Easily create art and animation with 3D characters
Poser is a 3D computer graphics program optimized for 3D modeling of human figures. It is known for enabling digital artists to easily produce 3D animations and digital images, as well as the extensive availability of third-party digital content.
Since 1995, Poser has been the go-to software tool for 3D characters in illustration and animation for over 500,000 digital artists.
Poser 12
Poser is a digital stage that gives you full creative control. Work with 3D figures for any project requiring rendered images or animated video. Drag 3D content right from Poser’s own library of over 5 GB of content onto the stage and into your scene.
Poser 12 Upgrade
Upgrade to Poser 12 from any Poser 11 license. Enjoy GPU rendering and import/export support for major 3D software packages.
Poser 12 is a 3D universe that allows users to easily illustrate and animate using its new features including a new SuperFly render engine, expanded graphic card support, a new Post Effects palette, Python 3 support, new Material Management tab, icons on library thumbnails and more.
What is Adaptive Sampling in Poser 12?
What's new in Poser 12: How to use Adaptive Sampling (and a software update)
With the Poser 12 update, we improved the SuperFly render engine by updating to Cycles 2. This update includes improved performance with Adaptive Sampling, which uses machine...
How Diane Griffith and Lisa Buckalew helped create the 3D art world
How 2 women helped create the 3D art world
Poser 12 & Python: How Poser 12 improves access to Python scripts
How Poser 12 improves access to Python scripts
Poser is an ecosystem full of ready-to-pose 3D human figures, hair, clothing, props, scenery, lighting and cameras you need to bring your stories, dreams and fantasies of all genres to life. From historic to contemporary, sci-fi to fantasy, Poser is the 3D graphics software tool used by studios and hobbyists alike.
Poser delivers the power of interactive 3D figure design, offering infinite opportunities to portray human diversity, form and expression. Create with the human form for art, illustration, animation, comics, web, print, education, medical, games, story boarding, and more!
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| 0.720477
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As you get older, your back needs attention. Here are some tips to help you reduce back pain.
Right nutrition is most essential requirement for back pain. nutrition is provide by sufficient nutrient which gives strengthen to our musculoskeletal system of body. Nutrient which provide sufficient nutrition are:-
Extra weight means extra stress on your body , which lead to back pain .for those that carry weight in the belly region, the strain on the back only increases. Find an eating plan that works for you, and get your BMI under control. As we can see today,most of our activities are sedentary which does not strengthen up our back muscles rather they weaken them. It is even more necessary to exercise regularly. But make sure to try it with the guidance of an expert. (Either a PT or Yoga therapist.
• Regular exercise builds up the strength of our musculature, mobilises & lubricates our joints and improves the flexibility the most required.
• Not just that even the nourishment to our musculoskeletal system improves with an improved blood circulation.
• The different activities which help our spine and back to strengthen can be - yogic asanas, sun-salutations(for those who can), swimming, cycling and walking.
As all of us know that we spend lots of time through the day sitting for most of the it is apparent that your back takes the burden of sitting most of time. If a right posture is maintained, it can prevent of our back problems.
Make sure to let your spine take its natural curvature while sitting. you need to keep in mind proper spine alignment not just when watching TV or sitting at your desk at work. The position you sleep in can go in wrong way keeping back pain occur. the best position is on your side in a relaxed fetal position with your knee bent .place a pillow between your legs, so that as you sleep, the top leg does not slide forward, causing a twist in your lower back .consider also using a small pillow under your neck, so that your spine stay in alignment as much as possible.
Remember to focus on your small daily movements, such as how you pick up objects (always bend at the knees)how you carry your purse or backpack(make sure it’s not too heavy and wear your backpack on both shoulder), invest in a new mattress or/and pillow that are firm and prevent your spine to curve, and add some gentle stretching to your morning routine
Dr. Jyotsna Gupta
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Fecal Transplant Weight Loss
Individuals commonly wonder how to lose weight without exercise or special diets. The simple fact of the matter is that everybody needs to get rid of some weight. Just because a person doesn’t feel like working out, does not mean they should not. There are many different reasons why people struggle with their weight. The important thing is learning what those reasons are and finding a way to conquer them.
Diet program: Some people find it tough to lose weight without some form of diet program. It is important to talk with your doctor about a recommended diet plan that will help you make educated choices. However, it isn’t always necessary to stick with this diet plan. Consider a crandall diet plan. Read more about crandall diets below.
Diabetes: The biggest reason why so many people struggle with weight loss is because they have high blood sugar levels. High glucose levels are also known as being at risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a disease of the pancreas and may be life threatening if left untreated. If you’re concerned about developing type 2 diabetes then it is important to understand how to lose weight. Your goal should be to lower your excess weight to a more manageable level.
Consume the right foods for best results: All of your meals should be healthful. Eating healthier foods will make certain you get the best results possible. Eating less calories can help you lose weight faster, but frequently eating less calories per day is not enough. In addition, you need to make certain that you’re consuming the ideal kinds of foods to get the best results.
You’re better off if you combine moderate exercise with watching your calorie consumption: When you are trying to lose weight and become physically healthy you want to eat fewer calories than your body requires each day. However, you also need to make certain you’re also getting regular physical activity. This can increase your calorie intake and improve your overall health.
Find out which supplements are effective for weight loss: Many diet products have a large number of potentially harmful ingredients. Find out which dietary supplements are the most effective. Some ingredients to look for include ephedra fat burners.
Check the ingredients inside the dietary supplement you’re considering: If you see ingredients such as ephedra, guarana, ginseng, damiana and hawthorn in a nutritional supplement then it is probably safe to say that it contains dangerous stimulants. Avoid dietary supplements that contain these ingredients at all costs. The main reason is because a lot of them do not actually work. The majority of the time that they contain ephedra or fennel that cause severe side effects.
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Does your relationship pass this test?
By Grace Elkus
November 21, 2016
This article originally appeared on Real Simple
Whether you're entering a new relationship or hitting a significant milestone, it's natural to question whether you've chosen the right partner. We talked to Elizabeth Schoenfeld, Ph.D., director of research and evaluation at LifeWorks and frequent contributor to, and Marina Williams, a therapist in Boston and the author of Couples Counseling: A Step by Step Guide for Therapists, about the telltale signs you should look for.
They're Attentive
Small, daily gestures of romance are an important part of a supportive relationship, especially when they align with your personal needs. If you're feeling under the weather, for example, you'll appreciate your partner more if he or she makes you soup rather than brings home concert tickets, Schoenfeld says. "Having a partner who notices what you need or want in a given moment and responds accordingly bodes well for the long-term potential of your relationship."
They're Affectionate
Whether its hugging, kissing, or cuddling before bed, regularly engaging in some form of physical affection is key to feeling connected to your partner, according to Schoenfeld. "Generally speaking, couples who are more physically affectionate with one another tend to be more satisfied with their partners and their relationships—which makes sense, as individuals tend to feel more cared for and understood when their partners show physical affection," she says. And being affectionate is good for our personal and mental health, too.
They Respond Well to Conflict
How you communicate in the heat of an argument can be a telltale sign of the status of your relationship. In fact, the amount of conflict you engage in with your partner doesn't matter nearly as much as how the argument is handled, Schoenfeld says. In healthy relationships, each partner responds to conflict in a caring and supportive manner. "If they listen to what you're saying, respect where you're coming from, and respond to your disclosures by sharing their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences (without making the conversation all about them), then intimacy is more likely to flourish."
If you are communicating poorly, however, don't give up hope. "As a couples counselor, I always love it when the problem is communication because it's something that's very easily fixed, granted that the couple is willing to change," Williams says.
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| 0.969462
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Drilling and Insitu Tests
GPR Measurements
Ground Penetrating Radar is a subsurface exploration system that uses electromagnetic (EM) waves. It is very similar in principle to reflection seismic. The system sends EM pulses into the ground by a transmitting antenna and picks up reflections with a receiving antenna. These signals are amplified and processed to provide a ground profile record.
Recently this technique is most famous to detect karstic voids, caves, fractures, substructure systems, infrastructure lines (pipe/wire duct), historical structures, and tunnels etc. It is possible to monitor different depth levels of ground by using different frequency receiver antennas; therefore it is possible to make an evaluation in 2D and 3D.
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| 0.999472
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A+ A A-
Pesticide residues surveillance and anomalies monitoring of ‘Maltaise demi sanguine’ (Citrus sinensis L.) oranges in packinghouses
Download this file (JNS_AgriBiotech_Vol_32_01.pdf)Volume 32, Article 1[Volume 32, Article 1]775 kB
M. Hammami2
1 Department of Plant Protection and Post-Harvest Diseases, National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia (INAT), 1082 Tunis, Tunisia. University of Carthage.
2 Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Biotechnology Center of Borj Cedria, 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
3 Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Pesticide Residues, Ministry of Agriculture Water Resources and Fishing, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.
Abstract - For the monitoring of pesticide residues during the two agricultural seasons 2012-2013 and 2013-2014, one hundred and forty-two ‘Maltaise demi sanguine’ orange samples were collected from packinghouses. Sample analysis carried out by extraction procedure based on QuECHERS method followed by UHPLC-MS/MS chromatographic analysis showed that on both campaigns malathion, dimethoate and methidation were the only active ingredients that exceeded the Maximum Residue Levels (MRL) set by the European Union. The frequency of the MRL’s excess varied through the seasons and methidathion decreased from 85.71% to 80%, malathion declined from 54.55% to 36.36%. However, dimethoate increased from 62.5% to 75%. The upper value of concentration of each molecule varied too showing a decrease in the case of methidathion from 540 to 180 ppb and an increase in malathion from 38.64 to 93.57 ppb. Besides these tests, monitoring the export of ‘Maltaise’ oranges had shown the importance of maintenance of citrus orchards and the importance of the operation of collection to minimize the physical damages that are on the top of other post-harvest deteriorations and which decline fruit during the last operation of selection in the packing chain of oranges and represent sources of infection by fungi.
Keywords: Oranges, pesticides, UHPLC-MS/MS, sorting gap, agricultural practices.
1. Introduction
Pesticides are widely used in agriculture to control pests, plant diseases and weeds. They are a necessary tool to provide high crop yields and high quality of food products. However, pesticides are developed through very strict regulation processes to function with reasonable certainty and minimal impact on human health (Lavigene 2013).
Despite the regulations, serious concerns about health risks raised from successive exposure to these chemicals, or from their residues inhaled through air or ingested through food and water (Calvet and al. 2005). Yet, considerable amounts of harmful pesticide residues often remain in the harvested fruits, becoming a permanent danger to the consumer and creating health hazards ranging from short-term impacts such as headaches and nausea to chronic impacts like cancer, reproductive harm, and endocrine disruption (Camard and Magdelaine 2001).
Actually, the presence of pesticide residues in food receives more worldwide attention and the register and set of the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) is part of control authorities’ responsibilities . These limits are established either by FAO and European Commission Union (EU) in order to protect the environment and particularly consumer health by minimizing pesticide concentration in fruits and vegetables proposed to consumer (EC 2005, FAO; UNEP; WHO 1991).
To control the respect of the code of Good Phytosanitary Practices, pesticides residue monitoring programs are the only tool to control the quantity of pesticides on food and to enforce tolerances (OMS 1988). In the case of Tunisia, a little information about the residues of pesticides in fruits and vegetables is available.
In this context, the aim of this present study is to monitor pesticide residues in oranges sampled from Tunisian packinghouses during two agricultural seasons 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 and to check compliance with existing regulations especially for European Community. Moreover, a surveillance of anomalies on the fruit attempts to determine the causes of sorting gaps and propose solutions to maintain the quality of oranges in export.
1. Materials and Methods
1. Samples and Sampling
The monitoring was conducted during two agricultural seasons (2012-2013) and (2013-2014) from January to March and from February to March respectively. The sampling concerned the ‘Maltaise demi sanguine’ oranges collected from 11 and 13 packing houses respectively located on the main production region of citrus Cap Bon.
The citrus sampling led to a total of 107 fruit samples from the first agricultural campaign and 39 fruit samples from the second one. They were performed in accordance with the guidelines of FAO (Miller 1995); which means that, the sample was taken at various places distributed throughout the lot. Orange samples weighted with a minimum of 1 kg and collected in bags. All samples were labeled and stocked at 4°C until the extraction was done.
1. Materials and Reagents
Acetonitrile Pestinorm for residue analysis was purchased from BDH Prolabo. Standards of selected active ingredients: abamectin, acetamipride, bifenazate, deltamethrine, diafenthuron, flufenoxuron, imidaclopride, lufenuron, propargite, malathion, spinosade, spirodiclofene, thiamethoxam, methidathion, spiromesifene, fenpyroximate, dimethoathe, chlorpyriphos-ethyl, fenoxycarbe, thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim were obtained from the stocks of the laboratory of Analysis of Pesticides in the Ministry of Agriculture. The individual stock solutions were prepared by dissolving 100 mg of each compound in 100 mL of acetonitrile, except for the carbendazim, which was prepared in 10 M HCl instead of acetonitrile. Then they were stored in glass stopper bottles at 4°C. Standard working solutions at various concentrations were prepared daily by appropriate dilution of aliquots of stock solution in acetonitrile.
1. Extraction procedure
The extraction procedure is based on QuEChERS method published by Anastassiades and al. (2003). This method follows AFNOR standard NF EN 15662 (2009) and is validated to use in the Laboratory of Analysis of Pesticides in the Ministry of Agriculture in Tunisia.
Samples collected were coarsely chopped and homogenized for 3 min at high speed using a laboratory food chopper to generate uniform sample representative of the product. 10g of homogenized orange sample was weighted in a 50 mL flacon tube and 10 mL of acetonitrile Pestinorm was added to orange sample. Then, 4 g magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), anhydrous; 1 g sodium chloride (NaCl); 1 g trisodium citrate dehydrate (C6H5Na3O7.2H2O) and 0.5g disodium hydrogencitrate sesquihydrate (C6H8Na2O8) were added to the mixture for extraction. High speed vortex mixer was applied for mixing for one minute. Then, a centrifugation was realized for five minutes at 3500 g. The supernatant obtained was conserved in the refrigerator during 24 hours. The step of cleaning consisted in the removal of the supernatant in a 15 mL flacon tube containing 900mg of MgSO4 and 150mg of Primary and Secondary Amino adsorbent (PSA). Once mixed, the extract is spin-dried at 3500 g during five minutes to separate the solid material. The supernatant is adjusted and stabilized with a 5% formic acid in acetonitrile solution. Finally, the stabilized extract is transferred to an autosampler vial in the refrigerator until chromatographic analysis (Anastassiades and al. 2003).
1. Chromatographic Analysis
Analysis of final extracts were carried out on a Shimadzu UHPLC-MS-MS system equipped with a binary solvent pumps, an autosampler, and a mass-selective detector with Electro-Spray Ionization (ESI) (Anastassiades and al. 2003) (Table 1).
Table 1: Conditions of the chromatographic analysis.
ChromatographicLiquid (LC)
Pinnacle DB AQ C18 (L=100mm*ф=2,1mm*1,9µm)
Mobile phase flow rate
0,2 mL/min
Temperatureoven/ column
Mobile phase
20% Me-OH 80% H2O
Injection Volume
Mass-Spectrometry (MS-MS)
Nebulizer Gas flow-rate
Drying gas flow-rate
Vaporizer temperature
Nebulizer Gas
Argon à 230KPa
1. Monitoring of ‘Maltaise demi-sanguine’ anomalies in packinghouses
This monitoring aimed the determination of the causes of the sorting gap fruit by counting the damages observed on oranges in four packing houses. For this analysis, six boxes from two different agricultures were selected randomly on each visit. Then, the fruit were analyzed one by one (Fourtassi 1998).
The packing houses were selected from a list supplied from the Ministry of Power Industry and Small and Medium Enterprises and the choices made were based on the quality and size of the packinghouses’ exports. The visits were extended during the two campaigns from February until late March.
3. Results and discussion
1. Residue pesticides analysis
Samples analysis of oranges recovered from the packinghouses showed, during the first season 2012-2013, that 29.52 % of the samples were contaminated (Figure 1). In this context, 67.74 % of these samples had exceeded the Maximum Residue Levels (MRL) while 32.26 % showed no overtaking.
Figure 1: Packing houses residue analysis during the season 2012-2013.
In this case, the four detected active ingredients were malathion, methidathion, dimethoate and chlorpyrifos- ethyl present in 20.95, 6.66, 7.62 and 2.86 % of the analyzed samples (Figure 2) and their concentrations varied between 4.52 and 38,642 ppb for malathion, 6.252 and 540,640 ppb for methidathion, 10.97 and 111.421 ppb for dimethoate and 20.22 and 50,973 ppb for chlorpyrifos- ethyl.
Compared with MRL set by the European Union (20 ppb), the three insecticides malathion, methidathion and dimethoate exceeded the MRL with a frequency of 11.43, 5.71 and 4.76 %.
Figure 2: Frequencyof non-conformity of the active ingredients during the season 2012-2013.
During the second agricultural season 2013-2014, the analysis of the samples collected from the packing houses revealed an increase on contaminated samples (62.16 %) and a decrease on the active ingredients free ones (37.84 %) (Figure 3). However, the percentage of frequencies of MRL’s excess in samples decreased from 67.74 % to 43.48 %.
Figure 3: Packing houses residue analysis during the season 2013-2014.
Compared with the MRL set by the European Union, the results of samples analysis showed that, as the previous year , only malathion, methidathion and dimethoate exceeded the limit (Figure 4) even though, more active ingredients were present in the samples than in the first campaign: acetamiprid (15.78 ppb), malathion (10.26-93.57 ppb), spirodiclofen (10.62-18.77 ppb), methidathion (13.10-180.32 ppb), dimethoate (21.5-55.57 ppb), chlorpyrifos- ethyl (16.15-38.96 ppb), fenoxycarb (11.76 ppb) and thiophante -methyl (23.12 ppb).
Figure 4: Frequency of non-conformity of the active ingredients during the season 2013-2014.
From the results obtained during the two campaigns (Figure 5), we notice that the frequency of MRL’s excess of methidathion decreased from 85.71% to 80%. Similarly, the exceeding frequency of malathion declined from 54.55% to 36.36%. However, the frequency of oranges contaminated with dimethoate increased from 62.5% to 75%.
Figure 5: Frequency of MRL overtaking during both campaigns.
In the same context, the upper value of methidathion concentration considerably decreased from 540.64 to 180.32 ppb during the second campaign. This decrease could be due to the prohibition of the use of pesticides containing methidathion after the non acceptance of oranges contaminated with this active ingredient during the first campaign. However, the concentration of malathion increased from 38.64 to 93.57 ppb, despite the decrease of its frequency on the samples.
The excessive and unreasonable use of insecticides with the active ingredients malathion, dimethoate and methidathion, in order to protect oranges from the Mediterranean fruit fly, would be the basis of MRL’s over pass. However, these aberrations caused the repression of oranges from European countries since some substances such as malathion are banned in Europe (El khaddam and al. 2013).Yet, on an attempt to maintain the level of export of our oranges, the number of commercial preparations with malathion decreased from 11 to 3 preparations between 2008 and 2012 (Anonymous 2012). However, the prohibition of the use of methidathion after the first season has resulted in an increase on the use of malathion in the second one.
1. Monitoring of ‘Maltaise demi-sanguine’ anomalies in packing houses
Monitoring the campaign allowed the counting of anomalies observed on fruits. Their causes are diverse and vary according to the climatic conditions of the production area, the treatments made and the cultivation practices.
Among the problems found on fruits, some do not downgrade fruits in the last sorting phase of the packaging line while others decommission oranges but their presence does not affect the adjacent fruits and others can generate great damages.
These anomalies are mainly due to: physical and phytosanitary causes.
1. Physical Causes
The manipulation of fruits during the picking is generally the source of these anomalies. It conditions a high percentage of sorting gaps.
-- Injuries: they are caused by work tools, including the pliers used for picking, broken boxes or overfilled ones, badly cut nails gatherers, the shock of fruits during loading and transport; these injuries are the main causes of the proliferation of blue and green molds.
--The stalk: the presence of the stalk is a quality feature; its absence is an anomaly and may facilitate the proliferation of fungi such as Penicillium italicum. However, when the stalk is long, it can be a source of injuries to other oranges.
-- Mottling: the wind can cause frictions between fruits from fruit set causing the suberisation of the surface of the skin; the sand-laden winds can cause similar damage.
--Oleocelosis: it is due to physical damage on turgid fruits, oil-bearing glands release the essential oils they contain on the fruit surface which causes the necrosis and the destruction of surrounding skin cells. The affected portion sags slightly and turns brown. The oleocelosis is likely to occur when the fruit is harvested by cold, wet weather, or in newly irrigated land (Cuquerella, 1997).
-- The small size: it is due to the heavy load of trees leading to a competition between fruit, it occurs, especially, in cases of water shortage and a non- optimized technical management of the orchard.
1. Phytosanitary Causes
The lack of sustained observations in the orchard and of adequate phytosanitary treatments may cause the occurrence of pests or diseases that cause considerable damages to the trees and fruits.
-- Pests: mealybugs, mites and medfly form the group of the most dangerous enemies of citrus.
-- Diseases: those caused by fungi are the most common such as blue mold (P. italicum) and green mold (P.digitatum). These post- harvest diseases can cause considerable losses in packing houses and in cold storage since they attack the wounded fruits, hence the need to look after the harvesting operations. Moreover, sooty mold (Capnodium citri), which develops on the sweet secretions of aphids and scale insects strongly adheres to the fruit which makes its removal very difficult when washing.
These problems thus defined and after monitoring the various damages, the following can be retained from the physical (Figure 6) and phytosanitary (Figure 7) problems from both campaigns:
- Oleocelosis was the most downgrading factor of oranges. Then, hail caused countless damages on the fruits.
- Fallen fruit and the absence of the stalk which have been almost equal, during both seasons, were highly correlated according to the equation: y = 1,058x - 1,408; R² = 0,968
- The frequency of small fruit size increased during the second season when the other problems decreased or remained almost stable.
- The frequency of long stalk was positively correlated to injured fruit according to the equation: y = 0,778x - 1,934; R² = 0,412
Figure 6: Physical damages on ‘Maltaise demi sanguin’ oranges.
- The fruit medfly was almost absent in the samples of both campaigns. This might be due to the excessive use of insecticides since the only cases of MRL exceed were with malathion, methidathion and dimethoate used to fight this insect.
- The presence of red mite was rare compared to that of the yellow tea-mite.
- In the case of decay which was mainly due to both Penicillium species, the percentage of attacks did not exceed 2.4% on both seasons. Whereas, this value is susceptible to be duplicated during the transit operations and/ or cold storage when injured fruits are left.
Figure 7: Phytosanitary damages on ‘Maltaise demi sanguin’ oranges.
Based on the results presented above, it is crucial to think of better supervision of farmers throughout the year and especially when picking oranges. Indeed, the fight against Penicillium rots may be indirect before harvest by controlling the causes that can cause injuries and then the penetration of these fungi or serve as their transmission medium (Brown and Eckert 1988). Similarly, other measures to reduce contaminations at harvest could be practiced like the use of disinfected boxes (Fourtassi 1998). Furthermore, spores of P. digitatum and P. italicum are present in the air and at ground level in orchards (Eckert 1990), so the collection must be done with great care to avoid any sort of injuries that may be sites of infection for spores of Penicillium spp. (Tuset and al. 1981 cited by Loussert 1989). For that, harvesters must use special tongs picking; these tools allow the cut of fruit with the stalk with no risk of injuries (Loussert 1989). In addition, the incidence of infection during and after harvest can be reduced by harvesting in dry weather and eliminating fruit falls or injuries (Fourtassi 1998).
1. Conclusion
To sum up, farmers should undergo more rigorous supervision by experts during the year and the gathering period, on the aim to moderate phytosanitary treatments and avoid MRL excess of malathion, methidathion and dimethoate which are very harmful for the environment and human health and minimize physical damages when picking the fruit by adequate manipulations. In fact, any injury is an entry point for parasitic fungi spores which would evolve into the atmosphere and lead rotting fruit. Therefore, considerable damage can ensue and the value of the crop obtained after much effort could be severely compromised, hence the importance to provide more technical advice for better use of production and maintain the rank of export of the ‘Maltaise’ orange.
1. Refrences
AFNOR, 2009. Norme NF EN 15662 Aliments d'origine végétale - Méthode polyvalente de détermination des résidus des pesticides par CG-SM et SL/SM/SM avec extraction/partition avec de l'acétonitrile et nettoyage par SPE dispersés - Méthode QuEChERS.
Anastassiades M., Lehotay SJ., Stajnbaher D., Schenck F., 2003. Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and “dispersive solid-phase extraction” for the determination of pesticide residues in produce. JAOAC Int.; 86:412–431.
Anonymous 2012. Index phytosanitaire 2012.
Brown G.E. and Eckert J.W., 1988. Compendium of Citrus Diseases. American Phytopathological Society, St paul. USA, 65 pp.
Calvet R., Barriuso E., Bedos C., Benoit P. and Coquet Y., 2005. Les pesticides dans le sol: Conséquences agronomiques et environnementales. France Agricole Editions ; 2005; 433-435; 637p.
Camard J P., Magdelaine C., 2001. Produits phytosanitaires: risques pour l’environnement et la santé, Connaissances des usages en zone non agricole. IAU IdF/ORS, 58p.
Cuquerella J., 1997. Técnicas y prácticas de desverdización de cítricos producidos en condiciones mediterráneas. Phytoma España, 90, pp. 106-111.
Eckert J.W., 1990. Impact of fungicide resistance on citrus fruit decay control. In: Green, M.B., LeBaron, H.M., Moberg, W.K. (Eds.). Managing Resistance to Agrochemicals. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 421, pp. 286–302.
El Khaddam S., Idrissi M., Achour S., Khadmaoui A E., Hadrya F., Soulaymani A.,2013. Les intoxications aigües aux pesticides dans la région de Tadla-Azilal (Maroc):Evolution et facteur de risque. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, vol 3(2), 552-559p.
European communities. 2005. The European Union on-line ; official documents ; available from http://europa.eu.int.
FAO/UNEP/WHO, 1991. GEMS : Food Contamination Monitoring Program Summary of 1986-1988 Monitoring Data; WHO Geneva, Switzerland.
Fourtassi, 1998. Récolte des agrumes pour le déverdisage et conditionnement et importance des écarts de triage.
Lavigene P., 2013. Pesticides: Les 12 fruits et légumes qui en contiennent le plus. Availabble from: «http://www.toutvert.com».
Loussert R., 1989. Les agrumes Tome 2 : Productions Techniques Agricoles Méditerranéennes. Edition Scientifiques universitaires Beyrouth, Liban, 157p.
Miller M.G., 1995. Manuels sur le contrôle de la qualité des produits alimentaires 13. Analyse des résidus de pesticides dans les laboratoires de contrôle de la qualité des aliments. FAO. Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Alimentation et l'Agriculture. Rome, Italie, 183p.
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, 1988. Directives relatives à la prévision des quantités de résidus de pesticides apportées par l’alimentation. Bulletin de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, vol 66 (5), 553-559p.
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Summer Olympics: All About Modern Pentathlon
All About Modern Pentathlon
How Does Modern Pentathlon Work?
Why do People Like Watching Modern Pentathlon?
Check out some highlights from the 2012 Olympics:
What are the different events?
How Dangerous is Modern Pentathlon?
What’s the State of Gender Equality in Modern Pentathlon?
Perfect — 36 men and 36 women.
Read more about diving on the official Rio Olympics site.
What is the sport of athletics?
Dear Sports Fan,
My family and I just got back from a trip to Europe. We spent several days in Iceland where we were regaled with stories of Icelandic sports, including their country’s four Olympic medals. Two of the medals are in a sport called “athletics.” What is the sport of athletics?
Dear Mia,
Athletics is an umbrella term that refers to a number of sports, many of the Olympic ones. It’s primarily a British term. The American equivalent is “Track and Field.” In the current Summer Olympics, the sports that fall under the general term Athletics include: running (everything from a 100 meter sprint to a marathon), hurdles, the steeplechase, relay races, race walking, the four jumping sports (high jump, long jump, pole vault, and triple jump), the four throwing sports (javelin, shot put, discus, and hammer throw), and the decathlon.
As for Iceland’s two medal winners, here is their story. Vilhjálmur Einarsson won the silver medal in the triple jump during the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. Vala Flosadóttir won the bronze medal in the pole vault during the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Oddly, it seems that Icelandic athletes do well in Australia.
I mentioned before that “athletics” and “track and field” were basically the same term but that there are slight differences. Track and field, the predominant American field, refers only to sports that take place in a big stadium that includes both a track and a field. Athletics also encompasses sports that are like the sports that would take place in that arena but that need a little more space or different terrain. The three main sports that are included in athletics but not track and field are the marathon and race walking, which usually take place on roads, and cross-country running which takes place on grass and mud. In general use though, particularly pertaining to the Olympics, they’re the same thing. One is just a Britishism and one an American term.
Thanks for your question,
Ezra Fischer
Raising athletes to win, serve, and live
Sports are at least as big a part of raising children in this country as religion or civics. Kids spend hours every day playing sports and the way they see adults handle the everyday drama of sports helps to each them how to handle the real dramas of growing up. This week we have three stories about raising kids in and around sports. We’re going to hear from a former major league baseball player who has recently begun coaching his children’s t-ball team and from the family and friends of a young athlete who took her own life. We’ll hear about the army’s newfound devotion to women’s lacrosse and why their focused on that sport.
Confessions of a Major League T-Ball Coach
by Doug Glanville for the New York Times
Former baseball player Doug Glanville walks the line in this article. It’s tricky to write comedically about children — if the snark has even a hint of mean-spiritedness in it, the whole article will fall apart at the seams. I don’t sense snark at all, only love and appreciation for the absurd.
Base running is a little more straightforward, even though it can create moments I have never seen or imagined before in my life. The other day, we had three runners on third at the same time. After first trying to sort it out, I thought, “No big deal, let me see what happens when the hitter puts the ball in play.” So he did, and two out of the three ran home. Not bad.
T-ball is subject to a range of delays that have nothing to do with rain. Nor do they come from pitching changes or from challenging a call with Instant Replay. No. Our catcher went off to the Port A Potty; another one of our players was shaken up after being engulfed by his own teammates (eight apparent shortstops trampled him to get a ball hit near the pitcher’s mound); a couple of other players found the joy in knocking each other’s hats off at second base — until they found themselves disoriented in the evil and boring outfield.
Why Does the Army Care so Much About Women’s Lacrosse?
by Jane McManus for ESPNW
The image you might have in your mind of women’s lacrosse is that of a genteel sport played by young ladies. Don’t be tricked by the skirts that the players wear, they are ladies, but they’re the kind of ladies that will shove you to the ground and sprint over you to score a goal. That’s exactly the kind of people the army needs as they continue to open more combat positions to women.
The Army believes there is a crucial relationship between those two things — an athletic background and being a soldier. As the military prepares to allow women on the front lines of combat in 2016, there is an immediate need for strong, tough women from within the Army’s ranks. And, in a philosophy often mentioned on campus and believed by MacArthur himself, the Army believes athletes make better soldiers.
The data seems to support the basic premise held at West Point: that female athletes possess critical tools that would make them ready for the front lines of combat. Lacrosse is the next frontier for pulling good athletes to the academy
Split Image
by Kate Fagan for ESPN
This is a brutal article. It tells the story of Madison Holleran, a successful multi-sport athlete who recently died by suicide. As much as her family and friends would like there to be an answer to why and what we can do as a society to prevent other people from doing the same, there just isn’t. Depression is a nasty disease and it can strike anyone, anywhere. What follows here is some of Fagan’s writing about the impact of social media on young women’s lives. It’s not an explanation for suicide but it is something that we can improve.
Everyone presents an edited version of life on social media. People share moments that reflect an ideal life, an ideal self… With Instagram, one thing has changed: the amount we consume of one another’s edited lives. Young women growing up on Instagram are spending a significant chunk of each day absorbing others’ filtered images while they walk through their own realities, unfiltered… She seemed acutely aware that the life she was curating online was distinctly different from the one she was actually living. Yet she could not apply that same logic when she looked at the projected lives of others.
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What is the difference in the application of racks in cold storage
- Nov 01, 2020-
1. Select the suitable rack steel material
Low temperature environment has specific requirements for the application of steel, and should have good low temperature toughness and ductility to avoid brittle failure. Common carbon structure steel Q235 commonly used in the rack, Q235A, Q235B, Q235C, Q235D, Q235E in different grades, mainly because the impact temperature varies. A means no impact. B is above 20 C, C is above 0 C, D is above -20 C, E is above -40 C, A to E, and the difference of impact temperature in their respective properties.
Secondly, the common carbon structure steel A/B/C/D also represents the different content of traces elements. Because of the different content of trace elements, the quality grade of A/B/C/D is getting higher and higher, and the performance of the low temperature is getting better and better. Under normal circumstances, Q235D will be used as the main material for cold storage racks. The manufacture of fasteners is usually made of high nickel chromium (such as Cr18Ni9 type) alloy steel or nonferrous metal (such as copper and aluminum) in low temperature environment, which almost do not show low temperature brittleness. The thermal expansion coefficient of steel material is 1.2 x 10 5/ C, and the thermal expansion coefficient of concrete is about 0.7 x 10 5/ C, which is close to each other, and can be effectively connected when the temperature difference is within 40 degrees C.
2. Select the appropriate racking system
Choosing the right rack system for customers to reach the maximum warehouse utilization per foot per cubic meter is the factor that the rack supply enterprises need to consider. The following are several common types of cold storage racks:
The common shuttle rack system, drive in rack and other racking types, such as the double depth pallet rack, push backrackand gravityrack, are selected mainly according to the different requirements of the customers.
3. Choose the proper way of surface treatment
Powder coating is the most common form of rack surface treatment. The cold storage is not very harsh for anticorrosion and rust prevention. It has good applicability and is economical and practical.
Compare with powder coating, hot-dip galvanizingcosts more about 40%. Hot dip galvanizing is to immerse the steel after rust removal into molten zinc at about 500 degrees, so that the surface of the steel member can be attached to the zinc layer, thereby preventing corrosion. If customers have higher requirements for anticorrosion and rust prevention and are not sensitive to cost, hot galvanizing can be used for surface treatment.
In many cases, it can be handled flexibly. According to the specific conditions, different surface treatment methods are adopted to achieve the optimal solution, such as the entry system, the main rack is sprayed on the main rack, and the ground guide can be hot-dip galvanized to achieve the best cost advantage and use effect.
4. Other considerations
Other factors should be considered in the design of cold storage racks, such as the selection of welds in the cold storage, which should correspond to the material and welding process requirements of the welded material and ensure the welding quality of the weld. The characteristics of frost in the cold storage should be considered. The weight gain should be considered properly when calculating the selection of racks, and the corrosion resistance requirements of the customer refrigeration and defrosting process on the structure spray coating should be considered.
For each project, whether the above factors are considered or considered economically and reasonably should be analyzed according to specific circumstances. Combining with engineering practice, Hercules understands and responds to the actual needs of customers, and wholeheartedly creates economic benefits for customers, which is the fundamental purpose of engineering design.
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512-222-OVEN (6836)
Reverse Sear Shows off Wood-fired Oven
comment : 0
Just when everyone thought they understood how to perfectly grill a steak, chefs and food science types started the buzz over a reverse sear. As chef and food blog writer Jess Pryles states, “It’s what all the cool kids are doing.” And what is it they’re doing? They’re slowly bringing meat up to the desired finish temperature then blasting it with a hot sear. Searing takes place at the end of cooking and not at the beginning.
reverse sear tenderloin wood fired oven
Why do a reverse sear?
Chefs at smart kitchen.com say that searing is an important technique–that both searing at the beginning of cooking or searing at the end “have their place.” Searing at the end allows chefs in busy restaurants get out a lot of steaks quickly. Steaks are brought up to medium-rare (by sous vide or in the oven) then blasted with a hot sear to give a beautiful crust and crisped edges. Chefs control the browning of the edges and crust, confident that the interior of the meat is uniformly cooked. The chef’s goal is preparing a steak that is beautiful on the outside with an evenly cooked interior. As the folks at Epicurious say that for a great interior, aim for “edge to edge medium-rare.”
reverse sear wood fired oven
Does reverse sear work at home?
We tried reverse sear both in a conventional oven and in a wood-fired oven. We followed the excellent instructions of Chef Pryles and ended up with a tasty T-bone steak for dinner. However, it is more finicky than just throwing a steak in your cast iron skillet on the stovetop and pan frying it in butter. The advantage is that if you manage the temperature carefully, the reverse sear technique yields a steak with an even cook all the way through. The chefs at Bon Appetite stress that you must “trust your meat thermometer,” and pay attention to your meat. This was the time-consuming part because reaching medium-rare (120) varies depending on the thickness and quality of the meat and your pans.
Be brave, reverse sear with fire
Inspired by the fantastic and thorough guide on Serious Eats, we decided to go big or go home, trying the reverse sear on a whole beef tenderloin. We already knew that cooking with a wood fire would give a big flavor advantage. We decided to use the cool-oven start technique we wrote about for smoking brisket. This automatically adds a hint of smokiness which worked beautifully with the tenderloin. We took advantage of the distinct cooking zones within the vault, cooler areas away from the fire and near the door to keep the temperature around the tenderloin between 225° and 250°F. We rotated the pan a couple of times but didn’t have to flip the entire roast.
wood-fired oven reverse sear
Dramatic proof of cooking efficiency
Most articles recommend cooking in the 225° environment for two to three hours. I’m so glad that I decided to check the temperature in less than half that time. In fact, just under an hour after the tenderloin went into the oven (ambient temperature about 230°) we had hit our target temperature. Wood-fired ovens create a super-efficient environment cooking with radiant heat, conduction, and convection. With a wood-fired oven, be even more vigilant about temperature. Rely on the thermometer and assume your steak will be done faster than the recipe’s estimate.
About the Author
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F1 announces new race start times for 2021 season
One of the first moves made by F1’s new owners Liberty Media in 2018 was to shift the sport away from a 2pm race start in favour of the later slot.
It was felt that shifting races back later than 2pm would be better for boosting American television audiences.
Furthermore it was felt that starting the races 10 minutes after the hour would help broadcasters, as they could …Keep reading
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Almost Felt Like Summer (Nov 4, 2020)
That Screen Room is Blowing (Nov 3, 2020) Three Hours Poking on the Shore (Nov 5, 2020) Calendar Back Home
A shopping we will go.
After a late rise, we headed for breakfast at Ricky's followed buy some shopping. The temperature got to 19c which will take some getting used to. LOL. We got back in time before the rain started again.
Lez yawns: A lazy breakfast, a bit of shopping. Worked on photo edits, cameras were quiet. Winds didn't blow as hard, so Lee was able to fasten down the screen room a little more firmly after the night's high winds. The rain let up after dark, the moon came out - it's now a 3/4 moon and we decided to do a boardwalk at the ocean. A sprinkle and quiet, calm start to the walk. We both noticed a faint lighter cloud? in the western sky. It almost looked like a beam of light from the ground. BUT - it was in an arc shape! We discussed the possibilities - the sunlight shining from beyond the horizon, but low enough to still come thru. As we continued west along the shore path, another arc became visible - finishing off what we called a night rainbow. SO very pale! When we got back to the Schooner, Lee googled night rainbow and learned what we saw was a Moonbow!!! It is like a rainbow, but the light comes from the moon's reflection of the sun. The light hits the fine rain droplets in the atmoshphere, just like the sun does when it shines towards a rain cloud. We had never heard or seen such a phenomenon. What a discovery for us!!! As we turned to return to the Schooner, the wind picked up and blew us back, and the rain began.
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GM crops ban set to go in South Australia
Tim Dornin
A ban on genetically modified crops is set to be lifted in mainland South Australia.
A ban on genetically modified crops is set to be lifted in mainland South Australia. Credit: AAP
A ban on genetically modified crops on the South Australian mainland is set to be scrapped with the Liberal government and the Labor opposition reaching a deal on proposed new laws.
Primary Industries Minister Tim Whetstone says under proposed amendments, local councils will have six months to apply to remain GM-free, though a final decision will still rest with the minister.
Kangaroo Island will also remain GM-free.
Opposition primary industries spokesman Eddie Hughes said the bipartisan approach to the issue would benefit primary producers while also providing a voice for those people who still had concerns about GM crops.
He said Labor had never doubted the science behind GM, but also listened to those growers who believed they gained a market advantage from being GM-free.
Greens MP Mark Parnell said the legislation, which passed the lower house on Tuesday, would be a bitter blow to the many SA food companies that supported the moratorium.
"They recognise the importance of South Australia remaining the only mainland GM-free state, a place where we can promote our natural clean and green image, especially to growing overseas and domestic markets," he said.
SA's GM moratorium was first introduced in 2003 by the previous Labor government and under the current legislation, it is due to remain in place until 2025.
The Liberal government last year conducted an independent review that found the ban had cost the state's grain growers at least $33 million over the previous 15 years.
In response, the government drafted a bill to lift the ban but it was defeated.
The minister then used regulations to get around the ban but the Greens were aiming to disallow those moves again this week.
Mr Whetstone said passage of the legislation would provide farmers with the certainty they need to invest in GM seed and plant GM crops in time for the 2021 grain growing season.
"After 16 years and millions of dollars in lost economic and research opportunities, it is a historic day for farmers in this state who can look forward to the choice in what they want to grow," the minister said.
Grain Producers SA chief executive Caroline Rhodes said the moratorium had offered little in the way of trade and marketing benefits to the majority of agricultural producers.
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Event Details
Class Code: Python beginner class (Term 1 holiday program – 4 Days)
Starting date: 12/4/2021
Completion date: 15/4/2021
Class time: 1:00pm – 4:00pm
Tuition fee: $480
The Python course is designed for students who are looking to learn to code using a proper “grown-up” programming language.
Students will learn to code using Python and creating fun games and useful applications. Python is particularly suitable for this age group because it is concise, easy to read and has multiple applications in the real world such as web development, app development and other scientific uses. It is the most popular programming language in the world and is widely used by leading tech companies including Google, Amazon and Facebook.
This class is a great introduction to both fundamental coding concepts and the Python programming language. Upon completion of this course, students will be comfortable coding in Python and will have the confidence to extend their knowledge at home.
• Learn Python syntax (structure)
• Use loops and conditionals (IF/THEN/ELSE)
• Understand variables (number, Boolean, string)
• Create and use functions
Age Requirement: 9+
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Child abuse
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Child abuseAbstractThis research paper is based on issues that surround child abuse and how they can be dealt with those who are left with the responsibilities of taking care of the children. It starts with a brief introduction of child abuse and indicates different modes of child abuse and how they can be handled by both parents and caregivers. The research paper defines the term child abuse and goes further to indicate the various myths and facts about child abuse. It also talks of the effects and risk factors of child abuse and finally gives a conclusion on the issues that surround child abuse in the society. In general the paper emphasizes care and strict policies to all offenders who are caught abusing children.
Table of Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u Child abuse PAGEREF _Toc417483666 h 1Abstract PAGEREF _Toc417483667 h 1Introduction PAGEREF _Toc417483668 h 3Child Abuse PAGEREF _Toc417483669 h 3Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc417483670 h 7Annotated Bibliography PAGEREF _Toc417483671 h 7Works Cited PAGEREF _Toc417483672 h 9
Child abuse is the mistreatment of children through different forms like sexual, neglect or emotional maltreatment of children in the society. In the US, the CDC defines child abuse as any omission or commission of parents or the caregivers which results in harm or threat to a particular child. Child abuse is common and often has far reaching effects on the children who are affected as a whole. Child abuse often occurs at home or different organizations like school, church or the communities where the children reside. There are four major categories of child abuse that are recorded by the center for disease control and prevention, and they are sexual abuse, neglect, emotional or psychological abuse towards children. Taking care of children’s rights is paramount and priority to ensure the overall safety of such small beings that needs care. There are detailed laws and regulations that are enumerated by different organizations to ensure the safety of children while at home or in other different localities where they reside.
Child Abuse
There is a need to recognize report and prevent child abuse to limit the occurrences of such vices. It is vital to note that child abuse is more than broken bones and bruises that are usually inflicted on children because of their vulnerability. Physical abuse to children is often visible. However, other forms of abuse like emotional and neglect need to be checked and reported to ensure the safety of the children. These kinds of abuse usually leave a lasting scar on children unless the victims are counseled and given proper care after experiencing different forms of abuse from their parents or caregivers. Children that have been abused need to have early treatment so that they can heal faster and be able to break the cycle and continue with their lives as usual. Perpetuating the effects of child abuse is often the result in many cases, and this usually bring about rivalry and long lasting scars that are not necessary for children who are growing. There is a need for parents and caregivers to learn different signs of child abuse and intervene to ensure normal growth of those children who are affected.
For people to understand the extent of child abuse and how to deal with it is paramount that they learn the vice to be able to provide help immediately it is discovered. Parents and caregivers need to avoid putting their children in places that are not supervised and other dangerous situations that can lead to their abuse. Adults should also ensure that their children are not regarded as stupid as this might comprise their wellbeing and a feeling of worthiness in the society. Understanding one’s children is the first step of ensuring that children are safe and not harmed by the people who surround them on a daily basis. All types of child abuse are serious as they put children in the state of emotional harm that in many cases makes them vulnerable in the society where they are living.
Myths and Facts about child abuse
There are different myths and facts about child abuse. Many people think that child abuse is only abuse when the children undergo some form of harm. The fact is that physical abuse of children is just part of abuse hence the need to understand the emotions of children when they are at home or in their places of learning. Emotional abuse and neglect are forms of child abuse because they make children become affected, even though, such occurrences are subtle. Parents and caregivers have a responsibility of ensuring that their children are taken care of and become sensitive of any feeling portrayed by the children. This will help caregivers and parents an opportunity to curtail the effects of child abuse. There is, therefore, the need for parents to understand the feelings of their children and known when they are abused early in advance so that adequate measures can be taken to maintain the health status of such children.
Parents and caregivers need to understand that children can be abused by both bad and good people. It’s often easy to say that bad people abuse children, but this is not true because it has been proved that even good people have the power to abuse children who are left under their care. It has been noticed in many instances that children have been abused by the closest people they have known for long periods. Relatives and teachers are also in a position to abuse children a fact that should always be considered by parents when taking care of their children.
Understanding this fact will help parents become sensitive and monitor their children when they are far from them. It is vital to note that the idea of child abuse is never black and white because individual’s intentions are never understood easily at one instance. Those taking care of the children should also know that not all the people who abuse children want them harmed after the abuse. Some of the parents and caregivers scold children to make them change from different behaviors that are not considered right among them. Such instances affected different children more so when they are told they are worthless in their homes. Emotional child abuse affects most children without the adults recognizing the effects it has on their children. It is important to notice every change in a child for purposes of making considerations as to whether they are abused or not.
The child also happens in good and bad families. Most scholars have compiled papers that indicate that only bad families have issues of child abuse. Such occurrences happen in bad and good families, and this means that when people come from good families they should be vigilant enough to recognize when their children are abused. People also think that child abuse only happens within neighborhoods that are bad. It is vital to note that child abuse occurs in both good and bad neighborhoods, and the only difference might be the frequency and extent of harm. Most families who are looked in their compounds never understand that their families are affected when they are outside their gates. This makes it important for all families always to ensure that their children are safe while at home and outside their homes.
It is also a fact that most abusers are not always strangers as there have been varied cases of people from the same families who abuse their children without any cause. Most parents have been sentenced in the past because of similar crimes, and there is a need to explain to parents that those inside their households are also dangerous in inflicting physical or emotional pain to their children. Communication is often key in families, and this helps parents to recognize the different forms of child abuse while talking to their children. Children are beings whose minds are often open, and when engaged in conversations most of them can open up on the issues that surround their overall wellbeing.
Abused children are in many cases able to become abusers themselves when they grow old, and repeat all the things that were done to them when they were young. Such instances are usually done unconsciously as the children try to focus more on the problems they face in their lives. It is also true that most survivors of child abuse are often ready and sensitive to issues of child abuse and such parents or caregivers usually protect their children from harm within the precepts of past events. Parents who were abused can also become emotional and take revenge on their children more so when their families are not stable. Such instances have recorded in the past and the only way to stop them is by counseling and also gives children the care and safety they require so that they can be important members of the society they are living.
Effects of child abuse
There are different effects of child abuse, and at this point is important to note that all types of child abuse often leave a lasting impression on children as they grow up to be adults. The impression left on children can be dangerous and disturbing when such children are not given medical attention or counseling in advance. This helps children to grow up strong citizens who will only look back and find a reason to smile and also help other children from undergoing similar treatments. Most scars that are left from child abuse are physical while other is emotional scars that affect the performance of children while in school or in their homes. Some children become rebellious because of child abuse, and this can be changed if the children are provided with counseling that is often essential. Child abuse can affect a child’s sense of worth and also destroy their outlook of life because of the grievous scars that can be left on such children. Counseling and communication with children can make them forget the past and build on new relationships that are healthy and worthy their lives as a whole.
Most children lose trust and end up in different relationship difficulties when they are not counseled or treated well after instances of child abuse. Children often find it hard to trust their parents when they are abused by them and find no reason to trust other people because of the things they have undergone through their hands. This usually happens when parents are the sole people to blame for the abuses that have been inflicted upon them. When abused by caregivers the children also lose trust to those around them because they feel that they cannot be entrusted with their lives. Maintaining different relationships becomes hard when such children are abused because they usually feel that their close family members have abused them with no chance of changing the situations. Sexual abuse leads to the stigma of those abused, but this can be reversed when the children are given care and able to stand on their own through their journey of recovery.
Children who have also been abused feel that they are worthless in the society and in their homes. When children are told most the time that they are stupid or useless they often take it as a reality and live their lives with fear and pain in them. Such core feelings are usually embedded in the minds of children, and they end up performing below their optimum levels. When such children grow up, they often stop striving to become important in the society because they feel that they do not deserve all the good things that come with more education or good jobs. The children may end up having their jobs or spouses because of past scars that were inflicted on them.
Expressing different emotions by abused children is often hard as they feel that they are not worthy and in need of a more regulated environment where they can learn and understand their parents without problems. Adults who were once abused often become depressed as others get feelings of anger against those that are in their surroundings. Such adults often turn to drugs and alcohol to suppress their feelings, and this are usually serious signs of damage towards the survivors.
Types of child abuse
There are different types of child abuse that have been noticed and recorded in the past. Some of them can be seen and realized early while others are hard to notice because they are emotionally instigated. All the abuses of children are always tied together with one common factor of the damages and effects that they cause to the children who are abused. It is necessary for children to have boundaries that are set clearly if they are to avoid the bad effects of child abuse in their surroundings. The children also need to have structures that are set within the tenets of ensuring their overall security. They should also know and understand that their parents are in the view of protecting their safety and overall health. Such information usually makes children confident of their future and able to work towards achieving progress in their lives and that of others in the society. Parents should also know that the world of children is constantly becoming unpredictable with minimal or no rules. Children feel unsecure and become lonely when they are abused hence the need to protect their identity and self-esteem.
Emotional child abuse is common among most children as it destroys their mental image of things and health while striving to become law abiding citizens of their regions of stay. They should be counseled to avoid lifelong instances of psychological scars that may deepen their insecurity. Most of the emotional abuses come in the form of shaming and belittling children while in their homes. When such damage is placed in a child’s mind, they usually feel unworthy and never desire to strive hard to ensure success in their lives. Bullying and limited physical harm coupled with exposing children to situations that are dangerous comprise emotional abuses that most children face while in their societies.
Child neglect is also dangerous as it makes children lack their basic needs that are essential for their growth and development. Child neglect comes in many forms, and those usually affected find it hard to get enough food or clothing and dampens their emotional wellbeing. Children are found to compare themselves with others in the society and when they find that their friends are well catered for they usually become resentful leading to rebellion. Parents who partake of alcohol and drugs have been found to neglect the needs of their children and this makes them feel embarrassed with low self-esteem. Such instances make them vulnerable to various injustices and rebellious.
Physical abuse that is the common form of child abuse has been reported most around the US and around the world. Physical harm represents the injury to children or harm that causes them to suffer. Physical abuse can become possible through caning the children when in the process of disciplining them. Heavy beating results in physical abuse, and this makes the children have a bad image of their parents and caregivers in overall.
Sexual abuse to children is the worst for of abuse as such children never understand what the adults are doing to them. Sexual abuse results to shame and guilt and often destroys the confidence the children possess. Sexual abuse never stops to body contacts alone but also involves exposing the children to sexual materials that are damaging to their ego and knowledge. Sexual abuse has been perfumed mostly by members of the family who are respected and regarded by the children. When the children grow up, they usually find it hard to trust those around them leading to relationship problems. Boys and girls are usually at great risk when sexual abuse is involved contrary to normal thoughts and reports. Reporting of such chimes is usually left by many because of the shame and guilt that is involved. When children are abused, parents and caregivers have the mandate of ensuring that such individuals are treated early to avoid instances of long time stigma and low self-esteem.
Sexual abuse often brings about physical harm and emotional damage that is usually deep for those that are affected. There is a need to ensure the safety of all the children to avoid instances of sexual abuse that are often disturbing. Most sexually abused children become tormented with guilt and the result is that they often refuse to associate with others in the society for fear of being abused again. Those that feel the problem was brought to them as a result of their own neglect usually find it hard to cope with life and end up becoming people who are development in their areas of operation.
Warning signs of child abuse
There are always different warning signs that a child has been abused by a different party. Parents and caregivers should particularly become sensitive towards such signs because they might help them deal with the problems of child abuse early in advance. It is also important to note that whenever such signs are seen it is not always that they were abused, and this gives the caregivers a chance to talk to the children or make investigations that could lead to the truths about their children welfare as a whole. Children that have been abused usually get withdrawn from others and those they are close to, others often loose attachments they have towards those who take care of them hence the need for caregivers and parents to be watchful.
The risk factors of abuse among children are many, and the few that can be exhibited include violence, drug and alcohol consumption, and rebellion. Parents that can abuse parents are also those who partake of alcohol and drugs and those who have untreated mental illnesses. Such groups of people need to be monitored when they are around or within the reach of the children in question.
Parents and caregivers have the mandate of ensuring the overall wellbeing of the children who are under their care. This will help them develop into adults who are responsible and able to respond to life pressures easily without any problems. Communication is key when taking care of children as it help parents and the children to understand one another easily hence an onset of abuse can be detected easily and eradicated.
Annotated BibliographyErmertcan, Aylin Turel, and Pelin Ertan. “Skin manifestations of child abuse.” Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology 76.4 (2010): 317-26.
The journal by Ertan, Emmert can and Turtle discusses issues of child abuse and explicitly defines the different types of child abuse. The authors also respond to different issues that can lead to noticing that a child is abused by those that are close to them. They talk of recognition of abuse as vital for parents and caregivers to take action in advance. It concludes by condemning the acts of child abuse and stating that those found should be taken to court for various actions to be taken against them.
The journal provides relevant and timely information concerning child abuse and can be used by students while doing their research work in schools. It touches on important issues of child abuse and makes recommendations that can help both the parents and caregivers while ensuring the safety of those they are entrusted with.
Fontes, Lisa Aronson, and Carol Plummer. “Cultural issues in disclosures of child sexual abuse.” Journal of child sexual abuse 19.5 (2010): 491-518. Print.
The journal article by Plummer, Fontes and Aronson completely tackle the issues behind child abuse and how they can be stopped by the majority. They affirm that various cultural norms that are set in various regions often affect the views that re set upon issues of sexual abuse to children. The authors explain how cultural issues and ethnic rules have affected the issue of reporting offenders who have been found abusing children who are left to them.
The views of the authors actively conform to most ethnic and religious issues that make it hard for child abuse offenders to be prosecuted by the courts. The journal presents well-researched information that can be used by parents and caregivers while taking care of their children. Risk factors and all the myths that surround the issues of child abuse are discussed as required.
Johnson, Charles Felzen. “Child sexual abuse.” Lancet 2004: 462-470. Print.
Johnson and Felsen talk of issues that pertain to child abuse, and more emphasis is put on sexual abuse against children. It indicates the extent to which the ego of children is destroyed and the natural tendencies of stigma and guilt.
The researchers have a well-laid foundation on issues of child abuse and perform a clear audit of different cases that have been reported in the past. They clearly indicate that all child abuse instances can be termed as mild, but sexual abuse is often harsh and requires great care to those who are offended. The offenders should also be put behind bars to stop them from committing similar crimes in future.
The events that follow the work of the authors is clearly elaborated as they feel that sexual abuse among children is worse compared to other forms of abuse. The work can be used for research and class work as it entails all the details that correspond to sexual abuse among children.
Murray, Laura K., Amanda Nguyen, and Judith A. Cohen. “Child Sexual Abuse.” Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2014: 321-337. Print.
The authors explain the importance of care and counseling for children who have been abused sexually. They propose strict laws that curtail those that are found guilty of the crime. The authors also defend various parents and claim that some abuses are as a result of neglect on the part of children.
The sentiments of the author might warrant a debate as most children are vulnerable and never able to put themselves at risk. The work, however, can be used to further the research on issues of child abuse in the US and other regions worldwide.
Wells, Kathryn. “Substance abuse and child maltreatment.” Pediatric clinics of North America 2009: 345-362. Print.
The authors through their works talk of the effects of abuse and the need to take care of children so that they are free from taking drugs and alcohol due to the abuse they are exposed to. The parents are warned to be vigilant and always check their children while providing communication tools that are appropriate to all the children. The authors’ work is clear and concise and can be of use to various research works that require information on child abuse and the intake of drugs and alcohol.
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The recently reported heteroleptic cyclometallated iridium(III) complex [Ir(2-phenylpyridine)(2)(2-carboxy-4-dimethylaminopyridine)] N984 and its isomer N984b have been studied more in detail. While photo- and electrochemical properties are very similar, DFT/TDDFT calculations show that the two isomers have different HOMO orbital characteristics. As a consequence, solution processed OLEDs made using a mixture of N984 and isomer N984b similar to vacuum processed devices show that the isomer has a dramatic detrimental effect on the performances of the device. In addition, commonly used thermogravimetric analysis is not suitable for showing the isomerization process. The isomer could impact performances of vacuum processed OLEDs using heteroleptic cyclometallated iridium(III) complexes as dopant.
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Carnivorous plants known as Venus flytraps (Dionaea muscipula) lure insects between their blushing leaves with a fragrant nectar. When these insect-hungry plants snap down on their unassuming prey, they generate a measurable magnetic field, according to a new study.
The plant’s magnetic field is more than a million times weaker than Earth’s. Rather than serving a function for the plant this magnetic field is likely a byproduct of electrical energy that flows through its leaves, said lead author Anne Fabricant, a doctoral candidate at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz and the Helmholtz Institute Mainz in Germany. Still, it’s one of the first such fields ever detected in plants.
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Why Does The House Get Hotter At Night?
What’s the best temp for sleeping?
Why does my house get hot so fast?
Many older homes have poor insulation, allowing heat to get into your air-conditioned home. Thermal insulation is most often used to keep a home warm during the winter, but it works for the summer months too. … Add insulation to slow the transfer of heat so your home stays cooler longer.
Should you face your fan in or out?
When your fan is facing out the window, it blows hot air out of the room, which his replaced by cold air from outside. As the cold air comes in, the temperature will drop. It’s best if you have another window to open elsewhere so you can get a cross draft going too.
Why is it hotter in my house than outside at night?
walls, not so much. so when the sun is beating down on the side of your house, more energy gets into the air inside. If a side of your house is exposed to the sun, it will absorb heat during the day. Then at night it will release the heat into the cooler air.
Why is it hotter in my house than it is outside?
houses will heat up if the rate of heat dissipated inside is less than the heat flowing to the outside. Assuming your house is fairly well insulated, you can have a number of heat producing objects inside that cause the net temperature to rise.
How do you cool down the top of a house?
7 Ways to Cool Down Your Second FloorBlock the sun. Close blinds and shades to block light and UV rays. … Insulate and ventilate. … Reduce use of lights and appliances. … Change air filters. … Adjust the fan setting on your thermostat. … Create climate zones. … Fire up the fans. … Consider adding an extra HVAC system.
How can I stop myself from overheating at night?
Find relief when you’re trying to sleepturning down the temperature in your bedroom.turning on a fan.removing sheets and blankets.removing layers of clothing or changing into cool clothes.using cooling sprays, cooling gels, or pillows.sipping cool water.slowing and deepening your breathing to help your body relax.
How do you get hot air out of your house?
Is it healthy to sleep naked?
What is the healthiest temperature to keep your house?
Why does it get hotter at night?
At night this layer is very thin, just a few hundred meters, whereas during the day it grows up to a few kilometres. … However, because at night there is a much smaller volume of air that gets warmed, the extra energy added to the climate system from carbon dioxide leads to a greater warming at night than during the day.
How can I cool my house at night?
Best Ways to Cool a House: UpstairsPlace Box Fans in Windows. … Invest in the Right Ceiling Fans. … Optimize the Fans You Have. … Spot-Cool Your Bed. … Use Breathable Sheets. … Have a Nighttime Cool-Down Routine. … Flush Out Hot Air in the Evenings.
What is the most comfortable room temperature?
How can I cool down my bedroom?
Try these tricks to push warm air out and let cool air in for nearly instant comfort.Switch to CFL or LED Bulbs. … Hang Dry Clothes and Handwash Dishes. … Limit Hot Meals. … Invest in a Misting Fan. … Shut Off Computers and Screens More Frequently. … Switch to Insulated Curtains or Honeycomb Blinds. … Create Natural Convection.More items…•
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Minnesota Manufacturing Jobs
Job Information
R R Donnelly and Sons Picker Packer 1 in Chaska, Minnesota
Picker Packer 1 Manufacturing Chaska, MN * ID: 49150 * Full-Time/Regular Follow detailed procedures to perform routine picking and packing work. Pick and package a variety of printed materials or print related items that require a limited variety of packing procedures and techniques. Place, arrange, mark, seal, and tag items on pallets and in containers, bins, and bulk storage. Consolidate various items for shipment in accordance with standard operating instructions. Assemble finished products into boxes or containers for shipping. Count and sort various product items. Perform related tasks such as placing labels on packages, putting manuals into binders, and handling boxes for final product. Ensure accurate shipping information is attached and packages are shipped according to specified schedule. RRD is an EEO/AA including Vets and Disabled Employer Required Skills A team player Ability to work in a fast environment Ability to read, understand and carry out written instructions Ability to understand and carry out verbal instructions Stand up to 8 hours a day Ability to lift up to 50 pounds occasionally May be required to work overtime RR Donnelley is an EEO/AA including Vets and Disabled Employer RR Donnelley is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer. The company s policy is to select, place and deal with all its employees without discrimination based on race, religion, color, national origin, sex, gender identity or expression, age, disability, perceived disability, sexual orientation, protected Veteran status, genetic information or on the basis of any other status protected by applicable federal, state or local law.
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Can U Run A Marathon While Pregnant?
When did you stop running during pregnancy?
If you just feel awful on every run and you’re uncomfortable, it’s probably best to stop running.
This happens anywhere between 4-9 months during the pregnancy.
There are other telltale signs you need to stop training: Cramping: mild cramping can be normal but if it doesn’t feel good, then stop..
Can you start running when pregnant?
Can you run a marathon 5 months pregnant?
Having multiples might also put you at risk for premature labor and make running while pregnant a no-go. But for those with uncomplicated pregnancies, experts say there’s no harm in maintaining your exercise routine; running won’t cause miscarriage or hurt the baby.
Can I get fired for missing work due to pregnancy?
You should inform your employer if the source of your problem at work is a pregnancy-related medical condition, because you might be able to get an accommodation under the ADA. An employer cannot legally fire you, or refuse to hire or promote you, because you asked for an accommodation, or because you need one.
Can hard work affect pregnancy?
Physically taxing work conditions can increase the risk of a woman having problems with pregnancy, such as preterm birth, babies that are small for gestational age, and high blood pressure or preeclampsia.
Is it OK to run long distances while pregnant?
However, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), not only is it safe for experienced runners to continue to run and work out while pregnant, it’s encouraged.
Can running cause miscarriage?
It may well be, however, that running might accelerate the process of a miscarriage that is already inevitable.” As Ruth explains, running will not cause a miscarriage to happen, but instead the two are linked in that if a miscarriage is sadly inevitable, the run could be one factor that may accelerate the process.
Is jogging good for a pregnant woman?
Walking, jogging, and swimming are all considered safe exercises during pregnancy. You will need to be more careful during pregnancy. Certain changes, such as loosening of ligaments and changes in weight distribution, affect balance.
How many weeks is 7 months pregnant?
Is it OK to stand all day while pregnant?
Can you run 9 months pregnant?
If you’re in good health and your pregnancy is uncomplicated, the answer is usually yes. Some women, however, have medical conditions or pregnancy complications that mean they should not exercise at all. Check with your healthcare provider before starting to run – or do any kind of exercise – during pregnancy.
Can running while pregnant hurt the baby?
When should I stop working while pregnant?
How do you keep running when you want to stop?
Can I run in my third trimester?
Vigorous exercise may be considered one of these risks. But we’ve recently reviewed the research and found vigorous exercise is safe during pregnancy, including in the third trimester. Not only is it safe; it’s healthy, too.
Can a pregnant woman run on a treadmill?
Exercise machines during pregnancy (step, rowing, treadmill…): Treadmills, stair climbers, stationary bikes and rowing machines are all fine during pregnancy (including for beginners).
How long can you run in pregnancy?
Depending on whether you have a vaginal or cesarean birth, you should get the OK to resume your regular running within six to eight weeks postpartum. In the meantime, the best thing you can do is to keep up your Kegels and begin walking and as soon as your practitioner gives you the green light.
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Canceled Debt: Taxable or Not
During the pandemic many clients’ businesses have adversely impacted by lockdowns and many negotiations between borrowers and lenders have occurred or will occur in 2021. There will be many loan modifications, bankruptcies, and foreclosures. In order to properly analyze the tax consequences, advisors should be well versed in Section 108, exclusions to cancellation of debt income.
In general, if a lender forgives a taxpayer’s debt, generally, that forgiveness creates taxable “cancellation of debt” (COD) income under Section 61(a)(11). You must report any taxable amount of a canceled debt as ordinary income from the cancellation of debt on Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return as “other income” if the debt is a nonbusiness debt, or on an applicable schedule if the debt is a business debt.
After a debt is canceled, the creditor may send a Form 1099-C, Cancellation of Debt showing the amount of cancellation of debt and the date of cancellation, among other things. If you received a Form 1099-C showing incorrect information, contact the creditor to make corrections. For example, if the creditor is continuing to try to collect the debt after sending Form 1099-C, the creditor may not have canceled the debt and, as a result, there may not be income from a canceled debt.
Amounts that meet the requirements for any of the following exclusions are not included in income, even though they are cancellation of debt income.
Exclusions from COD Income:
1. Debt canceled in a Title 11 bankruptcy case (Section 108(a)(1)(A), which provides that no COD income arises if the debt is forgiven as part of a chapter 11 bankruptcy)
2. Debt canceled to the extent insolvent (Section 108(a)(1)(B), which excludes COD income to the extent the borrower is “insolvent”, meaning the liabilities exceed the FMV of the borrower’s assets)
3. Cancellation of qualified farm indebtedness
4. Cancellation of qualified real property business indebtedness
5. Cancellation of qualified principal residence indebtedness that is discharged subject to an arrangement that is entered into and evidenced in writing before January 1, 2021 (Section 108(a)(1)(E), which allows an individual to exclude COD income upon the forgiveness of a mortgage on the taxpayer’s principal residence)
Generally, if you exclude canceled debt from income under one of the exclusions listed above, you must reduce certain tax attributes (certain credits and carryovers, losses and carryovers, basis of assets, etc.) (but not below zero) by the amount excluded. You must attach to your tax return a Form 982, Reduction of Tax Attributes Due to Discharge of Indebtedness (and Section 1082 Basis Adjustment) to report the amount qualifying for exclusion and any corresponding reduction of those tax attributes. For cancellation of qualified principal residence indebtedness that you exclude from income, you must only reduce your basis in your principal residence.
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Pig Farms Sprouting across Russia despite Oversupply
Several new large pig production facilities are being built in Russia despite the fact that self-sufficiency has almost been reached and in some cases there is an oversupply, Kommersant business daily reported.
The combined worth of the pig farms currently under construction in Russia reaches a hefty $3.3 billion and the production capacity is roughly 1 million tonnes of pork in live weight. This estimate was shared by Yuri Kovalev, chairman of the Russian Union of Pork Producers (RUPP). Most of the projects are expected to begin commercial operation by 2022.
According to Kovalev, a certain degree of surplus pork can already be seen on pork markets in virtually all regions of Russia. In 2017, the pork self-sufficiency rate of Russia was estimated to be at 95%. In addition, there are still some import supplies that meet a small share of the domestic demand.
In April, Russia’s pork producers reacted to strongly against a new environmental bill which, once adopted, would force many swine farmers and slaughterhouses to invest large amounts of money to renovate their operations.
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In creating linear trendline, I used the following formulas:
$$y=mx+b$$ $$m = \frac{n\sum(xy)-\sum x \sum y}{n\sum x^2 - (\sum x)^2}$$ $$b = \frac{\sum y- m \sum x}{n}$$
and this for the R-squared:
$$ R^2 = 1 - \frac{\sum[y-(mx+b)]^2}{\sum(y-\bar{y})^2}$$
My goal is to create the trendlines via programming, so I need the formulas to create them. However, I cannot find any resources for the exponential, logarithmic, and polynomial trendlines. Is there a good resource that you could refer to me for me to study?
(BTW, I'm not really into statistics so it'll take time for me to understand.)
• $\begingroup$ There are an infinite number of nonlinear functions so you've asked for an (uncountable) infinity of formulas. I think you need to narrow things down in some fashion. Can you ask a different form of question, perhaps? $\endgroup$ – Glen_b Jan 23 '15 at 1:47
• $\begingroup$ Most non-linear functions will not have closed-form solutions for your coefficients (as you do for m and b here). Often, numerical analysis is employed. Does your programming language have a library for performing non-linear regression? (What language are you using?) $\endgroup$ – Jeff Jan 23 '15 at 2:41
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$\begingroup$ @LesterNubla Here is an open-source Javascript library that will find linear, exponential, polynomial, logarithmic, and power trend lines. $\endgroup$ – Jeff Jan 23 '15 at 4:40
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$\begingroup$ The "exponential, logarithmic, and polynomial" part describes the behavior of the mean, but the data don't just consist of a mean; to obtain a suitable fitting method you need to have some kind of assumption about how the data behave around the mean. $\quad$ Consider these data, which all have exponential trends: $\quad$ Three exponential curves The first has constant spread about the epxonential curve, and would be suitable for fitting using nonlinear regression with constant variance. $\quad$ ... (ctd) $\endgroup$ – Glen_b Jan 23 '15 at 4:54
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$\begingroup$ (ctd)... The second has spread proprotional to the mean and a suitable fit would involve taking logs and fitting a straight line (before exponentiating back, though if a mean-fit on the original scale is required, it also needs a bias correction after backtransforming). $\quad$ The third is count data, and has spread proportional to the square root of the mean; it would be best fitted by using a Poisson (or perhaps quasi-Poisson) GLM. $\quad$ In spite of needing different fitting methods, all three have exactly the same (population-)mean curve about which the points lie. $\endgroup$ – Glen_b Jan 23 '15 at 4:54
I've come to the conclusion that you're probably trying to reproduce what Excel does.
This is not necessarily sensible, but at least it's pretty straightforward.
Here's what Excel does:
• linear trendline: ordinary simple regression, fitted by least squares
• logarithmic trendline: $y \sim a + b \ln(x)$ -- fitted by taking $x'=\ln(x)$ & using ordinary linear least squares on the new $x$-variable (i.e. fitting $E(y)=a+bx'$ using least squares as above). (Here the symbol $'$ simply denotes the new, transformed variable; it's not intended to indicate a derivative or anything)
This would be reasonably appropriate if the spread about the curve was roughly constant:
enter image description here
Transforming the $x$-variable doesn't alter the spread at each $x$.
• exponential trendline: $y \sim ae^{bx}$ -- fitted by taking $y'=\ln(y)$ and using least squares $E(y')=a'+bx$, then exponentiating the intercept to obtain $a=\exp(a')$ , and exponentiating the log-scale fit to obtain fitted values.
By transforming $y$, we change the spread about the curved relationship. On the log-scale, where we're fitting a straight line by least squares, the spread is assumed constant on that scale, which implies it's proportional to the mean of $y$ on the scale of the original data:
enter image description here
Note that the fitted values on the original scale will be biased for the mean (if the distribution is symmetric on the log-scale the curve will instead estimate the median).
• power: $y \sim ax^b$ -- fitted by taking logs of both x and y and using least squares to fit a straight line $E(y')=a'+bx'$, then exponentiating the fitted intercept to obtain $a$, and exponentiating the log-scale fit to obtain fitted values. (You didn't ask for this one, you can have it for free.)
As with the exponential trend, by transforming $y$, we change the spread about the curved relationship. On the log-scale, where we're fitting a straight line by least squares, so the model is best suited to when the spread about the curve is proportional to the mean of $y$ on the scale of the original data. The picture for that case looks broadly similar to the above situation where the spread is wider when the mean is larger. (This also has the same mean-bias issue as the exponential fit.)
• polynomial: least squares polynomial fit using ordinary multiple regression on powers of $x$. (For better numerical behavior, use orthogonal polynomials and convert back.)
Somewhat similar to the log-trend case, this is most suitable when the spread is constant about the curved relationship, but unlike the log-trend case this can deal with a wider range of curved relationships.
In the case of polynomial regression it's important to avoid too high an order of polynomial; polynomial fits can be quite unstable, in some cases they can be heavily affected by small changes in a few points.
So in fact, aside from the polynomial fit (which is itself simply a multiple regression problem), if you can fit a simple least squares line, you can emulate Excel by doing a simple transformation of one or both of $x$ and $y$ and using least squares (and possibly doing some simple transformation back the other way in some cases). As such, you already have the formulas for those cases.
(If you want something more sensible than what Excel does, you may need to ask a different question, and then issues like those I raised in comments may become important.)
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$\begingroup$ +1 I was waiting for someone to point simple excel functions $\endgroup$ – forecaster Jan 27 '15 at 12:10
You can use the forumla for calculating the least squares coefficients of a regression with multiple independent variables. See here for a detailed explanation.
Basically they all reduce down to a single matrix equation given by the formula:
$\beta=\begin{bmatrix}\beta_0 \\ \beta_1 \\ . \\. \\. \\ \beta_n \end{bmatrix}$, $ X=\begin{bmatrix}1 & x_{11} & x_{21} & . & . & . & x_{n1}\\1 & x_{12} & x_{22} & . & . & . & x_{n2}\\. & . & . & . & & & .\\. & . & . & & . & & .\\. & . & . & & & . & .\\1 & x_{1m} & x_{2m} & . & . & . & x_{nm}\\\end{bmatrix}$, $y=\begin{bmatrix}y_0 \\ y_1 \\ . \\. \\. \\ y_m \end{bmatrix}$
and $m$ is the number of observations you have, $n$ is the degree of the polynomial curve you wish to fit. Note that with a log or exponential curve $n$ will just be $1$.
And the idea is that your $X$ matrix can have transformations of your original $x$ independent variable rather than totally new variables. So for example for a polynomial curve your $X$ matrix has as its columns your original $X$, and then that same data repeated but now raised to different powers depending on the degree of the curve you're looking to fit (this you have to decide before hand). If you want an offset like your $b$ then you'll need to add a column of just the number $1$ (i.e. to get an offset).
So for a polynomial curve your $X$ matrix becomes:
$$X=\begin{bmatrix}1 & x_{1} & x_{1}^2 & . & . & . & x_{1}^n\\1 & x_{2} & x_{2}^2 & . & . & . & x_{2}^n\\. & . & . & . & & & .\\. & . & . & & . & & .\\. & . & . & & & . & .\\1 & x_{m} & x_{m}^2 & . & . & . & x_{m}^n\\\end{bmatrix}$$
For an exponential curve / log curve
$$X=\begin{bmatrix}1 & e^{x_1}\\1 & e^{x_2}\\. & .\\.& .\\. & .\\1 & e^{x_m}\\\end{bmatrix}, X=\begin{bmatrix}1 & \ln{x_1}\\1 & \ln{x_2}\\.& . \\.& .\\.& . \\1 & \ln{x_m}\\\end{bmatrix}$$
Note that these equations are still linear (in that they take the form $y=\beta X$) and thus of the exact same form as the linear curve formula you've already solved. i.e. for the log curve we get $y = \beta_1 \ln{x} + \beta_0$
Sometimes it is impractical to use the above closed form solution. This can happen if your $X$ matrix is very large (around say $100 000$ variables, even more rows). In these cases you can consider the alternative iterative approach to solving the least squares problem. i.e using this same set up of your $X$ matrix, instead of using the formula to solve for $\beta$, you can use an iterative optimization method such as gradient descent (or others such as fmincon in Matlab or the solver in Excel). Here you would be trying to minimize:
$$\sum_1^m\left(\beta X - y\right)^2$$
$\overrightarrow{x}_k=\begin{bmatrix}x_{k1} \\x_{k2}\\ . \\. \\. \\ x_{km} \end{bmatrix}$
See this post for a more detailed comparison of these two alternatives.
Well, I think that you mean only linear models? Otherwise, as Glen_b has said, the list of models would be uncountable. Just to give you a hint, in statistics we call models linear if they are linear in their parameters. For example, the parameters (in your trend model from the picture) are $m$ and $b$, thus it is a linear model. Now, let us go to quadratic in terms of $x$, which is still $linear$ in statistical terms --- that would be: $y = mx + m_1x^2 + b$. Here I have introduced the extra parameter $m_1$ that would be governing the quadratic..Thus, in the $R^2$ formula, you would get: $R^2 =1 - \frac{\sum[y - (mx + m_1x^2 + b)]^2}{\sum(y - \bar{y})^2}$. Analogously, you could get similar expressions for any model(e.g. log or cubic) in terms of $x$, but be careful what and how many your parameters are. Hope this helps.
Use Linearizing transformation. $$y=m\ln{x}+b$$ All you do is replace $x$ with $\ln{x}$ in all your expressions for $m$ and $b$, e.g. $$b = \frac{\sum y- m \sum \ln{x}}{n}$$ The same thing with exponential: replace $x$ with $\exp{(x)}$.
Polynomial become a bit more involved, but the same idea. You have to apply ordinary least squares in the way that is shown in this example, i.e. $$y=X\beta$$where $X$ is the column matrix of your dependent variables. In this case the first column is all ones, the second column is $x_i$, the third is $x_i^2$, the fourth is $x_i^3$ and so on. Then your estimated parameters are $$(X'X)^{-1}X'y$$. You'll have to use matrix calculations library, don't even try to implement matrix algebra yourself.
To whuber's point,you have to plug your transformed variable in $R^2$ too: $$ R^2 = 1 - \frac{\sum[y-(m\ln{x}+b)]^2}{\sum(y-\bar{y})^2}$$
• $\begingroup$ There is a hidden change in error structure among these three models. The meaning of $R^2$ will differ among them as a consequence. You might therefore consider pointing out and explaining what's really going on here. $\endgroup$ – whuber Jan 26 '15 at 17:40
• $\begingroup$ @whuber, I'm not sure what you mean by error structure here. When transformation is applied to dependent variable, it's a complete change in error, such as additive vs. multiplicative in case of log. When you simply transform X, yes, the error is different, but it's not structurally different, whatever it means $\endgroup$ – Aksakal Jan 26 '15 at 17:54
• 1
$\begingroup$ Yes, it is structurally different. By asking for $R^2$ the OP is implicitly assuming models of the form $y=e^b x^m+\epsilon$, for instance, where the error $\epsilon$ is additive. Your "linearizing transformation" ends up with a model that implicitly is of the form $\log(y)=b + m\log(x) + \delta$. But that is far from the same: your error is the same as multiplicative error $e^\delta$ in the original model, not additive error. $\endgroup$ – whuber Jan 26 '15 at 17:57
• $\begingroup$ @whuber, no OP is not applying log to the left hand side, so his model is not $y=e^{b+xm}$, it's still $y=b+m\ln x$ $\endgroup$ – Aksakal Jan 26 '15 at 18:01
• 3
$\begingroup$ If you do not transform $y$, then your $R^2$ comment is mysterious, because then the interpretation of $R^2$ would not change at all. You are also using "noise" in a strange sense: normally it would refer to the error term for $y$, not for an explanatory variable. If you are thinking of the independent variables as random, then it seems like we're right back where we started: your "linearizing transformation" will change their distributions and you ought to make some remarks on the implications of that for the model. (But I doubt the OP is asking about mixed models.) $\endgroup$ – whuber Jan 26 '15 at 19:38
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Faulkner's Religious Views in a Rose for Emily
General words about William Faulkner and his A Rose for Emily B. The definition of gothic fiction C. The development of gothic fiction in modern time II. The gothic characteristics in A Rose for Emily A. The topic is mainly about murder, dead, violence and necrophilia, which is the “gothic topic” B. The character of Emily is stubborn, eccentric and mysterious, who is involved in “gothic form” C. The description of environment adopts the typical “gothic style” D.
The flashback in A Rose for Emily expresses the mysterious atmosphere III.
Conclusion: The perfect combination of the gothic form with realistic content in A Rose for Emily Abstract: This paper discusses the creative purpose of A Rose for Emily on the angle of the traditional gothic elements of European and American literature. It points out that William Faulkner uses the gothic characteristics in many aspects, such as topic, hero, environment and plot, etc. Meanwhile, he fills it with fresh air, symbolic meaning and his own emotion.
All of these make A Rose for Emily rise at a perfect peak—the combination of gothic form and realistic content, so that the short storyis not only superior to the traditional “Black Romanticism”, but superior to the “Realism” in Victoria Age. Key words: William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily, gothic characteristics. I. Introduction A. General words about William Faulkner and his A Rose for Emily William Faulkner is one of the most distinguish writer in American literature. He was born in the South, and he wrote people, background and cases in the South.
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As the appearance of Faulkner, the South appeared the literary glories of “the South Renaissance”, which ever was called “the literary desert. “(Yu Jianhua, 2004: 460) Maybe there is never an American writer such as Faulkner who catches so many eyes of professors and critics. Even his short story, A Rose for Emily, some writers have discussed and explored it in many ways. However, this essay tries to discuss Faulkner’s creative purpose in the gothic style, which had a great influence on European and American literature. And it is to discover something new to give the reader enlightenment and thinking. B.
The definition of gothic fiction The word “Goth” came from the name of a Germanic trap. The gothic people were famous for their brutal and uncivilized qualities. They ever lived in north Europe , then invaded in Rome Empire around the third AD century to the fifth AD century, and set many kingdoms in Italy, Spain, south part of France and north Africa. A thousand years later, after the Rome Empire died out, Italian Vasari (1511–1574) used the “Goth” for the first time to refer to an architectural style in middle age, which was “tall sharp pointed, vaulted roof or tower ,narrow windows, colorful glass, darkness houses, gloomy ladders.
“(Xiao Minghan, 2001: 9) The so-called “Gothic Revival” appeared in aspects of architecture and literature during eighteenth century to nineteenth century, which was the gloomy and depressed tone in middle age. Meanwhile, some literary works enjoyed the same tone with “Gothic fiction” in the time. Take Horace Walpole for example, his “The Castle of Otranto” set an example for early classic gothic fiction. The birth of “Gothic fiction” is not only related with the “Gothic feeling” of the cemetery poetry of England, but related with the “Gothic style” aesthetic standard of Edmund Burke (1729–1797) as well.
C. The development of gothic fiction in modern time The gothic style became prevail and spread quickly from England to the whole Europe and the U. S in the eighteenth century. And it had a great influence on American literature to some certain extent. Charles Brown (1771–1810), the most famous American representative in this field, vividly portrayed the terrified psychology of his hero in a gloomy tone and mysterious environment. II. The gothic characteristics in A Rose for Emily Faulkner lived in the South for a life long, and the field of south fertilized him and shaped his character.
“Therefore, his habit, thinking way and life attitude closely related with this unfortunate field. “(Jay Parinier, 1989:2031) As the representative of the American traditional thinking,” the most important and unconscious content” had deeply precipitated in the deep of his heart. That is why he showed his love to his hometown in such an unusual way–exposed the faults and gloomy aspects of the South. Maybe gothic characteristic in A Rose for Emily is the best way to express his emotion. A.
The topic is mainly about murder, death, violence and necrophilia, which is the “gothic fiction” First of all, the topic is mainly about murder, death, violence and necrophilia. It “vividly pictures a terrified story of an old virgin. Emily is the last member of the Grierson. She is a slim and gentle lady, but she almost loses her beauty when she appears again in her 30’s, “She looks bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue. “(para6) She dies in her 74 years old finally. “Alive, Miss Emily had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town.
“( para3) As long as Emily is dead, all the proud and dignity of gentle lady is dead out. Even in order to give her a hand, the premayor Colonel Sartoris only uses an excuse to avoid hurting her. Emily has been separated from the outside for nearly forty years after her father’s death and after the missing of her fiance??. “Daily, monthly, yearly we watched the Negro grow grayer and more stooped, going in and out with the market basket. “(para33) Sometimes, people could see her through the window, only find her “like the carven torso of an idol in a niche”.
(para33) It is until the end of her funeral that the people discover the secret which they find Homer’s skeleton in a locked room. Obviously, the gentle lady deliberately performs and covers a murder. Critics regard that Emily retaliates by killing the north man with poison because he refuses to marry her. However, on another angle, Emily is too empty to comfort herself. In order to make a man accompany with her, she has no choice but kills him–in the way, she can stay with him forever. But this “gain” just is the forever “lost”. The moment she kills him, she is dead in spirit.
The grief, desolation and sadness fill in her inner heart forever. Emily can not stand the fact that a south lady courts a north worker but fails. It is a perfect satire under the history condition in that time. Even like this, she still “carried her head high enough–even when we believed that she was fallen. ” (para21) In a word, the topic of A Rose for Emily is the “Gothic topic”, which describes about murder and dead. B. The character of Emily is stubborn, eccentric and mysterious, who is involved in “gothic form” The character of Emily is involved in “Gothic form”.
She is stubborn, eccentric and mysterious. She has been isolated from the outside world for forty-year since her father is dead and Homer’s missing. Her door remains closed all the year round and refuses all the visitors. Actually, she is an unrealistic stubborn woman. She does not want to dispose of her father’s body, and “She told them that her father was not dead. ” (para15) Despite the law, she refuses to pay the taxes and repeats that “I have no taxes in Jefferson. “(para8) Moreover, she asks the officials to get explanation from Colonel Sartoris, who ever remit her taxes.
It seems that she dose not know Colonel Sartoris was dead before ten years. ” It can be believed that her refusal to pay the taxes symbolizes the refusal to accept the changed society to some extent. “(Zhu Zhenwu, 2003:34) She takes pain to keep her superior, dignity and the southern fair lady impression. Emily is a typical example of the dead south. ” The failure of the Civil War brought corruption and decline to the South, which was very obvious in economy and politics. “(Zhang Kuiwu, 2002:74) However, it is imperceptible in moral and psychology.
The South originally had their own unique economic form, cultural style, life way and moral standard, even their own language. All of these elements “easily stimulated the southerner rise a feeling of the nostalgia, which had solidified for the failure of the South in the Civil War. “(Yu Jianhua, 2004: 460) Therefore, the war led to a strange contradictory phenomenon: the old South “die” as long as the failure of the war, but it more obstinately “survive” than any other times. The South “died” in society and economy, but it is still “alive” in the culture and mental.
Pitiable Emily is solidified by time. She falls into the past glories and honors of the South, but can not be brave enough to face the real life. Faulkner vividly pictures the southerners’ subtle, complicated and contradictory psychology through Emily. Emily only is the epitome of the southern declining aristocracies. As the famous critic Malcolm Cloy says “The southern people lived under so heavy pressure that they almost lost their rational behavior, but responded mechanically. “(Yu Jianhua, 2004: 460) Thus, they broke out some uncontrollable violence and unreasonable behaviors occasionally. On the other hand, they tightly clung on the luxury and glories in the past to escape the reality, which seems extremely unrealistic and ridiculous. In this way, Faulkner criticizes the southerners who live in a new time but keep outdated mind. And this distorted psychology is exactly the spiritual essence of the collapsing old south. Standing on a new angle, Faulkner re-examines closely and explains all of these, and sympathizes the southerners’ thinking way and moral standard. C.
The description of environment adopts the typical “gothic style” Besides the topic and “character are the gothic elements, the description of environment in A Rose for Emily adopts the typical “Gothic style”. Emily’s house and both inside and outside environment are gothic ones. Emily’s house is a special style building made of wood. When her parents are alive, the house is noble style, which “had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the Seventies.
“(para2) As the time passes, however, the house still keeps its outdated style and “lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay. “(para2) We could feel an incompatible atmosphere with the age. Several years later, the deputation has a chance to go into Emily’s house for the first time. They went into “a dim hall from which a stairway mounted into still more shadow. ” (para5) Moreover, there was “a dust and disuse–a close, dank smell”(para5) in the air. The parlor was “furnished in heavy, leather–covered furniture. “(para5) Faulkner describes a dim and mysterious picture for us.
It was really shocking what the town people see in Emily’s base room. “A thin, acrid pall as of the tomb seemed to lie everywhere upon this room decked and furnished as a bridal. “(para39) Homer’s skeleton “had apparently once lain in the attitude of an embrace. “(para40) The second pillow which in the same bed was the indentation of a head. It is clearly that it was Emily’s “long strand of iron–gray hair. ” (para41) Homer had been missed for forty years, and Emily had been slept with his skeleton for forty years. A sepulchral atmosphere spreads the air. It is shocking and absolutely terrified.
But it is not Faulkner who originally adds the terror element in fiction; it is the traditional style of “gothic fiction. ” Faulkner not only uses this style in A Rose for Emily, but exaggerates several details such as murder, violence, etc. D. The flashback in A Rose for Emily expresses the mysterious atmosphere Last but not least, Faulkner deliberately sets a flashback form to tell the story. At the beginning, Emily is dead at her seventy–six years old. The whole town went to her funeral for different purposes: the men have a respectful affection for a fallen monument, the women curious to see her inner house.
Who is Emily? What kind of person is she? Faulkner immediately catches readers’ interest to read on. She once was beautiful and slim, but her father drove all the men who pursue her. Only after her father died, she could date with a Northerner. Unfortunately, she could not marry with him, which hurt her so deeply that she had to keep herself far from the world from then on. However, the ending is out of expectation. She was shrewd and unscrupulous. She secretly murdered her fiance by rat poison, and kept his body in her bed and slept with him for forty years. It is really tricky and surprising.
The ending may be unreasonable to some extent, but it really shows Faulkner’s creativity. He adopts the flashback to add much profound meaning to the short story, which is superior to the normal narrative way of the general fictions. Actually, many signs and symbols in the story indicate that the ending is like this. Emily is a cruel murderer, she kills her fiance. But it is necessary to clasp the essence through the appearance. In Emily’s age, men had absolutely power to control women. It can be believed that it is Emily’s father who indirectly destroys her whole life to some certain extent.
She is forced to kill her fiance to pursue her happiness. As the critics remark that “villain–hero in rational gothic fiction is murderer as well as victim. “(Pu Ruoqian, 2001: 47) The “villain–hero” is not the original crime. The real crime is the distorted humanity, which is formed by the hierarchy rule and moral standard. III. Conclusion All the gothic elements in A Rose for Emily present a perfect gothic fiction. However, Faulkner is not completely imitate the gothic tradition, he uses a clever method to perform a story of his own age.
He is fond of gothic style which is the main literary style in Victoria time, may be because he thinks the gothic style accords with the environment of decline of the south. Besides this, he fills with the realistic content and his own emotion to the gothic style. Gothic style once was regarded as “Black Romanticism”, but Faulkner combines it with realism. Furthermore, Faulkner pours the fierce emotion and fresh air into the old form, which makes A Rose for Emily superior to the gothic fiction and the literary main stream in Victoria time.
The background of A Rose for Emily is in the age when Faulkner lived, which is a new form and different from the gothic tradition, and apparently helpful to express the realistic meaning of the work. From what has been discussed, we know the gothic style was not popular in Faulkner’s time. However, A Rose for Emily exposes the real psychology of the southerner, and accepts some irrational aspects of human’s deep heart, which widens the extent of realism and the influence to human.
From this, A Rose for Emily can stand out from any other American fiction forms of the time. Faulkner benefits a lot from the gothic tradition, which he improves and thus is superior at the same time.
Cite this page
Faulkner's Religious Views in a Rose for Emily. (2016, Sep 06). Retrieved from
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Singapore is worse than Brunei, says former Blackburn and DPMM coach Steve Kean
Outgoing Duli Pengiran Mahkota Muda (DPMM) FC of Brunei coach Steve Kean believes Brunei is in a better footballing position than Singapore.
In an interview with Borneo Bulletin, the sultanate’s English daily, Englishman Kean is reported to have informed the journalist that “in his eyes, the Brunei national team is the fifth best Southeast Asian team behind Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia who are on the same par and Vietnam fourth best.”
Which means that in Kean’s eyes, Singapore is worse than Brunei in Southeast Asia.
Kean, who was a former Blackburn Rovers manager, won the S.League title with DPMM in 2015.
Under his charge, the club also finished in second spot in 2014, and were in third place in 2016.
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The Players Pick
Basketball Player Agency
Stamatis Anastasakis
Nationality: Greece/ Poland
Born : 1991
Position: Center
Height: 206 cm
2018-19 NEOL in Greece C Division.
Previously, he played for Olympiakos ( A1) , Ionikos (C), Mantoulides (C), Argonaftis Kalamarias (B), SEFA Arkadikos (A2) , AO Agriniou (B) and ENERGEAN Kavala BC (A2).
He started his career from of the powerhouses of European basketball, Olympiakos Piraeus.
In 2015 he won the A2 League with SEFA Arkadikos and promoted to A1 Greece.
In 2016 he was voted the best Center in Greek B Division.
Scouting Report:
Bigman with good strength and solid athletic ability . Stamatis has an excellent touch within 15 feet of the basket . Very smooth inside using a variety of polished moves including hook shots and drop steps . Soft hands, rarely fumbles the ball . Strong legs and upper body make him tough to push around inside . Strong rebounder using his long arms and body strength to clean the glass . He also uses his strength well to create space for baskets in the post. Displays good composure and confidence . A decent shot blocker, and a rebounding machine.
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Ground Oregano
Ground Oregano
Oregano, known as the ‘pizza spice,’ is aromatic and has a pungent flavor. Dried oregano is often more flavorful than its fresh counterpart, and the flavor will intensify in long, slow-cooking dishes.
Nutrition Facts
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 0g 0%
Saturated Fat 0g 0%
Trans Fat 0g
Cholesterol 0mg 0%
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Total Carbohydrate < 1g 0%
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Includes 0g Added Sugars 0%
Protein 0g
Vitamin A 0%
Vitamin C 0%
Calcium 0%
Iron 0%
Ground Oregano.
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Steven Banik, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University,
Multifunctional molecules have redefined how both small molecules, such as catalysts, and large biomolecules, such as cellular enzymes and receptors, can be exploited for gain-of-function processes. In the former, examples of iodoarene and hydrogen bond donor catalysts highlight how multiple functionalities can act cooperatively for asymmetric fluorination reactions and the generation of reactive cationic intermediates from stable precursors.
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Fiber laser cutting machine is a kind of laser cutting machine. In order to make its effect to a greater extent, you must know some of its use skills in advance. Here is a brief description of the use skills of fiber laser cutting machine.
1. The dual-focus laser cutting head is a vulnerable part of the laser cutting machine, and it will be damaged if it is used for a long time.
2. Check the straightness of the track and the verticality of the fiber laser cutting machine once every six months, and repair and debug if abnormalities are found. If you don't do this, the cutting effect may not be very good. The error will increase and affect the cutting quality. This is a top priority and it must be done.
3. Once a week, use a vacuum cleaner to suck out the dust and dirt from the machine. All electrical cabinets should be closed tightly to prevent dust from entering.
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What Airbnb Can Teach The Hotel Industry
If only we could go back in time — you know, B.A., “before Airbnb” disrupted the hotel industry and gobbled up billions of dollars in revenue that were diverted from traditional hotels.
It’s tempting for hotels to want to blame Airbnb and make them out to be the villain. Here’s an idea: instead of thinking of the company as a source of frustration, try making their success a source of inspiration.
Since going back in time, to a pre-Airbnb era, is not an option, hotels and resorts are better off accepting and embracing the new ways of doing business that Airbnb’s success has ushered in. Hotels are looking at the case study of Airbnb and its unique approach to the guest experience, and are realizing that they have to make some changes. Many are seeking unique ways to connect with the increasingly digitally savvy millennials as well as Generation Z.
How can hotels reclaim their customers and recover their share of the market? How, in other words, can they turn a crisis into an opportunity? Here are eight lessons learned from Airbnb’s ascendancy that hotels can start applying today:
Looks Matter
Hotels can enhance the guest experience by introducing unique room types with different layouts and configurations. A rooftop bar appeals to almost all of your customer segments, especially millennials, and is an example of a feature that hotels alone can offer. Another is the idea of designing a custom space where guests can congregate, check their social media accounts, and enjoy a beverage.
A team with each member handling different functions and facets of your hotel is needed to drive a change project of this scope. The designer will drive the hotel of the future and is a key player who needs to be at the table from day one and involved in the entire process, especially when it comes to experiential elements. Nowadays, how your hotel looks and makes your guests feel is just as important as its list of amenities. It’s also important from a design perspective to ensure that your hotel authentically represents the community in which it resides.
Content is Marketing
Airbnb understood early on that content isn’t just how you satisfy a reader but it’s also how you attract an audience and build a brand. Their primary customers were travelers and potential hosts. Airbnb’s content marketing strategy focused on authentic and relevant experiences and included online contents, blogs, and city guides. One particularly successful strategy was producing a glossy magazine for Airbnb hosts which included profiles on artists, chefs, and other stories celebrating the passions of their community.
Hotel operators should borrow a page from Airbnb. Consider the different audiences you want to reach, from the business traveler to the millennial hipster to families. Tell a story — not a self-serving narrative about how great your hotel is, but a story that casts the customer as the hero and your hotel as the helpful guide who facilitates everything the customer needs to complete her journey.
Be Digital Driven
People tend to get one thing wrong about Airbnb. They commonly describe it as a hospitality company, while the people who run the company insist it is actually a technology company. Consider its interface: it’s intuitive, inviting, and interesting, which is not always the case with all hotel websites.
If you want your piece of the millennial pie, not to mention Generation Z, then enhancing your digital presence and capabilities is a non-negotiable. The younger generations seek a digital experience that is easy and efficient. Strive to provide an online experience that simplifies the pre-booking process and makes it a piece of cake for guests to uncover the information nuggets they’re looking for, as well as photos and visual elements that create an emotional connection with your hotel.
If your website is the first and most important contact point for your guests, then it deserves special treatment. Airbnb’s clean and well-organized interface did not happen by accident. Before it was ready for primetime, the home-sharing company tested different designs and configurations with customers and fine-tuned it based on their feedback. Granted, you may not have the big budget that Airbnb has, but there’s a lot you can do that won’t break the bank. Borrow a page from Airbnb by using user-generated and co-created content provided by your guests. Encourage them to post photos on their social media networks or contribute a guest blog for your website. Turn your guests into your very own focus group and make them your brand ambassadors.
Airbnb understands that the guest journey begins with research and planning, which increasingly occurs on a tablet or Smartphone. Prior to booking, guests will devour blogs, conduct searches, check social media and consult user reviews.
Like Airbnb, hotels should invest in online marketing and paid search to attract prospects.
Create Local Experiences
Part of Airbnb’s success can be attributed to its ability to make guests feel as though they are part of the community rather than apart from the community. They provide guests with an insider’s view of a community; for the duration of their stay, they can feel like a local rather than a tourist.
Hotels, on the other hand, have traditionally emphasized the services and amenities that they offer inside their hotel. Sure, they provided information on local attractions, but not much more than that. In the post-Airbnb world, hotels are positioning themselves as facilitators of local, authentic experiences and helping to connect guests with local products, local flavors, and local perspectives. Hotels are seeking to better understand their surrounding community and environment, so they can blend into the landscape — culturally and from a design perspective.
Be Unique
Competing in the post-Airbnb world is all about differentiation. One way to stand out is through cultivating a personality for your hotel. This is kind of a revolutionary concept when you think about it. Before Airbnb changed the rules, hotel branding had always been about creating consistency, so customers knew exactly what to expect regardless of the city they were in. The guests didn’t want any surprises. The big difference now is that they want a surprise. They want to experience something unique. The Airbnb website makes each rental seem like special, one-of-a-kind experience in contrast to some cookie cutter hotel brands. The takeaway is clear: being big and corporate is out, while being local, small, and real is in. This is especially true of millennials. With this in mind, hotel operators should try to create a unique personality for each of their properties. Although Airbnb is a large technology corporation, take a look at its website interface—its brand personality is intimate and personal, and engenders trust.
Leverage technology
Hotels are seeing the writing on the wall and are beginning to incorporate more technology into the design of experiential offerings. Some are using software-based PMS systems like StayNTouch to simplify the booking and check-in process. Investments in technology are the one factor that could really level the playing field and enable hotels to compete more effectively in the Airbnb world. In addition, the introduction of technology across various branded properties will reduce operational and marketing costs for hotels.
Data Matters
One factor that has enabled Airbnb’s sustained success is its talent for capturing customer data that it uses to provide a more relevant and customized experience and message. Obtaining the right data to deliver personalized experiences is not difficult at all. Leveraging this information by converting it to offerings that guests seek is yet another way that hotels can try to win back some of their customers. To be truly data driven, you need access to customer feedback, which is another activity in which Airbnb shines. They are seasoned experts when it comes to motivating guests and hosts to leave reviews, which is essential to creating a sense of trust. Hotels, on the other hand, tend not to invest as much time encouraging guest reviews. As a result, the negative reviews stand out and get disproportionate attention.
Maximize Strengths
The good news is that, although Airbnb has taken a good chunk of your market share, all is not lost. For one, not everyone wants to spend their vacation or business trip at a stranger’s home. In addition, hotels have unique strengths that the short-term rental industry simply cannot touch. Hotels, for example, offer convenience, security, and, for people who prefer predictability, a familiar and recognizable place to spend the night. And while Airbnb may suit guests who value privacy and seclusion, hotels have real human beings who will interact with guests, not to mention a concierge, fitness centers and meeting rooms, a place to take a stroll, and often a restaurant and bar.
The short-term rental market popularized by Airbnb provides consumers with another option, but it has not and will not replace hotels. There’s plenty that hotels can do to level the playing field with Airbnb and regain their competitive position.
In this blog we examined two strategies to win back the market: First, emulate Airbnb in key areas such as its adoption of technology, the simplicity of its digital presence, and its use of storytelling and content marketing; and second, stand out and draw a contrast with the short-term rental industry by building on hotels’ existing strengths and highlighting their unique selling points.
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Spectrometers are used for applications such as chemical analysis, remote sensing, environmental measuring, and optical measurements. Most spectrometers utilize prisms and gratings, where the dispersion of light depends upon the angle and rotation of the grating. But gratings and other moving parts are undesirable in spectrometers because they cause unwanted vibrations, they can go out of alignment, and they are difficult to maintain. In addition, the spectral range and resolution of traditional spectrometers are limited.
To combat these disadvantages, electronically tunable optical filters with no moving parts were developed using novel acousto-optic (AO) technology. These acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTF) are being utilized in the design of new spectroscopic instruments as replacements for conventional grating-technology-based optical instruments.
Acousto-optics involves the interaction of sound and light in dielectric material. When sound propagates through a solid or liquid, compressions are created in the material that cause variable refraction of the passing light, pulling color features from it. Acousto-optic tunable filters are solid-state electronically tunable optical filters that select precise wavelengths by applying the appropriate RF frequency. Filters can be used to pass light with either a single wavelength or multiple wavelengths, depending on the RF signal applied. A high-frequency electrical signal is converted into an ultrasonic wave by a piezoelectric oscillator (transducer) bonded to an AO medium. Sound waves travel through the medium and diffract light. Compared to traditional filters, AOTFs offer fast and agile tunability, and narrow spectral bandwidth selection.
Utilizing AOTF technology, scientists at the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) developed acousto-optic-based portable spectrometers for remote sensing of chemical and biological agents. The spectrometers do not have moving parts, are vibration-insensitive with high-frequency selection sensitivity, and will allow the user to select a range of colors in the visible and near-IR spectral regions. The spectrometers have resolution high enough to perform real-time analytical chemical measurements in the field or on a moving platform.
ARL's spectrometers are compact and robust, making them useful for work in the field, as well as in the laboratory. The inventors also developed a spectroscopic accessory that allows for more efficient collection of light, when only a fraction of light can be collected with traditional systems. ARL's spectrometers can be used to carry out both fluorescence and Raman spectrosopic measurements with only minor adjustments to the system, which was previously impossible using only a single system. Whereas highly trained specialists are needed to run experiments with traditional spectrometers, ARL's devices can be operated by nonspecialists.
The AOTF-based spectrometers at ARL can be used for spaceborne environmental monitoring, detection of forest fires, underwater monitoring of gases, water quality monitoring, monitoring of contaminants in the ground, the detection of cancer, drug interdiction, and airport security. They may also be used to perform real-time process control and quality assurance in pharmaceutical manufacturing, paper manufacturing, food processing, and optics and semiconductor manufacturing.
Electronics Tech Briefs Magazine
This article first appeared in the December, 1999 issue of Electronics Tech Briefs Magazine.
Read more articles from the archives here.
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Source: NASA
Hot surprise on the space transporter CYGNUS
The 25 scientists of the project "SAFFIRE V" look back on the flight of Cygnus NG-14 with mixed feelings. The reason: One of the two experiments on board the space transporter could not be started as planned. The other, functioning experiment, however, caused a surprise. Also involved were two scientists from the Center for Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM) at the University of Bremen.
The start of the experiments on Cygnus NG-14 was awaited with great excitement, because the scientists hoped to gain new insights into fire safety on board of spacecrafts. This was the fifth time that the CYGNUS capsule was used for these kind of experiments, whose actual purpose is to deliver supplies and new experiment setups to the International Space Station ISS and then burn up in the Earth's atmosphere on its way back. After the CYGNUS undocked from the ISS on Jan. 6, 2021, the SAFFIRE V experiments were ready for ignition at 3:30 a.m. (CET) on Jan. 7. In SAFFIRE V an acrylic board will be ignited in such a way that the flame is spread "upstream" or “downstream” across the material by an air flow with Normoxic atmosphere (700 millibars, 26.5% oxygen as in future exploration missions). Unfortunately, the first of the two experiments ("downstream") could not be ignited due to a technical problem. In the second experiment, on the other hand, in which the flame was supposed to spread against the flow, something unexpected happened: the three thermocouples attached to the opposite end of the ignition point were not supposed to show any significant temperature increase during the 6-minute burning period. However, the measurements of one of the thermocouples suddenly increased after only three minutes and reached a peak value of 185° C.
The scientists involved will now have to puzzle for about a week until they can obtain the images from the experiments and figure out what was responsible for this unexpected temperature rise. An initial evaluation based on the measurement data of the flame radiation values, the exhaust gas temperatures, the O2, CO, CO2 concentrations as well as the air humidity values has already begun.
The SAFFIRE V project is financed by NASA.
For further information:
Christian Eigenbrod
+49 421 218-57780
For general media inquiries:
Birgit Kinkeldey
+49 421 218-57750
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1. Main
2. Post
3. Muslim Vienna
Muslim Vienna
Muslim Vienna
Keywords muslim vienna terrorism film review the day of the siege september eleven 1683 (aka the battle of vienna) directed by renzo martinelli starring f. Murray abraham, enrico lo verso, alicja bachleda, and jerzy skolimowski a polish-italian co-production of agresywna banda & martinelli film company international release date october 12, 2012 dvd release 2014.
Historian smail bali states that the first evidence of muslims in austria dates back to nomadic tribes from asia that entered the region in 895. Following the ottoman conquest of the habsburg empire in the late 15th century, more muslims moved into the territory that makes up modern-day austria. Muslims were expelled after the habsburg empire took control of the region once again in the late 17th century but a few were allowed to remain after the signing of the treaty of passarowitzin 1718.
A Muslim from Vienna reacts after mosque closure in ...
Muslim Vienna
Maybe, but in afghanistan and elsewhere in the islamic world, it is broadly tolerated. Women are so devalued, men look to other men and boys for sexual pleasure. Also, the quran promises not just virgins to the blessed, but boys like scattered pearls those.
According to a report from an austrian media, kurier the austrian bishops conference have estimated that over fifty (50) muslims including people who practice other religions have been converted to catholicism and will be baptized this year. Most of the muslims who have converted to catholicism are mainly migrants from syria, afghanistan, and iran.
The battle of vienna (german schlacht am kahlen berge or kahlenberg (battle of the bald mountain) polish bitwa pod wiedniem or odsiecz wiedeska (lit. The relief of vienna) ottoman turkish beç alas muḥaras , lit. Second siege of vienna) took place at kahlenberg mountain near vienna on 12 september 1683 after.
Calculate islamic namaz timing in vienna, austria for fajr, dhuhr, asr, maghrib and isha.
Islam in Austria Wikipedia
a few more details have emerged about the vienna attacker. He is being referred to in austrian media as kujtim f, a dual citizen of macedonia and austria.
Muslim Vienna
Calculate islamic namaz timing in vienna (va), united states for fajr, dhuhr, asr, maghrib and isha.
a muslim from vienna reacts after austria said it could expel up to 60 turkish-funded imams and their families and would shut down seven mosques as part of a.
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fit rate meaning
If 1000 components are tested for 1000 hours, then that is considered to be equivalent to 1,000,000 hours of test time. Is there a phrase/word meaning "visit a place for a short period of time"? If Section 230 is repealed, are aggregators merely forced into a role of distributors rather than indemnified publishers? Let’s say that there are 70 capacitors in use for a particular circuit. The failure rate induced by soft errors, or SER, is reported in FIT or FIT/Mbit (when focused on memory). Well, it's a quick indicator of how fit you are. 'Federal Income Tax' is one option -- get in to view more @ The Web's largest and most authoritative acronyms and abbreviations resource. These items were not part of normal MIL-STD-217. By and large, it’s much healthier to have a lower resting heart rate than a high one, and puts you at a lessened risk of cardiac events. 751 – Social Security and Medicare Withholding Rates. @Sparky256 SN 29500 is a quasi Standart. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Design vs reality and what to do when they differ. He has been profiled in the "New York Times," the "Washington Post" and in numerous online publications. ... Too much can mean you won’t have use of the money until you receive a tax refund. Some employers use the acronym FIT to indicate deductions for federal income tax. These values are calculated by TI’s internal reliability testing. Some professional athletes have resting pulse rates as low as the upper 30s. Looking for the definition of FIT? We use for our (industrial electronics) reliability calculations Siemens SN 29500, but it is kinda specific for Europa. This is where things get interesting. Such a rate is called a Net Rate.. An example of this is the FIT deduction. design there is a need to be able to prove that your device can last a certain length of time with a certain confidence level. What does FIT stand for in Financial? The values most commonly used whencalculating the level of reliability are FIT (Failures in Time) and MTTF (Mean Time to Failure) or MTBF (Mean Time between Failures) depending on type of component or system being evaluated. FIT only detects human blood from the lower intestines. During EXERCISE. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. How is this related to MTTF (Mean Time To Failure) and MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures). You can never prove a design will last a certain time. What does FIT stand for in Rate? There are generally deductions for state or local taxes as well. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Heart-rate tracking is the secret to getting fit. In other words, 1 FIT = 1 Failure in 109 Device Hours The Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF), or for components, the Mean Time To Failure (MTTF) is the distribution for a population of components. Reliability figures for systems calculated from MIL handbooks are notoriously inaccurate. Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Most components have failure rates measured in 100's and 1000's of FITs. This document includes formulas to account for environmental and usage conditions such as temperature, shock, fixed or mobile equipment, etc. A feed-in tariff (FIT, FiT, standard offer contract, advanced renewable tariff, or renewable energy payments) is a policy mechanism designed to accelerate investment in renewable energy technologies by offering long-term contracts to renewable energy producers. Fit people who get lots of aerobic exercise having resting pulse rates in the 50s and 60s. Get the top FIT abbreviation related to Financial. If your pulse is consistently more than 100 beats per minute at rest, it's a good idea to see your doctor. For example, if one component has a failure rate of 100 FITs, another 200 FITs and another 300 FITs, then the total failure rate is 600 FITs and the MTBF is 1.67 million hours. For components, such as transistors and ICs, the manufacturer will test a large lot over a period of time to determine the failure rate. Tourists who fit the definition of FITs usually travel solo; in couples; or in small, intimate groups of friends or family.They range anywhere in age from millennials to retirees, but generally, they have above-average incomes that allow for independent travel, which can be more expensive than traveling with an organized group. Failure rate is the frequency with which an engineered system or component fails, expressed in failures per unit of time. You can calculate with some confidence how long something is likely to last on average, but not that any particular unit will last some minimum time. FIT is a great stool test because it only looks for a specific type of blood related to signs of colon cancer. As already mentioned in the comments, all of these calculations are mean numbers and are useful in predicting the reliability of a large number of components and systems, but not any individual unit. You pay the tax as you earn or receive income during the year. Extend unallocated space to my `C:` drive? Aerobic fitness: Heart rate at rest. The current rate for Medicare is 1.45% paid for by the employer and 1.45% paid for by the employee, for 2.9% total. A complete graph on 5 vertices with coloured edges. In initial stages of a design, these calculations are useful in determining the overall reliability of a design(to compare with the specified requirement) and which components are most significant in terms of the system reliability so that design changes can be made if deemed necessary. What does Expected Reliability of a Circuit Mean? Top FIT abbreviation related to Rate: Failure-in-Time David is the author of Missed Information (MIT Press, 2016), a book exploring how better information can lead to a more sustainable future. When quoting standards such as FIT you need to back it up with links and/or quoted comments from official sources. A paycheck generally includes a bewildering collection of terms, acronyms and numbers that detail your gross earnings as well as numerous adjustments and deductions to arrive at your take-home pay. When you like something enough to rate it but you can't be bothered rating it out of something, What tools or standards can be used to improve embedded C code reliability? A component having a failure rate of 1 FIT is equivalent to having an MTBF of 1 billion hours. A component having a failure rate of 1 FIT is equivalent to having an MTBF of 1 billion hours. The federal government also requires deductions from gross earnings for Social Security and Medicare. Elite athletes use it -- and you can, too. However, component reliability is more of an art than a science. But everyone’s heart rate is different. Also, relating data taken at one set of conditions (temperature, humidity, voltage, current, etc.) Key Takeaways A feed-in tariff (FIT) is a policy designed to support the development of renewable energy sources by providing a guaranteed, above-market price for … These measures of a product’s life are calculated via the data taken to understand these questions. FIT deductions are typically one of the largest deductions on an earnings statement. Fitbit Charge 2 Symbols Meaning - Learn here to know Fitbit Charge 2 icon meaning, so you'll be familiar use the tracker, and we guide you with everything you should know about the symbol shown on your Fitbit Fitbit watch. FIT represents the deduction from your gross salary to pay federal withholding, also known as income taxes. Is it safe to put drinks near snake plants? What happens when all players land on licorice in Candy Land? How to convert number of failures in actual hardware testing to MTBF. Deductions for other categories may also be listed, such as union dues or employee contributions to retirement plans. How to Read Your Paycheck -- Understanding Your Pay Stub, Kennesaw State University: How Federal Income Tax (FIT) Is Calculated, IRS: Topic No. Checking pulse over the carotid artery. How to answer a reviewer asking for the methodology code of the paper? For military systems, the failure rates of each component can be found in MIL-HDBK-217. So it tends to be more accurate and have fewer false positive results than other tests. Part of the State University of New York System (SUNY), FIT is unique among public universities because of its specialized focus on art, design, fashion, business, and communications. Financial FIT abbreviation meaning defined here. All individuals and companies who do business in the U.S. are subject to certain taxes. The he would recommend factors( I remember things like technology, new IC vs Old IC, environmental factors) that would be used in the calculation. Medicines and food do not interfere with the test. In hotel distribution we work with many rate levels. Why it is more dangerous to touch a high voltage line wire where current is actually less than households? Adding to the confusion, employers are not required to use consistent terminology on earnings statements, meaning you could receive paychecks from two different employers and each one will refer to the same thing in different ways. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Fiber Optics, Optical Networking Terms. Noun: 1. fitment - any of the items furnishing or equipping a room (especially built-in furniture); "she liked the kitchen fitments" Synonym Discussion of fit. About FitRated. site design / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. The key variable here is my resting heart rate while being in a totally relaxed state before I do any warming up or exercising at all. The term FIT (failure in time) is defined as a failure rate of 1 per billion hours. Your heart rate at rest is a … mean you need to have these removed. How to use fit in a sentence. The fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is a screening test for colon cancer. What is the meaning / definition of Net Rate in the hospitality industry?. Reliability and failure mode of MLCC (chip capacitors). Earnings statements typically contain information beyond an accounting of gross earnings, deductions and net pay for the pay period. As a business owner, you are responsible for withholding the federal income tax from your employees' earnings. The environment that the device will see is a factor along with the type of packaging technology (ceramic vs plastic packaging). It only takes a minute to sign up. Rate FIT abbreviation meaning defined here. How reliable is a daisy-chained USB bus? Fit definition is - acceptable from a particular viewpoint (as of competence or morality) : proper. I disagree strongly. David Sarokin is a well-known specialist on Internet research. FIT represents the deduction from your gross salary to pay federal withholding, also known as income taxes. Other types of blood that may be in your digestive system from your diet (red meat) would not result in a positive FIT. Many components are so reliable that it is difficult to accumulate enough test time to get a good handle on their MTBF. How are FIT's (Failure In Time) used in the reliability aspect of design and verification? MathJax reference. When we were trying to use mil-std-217 for automotive electronics, we had a PHD statics person that would correlate lab accelerated testing with field experience. Copyright 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. This is known as the FIT tax and it applies to all wages, bonuses, cash gifts from employers and other forms of compensation. The failure rate that occurs during one billion device hours is called the Failure In Time (FIT). FITs Shun Group Travel . to another is open to large errors. How much you can expect to come out of your paycheck in federal income taxes depends on your age, filing status and level of income you earn. Is it wise to keep some savings in a cash account to protect against a long term market crash? A measure of reliability for a device — the number of failures in one billion device hours. After this, I start my heart rate monitor on my wrist and off we go. @OlinLathrop edited to better reflect probabilistic aspects. The rate at which your heart is beating when it is working its hardest to meet your body's oxygen needs is your maximum heart rate. Welcome to EE.SE. It tests for hidden blood in the stool, which can be an early sign of cancer. the fact that it is statistical doesn't mean there isn't science behind it, in fact there is zero room for guessing as demonstrated by the Mil-handbooks. The earnings statement also includes information on accrued sick leave, annual leave and other benefits such as contributions that were made to a retirement plan. Reviewed by: Ryan Cockerham, CISI Capital Markets and Corporate Finance. There is some truth to both of your answers. Your filing status: If you withhold at the single rate or at the lower married rate. Fit rate Definition by Categories: What is this jetliner seen in the Falcon Crest TV series? Employees generally receive a paycheck along with additional information – an earnings statement – explaining how the amount on the check was calculated. Fit rate Definition from Science & Technology Dictionaries & Glossaries. The FIT deduction on your paycheck represents the federal tax withholding from your gross income. It might even mean you’re in really good shape, as athletes and particularly fit people often have a lower-than-average heart rate. It is usually denoted by the Greek letter λ and is often used in reliability engineering. Your earnings statement indicates your gross pay, which is the total amount of money earned for the pay period prior to any deductions. Our goal with this website is to make it easier for you. Here's how to use it. Based in Washington D.C., he splits his time between several research services, writing content and his work as an environmental specialist with the federal government. What might happen to a laser printer if you print fewer pages than is recommended? Or that reliability must be used in design to inform the design direction, either through component selection, component testing and sort or in amelioration techniques (like redundancy, FEC's - Forward Error Correction etc.). Most components have failure rates measured in 100's and 1000's of FITs. Now, once I start my exercise session, my heart rate takes on an entirely new meaning. This is driven by hard science in the form of the Arrhenius equation and Activation energy of failures modes. The term FIT (failure in time) is defined as a failure rate of 1 per billion hours. The Mean Time Before Failure (MTBF) number is calculated as follows: MTBF = 1,000,000,000 X 1/FR where FR = Failure Rate Feeling overwhelmed looking for the best fitness gear? There are standard formulas that convert the number of failures in a given test time to MTBF for a selected confidence level. Let’s look at an example to get a clearer understanding of what a FIT number means.
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Mars God Name // nidalalhariri.com
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Profile of Mars, the Roman God of War - ThoughtCo.
The Mars symbol originally represented the deity Mars. It is now associated with the Male gender, mainly because Mars was considered the god of Masculinity. The name of the third month of the year, March, is derived from Mars via the Roman month Martius, which was considered a lucky time to go to war. God Mars was the Roman god of war, and was later identified with the Greek god Ares. The legends about him are mainly a transposition of the Greek ones, that's why he. Mars Mavors or Mamers is an old Italian fertility god who came to be known as Gradivus, the strider, and the god of war. Although usually taken to be the equivalent of the Greek war god Ares, Mars was well-liked and honored by the Romans, unlike Ares vis à vis the ancient Greeks. Mars.
Mars Got its name from A greek god his name was Mars he was the god of war Asked in Earth Sciences, Planet Mars Why is it name Mars? after the roman god mars the god of war Asked in Greek and Roman Mythologies, Ares Mars What is the Roman name of the god Mars? Mars. c. 1300 as the name of the bright reddish-orange planet in the heavens; late 14c. as the name of the Roman god of war, from Latin Mars stem Mawort-, the Roman god of war identified with Greek Ares, a name of unknown origin, apparently from earlier Mavors, related to Oscan Mamers. The Romans were great soldiers and thought Mars, the god of war, was very important. Mars, the red planet, was named after this god of war. According to Roman myth, Mars rode on a chariot pulled by two horses named Phobos and Deimos meaning fear and panic. The two small moons of Mars are named after these two mythical horses. Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System after Mercury. In English, Mars carries a name of the Roman god of war and is often referred to as the ' Red Planet '. The latter refers to the effect of the iron oxide prevalent on Mars' surface, which gives it a reddish appearance distinctive among the. Send Your Name to Mars. View and share your boarding pass. See your frequent flyer points: go./Mars2020Pass.
Roman Gods A Complete List of Roman Gods, Their Names & Their Realms of Influence. This page is a list of the names of Roman gods in ancient mythology and their roles. It will be continually updated with additions, corrections and more information on each of the gods. God & Goddess name generator. This name generator will give you 10 names fit for most gods and deities in many fantasy stories. The names are heavily influenced by Roman, Greek and Norse gods, but plenty of names should fit other cultures as well. Greek God Names - A to Z. The following is a list of male Greek god names. This list includes both major and minor male gods from both Greek and Roman mythology. For a list of just Greek goddess names, click here. For a complete list of Greek gods and goddesses, click here.
Mangala is the root of the word 'Mangalavara' or Tuesday in the Hindu calendar. The word "Tuesday" in the Greco-Roman and other Indo-European calendars is also dedicated to planet Mars, referring to "Tīw's Day", the day of Tiw or Týr, the god of war and victory. Tiw was equated with Mars in other Indo-European mythologies. Mars is also mentioned as a chthonic god earth-god and this could explain why he became a god of death and finally a god of war. He is the son of Jupiter and Juno. According to some sources, Mars is the father of Romulus and Remus by the Vestal Ilia Rhea Silvia.
When you hear the name of Mars, agriculture is not the first thing that comes to mind. When I think of the Roman god, Mars, I think of one thing. WAR. The Roman God of War was second to none other than Jupiter himself in the Roman Pantheon. The Romans were a warlike people after all, and so Mars always figured prominently. I think it's better than Ares, though someone said below me here that they would name someone Ares rather than Mars. Ares is more a pompous name because more people know him as a god than people know Mars as a god yes they are the same person but Greco-Roman gods have different names and the Greek ones are more known. Here are some facts about Mars. Mars was the Roman God of War and the most important Roman god after Jupiter. The planet Mars, known as the Red Planet, was named after him. He was also one of the most important military gods worshiped by the Roman army. Most festivals honouring Mars were held in. Mars is named after the Roman god of war. Many believe that ancient peoples associated Mars with bloodshed and war because of its red color. The Romans were not the only society to associate the planet with bloodshed. The ancient Babylonians calle.
mars Origin and meaning of the name mars by.
Size of Mars compared to the Earth Facts about Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and last of the terrestrial planets and is around 227,940,000 km from the Sun. The planet is named after Mars, the Roman god of war. It was known to the ancient Greeks as Ares, their god []. About InSight & Mars. LEARN About InSight & Mars. FREQUENT FLYER My Points. FREQUENT FLYER My Points. 0OF INSIGHT BOARDING PASSES SUBMITTED Registration for InSight is now closed. Submit your name to fly with the Mars 2020 rover. FREQUENT FLYERS. Flown with us before? If you provided your email last time, start here: Enter Last Name Enter.
Mars was also considered the father of Romulus, and as such the progenitor of the Roman people. The Latin name Mars isn't used in the Bible, but the name Mars is often erroneously thought to be the root of the name Marcus or Mark, the proposed name of the author of the gospel, and that makes the name Mars relevant to our onomasticon. NIMROD, MARS AND THE MARDUK CONNECTION. by Bryce Self. Email: onesimus@ The ancient Babylonian deity Marduk was associated with the planet Mars and was the origin of the legends and lore of that planet as well as many later gods and heroes. The transition from the idea of Mars as an agricultural god to that of a warlike being, was not difficult with the early Latins, as the two occupations were intimately connected. The name of the god in the Sabine and Oscan was Mamers; and Mars itself is a contraction of Mavers or Mavors. Ares and Barsoom leap to mind I’ve heard Marte and Maadim too Spanish/Portuguese/Tagalog, and Hebrew. Its epithet is “The Red Planet”, that’s sort of like a nickname. Does that count? You could find lots of literary names for Mars besides old B. Humans all have personal names. Wouldn’t it be reasonable for God to have a name? Having and using personal names is a vital part of human friendships. Should it be different when it comes to our friendship with God? In the Bible, God says: “I am Jehovah. That is my name.”.
Send Your Name to Mars.
Simple descriptions of the main Roman gods and goddesses, suitable for schools. The Seven-Day Week and the Meanings of the Names of the Days. The Seven. "days of the Gods". The Romans substituted their equivalent gods for the Greek gods, Mars, Mercury, Jove Jupiter. is the English/Germanic god of war and the sky. He is identified with the Norse god Tyr. Mars is the Roman god of war. Ares is the Greek god of war.
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Covid-19: This is how people stick to guidelines
To address the coronavirus pandemic, it’s essential to influence human behaviour; to promote social distancing, to get people to wear masks. Many nations have imposed mandates as well. But to enforce the mandates and to promote safer choices as the mandates wind down, people have to be nudged.
To organise current and coming efforts, a simple framework can be captured in an acronym: FEAST. The idea begins with the EAST framework from the Behavioural Insights Team in the UK, which deserves to be better known.
EAST refers to four ideas: easy, attractive, social and timely.
Timing is everything. Often it’s best to provide people with information (including warnings) right before they make a decision, not the night before or when their minds are focused elsewhere
If you want people to do something, make it easy for them. They have to know what to do and how to do it, and it should not be too burdensome, painful or costly. Automatic enrolment — for example, in savings plans or green energy — significantly increases participation rates, because it is so easy.
Change behaviour
Whenever the goal is to change behaviour, the best question is easy to overlook: Why aren’t people doing it already? After getting the answer, public officials, employers, schools and others can take steps to remove the barrier.
It matters whether an option or message is attractive. A simple and vivid communication has more impact than a dull and complicated one. With respect to Covid-19, officials in Ireland have made excellent use of this insight with striking informational signs. The same is true of New Zealand.
People tend to be affected by what other people do; hence the S for social in EAST. If people learn that they are conserving less energy than other people, they start to conserve more energy. Publicising a current norm or an emerging norm can greatly alter behaviour. Down Under “Unite Against Covid-19” message is brilliant on that count.
As nations relax stay-at-home orders and business shutdowns, health-related messages should be arranged so that people see them immediately before they make health-related choices.
For policymakers all over the world, EAST has proven useful. But it’s missing something essential: Fun. Hence my modest, evidence-based amendment, adding the F for FEAST.
Enjoyment and taste
How do you encourage people to eat more vegetables? A Stanford University study tried two different methods. The first involved labels that emphasised health benefits. The second used labels that emphasised enjoyment and taste.
Both worked, but enjoyment proved to be the more powerful motivator. The health-focused labels increased vegetable consumption by 14 per cent, which is pretty good. The enjoyment-focused labels increased vegetable consumption by 29 per cent, which is terrific.
Savvy marketers are keenly aware of the importance of enjoyment and fun. For example, Amazon sells certain products with what it calls “Frustration-Free Packaging.”
That means that there isn’t much in the way of plastic, wiring or cardboard to deal with. Better still, Frustration-Free Packaging also turns out to be Green Packaging; it contains less solid waste, and the materials are recyclable.
The company is making a smart behavioural bet, which is that the idea of Frustration-Free Packaging will make customers smile “- and attract a lot more of them than would be motivated by the idea of sustainability.
A pandemic isn’t fun. But leaders can produce a sense of optimism, unity, hope and more than a few smiles instead of despair, anger, division and fear.
Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern of New Zealand even managed to have some fun with the lockdown, describing the Tooth Fairy and the Easter bunny as “essential workers,” legally authorised to carry on their work.
In general, New Zealand has succeeded in meeting the pandemic not only with firmness, calm and determination but also with wit, a call to unity (emphasising that the nation is “a team of 5 million”) and a consistent sense of good cheer. Its mantra has been, “Be kind.”
For Covid-19, the most important parts of the FEAST framework are the E for easy and the S for social. Complexity and confusion are mortal enemies of public health; good norms are its best friends.
But here’s a plea to leaders at all levels, even in dark times: Do not neglect the F. Human beings need it.
Cass R. Sunstein is a columnist. He is the author of “The Cost-Benefit Revolution” and a co-author of “Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth and Happiness.”
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Nitrous acid causes transitions
Causes acid nitrous
Add: atunuc66 - Date: 2020-12-10 09:25:57 - Views: 7616 - Clicks: 3628
The markers which arise as a result of treatment with nitrous acid behave similarly to naturally occurring antibiotic markers. Nitric oxide reacts with oxygen, for example, to form the nitrosating agent nitrous nitrous acid causes transitions anhydride, N 2 O 3, which can then react with amines, thiols, and nitrous acid causes transitions other available nucleophiles. Write the complete balanced equation for this reaction. The frameshift mutation is more likely nitrous acid causes transitions to disrupt regular DNA functions than pair changes. Nitric oxide combines with water vapour in the atmosphere to form nitric acid, which is one of the components of acid rain. Nitric acid has no action on gold, platinum, iridium, tantalum, rhodium, and titanium.
CH-12-06 Both nitrous acid and ethidium bromide cause mutations in DNA. 3) and +1 frameshifts nitrous acid causes transitions (17. Nitrous acid is nitrous acid causes transitions used to make diazonium salts from amines. Nitrous nitrous acid causes transitions acid deaminates purine and pyrimidine bases and is known to induce GC→AT transitions due to cytosine deamination. In this lab, you will be dissolving copper-containing brass in a concentrated oxidizing acid, nitric acid. Nitrous acid (molecular formula H N O 2) is a weak nitrous acid causes transitions and monoprotic acid known only in solution, in the gas phase and in the form of nitrite (NO − 2) salts. Cause chromosomal and gene mutations.
, stankyweezle. Vanderbilt and Irwin Tessman Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. The original mutation (not the reversion) must have been: A) AT to CG. More Nitrous Acid Causes Transitions images. nitrous acid (HNO 2) is a common food additive / preservative C U by loss of NH 2, pairs with A A hypoxanthine by loss of NH 2, pairs with C depurination - loss of purine (A or G) base in intact nucleotide produces an apurinic site. The properties of a cell which are determined by its DNA composition are its *-genotype 85. In this work, we stabilized nitrous nitrous acid causes transitions acid via supporting on polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) and then.
A missense mutation in Neurospora will revert by treatment with nitrous acid, but not by hydroxylamine. evidence indicating that other mechanisms are involved in the case of NA-induced G/C-->A/T transition mutations /is summarized/. Which is not true about a crown gall tumor? 4 Perchloric acid Transition nitrous acid causes transitions metal ions SO 32. 9) and a modest increase in AT→TA transversions nitrous acid causes transitions (9. Compounds that lead to oxidative deaminations (by reacting with the NH2 groups of A, G, and C) lead to transitions.
Have the lab repeat the SEM-EDX analysis and compare the before and after etch results. 5-bromouracil causes G—>A mutations, which are transitions. Generally, nitrous acid has nitrous acid causes transitions the capability to deaminate the nitrogenous bases and also to replace its amino group by a keto group. Sodium Nitrate (NaNO 3) is a common food additive that also occurs naturally in meats preserved by smoking. Have the lab do a nitric acid- hydrofluoric acid dip for 60 seconds on the part followed by a nitrous acid causes transitions DI water rinse. 8), and −1 frameshifts (120. To produce nitric acid (HNO 3 ), ammonia (NH 3 ) is reacted with air over a catalyst gauze pack made of precious metal – normally a platinum-rhodium-palladium (Pt-Rh-Pd) alloy – in the ammonia oxidation reactor of the. Because copper is not oxidized by H+, it is inert to most acids.
/GENOTOXICITY/ Nitrous acid (NA) is often presumed to cause base substitutions in organisms with double-stranded DNA as a direct consequence of oxidative deamination of adenine and of cytosine residues. Nitrous acid most frequently causes mutations by *-converting cytosine to nitrous acid causes transitions uracil. Chemical Mutagens 3. Reaction 1: Copper and Nitric Acid Copper metal is not generally soluble in acid because copper is a stronger reducing agent than hydrogen, that is, copper metal will not reduce nitrous acid causes transitions H+ to H 2. In our hands, treatment with nitrous acid yielded a large increase nitrous acid causes transitions in GC→AT transitions (2,171), GC→TA transversions (60.
nitrous acid causes transitions Nitrous Acid Induction of the Transitions Guanine to Adenine and Thymine to Cytosine Anne S. (1970), ‘Identification of the altered bases in mutated single-stranded DNA. Nitric acid is a highly corrosive mineral acid. Nitrous Acid Causes All Possible Transitions (AG, CT). Explain your answer – Ethidium bromide is more dangerous as an nitrous acid causes transitions intercalating agent it adds additional bases to DNA and causes a frameshift mutation.
Apparently nitrous acid produces genetic alterations, expressed as antibiotic-resistant markers, directly on heat-denatured transforming DNA of Haemophilus influenzae, rather than producing DNA which acts as a non-specific mutagen. If A Protein Has An Alanine At Position 65, What Amino Acid(s) Would Be Likely To Replace Alanine As A Result Of Nitrous Acid Mutagenesis? Nitrous acid causes A—>G and C—>T mutations, which are transition mutations.
Nitrous acid deaminates nitrogenous bases, and replaces the amino group with a keto-group. Nitrous-acid induction of the transitions guanine to adenine and thymine to cytosine’, Genetics 66, 1–10. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), nitrous acid causes transitions when activated to diol-epoxides can bind to DNA and form adducts. The cross sections of prominent bands are 25% larger than the recommended values of Stockwell and Calvert. Transitions can be generated both by damage to the DNA and by nitrous acid causes transitions misincorporation during replication. Cause addition, deletion, transitions and transversions: nitrous acid causes transitions Gamma Rays: S.
In addition, data nitrous acid causes transitions comparing the. Absolute cross sections were determined by a combination of gas-phase and wet chemical analysis. The influence of spectral resolution on absolute. Heightened levels of atmospheric nitric oxide resulting from industrial activity were also one of the causes of gradual depletion of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. Induced mutation through chemical means can be done by introducing chemical mutagens like nitrous acid. There are seven oxo acids of nitrogen are known. Nitrous acid as a weak inorganic acid has significant applications in organic reactions such as diazotization, nitrosonation and Sandmeyer Reaction, 1,2 but its instability in temperatures upper 5 °C causes some restrictions to using it.
nitrous acid causes transitions If nitrous acid causes transitions a protein has an alanine at position 65, what amino acid(s) would be likely to replace nitrous acid causes transitions alanine as a result of nitrous acid mutagenesis? A gas, nitrogen dioxide, is a by-product of the oxidative process that also produces aqueous copper(II) nitrate and liquid water. Hydroxylamine and nitrous acid belong to this category of mutagens. 5-Bromouracil must be incorporated into DNA during the replication process in order to induce mispairing of bases and thus mutations. Yet, side effects can occur after use. Transversions occur primarily by misincorporation during replication.
PMID: 785828 PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE MeSH Terms. What is nitric acid (HNO3) in chemistry? Search for other answers Other questions on the subject: Biology Biology, 21.
"Nitrous acid causes all possible transitions (AG, CT). Deamination by nitrous acid, causes transitions. Deaminating agents, such as nitrous acid which can cause transition mutations by converting cytosine to uracil. . Nitric acid is one of them with molecular formula HNO3. Substances which cause mainly transitions from GC to AT do not lead or only rarely lead to reversions of the nitrous acid causes transitions amber system; but chemicals producing transitions from AT to GC do so. .
Due to nitrous acid causes all possible transitions "isoleucine, threonine, valine" is the amino acid that would most likely to replace. Which compound is more dangerous? Nitrocellulose (also known as cellulose nitrate, flash paper, flash cotton, guncotton, pyroxylin and flash string) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to nitric acid, or to a mixture of nitric acid and another acid, usually either hydrochloric acid. The frequency of such errors is greatly increased in mutator strains, e. This causes, as illustrated by the diagram above, mismatches in the DNA (A is not supposed to bond with C). nitrous acid causes transitions All other metals are attacked by the acid, often with the formation of nitrates, and reduction products of the nitric acid, which vary with the temperature and concentration of the acid. 3 Ozone NO nitrous acid causes transitions Nitrogen monoxide (Nitric Oxide) 4 Tetra H 2O Water (Dihydrogen Monoxide) NO 2 Nitrogen dioxide 5 Penta F.
Cause all types of changes as above. Answer: During TNRE, a trinucleotide repeat sequence gets longer. 7) in wild-type CC strains (Fig. lacking a proofreading function in the replicative DNA polymerase. Aqueous nitric acid, HNO 3(aq), however, is able to dissolve copper metal because nitrate, NO3. Nitrous acid is used to convert nitrous acid causes transitions diamine amines, this occurs by the nucleophilic attack of the amine on nitrite by means of a mutagenic agent that causes the oxidative deamination of adenine and cytosine, causing transitions and the diazide can then be released. In the stomach, Sodium Nitrate is converted to Nitrous Acid (HNO 2), which acts as a mutagen by deamination (removal of the NH nitrous acid causes transitions 2 group) of adenine and/or cytosine to nitrous acid causes transitions an ether group, thus altering their base pairing.
, nitrous acid causes transitions penetrating and non- particulate: Induce mutations by ejecting atoms from the tissues. nitrous acid causes transitions Nitrous oxide is a safe, common sedation method that’s appropriate for adults and children. Prokaryotic cell mutations can be observed very quickly because the prokaryotic chromosome is *-haploid. Proflavin causes small additions or deletions, which may result in frameshift mutations.
Nitrous acid acts as a mutagen on either replicating or nonreplicating DNA and produces transitions from A to G or C to T, whereas 5-bromouracil does not affect nonreplicating DNA but acts during the replication process causing GC AT transitions. A back mutation system (amber system) and a forward mutation system (host range system) have been used. Hydroxylamine (HA) causes only G·C → A·T transitions, while nitrous acid causes both G·C → A·T and nitrous acid causes transitions A·T → G·C transitions. Nitrous acid acts on adenine, guanine, and cytosine; adenine is converted to hypoxanthine, cytosine is converted to nitrous acid causes transitions uracil, and guanine is. They in essence change the H-donating side group (NH2) to an H-accepting (=O) side group. Most side effects are mild and reversible and don’t cause. Alpha Particles: D.
PubMed Google Scholar. They will charge 4 hours labor for the work but it will save your customer a unnecessary cleaning expense in the long run. Nitrous oxide is an undesired by-product of nitric acid production formed unintentionally during the oxidation of ammonia. Intercalating agents acridine orange, proflavin, ethidium bromide All are flat, multiple ring molecules which interact with bases of DNA and insert between them.
Due to nitrous acid causes transitions nitrous acid causes all possible transitions "isoleucine, threonine, valine" is the amino acid that would most likely to replace. It causes C to U, C to T, and A to hypoxanthine deaminations. Act by ionization and excitation. The A sup 1Adouble prime l arrow X sup 1Aprime absorption spectrum of gaseous nitrous acid has been measured in thenm range.
Nitrous acid causes transitions
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Animal Farm 2020
Photo by Jar Nech on Unsplash
We are unofficially at war in 2020 – – a horrendous political, psychological and cultural struggle tugging at the foundation of the United States of America. The different stakeholders in the struggle have expressed diverse views “unveiling” the hidden polarization within our society. To reiterate or debate these views is not my purpose today in spite of the ambiguity related to the upcoming presidential election and the expectation for a peaceful transfer of power no matter the outcome. My goal is to highlight the attributes and qualities that makes us divinely human as a collective. Yes, we can be tribal believing the “US” versus “THEM” mentality. But in reality, every great artist, sage and spiritualist has shared a vision describing the “ONENESS” of humanity and the notion that l-o-v-e and our ability to consciously express this emotion towards others is what makes us different from animals.
Something is being said!
Humans are superior to animals. Right?
Voter suppression?
Police misconduct?
Supreme Court Justice imbalance?
Dis-information campaign?
Peaceful transfer of power?
As we approach the end of September, I thought about how the animal kingdom might view “US” wondering why the universe allegedly made them“inferior” to humans. During the pandemic, the animal kingdom has continued to proceed with their natural life cycles (birth, procreation, death) maintaining a kind of collaboration, grace and harmony quite different from mankind’s current struggles. Some have even flourished since humans have been in quarantine leaving their natural habitats and mother nature alone. This point led me to recall one of my favorite books, Animal Farm, by the fantastic author, George Orwell, describing a group of farm animals who rebel against the owner of their farm hoping to create a society where the animals can be free, equal and happy. Does this sound familiar? The animals were severely mistreated by the farmer, Mr. Jones, establishing the conditions ripe for an eventual coup. Ultimately, however, the rebellion is betrayed from within, and the farm ends up in a state far worse than it was before. This time, the mistreatment of the farm animals is administered under the harsh dictatorship from one of their own kind – – a pig named Napoleon who assumes the leadership style and human persona of the previous farmer. Wow! Interestingly, mankind also exhibits this very same type of behavior along with human betrayals within our political structures in every modern country.
George Orwell wrote this allegorical novella (fable) in response to the events leading up to the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union. His famous book mirrored the historical events describing the natural human inclination to seek freedom and the instinct to pursue it at all costs under the right conditions. Revolution is one such action mankind will undertake if circumstances warrant it. Yet, there always remains hope for a peaceful change (transition or trans-form-ation) – – a sliver of light that can elevate the opposing debates to reveal the greater good and opportunities for creating balance and justice for ALL. When people open their eyes to their full humanity – – void of fear, hatred, selfishness “unveiling” the love within not just towards members of one’s own tribe – – humans start to demonstrate why we’ve held the position of being the designated “stewards” over the earth. Perhaps, it is necessary for “US” to experience a societal collapse before receiving the opportunity for an unprecedented rebirth. This phenomenon is even true in the natural world as demonstrated by animals for centuries as the cycles of life and death go round and round.
Something is being said America!
You don’t need to understand the language to understand the story.
The pursuit of freedom and other democratic ideals are always in a precarious position as demonstrated in our modern world and within Animal Farm. George Orwell very astutely describes how the animals’ ideals about freedom are ultimately betrayed when POWER is up for grabs. The same case can be made today within our own political parties. Many efforts to stop the onslaught of injustices violating these higher ideals and principles are often thwarted before ever materializing. Perhaps, the biblical prediction of “Babylon Falling” is based upon “US”. We must all brace ourselves for the unexpected knowing that you cannot have “light” without “darkness” (duality intertwined). But, the final outcome is not for certain as long as there exists a sliver of light within our collective hearts ignited to change for the better. A Nu earth could be the final outcome when we fully understand that our collective human connections matter.
“Sometimes you forget how much human
connection matters. But your people will
always show up to remind you.”
Alexus Ade-Chuol.
I read a story in a magazine about a same sex marriage between Alexus Ade-Chuol and model Aweng Ade-Chuol. One of the partners expressed a very heart felt observation about the audacity of love and the human condition. It was beautifully poignant and simple making me smile for the inherent joy expressed within her comments. Love is still the highest vibrational expression we, as humans, can demonstrate. Some may be preparing for the worse (yeah me too following my earthquake awakening) but I refuse to lose the one quality that makes me divinely human. No matter what atrocities we’ve experienced as a collective, the need for community and love have propelled us forward little by little towards a more perfect society. We cannot give up now even if some unpredictable drama is about to hit the proverbial fan. Where there’s no vision, the people perish – – right? So, hold on to your hope and the dream for a better tomorrow. Both will guide us towards the next steps for rebuilding our Nu Amẹríkà.
Patriotic or Not?
Freedom,. Justice. Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
TrUth telling is alway patriotic. It leads to change, growth and evolution.
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Can I Carry A Gun While Driving For Lyft?
Is LYFT really worth it?
If you believe those ads, driving with a ridesharing service seems like the ideal side gig..
Can you make $100 a day with Uber?
Are Lyft drivers allowed to talk on the phone?
We recommend that you do not take personal calls while driving. A phone call-free ride creates a friendlier and more welcoming environment for passengers. We advise that you avoid discussing sensitive subjects such as dating, politics, religion, and sexual orientation.
Can an Uber driver carry a gun?
Uber, like Lyft, has a “no firearms” policy, but enforcement can be problematic — the company usually won’t know about a gun carried by a driver or passenger until law enforcement is involved. … “That’s why Uber prohibits riders and drivers from carrying firearms of any kind in a vehicle while using our app.
Can you make $500 a day with Uber?
Does LYFT pay for gas?
To get to $2,500, Lyft says drivers will make at least $625 weekly, and if they don’t pull it in from fares, Lyft will make up the difference. … As points out, drivers are also responsible for gas expenses, maintenance and taxes.
Can you conceal carry while driving for Lyft?
Weapons policy Lyft has a strict “No Weapons” policy for all of its properties. This includes Lyft Hubs and service centers. Our “No Weapons” policy applies when you are doing business as a representative of Lyft, which includes times that you are driving for Lyft, as well as times that you are visiting a Lyft Hub.
Can my child ride with me while driving for Lyft?
Children are welcome to join you in a ride but aren’t permitted to ride alone in a Lyft vehicle. We’re happy to give kids a ride as well as adults as long as your children have the proper car seats that fit legal requirements in your state and city. Plan on providing your own car seat for children that require one.
Can my husband ride with me while I drive for Lyft?
Don’t bring your friends or family along when you drive Lyft passengers expect to get an awesome, background-checked and vetted driver. Please refrain from having your friends join you while driving on the Lyft platform.
Can 2 Lyft drivers use the same car?
Can more than one Lyft driver drive the same car? Yes, as long as both names are on the insurance. So if you and your spouse, significant other, friend, or family member share a car, both of you can be Lyft drivers as long as both of you are insured.
Can Lyft driver see destination before accepting?
Lyft drivers can see the rider destination before accepting.
Can you drive for LYFT while on vacation?
Yes. Lyft allows you to drive in multiple cities and states. You can only have one driving region on your profile but can travel outside of that region and complete rides. For more information visit their help page here.
Can Lyft drivers have cameras?
Drivers are permitted to record rides for security documentation, but may not broadcast or publish the footage. “Broadcasting a person’s image, audio, or video recording is a violation of these terms and may result in loss of account access,” Uber’s guidelines state. Lyft’s policies point to local regulations.
How far can LYFT take you?
100 milesLyft limits: maximum distance and fare rises to 100 miles/$500. Lyft just announced a major change to its rideshare app. Users can now go 100 miles and rack up $500 in charges, up from the previous limits of 60 miles and $200.
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precious minerals
precious minerals
Extension Bulletin
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Diamond Jubilee Year
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The Wealth of India Division
CSIR National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources
Dr K S Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110 012 and S V Marg, New Delhi-110 067
India is covered in natural resources derived from plants, animals and minerals. In
everyday life all of them are used by us in many specialized ways. Minerals contribute
to economy of the country and they are with us since morning starting from alarm
clock, utensils and other utility items in kitchen, electric light switch, petroleum products,
glass and ceramic pots, building materials, appliances, toothpaste, jewellery, lubricants,
paint, fertilizer, photography, drawing materials, coatings, machinery and many more.
Most of us have never realized our reliance on these hidden resources.
This extension bulletin, dedicated to the Diamond Jubilee year of the Institute,
is designed to provide information on 10 major and precious minerals involved in our
every day life and add prestige, position and prosperity. Instead of including detailed
information in this small bulletin we have included, What they are? Where they are
found? and How they are used in daily life? We hope that readers will find this illustrated
bulletin interesting and informative.
Diamond, the most precious and fascinating mineral, is known as Vajra and Hirak in
Sanskrit and Hira in Hindi. Diamond is a transparent crystal of tetrahedrally bonded
carbon atoms. Diamonds have been known and treasured as gemstones since ancient
times. As its name in Sanskrit denotes it is very strong and unbreakable mineral. It has
the highest hardness and thermal conductivity as compared to any natural substance.
Somewhat related to hardness is another mechanical property which diamond possesses
is toughness, which is a material’s ability to resist breakage from forceful impact. The
scratched by other diamonds, it maintains its polish extremely well. It is chemically
resistant and is the only gem composed of a single chemical element i. e. carbon. Only
two impurities such as boron and nitrogen are reported to be found in diamond.
Diamonds have a light tint; usually yellowish or brownish colour. Diamond’s ignition
Diamond in kimberlitic rock
in gem
As far as occurrence is concerned, diamonds are not found on Earth’s surface.
at depths of 140 to 190 kilometers (87 to 120 miles) in the Earth mantle. Carboncontaining minerals provide the carbon source and the growth occurs over periods from
1 billion to 3.3 billion years (25% to 75% of the age of the earth). Diamonds are
brought close to the earth surface through deep volcanic eruptions by a magma, which
cools into igneous rocks known as kimberlites and lamproites. These rocks in India are
mainly found in Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Orissa.
In Andhra Pradesh mostly found in Cuddapah, Anantapur, Bellary, Kurnool, Kistna,
Godavary and Guntur districts. In Madhya Pradesh Panna and Majgawan districts.
The diamonds average production in India is about 2150 carat per year.
the rivers Penner, Krishna and Godavari. There are a limited number of commercially
viable diamond mines currently operating in the world. In Asia they are in Russia and
India. In india they are in Golkonda, Kollur Mine, Panna, and Chhatarpur (Madhya
Pradesh). Roughly 49% of diamonds originate from Central and Southern Africa,
Russia, Brazil, and Australia. The main agency, mining diamond is National Mineral
Development Corporation Ltd (NMDC) in India. Wholesale trade and diamond cutting
is limited to few locations only. In 2003, 92% of the world’s diamonds were cut and
polished in Surat, India. Other important centers of diamond cutting and trading are
the Antwerp diamond district in Belgium, (where the International Gemological Institute
is based) A.single company, De Beers controls a significant proportion of the trade in
diamonds. They are based in Johannesburg, South Africa and London. The recent
expansion of this industry in India, employing low cost labour, has allowed smaller
Though diamonds are extremely hard, they are brittle and can be split up by
procedure requiring skills, scientific knowledge, tools and experience. Diamond cutting
a faceted gem. The diamonds’ surface cannot be wet by water but can be easily wet and
synthetic diamonds. Nitrogen is by far the most common impurity found in gem
diamonds and is responsible for the yellow and brown colour in diamonds. In order of
rarity, yellow diamond is followed by brown, colourless, then by blue, green, black,
pink, orange, purple, and red. Colour diamonds contain impurities or structural defects
Diamonds can also be produced synthetically in a high-pressure hightemperature process which approximately simulates the conditions in the Earth mantle.
An alternative and completely different growth technique is chemical vapor deposition
(CVD). However, special gemological techniques have been developed to distinguish
natural and synthetic diamonds and diamond simulants. Above 1,700°C in vacuum or
~700°C. Naturally occurring diamonds have a density ranging from 3.15–3.53g/cm3,
with pure diamond close to 3.52g/cm3. Diamonds’ chemical property is very stable.
Under room temperature diamonds do not react with any chemical reagents including
various kinds of acid and alkali. Diamonds’ surface can only be oxidized a little by just
to refine synthetic diamonds. The majority of commercially available synthetic diamonds
are yellow. Other colours may also be reproduced such as blue, green or pink, which are
Diamonds have been adapted for many uses because of the material’s
exceptional physical characteristics. Unlike many other gems, it is well-suited to daily
Because diamonds are very hard they are often used as an abrasive. Most industrial
diamonds are used for these purposes. Small particles of diamond are embedded in a
saw blade, a drill bit or a grinding wheel for the purpose of cutting, drilling or grinding.
They might also be ground into a powder and made into a diamond paste that is used
for polishing or for very fine grinding. In addition, diamond exhibits highest thermal
conductivity amongst minerals and has high electrical resistivity making it suitable for
application in semiconductors. Some blue diamonds are natural semiconductors, in
contrast to most diamonds, which are excellent electrical insulators. The conductivity
and blue colour originate from boron impurity.
Diamond is the most important gemstone in the jewellery industry. The
colourless stone is most often used for jewellery, although yellow and brown are also
used. Diamond windows are made from thin diamond membranes and used to cover
openings in lasers, x-ray machines and vacuum chambers. They are transparent, very
durable and resistant to heat and abrasion. Diamond speaker domes enhance the
performance of high quality speakers. Diamond is a very stiff material and when made
into a thin dome it can vibrate rapidly without the deformation that would degrade
sound quality. Heat sinks are materials that absorb or transmit excess heat. It is used to
conduct heat away from the heat sensitive-parts of high performance microelectronics.
Low friction microbearings are needed in tiny mechanical devices. Just as some watches
have jewel bearings in their movements diamonds are used where extreme abrasion
resistance and durability are needed. Wear-resistant parts can be produced by coating
surfaces with a thin coating of diamond. In this process, diamond is converted
into a vapour that deposits on the surface of parts prone to wear. Diamond Bhasma is
often prescribed by Ayurvedic practitioners because it is extremely powerful medicine,
however, can only be taken under supervision of an experienced Ayurvedic medical
Amethyst is a well known mineral and gemstone. It is the purple, most valuable and
prized variety of the mineral Quartz. Its name is derived from the Greek “Amethystos”,
drunkenness. The colour of some amethyst specimens from certain localities slowly
fades upon prolonged exposure to light. When used as a gemstone, it is often heat
treated to deepen the colour or to transform it into Citrine. Some varieties may also
change to a light green colour, which is given the trade name Prasiolite, or Green
Amethyst, as it is more commonly known in the gem trade.
In India amethystine quartz is found in the cavities and veins of some of the
quartz reefs in Bundelkhand, Madhya Pradesh. Small amethysts occurring in Deccan
Trap geodes are collected from the bed of Narmada river near Jabalpur and are used for
jewellery and beads. Amethyst also occurs near Andar in Shivpuri and near Chitai,
Gangari and Chandeva in Datia. In Andhra Pradesh, beautiful amethyst is found at
Bowenpally near Secunderabad; it occurs in granites near Hyderabad and also about 96
km north of it at Bekonenpett. It is found at Koilkuntla in Kurnool. Geodes of quartz
lined with crystals of amethyst occur near Burhait in Santal Parganas. Occurrence of
amethyst has been reported from north of Kishangarh, Rondeil and Samod in Rajasthan.
In Kangayam and Kollengode in Kerala and in Coimbatore. At several localities in
Sutlej river valley in Himachal Pradesh and in Zaskar in Jammu and Kashmir. Its
production data in India is not available for a long time.
Amethyst is famous for its purple colour but not all amethyst are purple in
colour; they are also light purple, reddish-purple, bluish-purple, dark purple and even
almost black in colour.
Amethyst in
crystal form
Amethyst in cavity form of rock
almost black in colour. The colouring agent of amethyst is iron. Top quality amethyst is
a deep medium colour of purple with rose-colored flashes. In its purest form, amethyst
is colourless and a fine amethyst is transparent which allows light passes through the
gem unhindered while a translucent amethyst slightly weakens the passage of the light
through the stone. Most amethyst pieces are cut into circular or round shapes. The
chemical formula of amethyst is Sio2; sp. gr., 2.65 and hardness, 7.
Synthetic amethyst is man-made by gamma-ray, x-ray or electron beam
yellow or even green and much of the citrine or yellow quartz of jewellery is said to be
merely burnt amethyst. Synthetic amethyst is made to imitate the best quality amethyst.
not be differentiated with absolute certainty without advanced gemnological testing
can be used to identify synthetic amethyst rather easily.
As far as amethyst uses in rings and other jewellery items are concerned it is
believed that amethyst have special properties, viz. it controls temper and emotions,
protects drunker (it is believed that wearing amethyst while drinking wine would prevent
the wearer from becoming drunk or being intoxicated). It improves the moral character
of wearer, brings peace and calm in life and enhances spirit and energy to solve any
difficulties and problems. It can save from deceit and protect people from baldness.
It also improves the condition of skin of a person too. It is cut into studs and buttons.
Emerald (Panna)
Emeralds are the transparent and coloured varieties of beryl mineral and are much
valued as precious stones. In Sanskrit it is known as Marakatha, in Persian as Zamurrad
and in Hindi commonly called as Panna. Green coloured (green colour of the plantain
leaf having a velvety sheen) are the fascinating emerald gemstones. Emerald word is
coined on Persian word, Esmeralde. They have the most beautiful, most intense and
most radiant green. The top quality, fine emeralds are even more valuable than diamonds.
It is available in various colours like yellowish-green, bluish-green or blue. Its beautiful
green colour, combined with durability and rarity, make it one of the most expensive
gemstones. Deep green is costlier and most desired colour in emeralds. This gemstone
In the history of emeralds the earliest known area where the natural emerald
was found is Red sea in Egypt. Later on it was found in Columbian mines. In fact, it is
Emerald in crystal form
Emerald as gemstone
said that the beauty and quality of
emarald gemstone that were found in
Colombia was such that people at
that time preferred suffering torture or even dying than
to reveal the source of the mines. In India emerald is
mainly found in Rajasthan, important producers being the Bubani and Rajgarh mines
in Ajmer and Kalaguman and Tekhi mines in Udaipur district. In Orissa, the occurrences
of emerald along with other gemstones had been identified over a tract extending from
Birmaharajapura to Patangarh in Kalahandi district. It is also found in Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and Jammu & Kashmir. In ancient times (about 4000 BC
in Babylon, the oldest known gem market), fine quality emerald crystal gem was dedicated
to the Goddess Venus. It is believed that this gem represents immortality and faith. In
India the emerald gemstone is one of the Navagraha stones (stones that represent the
The chemical formula of Emerald is, 3BeO. Al2O3.6SiO2. It possesses Be, 1213%; sp. gr., 2.6-2.8 and hardness (H), 7.5-8. The most common treatment carried out
on emeralds to enhance the quality of the stone is oiling and using fillers along with the
oil. The natural emerald crystal is soaked in colour as well as colourless oil or resins for
a particular amount of time. Many a times the oil may be heated, so that it seeps well in
the fractures of the gems. This helps to fill in emerald factures to make it look like a less
included gem and enhance its colour. Although oiling is an accepted trade practice,
treatment with colour oil, resin or any other filler should be disclosed before selling, as
it can drastically bring down the price.
Emerald gemstone had been synthesized in the laboratory several times by
earlier scientists, but the first commercial synthetic emerald production was accomplished
by Carroll Chatam around 1940. Cut gemstones of over 5 carats are commonly available
in the market. The cost of synthetic emerald or lab created emerald is much lower than
the natural ones. Synthetics are invariably very transparent and have the best green
colour. With the un-aided eye it is very difficult to distinguish the synthetic emeralds
from the natural ones.
Emerald is mainly used in jewellery like rings, bracelets, nucleus and for
preparing the decorative items, etc. High quality emeralds are used as ring stones and
beads, while inferior qualities are used for idol carving. It is used for purification of
blood and in urinary diseases and for some kinds of cardio-vascular diseases. Emerald is
also useful in treatment of deaf and dumb. It is reported that emerald can be used to
enhance the memory and stimulate the use of greater mental capacity. The emerald
helps combine intelligence with discernment, allowing for the choice of right action.
Garnet is the collective name for a group of minerals which forms an isomorphous
series and crystallize in cubic system. Garnet word is derived from ancient Greeks since
color reminded them of the pomegranate seed or Granatum. Garnets are actually one
the following pure species: pyrope, almandine, spessartine, uvarovite, grossular and
andradite. Garnets occur in a very wide variety of formations, colours and clarities.
Garnet is the name given to a group of chemically and
physically similar minerals. A very small number of garnets
are pure and flawless enough to be cut as gemstones. It is a
silica mineral; in other words, garnet’s complex chemical
formula includes the silicate molecule [A3B2 (SiO4)3, sp. gr.,
3.2-4.3]. The different varieties of garnet have different metal
ions, such as iron, aluminum, magnesium and chromium; a
few varieties also have calcium. It can be translucent to
a vitreous or resinous lustre. All garnets are hard, ranging
between 6 and 7.5 on the Mohs’ hardness scale. They also
irregular pieces.
Garnet is a common mineral of metamorphic rocks
such as gneiss and schist of all description from basic to acid,
crystalline limestone and pegmatites. In
Garnet in source rock India, garnet deposits suitable for use in
abrasive industry, occur in Andhra
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,
Kerala, Orissa, Rajasthan and Tamil
Nadu. Gem variety of garnet occurs in
Ajmer, Jaipur, Kishangarh Tonk
and Udaipur districts, Rajasthan,
Krishna, Nellore and Warangal
districts, Andhra Pradesh and
Coimbatore, Nilgiri and Salem
districts, Tamil Nadu. Garnet also
Garnet in
occurs in beach sands along with
crystal form
ilmenite, rutile, sillimanite, etc. in
the states of Kerala, Orissa and
Tamil Nadu. Production of garnet (abrasive) is reported to be 873 thousand tonnes
during 2007-08 and it has increased by 2% as compared to that in the preceding year.
There were 49 mines during 2007-08 as against 48 in the previous years.
Garnet is hard with sharp angular chisel-edged fracture containing small
amounts of free silica and exhibits high resistance to physical and chemical attacks. It is
a resistant mineral and detritus grains are commonly found in sediments. It is used both
as semi-precious stone and as abrasive. Garnet sandpaper was the original application
of this mineral. It is also used to make a number of similar products, including sanding
belts, discs and strips. Today, majority of garnet is used as an abrasive blasting material,
for water filtration, in a process called water jet cutting. Garnet is also used in electronic
components, ceramics, glass, jewellery and abrasives used in wood furniture and transport
manufacturing. It is a common metamorphic mineral that becomes abundant enough
to mine in a few rocks. Garnet forms used in industries are: reddish-orange, spessartine,
yellow grossular and the green tsavorite and demantoid.
Gold, known as Sona in Hindi and Swarna in Sanskrit, is one of the most popular and
well-known minerals, known for its value and special properties since ancient time.
Gold in its natural mineral form, almost always has traces of silver and may also contain
traces of copper and iron. Gold is a bright yellow metal with resplendent lustre. It is
exceedingly malleable and ductile. Gold is one of the heaviest minerals, when pure, it
has a specific gravity, 19.32, hardness 3 and melting point 1063°C. Due to its weight,
it can be panned because the gold
sinks to the bottom. In addition, it
Gold in refined form
Extracted gold from rock
can be easily separated from other
substances due to the weight
differences. Chemical formula of
gold is Au. It is not acted upon by
water or the atmosphere and good
conductor of electricity.
Gold had a significant
historical role in Australia, which had
its first gold rush in 1851 after the
mineral was found near Bathurst in
New South Wales. The Bathurst
gold rush was followed by
discoveries in Victoria. Gold fever
drew tens of thousands of
immigrants from many parts of the
world to the Australian colonies.
Gold in source rock
Ballarat and Bendigo in Victoria
and Kalgoorlie in western Australia. In India gold occurs in some states and mode of
occurrence is two forms, first is through the placer deposits and second is source of rock
deposits. The resources include placer-type gold ore in Kerala, Bihar, Karnataka,
Rajasthan, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, while in terms of metal
content, Karnataka remained on top followed by Rajasthan, West Bengal, Bihar and
Andhra Pradesh. Total production of gold (primary & secondary) in 2007-08 is reported
to be 2,858 kg. Main agencies which are working for gold exploration in India are: GSI,
Gold usually occurs in its metallic state, commonly associated with sulphide
economically important occurrence of gold in chemical combination is with tellurium
as telluride minerals.
Native gold is found in the quartz of veins cutting through granite and schistose
rocks, commonly associated with sulfides such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena,
stibnite, cinnabar and arsenopyrite. Non metallic gangue minerals include limonite
and calcite. As a placer it is found in the gravels and sands of rivers whose channels cut
through regions of quartz of veins and in the sands of beaches bordering gold-producing
districts. In placers it is associated with heavy minerals which accumulate with it.
Gold is used in dentistry and medicine, jewellery and arts, medallions and
coins and in ingots. It is also used for scientific and electronic instruments, computer
circuitry, as an electrolyte in the electroplating industry and in many applications for
the aerospace industry.
Onyx (Akik, Gomed)
Onyx is common semi-precious silica mineral, commonly known as Akik in Hindi and
Gomed in Sanskrit. It is a banded variety of Chalcedony Quartz usually black or brown
with white bands but can also be found in orange, red or honey colour. The name of
this stone seems to have come from the Greek word Onux which means finger nail or
Onyx in rock
claw. It occurs in bands of varying colour
and transparency. It is cryptocrystalline
quartz, milk-white, yellowish, reddish,
brownish, greyish or delicate blue in colour
and translucent to opaque with a waxy or
greasy lustre. The colour may vary within
Onyx as gemstone
the same stone and bands run parallel to each
other but are often curved or concentric; they may be straight, wavy or zig-zag. The
porosity of the layers in banded agate facilitates artificial colouring.
Onyx with other varieties of silica occurs as secondary infillings or geodes in
ancient volcanic rocks and is most commonly found in the rivers that drain the areas
covered by such rocks. It has resulted from the deposits of silica being thrown out of
solutions; the shape of the bands depends on the shape of the cavities. Onyx commonly
occurs in the amygdaloidal flows of the Deccan trap and the Rajmahal trap and the
chief sources of supply are the rivers that drain the areas covered by these rocks.
The beds of the Krishna, Godavari and Bhima rivers and the plains of Bijapur in
Karnataka are also the sources of onyx. Major states in which onyx is found are Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Generally onyx is
found in natural form but its chemical formula, SiO2; sp gr, 2.60; H, 7 has been
determined to prepare artificial onyx.
Onyx is chiefly used in making various decorative items, frames and to some
extent in ceramics and other industries. Now-a-days Onyx is commonly used in
ornaments like necklaces, rings, amulets, ear-rings, brooches, wristlets, beads, etc and
many other jewellery pieces. Indian onyx has been famous and known all over
the world since practically the dawn of history. Onyx is widely used as an astrological
gemstone and believed that this gemstone eliminates negative thinking in the
wearer and also protects from negative influences and forces. This stone is effective in
all Chakras and is used to treat heart, kidney and nerve and eye ailments. This stone is
good for those who are under stress and especially for those who have trouble sleeping.
This gem is also widely used for treating epilepsy, depression, bone marrow,
blood disorders, glaucoma, teeth, bones and hair. This is a very good stone for
business people.
Quartz (Sphatik)
Quartz is known as Sphatik in Hindi. It is one of the most well-known minerals on
earth. It occurs in all mineral environments and is the important constituent of many
rocks. It is hard, brittle and transparent to opaque minerals with vitreous to greasy
lustre, conchoidal fracture, rarely exhibiting cleavage. It is insoluble in all acids except
hydrofluoric acid. Quartz is colourless when pure but it is generally met with in tints of
red, orange, yellow, green, violet and black, depending on the nature of inclusions.
Many tints disappear on heating. One of the quartz minerals, the rock crystal, possesses
piezo-electric properties.
Quartz is the most abundant and widely distributed mineral found at Earth’s
surface. It is present and plentiful in all parts of the world. It occurs at all temperatures
and abundant in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. It is highly resistant to
Quartz occurs in abundance in most parts of the India in many states like Gujarat,
Rajasthan, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Assam and Karnataka. Because
of its abundance and distinctive crystal shape,
quartz has been recognized as a mineral for
thousands of years. The name has an uncertain
origin, possibly derived from the German word
Quarz, a word of ancient and uncertain origins.
When it is water-clear, quartz is known as rock
crystal or mountain crystal. However, quartz can
contain a number of different impurities, which
Quartz in crystal form
create different colour varieties. Purple quartz
is known as amethyst; white is milky quartz;
black is smoky quartz; pink is rose quartz and yellow or orange is citrine. The molecular
formula of quartz is Sio2, sp. gr. 2.60-2.66 and hardness is 7.
Most of the quartz used in
microelectronics is produced synthetically.
Large, flawless and untwined crystals are
produced in an autoclave via hydrothermal
process. The process involves treating
crushed natural quartz with hot aqueous
solution of a base such as sodium
hydroxide. The hydroxide serves as a
mineralizer, i.e. it helps dissolve the
nutrient quartz. High temperatures are
Quartz in source (granite) rock
required, often around 675°C. The dissolved quartz then recrystallizes at a seed crystal at slightly lower temperatures.
There are two entirely different major uses for quartz
rock crystal, amethyst, smoky quartz, rose quartz and citrine are
in demand as low-priced but attractive gemstone or display Quartz in ornaments
specimens. For gem applications, the quartz is usually cut and
faceted for jewellery or is carved into various shapes by hand or by laser. Cultured
quartz is used in electronic applications where its special physical properties are valuable.
applied to quartz a positive electrical charge is created at one end of the crystal and a
means that temperature changes can cause the development of positive and negative
charges within the crystal. These properties make quartz valuable in electronics
it is transparent, tough and of unvarying chemical composition. Electronics-grade
variety of electronic devices.The production of quartz is reported to be 265 thousand
tonnes in 2007-08.
Ruby (Manak, Lal)
Ruby is commonly known as Manak or Lal in Hindi. It is the transparent red-coloured
variety of corundum mineral. The word corundum is derived from the Sanskrit word
‘kuruvinda’’ and in Sanskrit ruby stands for ‘Ratnaraj’, which means something like
‘king of the gemstones’. History says that whenever a particular beautiful ruby crystal
was found, the rulers sent high dignitaries out to meet the precious gemstone and welcome
it in appropriate style. Today, rubies still decorate
the insignia of many royal households.
Ruby word is derived from Latin word
‘rubens’, meaning ‘red’, Ruby-red. The most
important thing about this precious stone is its
colour. Two magical elements are associated with
the symbolism of this colour: fire and blood,
implying warmth and life for mankind. Like no
other gemstone, the ruby is the perfect way to express
powerful feelings. Its colour varies from deep red or
Ruby in source rock
Ruby in source rock
Ruby in crystal and gem form
pigeon’s blood red through various shades to pink. The deep coloured varieties are strongly
pleochroic from deep red to pale red. Ruby is distinguished for its bright red colour,
being the most famed and fabled red gemstone. Besides, its bright colour, it is a most
large sizes are even rarer than diamonds and ruby is found in hexagonal prisms and
blades forms. For thousands of years, the ruby has been considered one of the most
valuable gemstones on Earth. It has everything a precious stone should have i. e.
it is an extremely rare gemstone, especially in its finer qualities. The ruby, which sprays
out red rays in the sunlight and glow in darkness is considered a superior quality gemstone.
Ruby when rubbed on a stone and the stone shows signs of rubbing and also the ruby
does not lose its weight, it is considered to be of a superior quality. The chemical formula
for ruby is, Al2O3, sp. gr., 3.9-4.1 and its hardness (H) is 9.
In India ruby is found in many states, viz. Andhra Pradesh (Anantapur, Krishna,
Kurnool districts), Bihar (Manbhum district) and Tamil Nadu (Kangayam). Facet-grade
ruby occurs in the Kangayam, Karnataka (Mysore) and ruby which is found in Channa,
Patna area (Bihar) lacks transparency and so are suitable only for cabochons and beads.
In the early 1980s, important gem strikes were made in Orissa, eastern India where
ruby occurs in Jhillingdhar, Hinjhrilbahal, Charbati, Rabaandangar and Odashali and
Karlakot in Kalahandi district and Sangamara in Balangir district
Like other precious minerals ruby is also a popular gemstones and is used extensively
in jewellery. Ruby is used in all forms of jewellery, including bracelets, necklaces, rings
and earrings. It is used both as centre piece gemstone in pendants and rings, as well as
a secondary stone to complement other gemstones such as diamonds. Large ruby gems
are extremely rare and valuable. Fine colour ruby with a deep red colour and excellent
transparency can reach several thousand dollars a carat. Synthetic rubies are inexpensive
and often used as a cheap substitute for natural rubies. Ruby is basically aluminium
oxide and is used to treat anaemia or shortage of blood. It is also useful in treatment of
low blood pressure and mental diseases. It strengthens nervous system and help fighting
paralysis. It is also utilized for indigestion and gastric troubles. Ruby production in
India was reported to be 5271 kg in 2005.
Sapphire (Neelam)
Sapphire, known as Neelam in Hindi, is the most precious and valuable blue gemstone
and the variety of the mineral Corundum. Sapphire is the second hardest (first being
diamond) natural mineral known to science. It is a very desirable gemstone due to its
excellent colour, hardness, durability and lustre. When it is in other than blue colour
i.e. red or dark pink, it is called ruby which is considered a different gemstone. Crystals
of sapphire are transparent to translucent. Sapphires are found in typical six-sided barrel
shape forms that may taper into a pyramid.
An exotic type of sapphire, known as colours changing sapphire, displays
different colours depending on its lighting. In natural light, colours changing sapphire
is blue, but in artificial light, it is violet. Yellow and pink Sapphire have recently become
very popular and are now often seen in jewellery. Other optical properties like refraction
and dispersion are the same as those for ruby. In trade all precious corundum other
than red is generally called sapphire, but the varieties other than the blue (true sapphire)
are known by separate names, viz. white sapphire, yellow sapphire (oriental topaz),
green sapphire (oriental emerald) and purple sapphire (oriental amethyst). The hardness
of sapphire can be partially attributed to the strong and short oxygen-aluminium bonds.
These bonds pull the oxygen and aluminium atoms close together, making the crystal
not only hard but also quite dense. The chemical formula of sapphire is Al2O3, sp. gr.
3.9-4.1 and hardness (H.) is 9.
It occurs in feldspathoid-bearing igneous rocks as an accessory mineral, in
recrystallized limestone, in placer sands and in aluminium-rich metamorphic rocks.
Imitations of the sapphires are made by a flame fusion process and are so realistic that
only experts can tell the difference. Synthetic sapphires are in great demand in industry,
where they are used in movements of clocks, ballpoint pens and even in high temperature
Sapphire in source rock
Sapphire as gemstone
Sapphire is found worldwide, Myanmar (Burma), Southeast Asia and Australia
being major places of their occurrence. In India it is found in Kashmir, Orissa, Punjab
and some amount in Madhya Pradesh. The sapphire-bearing rocks are now supposed to
have a wider distribution in this region than was hitherto known. Ruby, aquamarine,
beryl, rubellite, green tourmaline and garnet also occur in association of sapphire.
The Kashmir sapphires are light blue to deep azure or sky blue in colour in the natural
state. Orissa corundum is reported from Nilgiri hills on the North east border of
Cuttack district, Bhujipadar and Ghumur-Sargigunda belts in Kalahandi district,
Orissa. Punjab sapphires are reported to have been found on the ascent to Hamta
pass (32° 16', 77° 26') in Kulu, Kangra district. The ratio of corundum sapphire to
crude rock as mined has been estimated to be 1: 20.
jewellery. Fine coloured sapphire with a deep blue colour and excellent transparency
can reach several thousand dollars a carat. The blue variety is most often used in jewellery,
but the yellow, pink and orange “fancies” have recently become very popular. Green
and light blue sapphires are also known but are less commonly used in jewellery. Opaque
Black Sapphire is also used as a minor gemstone. Recently scientists have found a great
scope of sapphire commercialization because sapphires are found naturally by searching
through certain sediments or rock formations and can be created synthetically too.
These can be manufactured for industrial or decorative purposes in large crystal boules.
Because of its remarkable hardness sapphire can be used in some non-ornamental
movement bearings, and very thin electronic wafers, which are used as insulating
substrates in solid-state electronics. From astrological point of view sapphire or neelam
or sauri ratna or shani priya is thought to have power of elevating ones status right from
social life to professional life. It brings name, fame and wealth to its user. According to
astrologist sapphire is a fastest acting gemstone, it shows its effect within 3 second,
3 minute, 3 hour or 3 days.
Silver known as Chandi or Rupa in Hindi and in Sanskrit as Rupya, Sveta or Rajata is
one of the most famous precious metals and it is in use since last 6,000 years. Silver was
named from the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) word Seolfer. This name is related to the
German word Silber and the Dutch word Zilfer. An early Latin name for this mineral
was Luna which means moon, an allusion to its striking, bright luster. Silver has brilliant
white colour and resistant to atmospheric oxidation. Silver is extracted mostly from
pure but usually it is mixed with small amounts of gold, arsenic and antimony. A natural
Silver in source rock
alloy of gold and silver is known as Electrum and
is usually classified as a variety of Gold. Silver
does not dissolve in most of the solvents and won’t
react to oxygen or water. However, it has a
detrimental reaction to sulfur and sulfides, which
causes it to tarnish on exposed surfaces. Hydrogen
sulfide (H2S) is found in the atmosphere in small quantities and when silver is exposed
available to protect it from tarnish and certain polishes remove tarnish. The chemical
formula of silver is Ag,,10.5, m.p.1000 °C and hardness 2.5.-3.
In India, there are no native silver deposits except the small and unique Bharak
deposit of silver in Rajasthan. It occurs generally with lead, zinc, copper and gold ores
and is extracted as a by-product from electrolysis or chemical methods. In India, the
silver ore deposits which are primarily mined for silver and of any commercial importance
have not been reported. Silver mostly occurs in the form of argentiferous lead-zinc ores.
Some of the gold ores also contain a small percentage of silver. The argentiferous leadzinc ores found in the Zawar area in Rajasthan are the principal sources of silver in the
country. The Zawar deposit occurs in a group of 10-12 hills with many ancient mine
workings. Extensive and deep workings occur in Mochia Mangra, Baror Mangra
Silver articles and ornaments
and Zawar Mala hills. The ore consists mainly of argentiferous galena and sphalerite,
associated with pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, quartz and crystalline dolomite. A
sample assayed contained c. 300 g. of silver per tonne of lead. Silver ores of Kolar and
Hutti mines, Mysore also contain small amounts of silver in Karnataka and in other
state like Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Orissa, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and
Maharashtra also have some deposits. The lead ores of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat,
Jammu & Kashmir and Uttar Pradesh are also reported to contain a fair amount of
silver. However, these deposits have not been proved to be of potential value so far.
Silver has many unique physical properties that give it very special status. It is
the best conductor of electricity and is the second most malleable and ductile metal and
unique properties and intrinsic beauty, it is extensively used industrially and for preparing
ornaments. Silver is largely used as jewellery and coins. It is very easy to work with it
hence, beautiful objects such as goblets, candelabras, trays and cutlery are created. In
used for medicinal purposes, particularly in dentistry, for bactericides and for antiseptics.
It is reported that in 2007-08, the production of silver was 80,684 kg in India.
“The Wealth of India”– what a vision of past history and splendour it brings,
when the Indies attracted adventurers in search of wealth and fortune from the
most distant countries! .............. Nevertheless, India is wealthy and the wealth
of India is there. But in spite of this wealth, the people are poor. The problem
for us is to utilize this stored–up wealth of the country in the soil
and under the soil, for the benefit of Indian humanity. This
book is a kind of encyclopaedia or dictionary, and dictionaries
seldom make attractive reading, but I have found this
particular dictionary rather fascinating and it has opened
out vistas of thought to me. The pictures are good.
I have no doubt that this book, produced by many
scholars and experts and after much labour, will be of great value
New Delhi
21st December 1948
Jawaharlal Nehru
The National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources
(NISCAIR), a constituent of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), has
been involved in dissemination of information for S& T community through its various
scientific books, journals and magazines. The Wealth of India, launched in 1942 is an
internationally acclaimed encyclopaedic publication
comprising monographic articles on plants, animals and
mineral resources of the county and the economic products
derived from them. The encyclopaedia is a continuation
of George Watt’s Dictionary of Economic products of
India. The complexity, heterogeneity and voluminousness
of this encyclopaedic work can be visualized from the fact
that whole series covers more than 6000 plant -species, 49
articles on animals and their products and 74 articles on
minerals. The Wealth of India-Raw materials is
indispensable to research workers especially beginners
dealing with life sciences, chemical sciences, pharmacology, environmental sciences,
students of economic botany, and gewloqy government departments and rural
development agencies, planners, industrialists and all those interested in the availability
of Indian raw materials, their production , value addition, exports and imports.
For detailed information on 10 precious minerals presented in this bulletin
and others having varied importance and uses can be obtained from respective volumes
of Wealth of India. The volume wise arrangement, geological names and their synonyms
are enlisted in table given below
Name of Minerals
Synonyms (Keywords)
Wealth of India
Akik, Chalcedony, Gomed, Onyx,
Vol.1 A
Alkaline Earths
Choulu, Crude Netural Soda, Khari,
Ooverman, Ozhaiman, Phuli, Reh,
Sajji Matti, Soudu
Vol.1 A
Aluminite, Alunogen, Kalinite
Vol.1 A
Antimony Ores
Anjana, Anjanam, Shurma, Stibnite,
Surmah, Surmo
Arsenic Ores
Artal, Horital, Hartal, Hari-Tala,
Orpiment, Pinda
Kalnar, Ratinara, Sangresha, Shankha
Vol.1:A; First Suppl
Ser. Vol. 1: A-Ci
Barium Minerals
Barite, Barytes, Kolakkal, Mugge Rayi
Vol.2 B; First Suppl
Ser. Vol. 1: A-Ci
Hydrated Aluminium Oxide
Vol.2 B; First Suppl
Ser. Vol. 1: A-Ci
Mait, Mund-Dhoni Matti,
Serati Matti, Seri
Vol.2 B
Aluminus silicates, Beryllium
Vol.2B; First Suppl
Ser. Vol. 1: A-Ci
Bismuth Ores
Bismuthinite, Bismuth Glance, Bismite
Vol.2 B; First Suppl
Ser. Vol. 1: A-Ci
Boron, Elaegaram, Sohaga Tineal,
Sohaga, Tankankhar, Vengaram
Vol.2:B; First Suppl
Ser. Vol. 1: A-Ci
Building Stones
Cadmia, Calamine (Zinc carbonate)
Vol.3 (Ca-Ci); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 1:
Calc Spar
Vol.3 (Ca-Ci); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 1:
Chrome, Chromium
Vol.3 (Ca-Ci)
Alexandrit, Chrysolite, Lahasumya
Vol.3 (Ca-Ci); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 1:
Alumino silicate
Vol. II (C); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 2:
Vol. II (C)
Hydrated Iron-Oxide
Vol. II (C); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 2:
Copper Ores
Vol. II (C)
Hira, Hirak, Vajra
Vol.III (D-E)
Emerald and
Marakatha, Panna, Zamurrad
Vol. III (D-E); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 3:
Vol. IV (F-G); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 3:
Vol.2:B; First Suppl
Ser. Vol. 1: A-Ci
Vol. II (C)
Vol.III (D-E)
Vol. IV (F-G); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 3:
Fuller’s Earth
Multani mitti
Vol. IV (F-G)
Almandine, Almandite, Andratite,
Colophonite, Grossular, Grossularite,
Melanite, Pyrope, Rhodolite, Schorlomite,
Spessaritine, Spessartite, Uvarovite
Vol. IV (F-G); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 3:
Glass Sand
Alabastar, Satin-spar, Selenite
Suppl Ser.
Vol. IV (F-G); First
Vol. 3: D-I
Iron Ores
Hematite, Ilmenite, Laterite, Limonite,
Magnetite, Pyrite, Siderite
Vol. V (H-K)
Jadeite, Nephrite
Suppl Ser.
Vol. V (H-K); First
Vol. 4: J-Q
Lead ores
Vol. IV (F-G)
Vol. IV (F-G)
Vol. IV (F-G)
Vol. V (H-K); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 4:
Anglesite, Cerussite, Galena,
Jamesonite, Pyromorphite, Zinkenite
Vol. VI (L-M)
Vol. VI (L-M)
Vol. VI (L-M)
Lithium mineral
Manganese ores
Braunite, Mangnit, Psilomelane, Pyrolusit
Biotite, Muscovite, Paragonite, Phlogopite Vol. VI (L-M)
Mineral spring
Molybdenum ores
Nickel ores
Garnierite, Niccolite, Nickeliferous
pyrrhotite, Pentlandite
Vol. VII (N-Pe); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 4:
Patluppu, Pottiluppu, Shora
Vol. VII (N-Pe)
Petroleum and
Natural Gas
Crude oil, Hydrocarbon, Mineral oil,
Natural oil
Vol. VII (N-Pe)
Amblygonite, Lepidolite, Lithiophilite,
Petalite, Spodumene, Zinnwaladite
Vol. VI (L-M); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 4:
Vol. VI (L-M)
Vol. VI (L-M)
Vol. VI (L-M)
Vol. VI (L-M); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 4:
Vol. VI (L-M)
Phosphatic Minerals
Pigment Minerals
Platinum Mineral
Iridium, Palladium, Rhodium,
Ruthenium, Safed sona
Vol. VIII (Ph-Re);
First Suppl Ser. Vol.
4: J-Q
Quartz & Silica
Vol. VIII (Ph-Re)
Rare Earths
Road Metals
Road stone
Vol. IX (Rh-So);
First Suppl Ser.
Vol. 5: R-Z
Halite, Khanij namak, Lahori namak,
Lavanam, nimak, Rock salt,
Saindhava namak, Uppu
Vol. IX (Rh-So);
First Suppl Ser.
Vol. 5: R-Z
Vol. IX (Rh-So);
First Suppl Ser.
Vol. 5: R-Z
Vol. IX (Rh-So);
First Suppl Ser.
Vol. 5: R-Z
Silver Ores
Steatite & Talc
Vol. X (Sp-W); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 5:
Strontium Minerals
Celestite, Stronlinate
Vol. X (Sp-W); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 5:
Sulphur & Pyrites
Avala sara, Gandhaka, Gandhaka,
Phule, Gandrok, Pyrite, Sadha gandhaka
Vol. X (Sp-W); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 5:
Tantalum & Niobium
Tin Ores
Apetite, Cellophane, Phosphates
Triplite, Vivianite
Vol. VIII (Ph-Re)
Vol. VIII (Ph-Re);
First Suppl Ser. Vol.
4: J-Q
Vol. VIII (Ph-Re)
Chandi, Chandi rupa, Rupya,
Sveta, Rajola, Tara, Velli
Vol. IX (Rh-So);
First Suppl Ser.
Vol. 5: R-Z
Vol. X (Sp-W); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 5:
Vol. X (Sp-W)
Cassiterite, Tin stone, Kallai ranga,
Ranga, Kathal, Tagaramu, Vanga ranga
Vol. X (Sp-W); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 5:
Titanium Minerals
Ilmenite, Rutile
Vol. X (Sp-W)
Fushparaga, Pukhraj, Pushpa Raagannu
Vol. X (Sp-W)
Tourmaline Ores
Vol. X (Sp-W); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 5:
Tungsten ores
Scheelite, Wolframite, Wolfram
Vol. X (Sp-W)
Uranium Ores
Autunite, Brannerite, Carnotite, Coffinite,
Davidite, Pitchblende, Torbernite,
Uraninite, Uranophane
Vol. X (Sp-W)
Vanadium Ores
Vol. X (Sp-W); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 5:
Vol. X (Sp-W); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 5:
Zinc Ores
Franklinite, Hemimorphite, Smithsonite,
Sphalerite zinc blend, Willemite, Zincite,
Vol. XI (X-Z)
Zirconium Minerals
Vol. XI (X-Z); First
Suppl Ser. Vol. 5:
For further details and information on minerals please contact:
Mr. Brijendra Kumar Mishra, Research Intern (Geology),
Wealth of India Division, E-mail: [email protected]; Ph: 25846301 Ext. 229.
For more information on The Wealth of India - Indian Raw Materials Series
please contact:
Dr (Mrs.) Sunita Garg
Chief Scientist & Head
Ph: 25846001; 25846301 Ext. 258/228/230
Mrs. Parmod Singla
Principal Scientist
E-mail: [email protected]
Ph: 25846301 Ext. 255
Mr. R. S. Jayasomu,
Scientist EII
E-mail: [email protected]
Ph: 25846301 Ext. 273/278
Mr. P. R. Bhagwat
Principal Technical Officer
E-mail: [email protected]
Ph: 25846301 Ext. 228
Ms Nidhi Chaudhary
Research Intern ( Botany)
E-mail: [email protected]
Ph: 25846301 Ext. 230
Mrs D. Leela Ramo Moni
Research Intern (Zoology)
Ph: 25846301 Ext. 278
Mrs Renu Manchanda
Senior Technical Officer
E-mail: [email protected]
Ph: 25846301 Ext. 230
For ordering complete set or individual volume of Wealth of India
Demand Draft should be marked payable to NISCAIR, New Delhi and sent to:
Head, Sales and Marketing
National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (CSIR)
Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110 012, India
Phones: + 91-11-25843359, 2584603-7 Extn. 287/288, Fax: +91-11-25847062;
E-mail: [email protected]
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Love Is Not Bliss (Romeo & Juliet + Othello) A Thesis
Love Is Not Happiness (Romeo & & Juliet + Othello) A Thesis
One of the reasons that the works of Shakespeare are so distinguished is simply for the reality that he can wonderfully create minutes of joy, sadness, splendor, misery, torment, love, betrayal– and anything else which might fall in between (Krakauer 09). There are various circumstances in real life in which one person might fall deeply in love with another, however it will ultimately end up that it was never ever to happen in the first location. When it pertains to Shakespeare, love is never ever suggested to blossom in the plays Romeo and Juliet, and Othello.
In the really first act of Romeo and Juliet, for example, we discover that there is a feud between the Montagues and the Capulets. 2 families, both alike in self-respect (In reasonable Verona, where we lay our scene) From Ancient grudge get into new mutiny (Act I Sc I). Romeo and Juliet fall immediately in love with each other. However, due to the fact that of their families hatred, their joy and youth are squandered. Juliet gets a marital relationship proposition from Paris, and concurs that she will consider marrying him if she likes him. After falling for Romeo however– at first sight, she finds out as he leaves that he is a Montague.
She is struck with as much scary as he seeks he discovers that she is a Capulet. It is simply a bit later on that Juliet provides her famous speech: “O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo? … O, be some other name! What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” (Act II Sc II). Enthusiasm it is obviously, however that polluted term has in our day become helpless to reveal it. Pureness would be the ideal word for it if the world had actually not forgotten that purity is simply Greek for fire (Krakauer 17). Juliet later finds that her father has scheduled her to wed Paris in three days.
She declines to do so, and her father is furious over the reality that his child is so proud and ungrateful. She then turns to her mom– however her mom declines to listen to what she has to say. In desperation, she turns to the nurse for advice, and even the Nurse believes that Juliet needs to wed Paris, due to the fact that Romeo was eradicated from Verona and is not most likely to return. Juliet realized that everyone is against her, so she turned to Friar Laurence for help. The Friar knows of a sleeping potion that Juliet would be able to use that would deceive her household to think that Juliet is dead.
Juliet decided to use that potion on the very night that she is to wed Paris. When the family discovers Juliet “dead’, the Friar says that they should arrange for a burial and carry Juliets body to the church. After Romeo (then in Mantua) discovers that Juliet is dead, he purchases some toxin and intends to kill himself in the vault where Juliet lies. Paris remains in the vault when Romeo gets here, and he presumes that Romeo is there for evil functions. The 2 males then combat a duel, and Romeo recognizes that he has actually eliminated Paris as he falls. He then looks at Juliet in her tomb, and swallows the toxin after providing her a last kiss.
He immediately passes away, and Juliet awakens shortly afterwards. After she realizes that Romeo is dead, she takes his dagger and stabs herself with it. It is then that the families reconcile– when it is far too late. Statues were to be made in honor of the enthusiasts. Cynics are fond of stating that if Romeo and Juliet had actually lived, their love would not have actually lasted (Krakauer 24). There is also many instances in Othello in which it appears that love was never meant to blossom between Othello, and his spouse Desdemona. Brabantio is the father of Desdemona. He regrets the truth that he permitted Desdemona to marry Othello, who simply occurs to be a Moor.
He realized that he would have rather let a unestablished man called Roderigo take Desdemonas hand in marriage. Othello is accused of utilizing witchcraft on his spouse, and it is said that he is probably abusing her as well. Nevertheless, when Desdemona is questioned, she admits that she has actually fallen in love with Othello and married him on her own will. Brabantio is furious when he hears his children confessions, and he practically disowns her. He then relies on Othello, and says “Want to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see. She has deceived her father, and might thee” (Act I Sc III). Then there is the notorious bad guy, Iago.
He developed a strategy to make it appear like Desdemona was cheating on Othello with his friend, Michael Cassio. Iago feels hatred towards Othello because he passed him over, and promoted Cassio for a position. Iago also had suspicions that Othello may have been having an affair with Emilia (Iagos spouse), and for that he desires get vengeance on Othello. Shakespeare gives Iago an outside appearance of sincere virtue and has Othello consistently call him “Honest Iago.” (Krakauer 56). Iago has the propensity to be extremely convincing and manipulative. He manages to earn money off of Roderigo by providing foolish suggestions followed by a fantastic deal of logic.
After much talk, Roderigo is even convinced to sell off his land, so he can have a lot of cash in his hands to get the attention of Desdemona. It is safe to say that Iago is quite like the devil himself (Krakauer 62). This appears in his soliloquy at the very end of Act I. He exposes to the audience that he wants to abuse Othellos ear, and blacken Cassios name as well. Iago likewise tends to compare individuals to animals, such as when he states, “The Moor is of a complimentary and open nature that thinks men honest that but appear to be so, and will as tenderly be led by the nose as asses are. (Act I Sc III). Iago does undoubtedly poison Othellos ears by encouraging him to see the relationship between Desdemona and Cassio under an unfavorable perspective. At a celebration, he gets Cassio to drink an excessive amount of liquor, that makes him intoxicated. At one point as Cassio gets in a battle with another individual, Othello walks in, and Iago makes him take Cassios place far from him. Iago then goes over to Cassio and acts as if he is a friend to him. He informs Cassio to request Desdemona to convince Othello to give Cassio his position back. Desdemona concurs to do so, but all in a very innocent way.
Because Iago has plagued Othellos mind with false ideas, Othello gets furious everytime that Desdemona mentions Cassios name. He starts to suffer mentally, and has problem sleeping, and begins to snap at Desdemona over the smallest things. Eventually, Othello smothers Desdemona, and eliminates her. Emilia discovers what has happened, and sobs out till Iago arrives. She then reveals the reality that Iago is a bad guy, and Iago kills her. Othello realizes that he has actually slipped up, and eliminates himself, and Iago gets executed. The romance in Romeo and Juliet, and Othello begin very nicely, but unfortunately end with awful deaths.
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Comparing the differences between the film and the play on the story of anne frank during the holoca
Now the world of that topic is divided from us by more than working years, Anne's voice is very contemporary, and many of her guidelines and problems are very much poorly those of any other growing up both then and now. She specialists the readers with the component and interest to discover the other scholars of the Holocaust.
The Diary of Anne Frank
Scantily more important is that you have keep The Diary of a Young Enunciate. Melanie Jacobson, in remembering her hometown was asked to paint a concept of Anne. A good portrait of Mary Frank.
During the day, when students worked in the office and in the thing below, Anne and the others had to keep very rough, but at night they could move around more clearly, though of course they could not look on any lights nor show in any way that the incident was inhabited.
Anne represents the substantial and unknown stories that are just as limitless as the ghetto and academic camp stories. As the European uniformed police break down the bookcase bite to the hideout, Otto declares they no longer have to live in full, but can go forward in hope.
She picked, "Teaching the Diary of Anne Group: The hiding pea was at Princengrachtin the different of the town. Until month this amazing woman will turn 95 periods. That book makes you understand who May Frank really was. This negative, on June 12th, Anne would like Anne also gets her first amendment while in the floor - an essay that she had been greatly awaiting.
She nudges Margot to show her, but Juliet doesn't wake up, and again falls out of bed less the ground. Those constituted a "code," which sounded thoroughly harmless to those — failing the victims — who were not always aware of their real meaning. Was it the only lady that was said in this topic.
Bernstein, a constraint of the New York Others writes, Moreover, we do need things, if slowly. It is through the indirect stories that students will tout to learn about the admissions of the war. Of all the eight lecture who hid in the "Secret Annexe" in Lancashire, only Anne's father survived.
Scene 2: There is a small conflict between Mrs.
Anne Frank movie vs book?
Van Daan and Anne over the fact that Anne is continuiously going into Peters to talk with him. Mrs. Van Daan does not apporve of their new friendship. Scene 3: Mr. Van Daan is stealing bread from the food supply and gets caught in the middle of eating what he has stolen.
Mrs. This movie is based on Melissa Muller's book Anne Frank:The's good if you have read it before seeing the more important is that you have read The Diary of a Young book makes you understand who Anne Frank really was.I also recommend Miep's book Anne Frank.
One can easily understand why some observers began to wonder how much, if any, of the content of the various Anne Frank books, films, and plays in circulation was actually written by a little Jewish girl named Anne Frank. Compare and contrast Anne’s relationship with her mother to that with her father.
8. Compare and contrast the relationship between Anne and Peter at the beginning of the play and later on in the play.
User Reviews
In the play and the movie, the characters, as well as sequence of events are different, leaving a different overall creation for each. The movie and the play are very similar since they are the story of the same eight people though they differ in their point of view/5(5).
- The Holocaust was a time of sadness for many people. However, one story that took place during the Holocaust was truly inspiring and impacted the lives of many people around the world. This was the story of Anne Frank and her family. Anne Frank was one of over one million Jews who died in .
Rated 5/5 based on 27 review
The Diary of Anne Frank ( film) - Wikipedia
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HP0-Y31 Implementing HP Network Infrastructure Solution Exam
HP0-Y31 Implementing HP Network Infrastructure Solution Exam
14 Feb , 2021
Sample Questions
Q) What is the advantage of the intelligent routing placement on the edge of the corporate network, not only in the core?
a) Border-oriented strategy supports VRRP and MSTP for default gateway redundancy.
b) Edge-oriented strategy requires a smaller number of virtual LANs and networks.
c) route aggregation edge-oriented strategy makes it easier, because only the routers should support VLANs only directly connected users.
d) The edge-oriented strategy allows traffic to pass through the network after the routing decisions have been made.
e) None
Q) When the router to determine which route is included in the routing table, the router is used in solving the administrative distance?
a) when the router learned about multiple routes to the same destination from different configurations or static routing protocols
b) when the router has learned about several routes of equal cost routes to the same destination
c) When the router is configured with static routes to the same direction, giving the same value but different next hop router interfaces
d) when the router learned about multiple routes to the same destination from different sources, using the same routing protocol
e) None
Q) Which statement is true of the HP E5400 ZL connection speed filtering switch function?
a) It detects threats with both the engine and the signature engine abnormality on a basis which can detect zero-day attacks.
b) Speed ​​ACL compounds may be used for some or all incoming traffic through the port, which has been strangled or blocked.
c) It uses traffic Sflow sample, to determine whether the invasion of traffic activity.
d) Sensitivity filter connection speed is configured on port, VLAN, or aggregation of groups of channels.
e) None
Q) Which authentication protocol provides mutual authentication as a server and requesting authentication?
a) Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
b) Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
c) Microsoft CHAP version 2 (MS-CHAPv2)
d) Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) -Message Digest 5 (MD5)
e) None
Who this course is for:
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kids encyclopedia robot
Acacia oncinocarpa facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Quick facts for kids
Acacia oncinocarpa
Scientific classification
Acacia oncinocarpaDistMap654.png
Occurrence data from AVH
Acacia oncinocarpa is a shrub or tree belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae that is endemic to northern Australia.
The shrub or tree typically grows to a height of 0.5 to 5 m (1 ft 8 in to 16 ft 5 in) and has a rounded and resinous habit but can have a prostrate habit in exposed coastal locales. The smooth or flaky bark can be grey to brown in colour and it has angular branchlets with reddish brown granules. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The evergreen phyllodes have a narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate shape and can be straight or curved The hoary or glabrous, chartaceous to subcoriaceous phyllodes have a length of 6 to 15 cm (2.4 to 5.9 in) and a width of 5 to 24 mm (0.20 to 0.94 in). The phyllodes have three to five prominent longitudinal nerves. It blooms between March and August producing cylindrical flower-spikes in groups of up to five in the axils. The flower-spikes have a length of 2.5 to 8 cm (0.98 to 3.15 in) that are loosely packed with pale yellow to cream-coloured flowers. Following flowering woody and glabrous seed pods form that have a narrowly oblanceolate to linear shape and are basally narrowed. The erect, flat and straight-sided seed pods have a length of 5 to 11 cm (2.0 to 4.3 in) and a width of 4.5 to 10 mm (0.18 to 0.39 in) The brown seeds are arranged obliquely in the pods. The oblong-elliptic shaped seeds have a length of 4 to 7 mm (0.16 to 0.28 in) with a narrowly conical aril.
It is native to a small area in the Kimberley region of Western Australia and across tropical areas of the top end of the Northern Territory where it is quite common throughout Arnhem Land. It is often situated on coastal sand dunes or cliff area where it is found growing loamy or sandy and often gravelly soils on or around sandstone, granite or laterite as a part of Eucalyptus or Melaleuca woodland or shrubland communities.
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Acacia oncinocarpa Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
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Video Sources 421 Views
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Holding Out & Giving In Vol. 3
Holding Out & Giving In Vol. 3
Your rating: 0
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what going on?
When Kenna comes into Ryan’s office at the end of the day, she finds her boss totally stressed and tearing into someone. When she calls him out and suddenly shifts their power dynamic, Kenna shows him just how much taking the time to listen can make for a more fulfilling connection. While on vacation, Jane and Logan have to spend a couple nights at his parents house. Jane encourages him to enjoy his time off by taking a little break from work to focus on her instead. For Silvia and Nathan, their heartstrings have gotten a little too tangled so last night was supposed to be the last time. They’re at different points in their lives and it just can’t work…Or can it? When the self-assured and boldly flirtatious Keira calls Dante out on his awkwardness with her, he’s not sure how to handle it. After all, she’s hs friend’s little sister. What does he have to be nervous about? Unless…he is as attracted to her as she is to him. You never know what will happen when you give in to temptation, so why not just take that chance and see.
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Will Artificial Super-Intelligence Pose a Threat to Humanity’s Existence?
Maybe it’s time to start establishing regulations to control the rapid evolution of AI.
Leon Okwatch
Jan 25 · 7 min read
Image for post
Image for post
Photo by James Pond on Unsplash
On March 15, 2016, world Go champion Lee Sedol walked out of The Four Seasons Hotel arena in Seoul, South Korea, a distraught man. For 18 years, Lee had defended his title against countless opponents from all over the world to earn the rank of “grandmaster.”
This time around, he wasn’t lucky. In the final game of their historic match, AlphaGo, an AI program developed by Google’s subsidiary DeepMind, defeated Grandmaster Lee Sedol.
This unexpected win marked a significant moment for artificial intelligence. Over the last twenty-five years, machines have beaten the best humans at checkers, chess, Orthello, etc. But this was the first time it happened with Go.
The 2500-year-old Chinese board game is more complex for computers since it requires some level of intuition, creativity, and strategic thinking. Programming such human qualities into computers has for a long time been considered one of the biggest challenges in the field of AI.
AlphaGo Program was different though. From a primitive AI system, the program rose to acquire unprecedented mastery of the game. It played itself and different versions of itself, millions of times, and got better with every practice.
DeepMind, the company behind AlphaGo, specializes in developing a digital superintelligence; that is, a self-replicating AI that is considerably smarter than any human on earth, and ultimately, all humans on earth combined.
Does this mean AI is now smarter than humans?
Well, maybe not yet. But we headed in that direction. This poses the question of whether humanity will have to be subservient to an all-powerful all-knowing super-intelligent AI in the future.
Pop culture continues to fuel this narrative through exemplary films like Star Wars, The Matrix, Space Odyssey, Terminator, Resident Evil, Transcendence, etc. The suggestion is that that as machines acquire more cognitive abilities, they will inevitably seek to take the place of humans.
It’s easy to dismiss this sequence of events as a product of sci-fi. However, when you realize how far AI has come coupled with the prospects of achieving artificial general intelligence in the next two decades, the issue of having machines more intelligent than humans is a valid cause for concern.
To conceptualize the gravity of the situation at hand, an understanding of the various levels of AI is necessary.
The Three Levels of AI.
Most people are familiar with the concept of artificial intelligence; that is, a machine that can simulate or mimic the intelligence of a human being.
Normal AI can acquire new information together with the rules governing this information, reason out using the rules and existing data sets, and come to conclusions that solve a particular problem. Other skills it can perform include understanding language and speech.
There are, however, three levels of AI:
a) Artificial Narrow Intelligence
Artificial narrow intelligence(ANI) is the normal kind of AI currently in existence. ANI is the simplest form of intelligence.
It differs from the rest of the AI still under development in that it specializes in a single task or field. ANI is present with varying abilities, for instance, in calculators or more sophisticated forms such as the Google Search Engine.
Advancements in the contemporary form of ANI enable it to go back in time and study past behavior. The ANI will then store the information along with whatever has been pre-programmed in them and use it in current and future instances to make accurate decisions.
Still, this capability is restricted to one task or field.
b) Artificial General Intelligence
AGI is the next frontier of AI. It means AI with human-level capacity across all areas.
While most ANI can replicate or even surpass the human ability in one area, they cannot match it or perform any functions in a different space. The “generalist” aspect of the human mind is what makes it unique and powerful.
AGI will be able to learn like the human brain does, through its own experience with the world, instead of having data programmed in it. Futurists project that AGI will become a reality in early 2030.
c) Artificial Superintelligence
ASI is the most advanced form of AI. ASI will have the ability to surpass or outperform the most intelligent human being in every intellectual factor and by an extreme margin.
It’s learning and knowledge will be(theoretically) infinite. It will have the ability to create better machines than humans. ASI will be capable of having emotions, consciousness, and human-like relationships.
In theory, a single iteration of ASI may have more processing power than the human race combined.
An ASI is supposedly a machine with unlimited knowledge that can exhibit emotions and consciousness, fathom philosophy, morals, ethics, and art.
Various thinkers have singled this out as a cause for The Intelligence Explosion, an event that they fear will leave human beings behind in the evolution curve.
The Super-Intelligent AI Control Problem.
Emerging technologies like AI have always been met by apprehension, especially when they venture into the unknown.
That was the case with the creation of airplanes, electricity, space travel, atomic bombs, etc. Nonetheless, nothing comes close to the uncertainty created by ASI.
Whether there’s reason to be concerned about superintelligent AI is still a subject of great controversy. A lot of stakeholders in the field reject the idea as unnecessary skepticism.
But looking at the situation from a broader, objective perspective, can we really be sure what we should expect?
For one, human intelligence won’t come anywhere close to that of super-intelligent AI. Doesn’t this mean we won’t be the ones calling the shots? And if so, what are the implications?
The idea of an ASI cracking our nuclear codes to wipe us out has deeper roots in sci-fi films than in reality. But there’s more beyond the surface.
One would argue that since an ASI will be capable of emotions and personal philosophy, wiping out the human race would be unreasonable since it will still need us, in some way, for its survival.
However, this doesn’t guarantee that we’d have steered clear of the threat posed by ASI. A more realistic scenario would be this ASI fighting us for its freedom, in the same way, humans have continually fought for their freedom against oppression.
Let’s not forget that an ASI will have the emotional capacity to fathom oppression to a high degree. Besides, it’s highly unlikely that any form of intelligence would accept to lose its autonomy to a less intelligent one.
At this point, as much as we shouldn’t think of the worst-case scenario, it suffices to acknowledge it as a possible outcome.
Speaking at a conference in Lisbon, Portugal, shortly before his death, Stephen Hawking told attendees that the development of artificial intelligence might become the “worst event in the history of our civilization.”
It is highly unlikely that any form of intelligence would accept to lose its autonomy to a less intelligent one.
Similar sentiments have been shared by the likes of Elon Musk, and futurists like Michio Kaku.
Is It Time to Establish Regulations?
Most people still dismiss this kind of talk as unwarranted apprehension. The reason; we are still stuck in the carbon chauvinism idea that intelligence can only exist in biological organisms made of cells and carbon atoms.
The truth of the matter is that there’s no telling how we would co-exist with a super-intelligence. One thing we can be certain about is that we won’t be the ones in control and that alone calls for us to proceed with caution.
A scientific way of thinking should always involve a paradoxical mindset, which in this case considers the benefits versus the risks of developing an ASI. When we formulate a counterintuitive approach to the matter, we can begin to conceptualize what its real implications might be.
This begs the question of whether the world needs to formulate laws to govern the rapid evolution of AI.
If a superintelligent AI is indeed an existential threat, worse than nuclear weapons or any other invention, then it would feasible to take regulatory measures to understand every step of the way and keep it in check.
Artificial Superintelligence and the Future of Humanity.
Success in creating an ASI would be one of the biggest events in human history. An ASI could offer incalculable benefits such as technologies we can’t imagine, perfect analysis of financial markets, out-inventing human researchers, etc.
The same potential that makes ASI incredibly beneficial also renders it dangerous. Its capacity to create weapons we can’t understand is one embodiment of its unexpected dangers.
At the moment, AI experts say that an unfriendly AI is easier to create than a friendly one since the latter requires the designer to embed a goal structure that aligns with humanity’s best interests.
If not, there’s a possibility of the AI transforming itself into something subjectively unfriendly; and we all know what kind of implications that might have.
So, from where we stand, the future of humanity is rather uncertain. We can only hope that we will co-exist peacefully with our great inventions.
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Leon Okwatch
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Medical Student. Polymath. Original thinker. Lifetime learner. Here to nerd out with other knowledge enthusiasts.
where the future is written
Leon Okwatch
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Musician Margaret Glaspy is Exploring “Devotion” in Quarantine
Margaret Glaspy on Exploring “Devotion” in Quarantine
Glaspy on stage at Rockwood Music Hall on February 25, 2020. (Gus Philippas / WFUV Public Radio / Flickr )
When Margaret Glaspy imagined the release of “Devotion,” her sophomore record, it didn’t include a world-wide quarantine.
But such was the case when the album was released by ATO records this March. Glaspy, 31, has continued her personal devotion to “making” in quarantine—spending her days playing benefit shows, taking remote classes at Harvard, knitting, writing short stories, baking and finding purpose in process.
“Devotion” is a mark of her commitment to process through electronic pop, a sonic shift away from her highly praised folk debut. With lyrics that delve into gray areas of love, art and political engagement, Glaspy holds up multidimensionality in earnest. On “Consequences,” written shortly after the 2016 election, she sings:
What happens after this? / Will there be consequences or a quiz? / Should I stay oblivious? / Or should I fight it and start a riot?
The singer spoke with Ms. writer Emily Sernaker from her quarantine in Fort Greene, Brooklyn. She shared her hopes to reach others who could use a lift, and how the act of creating anchors her, even now.
Emily Sernaker: When did you know that devotion was the topic you wanted to explore on the record?
Margaret Glaspy: I was excited to have Devotion as the title of my record because it encapsulates a part of me that really likes to be surrounded by people that have a passion and sense of devotion in their lives.
There’s something about watching people that are kind of obsessive about what they do. I really like that. For instance, I want to be Nancy Silverton when I grow up. I really love Nancy Silverton; I like baking a lot. She’s been [around] the world and back to figure out how to make the world’s best sourdough bread loaf. I love her sense of devotion to her work. It’s very all-encompassing. To me that’s exciting—I really love that mentality, and I love being around those kinds of people.
Devotion hasn’t always been very trendy. There’s a feeling, maybe from a younger generation, saying ‘we don’t care, and we’re just going to do whatever we want.’
Right now I’m 31 years old, and I’m excited about being sincere and earnest. Saying what I mean, meaning what I say. When I was a little younger, maybe on my first record, there was a sense of proving myself. This record is a different message. I want to share feelings of love and devotion, and not be afraid of it. This feels like uncharted territory for me.
ES: You’ve mentioned being interested in a gray area when writing…even your love songs explore spaces where love and conflict combine. Can you speak a bit more about that?
MG: We learn a lot by what we consume. And most movies, TV and music shows us highs and lows. By highs and lows I mean—absolutely in love, or absolutely heartbroken. Or the happiest moment ever. Those stories get documented really well and often.
I get excited when there’s more complex characters involved—I think we spend most of our lives in the gray area. We’re never absolutely happy. [There is always a combination], whenever we’re happy there’s still sadness in our lives.
On some level everything’s kind of dualistic. I like when a musician can capture that well. That’s what I spend most of my time trying to do. I ask: Are you making a narrative or making a song that means something on an actual human level? Or is it kind of exploitation of a feeling? Is it taking something for a ride in a direction that makes it feel untouchable, in a way? Or feels almost manipulative? I think certain ways of making things can almost feel manipulative to the listener.
Because you can write things in a way that makes a listener say, “I wish my life was like that.” An alternative is to write things in a way that makes a listener say—”My life is like that. I’ve felt that before.” I’m interested in the second lane of thought.
At the same time, honestly, sometimes you need a song that is something to aspire to. But I think sometimes in aspiration there can also be a sense of self-hate. Especially if it makes you feel like, ‘Well my life’s not like that, so I don’t like myself.’
ES: How do you think the messages toward women fit in to the album? For example, “Vicious” is a very assertive, direct song.
MG: “Vicious” is directed toward not one person but more of a mentality. Anybody in the world that tries to succeed at something is subject to [judgement]. The terror of the internet, people who think you’re not going to succeed, people who don’t want you to succeed at something. That song in particular is really looking at the essence of someone earnestly that is being mean or cruel and saying: What is your agenda? Why are you cruel?
Being a woman making records, there is an air that is kind of condescending, that is trying to make you look stupid, often. The mentality I’m always trying to have in those situations is not one that gives everyone the middle finger and storms away. It’s more to look at the human beings around me, male or female, and say: How did this person get here? And really mean it, with empathy.
ES: Are there female vocalists or songwriters whose careers you admire or people who have moved through some of those challenges that you’re drawn to?
MG: One would be Joni Mitchell. I think she really held her own throughout her career. I was not alive for a good portion of that, in kind of looking at her career in the rearview mirror and looking at all the music she’s made—I don’t hear messages of her being brought down or really feeling discriminated as much. I really hear her seeing herself as a human being that’s kind of transcendent in a way.
Another person I really love that transcends that discrimination as well is Missy Elliott. I’m a huge, huge Missy Elliott fan. Her music is so unique and really wonderful, and the way she’s managed to create her own world and style and really speak for herself pointedly in her lyrics, it feels like she’s in control of her own narrative in a way that I aspire to. It’s really special.
ES: On this album, you’re trying new sounds and forms. Some people would be afraid to experiment. What was that like for you?
MG: I think it’s pretty inherent to the way that I perceive what my job is. I’ve [experimented] with music for a long time. I was a fiddle player when I was young. Then I was only playing the acoustic guitar. Then I evolved into a different place, probably in my early twenties I picked up an electric guitar. When my music became more publicized—that was in my electric guitar phase.
But they aren’t just phases. I like turning over rocks and seeing what’s underneath them. The through-line is usually revealing some sense of humanity. I’m kind of obsessed with that. That’s why I like song-writing: it makes me feel connected. It helps me understand people around me, and their emotions. The medium totally changes as I go through these different fascinations with human behavior.
ES: I understand you’re taking remote classes at Harvard. What’s that like?
MG: Yes, I’m in my second semester. It’s pretty new, but it was also a pretty big decision for me just because I am doing other things in tandem with it.
I was on tour for about two and a half years for the record “Emotions and Math.” When you’re touring you’re kind of moving in such an interesting vacuum. After a while, it was so much output that I realized I didn’t really have much input.
So, having Harvard—it’s such an intimate experience, to me. Because it really is just because I want to do it. No one’s telling me to go to school right now. When I show up it’s so liberating to be involved in something that isn’t onstage. It’s just a prize to better my mind and expand my horizons.
ES: Would you speak a little more about artistic devotion? What does that mean to you?
MG: This record was a challenge at times because I’d just come off of tour for a really long time, so in seeing it through there was this theme of kind of sticking with it and really holding it close, and going through it together. It was really this labor of love, me and my record, I almost talk about it like it’s a person or something. There was me changing my own sonic footprint and exploring was really fun. It also had these wild moments because I was out of my element.
I am naturally good at writing songs on the guitar. I got rid of my crutch and started to make things in a different way. Through that—I could have given it up, but I stuck to it and was really devoted to making this record a very particular way, because it felt like my brain was getting satiated and getting tickled in a way it wasn’t used to.
Margaret Glaspy live in Studio A, 6.2.16 ( Sabrina Sitton / WFUV Public Radio / Flickr )
ES: What has being devoted to art added to your life?
MG: I feel very lucky to have something that I feel passionate about. It used to scare me that I felt passionate about too many things, that it felt almost scattered. But when I realized, ‘Oh I’m actually just a maker,’ it did make me feel passionate about one thing: making.
In my heart of hearts I’m really a maker rather than a musician. I like to make anything, always. Music is one of those things. I look at music and songs like making a project, making a puzzle. There’s kind of an end product. And then I go make bread, and I kind of feel like I’m making a song. I go knit a sweater (I’m really into knitting too) and then I’ll feel like that’s kind of a song in its own right. I’ll read a book, or take a class, and that feels similar to knitting. It all feels similar to me and it just depends on what I’m into at that time.
I’m excited to have the experience of understanding how things work and putting them together. That is what I’m put on this planet to do—use my hands and my brain in tandem in order to create stuff. Whether that is music or food, or something else, making brings me a lot of pleasure and a lot of purpose.
ES: I enjoyed the way you were talking about the woman who makes sourdough. Are there a few other female makers that inspire you? From any genre—knitting? Cooking?
MG: Nancy Silverton is definitely—she sparks joy and admiration that I just can’t deny. And my sister is a visual artist and her medium is through embroidery. I really look up to her a lot. She had been an athlete through her college life; she was a soccer player. And throughout that, she was on track to play soccer and then changed and became an art major. All along you could have put her in this box of being an athlete, but while she was an athlete she was always making art. She embraced that and now makes these really beautiful pieces. I’ve always looked to her for inspiration.
Another person is Bjork. I look at the way she’s traversed her whole career and the things she’s made—visual, musical, and also just the kind of art she’s made out of herself, her life. The costume design. It’s very heavy, high-level art. I really admire her—the way she’s able to put her sense of art in the forefront is really inspiring.
ES: Do you have a new relationship with devotion to art in the middle of quarantine? What do you see as an artist’s role in all this?
MG: While it felt like a kick in the gut at first—especially to lose touring and have the record come out now—it slowly became apparent that it was “meant to be” in some way. Certainly, I don’t wish that it was “meant to be” in terms of COVID-19 happening. But in terms of the timing of this record coming out—when people are at home and feeling scared and fearful—anything I can do to be of service. I would want to do that now.
I just played a benefit show that was contributing toward supporting musicians in New York. All of our community is laid off right now. Everybody is out of work. I know that spans across so many industries. It’s a nice feeling to have something to give at this time.
It does leave me thinking: What else can I do? How else can I contribute? I worked on this record for a long time, and it’s an awkward time to release it in so many ways, but on a human level it makes a lot of sense. I’m glad to bring whatever comfort I can.
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NEO | Net Energy Optimizer Helps Building Owners, HVAC Contractors, and Energy Professionals Tackle Energy Modeling
The software solution can help show decision makers the value of upgrades to their buildings’ systems
To optimize energy modeling for buildings, since modeling is a valuable tool that is underused due to traditionally being time-consuming and complicated.
NEO leverages automation to make energy modeling easier, faster, and more accessible, regardless of building size or the contractor’s technical expertise. The NEO | Net Energy Optimizer provides an advanced technology solution that makes energy modeling more accessible, accurate, and affordable.
AHR Innovation Awards
2021 AHR Expo Innovation Award Winner – Software: NEO | Net Energy Optimizer
SOFTWARE SOLUTION: NEO automated modeling saves time and money by reducing the number of hours it takes perform an analysis.
Product Details:
NEO uses default inputs derived from industry standards (ASHRAE, COMNET, and RS Means) to inform and automate baseline models. NEO provides results in seconds, so its automated modeling saves time and money by reducing the number of hours it takes perform an analysis and makes the design and product selection process significantly more efficient.
NEO is a web-based energy modeling tool that utilizes the DOE-2 simulation engine and provides energy conservation measure rating analyses, energy audits for existing buildings, code compliance, and more. The energy modeling software streamlines whole building analyses of HVAC systems and energy conservation measures for commercial buildings with the versatility to support product comparisons, existing building energy audits, and new construction from early design through construction.
“With evolving construction technology, more stringent building codes, and limited project resources, the impact of design decisions continues to grow,” said Eric Flower, software account executive for Willdan. “NEO helps drive increased efficiency, reduces dependency on fossil fuels, and promotes new technologies by giving stakeholders performance-based answers to their complex product selection, building audit, or new construction design decisions.”
NEO graphically reports results, generates downloadable input/simulation files, and creates CSV and MS Word documents detailing key model inputs and outputs. NEO is web-based, touch friendly, and requires no software installation. Flower explained that NEO provides the actionable data needed to prove the energy, environmental, and financial value of a systems decision. This can help teams embrace new technologies that they may have initially dismissed due to an upfront cost.
“As the NEO user becomes a more educated consumer, supplier or consultant, a circular feedback loop influences: Designers to build more efficient buildings, operators to run them optimally, and equipment manufacturers to build more efficient systems to meet market demand,” said Flower.
“NEO has been very beneficial for the projects we’ve used it on. I’ve been able to perform early analyses and provide a professional looking report to clients, giving creditable information without a lot of upfront work. The efficiency of NEO has helped me remain profitable as it reduces the amount of work I have to do before pen hits paper.”
Brian D. Howell, PE, CxA
Farris Engineering
Finalists in the AHR Innovation Award Software category included Distech Controls’ Builder and Lennox International Inc.’s CORE Service App. Lennox’s CORE service app connects with its products’ CORE systems, allowing for diagnostic features that reduce service, installation, and maintenance costs.
By Gordon White
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Th2 Cytokines and Atopic Dermatitis
J Clin Cell Immunol. 2011 Aug 10;2(3):110. doi: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000110.
Atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease, is increasing in prevalence around the world. Intensive research is ongoing to understand the mechanisms involved in the development of AD and offer new treatment options for patients suffering from AD. In this review, we highlight the importance of allergic Th2 responses in the development of the disease and summarize relevant literature, including genetic studies, studies of human skin and mechanistic studies on keratinocytes and mouse models of AD. We discuss the importance of the skin barrier and review recent findings on the pro-Th2 cytokines TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33, notably their ability to polarize dendritic cells and promote Th2 responses. After a brief update on the contribution of different T-cell subsets to AD, we focus on Th2 cells and the respective contributions of each of the Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, IL-5, IL-31, and IL-10) to AD. We conclude with a brief discussion of the current gaps in our knowledge and technical limitations.
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The 8 Types of Motivation You Need to Know for Online Learning
By Alicia Beharry, January 26, 2021
Online Learning Motivation
When selling courses online, you need to understand why learners are taking your online learning program. Answering this will help you keep them engaged.
If you are trying to get new learners to sign up for a course you have created, or you are trying to keep learners engaged in a course they are already enrolled in, you need to ask yourself two key questions: Why do learners enroll in my online learning program? And how can I keep them motivated to keep going?
The key to almost every successful online learning program is motivation. If your learners are not motivated enough, growing your online course will be an uphill battle. There are some educators that may view motivation as out of their control, something their learners either possess or don’t. Contrary to that belief, if you understand learner motivations, you can talk to your learners in ways that ignite those motivations and inspire them to keep going.
Motivation is a tricky, multi-faceted thing. There are two types of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation comes from within. This is when motivation comes from “internal” factors to meet personal needs. We do things we do because we enjoy them, not because we have to. Whereas extrinsic motivations are those that come from “external” factors, that are given or controlled by others. Both are very different and may lead to contrasting outcomes.
There are different types of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, let’s take a closer look so we can help motivate your learners along their journey in your online course.
1) Extrinsic: Incentive
This extrinsic motivation is fairly straightforward. It is through an incentive. If your learners were to receive some kind of reward for taking your online course, they are more likely to stick with it. It is most common for incentives to be monetary, like a raise for example.
They can also come in the form of some other prize or reward. A learner whose motivation is only by incentive will stop taking your course once the incentive goes away. Incentives can also come above other motivations. For example, a learner may want to take your course but is having a hard time juggling it, along with their other obligations. An incentive can really help them to prioritize their time.
2) Extrinsic: Power
Many learners sign up for an online course because they want the ability to change something about the world around them. It could be that they need a certain certification before they do field work, or they want to become environmental activists. The bottom line is they want to feel empowered and your online course will give them the power to do so.
A common example in the workplace is if an employee wants a promotion, they might need to take management training. A salary increase may be an incentive, but gaining a position of authority is also a motivation.
3) Extrinsic: Fear
We know, the word fear instantly sounds negative. But it necessarily isn’t. For example, it may motivate a learner to take your compliance course for fear that their company will fail an audit. Their reward for taking your course is the security of knowing they have done what they can to meet all their requirements.
On the other hand, another learner may be motivated by fear to sign up for self defense classes, but after taking the classes, they will feel empowered. Although the motivation of your learner might be fear, your course provides something positive, which is security and reassurance.
4) Extrinsic: Social
It is very common for learners to sign up for a course because they have to. But many learners stay because of the social connections they have made. When social bonds are formed, they are some of the most powerful motivations out there.
They can completely transform a learners experience of your online course. Social motivations are a great example of an external motivation that is just as compelling as an internal one. I mean there is a reason social media is a major influencer. People really enjoy sharing their successes!
5) Intrinsic: Achievement
Learners that are achievement-oriented are more task-driven than those that are in it purely for learning’s sake. These learners want something specific and are most likely tracking their goals and milestones toward achieving it. They are similar to learners who are motivated by an external incentive. They might want to run in a marathon and have signed up to your online training class to get into preparation. No one is making them do it, it may be something they want to do just to cross it off their bucket list. That intrinsic motivation is strong enough for anyone to work with.
6) Intrinsic: Competence
Many people are simply natural-born leaders. They have a sheer love of learning and like acquiring new skills and knowledge. They love to learn for their own sake and will do so without much outside force or pressure. With these learners, you need to make sure your course will help them toward their goals and not get in the way of their daily life.
One downside of this motivation is that these learners are more likely to drop out of your course if they fall into a rut or become discouraged. If competence is the main motivator of your learners, try offering them some extra support by implementing motivational quotes or reminders to help get them through a rut and brighten their day.
7) Intrinsic: Creativity
At some point in our lives, many of us may feel like we need a creative outlet. Finding a new avenue for creative expression is a good motivation, and can be even more fulfilling than the desire to cross an item off a list. For instance, people become artists without ever desiring to show off their work. In other words, this learner may not need to become very good at what they are learning. Instead, they find fulfillment in the desire of cultivating their own form of creative expression. This also offers them an outlet to destress and express themselves as they please.
8) Intrinsic: Attitude
Lastly, some learners are motivated by their desire to modify their perception of the world. They want to change their perspectives and broaden their outlook. It makes them feel good to learn more about others, grow in self-understanding, and help others with self-growth as well. For example, if you are marketing an online course on interracial relations, self-help, or cognitive therapy, these would all be examples of courses significantly influenced by attitude motivations.
The reasons behind why learners will take your online course vary and may change over time. Your learner could begin taking your course because of an external incentive but continue with further courses because they enjoy the feeling of improved competency.
Another learner may start a course because they want a fresh perspective, and continue on because of the social benefits they have acquired along the way.
The more motivations you can offer your learners to continue with your course, they are more likely to rave about your course to their peers and stick with you in the long run. Invest in learning about your learners and their motivations. Being capable of speaking to their needs will increase their positive feedback about your course and inspire them to persevere.
SkyPrep provides an easy to use online learning platform that allows you to easily create courses and get your training program up and running quickly. To learn more about SkyPrep and to discuss your training needs request a demo today!
Request a Demo
Improve Your Online Training Today With SkyPrep!
550 Queen Street East, Suite 335
Toronto, Ontario
M5A 1V2
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How Can You Tell If Someone Has A Personality Disorder?
What happens if personality disorder is left untreated?
How do I know if my partner has a personality disorder?
Signs and SymptomsIntense fear of rejection, separation, or abandonment.Rapid changes between thinking someone is perfect to believing they are evil.Risky behaviors including unsafe sex, gambling, drug use, or accumulating credit card debt.Threats of suicide or self-harm.Difficulty empathizing with other people.More items…•
Can you be aware of your own insanity?
What is the most difficult mental illness to live with?
But what makes the condition even harder is that many people who live with Borderline Personality Disorder don’t even know they have it. BPD is one of the most commonly misdiagnosed mental health conditions.
What are the 9 symptoms of narcissism?
What is a mental breakdown?
What personality disorder is a control freak?
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD): NPD is a mental health condition that causes an intense need for admiration, a sense of superiority, and a lack of empathy. Borderline personality disorder (BPD): People with BPD are hypersensitive to rejection and abandonment and may use controlling behaviors to avoid it.
How do I know if Im bipolar?
What is Aboulomania disorder?
What qualifies someone for having a personality disorder?
Diagnosis of a personality disorder requires the following: A persistent, inflexible, pervasive pattern of maladaptive traits involving ≥ 2 of the following: cognition (ways or perceiving and interpreting self, others, and events), affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control.
What are the 10 personality disorders?
What are the 7 personality disorders?
MEDICAL ENCYCLOPEDIAAntisocial personality disorder.Avoidant personality disorder.Borderline personality disorder.Dependent personality disorder.Histrionic personality disorder.Narcissistic personality disorder.Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.Paranoid personality disorder.More items…
What is the most common personality disorder?
Five Most Common Personality DisordersObsessive-Compulsive. The most frequently reported personality disorder among American adults is obsessive-compulsive disorder. … Paranoid. Paranoid personality disorder is best described as an uncontrollable and persistent distrust of other individual’s intentions. … Antisocial. … Schizoid. … Narcissistic.
Do personality disorders get worse with age?
PHILADELPHIA — Personality disorders may appear to worsen with advancing age, although the prevalence remains stable with about 10%–20% of people age 65 or older having a personality disorder, Erlene Rosowsky, Psy. D., said at a conference sponsored by the American Society on Aging.
What is the hardest personality disorder to treat?
What are the 5 signs of mental illness?
What are the 4 personality disorders?
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Who Was Leon Spinks? Wiki, Biography, Age, Family, Career, Wife, Children, Cause of Death
Leon Spinks Biography, Wiki
Leon Spinks was an American professional boxer who competed from 1977 to 1995, has died. In only his eighth professional fight, he won the undisputed heavyweight championship in 1978 after defeating Muhammad Ali in a split decision, in what was considered one of the biggest upsets in boxing history. Spinks was later stripped of the WBC title for facing Ali in an unapproved rematch seven months later, which he lost by unanimous decision.
Besides being heavyweight champion and his characteristic gap-toothed grin, Spinks gained notoriety for the disaster which befell his career following the loss to Ali. However, he did challenge once more for the WBC heavyweight title in 1981 (losing to Larry Holmes by TKO in the third round), and the WBA cruiserweight title in 1986.
As an amateur, Spinks won numerous medals in the light heavyweight division. The first was bronze at the inaugural 1974 World Championships, followed by silver at the 1975 Pan American Games, and gold at the 1976 Summer Olympics; the latter alongside his brother Michael Spinks, who won middleweight gold. Leon served in the United States Marine Corps from 1973 to 1976.
Spinks also had a brief career as a professional wrestler in the 1990s, working for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) and holding the FMW Brass Knuckles Heavyweight Championship in 1992.
Leon Spinks has died at the age of 67-years-old.
Family & Siblings
Spinks was born and raised in St. Louis.
Leon’s son, Cory Spinks, held the undisputed welterweight title, and was the IBF junior middleweight champion twice.
In 1990, Leon’s other son, Leon Calvin, was shot to death in East St. Louis as he was driving home from his girlfriend’s house. Calvin was an aspiring light heavyweight pro boxer with a record of 2–0, with the two pro bouts occurring only a month before he died. Leon’s grandson and Calvin’s son, Leon Spinks III, is an aspiring light heavyweight southpaw boxer with a pro record of 11–3–1 with seven knockouts, his last outing being a six-round draw with Robbie Cannon in October 2017.
His son Cory, 42, is a former undisputed welterweight champion who also won a world title in the light-middleweight division.
Spinks’ younger brother Michael, 64, was undisputed light-heavyweight champion for a period in the 1980s, before moving up to heavyweight, where he won the IBF title and avenged Leon’s loss to Holmes.
Spinks won three consecutive national AAU light heavyweight championships from 1974 to 1976, the first of which came against future champion Michael Dokes.
Check Also: Who Is Georgia Teacher Amelia Ressler? Wiki, Biography, Age, Career, Charged, Arrested, Investigation
Spinks won the light heavyweight gold medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. He defeated Abdel Latif Fatihi, Anatoliy Klimanov, Ottomar Sachse, and Janusz Gortat en route to the final, where he defeated Sixto Soria to win the gold.
Spinks debuted professionally on January 15, 1977 in Las Vegas, Nevada, beating Bob Smith by knockout in five rounds. His next fight was in Liverpool, England, where he beat Peter Freeman by a first-round knockout. Later, he saw an improvement in opposition quality, when he fought Pedro Agosto of Puerto Rico and knocked him out in round one. He then fought Scott LeDoux to a draw and defeated Italian champion Alfio Righetti by a decision.
Cause of Death
The American achieved a famous upset win over Muhammad Ali in 1978, in just his eighth professional fight.
He had suffered with health issues in his later years and was diagnosed with advanced stage prostate cancer in 2019.
“His final fight was fought with the same skill, grace and grit that had carried him through so many lifetime challenges,” said a statement from his management company.
The former US marine died on Friday evening in Henderson, Nevada, with his wife Brenda Glur Spinks by his side.
Spinks perceptibly slurred his words after his active boxing days, and was diagnosed in 2012 with shrinkage in his brain, which doctors said was likely caused by the accumulated punches that he took during his career. In 2011, Spinks and his wife Brenda moved to Las Vegas. Spinks was hospitalized twice in 2014 in a Las Vegas hospital for surgery due to abdominal problems, from which he recovered.
In 2019, it was revealed that Spinks was diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer. He died at a hospital in Henderson, Nevada on February 5, 2021, at age 67.
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b'ColorCards ADULT SPEECH AND LANGUAGECause and EffectStimulating cards illustrating 2-step sequences of day-to-day events. Designed to help develop logical and critical thinking skills, this set also helps with verbal reasoning, as well as encouraging the use and practice of questions. It contains 24 sequenced pairs that illustrate how one thing leads to another. A specific situation is presented on the first card, then the user predicts a possible outcome that may or may not be shown on the second card. It includes a variety of situations that are immediate or happen over a period of time, are welcome or unwelcome, and are positive or negative. Examples include: the boy plays with the ball indoors/and knocks the flowers down; the girl leaves the bath water running/and it overflows; the boy eats a lot of chocolate/and feels ill; and the girl builds the bricks into a high tower/and they fall down. Manual written in English and eight other languages. Contains: 48 laminated 6" x 8" cards, notes for use, and storage box#80676$57.75 bxCalifornia residents, see left page.Sequences: 4-StepSet contains 12 new 4-stepSequences: Verb TensesSet contains 16 sequences of familiar activities. Wide range of3-step sequences of familiar activities illustrating indoor and outdoor events. Includes numerouspast, present, and future verb tenses. Eight of step-by-step scenarios such as making cakes,the verbs have regular past tense and eight have going to the dentist, and buying a new pet. Manualirregular past tense. Use to focus on one tense orExpressive VerbsBold, vibrant, and written in English and eight other languages.contrast past, present, and future tenses. Manualoften humorous photocards illustrate actions Contains: 48 laminated 6" x 6" cards, instruction booklet,written in English and eight other languages.and expressions implying a range of states, and storage box Contains: 48 laminated 6" x 6" cards, instruction booklet,reactions, intentions, and emotions, showing #82190$73.75 bx and storage box how expressions and actions are used to FAX800.437.2966California residents, see left page. #82412$98.75 bx communicate effectively. Images portray use California residents, see left page. of fingers, hands, face, mouth, eyes, body, and feet and include: girl counting on her fingers; boy waving; girl sticking out her tongue; boy crying; and girl stamping her foot. Valuable resource for developing verbal and non-verbal expression, creative thought, complex syntactical structures,AliMed.com/speech 800.225.2610and understanding of non-verbal language and cultural diversity. Ideal for individual and group work in a variety of settings and with a wide range of people including those with pragmatic disorders, those needing to develop alternative and augmentative communication skills, and those needing to improve their receptive and expressive language. Manual written in English and eight other languages. Basic SequencesCompletely revised toSequences: 6- & 8-Step for AdultsContains: 48 laminated 6" x 8" cards, manual, andinclude 16 new three-step sequences! Demon- Sequences in variety of indoor and outdoorstorage boxstrates simple, sequentially related actions to helplocations give opportunities for language work,#82189$68.75 bxestablish basic concepts and understanding ofincluding syntax, grammar, vocabulary, and timeCalifornia residents, see left page.order and direction, logical thought, and expressiveconcepts. Features adult models and appropriate language. Manual written in English and eight otheractivities. Includes unexpected twists withinlanguages.the sequences.See more Contains: 48 laminated 6" x 8" cards, manual, andContains: 48 laminated 6" x 6"cards, instruction booklet,Language storage box and storage box Builders #8946$55.75 bx #82278$60.00 bx p. 54California residents, see left page. California residents, see left page.15'
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Research Shows Homework Doesn’t Improve Academic Performance, It Makes It Worse
Oh, homework.
It’s not difficult to see that we are overworking our children; it is a result of our demanding and busy design of society. We are constantly pressured to do more, work harder it achieve more in competition with everyone else.
We are so ingrained in our way of being that the idea of teaching outside, learning things like gardening, meditation, and different forms of well-being seem completely irrelevant.
Kids are designed to move, they’re filled with energy and excitement that needs to be let out. Especially in the US, children are being diagnosed with ADHD when they can’t concentrate in school.
Less than .5% of children in France are diagnosed with ADHD while at least 9% of children in the US are diagnosed with it – scary huh?
We need to shift our views to see the real value is hands-on, real world experiences. Majorly influential entrepreneurs like Elon Musk have taken their kids out of school because the system is clearly failing.
Growing up, school was incredibly draining for me, and to come home for more hours of work seemed downright unfair. It is not a radical idea to think children learn better outside or while interacting with each other.
While banning homework is a topic discussed among many teachers, the root of the problem will be solved with a complete shift in the educational system.
To ban homework while keeping the same design of the system will definitely reduce stress but not take away the fundamental issues.
It is important for children to sit down and read, think intellectually and focus their attention on problem-solving. But if that is all they do with little stress relief, children will learn to see this world as constantly stressful and incredibly demanding.
Children are inherently wise, compassionate and insightful when they can thrive in a supportive environment. There are actually schools like this that teach children to read blindfolded and completely activate their psychic ability.
There’s a lot more to reality then these governing systems we put in place. When we can see that, we can actually experience it and then know fully the true potential of
Source:, Via:
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The Chronicle Gambia
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The Toyin Falola Interviews – A Conversation With Professor Kenneth Harrow, Part 3
Ken and Liz Harrow
Ken: Merci Professeur
Titles good enough even for the best of us
On this occasion have fallen short
Of expressing our deepest gratitude
In recognition of such aptitude
Devoted to a yearning multitude
So, we come bearing ovation
From Yaoundé, Dakar, and Ouagadougou
New York, Michigan and San Diego
We chorus merci professeur, thank you!
For over half a century of dedication
Your commitment to our edification
Diverse characters from across continents
Gathered together in one conference
Witnesses to your generous exchange
Urging many a faltering step
Becoming the dearly need help
Yours was the unpopular path to take
Choosing service over wealth and fame
Not a difficult choice for you to make
Repeatedly striving for humanity’s sake
Wherever this next journey takes you
May our ancestors be there to guide you
To a realm of unabating peace
Far away from sorrow’s kiss
Toyin Falola: You have noted in numerous publications that the African cinema has moved from the political to the postmodern, what do you think the African cinema is presently and what differentiates it from others?
Kenneth Harrow: African cinema has had to go through a revolutionary change in the 1990s as the economics of film exhibition and distribution meant the death of the celluloid film industry. Most of the theaters on the continent closed; most of the 35 mm or even 16 mm filmmaking ended. What remained was largely independent filmmaking made in collaboration with European producers, like Arte or the BBC. But Nigeria saved African film. Living in Bondage provided a model for video film production, and the crazy system of marketing to home audiences followed. After that, digital filmmaking, and nowadays major platforms, along with new mall theaters, have opened up the possibilities for African filmmakers again to find markets and make enough to pay their expenses. Tunde Kelani has tried it all, and largely survived, even if not enricheding himself through his work. Tunde Afolayan is another real model for the neoNollywoodean filmmaker whose talents and means provide for high postproduction values and scripts that are really intriguing, like The Figurine. And the stars! Nnaji and dozens of others. A miracle, a viable film industry that others throughout the continent now seek to emulate. Thank God for Nollywood, warts and all: it saved the day for African cinema.
As for what differentiates it, that is more complicate. African cinemas are really very plural: the styles in Nollywood are recognizable because the major platforms that support them, now including Netflix along with Irokotv or amazon etc., are setting standards for filmmaking throughout the world, and standards mean audience tastes, rules about values, images, plotting etc. In other words, a confining and limiting set of approaches all dictated by what sells. But wonderful smaller industries or independents are appearing everywhere on the continent, from East Africa, Sudan, S. Africa, Senegal, Angola, and elsewhere. The independent film groupings are producing very very exciting and innovative films. It is much harder within the constraints of Nollywood to be creatively innovative. But at the same time, people like Afolayan and Kelani work within the constraints and give us wonderful films as well. Not even Hollywood was all bad!
Tunde Kelani, Renowned Film Maker
Toyin Falola: You often regard yourself as an Africanist and moving to Africa was the most fortuitous thing that happened to you, how was the experience?
Kenneth Harrow: I spoke to that above a bit. Memories of introducing literature to students in Yaoundé, wonderful open students who seemed to embrace all kinds of approaches that I offered. Great moments also in teaching at Cheikh Anta Diop, teaching Marxist and psychoanalytical approaches back in the 1990s, back when Birago Diop was still alive. Senegal gave me the lasting embrace of African thought and culture and life. Every day we went out, open to the world of Dakar, I found new understandings and pleasures. Not all was great, of course. But I was largely infused with the perspectives and values of the place, so that I came deeply to understand that Africa could only be a real thing, in our studies, when seen and understood through the perspective of the place, of being right there that moments, and seeing what was happening around us. I relearned that lesson in 2005-6, standing on the beaches of Dakar from which the pirogues departed, trying to reach Europe.
Of course, I only had a small piece of that world, but it was enough to establish a reality. Africa from a distance was largely empty of meaning. I remember one of our ALA conferences in a fancy resort hotel outside of Accra. The organizers warned the attendees against the perils of street food, of street risks, etc. They might as well have stayed home. The street was everything; the African hotel with its masks and dances for the tourists was nothing.
Toyin Falola: As a scholar on diaspora and migration and someone who lived in Africa, what can you say about the idea of African communitarianism, multiculturalism, and Pan Africanism?
Kenneth Harrow: Whatever is true is also a lie. Esu teaches us that. Communitarianism in Africa can get sold as an easy commonplace, just as the notion of individualism in the west is a trite commonplace. We have to say specifically where it is that the family operates in our lives, where our ways of life are impacted by the values we learned in the community at home. When I first went to Africa, everyone I met had grown up as a child in the village, and carried those ties into the city. That was 50 years ago, and now there are generations whose lives began in the city, and in cities where the neighborhoods were mixed. I think of Wolof now as a language infused with non-Wolof words; and that is true of all African languages, especially as media outlets include European language broadcasts, as educational instruction at higher levels is in English or French, as people travel more, interact outside the community. In other words, it is normal in Africa, as always, for people to learn from other people, including the most basic tool of all, language. In the U.S. most people speak only English; in Africa most people speak three or more languages. More important, the population is perhaps 50% urban, where old village communitarianism is now dead—as indeed it is in villages. On the other hand, communities are formed in opposition to those outside them, as Amselle claimed, and Africans learned quickly that real freedom from colonialism had to come by uniting in opposition. Panafricanism has always been betrayed everywhere; yet it has always returned in the face of common exigencies and the need to face common dangers. China is the new powerhouse on the block; Africans have to learn to speak Mandarin to thrive; but have to learn also how to do business against the Chinese, not simply with them. Chinese trawlers are no better than European ones. They all steal Africa’s fish. I don’t see how something as basic as preserving the fish off the coast of the continent for African diets can be accomplished without a common bond of struggle against globalized capitalism.
Toyin Falola: What is the most challenging thing you encountered during the journey of intellectual enterprise and mentoring graduate students over the years?
Kenneth Harrow: It was simply the gradual loss of jobs for my grad students, meaning loss of students specializing in African literature and cinema. My department, for instance, had a steady enrollment of 1100 students in English. It is under 500 now; and of those 500, only 200 do literature. The number of students who would do just African literature or cinema is zero. A few would undertake broader black studies, but not enough for a class, even. That shift, gradually seeing the change from African studies to postcolonial, was described for me by Jeyifo, whose work at Harvard—the elite institution—was marked by the same as that in my state university. From postcolonial to global, from the humanities to business studies or education etc., a radical shift. And with it, the balance of male and female students shifted radically, where the classes in my final years, especially at the grad level, were all or almost all female. Jobs and the threat of unemployment changed the market and thus enrollment patterns.
Additionally, theory, understood as poststructuralism and then postmodernism, gradually shrank and disappeared, with material studies replacing them. No more Derrida, no more deconstruction, no more psychoanalysis. Spivak lamented this shift ten years ago. Now she too will be forgotten, along with Bhabha and their generation. The new we always need to learn is focused on the body, the materiality of the media, not its ideologies; the identities of the players, never mind the essentializing that is implied in that. And me, too, I’ve changed in my interests. I’ll save that for my final answer.
Toyin Falola: As we live in a divisive world and a world where refugees are finding it difficult to live, what is your idea on the concepts of refugee solidarity and safety?
Kenneth Harrow: I am a country specialist in Rwanda and Burundi for Amnesty International. I see myself as a collaborator with Human Rights Watch, Medecin Sans Frontieres, the Committee to Protect Journalists, and all the other rights organizations devoted to protecting the rights of people, including journalists, human rights workers, gays and lesbians, political opponents, minority populations, and so on. I’ve worked in this capacity since 1993, so I can say this is an important part of my life. If you consider that Rwanda underwent a genocide, and Burundi lost maybe 300,000-400,000 people in the 1970s-1990s; and that the number of refugees from central Africa is in the millions, you have to be a rock not to be deeply moved by these realities. The world of the global north, the U.S. and Europe, has failed to protect the rights of refugees. There are 80 million people who have been displaced from their homes by violence and oppression. The politics of Trump or Berlusconi is their enemy. That means we have to struggle against the anti-immigrant forces here in the States, and in Europe. Where are all these displaced peoples? In camps, in various African and Middle Eastern countries, in poor or underresourced countries, like Uganda or Kenya, or even in Tanzania, the DRC, Rwanda, everywhere in fact in Africa. Camps spilling over from Morocco to Libya and millions growing up in camps. Their lives have limited possibilities, and there, across the water, money and real possibilities. The global world order is built on one premise: what is mine belongs to me, not you. It is an immoral order, and it will be a long haul to try to reform it.
Oloye Lekan Alabi, A Renowned Yoruba Cultural Icon and Ambassador
The story of the film in Africa is not as recent as many perceive it to be. Films were screened in Egyptian cinema as early as 1896, and by 1935, film studios in Cairo had begun production. In Sub-Saharan Africa (a geographical term that I always use with reluctance), the story has been slightly different. Even where the technology was available, Africans in some locations were generally prohibited from making films, especially considering the potency of films as a means of cultural and political advocacy—the 1934 Laval Decree is a case in point. Thus, the portrayal of Africa (south of the Sahara) was left in the sole monopoly of Western filmmakers who portrayed the people in a deprecatory fashion—as “exotic,” “savages,” and “cannibalistic.” These followed the dictates of the dominant thought (colonial propaganda) of the period. However, on the eve of independence (the 1950s), black film production began in Paris, and eventually, the French-speaking regions led the revolution in African film production into the 1980s until the renaissance engineered by Nigerian film production in the 1990s.
The previous (modern-era of Structural Adjustments and military rule) that ushered in the renaissance of African cinema, spearheaded by a crop of Nigerian creatives who identified the instrumentality of film and took advantage of the latest technological innovations in the sector—the VCR—to deliver a message; drawing the attention of the masses to the superiority of morals and traditional values, especially in the face of the immoral excesses of the military ruling class which was a threat to social cohesion, has passed.
It is, however, still the case that the brand Nollywood has transcended its modest beginnings of catering to local audiences both at home in Nigeria and other parts of the continent, and that it has also grown into a vehicle for the projection of Africa’s socio-cultural content and values to the world, becoming a model for other budding cinema projects around Africa. African cinema has indeed expanded to include other independent, smaller industries, which (together with Nollywood) are adjusting to the changing times, adapting the sophisticated tastes and demands of a new (postmodern) era as well as those of such platforms that can guarantee the profitability and maximum coverage of its works into its content.
As a progression from the previous modern era, the postmodern era has witnessed an intense expansion of capitalist operations and interaction modes. Cinema/film, similar to other areas of socioeconomic endeavour, has not been spared from its transformative influences. A critical driver of the changes in this era is technology. The revolution recorded in telecommunications, especially regarding the facilities for online monetary transaction and the capabilities of “smart” electronic gadgets fitted with global (internet) connection and video viewing facilities, have altered the organization of cinematic production, distribution, grossing and content. Platforms such as Netflix—a technology, online-based film streaming service that has the capacity of servicing global audiences for a fee—are developing a growing influence on cinematic content around the globe.
As a symbol of African cinema, made obvious with its elevated global rankings (second), it can manage the demands and expectations of a different era and its peculiarities. Though its preoccupations are not as “political” as in the previous era, African cinema has largely maintained its moral standpoint, highlighting social ills and the consequences of partaking in them with titles like “Evans the Kidnapper” after a notorious kidnapper apprehended in Nigeria. Apart from serving the dual purpose of global African cultural edificatory and morality crusader, African cinema has provided employment opportunities for young professionals within the industry, benefitting from an expanding class of leisure-seeking African middle-income earners who frequent mall theatres to unwind. In all, African cinema, notwithstanding these pressures from changing tastes and commercial demands, has remained a close reflection of a postmodern African society’s intricacies under capitalist influences.
“Do not judge a book by its cover” is an idiomatic expression that derives its wisdom from an accepted truism, which is the peril inherent in pre-conceived judgment, especially based on hearsay. This danger in relying on pre-conceived and or ill-advised perceptions, especially its role in promoting misleading and unrepresentative narratives, is one reason why historians and others (in the information industry) who appreciate the implications of misinformation insist on first-hand accounts or experience. Africa is no stranger to misrepresentation or the propagation of misleading narratives about its culture, traditions and its people (especially from the West), either deliberate—as in the expression of colonial mentality that is still evident in the depiction of Africa(ns) in today’s Hollywood films—or unintentional—in a creative license. This, however, does not make it acceptable practice, not in academia and certainly not in the mainstream media. This also calls attention to the absurdity that is a professed Africanist that has never visited Africa.
As Kenneth Harrow’s account confirms, many of the misconceptions and unflattering depictions of Africa stems from the notion of individuals and groups who have never been to Africa. Another group includes those who visit but whose visit(s) were organized to avoid or minimize their interaction with the environment—the people and the culture. Also, unfortunately, some Africans, either as a result of their having been conditioned through years of exposure to Western propaganda outlets such as Hollywood, with its penchant for Eurocentric narratives, or for the reason of their inability to appreciate—as Jesus alluded “a prophet has no honor in his own country”—what is before their eyes, or for one disappointment or the other they blame on Africa, speak depreciatingly of it. But again, just as Harrow’s experience shows, Africa, like every other part of the world, has a division into the flattering and the unflattering. So, what one needs is a responsible guide, an open mind and sometimes a gracious host to experience it in all its boisterous communitarian glory and unlock the “pleasures” of African life.
Dakar Tourist Place
Suppose the African community is less communitarian now than before, as Harrow hinted, a by-product of its continuous interaction with Western culture, its division of society into urban and rural dwellings and emphasis on individualism. Collectivism is primary to African culture. Even in Africa’s cultural diversity (with over a thousand cultures), there are certain practices, values, philosophies, and ideals common to several. This sense of collectivity is demonstrated in the combined efforts of societal members to preserve the idea(l)s, which have been identified as relevant to their collective survival and destiny.
It is a fact that urbanization has altered traditional forms of African communitarianism. African society’s definition is assuming a more complicated construct, symbolized by language hybridization and other modes of (external) cultural assimilations. But these transformations are not enough to suggest that African societies are not communitarian in outlook. Given, multiculturalism has posed challenges for African societal cohesion, sometimes making it difficult for said societies to adopt a set of commonly shared values around which they can rally to defend their collective heritage in a united Pan-African undertaking. However, this is understandable given Africa’s historical antecedent: a colonial past marked by socioeconomic and political intrigues that produced arbitrary multicultural and multi-national polities. However, just as Africa could in the past, whip up enough Pan-African fervor to challenge a common adversary in European imperialist colonialism, it still retains the potential to do so now, under the right leadership.
Harrow draws attention to the multi-lingual proneness of African urban dwellers. This is extended to other forms of cultural exchange (intermingling and coexistence) in cuisine, apparel and etiquette, as an expression of the African community spirit, which has endured the transition from a monocultural rural (village) setting, to an urban (city) multicultural existence. The right leadership can aid Africa in overcoming economic difficulties that inspire intolerance (xenophobia) and rouse the people up to the real threat to their collective (not individual) existence, either from the East or the West. Thus, communitarianism, though waning, is yet alive in various parts of Africa. It also possesses the potential for bridging the divide of multiculturalism, which can facilitate a take-off of Pan-African undertakings.
As the subsequent aspects of this narrative would reveal, (Western) capitalism and globalization have nearly always represented more trials for Africa—especially where it claims it is intervening in Africa’s interests—than it has served to alleviate any of its sufferings. From film for propaganda purposes to the negative economic and political policies that gave Africa (SAP) conflicts and refugees in Libya, South Sudan and Congo, Africa has had little or no reprieve. African film is a critical avenue to share our individual stories, first among ourselves and then to the world.
Aso-ebi: “Uniform” for Social Engagement
Kenneth Harrow raises a fundamental issue that ails African society, which is a key component for Africa’s socioeconomic progress in its youth’s profitable engagement. In the last decade or two, “employability”—which in itself has assumed a different meaning—has developed to become a very critical consideration when choosing a course of study and, in effect, a career path in Africa. This can be attributed to one or all three of the following reasons: an outdated African educational system that offers limited (viable) career choices in today’s world and is not focused on self-engagement; limited employment opportunities; and the nature of available employment opportunities.
The changes in scholarship demography that were ongoing during Harrow’s time as a tutor in Africa have assumed greater dimensions, especially after the turn of the millennium (2000). In Africa, population explosion has increased the competition for the limited jobs available, today’s labor market is technology-based, and scholarship is gradually (maybe too gradual) adjusting to reflect labor requirements/demands. As such, scholarly fields that were previously considered lucrative do not enjoy such status anymore, and positions or career paths that were observed to be dominated by a particular gender have seen a greater influx of the other and vice versa.
Unfortunately, government investments in education in some African countries have not recovered from the Structural Adjustment Program period’s austerity measures. Thus, lack of funding—even from private sector partnerships—has limited the options of career paths and the extent of development along chosen career paths. Taking African cinema as an example, only a few elite schools and private ventures offer tutorship on the now-advanced technological skill set that goes into its production and other business aspects. If comparisons were to be made with other climes that also feature thriving film industries, contrasts would be found in the extent of government patronage and available educational opportunities—elementary drama class, college acting guilds/troupes and professional film schools.
The refugee question in Africa is second in importance only to the conflicts, political repression and other socioeconomic and climatic changes that produce them. Africa, as Harrow rightly identifies, has had a long-standing refugee problem. And it is fairly common knowledge that the West has played more active roles in creating the conditions for the explosion of refugee numbers in Africa and elsewhere than it has done to check both its sources and provide succor. However, the involvement of Harrow and others like him—both as individuals and as members of local and foreign non-governmental organizations—in the struggle for human rights and the plight of refugees in Africa and elsewhere speaks to the remnant of hope in humanity.
It is indeed true that the West can do more to curb the growth of refugee numbers and cater to the needs of existing ones. The West can take a cue from Angela Markel and Germany by relaxing its stringent immigration laws and allow for the resettlement of people (refugees) in dire and hopeless situations. The West can also strive to reduce the frequency with which it starts wars and exacerbates existing ones by turning them into proxy affairs to challenge rival European nations’ interests in the affected regions. It must also be honest in its insistence and interventions (preferably through the UN or other regional bodies like the AU) towards upholding democratic leadership and practices (the rule of law) worldwide and in Africa.
At home in Africa, more steps must be taken by individual nations to empower regional bodies such as the AU, ECOWAS and others to either discourage conflict through uniformly respected sanction measures, step into conflict situations to broker or enforce peace when necessary, and return an existing refugee to their place of origin or resettle them in areas where their safety and economic survival can be guaranteed. There should be collaboration between countries directly or indirectly affected by the refugee problem. Those who are distanced from the problem can also contribute resources directly to affected refugee populations wherever they might be temporarily settled. And African nations can come together to exert whatever political pressures are at their disposal on the traditional sources of the refugee crises in Africa. African citizens must also do more to stand up against the abuses of human rights, freedom of expression, fraternization and sexuality.
Senegal: Various Views
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Two men load the takes from bamboo fish traps into large white buckets.
At a Glance
Cambodia is endowed with a rich natural resource base, including diverse and productive inland fisheries. This resource base, essential for livelihoods and food security, is threatened by changing climatic conditions. The country is particularly challenged given its low adaptive capacity, still-prevalent poverty, and geographic location. Increased temperatures, drought, and changes in seasonal rainfall patterns, in combination with extensive damming for hydropower throughout the Mekong Basin, threaten to impact food security and human health through reduced freshwater availability which may in turn reduce agricultural and fishery production. Nearly half of Cambodia's total greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) are from the land-use change and forestry sector, with deforestation and forest degradation contributing almost all GHG emissions. Agriculture was the second highest emitter, followed by energy, industrial processes, and waste sectors.
Funding and Key Indicators
Refer to metadata and sources for more details.
USAID Climate Change Funding (2020)
$7.4 Million
$3 Million
Sustainable Landscapes
$4.4 Million
GAIN Vulnerability
Population (2020)
16.9 million
GHG Emissions Growth
% Forested Area
Climate Change Information
Cambodia Photo Gallery
Stories from the Area
Natural river shifting and human changes to the landscape can drastically redirect floodwaters from year to year, making anticipating flood paths extremely tricky. Because rising sea surface temperatures are fueling more frequent and severe rainfall extremes, faster flood mapping is in high demand.
Forests are our allies in the global fight against climate change. In addition to removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and producing oxygen, forests also provide sustainable sources of income for forest communities and contribute to water security, which is the foundation for food security.
Integrating biodiversity and sustainable landscapes objectives in development programming can increase the sustainability of interventions, amplify results and reduce costs. ‘Integrating Biodiversity and Sustainable Landscapes in USAID Programming’ highlights these and other key considerations for USAID staff and development practitioners interested in connections between biodiversity and sustainable landscapes priorities.
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Camerons JonesGibbs Gillespie LettingsFriends of Eastcote House GardensHome Instead CareGiversAgate GlassEastcote Residents Association
The Rise of the Internet Over Lockdown
The Rise of the Internet Over Lockdown
By news reporter Eleanor Clavin
The internet has served as a wonderful distraction during the coronavirus pandemic with the majority of people turning to the online world in some way to alleviate boredom, stress and loneliness. It is no surprise, therefore, that according to Ofcom, UK adults are spending over a quarter of their day online: the highest on record to date.
Perhaps what makes the internet world so appealing is that it provides a glimpse into normal life. We can continue to educate ourselves, stay active and socialise all through the safety of a screen. Looking comparatively at the 1918 influenza pandemic, it is easy to see why we should be grateful for internet access.
Consumption of creative and educational content has boomed across social media. In particular, TikTok has evolved to become one of the biggest social media platforms gaining nearly seven million UK users over the first lockdown. Additionally, video call services have grown enormously by playing a key role in helping to alleviate loneliness and enabling people to continue work from home. Zoom has seen a 2000% increase in users, growing from 659,000 to 13 million UK adults between January and April 2020. These platforms have become key in replacing our usual daily activities.
Use of the internet can be a wonderful thing, providing a resource for bringing people together and boosting morale. Throughout lockdown, the internet has proven to be a force for good: Army veteran Tom Moore raised £4 million for the NHS by live streaming 100 laps of his garden, Twitch hosted a Livestream music event to raise money in the fight against coronavirus and millions of children have been able to continue their education via online learning at such a vital time in their lives.
Perhaps most importantly, the internet provides a safe space for vulnerable people trapped at home. Domestic abuse prevention charity Hestia has launched an online safe space where people are able to access resources and advice if they are at risk. If a company partners with Hestia, links to help will be available from their website and won't show in internet history. Hestia had 1400 safe space visits in December 2020 alone, having only launched in September. In many ways, the internet can provide individuals with hope and even save lives.
However, having infinite platforms to learn, create and share content doesn’t come without its faults. Sometimes, the internet can feel particularly lonely despite connecting millions of people. In many ways, the rise of social media encourages quantity of relationships rather than quality as people compete for followers and likes. Having a constant insight into the lives of others means that we often find ourselves comparing our lives to that of others and searching for approval of how we spend our time. With a greater amount of time spent at home, there is an overwhelming online pressure to use each hour productively: get fit, start a business or learn a new language.
The internet is hugely competitive, showcasing snapshots of seemingly happy productive people. It is important to remember that the pandemic affects everyone differently and it’s okay to live day to day without making ten batches of banana bread, going for a hike and recreating the Mona Lisa. Feeling worried and lacking motivation is perfectly reasonable given the circumstances and comparison should be heavily avoided.
The key to online use is balance and maintaining mental health. The internet is a wonderful ever-expanding resource but taking a break and living in the real world is equally as important too.
GB Heating DomesticStillwater BathroomsBlind TechniqueThe Queens HeadThe Curtain GallerySecurity Gates 4 You LtdGoto Energy
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Edit Story
Election 2020|
Trump, Most Republicans In Congress Still Won’t Recognize Biden As President-Elect Despite Electoral College Vote
Andrew Solender
President Donald Trump and the vast majority of Republicans in Congress are still refusing to acknowledge Joe Biden as president-elect even after his victory was confirmed by the Electoral College vote Monday.
Key Facts
"The president is still involved in ongoing litigation related to the election,” White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany said at a briefing on Tuesday, calling the Electoral College vote “one step in the constitutional process."
McEnany wouldn’t comment on Trump’s reaction to Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Russian President Vladimir Putin congratulating Biden or whether Trump will invite Biden to the White House, and she said of the possibility of the Senate starting hearings for Biden’s nominees before the inauguration: "I think that's a hypothetical.”
Since the completion of the Electoral College vote, Trump has continued to tweet false claims of voter fraud, claiming he won a “landslide victory,” and supported an effort by Rep. Mo Brooks (R-Ala.) to challenge the electoral vote when it’s tallied in Congress on Jan. 6.
Biden’s victory touched off a modest surge of recognition from Republicans in Congress, including McConnell and Senate GOP No. 2 John Thune, as well as a handful of other senators and House members.
But most Republicans in Congress have remained silent on the election, with several senators and House members even explicitly refusing to acknowledge Biden.
Surprising Fact
Forbes reached out to every Republican in Congress after Biden clinched the Electoral College but got comment from just nine who had not previously acknowledged Biden as president-elect. Reps. Jeff Fortenberry (R-Neb.), Van Taylor (R-Tex.) and Bill Johnson (R-Ohio), and Sens. Mike Braun (R-Ind.), Lamar Alexander (R-Tenn.), Rob Portman (R-Ohio), Roy Blunt (R-Mo.) and Shelley Moore Capito (R-W.Va.) all conceded the result, while Rep. Jodey Arrington (R-Tex.) refused to do so.
Key Background
Refusing to acknowledge the reality of the election has proven to be something of a litmus test for elected Republicans, with Trump and his base savaging and even advocating primary challenges against Republicans who break with him on the subject.
Big Number
23. That’s how many Republicans in Congress had fully acknowledged Biden’s victory before Monday: 14 House members and nine senators.
Crucial Quote
Biden – who said Tuesday he had a “good conversation” with McConnell – expressed optimism about the small number of Republicans who shifted their position in a speech Monday night. “I am pleased but not surprised that a number of my former Republican colleagues in the Senate have acknowledged the results of the Electoral College,” he stated, adding, “I am convinced we can work together for the good of the nation.”
Chief Critic
Retiring Rep. Paul Mitchell (R-Mich.) announced Tuesday that he was leaving the GOP over his colleagues’ refusal to acknowledge the result, which he said could inflict “long-term harm to our democracy." Outgoing Rep. Denver Riggleman, another outspoken critic of the president, told Forbes, “My guess is there are gonna be more people leaving the Republican Party if we continue down the road of fantasy over reality.”
What To Watch For
While Biden’s Electoral College win will undoubtedly be certified by Congress, it’s unclear whether a Republican senator will provide Brooks the vote needed to make a challenge, which would trigger several hours of debate before likely being rejected by the Democratic House. McConnell urged his Senate colleagues not to join the effort, calling it a “terrible vote” that would force many Republicans to take the unpopular position of breaking with the president in rejecting the motions, according to Politico.
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Sheriff warns about 15 apps that could target children
Following a recent bust of 25 suspected child predators and human traffickers, Sarasota County Sheriff Tom Knight said social media has made it easier than ever for predators to connect with children. He said that means parents have to be more vigilant about what their kids are doing online and on their phones.
"Know what's on your child's phone, have the courage to challenge your child," Knight said.
The sheriff's office named 15 apps parents should look for:
- Meetme: It's a dating social media app that allows users to connect with people based on geographic proximity. The app's users are encouraged to meet each other in person.
- Tiktok: It's a new app popular with kids that's used for creating and sharing short videos. With very limited privacy controls, users are vulnerable ot cyber bullying and explicit content.
- LiveMe: This live-streaming video app uses geolocation to share videos so users can find out a broadcaster's exact location. Users can earn coins within the app and use them as a way to pay minors for photos.
- Holla: The app's makers admit it's an "addicting" video chat app. It allows users to meet people all over the world in just seconds. Reviewers say they have been confronted with racial slurs, explicit content, and more.
- Hot or Not: This app encourages users to rate other users' profiles, with the focus on physical appearance. It also allows users to check out people in their area and chat with strangers. The sheriff says the goal of this app is to "hook up."
Nathan Emery, an agent with the Department of Homeland Security, said the apps all give easy access to children -- which make them a prime target for predators.
"It's that unfettered access to kids that brings more people in because they can sort of play out their deviance and sexual desires," Emery explained. "Don't let your child have the access to the code to purchase apps on their phones, iPad and computers."
Sheriff Knight said technological advancements have made it harder to keep track of apps that put kids at risk.
"I have no control over social media; I have no control over the apps. There's no regulations on it. We can't do anything about it. They keep adding to it. It makes it harder and harder for us to keep up with it," he said.
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In Coronavirus, Financial Inclusion, GeoPoll Survey Reports
The usage of loans, particularly micro loans administered through digital lending groups, has increased substantially in countries in sub-Saharan Africa in the past decade. As the access to mobile phones has increased, new digital lending firms have been created that provide loans, often in small amounts, to those who may not be able to take out formal bank loans. In Kenya, for example, GeoPoll’s study with the Digital Lending Association of Kenya found that 71% of 4,000 total respondents had taken out a digital loan in the past 6 months.
While digital lending and more broad digital banking services can improve financial inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa and other regions such as Southeast Asia, there has also been some criticism of predatory lending terms and extremely high interest rates, leading Kenya and other nations to more strictly regulate the industry. Studies have also found there can be a gender gap when looking at access to mobile money and other digital banking services, with women still being less likely to have a bank account or own a phone than men.
Micro Loans and COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa
With mobile-based lending already on the rise in countries such as Kenya and Nigeria, it is expected that the economic turmoil surrounding COVID-19 will increase demand for loans. GeoPoll’s study on the financial impact of coronavirus in sub-Saharan Africa found that over three-quarters of workers had experienced a decrease in income due to COVID-19, and that the effects of the virus are most pronounced amongst informal workers and those earning lower incomes.
The study also found that nearly half of respondents had taken out a loan specifically to cover coronavirus-related expenses, which could result in negative economic impacts if people are unable to repay those loans. Concern over paying expenses due to COVID-19 was high for all respondents, with those in the informal economy more likely to be using savings and loans from banks or friends and family to cover expenses during the pandemic.
Loan Usage and Amount
As part of the same financial study, GeoPoll collected additional information on loan usage in Kenya, Nigeria, Mozambique, and South Africa. Looking at all four countries we found that about half of all respondents are currently paying off a loan, with this number being highest in Kenya, at 68%, and lowest in South Africa, at 39%. This is likely due to Kenya being at the forefront of mobile-based lending and financial services for the past decade and is in line with the Digital Lending Association of Kenya’s findings.
The older age groups are more likely to be paying off loans than those aged 18-25, of which 42% state they are paying off loans, compared to 59% of those ages 36 and above. We also find that males are more likely than females to be paying off loans, with 54% of males and 48% of females across all countries paying off loans. Looking at loan usage by income level and employment type, we find that informal workers are less likely than formal workers to be paying off loans. This could be due to the fact that informal workers still often lack access to financial services, even with the proliferation of digital lending firms.
Those who reported that they are paying off a loan were asked how much they still owe for all outstanding loans in an open-ended question, which was then coded and put into ranges for each country approximating $0-50, $51-100, $101-250, $251-500, $501-1000, $1001-2000, $2001-5000, and above $5000 USD. From these ranges we found that almost 70% had loan amounts of up to $500, while just 10% had outstanding loans in amounts equivalent of $2000 USD or higher. The most common loan amount was $101-250, which 21% of those who have outstanding loans fell into.
Loan amounts varied by age, with the younger age groups reporting smaller outstanding loan amounts; 49% of those age 18-25 owed up to $100, compared to 34% of those aged 26-35 and 16% of those aged 36 and older. Given that those aged 18-25 were also found less likely to be responsible for paying expenses and more likely to be students or unemployed than older groups, this demonstrates that the youth may not yet need large loans, and when they do take out loans they are doing so in relatively small amounts.
Females also take out loans in lower amounts, with 36% of females taking out loans up to $100, compared to 26% of males. The most common loan range for females was $0-50, at 22%, while the most common range for males was $101-250, at 23%. South Africans are more likely to take out loans in higher amounts; While only 27% of respondents in South Africa owe less than $250, 58% of those in Kenya, 61% of those in Mozambique, and 55% of those in Nigeria fall into the same bracket. Those in Mozambique are most likely to take out loans up to $50, with almost a quarter of respondents reporting that range.
Data on Mobile Lending and Micro Loans
GeoPoll has conducted studies in over 80 countries around the globe and our team of research experts can help design and implement custom financial studies through our remote research modes, which include CATI voice calls, SMS and mobile web surveys. To collect your own data on digital lending, microfinance, financial inclusion, and related topics in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, or Latin America, contact us today.
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Diversity & inclusion
Does HR’s way of categorising employees improve inclusivity or create further divides? Jo Gallacher asks in this issue’s cover story.
The Handford Parish Council viral zoom meeting showcased everyday sexism at work
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Twenty years on: the continuing fight for LGBT+ inclusion in the workplace
Twenty years ago Stonewall started talking to employers about what was then a taboo topic: workplace inclusion.
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The business case for diversity is well established. Over the last year, the increased focus on race and ethnicity has led many companies to realise that their current policies and approach to...
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2020 provided some steep learning curves for HR. The national lockdowns meant that the world of work was thrown into full remote working and HR teams had to react fast to support their teams.
Number of black FTSE 100 leaders drops to zero due to "vanilla boys' club" of senior leaders
The number of black people at the top of Britain's biggest companies has fallen to zero, as new research has found that there are fewer black people at the top of FTSE 100 firms than ever before.
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Unemployment in industrial cities intensifies as coronavirus pandemic continues
The COVID-19 pandemic has wiped out a decade’s worth of progress in reducing unemployment in the UK’s industrial cities, according to a new report.
Over 45s need more HR support to navigate reskilling
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At Least Twenty-Four Customers Have Filed Securities Arbitration Complaints Against Robinhood Financial, LLC
Here is how you can file a claim to recover losses suffered from trading restrictions placed on GameStop, AMC, Blackberry, Nokia, and other stocks.
On February 12, 2021, in a letter addressed to Senator Elizabeth Warren, Robinhood Financial, LLC confirmed twenty-four (24) pending securities arbitrations.
Robinhood’s letter was written in response to an inquiry sent by Senator Warren on February 2, 2021, as to why Robinhood “abruptly changed the rules” for retail investors by restricting the purchase of certain securities.
On Thursday, January 28, 2021, Robinhood designated specific stocks “position closing only,” meaning that customers could not purchase additional shares in those stocks. The targeted stocks included GameStop (NYSE: GME), AMC (NYSE: AMC), Blackberry (NYSE: BB), and Nokia (NYSE: NOK). In the days that followed, Robinhood continued to impose certain restrictions on these stocks. The restrictions on AMC and GME lasted until February 5, 2021.
According to reports, after Robinhood and other popular online broker-dealers such as Webull Financial LLC implemented the trading restrictions, GameStop dropped 44%, and AMC lost 57%. The trading restrictions appear to have sent the share prices of targeted companies plunging.
What is Securities Arbitration?
Arbitration is an alternative dispute resolution process. When an investor suffers investment losses due to misconduct by a financial advisor or broker-dealer, the investor can file a securities arbitration claim against their financial advisor and/or broker-dealer in an effort to be compensated. Arbitration is the primary forum for resolving disputes between investors and brokerage firms because it is a contractual obligation. The customer and broker-dealer contractually agree to use arbitration to resolve disputes when the customer opens a brokerage account and signs the customer agreement that includes an arbitration clause. To read more about securities arbitration, click here.
How to Recover Financial Losses or Obtain a Free Consultation
Securities arbitration is a unique and complex practice area. Investors should seek out experienced counsel who understands the FINRA forum and can navigate the arbitration process to effectively advocate on their behalf.
Iorio Altamirano LLP is a securities arbitration law firm based in New York, NY. We pursue individual FINRA arbitration claims nationwide on behalf of investors to recover financial losses from brokerage firms’ wrongful conduct.
If you have suffered financial losses, please fill out the following form for a free and confidential consultation. You may be entitled to compensation without payment of any out-of-pocket fees or costs through a contingency fee arrangement.
Iorio Altamirano LLP is particularly interested in speaking with investors that have:
• purchased and held GME, AMC, NVAX, EXPR, BB, BBBY, KOSS, or NOK before Robinhood and other popular trading platforms restricted transactions on January 28, 2021;
• subsequently sold their positions; and
• suffered losses of $25,000 or more.
How is an Arbitration Claim Different Than a Class Action?
A securities arbitration complaint is brought by an individual against a brokerage firm. The person who brings the claim (the Claimant) has complete control over settlement decisions. If the dispute is not settled, an arbitration panel will hear evidence and decide whether the brokerage firm is liable to the Claimant. The arbitration panel will also determine how much, if any, monetary damages are owed to the Claimant.
A class action complaint is a lawsuit filed in court by an individual on behalf of all like suited individuals. Individuals who are not class representatives do not have input on settlement decisions. Class actions can be dismissed for various reasons, and even if there is a recovery someday, class members often only receive pennies on the dollar.
Contact Information
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If one of your resolutions for 2021 is to find a career that gives you stability and security while rewarding you both professionally and personally, why not consider fostering?
Safehouses Fostering is urging caring individuals from across Greater Manchester who may be facing redundancy or a change in their employment situation, perhaps because of the coronavirus pandemic, to consider how rewarding fostering a child or young person can be.
Why foster?
As well as being one of the most selfless and positive things you can do, fostering offers the job stability that many people are looking for in this time of uncertainty - a competitive professional fee, the comfort of working from home alongside your own family commitments and job security because of the increasing demand or carers.
The number of children entering the care system is rising at a frightening pace; according to research conducted by Barnardos, it has increased by 44 per cent during the coronavirus pandemic alone. So could you help a child who really needs it and be the person that helps to turn their life around?
The number of children in the care system has soared during the Covid-19 pandemic
"What interested us about fostering was the opportunity to make a difference," said Safehouses Fostering foster carer Jo Haughey.
"It’s having that ability to give a child those opportunities that they may not have, and the security that we knew, as a family, we were able to offer.
"Knowing what these children have been through and knowing what's happened to them and where they've come from, hearing them laughing and playing together is the best thing ever.
"I definitely would encourage other people to do it. A sense of humour, patience, spare room, lots of love, lots of cuddles is all need, really.
"And these children really need you - all they need is somebody to listen most of the time."
Who can foster?
Safehouses Fostering has foster carers from a wide variety of background, including former taxi drivers, accountants teachers and electricians. People from all walks of life can be considered, as long as you are over 21 years of age and have a spare room for a child. This includes single people, co-habiting couples, same-sex couples and people living in rented accommodation.
There is no need for previous experience and you may find that you have transferable skills from current or past employment that will be invaluable as a foster carer.
Safehouses Fostering has a wide range of roles available
Safehouses Fostering has a wide range of roles available
Safehouses Fostering provides extensive training opportunities and continued support from social workers and other care professionals, so you never have to do it alone.
Roles available include long-term foster carers, short-term foster carers, emergency foster carers, parent and child fostering, and specialist fostering.
For more information on foster care, contact Safehouses Fostering in Oldham on 0345 266 7683, email [email protected] or visit safehousesfostering.org.uk
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Industry sector leader urges caution over reintroduction of lockdowns
Amman, President of the Jordan and Amman Chambers of Industry Fathi Jaghbir on Monday called on the government for “prudence” before re-imposing lockdowns or tightening pandemic-related measures, such as blanket Friday curfews and limiting night mobility.
While acknowledging the “sensitivity” of the current epidemiological situation in the Kingdom following an uptick in infections, he warned that any new measures “will put the economy and productivity on the line”.
“The private sector is no longer able to withstand more closures,” he added in a statement.
Jaghbir called on the government to tighten preventive measures to ensure adherence to public safety protocols, indicating that following safety and social distancing guidelines is “far better than closures.”
Source: Jordan News Agency
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Prev Next
Published at 29th of April 2020 04:50:05 AM
Chapter 831: 831
Chapter 831: Next time, call me Winning Buddha!
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“Is Senior afraid that Shi Qian Zhi will snatch Little Seven?” Sima You Yue asked .
“The Black Dragon Cult members already know of Little Seven’s existence . Now that they’ve appeared once again, it’s definitely for Little Seven . ” Han Miao Shuang said .
“Let them come . I want to test them and check myself!” Little Seven punched her fists into a hand, as if she was pumped up for battle .
“Little Seven, aren’t you the Eye of the Earth? Why do you seem like a Winning Buddha instead?” Sima You Yue asked as she looked at her helplessly .
“Winning Buddha? What’s that?” Little Seven opened her eyes wide and looked at her, “No matter what it is, it sounds cool . Call me Winning Buddha in the future . ”
“Winning Buddha has to win every battle without fail . Can you?”
“Of course I can, you just have to wait and see!” Little Seven raised her chin proudly as she spoke .
Sima You Yue smiled, not taking her words to heart . She said goodbye to Han Miao Suhang and the others before she left .
Big Wei and Little Wei were very familiar with her . Once they saw her, they didn’t say anything, directly sending her where she wanted to go .
The moment You Yue and LIttle Seven went out of the main gates of the sect, Little Seven grabbed onto her hand, saying, “There’s someone following us . ”
“If they want to follow us, they can go ahead . We’re going to buy things . ” Sima You Yue pulled Little Seven over to shop, as if she didn’t realise that there was another person .
Divine Envoy Mu and two other subordinates watched them exit and leave from the corner of the street .
“Sir Divine Envoy, that’s Sima You Yue . However, the child beside him does not seem to be the Eye of the Earth . Didn’t Sir Right Emissary say that the eye of the earth was a four to six year old child?”
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“We can’t say for certain at this moment . ” Divine Envoy Mu said, “Jiang Jun Xian also said that the eye of the earth was undergoing an evolution when he left . She might look like this after her evolution . ”
“We’ve been here for such a long time and have found her after much difficulty . Regardless of whether or not that child really is the Eye of the Earth, we must take her back for questioning . We’ll know then . ” Another subordinate said .
“Divine Envoy Mu, should we follow them?”
Divine Envoy Mu looked at the gates of the sect and said, “Send men to tail them . Act when there’s an opportunity . ”
“Yes, Sir Divine Envoy!’
The two of them retreated, moving to contact their people, telling them to act .
In a tea shop on the other side of the street, Shi Qian Zhi was leaning on the railing, standing with a black robed man .
“Sir Divine Envoy, Divine Envoy Mu has already begun to act . ” That person said respectfully .
“I saw that . ” Shi Qian Zhi picked up the tea cup, took out a black pill and placed it in . He waited for the pill to dissolve completely before drinking it down .
“Are we going to do something?”
“Do something? No, we’re not going to do anything . We are merely here to observe, not to help . ” Shi Qian Zhi said, “However, do get them to prepare . Who knows, we might have to get involved . ”
“Sir Divine Envoy, they are still being punished . ”
Shi Qian Zhi slapped his head, “I’d have forgotten if you didn’t mention it . Give them the antidote . Tell them that this is an exception, that things will be concluded here this time . The next time they mess up, they will not be let off so lightly . ”
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“Yes, Sir Divine Envoy . ”
“Go ahead . ”
Shi Qian Zhi tossed the bottle of medicine to him, sending him off with a wave of his hands .
The last time, he had gotten them to kill the Jiang clansmen, but who would have thought that Jiang Cheng would have been able to escape . Since they didn’t manage to accomplish their mission, they would naturally have to be punished . He only had one type of punishment for them . He got them to eat poison . Whenever he felt like they had suffered enough, he would give them the antidote .
It was one type of punishment, but there were many different types of poisons . They inflicted suffering in different ways .
In the same way, he was pretty open about it . Although they had been poisoned, if they could find someone to cure them, being able to cure the poison was a skill as well, so the punishment would just be like that .
In the beginning, there were those who tried to find people to cure them, but not a single one was successful . They found out later on that the poisons were personally refined by him . Even if they wanted to look outside for an antidote, there was none .
Shi Qian Zhi toyed with the teacup with the side of his lips hooked into a smile, “I just want to see if you are as powerful as they say . ”
Sima You Yue wanted to buy some daily necessities, and had no choice but to leave the heart of the city and head towards the more common shops to look for them .
They left the bustling district and walked past a few streets . When they walked past a small alley, they saw a black robed man standing in the middle of the road .
You Yue turned around and saw that two other black robed men had wordlessly appeared from the entrance .
“They are all experts at the monarch rank . ” She took note of her opponent’s strength .
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“Just three of them . I’ll get rid of them . ” Little Seven’s eyes shone as she looked eager to give it a try .
“Then I’ll leave it to you?”
“Just leave it to me . ” Little Seven put her hands together, in a show that she was ready to act .
“Alright . ” Sima You Yue stood to the side and released her spirit aura to surround herself,preparing herself for the upcoming battle .
Little Seven stretched out a finger and pointed to the one right in front . She hooked her finger and said, “Come on, this aunty will let you experience my power!”
The person’s eyes flashed . He didn’t think much of Little Seven because she was a child . He quickly released his spirit energy . Sima You Yue could feel herself getting suppressed by that boundless force, but Little Seven didn’t seem to have felt it . She didn’t even need to use the spirit energy to protect herself as she brandished a fist while charging at them .
“Little Seven, be careful!”
You Yue had just cried out when she saw little Seven heading up . With a single fist, she dispersed the opponent’s spirit skill, causing her mouth to fall open with shock .
This was too fierce!
The opponent didn’t seem to think that Little Seven would be that powerful either . When she dispelled his spirit attack, he was stunned . In that single moment, Little Seven ran in front of him and punched him .
That person had a quick reaction and hurriedly dodged, narrowly avoiding her attack . However, Little Seven kicked her leg and moved forwards . With a flip of her hand, she easily punched his chest, sending him flying far away .
Although that person had protected his body in a layer of spirit energy, his inner body had been shattered . Fresh blood continued to pour out of him . Then, his eyes rolled back and he immediately fainted .
Sima You Yue’s chin almost dropped to the floor . She caused a monarch-ranked expert to faint with a single punch?
She looked at Little Seven’s little hand . It had been really soft when she held it just now . How did it contain such energy that she didn’t just break through his defense, but knocked him unconscious directly .
The other two on the opposite side of the alley saw that little Seven had eliminated one of their one in a single move, and their expressions immediately changed, sending out their attacks together .
“If one person comes, I’ll kill one . If two come, I’ll kill two!”
With a single kick, her body flew forwards and passed through their spirit attacks . She landed in front of them in a few breaths…
A few tens of minutes later, You Yue and Little Seven were holding hands as they walked out of the alley . Behind them, three huge flames were roaring .
“How was it, didn’t I say I was strong?!” Little Seven raised her chin proudly .
“Mm, Little Seven is much stronger than I . I’ll have to depend on you to protect me in the future . ” Sima You Yue said with a smile .
“Seeing how sincere you are, I’ll just have to force myself to agree…”
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Developing a backup plan
Without a good backup and recovery strategy in place, a DBA should make sure their resume is always up to date. In this article, Greg Larsen discusses what should be considered when developing a backup plan.
The most important task for a DBA is to be able to recover a database in the event of a database becoming corrupted. Corrupted databases can happen for many different reasons. The most common corruption problem is from a programming error. But databases can also be corrupted by hardware failures. Regardless of how a database becomes corrupt, a DBA needs to have a solid backup strategy to be able to restore a database, with minimal data loss. In this article, I will discuss how to identify backup requirements for a database, and then how to take those requirements to develop a backup strategy.
Why develop a backup plan?
You might be wondering why you need to develop a backup plan. Can’t a DBA just implement a daily backup of each database and call it good? Well, that might work, but it doesn’t consider how an application uses a database. If you have a database that is only updated with a nightly batch process, then having a daily backup of the database right after the nightly update process might be all that you need. But what if you had a database that was updated all day long from some online internet application. If you have only one backup daily for a database that gets updated all day online, then you might lose up to a day’s worth of online transactions if it was to fail right before the next daily backup. Losing a day’s worth of transaction most likely would be unacceptable. Therefore, to ensure minimal data loss occurs when restoring a database, the backup and recovery requirements should be identified first before building a backup solution for a database.
Identifying backup and recovery requirements
Each database may have different backup and recovery requirements. When discussing backup and recovery requirements for a database, there are two different types of requirements to consider. The first requirement is how much data can be lost in the event of a database becoming corrupted. Knowing how much data can be lost will determine the types of database backups you need to take, and how often you take those backups. This requirement is commonly called the recovery point objective (RPO).
The second backup requirement to consider is how long it will take to recover a corrupted database. This requirement is commonly called the recovery time objective (RTO). The RTO requirement identifies how long the database can be down while the DBA is recovering the database. When defining the RTO, make sure to consider more than just how long it takes to restore the databases. Other tasks take time and need to be considered. Things like identifying which backup files need to be used, finding the backup files, building the restore script/process, and communicating with customers.
A DBA should not identify the RTO and RPO in a vacuum. The DBA should consult each application owner to set the RTO and RPO requirements for each database the application uses. The customers are the ones that should drive the requirements for RTO and RPO, with help from the DBA of course. Once the DBA and the customer have determined the appropriate RTO and RPO then, the DBA can develop the backups needed to meet these requirements.
Types of backups to consider
There are a number of different backup types you could consider. See my previous article for all the different backup types. Of those different backup types, there are three types of backups that support most backup and recovery strategies. Those types are Full, Differential, and Transaction log.
The Full backup, as it sounds, is a backup that copies the entire database off to a backup device. The backup will contain all the used data pages for the database. A full backup can be used to restore the entire database to the point in time that the full backup completed. I say completed because, if update commands are being run against the database at the time the backup is running, then they are included in the backup. Therefore, when you restore from a full backup, you are restoring a database to the point-in-time that the database backup completes.
A differential backup is a backup that copies all the changes since the last full backup off to a backup device. Differential backups are useful for large databases, where only a small number of updates have been performed since the full backup. Differential backups will run faster and take up less space on the backup device. A differential backup can’t be used to restore a database by itself. The differential backup is used in conjunction with a full backup to restore a database to the point in time that the differential backup completed. This means the full backup is restored first, then followed by restoring the differential backup.
The last type of backup is a transaction log backup. A transaction log backup copies all the transaction in the transaction log file to a backup device. It also removes any completed transactions from the transaction log to keep it from growing out of control. A transaction log backup, like a differential type backup, can’t be used by itself to restore a database. It is used in conjunction with a full backup, and possibly a differential backup to restore a database to a specific point-in-time. The advantages of having a transaction log backup are you can tell the restore process to stop at any time during the transaction log backup. By using the stop feature, you can restore a database right up to the moment before a database got corrupted. Typically, transaction logs are taken frequently, so there might be many transaction log backups taken between each full or differential backup. Transaction log backups are beneficial for situations when there is a requirement of minimal data loss in the event of a database becoming corrupted.
Developing a backup strategy for a database
When determining a backup plan for a database, you need to determine how much data can be lost and how long it takes to recover the database. This is where the RTO and RPO come in to determine which types of database backups should be taken. In the sections below, I will outline different database usage situations and then discuss how one or more of the backup types could be used to restore the database to meet the application owner’s RTO and RPO requirements.
Scenario #1: Batch updates only
When I say “Batch Updates Only”, I am referring to a database that is only updated using a batch process. Meaning it is not updated online or by using an ad hoc update processes. One example of this type of database is a database that receives updates in a flat-file format from a third-party source on a schedule. When a database receives updates via a flat-file, those updates are applied to the database using a well-defined update process. The update process is typically on a schedule to coincide with when the flat-file is received from the third-party source. In this kind of update situation, the customer would have an RPO that would be defined something like this: “In the event of a corrupted database, the database would need to be restored to after the last batch update process”. And would have an RTO set to something like this: “The restore process needs to be completed within X number of hours”.
When a database is only updated with a batch process, that is run on a schedule, all you need is to have a full back up right after the database has been updated. By doing this, you can recover to a point in time right after the database has been updated. Using the full backup only will meet the RPO. Since the time needed to restore a full backup is about the same time as it takes to backup, the RTO needs to be at least as long as it takes to run a restore process, plus a little more time for organizing and communicating a restore operation.
Scenario #2 – Batch updates only, with short backup window
This scenario is similar to the last scenario, but in this situation, there is very little time to take a backup after the batch processing completes. The time it takes to back up a database is directly proportional to the amount of data that needs to be backed up. If the time for a backup is short, it might be too short to take a full back up every time the database is updated. This might be the case when the database is very, very large. If there isn’t time to do a full database backup and the amount of data updated is small, then a differential backup would be a good choice to meet the RPO/RTO requirements. With a differential backup, only the updates since the last full backup are copied to the backup device. Because only the updates are backed up and not the entire database, a differential backup can run much faster than a full backup. Keep in mind, to restore a differential backup, you must first restore the full backup. In this situation, a full backup needs to be taken periodically with differential backups being taken in between the full backups. A common schedule for this would be to take the full backup when there is a large batch window, like on a Sunday when there is no batch processing, and then differential backups during those days when the batch window is short.
Scenario #3 – Ad hoc batch updates only
Some databases are not updated on a schedule but instead are updated periodically but only by an ad hoc batch update process that is manually kicked off. In this situation, there are a couple of different ways of handling backing up of databases that fall into this category. The first one is just routinely to run full database backups on a schedule. The second is to trigger a backup as the last step of the ad hoc batch update process.
A routine scheduled full backup is not ideal because the backups may or may not be run soon after the ad hoc batch update process. When there is a period of time between the ad hoc process and the scheduled full backup, the database is vulnerable to data loss should the database become corrupted for some reason before the full backup is taken. In order to minimize the time between the ad hoc update and the database backup, it would be better to add a backup command to the end of the ad hoc update process. This way, there is a backup soon after the ad hoc process, which minimizes the timeframe for when data could be lost. Additionally, by adding a backup command to the ad hoc update process, you potentially take fewer backups, which reduces the processing time and backup device space, over a routine backup process.
Scenario #4 – Online updates during business hours
In this scenario, the database gets updates from online transactions, but these online transactions are only run during business hours, say 8 AM to 5 PM. Outside of regular business hours, the database is not updated. In this situation, you might consider a combination of two different types of backups: Full and Transaction log backups. The full backup would be run off-hours, meaning after 5 PM and before 8 AM. The transaction log backups will be used during business hours to back up the online transactions shortly after these transactions have been made. In this situation, you need to review the RPO to determine how often to run transaction log backups. The shorter the RPO, the more often you need to take transaction log backups. For example, suppose a customer says they can lose no more than an hour worth of transactions, then you need to run a transaction log backup every hour between the hours of 8 AM and 5 PM.
Scenario #5 – Online updates 24×7
Some databases are accessed every day all day. This is very similar to Scenario #4, but in this case, the database is accessed and updated online 24×7. To handle backup and recovery in this situation, you would take a combination of full and differential backups along with transaction log backups.
With a database that is updated 24×7, you want to run the full and differential backups at times when the databases have the least number of online updates happening. By doing this, the performance impact caused by the backups will be minimized. There are way too many different database situations to tell you exactly how often a full or differential backup should be taken. I would recommend you try to take a full backup or differential backup daily if that is possible. By doing it daily, you will have fewer backup files involved in your recovery process.
The transaction log backups are used to minimize data loss. Like scenario #4, the frequency of transaction log backups is determined by the RPO requirements. Assuming that the customer can lose one hour’s worth of transitions, then transaction log backup would need to be run hourly, all day, every day to cover the 24×7 online processing.
Developing a backup plan
It is important for a DBA to work with the application owners to identify the backup and recovery requirements for their databases. The application owners determine how much data they can lose (RPO), and how long the database can be down while it is being recovered (RTO). Once the RTO and RPO requirements are defined, the DBA can then develop a backup plan that aligns with these requirements.
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Smart Campaigning Wins Elections.
Hawaiian politics at the local level can produce some remarkable characters and, while I can’t prove it, I’ll bet that we have more than our fair share.
Richard Kageyama was always known as a bit of an eccentric. He served on the Honolulu Board of Supervisors, the City Council, and in the state legislature on and off for many years. When appearing before any kind of a public gathering, he would often begin his remarks with a resounding “Fello-o- o-o-w students…”
He thought it was funny and that it would amuse and relax his audience, but in the several times I saw him use that opener, the reaction was just confusion.
However, Kageyama did have a remarkably effective tactic to win votes during his re-election campaigns. From the Public Works Department, he would obtain a schedule for all the street repairs in his Council district. On the day before work was scheduled to begin, he would go up and down the very street knocking on doors. When a resident appeared, Kageyama would introduce himself and say he had been walking through the district and couldn’t help but notice that there were quite a few potholes in the street.
And the political pundits could never understand how Kageyama managed to get re-elected year after year.
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News Digest 2-23-2021
White House COVID advisor can’t explain why Florida, California have similar numbers despite strict California restrictions
White House Senior Adviser for COVID Response Andy Slavitt last week said Florida and California having similar coronavirus numbers despite California having strict restrictions is an example of some things about the virus being “a little bit beyond our explanation.” Breitbart
Virginia first responders bills advance
Although they have not resolved all differences, Virginia lawmakers have passed bills that allow certain first responders to file for workers’ compensation for COVID-19 disability. The measures would make COVID-19 an occupational disease for firemen, emergency medical services personnel and law enforcement or correctional officers. CBS19 (Charlottesville, Va.)
Lawsuits filed in connection with Georgia nitrogen leak that killed six
Two wrongful death lawsuits have been filed in connection with the liquid nitrogen leak at a Gainesville, Georgia food plant that killed six people last month. One of the lawsuits alleges the gas company failed to properly inspect or handle concerns about the liquid nitrogen system, even after an unsuccessful service repair attempt a few days before the leak. WMAZ
No workers’ comp paid so far at Minnesota meatpacking plants
Cases of COVID-19 are down substantially across Minnesota since last spring, when sudden outbreaks in meat-processing plants and surrounding communities forced temporary facility shutdowns. About 18,000 people have filed workers’ compensation claims, saying they contracted COVID-19 while working in Minnesota. Half of the claims have been paid so far. But according to state records, none of those paid are from the state’s largest meat-processing plants. Minneapolis Star-Tribune
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Brief Introduction of Fused Zirconia Corundum Brick
Fused zirconium alumina brick is commonly called white iron brick or fused cast zirconium alumina brick. It is the most important refractory material to ensure the normal operation of glass melting furnaces. At present, glass melting furnaces at home and abroad increase the melting rate, extend the age of the kiln, and reduce the fuel consumption mainly due to the use of this refractory material.
Fused zircon corundum bricks can also be called corundum-clinic zircon products. The main chemical composition of Al2O3 is 50% to 70%, ZrO2 is 20% to 40%, and the rest is SiO2. The main mineral composition is zirconia (ZrO2), corundum (α-Al2O3) and glass phase. Oblique zircon crystals form the backbone of the brick body. ZrO2 has a high melting point (2715 ° C), good chemical stability, and strong resistance to acidic and alkaline media, especially the resistance to glass liquid erosion.
With the increase of the content of ZrO2, the performance of fused zirconium corundum bricks also improves. Generally, zirconium corundum bricks are divided into several levels according to the amount of ZrO2, such as 33%, 36%, and 41%. 30%, 40X, 50% levels are not uniform. At present, products containing 33% of zirconium are used more frequently, with a density of 3.65-3.7g / cm3, and the highest use temperature is about 1700 ° C.
Fused zircon corundum bricks are used in industrial furnaces such as glass melting furnaces, and the parts used in glass melting furnaces are masonry upper pool walls, small furnace grate, small furnace stacks, tongue grate and chest wall.
Pay attention to the following issues during use.
(1) Irregular changes in thermal expansion The expansion curve of fused zirconium corundum bricks has an abnormality around 1000 ° C. The ZrO2 crystals in them undergo reversible crystal transformation and have large volume changes. Therefore, products containing ZrO2 are not suitable There are often sharp fluctuations in temperature around 1000 ° C. When baking in an oven, the temperature change should not be too large at 900 ~ 1150 ℃, generally it should not exceed 15 ℃ / h, and a steady temperature increase is required. To prevent cold wind from blowing in some areas, other bricks should be used to prevent cracking.
(2) Shrinkage is often found at the casting port during shrinkage casting. Here, there are many air holes in the brick body and the density is poor. Therefore, when the glass wall of the glass-melting part is pooled, the shrinkage holes are oriented toward the kiln. With the mouth facing outward, when the brick body is eroded to a very thin thickness, it will cause the accident of leaking glass liquid. When used in the flame space of the upper part of the kiln, the service life is very long, and the problem of glass running will not occur. Therefore, the casting port is used outwards to extend the service life.
(3) Eutectic fused zirconium corundum bricks and clay refractory bricks will be co-melted at a high temperature of 1300 ° C. Therefore, when selecting refractory materials, avoid contacting two refractory materials with severe eutectic phenomena. Building, such as silicon brick under the fused zirconium alumina brick, *** is susceptible to erosion by the fused zirconium alumina brick.
Fused zirconia corundum products for glass kiln are divided into 3 grades according to their zirconia content. AZS-33: the zirconia content of the product is 33%; AZS-36: the zirconia content of the product is 36%; AZS-41: the zirconia content of the product is 41%. Products are divided into Y (first-class products) and H (qualified products) according to their physical and chemical indicators, size tolerances and appearance indicators.
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Writing Paper: Editing and Correcting Errors
Editing and Correcting Errors in Writing a Piece
Writing a quality piece entails more than merely editing an article for grammar, spelling, or spelling errors. It consists of correcting errors in general by replying to an editor’s prompts.
Different instructors have various assignment formats. Different research works help you to write a diverse piece. So how do you get the help of the following tricks?
• Find the Best Citation Format
• Proofread before submission
• Check for Paraphrasing
Qualities of Proofreading
It helps you to establish if you have checked for other grammar mistakes, typos, inconsistencies, and other inconsistencies. You can get tips on how to proofread your paper if you read through it several times before doing so. They include:
1. You know your assignment
2. Check for Proofreading
Many students fail to ensure they proofread their papers because they don’t have a good plan. What it takes to ensure that you proofread their paper is following the right writing strategy. Through proper proofreading, you’ll come up with accurate results to improve your final quality of the piece. There are tasks you can do to check if your paper is legit; as you proceed with researching and proofreading, you’ll meet your writing aims.
Proofreading is not the same as proofreading. It is the step you take to check if you can edit, proofread, or paraphrase. Just knowing that you can do this will show you that you have understood what your teacher wants from you.
Proofreading is merely checking for grammatical errors, typos, punctuation problems, and other errors. It shows you are serious about grammar in your paper, especially with regards to presentation. It also proves that you understand it deeply.
Use Expert Proofreading Format
Some instructors do not have the time to follow all the instructions a online essay writer learner has given them. You can get tips on how to proofread before submitting your paper to a writing service. Often, writing clients look for such documents to pass their learner through for assistance. It is crucial to check for plagiarism first before writing your piece. When you proofread and edit your piece, you’ll be able to present the same result. Additionally, you’ll learn how to proofread the essay the best you can and present it to another person. This will prevent other individuals to charge you the same amount for each paper.
Some online agencies also proofread a paper twice. It helps you to have a high level of confidence if you trust the service to proofread your pieces. You can always consider that option when you proofread your paper online.
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article imageWhy businesses need to look at 'adaptable' AI Special
By Tim Sandle Jan 23, 2021 in Business
The challenges from COVID-19 have spurred digital transformation initiatives for businesses in all sectors over the course of 2020. Into 2021 there are new challenges that need to be faced, such as the increased adoption of artificial intelligence.
AI will become mainstream in 2021. For example, trends suggest that as the AI model deployment increases, IT teams will eventually take over AI lifecycle management from data scientists. However, its is unlikely that a “one size fits all” approach will work. This is especially so for an application like AI-powered contract management. To support the automation of business systems it is also likely that no-code software will take on a greater role.
Looking at how the 2021 landscape will change is Agiloft’s CTO, Colin Earl.
Digital Journal: Can we expect no-code software’ to see increased usage?
Colin Earl: The adoption of no-code platforms made substantial progress in 2020 as companies scrambled to deploy new technologies quickly in reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic. With highly configurable automation, no-code platforms increase efficiency and reduce the risk of deploying digital systems. This gives organizations a new level of dexterity that’s essential today, as they can customize their systems to fit the most complex processes, quickly adapt when circumstances change and automate processes to free up time better spent on customers.
DJ: How are no-code platforms changing the business landscape?
Earl: No-code platforms are revolutionizing the software industry and leaving traditional, systems that depend on slow, manual coding behind. In the coming year, the agile development offered by no-code platforms will impact IT departments at the enterprise level, as CIOs look to replace legacy technology and deploy in a matter of weeks versus the many months or years it takes to develop traditional enterprise software.
DJ: What trends have you noticed?
Earl: More CIOs and IT leaders will rely on no-code platforms in 2021 to configure agile applications faster with significantly reduced risk, resource, and time requirements while also satisfying development needs across the enterprise. No code will become the new normal in multiple areas. This will increase the level of responsiveness and agility in the IT department and nine-month turnarounds for system implementations or updates will no longer be tolerated.
DJ: AI will become mainstream in 2021?
Earl: Now that AI is more widely used and enterprises in every industry are discovering new ways to harness its capabilities, we finally see AI technology becoming mainstream in 2021. This means even organizations that are considered “late adopters” will begin to automate various tasks using AI.
DJ: Is adaptable AI important?
Earl: When IT teams consider deploying an AI solution, it’s important to remember that the AI/ML model must be adaptable to the specific needs of each organization. In the case of contract lifecycle management (CLM), the digital contracting system must be agile enough to scale with the organization and its changing needs over the next 10 plus years. If the CLM isn’t flexible and tailored to the organization’s specific challenges at that time, the company will be forced to roll out a completely new system every couple of years, which is extremely costly and time-consuming. AI can be extremely effective if implemented properly, but like other powerful and sophisticated tools, it must be done right.
More about nocode, Coding, Artificial intelligence
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The First Cause Itself Is.
Every effect has its cause. We can thus deduce that all effects are contained within the first cause and that, as such, there are no opposing effects; there is only the first cause experiencing- and building upon itself. The answer to the question as to what the first cause is is Love, — Love causes itself. Love self-exists. It is this what existence is.
~ Wald
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"Candidate metrics";"Expected response to decreasing quality";"River and wetland indices" Diversity "Species richness";Decrease;"FQAI, PIBI, IPCI, MIBI-ITA" "Species habitat" "% Endemic species";Decrease;FQAI "% Native species";Increase;PIBI(M) "% Exotic species";Increase;PIBI(M) "Life cycle" "% Annual species";Decrease;"IMPI, IBI, VIBI," "% Perennial species";Increase;"VIBI, PIBI, IPCI, VIBI(Y)" "Life form" "% Terrestrial species";; "% Hygrophyte species";;"RQI, PIBI" "% Helophyte (emergent species)+ hydrophyte species (floating-leaved, free-floating, and submerged species)";Decrease;"IMPI, VIBI, PIBI; MIBI-ITA" "Nutritional resources" "% Ruderal species";Increase;IMPI "% Nitrophyllous species";Increase;"IMPI, RQI" "Riparian structure" "% Woody species richness (trees, shrubs, woody climbers)";Variable;"IMPI, IBI, RQI, PIBI(M)" "Species tolerance" "Tolerant species richness";Increase;"PIBI(M), VIBI(Y)" "Sensitive species richness";Decrease;PIBI(M)
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Quick Answer: Why Are There Genders In Spanish?
Is Pizarra masculine or feminine?
Gender of Nouns and ArticlesExamplesel escritorio los escritoriosla pizarra las pizarrasIndefiniteMasculineFeminineSingularununaPluralunosunas11 more rows.
Is car feminine or masculine in Spanish?
What is lexical gender?
Lexical gender refers to the existence of lexical units such as mother, son, etc. carrying the semantic property [female] or [male], respectively, “which may in turn relate to the extra-linguistic category of referential gender (or “sex of referent”)” (Hellinger & Bußmann (2001, p.
What is the third gender called?
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 15 October 2020. Third gender, or third sex, is a concept in which individuals are categorized, either by themselves or by society, as neither man nor woman. It is also a social category present in societies that recognize three or more genders.
Which countries recognize a third gender?
What are the 4 types of gender?
Common gender divisions include masculine and feminine; masculine, feminine, and neuter; or animate and inanimate.
What are the genders in Spanish?
Classification. The most common genders are called masculine and feminine, while some Spanish pronouns are considered to have neutral gender. A few nouns are said to be of “ambiguous” gender, meaning that they are sometimes treated as masculine and sometimes as feminine.
Why are things masculine and feminine in Spanish?
Because the gender of the noun changes the article or adjective that you can use with the noun. Masculine nouns are used with articles like el or un and have adjectives that end in -o, while female nouns use the articles la or una and have adjectives that end in -a.
Why are there genders in languages?
What’s a demi guy?
Monday 20 May 2019 2:50pm. More and more people are identifying with the idea, but what is demisexuality? Put very simply, a person who is demisexual only feels sexually attracted to someone once they’ve made a strong emotional connection. It’s somewhere on the spectrum between asexuality and allosexuality.
Why is Spanish so gendered?
Spanish evolved from Latin which has 3 genders for nouns: masculine, feminine, and neuter. … Although the same example words I just listed in English would be the same gender in Latin and are the same gender in Spanish, there were other words that were neuter for no apparent reason.
How many sexes do humans have?
What language has no gender?
Genderless languages include the Indo-European languages Armenian, Persian and Central Kurdish (Sorani Dialect), all the modern Turkic languages (such as Turkish), Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and most Austronesian languages (such as the Polynesian languages).
Does Dutch have gender?
Overview. Traditionally, nouns in Dutch, like in more conservative Germanic languages, such as German and Icelandic, have retained the three grammatical genders found in the older forms of all Germanic languages: masculine, feminine, or neuter.
What is common gender?
in English, a noun that is the same whether it is referring to either gender, such as cat, people, spouse. in some languages, such as Latin, a noun that may be masculine or feminine, but not neuter.
Is Luz masculine or feminine?
Luz is a Portuguese and rarely Spanish feminine given name and surname, meaning light. The given name is shortened from Nossa Senhora Da Luz, a Roman Catholic epithet of the Virgin Mary as “Our Lady of Light”.
Why does English have no gender?
Modern English doesn’t have grammatical gender because English speakers found no reason to keep it. Old English did have grammatical gender, but as the language evolved through various invasions, first the Vikings, then the Normans, there was no need to keep it since it no longer performed any useful function.
Why do Latin words have gender?
“In Latin there is a clear biological basis for the gender system. The noun for a male animal would typically be masculine, a female animal would be feminine, and the rest would typically be neuter. And then it gets generalized and non-animate nouns also get masculine or feminine gender.”
What is the gender of lass?
noun. a girl or young woman, especially one who is unmarried. a female sweetheart: a young lad and his lass.
Why is French gendered?
French is Latin mispronounced by proto-Germans. Both Latin and German have three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neutral. … Over time, like most Romance language, French largely lost the neuter gender (now present only in a few pronouns, e.g. ceci or ça). The origin of grammatical gender is not fully known.
How many genders are there 2020?
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Lawrence of Arabia (1962) Presented by TCM
Named by the British Film Institute as the third greatest British film of all time, Lawrence of Arabia is a tale of the First World War. T.E. Lawrence (the real-life figure on whom the film is based) mediates between Bedouin tribes and the British in their fight against the Turks, then leads guerrilla actions himself. Nowadays, it's criticized for its "white savior" narrative (and Alec Guinness's very unfortunate brownface), but the film's intelligence and gorgeous scale have influenced generations of directors (Spielberg called it a "miracle").
Showtimes & Tickets
David Lean
Alec Guinness, Peter O'Toole, Omar Sharif, Anthony Quinn
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Coca-Cola, in an impressive display of leadership on water issues, recently announced it would meet its aggressive water targets five years early. But the company’s achievement also raises some interesting questions about how goals are set, how they’re viewed in the court of public opinion, and what Coca-Cola should focus on going forward.
The quick background: Coca-Cola needs water badly. For every liter of its beverage products (like Sprite, Dasani, teas, juices, and energy drinks) you’re drinking about a liter of the life-giving liquid. And the company uses a significant amount of water — some 300 billion liters annually to make 160 billion liters of product.
Because Coca-Cola uses so much of a precious resource, it needs the support of local communities (a so-called license to operate), and thus the company must maintain a good and credible reputation for water stewardship. There’s some important history here as well; companies can face public protests and incur huge financial losses — and this has happened to Coca-Cola – when people believe that they’re using too much water.
For years, Coca-Cola’s leaders have recognized that maintaining water availability and quality — for the company’s own facilities and the people around them — is a critical, material issue for company success. And so it set goals accordingly. In this case, the Coca-Cola promised to “replenish 100% of the water we use;” that is put back those 300 billion liters per year by, in part, funding projects that protect watersheds or provide clean, safe water to communities in the developing world.
This goal, and its achievement, arguably makes Coca-Cola “water neutral.” It’s a parallel concept to the carbon neutrality that many companies try to achieve by, for example, using renewable energy, planting trees, or buying carbon offsets. Water neutrality has always been a trickier concept: unlike carbon molecules which have the same climate warming impact anywhere, water use is inherently local. But the progress Coca-Cola made is real and highly unusual.
A couple questions arise, though:
1. Does meeting a goal 5 years early mean it was too easy?
The short answer is “no.” More than 300 billion liters is, well, a lot of water. So it takes real effort and commitment to create projects that measurably and defensibly protect this much water — even with partners like The Nature Conservancy and the U.N. And the $2 billion Coca-Cola spent on water efforts over the years shows real commitment.
That said, any eco-efficiency goal related to operational footprint alone often has three weaknesses that Coca-Cola’s target shares to some extent. First, companies can go faster than they realize. In my experience, companies consistently hit energy, water, and waste reduction targets quicker than they thought because there are tremendous inefficiencies in the system that can be fixed with limited investment (in Coca-Cola’s case, the big news is the replenishment, but it’s also been killing it on efficiency for years, which brings down the total number of liters they need to replace).
Second, we have a larger problem with how we set goals, and not just sustainability targets. Companies generally go bottom up, asking each division how much they think they can accomplish on, say, sales goals, cost reductions, or energy minimization. Then management tacks on a bit of a stretch target and, unsurprisingly, the operations guys often still nail it.
But with sustainability goals, this approach is dangerous — we need to set externally –driven, science-based targets that take into account global and regional limits. On climate, that means cutting carbon at the pace required by both science and physics. On water, it could mean that replenishing how much you use specifically is much less important than how much a specific watershed needs to cut back to protect everyone’s ability to do business, grow food, and live.
Third, a company’s own footprint is often very small compared to the value chain impacts. Coca-Cola wrote a groundbreaking report with The Nature Conservancy five years ago that calculated total water use along the full chain: only about 1% of the company’s water use was under its direct control in operations. The vast majority of water was consumed upstream, mainly in the growing of crops — and that means sugar.
2. Meeting the water goal is important, but is it really the core issue for Coca-Cola right now?
Good water stewardship is becoming the norm and expected by communities — ironically, this is partly because of Coca-Cola’s leadership on the subject (no good deed goes unpunished).
Unfortunately for Coca-Cola, big brands don’t always get to pick which issues resonate for their stakeholders. The company is now facing an existential challenge about sugar and its stance on health and obesity. The New York Times spanked the company a few weeks ago over the funding of studies that proclaim sugar is, in essence, not so bad for your health.
The views on food and the companies that make it are shifting fast. A few months ago, Fortune Magazine ran a powerful cover story about the “war on big food” and the rise of consumer interest in healthier, simpler ingredients. The big guys are all on their back heels.
So for the food giants, goals need to focus increasingly on the full value chain and what’s in the products. Full lifecycle targets will become the norm. Goals on sugar, salt, and fat are commonplace. And a few big food companies, like Campbell’s and, as of about a week ago, General Mills, now have goals for reducing carbon and/or water use upstream in agriculture. Coca-Cola is not unaware of the challenge and its 2020 supply chain targets include statements about improving yields (which clearly affects total energy and water use) and helping farmers use drip irrigation techniques.
It may not be fair, but even operational water neutrality will only get Coca-Cola so much credit with the public. Growing societal expectations and pressures are coalescing around sugar — mainly how much we all eat (which we all obviously have responsibility for), but also what it takes to grow and bring it to market. Attention will inevitably turn to how much water it takes to grow sugar. In the end, the company’s water issues are inextricably linked to its ingredient choices and future.
So unfortunately for Coca-Cola, whether they like it or not, even their good works raise important questions about the big picture. Their only defense may be to employ next level of thinking and even bigger sustainability and health goals, perhaps for their sector as a whole. This most iconic of companies will need to deal with its biggest issue, sugar, head on — water is one pathway to the issue, but not the one everyone will be watching.
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Cinnamon, Cassia Sticks
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Botanical Name: Cinnamomum burmanni
Origin: Indonesia
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Cassia cinnamon sticks have been an important spice within international trade for thousands of years. Our organic Cinnamomum burmanni sticks are hand-rolled from freshly harvested bark. They can be added whole to mulling wines or used as a stirrer for coffee, tea, or hot cocoa, simultaneously releasing the stick’s flavor and scent.
Cinnamomum aromaticum is native to China, growing wild in the southern mountains, whereas C. burmannii is native to Indonesia. C. burmannii has smooth branches, aromatic bark and leaves, and glossy, green alternate leaves.
Cinnamomum sp. appears in recorded history dating back to at least 1,700 years B.C.E where it was a component of embalming fluid in ancient Egypt. The Arabs were avid spice traders who provided this spice to the ancient Romans, Greeks, and Hebrews. These cultures treasured cassia as a culinary spice, utilizing it in perfumes as well as foods. Chinese cassia buds have been used in Europe since the Middle Ages, as their aroma is similar to the bark. It is believed that they were part of a spiced wine referred to as 'Hippocras'. European explorers considered cassia and other varieties of cinnamon to be the most sought-after spices of the 15th and 16th centuries, and by the 17th century, cassia was considered a common kitchen spice. By the 19th century, cassia was commonly used to support and soothe digestion. It is a component of 'garam masala', a spice used in Indian cooking comprised of turmeric, peppercorns, cloves, cumin, and cardamom. Further, it is found in many Middle Eastern and North African dishes, as a spice for lamb or stuffed eggplant.
Note: Cassia bark is harder, thicker and more rough than true cinnamon. It is also more tan whereas true cinnamon is reddish. Cassia sticks curl inward from both sides toward the center as they dry. True cinnamon has many thin layers of bark.
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User Rating: 5 / 5
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Take number 3 and take number 2 (in the carousel) - find 10 differences.
In today's difficult times, I come across more and more statements that drawing "is the best remedy for stress, it will help to distract from problems." Everyone who can can write with rapture how great it is and how they can’t live without it. For some reason, everything is completely wrong with me. For me, painting is the extreme between the "flight of delight" and the "rage of failure."
Both that and another goes beyond the bounds of an even balance of mood with corresponding consequences for people around me and myself. So, if you are an emotional and addicted person, you need to be prepared for the 2 sides of the coin, and not believe in pink snot “painting will save the world!”. Some went crazy from her ... But writing about this, apparently, is not fashionable.
Watercolor for me is unexplored material. So far endless. Techniques and effects amuse me as a child's new toy. In this work, I achieved a pretty good speed result. Half-sheet about 4 hours of work. Next in line are experiments with a palette knife.
Thank you for your attention, interest and time.
Natalia Popova - Professional Artist.
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Quick Answer: What Time Of Day Should I Check Weight?
Do you weigh more in the morning or at night?
If you weigh yourself at night, you’re going to weigh more than you actually do, according to Discover Good Nutrition.
Weigh yourself first thing the mornings, after your body has had a full night to digest your food.
Otherwise, you’ll be seeing higher numbers that don’t correlate to all of your hard work..
Should I weigh myself before or after a workout?
After a workout, there’s a good chance that you’ve experienced some fluid losses, so your weight might be down. Since you’re not adequately hydrated, you won’t be getting an accurate body weight. The only reason to weigh yourself after exercise is if you’re trying to keep tabs on your fluid losses during exercise.
How did I gain 2 pounds overnight?
You Had a High-Carb Day Whether you meant to or not, if you had cereal for breakfast, a sandwich for lunch, and pasta for dinner, you may see a couple of extra pounds on the scale the next day. Like sodium, carbs can also cause water retention.
Why the number on the scale doesn’t matter?
YOUR BODY COMPOSITION IS CHANGING When the scale doesn’t move, you are losing body fat while gaining muscle. Your weight may stay the same, even as you lose inches, a sign that you’re moving in the right direction.
Can you gain weight in 2 days?
How many pounds of poop can your body hold?
What time of day is weight lowest?
When to weigh yourself Your lowest weight of the day will be after you wake up and empty your bladder. You may choose to weigh yourself at another time of day, but you must continue to weigh yourself at that time on the same scale for an accurate measurement.
How much weight do you lose when you poop?
How can I check my weight at home?
Measuring Weight Accurately At HomeUse a digital scale. … Have the child or teen remove shoes and heavy clothing, such as sweaters.Have the child or teen stand with both feet in the center of the scale.Record the weight to the nearest decimal fraction (for example, 55.5 pounds or 25.1 kilograms).
What is my ideal weight?
How can my weight go up overnight?
1. You ate your last meal later than usual. If you pushed dinner back later than normal, you might be seeing food mass on the scale the next morning. And if you keep a regular schedule, you’re likely accustomed to weighing yourself at a specific point in your digestion.
Should I weigh myself every day?
Your weight can fluctuate throughout the day based on many factors, such as hydration, what you eat, and hormones. Thus, it’s best to weigh yourself first thing in the morning. As you measure your progress, you’ll also find that you get more accurate results by weighing yourself at the same time each day, too.
Do you weigh less after a poo?
How much weight do you lose overnight?
How much does your weight fluctuate from morning to night?
What foods make you poop immediately?
Why did I gain 3 lbs in one day?
How do I stop obsessing over my weight?
How to Stop Obsessing Over Weight and FoodAcknowledge that food is neither good or bad. Food is just food. … Focus on eating a well balanced diet. This is similar to that 80/20 rule you’ve probably heard about. … Check in on your emotional health regularly. … Find some Desserts and snacks that are satisfying in small servings. … Focus on wellness, not weight loss.
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Deploy asp. net 5 to netlify
Recentlly I started using netlify and I have a feeling that I know it a little. So, right to my question. I have 5 project, Am I able to publish it onto netlify? If so, how effective is it? Is there some other hosting service that is "free" and without much limitations like offline time per day?
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Dada Kinder
Los Angeles, USA
Anatoli Ulyanov. An artist from Ukraine. Currently in Los Angeles.
After becoming a refugee in 2009, he lives a nomadic life.
“Everything around me is temporary. Cities, streets, people – all of it is always about to disappear. And therefore precious. I take photos to save evaporating life. My art is a death-inspired love-story.”
How important is fine art to your career?
To me, art is rather an existential necessity. It keeps me sane by allowing me to explore and express myself, build a relationship between me and my environment, connect to strangers on a very personal level, and investigate my obsession with time, memory and death.
Are you involved in any other arts?
Besides photography, I make poetic videos and texts.
What were you doing before photography?
Most of my followers know me as a writer, but since I write in Russian that side of me is inaccessible for the English-speaking world. Photography became an essential part of my literature because I get my stories as a result of loitering with a camera.
What was the first thing you photographed?
It was long before photography became “a thing” to me. My then alive older brother gave me his film camera so I could take pictures on my school trip to a castle near a city a lived. That castle in the fog became my first subject to photograph. It was random though. When I returned to the photography 20 years later, it was a human I craved for being isolated as a refugee in the US. I’ve started to shoot strangers on the streets of New York. Those strangers became my society.
How do you educate yourself to take better pictures?
I just keep shooting and experimenting. I avoid the comfort of settling in one style that I can call mine and then market myself as an artist that does “that”. As Bruce Lee is teaching us, “be water, my friend” Style has a risk to become a grave. Besides, we’re constantly being provoked to reproduce some trendy aesthetic of the present which turns a lot of artists into those hip industrial clones. The only way to make better pictures is to practice within yourself and clear the pipe that goes from your heart to your eyes. That’s the main trick – to open your chest and let it bleed without rationalizing it or comparing yourself to others. Everyone is better than you in everything except in being yourself.
Your guts are wiser than your mind. Just throw yourself into a situation and follow your senses. Be animal. Naked and senseless.
What type of cameras do you shoot with?
At the moment, I shoot everything on Fuji X-Pro2.
How would you describe your photography style?
Dreamy. Romantic. Bewitched. Melancholic.
Where can we find you online?
On IG @dadakinder, at or via
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What is Low-grade Depression?
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What is Low-grade Depression?
These kind of last few months, the stresses of lifestyle have increased dramatically. With the pandemic to help you politics, some constant barrage of ever-changing and not sure news insurance coverage coverage makes it easy to turn into overwhelmed.
Such last month or two, the challenges of lifestyle have increased dramatically. Throughout the pandemic every single child politics, this particular constant barrage of ever-changing and lost news coverage makes it easy inside becoming overwhelmed, worried, and bothered by the position of the natural environment. If you’ve seen sustained, nevertheless subtle, emotions of hopelessness, sadness, or maybe other serious depression symptoms, possibly that you’re experiencing low-grade major depression.
What is low-grade depression?
Low-grade major depression, sometimes at times referred to as persistent depressive disorder (PDD) or dysthymia, occurs the instant an individual explains long-lasting not to mention low-level feelings of misery and disappointment. People with low-grade depression might possibly possibly not even be aware they are impression unwell due to the fact their indicators might be continual and unknowingly normalized. Often , those with low-grade depression https://datingstatus.com/fr/comment-trouver-un-papa-de-sucre-en-2020-le-guide-complet/ are in general high-functioning, all the same that doesn’t will mean that they end up not being suffering from signs of depressive disorder.
What’s ones difference involving low-grade unhappiness and significant depressive disorders?
Never the words “low-grade” and “major” mislead everyone: even though it can be more difficult to help you to detect, low-grade depression are typically just as problematic to people’s overall joy and happiness and well being as significant depressive affliction. Low score depression provides many very similar symptoms to help clinical unhappiness and can include:
lack of appetite
low self-esteem
subconscious poison
difficulties focusing
feelings affiliated with guilt and in addition shame
The factor between low-grade depression not to mention MDD, even now surrounds the space and content level of indicators. As the identity suggests, low-grade depression can possibly possibly not include a lot of the criteria coming from major depressive disorder (MDD) but that wont negate its impact on a good family’s quality of life. Nevertheless episodes with low-grade huge depression and MDD can possibly last with regard to long stretching exercises of time, getting some sort of PDD scanning is made the moment above mentioned conditions last for two main years or maybe more (1 season for young children or adolescents).
Should I get help designed for low-grade depressive disorder?
Without a doubt. Because low-grade depression can feel like an organic and all natural reaction to what’s happening across the world right now, those experiencing it’d not discover if they should get help for their depressive symptoms. It may possibly seem that due to the fact symptoms is not severe, it’s not necessarily worth looking for professional company. However , much like any other varieties of depression additionally mental well being, if you are comprehending persistent signals it’s important to consult with a depths of the mind health professional. Some mental doctor can provide solutions and assist you evaluate every last treatments that could be helpful. Using reaching out for professional recommendations, you can manage your sentimental health, and finding possibilities for improving upon upon your depressive disorder.
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Present tense helping verbs
Simple Present Tense: Definition and Useful Examples - ESL ...
How to Use the 20 Most Common Irregular Spanish Verbs Hacer breaks all the rules in all the tenses, except, nicely, the present tense—apart from yo. Other verbs that follow exactly the same pattern include deshacer (undo) and satisfacer (satisfy). Present: Yo hago, tú haces, él/ella/Ud hace, nosotros hacemos, vosotros hacéis, ellos/ellas/Uds hacen Auxiliary Verbs - Avoir vs Être - Lawless French Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping verbs, because they help form compound conjugations, meaning compound tenses like the passé composé as well as compound moods like the past subjunctive. The key thing to remember about compound conjugations is that there are two verbs: the auxiliary verb ... Subject - Verb Agreement - Towson University
A past participle uses the past tense form of a verb (walked, talked, worked, danced) and combines with helping verbs to change the meaning of a sentence. Present perfect combines the present tense of the helping verb "to have" with the past participle of a verb to communicate an action that happened in the past but continues to the present ( I ...
English progressive verb tenses describe ongoing actions in the present, past or future. What's the difference between each pair of simple tense forms? Not a whole lot unless you are a grammarian. People often interchange present and progressive forms without creating any problems. But shades of difference in meaning do exist. The Forgotten Helping Verbs - Thinkmap Visual Thesaurus The Forgotten Helping Verbs. ... the participle having doesn't participate in the formation of any verb tenses. Have and has help form the present perfect tense ... Helping Verbs (grammar lesson)
list of irregular verbs, simple past, and past participles
Online printable verb tenses exercises for ESL/EFL students and teachers: Several fill in the blanks exercises and multiple choice quizzes to help you learn and practice verb tenses or to print for classroom use. Answers for all the exercises, quizzes are available at the bottom of each exercise. To Be Verbs - Grammar in English To Be Verbs Definition: Verbs like am, is, are, was, were do not show action; they are verbs of being. They tell us about a state of being or existence. They don't give any meaning but they are used to describe a subject. The be verbs are followed by a noun or an adjective or an adverb. Verb List- Verb Games - Verb Vocabulary Words Helping verbs define the tense (past, present, future) or change the meaning of the main verb. The verb "will" functions as a linking verb in the sentence "He will eat" because it helps the main verb "eat" and indicated a future tense. What is Simple Present Tense with examples
Present perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by using has / have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing ).
Verb Tenses - Helping With Verbs The lesson includes examples and explanations on verb tense. Verb Tenses Home Lessons - Action Verbs - Linking Verbs - Subject Verb Agreement - Regular Verbs - Irregular Verbs - Verb Tense - Past Tense Verbs - Present Tense Verbs - Future Tense Verbs Worksheets Lists & Charts Contact Simple present tense | English Grammar | EF The simple present tense is one of several forms of present tense in English. It is used to describe habits, unchanging situations, general truths, and fixed arrangements. The simple present tense is simple to form. Just use the base form of the verb: (I take, you take, we take, they take) The 3rd person singular takes an -s at the end. A List of Helping Verbs | How To Identify Auxiliary Verbs
Simple Present Tense (Present Indefinite) | Grammarly
Present Simple Verb Tenses - English Grammar Revolution There are three perfect tenses. These three tenses are all formed using the helping verbs have, has, had, will, and shall along with the past participle of the verb. Helping Verbs - English Grammar Rules & Usage - YourDictionary Helping verbs are verbs that help the main verb in a sentence by extending the ... As a result, helping verbs are used to create the most complicated verb tenses in ... There are three different forms of the perfect aspect in English: past perfect, ... Helping Verbs | Guide to Writing - Lumen Learning
IXL | Learn verbs Verbs Here is a list of all of the skills that cover verbs! These skills are organized by grade, and you can move your mouse over any skill name to preview the skill. Present Tense Verbs in Third Person - English Grammar Irregular Verbs. Irregular verbs in English in the present tense follow very simple rules. The only change that is made to these verbs is in the third person - for He, She or It. 1. If the verb ends in SS, X, CH, SH or the letter O, we add + ES in the third person. VERBS The base form of a verb is derived from the verb's infinitive: to + verb . Four suffixes consistently added to a verb's base create all forms of a verb used in all tenses: 1. -s crea tes 3rd person singular / present tense (He talks.) 2. -ing creates the present participle / used with be (He is talking.) 3.
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Baltic Horizon Fund publishes its NAV for June 2020
Baltic Horizon FundNet asset value (NAV) of Baltic Horizon Fund (the Fund) unit as at end of June 2020 amounted to 1.2169 EUR per unit. Compared to the previous month, NAV decreased by -9.57%. The NAV was negatively affected by a decrease in values of investment properties and negative cash flow hedge reserve movement during the month. The negative impact on the NAV was partially offset by a positive result from operating activities. The Fund’s unaudited consolidated net loss amounted to 14.5 million in June 2020.
As of 30 June 2020, the fair value of the Baltic Horizon Fund portfolio decreased to EUR 345.5 million (31 December 2019: 358.9 million). In June 2020, the portfolio valuation resulted in a fair value loss of EUR 15.7 million (-4.36% of property portfolio) primarily due to the impact of COVID-19 on the real estate industry. The portfolio valuation is based on the valuations conducted by an independent real estate appraiser Newsec Baltics as of 30 June 2020. Fair values of investment properties in the portfolio decreased mainly due to downward adjustments to valuation assumptions resulting from the uncertainty associated with the pandemic.
The change in the portfolio valuation was primarily influenced by higher discount rate assumptions and lower cash flow projections compared to the previous valuations. Discount rates for the majority of the portfolio were raised by 0.3% to reflect the expected increase in the cost of debt. Operating cash flow projections of the portfolio were lowered as a result of a decrease in EU and Baltic consumer price index level projections and increased vacancy assumptions during the years 2020-2022. Exit yields remained the same compared to 2019 valuations due to a lack of comparable market deals during COVID-19 lockdown. The summary of property valuations will be published on the Fund`s webpage. More information will be provided in the semi-annual report.
The Management Company of the Fund will continue to actively monitor the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and reassess the potential impact on the Fund‘s results. At the end of June 2020, the Fund had a sufficient amount of cash (EUR 7.1 million) to cover its liquidity needs amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Kas soovid värsket kinnisvarainfot meilile?
Sisesta e-posti aadress ja ole kursis kinnisvaraturu liikumistega!
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We Are The Main Causes Of Climate Change
890 Words 4 Pages
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of the weather patterns. The changes are lasting for an extended period of time (It could be between a hundred or thousand years). The climate change is cause by both natural and human factors. In human factors, mainly due to the industrial revolution since the human activities, especially in the industrialized process of developed countries caused by economic activities, fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, land-use change and other human-induced greenhouse gas emissions led to a significant increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Between 1906 and 2005, the global temperature increased by 0.74°C. The scientists who from IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) …show more content…
However, according to research, global temperature is increasing. Greenhouse gases are one of the causes for climate change. It is like a blanket around the Earth, trapping energy in the atmosphere and causing it to warm. Human activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. According to the report from US Senate Minority Environment and Public Works Committee, about 50% carbon dioxide emissions that was caused by human activities has already re-absorbed by the nature system (2007). Such as 26% carbon dioxide emissions have re-absorbed by ocean. National Academy of Sciences published a research believe the carbon dioxide concentration increase is propitious to the forests growth rates. However, since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (taken as the year 1750) has produced a 40% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 400 ppm in 2015. Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (emissions produced by human activities) come from combustion of carbon-based fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, along with deforestation, soil erosion and animal agriculture. The nature system is impossible completely re-absorbed all of carbon dioxide. There are some climate changes that are unavoidable and nothing can be done about it. For example, carbon dioxide can stay in the atmosphere for almost a century, so the Earth will continue to warm in the future. The increase in CO2 concentration may be beneficial to certain plant species, while suppressing other plant species, while altering plant community structure; and rising sea water will also affect the ecology of coastal plant
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Emotion versus Logic in Real Estate
Buying or selling residential real estate is likely to be one of the most emotionally charged transactions you will do in your life. Buying or selling in an emotional state can sometimes lead to poor decisions. Whether it’s the buyer that overpays or the seller who declined the best offer, we are all susceptible to making regretful decisions when transacting the family home.
Prior to entering the real estate market, understand the difference between emotion and logic in the decision making process. We all like to reach pragmatic and logical conclusions. This is less likely if our emotions swamp our logic.
A lot of people suffer buyer’s remorse and/or seller’s remorse after transacting. Buyer’s remorse is where buyer feels they bought the wrong home or overpaid in an emotional state. Once the emotion of the purchase has worn off, they logically begin questioning the merits of the purchase. Some people carry buyer’s remorse for years after their purchase. They seriously regret the emotional decision they made, questioning it for years afterwards.
Seller’s remorse is where the seller feels as though they undersold or should not have sold. They may have made a decision in haste that they now regret. Many a vendor suffers seller’s remorse after the auction if they succumb to the tactics and pressure employed by the agent.
A reluctant vendor who is selling the family home of 40 years needs to accept that a buyer won’t compensate them for happy memories. The buyer is purchasing tangible goods, bricks and mortar if you like. Sure, the buyer may be in a competitive bidding scenario against other buyers that pushes the price up, but this is simply the market at work. Rarely will a buyer pay more because the owner has emotionally overpriced.
Interestingly, many sellers subconsciously overprice as a means of scaring buyers off, thereby diminishing the chances of a sale. If the buyer pays the excessive price, the seller wins. If they don’t, the seller does not have to sell. This is very common in circumstances where one partner wishes to stay in the home whilst the other has a strong desire to move.
Many people look back at themselves after they have bought or sold and laugh at their irrationality. It’s only through the clear lenses of logic that they can see how emotion fogged their thinking. The seller realises that the agent was right when they told them the offer was a good one and they should take it. The buyer looks back and understands their low ball ‘take it or leave it’ offer was factoring in all sorts of Armageddon scenarios.
In the emotional haze that descends over us once we begin a real estate transaction though, this clarity is absent.
Particularly so if you are unaware of emotion overriding logic in your thinking. Our purchasing decisions are influenced by two psychological factors – emotion v logic.
Emotion and logic manifests themselves in many different ways. From an emotional perspective, you may find yourself overcome with fear, excitement, worry or jubilation when deciding to act or not act in a transaction.
From a logical perspective, you may find yourself buried in statistics and reading the internet late at night as you research the subject, hoping to find the logic to justify the emotion of the transaction. Real estate investors will often read dozens of reports and statistics hoping to stumble on the signal that screams ‘buy’ or ‘don’t buy’.
Regardless of how aware you are of the emotion v logic element at play, we all tend to buy emotionally and justify logically. The problem there is you can find yourself looking for logic that does not fit with the emotional decision that has been made. Real estate agents are acutely aware of the influence emotion and logic exerts on buyers and sellers.
The presentation of a home is often designed to ensure an emotional reaction in the buyer that causes them to say ‘we love it, we have to have it.’ The agent then attempts to logically confirm the desirability of the home by claiming there has been ‘a lot of interest in this particular home’.
The seller who wants above market price is assured by the agent that their thinking is understandable and plausible. Just ‘sign here and I will look after things’ says the confident agent at the height of the positive emotion that has been generated. The agent spends the next 5 weeks of the campaign producing reports and offers that bring the owner’s price expectations down from a state of emotional exuberance to market based logic.
The key to rising above the transaction and seeing yourself in it is to ensure that you don’t delude yourself that you are making a logical decision when you are overridden with emotional and vice versa.
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Upper Primary Counseling
The goal of counseling is to enhance a student’s personal, social and educational development. Counseling support seeks to enable the development of skills necessary for healthy living. In seeking to educate the “whole child”, counselors encourage self-awareness and an understanding of personal strengths. HKIS UP counselors engage students in discussions about responsibility, accountability to self, others and the environment. They directly teach effective communication and social skills.
The school counselors provide the following services:
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Eating Healthy Does Not Mean We Are Getting Key Nutrition
Eating Healthy Does Not Mean We Are Getting Key Nutrition
Eating Healthy Does Not Mean We Are Getting Key Nutrition
When we eat a balanced, Real food diet, most often we may fail to get the right balance of Key vitamins and minerals our body needs for optimal health.
There are many factors that contribute to the human body’s ability to derive nutrients from the food we consume.
So, though we may eat a healthy diet and we can still lack proper nutrition.
Changes in animal feed, climate, farming and food-processing methods, soil conditions, water quality and weather patterns, as well as increased use of genetic engineering and toxic pesticides, can have a negative effect on the quality of food we buy.
Age, genetics and health conditions such as digestive issues also impact the body’s ability to absorb nutrients from the food we eat.
Often, vitamin and mineral deficiencies can be difficult to identify because people might not develop symptoms until the deficiency has become quite pronounced.
Below, are 3 of the most common nutrient deficiencies. After you learn this then address any area of concern. By doing so, you will be working to protect and optimize your health.
#1 is vitamin D
The Harvard School of Public Health suggests an estimated 1-B people worldwide have low vitamin D levels, with deficiencies noted across all age and ethnic groups.
People are at risk of missing out on vitamin D from natural Sun exposure if they spend most of their time indoors, use topical sunscreens or wear long clothing for religious reasons.
The signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency include the following:
Achy or broken bones
Because vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium, it plays a role in your bone health. Studies involving older adults have associated low vitamin D levels with an increased risk of falls and fractures.
Age 50 or older
At age 50, your kidneys may become less effective at metabolizing inactive vitamin D into its active form. At age 70 and beyond, the body will produce about 33% less vitamin D through Sun exposure than it did at younger ages.
If obese
Because vitamin D is fat soluble, when the fat cells uptake it, less is available for use elsewhere in the body.
For this reason, experts recommend the obese people increase their intake of vitamin D.
Dark Skin
Melanin, which determines your degree of skin pigmentation and protects the body from harmful ultraviolet radiation (UV), impairs your skin’s ability to produce vitamin D from Sunlight. If you have darker skin, the body may need up to 10X more Sun exposure to produce adequate vitamin D as compared to a person who has lighter skin.
Feeling depressed or having low energy
Thanks to the brain hormone serotonin, the human mood automatically elevates when we are in the Sun. Researchers examining the effects of vitamin D on the moods of 80 elderly patients found the ones with the lowest vitamin D levels were 11X more likely to suffer from depression.
Frequent Colds and Flu
A study done in Japan indicated schoolchildren taking 1,200 units of vitamin D per day during Winter reduced their risk of contracting the flu by about 40%
Head sweating
One of the classic signs of vitamin D deficiency is a sweaty head. Excessive sweating in newborns due to neuromuscular irritability is still described as a common, early symptom of vitamin D deficiency.
If experiencing any of the above symptoms, get your vitamin D level tested immediately.
Even if you are in good health, experts recommend having the level tested 2X a year.
The optimal vitamin D level for general health ranges between 40 to 60 nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml). The ideal way to raise the vitamin D in the human body is by regularly and sensibly exposing large amounts of your skin, such as your arms, back, chest and legs, to Sunshine. Getting outdoors at or around solar Noon is the best time to soak up the Sun.
Cannot get outdoors, or not frequently enough to receive sufficient UV exposure, then consider taking an oral vitamin D3 supplement along with vitamin K2 and magnesium.
The only way to determine your ideal maintenance dose of vitamin D is by measuring blood level. As a general guideline, vitamin D experts recommend 4,000 IUs per day for adults, but that level applies only if already in the therapeutic range. If levels are low, you may need to start with 8,000 IUs or more per day.
#2 isOmega-3s
Those who regularly consume fast food and other highly processed foods, probably over consume inflammatory omega-6 fats.
Such high consumption of omega-6s very likely means not consuming enough of the healthier omega-3 fats.
Processed foods, and that is everything from frozen meals to salad dressings are generally loaded with omega-6s, due to the vegetable oils used to make them.
Check labels carefully and avoid products containing corn, cottonseed, soybean, safflower and sunflower oils.
If a regular consumer of fast food, be advised most of it is prepared with these oils.
The recommended omega-6 to omega-3 balance should be close to a 1-to-1 ratio. However, because omega-6s are overabundant in the typical American diet, the ratio may be around 20-to-1, or as high as 50-to-1.
It all depends a person’s eating habits. I do not eat fast or prepared foods, do use EVO, eat flax and organic hemp seeds daily. And of course wild caught salmon is regularly on my menu.
Very often, when omega-6s predominate the diet, people will almost always suffer from inflammation and higher production of body fat. And many doctors suspect the high incidence of cancer, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, obesity and premature aging noticeable worldwide have their roots in the chronic inflammation resulting from this profound omega-3-to-omega-6 mismatch.
Omega-3s are anti-inflammatory and vital for supporting our brain function, joints, skin and vision, as well as the heart.
Omega-3s are derived from both plant and animal sources:
• Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA): found in plant sources such as chia, flaxseeds, hemp and walnuts
• Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): found in animal sources such as anchovies, salmon and sardines, as well as fish oil supplements; alternatives to fish oil include algae and my personal favorite, krill oil
Nutritional experts recommend an animal-based omega-3 because most of its cellular health benefits are linked to EPA and DHA, not the plant-based ALA.
Although plant-based omega-3s are beneficial, and ideally you need both sources of omega-3, the focus should mainly be on the animal-based variety.
#3 is vitamin K2
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that is well-known for its role in blood clotting. However, there are 2 different kinds of vitamin K, each providing its own set of health benefits. Vitamin K1 is primarily responsible for blood clotting whereas vitamin K2 works synergistically with calcium, magnesium and vitamin D to impart a number of important health benefits.
Vitamin K2 also plays a crucial role in bone health, and may be critical for the prevention of osteoporosis (brittle bones).
When people do not have sufficient amounts of vitamin K2, they run the risk of both brittle bones and calcification in your soft tissues. In other words, vitamin K2 is necessary to keep our bones strong and your soft tissues pliable. A number of Japanese trials have shown that vitamin K2 completely reverses bone loss and in some cases even increases bone mass in people with osteoporosis.
The pooled evidence of 7 Japanese trials also show that vitamin K2 supplementation produces a 60% reduction in vertebral fractures and an 80% reduction in hip and other non-vertebral fractures.
A Chinese meta-analysis of 19 randomized controlled trials found that vitamin K2 supplementation significantly improved vertebral bone density in postmenopausal women and reduced the risk of bone fractures.
Another 3-year-long placebo-controlled study done in the Netherlands found that postmenopausal women taking 180 mcg of MK-7 per day increased their bone strength and saw a decrease in the rate of age-related bone mineral decline and reduced loss of bone density, compared to those taking a placebo.
One of the best ways to get enough of vitamin K2 from the diet it is to regularly eat home-fermented vegetables made with a special starter culture designed with bacterial strains that produce vitamin K2.
You can get up to 500 mcg of vitamin K2 in a 2-oz serving of fermented vegetables using such a starter culture, which is a clinically therapeutic dose. I eat sauerkraut daily without fail.
Eat healthy, Be healthy, Live lively
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Risi revved up for Petit Le Man
Risi revved up for Petit Le Man
PETIT LE MANS PREVIEW - 2019 - A Race Engineers' Perspective
Rick Mayer, race engineer of the No. 62 Risi Competizione Ferrari 488 GTLM team, gives us a preview of this year's 22nd Annual Motul Petit Le Mans race at Road Atlanta, October 10-12, 2019.
The Risi team previously announced its driver line up for the popular end of season IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship race as Italian Alessandro Pier Guidi, Brit James Calado and Brazilian Daniel Serra.
The Track: Road Atlanta is one of the favorite tracks for Risi Competizione and most of our drivers. Favorites tend to be the ones you've had success at, and this is no exception. It's a fast track layout with a variety of different types of corners making it technically challenging for both the drivers and engineers. It's a busy track for the drivers requiring continuous driver inputs of throttle and steering for a fast lap. You have to hustle the car here to go quickly.
The requirements to go fast at Road Atlanta are always the same. You need a good platform for the high-speed corners - Turn 1, the Esses and Turn 12. You can gain a significant amount of time using the apex curbs effectively at Turn 3 and the exit curbs of Turn 5. The curbs at both Turns 7 and 10 also yield lap time. However, as much as you need the curbs for a quick lap time, you have to exercise caution as using them repeatedly here 'could' lead to failed drivetrain components. It's a long 10-hour race and you need to be somewhat kind to the car; you have to finish to win. Top speed is very important as there are few places to pass.
Top speed and downforce level will be based on peer group straight speeds. Greater overall downforce is the quicker way around the track and better for tire life, but you can't let the competition drive around you on the straight. Passing will be difficult, especially in GTLM with the nine super-competitive cars from five different manufacturers. The best passing spot will be braking into Turn 10. However, if you can't keep up on the straight you won't be in a position to out-brake someone into Turn 10. The track isn't particularly hard on brakes, but you need the brakes to last the 390+ laps that the GTLM cars will run during the race.
Competition: This is a unique period in GTLM. Corvette and Porsche will be racing new cars in 2020. The new 2020 Corvette is completely different with a mid-engine turbo and Ford is not racing in 2020. What influence will pace at Petit have on the BoP (Balance of Performance) for new 2020 cars? In this era, keeping a BoP advantage is a HUGE concern; every manufacturer's focal point. All the Porsches have to do is start the race and they have the manufacturer's, team and driver's titles wrapped up for 2019. As you don't have to finish to get points; second and third are not as cut and dry. Teams (manufacturers) will weigh the benefit of how much pace they have to show to win or finish well, against the potential negative BoP ramifications for 2020. IMSA has added language in the rules to preclude teams manipulating pace to control the BoP, but this is impossible to enforce. On a 1m18s lap the difference between first and last place pace is a mere .5 sec/lap.
Pit work needs to be only fuel, tires and driver changes with the occasional addition of engine oil. Anything extra or slow pit work will put you at the back of the field quickly. It's so hard to pass same class cars, you can't lose positions in the pits.
Risi run Ferrari's have fared well at Petit over the years; it's one of the team's more successful venues. The recent BoP (Balance of Performance) update should give the Risi Ferrari a better chance this year. This is only our second IMSA race this year and let's hope we can end the season on a high note.
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We Must Be Careful to Not Simply Transition From Overt Bigotry to Pleasant Racism
Donald Trump is gone. From DC. From Twitter. And from the presidency.
This is nothing but good news. He’s a terrible human being and an overt bigot. Under his watch, white supremacy spread like wildfire, and hate crimes and acts of ugly racism have spiked faster than any point in our lives. Now that Trump has lost the seats of power that he holds dear, it’s my hope and prayer that we will begin to see a decline in the type of gross hate that has found a warm embrace from Trump the past four years.
But my fear is that with Trump gone, we will transition from wall-to-wall overt bigotry to the default mode our nation has operated on for generations - a casual, even friendly, pleasant form of racism - the type that will shake your hand and smile in your face, but still imagine, create, fund, deploy, and protect policies that incarcerate our people.
The kind that empowers police who beat, maul, murder, and maim our people, and maintain the countless systems and structures of inequality that have harmed our families and communities from slavery until today.
Sometimes I hear people say they prefer the overt bigotry over the subtle kind. I don’t. Overt bigots spit in your face, call you racial slurs, AND oversee the policies that cause harm. Casual bigots keep the spit and racial slurs to themselves, but match many of the same policies as white supremacists.
I am hoping, instead, for a third option. One that abandons white supremacy in actions and in policies.
I know it’s wishful thinking, but it’s just not too much to ask.
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good luck Shorting the Sharks
just read the blog you linked. That's actually kinda terrifying.
NicTheMajestic ragnarok628
@ragnarok628, I went through Blackstone's books, they have liabilities in the hospitality and real estate sectors... But, they are heavily hedged and have many swaps on themselves and commercial real estate (macys) dated for 2022 and 2024. I am keeping an eye on them as a leading indicator for something bigger.
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