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Earth Science - Other
Can Science Save the Planet
Chris Handy's image for:
"Can Science Save the Planet"
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When referring to science one refers to the studies of the physical world through observation, the formation of theories, and experimentation to prove or disprove those theories. Scientists though, are supposed to look at these theories with constant skepticism. For instance, Einstein took Newton's laws of gravity and said that gravity, that thing holding me onto Earth, is just a theory. So why is it that climate researchers are so sure of global warming? Should they not be more skeptical about their theories? Or is there politics involved that is driving them to the conclusions they reach. I am not writing this essay as a scholar in the field; I am writing it as a student who feels politics should not be involved in science and that scientists should be doing what they were taught to do, which is to look at the world with a skeptical eye.
First of all, I do not feel it is proper to use the term global warming because today's data confirms that while the northern hemisphere is warming the southern hemisphere is cooling. This is due to precession, which I will discuss later. Through the course of this essay though, I feel the proper term is "global climate change" which has occurred naturally throughout the Earth's 4.5 billion year history. The modern fear of global warming is about as scary as the fear of global cooling during the 1970's. While both make sense to those who don't know science, it can be easily disproven by those who do.
Probably the most well known piece to global warming is the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse states that while certain gases are in the atmosphere they will trap heat, causing the Earth to warm. If this is true than I would like to hear an explanation as to why Antarctica is growing in size. Of course though, it is apparent that I will never see a story about that because that that will make even the dumbest of people realize that the Earth is not warming. Since most people think they understand the greenhouse effect and what it does to the Earth it seems relevant to explain the fact that greenhouse gases remove themselves naturally from the atmosphere. Of course though, when I went to find out how long it takes them to exit the atmosphere the answer I get was, "CO2 has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely"?
Another aspect to science which is completely ignored in the global warming theory is the entire scientific theory. The scientific theory says that you must have an independent variable (constant) which changes due to a dependant variable. Global warming says that distribution of greenhouse gases causes Earth to warm but greenhouse gas levels cannot be an independent variable (constant) because of the simple fact that they are not uniform throughout the atmosphere. If you search for the greenhouse gas concentration over every major city in the United states you will not find the same number, and if you look at suburbs as well as rural areas the concentration will deviate even more. So the question remains. How can you say human pollution causes global warming when the pollutants are not the same throughout the atmosphere?
Having brought up pollution I'm sure Carbon Dioxide came to your mind. Little do people know that 95% of the pollution humans cause is actually water. Water vapor is not a threat though because that is what clouds are made of. Once you exclude water vapor (as most CNN broadcasts about global warming do) Carbon Dioxide is the next most concentrated greenhouse gas. Assuming that all of this Carbon Dioxide goes into the atmosphere, CO2 only consitutes for .03% of Earths atmosphere. So why is it seen as such a threat? The answer is that no one knows that statistic and blindly believe what they read on the headlines of the newspaper and what they hear in the first 15 seconds of a news segment. In fact I would challenge any regular person who thinks they understand global warming from what they read in the newspaper to explain. All they will do is preech that pollution causes the Earth to warm because Al Gore made a movie about it.
Next, when you step outside and complain that it's hot you should think again. Most people have never heard of the medieval warm period but approximately 1,000 years ago it was warmer than it is now. Obviously pollution couldn't have caused this warm period because the industrial revolution occurred 200 years ago. So what could have made it so warm you ask? The answer: Natural causes. Humans aren't responsible for global climate change.
First is something called precession. Most people don't think of the world on a large scale but as the Earth rotates about it's axis it moves in weird ways. To understand this concept you must first understand that ALL objects in the universe with mass exert gravity on eachother. This means all the planets, the sun, even other galaxies to an extent will influence the Earth with their gravity. This causes the Earth's axis to wobble. What this does is it moves the Earth's poles closer to or further from the sun. This is why while the Northern hemisphere warms, the southern hemisphere cools. Another cause has to do with the sun itself. As we all know, through nuclear fusion the sun gives off heat. What most people don't know though, is that sometimes the sun gives off more heat than other times. Through periods of 22 years (called the solar cycle) sunspots on the surface of the sun shift. These sunspots control parts of the sun's magnetic field. What happens is over 11 years the sunspots shift so that the sun's magnetic field actually flips itself over and than over the next 11 years it flips itself back. During each of those 2 points when the magnetic field is flipped one way or the other, the sun gives off immense amounts of heat. These are actually the cause of the Aurora Borealis, which in case you don't know are the beautiful lights given off by gases in the atmosphere which are ionized by the high amounts of energy the sun hits them with.
Lastly, the politics behind global warming must be discussed. It has become apparent since the late 1970's that we have a limited amount of fossil fuels here on the Earth. I'm not sure how many people have noticed but ever since global warming became a big deal, cars that get high gas mileage and hybrids have been highly advertised. People are always talking about conspiracy theories involving the government, but what business does the government have involving itself with climate research? What business is it of an ex-Vice President to make a movie about global warming? It is clear that the quickest way to cause change is to scare people, so what a better way to cause a change than to tell them that if they don't buy hybrids and/or fuel efficient cars they will die because of global warming. Then to top it all off you have the liberal media jumping on the opportunity to scare people even though the writers have no idea what they're talking about.
I am not writing this essay as a scholar. I am writing it as a skeptical high school senior who feels that politics has no place in climate research, and that global warming is not a threat, nor does it exist. If you question anything I said go look any of it up in an encyclopedia or a text book and read about it yourself. The whole theory of global warming has so many holes in it that it is suprising that no real scientist has questioned it yet. Now my question to you is this. Will you question it, or will you follow blindly believing a "scientific" theory which does not follow the basics of science itself?
More about this author: Chris Handy
From Around the Web
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I am writing a non-magical fantasy story set in a low-tech world that is primarily composed of city-states with limited regional authority. I am trying to work out what kinds of seemingly realistic accommodations could/would be in place for disabled people. Culturally, I am trying to craft a world whose prejudices are very distinct from Earthly ones: no sexuality, gender-related, disability-related, or “race”-related discrimination exists. I am not trying to be “realistic” in terms of portraying the accommodations that the real past or the real present offers; I am trying to be realistic in a very optimistic, yet low-tech way, when it comes to accommodations. Do you have any advice for me?
– Kiera
Hi Kiera,
A lot of the time when people think about accessibility, they think about adaptive equipment such as wheelchairs and prosthetics. While adaptive equipment matters, it is important to keep in mind that the structure of the society plays a big role in shaping people’s accessibility needs. For example, cities with lots of stairs, but few ramps or elevators, create a need for wheelchairs that can climb stairs. In contrast, there isn’t a need for wheelchairs that can climb stairs in a city where all of the buildings have ramps and elevators. This is why it is helpful to start with broader aspects of social structure, such as architecture and social norms, when designing an accessible society.
I recommend researching accessible architecture. Many aspects of accessible architecture can be achieved at lower technology levels, like using ramps instead of stairs and using curves instead of sharp corners. On the smaller scale, things like using round tables and diverse seating options are also very achievable. Keep in mind that different people have different accessibility needs, so it helps to avoid uniformity and instead provide multiple options.
It’s also worth thinking about how ancient technology could be used by a society that cared more about accessibility. For example, while electric elevators are a relatively recent invention, humans have been using crane technology since ancient times. A society that wanted to could adapt this crane technology into something like an elevator.
The social structure of the society also has a big impact on accessibility. It is important to avoid situations where there is only one way to participate in something. Instead, create social situations where either the behavior of the group adjusts to meet individual needs or where there is a range of ways for people to participate. For example, having quiet spaces at large community celebrations provides space for those people who are overwhelmed by crowds. Another important behavior is open communication where people set expectations and ask about accessibility needs while events are being planned.
When it comes to adaptive equipment, devices like wheelchairs and prosthetics have been around in some form for a long time. A little research into this history should provide a reasonable starting point for deciding what form these items will take in your setting. Keep in mind that a society that cares more about accessibility will put more effort into developing adaptive equipment, so it makes sense to err on the side of optimism and make sure that the accessibility needs of the characters are being met.
Best wishes,
Fay from Writing Alchemy
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Condor Legion
Page 1 of 13 - About 122 essays
• The Condor Legion : Hitler Honed The Blitzkrieg In The Spanish Civil War
920 Words | 4 Pages
The Condor Legion: Hitler Honed the Blitzkrieg in the Spanish Civil War In 1936, right-wing military commanders launched the coup d’état that sparked the Spanish Civil War. These insurgents, or Nationalists, quickly enlisted the support of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in their struggle against the loyalists, or Republicans. Eager to counter Soviet participation on the Republican side – and to test his own armed forces – Hitler formed the Condor Legion. Ultimately, 19,000 German troops served in
• Guernica By Pablo Picasso
700 Words | 3 Pages
born in Spain and was devastated to see it be ruled by a fascist who has taken over the country. Hitler, preparing for a world war, was making new weapons and asked Franco if he could test them on a spanish city. On April 26, 1937, the German Condor Legion bombed the city of Guernica in Northern Spain, all with the permission of Franco. The bombing killed over a thousand people and left the world shocked. Picasso’s oil painting on canvas captures both the reactions of the public and the pain of the
• Guernica's History Essay
1081 Words | 5 Pages
it did not cause the bridge the bridge to collapse, would doubtless have made it unsafe for traffic (Gordon, Morgan 1975). The Condor Legion had had many successful missions to prove their accuracy. For example, they succeeded in dropping provisions squarely into the courtyard of the besieged Nationalist city of Alcazar. For the Guernica mission the Condor Legion was equipped with airplanes consisting of three German types, Junkers and Heinkel bombers and Heinkel fighters which were loaded with
• Symbolism In Guernica
720 Words | 3 Pages
Guernica, the title of the painting, is a town in Basque Country, Spain. It was the target of terror bombing during the Spanish civil war because it was the northern bastion of the Republican resistance movement. First, war is depicted as devastating and it cares no one – men, women, grandparents, children neither animals. Everyone is a victim. By looking at the paintings, the people are in pain. With their mouth open that might mean streaming out their agony; with their fingers wide spread, they
• Disappearances In Ferguson Analysis
1033 Words | 5 Pages
detainees once they disappeared into the hundreds of secret detention centers known as "pits" and "black holes". Aside from spreading confusion among guerrilla organizations, planting fear in Argentine society, destroying incriminating evidence, and misleading world opinion, the disappearances also served as a remembrance of the ‘Dirty War’. The armed forces did their best to influence national memory by impressing, the dirty war had been a legitimate antirevolutionary war against a guerrilla insurgency
• Why Should Zoos Be Illegal
1062 Words | 5 Pages
Imagine going to the zoo. Getting to see all sorts of unique animals. But has anyone wondered if the zoo is helping animals or is it the opposite? People had despised zoos for animal captivity and complained that zoos should be illegal. Why is that? Other’s imagine animals in a cramped cage as they are treated poorly, but that is not the case. Zoos had existed for a while and they have been helping animals ever since. Zoos should not be illegal because it keeps all animals safe and well fed
• The Conservation Of Wildlife Animals
925 Words | 4 Pages
California condors. Goodall starts the story with a humorous description about the condors; she describes the redness of condors ' bare head and their strong wings. She continued by informs the readers about the decline of California condors and how it raised a controversial between the biologists and the “protectionist” regarding the issue of captive breeding. As the possibility of condors surviving in the wild decreases, the argument finally comes to an end when the “last wild Condors [are] taken
• Essay about Understanding Kissinger’s Actions Toward Chile
1231 Words | 5 Pages
Understanding Kissinger’s Actions Toward Chile Can an individual influence foreign policy? Based upon the eight years that Henry Kissinger was the Secretary of State it is clear that an individual can (Starr 466). It has become apparent through recently released classified documents that Kissinger played a large role in allowing the brutal Pinochet dictatorship over Chile to take place and allowed massive human rights violations to continually occur during the Pinochet regime. What is continually
• The Importance Of Zoos In The Conservation Of Animals
828 Words | 4 Pages
“Zoos and aquariums are some of the best places for you and your family to get connected to nature and become engaged in conservation action” (“Society”). Zoos are essential in growing public awareness of nature. Recently, zoos have faced controversies from animal activists. Many believe animals are restrained of their rights. Furthermore, individuals believe it is wrong to display animals for entertainment which is unethical and unnecessary. However, such perception is only one of many aspects.
• Paraguay's Archive Of Terror Analysis
732 Words | 3 Pages
The article “Paraguay’s Archive of Terror: International Cooperation and Operation Condor” by Katie Zoglin centers around the way in which the Southern Cone countries, with a specific focus on Paraguay, dealt with political opponents. The article was written in the period of winter-spring in 2001. This is significant because the article is also from the American Law Review at Miami University in a period just after the 9/11 attacks. This could affect some of the ideas about military governments and
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Voir en
LHC Report: the role of the injectors
How the injector chain has contributed to increase the luminosity of the proton-lead ion run
For its last four running weeks of the year the LHC is colliding protons (p) with lead ions (Pb). This not only presents a challenge for the collider itself, but also for the six accelerators involved in producing the beams, which have to provide the bunches that will eventually collide in ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb. Two different injector chains boost and deliver the two different types of particles to the LHC. For the protons, the chain is Linac 2, the PS Booster (PSB), the Proton Synchrotron (PS) and the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), and for the lead ions, it’s Linac 3, the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR), the PS and the SPS.
The challenge for the injector complex is twofold. Firstly, the injection pattern of the protons must match with that of the lead ions, in order to maximise the number of colliding bunches in the LHC.
The ideal situation would be to have the same number of bunches and the same bunch spacing for both protons and lead ions. However, the lead ion injection technique sets a constraint. LEIR and the PS can only provide the SPS with a lead ion beam consisting of four bunches spaced by 100 nanoseconds (ns), a different pattern than in normal p-p operations where the proton beam consists of 72 bunches spaced by 25 ns.
Secondly, the intensity of the proton beam must also be reduced to correspond to that of the lead ions. For p-Pb operations, the proton bunches need to be five times less intense than usual.
The best possible match that the injector team has found is to inject a train of two batches each consisting of 18 bunches of protons and a train of seven batches consisting of four bunches of lead ions (see picture for more details).
The injector chain is already benefiting from the results of the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) project, which aims to upgrade the beam performance of the injectors for the future High-Luminosity LHC. Since the beginning of the run, the Pb injectors have delivered an intensity three times greater than the original design value. This was a major contributor to reaching peak luminosity about six times greater than expected when the proton-lead programme was planned just a few years ago.
At the time of writing, the LHC is still on course to achieve all the physics goals of this run, in spite of all the technical mishaps encountered, such as a power cut last week and a quench on 24 November.
When not filling the LHC, the injector chain provides beams for lots of other users, including the Antiproton Decelerator, AWAKE, HiRadMat, and the North Area.
The injection scheme for the proton beam (upper part of the picture) starts with the PSB, which first sends four bunches to the PS, followed by two more 1.2 seconds later. In the PS, the bunches are then split in three and are spaced by 100 ns. The 18 resulting bunches are accelerated to 25 GeV and delivered to the SPS. This operation is repeated and the second batch of 18 bunches is injected next to the first one in the SPS, with a spacing of 200 ns. After acceleration to 450 GeV, the 36-bunch train is transferred to the LHC. For the lead ion beam (lower half of the picture): LEIR accelerates the ion beam in two bunches to 72 MeV/nucleon, and sends it to the PS. In the PS, the bunches are split in two and their spacing is set to 100 ns using an RF technique known as “batch expansion”. The accelerated beam is extracted towards the SPS and traverses a 1-mm thick aluminium foil, which strips the ions of their 28 remaining electrons. This operation is repeated six times, accumulating the seven four-bunch trains in the SPS with a spacing of 200 ns. The 28 bunches are sent to the LHC after acceleration to 177 GeV/nucleon.Due to the different bunch spacings, only the 27 blue bunches collide in each train. Each operation is repeated 20 times to fill both rings of the LHC.
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New High-Tech Lab at Fred Hutch Creates 3D Maps of Proteins to Aid Therapeutics and Vaccine Research
A new lab has launched at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center to facilitate the cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) technique, which uses extreme temperatures and an electron microscope to create 3D maps of proteins.
The detailed images produced by cryo-EM bring the complex movement and structure of molecules to life in high resolution, allowing researchers to better understand their function. This groundbreaking method could ultimately lead to new therapeutics and vaccines targeting illnesses from autoimmune diseases to cancer and infectious diseases.
Fred Hutch plans to continue building up the facility and staff to expand the field, with the goal of eventually moving on from looking at a single protein or virus to bigger structures like cells.
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Skip to main content
Economic Opportunity and Growth
Disrupting Beliefs in Racial Economic Progress
Despite limited progress, stark wealth inequality still exists between Black and White Americans, and many Americans are unaware of the size of the gap. In Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, management professor and IPR associate Ivuoma Onyeador, IPR faculty adjunct Jennifer Richeson, and their colleagues examine whether information about racism’s impact on opportunities and outcomes for racial minorities improves White Americans’ perceptions of the current Black-White wealth gap. In one study, 667 White participants read an article about racial inequality in the U.S. or another article and then provided their estimates of income and wealth equality between Black and White Americans in 1963 and 2016. In a second study, 845 White participants were randomly assigned to read one of two articles about the persistence of racial discrimination because of either explicit bias or implicit bias, or they did not read anything. Both studies found that reading about racism and either implicit or explicit discrimination produced smaller overestimates of how much the wealth gap had narrowed over time, but largely because participants adjusted their estimates of past levels of racial economic equality down. The findings indicate that, while White Americans’ belief in racial progress may be disrupted temporarily, their belief in the equality of Black and White Americans’ current economic circumstances is misinformed. Future research is needed to uncover interventions that could help provide accurate information about current economic gaps.
Immigration and Entrepreneurship in the U.S.
Immigration can expand labor supply and create greater competition for native-born workers, but immigrants also start businesses and increase the demand for labor. In an IPR working paper, strategy professor and IPR associate Benjamin Jones and his colleagues study the role of immigrants in entrepreneurship. Using U.S. Census Bureau data and population-wide W-2 tax records, they integrated employment and demographic records to see whether founders of companies between 2005 and 2010 were native- or foreign-born. To determine the immigrant status of the founders and the size of the companies, the researchers also examined the U.S. Census’s Survey of Business Owners in 2012, and they collected data on firms listed in the 2017 Fortune 500 ranking. The researchers find across the data that immigrants start companies of every size at higher rates than native-born individuals. Overall, the results show immigrants are highly entrepreneurial. Jones and his colleagues suggest that immigrants act more as "job creators" than "job takers." These findings can help resolve the tension between labor supply-oriented analyses, where immigrants are seen to compete with local workers and depress wages, and natural experiments that often show more positive economic results of immigration for native born workers. Jones is the Gordon and Llura Gund Family Professor of Entrepreneurship.
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Quick Answer: Can Your Baby Die In The Womb Without You Knowing?
Can sitting in hot water cause miscarriage?
Can a dead fetus make you sick?
What food can kill a baby when pregnant?
What week is miscarriage most common?
What causes a baby to die in the womb?
There are wide-ranging reasons why a baby may die in the womb. These reasons include how the placenta works, genetic factors, a mum’s health, age and lifestyle, and if there has been any infection. Problems with the placenta are thought to be the most common cause of a baby dying in the womb.
Is it OK to sleep on right side when pregnant?
Why do stillborn babies look bruised?
Lips – your baby’s lips may be a bright cherry red, or a deep purple color. This can be due to birth asphyxia, or due to the baby’s blood pooling after death has occurred. Head — collapse of the skull with overlapping bones, cranial bones become separated from the dura and periosteum.
How can I check my baby’s heartbeat at home?
How do they remove a dead baby from the womb?
How do I know if my baby is growing inside me?
What are the signs of unhealthy pregnancy?
First Trimester Problems: When to Call Your DoctorVaginal Bleeding. … Excessive Nausea and Vomiting. … High Fever. … Vaginal Discharge and Itching. … Pain or Burning During Urination. … Leg or Calf Pain, or Swelling on One Side/ Severe Headache. … Flare-Ups of Chronic Diseases.
How do you know if something is wrong with your pregnancy?
Normal discomforts of pregnancy can include nausea (especially in the first 3 months), heartburn, a need to urinate often, backache, breast tenderness and swelling, and tiredness. There are some symptoms that may mean danger for you or the baby.
What week is stillbirth most common?
What is Stillbirth?An early stillbirth is a fetal death occurring between 20 and 27 completed weeks of pregnancy.A late stillbirth occurs between 28 and 36 completed pregnancy weeks.A term stillbirth occurs between 37 or more completed pregnancy weeks..
Which fruits should avoid during pregnancy?
Can a baby be put back in the womb?
In a pioneering operation, a team of California surgeons has removed a 23-week-old fetus from his mother’s womb, successfully operated to correct a blocked urinary tract and then returned the unborn baby to the uterus and sewed the womb back up.
What are the symptoms if baby dies in womb?
How long can you keep a dead baby in your womb?
Why does a fetus heart stop beating?
This means the genetic material in the chromosomes wasn’t right for a baby to develop. In a missed miscarriage, either the embryo doesn’t develop, or it doesn’t get very far and the heartbeat stops. Occasionally it happens beyond the first few weeks, perhaps at eight weeks or 10 weeks, or even further on.
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Power BITutorials
How to Create A Sequential List Using Power Query
1 Mins read
The Power Query M language allows you to create a list containing a sequence of numbers or characters very easily. This is possible when you are defining lists by using expressions in the format-
To get in-depth knowledge about Power Query and its functions, check our latest high rated Power Query Course and become a pro in Power Query & it’s functioning.
Create A Sequential List With Power Query
Let us take an example to understand this feature.
Step 1: Add Custom Column
You can write an M query in Power Query Editor for creating a list of integers, list of characters and list of Unicode values. After you load the data in Power Query, you can link it to the list or table created using M query. To write the M query you can use the Advanced Editor or Custom column as shown below.
Step 2: Write M Code
Write the M code we have created a simple table with three columns and three rows using the below-given formula-
#table({“A”..”C”}, {{1..3}, {7..9}, {11..13}})
The output of this formula is shown below.
You can learn more :
This is how you can control, shape and modify your data table using Power Query Editor features in Power BI.
Leave a Reply
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— Veronica Reynolds, Arvada, Colorado
Those numbers might make a person believe she could get by quite nicely without a gallbladder, but the organ does in fact serve an important purpose in digestion. It stores and releases bile, a substance that helps the body process fat.
When the gallbladder is removed, bile still flows from the liver (where it originates) into the small intestine. However, the release is more haphazard and can result in discomfort after a meal—particularly one that is high in fat.
My first recommendation is to consider eating smaller meals evenly spaced throughout the day and to reduce your intake of dietary fat. You may find these minor changes are all you need.
If that doesn't work, try slowly increasing your intake of fiber—from whole grains, fruits, vegetables, beans, and lentils—which helps speed the movement of food through your system. More efficient digestion can also help reduce bloating.
A few gradual adjustments should ensure that you and food get along just fine, even without your gallbladder there to referee.
Next Story
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How well does imaging AI perform in the real world?
November 27, 2018 | Article
Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms can yield impressive results when tested on images similar to those used in their training. But how well do they do on images acquired at other hospitals and on different patient populations? Not always as well, according to research published online November 6 in PLOS Medicine.
The full article can be found here.
With all of the recent buzz around the use and potential of AI, there have been few successful examples that show how they perform in the real world. This is why the work of radiologists is essential to identifying a lesion, and then utilizing machine learning tools do the rest. The HealthMyne Platform relies on radiologists to identify abnormalities and then our algorithms, powered by machine learning, segment the lesion and provide the valuable quantitative data to utilize when making treatment decisions.
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Museo Galileo - Willem Cornelisz Schouten
Museo Galileo
Virtual Museum
Willem Cornelisz Schouten
Able Dutch navigator, planned a voyage to the East without passing the Cape of Good Hope or crossing the Magellan Straits - two routes authorized only for ships of the Dutch East India Company. The expedition, of which Jacob Le Maire was also a member, left in 1615 and effectively found a new southern passage between the Atlantic and the Pacific. Schouten's new route came to be routinely used by the Dutch. Schouten made many other voyages to the East, and died on his way home from an expedition in 1625.
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Open EXE File – What is and How to View – Format and Programs
File type: Windows Executable
What is
The EXE file extension is employed in identifying the executable files on the different Operating Systems of Microsoft including DOS and Windows as well as the Operating System OS/2.
The executable files are known as applications that run when they are double clicked. The said refers to an executable file type which means that the said file is a software application. All applications running on the Microsoft Operating Systems or DOS utilize it.
Additionally, it contains a variety of resources that include graphics and icons certain programs use for their graphical user interface or GUI.
It also contains other pieces of information that are not a part of an application including the needed environment or platform required in order to execute the program application properly, housekeeping information that will be used by the OS in preparing for the execution of the program, and pieces of information that pertain to debugging and symbolic information.
The said information is not typically a component of the EXE files wherein the systems only have a small storage room and are embedded. Moreover, the information significant to debugging is not usually provided with the EXE files that could be availed of in commercial packages.
Detailed information
Category: Executable Files
File format: Proprietary
Open with Windows: Various Programs
Open with Linux: Wine, Cedega, Various programs
All the executable files in the EXE file extension begin with ASCII MZ. However, the said file extension is generated by various compilers that could contain more identification than the standard ASCII MZ.
Meanwhile, unless the EXE has properly formatted computer instructions, it could not be properly executed even if it has a properly marked identification. The files that contain this format run on MS Windows, OS/2, ReactOS, DOS and OpenVMS Operating Systems.
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7 Common Challenges In Plants
Sometimes, killing a plant accidentally is inevitable. It’s true, we’re just being honest. Most plant owners have been in that situation. Especially if you’re new in gardening, it’s almost impossible for you to avoid it. So if ever you’ve had your own murder (of a plant of course!) and feel ashamed, don’t hesitate to try again.
With practice and correct instruction on how to take care of a plant, you shall avoid being in the same crime. Here are the 7 common challenges in plants you might face. Read on and see how you can deal with it.
This is one of the most common challenges that a gardener and a plant can have. Over-watering and Under-watering your plants can cause its slow death. Caring for our plant is shown through correct watering.
Over-watering can drown your plants while Under-watering them will leave their roots dry and thirsty. You’ll see signs if your plants are over or under watered.
Over-watering: The soil does not dry. The roots and leaves turn yellow.
Under-watering: Drooping stem and leaves.
This depends on the type of plant you are cultivating. Some plants need more water while others don’t need much. To know if you have given it enough water, use your fingers to check the soil of the plant.
Feel the moisture level of the soil to properly assess the wetness level of your plant.
This is the same with over-watering. You should follow the water direction for different plants. Slowly water your plant until you see the soil is evenly wet. Again, use your fingers to check the moisture level of your plant’s soil.
Light is important but too much or little of it can harm your beloved plants. Light from the window is not enough to cater to your plant’s need for light. Light exposure does not always mean direct exposure to it. Sometimes, it is the feeling of warmth your plants get.
Little light: The color of the leaves turns green and soon begin to droop.
Too much light: The leaves burn and there are brown spots. The color of the leaves starts to turn yellow.
Little light: Move to a brighter spot where your plant can have more light and warm.
Too much light: Move your plant away from direct sunlight, such as the window pane.
The light that is needed will depend on your plant. So you better take note of that.
This works in a similar manner with watering. You need to know the amount of sunlight needed by your chosen plant. You can experiment on this, just make sure that you always check your plants so they don’t die.
You can also relate these problems with the first 2 problems that were mentioned above. Over or under fertilizing your plants can cause their slow death. You probably know that fertilizers are plants’ source of nutrition. It’s their food supplement. Plant’s do eat too if you’re not aware of that.
Excess nutrients can harm your plant’s roots. Think of it as a child getting obese because of too much food. While under-fertilizing your plant can happen if you were not able to feed your plant for 6 months. It’s like malnourished kiddo.
Over-fertilized: The leaves are burnt because of the fertilizer.
Under-fertilized: The growth of your plants is slow and does not show new shoots and flowers.
Over-fertilized: Decrease the fertilizer’s concentration and lessen the frequency of doses.
Under-fertilized: Give your plant low doses of fertilizer.
Your plants grow and eventually, they can run out of space to spread to. Usually, this happens once yearly. For other plants, it can occur once every two years. You shall see roots popping out of the soil as a clear sign for this problem.
No plant growth and roots pop out of the soil.
Re-pot! Check out guides on how to re-pot your plant if you don’t know how to.
Moving your plants from places to places too much can cause problems. They like to have a rooted style of life. So moving them around too much only adds stress to them.
So before permanently planting them in your garden, it is best much as possible, find a spot that will be theirs for the rest of their plant life.
Yellowing leaves with slow growth.
Avoid moving them too much.
This is very common, not just with plants but also with humans. Diseases are problems that can occur from time to time. It’s just a matter of how you face it properly and immediately to stop it. Constantly checking for your plant’s health is significant for their healthy growth. Recognizing problems early can reduce the chances of diseases spreading on your plant.
Irregular growth of a plant (noticeable pests and insects are seen)
You can call for professional help if you don’t know what to do. You can check out for some DIY steps to tend to your plants’ health here.
Grooming is needed by plants as well as people do. A loose stem, dropping leaves, and fall flowers are just normal things with plants. However, you have to keep them tidy to avoid pests and insects from pestering them.
Stunted growth of plants
Remove dead leaves, branches, and flowers. Clean up so they won’t pile up.
Properly label your plants so you will know the right amount of sunlight, water, and fertilizer to use on them. Buy organic plant markers, today.
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CodeBreakers Video Library
This is a course of short animated videos to help you understand jargon related to literacy.
This selection of short, animated videos will help you to understand:
How to label letters of the alphabet, tricky sequencing, letter reversals, alternate labelling
What is the difference between a letter name or sound
What is a consonant or vowel
What is a noun, verb, adjective or adverb
What is a syllable
The difference between a syllable and sound
What is a blend
What is a digraph
What is a prefix or suffix
Paste and present tense
Word morphology
What is a homophone
We’ll keep adding to the content, please pop by and visit again soon if you can’t see the video you’re looking for.
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"content": "{\n \"format\": 1,\n \"knowledge\": 1,\n \"slop\": 5,\n \"justification\": \"The passage is a chaotic mash of questions, instructions, and ad copy with almost no coherent paragraph flow or punctuation. It offers only generic, surface‑level references to Nuremberg without substantive detail, and it is saturated with SEO filler, repeated marketing slogans, and empty filler.\"\n}"
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1. How did war criminals escape prosecution? 2. Discuss the formation of the International Military Tribunal.3. How were war criminals tracked and captured?. Define the four different charges against individual Nazis and Nazi organizations.5. What was the format used for the Nuremberg trials? critical Thinking Questions1. What evidence was used at the Nuremberg trial and why?. Consider Hermann Goering’s behavior at the trial. Why did he behave the way he did and how does that play into his eventual suicide? 3. How did the Eichmann trial differ from the Nuremberg trials and what was the impact of the Eichmann trial? 4. Discuss the reasons for the public proceedings at Nuremberg. Why was it so important to have a public, legal trail with the proper process? During the trial, prosecutors had to present sensitive and horrifying materials, including photographs of victims and evidence of crimes against humanity.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of presenting this type of material in a trial? Do you think you would have taken the same approach as the Nuremberg prosecutors? Why or why not? Shtetl <- your first lablinkThisdocumentary is several hours long. Watch at least the first hour of the film for this unit. (The rest of the film will be covered in the next unit.) Read through some of the information from the left-hand side menu.. How did the Holocaust affect the Polish town that Marzynski and his friend visit? Write at least three paragraphs in response to the question.2. Marzynski and his friend confront the idea that some of the Polish townspeople killed or turned in their Jewish neighbors. How do they feel about this? 3. Do the townspeople still hold anti-Semitic feelings? Explain your answer.4. Why did some of the Jewish townspeople to the woods during the Nazi occupation? What was their life like there? 5. Why do you think Marzynski is reluctant to return to his own hometown? Why do you think Nathan wanted to search for his family’s shtetl? Get assignment help here
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Skip to content
Compressed Gas Safety
Compressed gas cylinders can be extremely hazardous, not only because of the contents of the cylinders, but because of the pressure of the gases within the cylinders, so there is a dual concern. When a cylinder is compromised, there’s worry about how the container itself may behave, but also about the potential from harm from whatever chemical is stored inside.
Learning Objectives:
(1) Identify hazards associated with cylinder dispensing and control components and contents
(2) Recognize identification labels and markings on compressed gas cylinders
(3) Recall practices to safely use compressed gas cylinders and their components
(4) Identify safe methods of moving and storing compressed gas cylinders.
Course length: 21 Minutes
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1. epiphysis
noun. the end of a long bone; initially separated from the main bone by a layer of cartilage that eventually ossifies so the parts become fused.
• long bone
Featured Games
2. epiphysis
noun. a small endocrine gland in the brain; situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum; secretes melatonin.
• pineal body
• ductless gland
• endocrine gland
• epiphysis cerebri
• endocrine
Example sentences of the word epiphysis
1. Noun, singular or mass
Each epiphysis is capped with articular cartilage that connects the bone to the rest of the body while simultaneously cushioning the end of the bone.
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Snakes, fishing methods, cooking on a fire and eating snakes during survival in extreme or emergency situations.
Science claims that out of about 2,400 species of snakes, about 200 of them are deadly to humans. Despite this, one should not be afraid of the unpleasant consequences of eating snake meat. Almost all snakes, both poisonous and non-poisonous, are edible. Snake venom, if it exists, is only in their head, and therefore meat can be eaten without fear of poisoning.
We will not dwell on the reasons that may prompt you to catch and eat snakes during a short outing or a multi-day trip. We believe that they will be quite substantial and reasonable..
Catching snakes.
When catching snakes, extreme care must be taken, it is better to be safe again and consider each of them poisonous by default, regardless of whether you visually recognized it or not. In case the snake defeats the snake-man, you must remember the rules for first aid after a bite of snakes and, if available, prepare the necessary tools, for example, the Swyer Extractor Pump Kit.
Keeping from the snake at a safe distance, at least one of its length, so that it does not reach you in the throw, with a long, forked stick (branch), we securely press the snake’s head to the ground and then either cut it off with a knife or chop it off with an ax. Or smash it with a stone or another stick. Even in the head of a poisonous snake separated from the body, its teeth remain very dangerous. Therefore, the head must be buried, farther and deeper, so that then you do not accidentally step on it.
Cutting and Cooking Snakes.
From the headless snake we remove the skin and remove the insides. To do this, after making a long longitudinal section along her belly, we take the skin with one hand and pull the carcass with the other. Then we remove all the insides and then wash the carcass. If the snake is large, then the skin can not be removed, only gut and rinse well.
The prepared snake carcass can be cooked, previously cut into pieces, or baked in coals (in its own skin) or over the heat of a fire (if the skin was removed). Snakes do not smell very good, so you should not postpone the cooking procedure, there will be less unpleasant sensations. The easiest, most convenient and fastest way to cook a snake is to bake it over a fire. To do this, we fix the carcass on a raw skewer branch and place it over the heat of coals or fire of the fire. The dish is ready when the meat is easily separated from the bones. In extreme cases, if it is not possible to get fire, snake meat can be eaten raw. However, it is better to refrain from this, you never know what parasites live on it. Any heat treatment would be preferable.
Original snake recipes by Jerry Hopkins, author of Extreme Cooking.
Breaded Rattlesnake Snack.
Kill the snake and hang it by the tail for an hour, having previously cut off its head. Refresh and gut. Cut into pieces, which are then soaked for 2 hours in milk. Roll the pieces in cornmeal or breadcrumbs, or in a mixture thereof. Deep-fry. Serve with hot Louisiana sauce, texas pepper sauce or tartar sauce.
Pickled Snake Cooked with Rice.
Refresh the snake and cut its meat into chopsticks with chopsticks. Sliced in a mixture of soy sauce, garlic, ginger and bourbon whiskey. Then put the meat on partially cooked rice and continue cooking until both are cooked..
How to distinguish a venomous snake from a non-venomous snake, some signs. Small video.
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Understanding with the Heart
There are seed that fall in good soil, who produce good fruit, yielding one hundred-fold, sixty, or thirty. These are those who hear the word and understand it.
Matthew 13:23
The parable of the sower is somewhat unusual because Jesus tells the disciples its meaning. Its broad purpose is to explain the failure of the grace God has poured out on the earth and its inhabitants to produce universally faith, hope, love, and obedience, and in some the seed, understood, has produced fruit pleasing to God.
Jesus gives three examples of failure, examples now familiar. The seed that falls along the path is easily taken away by the birds because the one thus gifted has no understanding. The seed that fell on rocky ground represents those who receive the word with joy but whose understanding is superficial; when their faith is tried, when the commands of Christ seem hard, these fall away. The seed that falls among thorns does not bear fruit because the one to whom it is entrusted is seduced by the cares of the world, delights in the good things of the world to the exclusion of faithfulness to Christ.
Jesus also gives a single example of success. These are seed that fall in good soil, who produce good fruit , yielding one hundred-fold, sixty, or thirty. They hear the word and understand it. The good soil is the heart prepared by grace given and received, enabling the elect to understand the Word.
The verb beneath the word “understand” is a compound of the prefix together or with and a verb that has many meanings. Its use in Matthew must signal its importance, for, although it appears in other biblical texts, in the Gospels it is limited to parallel texts and to those describing the disciples’ understanding of Jesus’ words. Of course Jesus spoke Aramaic, but we trust the Greek-speaker who recorded His words for the Graeco-Roman world to have used the verb translated as “understand“ accurately. In any event we know that “to understand” is different from knowledge that signifies our recognition of the facts of the matter, although it includes that recognition, but to understand the Word sown means something deeper. Monsignor Knox and the Douay-Rheims and the Authorized Version translate “understand” as “understanding of the heart,” and RSV in another place as “hear and grasp.”
The translators are telling us something important. The word “heart” does not appear in either the Greek or Latin. The Greek for “grasp” is also missing from the text. Jesus is explaining that those who failed to enter the Kingdom, although they heard did not take the Word into their hearts. But there were those who both heard and understood, who located Christ and His Gospel at the center of their lives, those who have grasped Jesus and His message, who make His person and His words the very principle of their thoughts and actions, bearing fruit for the Kingdom of the New Heart over which Christ now reigns as king.
Jesus offers an explanation of the failure of those who hear but do not understand. Christians are not permitted to say that Satan caused them to sin (James 1:13), but it is evident from Scripture that he never stops trying, and that with the cooperation of the human will, he may have his successes. From the moment of the Incarnation, Satan has roamed the earth seeking to destroy the faith of the children of the Woman Clothed with the Sun (Revelation 12:17). His principle method is obfuscation and studied neglect. It is he who sows weeds among the wheat that grows in the Church. And the weeds will continue to grow because Jesus warns the zealous disciples that if they try to clear the field of weeds, in rooting up the weeds the wheat may be damaged. And this means that the Kingdom in its historical manifestation as the Church will always be a mixed community consisting of some who have taken the Gospel to heart and some who hear but do not understand. It is a mercy that only Christ knows who has understood with the heart and who has not; this will not be revealed until He comes again, until the book of life is opened at the end of the age.
Meanwhile understanding the Good News planted in the human heart prompts many actions: belief, obedience, and above all love, love for God and love for our neighbors, for those we come upon as we walk the path that is our life. Each of these has its own necessity. Belief involves belief in the merciful acts of Jesus by which He bought our freedom with His death and resurrection. But it involves more; each sentence in the Creed invites our belief, and we dare not prefer belief in one of Jesus’ actions to another. For belief to be effective it must be what is called theological faith, belief that is ours not because we consider it suitable or even because we are grateful for it, but belief because the truths of our religion are expressions of the authority of God. In an analogous way heart-understanding expresses itself in obedience. Very often the yoke is easy and the burden light, but the day will come when conscience makes a claim that desire can follow only with difficulty and humility. It is the evangelist John who reminds the ages that the sure sign of our love for Christ is our obedience to His commandments, of which the first is love of our brothers and sisters. And as for love, it is the supernatural empowering gift that enables belief and obedience.
What the Word in our hearts promotes may seem simple, but it is in reality deep. Jesus commands us to love God with all our hearts, all our souls, and all our minds (Matthew 22:37). And perfecting the Word understood in a life lived is made difficult by the fact that God is not unopposed in this world. As Matthew 13:24–30 tells us, there is an enemy roaming the earth, seeking endlessly with demonic energy to snatch the Word from every life, sowing doubt, ever proclaiming the glory and the satisfactions of “the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and pride of life.” In our present century Satan has an easy sell, for he moves among a people, perhaps even Christian people, who have never taken Christ and His words into their hearts, who do not understand and who do not know that they do not understand.
Therefore to our duty to believe, to obey, and to love, there is added one more, the duty to witness. You, said Jesus, are my witnesses to the ends of the earth. Laying aside not the grace of conversational engagement but the fear of intruding upon others and the pusillanimity that cannot bear a challenge, refusing the stance that considers religion too private to have any place in the public square, the time has come to accept the scandal of the Gospel, that no one comes to the Father except through His Son Jesus, that men are appointed once to die and after that comes judgement, that God’s judgement is the ultimate source of meaning, that this same judgement rewards those who long to see the face of God and allows those who have not and will not understand the consequences of their neglect.
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Difference between revisions of "Free structure"
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[[Category:Theoretical foundations]]
=== Introduction ===
This article attempts to give a relatively informal understanding of "free" structures from algebra/category theory, with pointers to some of the formal material for those who desire it. The later sections make use of some notions from [[category theory]], so some familiarity with its basics will be useful.
=== Algebra ===
==== What sort of structures are we talking about? ====
The distinction between free structures and other, non-free structures, originates in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra abstract algebra], so that provides a good place to start. Some common structures considered in algebra are:
* '''[[Monoid]]s'''
** consisting of
*** A set <math>M</math>
*** An identity <math>e \in M</math>
*** A binary operation <math>* : M \times M \to M</math>
** And satisfying the equations
*** <math> x * (y * z) = (x * y) * z </math>
*** <math> e * x = x = x * e </math>
* '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics) Groups]'''
** consisting of
*** A monoid <math>(M, e, *)</math>
*** An additional unary operation <math>\,^{-1} : M \to M</math>
** satisfying
*** <math> x * x^{-1} = e = x^{-1} * x</math>
* '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics) Rings]'''
** consisting of
*** A set <math>R</math>
*** A unary operation <math>- : R \to R</math>
*** Two binary operations <math> +, * : R \times R \to R</math>
*** Distinguished elements <math>0, 1 \in R</math>
** such that
*** <math>(R, 0, +, -)</math> is a group
*** <math>(R, 1, *)</math> is a monoid
*** <math> x + y = y + x </math>
*** <math> (x + y)*z = x*z + y*z </math>
*** <math> x * (y + z) = x*y + x*z </math>
==== Free algebraic structures ====
Now, given such a description, we can talk about the free structure over a particular set <math>S</math> (or, possibly over some other underlying structure; but we'll stick with sets now). What this means is that given <math>S</math>, we want to find some set <math>M</math>, together with appropriate operations to make <math>M</math> the structure in question, along with the following two criteria:
* There is an embedding <math>i : S \to M</math>
* The structure generated is as 'simple' as possible.
** <math>M</math> should contain only elements that are required to exist by <math>i</math> and the operations of the structure.
So, in the case of a free monoid (from here on out, we'll assume that the structure in question is a monoid, since it's simplest), the equation <math>x * y = y * x</math> should not hold unless <math>x = y</math>, <math>x = e</math> or <math>y = e</math>. Further <math>i x \in M</math>, for all <math>x</math>, and <math>e \in M</math>, and <math>\forall x, y \in M.\,\, x * y \in M</math> (and these should all be distinct, except as required by the monoid laws), but there should be no 'extra' elements of <math>M</math> in addition to those.
M = [S]
e = []
* = (++)
i : S -> [S]
-- etc.
=== The category connection ===
==== Free structure functors ====
One possible objection to the above description (even a more formal version thereof) is that the characterization of "simple" is somewhat vague. [[Category theory]] gives a somewhat better solution. Generally, structures-over-a-set will form a category, with arrows being structure-preserving homomorphisms. "Simplest" (in the sense we want) structures in that category will then either be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_and_terminal_objects initial or terminal], [1] and thus, freeness can be defined in terms of such universal constructions.
In its [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_object full categorical generality], freeness isn't necessarily categorized by underlying set structure, either. Instead, one looks at "forgetful" functors [2] from the category of structures to some other category. For our free monoids above, it'd be:
* <math>U : Mon \to Set</math>
The functor taking monoids <math>(M, e, *)</math> to their underlying set <math>M</math>. Then, the relevant universal property is given by finding an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjunction adjoint functor]:
* <math>F : Set \to Mon</math>, <math> F</math> ⊣ <math>U </math>
==== Algebraic constructions in a category ====
Category theory also provides a way to extend specifications of algebraic structures to more general categories, which can allow us to extend the above informal understanding to new contexts. For instance, one can talk about monoid objects in an arbitrary [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoidal_category monoidal category]. Such categories have a tensor product <math>\otimes</math> of objects, with a unit object <math>I</math> (both of which satisfy various laws).
A monoid object in a monoidal category is then:
* An object <math>M</math>
* A unit 'element' <math>e : I \to M</math>
* A multiplication <math>m : M \otimes M \to M</math>
such that:
* <math>m \circ (id_{M} \otimes e) = u_l</math>
* <math>m \circ (e \otimes id_M) = u_r</math>
* <math> m \circ (id_M \otimes m) = m \circ (m \otimes id_M) \circ \alpha</math>
* <math>u_l : M \otimes I \to M</math> and <math>u_r : I \otimes M \to M</math> are the identity isomorphisms for the monoidal category, and
* <math> \alpha : M \otimes (M \otimes M) \to (M \otimes M) \otimes M </math> is part of the associativity isomorphism of the category.
==== Monads ====
One example of a class of monoid objects happens to be [[monad (sans metaphors)|monads]]. Given a base category <math>C</math>, we have the monoidal category <math>C^C</math>:
* Objects are endofunctors <math>F : C \to C</math>
* Morphisms are [[Category theory/Natural transformation|natural transformations]] [3] between the functors
* The tensor product is composition: <math>F \otimes G = F \circ G</math>
* The identity object is the identity functor, <math>I</math>, taking objects and morphisms to themselves
* An endofunctor <math>M : C \to C</math>
* A natural transformation <math>\eta : I \to M</math>
* A natural transformation <math>\mu : M \circ M \to M</math>
==== Free Monads ====
But, what about our intuitive understanding of free monoids above? We wanted to promote an underlying set, but we have switched from sets to functors. So, presumably, a free monad is generated by an underlying (endo)functor, <math>F : C \to C</math>. We then expect there to be a natural transformation <math>i : F \to M</math>, 'injecting' the functor into the monad.
instance Functor f => Monad (Free f) where
return a = Return a
Return a >>= f = f a
-- join (Return fa) = fa
inj fa = Roll $ fmap Return fa
This should bear some resemblance to free monoids over lists. <code>Return</code> is analogous to <code>[]</code>, and <code>Roll</code> is analogous to <code>(:)</code>. Lists let us create arbitrary length strings of elements from some set, while <code>Free f</code> lets us create structures involving <code>f</code> composed with itself an arbitrary number of times (recall, functor composition was the tensor product of our category). <code>Return</code> gives our type a way to handle the 0-ary composition of <code>f</code> (as <code>[]</code> is the 0-length string), while <code>Roll</code> is the way to extend the nesting level by one (just as <code>(:)</code> lets us create (n+1)-length strings out of n-length ones). Finally, both injections are built in a similar way:
inj_list x = (:) x []
inj_free fx = Roll (fmap Return fx)
=== Further reading ===
For those looking for an introduction to the necessary category theory used above, Steve Awodey's [http://www.math.uchicago.edu/~may/VIGRE/VIGRE2009/Awodey.pdf Category Theory] is a popular, freely available reference.
=== Notes ===
==== Universal constructions ====
data T = C1 A B C | C2 D E T
we consider the following:
* A functor <math>F : Hask \to Hask</math>, <math>F X = A \times B \times C + D \times E \times X</math>
* F-algebras which are:
** An object <math>A \in Hask</math>
** An action <math>a : FA \to A</math>
* Algebra homomorphisms <math>(A, a) \to (B, b)</math>
** These are given by <math>h : A \to B</math> such that <math> b \circ Fh = h \circ a</math>
The datatype <code>T</code> is then given by an initial F-algebra. This works out nicely because the unique algebra homomorphism whose existence is guaranteed by initiality is the [[fold]] or 'catamorphism' for the datatype.
Intuitively, though, the fact that <code>T</code> is an F-algebra means that it is in some sense closed under forming terms of shape F---suppose we took the simpler signature <code>FX = 1 + X</code> of the natural numbers; then both Z = inl () and Sx = inr x can be incorporated into Nat. However, there are potentially many algebras; for instance, the naturals modulo some finite number, and successor modulo that number are an algebra for the natural signature.
However, initiality constrains what Nat can be. Consider, for instance, the above modular sets 2 and 3. There can be no homomorphism <math>h : 2 \to 3</math>:
* <math>h0=0 \,\, ;\, h1=0</math>
** <math>S(h1) = S0 = 1\,</math> but <math>h(S1) = h0 = 0 \neq 1</math>
* <math> h0=0 \,\,;\, h1=1</math>
** <math>S(h1) = S1 = 2\,</math> but <math>h(S1) = h0 = 0 \neq 2</math>
* <math> h0=0 \,\,;\, h1=2</math>
** <math>S(h0) = S0 = 1\,</math> but <math>h(S0) = h1 = 2 \neq 2</math>
* <math> h0 \neq 0 </math>
** <math> 0 = Z \neq hZ = h0</math>
This is caused by these algebras identifying elements in incompatible ways (2 makes SSZ = Z, but 3 doesn't, and 3 makes SSSZ = Z, but 2 doesn't). So, the values of an initial algebra must be compatible with any such identification scheme, and this is accomplished by identifying ''none'' of the terms in the initial algebra (so that h is free to send each term to an appropriate value in the target, according to the identifications there). A similar phenomenon occurs in the main section of this article, except that the structures in question have additional equational laws that terms must satisfy, so the initial structure ''is'' allowed to identify those, ''but no more'' than those.
==== Forgetful functors ====
* <math>U : Str \to Set</math>, where <math>Str</math> is any category of algebraic structures, and U simply forgets about all of the n-ary operations and equational laws, and takes structures to their underlying sets, and homomorphisms to functions over those sets.
* <math>U : Grp \to Mon</math>, which takes a group and forgets about the inverse operation to give a monoid. This functor would then be related to "free groups over a monoid".
==== Natural transformations ====
trans :: forall a. F a -> G a
Revision as of 14:19, 6 February 2021
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A nearly full supermoon full moon rises over Washington D.C. in this photo by NASA photographer Joel Kowsky captured on Nov. 13, 2016. On Nov. 14, the moon is at its closest to Earth until 2034.
A nearly full supermoon full moon rises over Washington D.C. in this photo by NASA photographer Joel Kowsky captured on Nov. 13, 2016. On Nov. 14, the moon is at its closest to Earth until 2034. (Image credit: NASA/Joel Kowsky)
The November "supermoon" is extra close to Earth today (Nov. 14), providing an extraordinary sight for skywatchers — but exactly what makes this month's full moon so special?
November's supermoon —a term used to describe a full moon is at its perigee, or closest point to Earth during the lunar orbit — will be the biggest and brightest supermoon to rise in almost 69 years. In fact, the full moon won't come this close to Earth again until Nov. 25, 2034.
To help explain the science behind supermoons, and what makes the November supermoon particularly special, spoke with NASA's Noah Petro, deputy scientist of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission. [Supermoon November 2016: When, Where & How to See It
The nearly full supermoon Beaver Moon rises over the Syr Darya river near the Baikonur Cosmodrome spaceport in Kazakhstan on Nov. 13, 2016 in this view by NASA photographer Bill Ingalls. (Image credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls)
Changing Tides
By definition, a supermoon "is the one closest full moon of the year," Petro told The distance between the moon and the Earth changes because the moon does not orbit in a perfect circle.
"The main reason why the orbit of the moon is not a perfect circle is that there are a lot of tidal, or gravitational, forces that are pulling on the moon," Petro explained, adding that the gravity of the Earth, sun and planets of our solar system all impact the orbit of the moon. "You have all of these different gravitational forces pulling and pushing on the moon, which gives us opportunities to have these close passes."
A comparison of the Moon at perigee (its closest to Earth, at left) and at apogee (its farthest from us). The change in distance makes the full Moon look 14% larger at perigee than at apogee. and nearly 30% brighter. (Image credit: Sky and Telescope, Laurent Laveder)
What's more, the surface of Earth is about 70 percent ocean, which not only affects the moon's orbital pattern, but in turn creates tidal variations on Earth. This year, slightly higher tides are expected in relation to the Nov. 14 supermoon, although this is nothing unusual for close full moon approaches, Petro said.
"One of the interesting things about the moon is that it's not only pulling on the Earth's oceans, it’s actually pulling on the Earth's crust," Petro said. "The Earth's crust — the land beneath our feet — actually deforms and responds to the moon" in a very subtle way.
Supersized Moon
On average, the moon orbits approximately 238,855 miles (384,400 km) from Earth. When a full moon is at perigee, it orbits slightly closer, making it appear up to 14 percent bigger and 30 percent brighter in the sky. [7 Surprising Secrets About the Supermoon]
"We're not talking about dramatic shifts in distance, but were talking about subtle differences that are noticeable if you're used to looking at the moon," Petro said.
Tonight's supermoon will be approximately 221,524 miles (356,508 kilometers) from Earth. While this is the closest full moon to rise since Jan. 26, 1948, it is not the closest full moon approach on record.
In January of 1912, the full moon was "just under 100 kilometers closer than the full moon" tonight and the supermoon of November 2034 will be even closer, Petro said.
Rare Sight
The November supermoon reaches perigee this morning (Nov. 14) at 8:52 a.m. EST (1352 GMT). When the moon is this close to Earth, distinctive lunar surface features such as impact craters can be seen with the naked eye.
"I've been telling people to go out at night on either Sunday or Monday night to see the supermoon," Petro said in a statement from NASA. "The difference in distance from one night to the next will be very subtle, so if it's cloudy on Sunday, go out on Monday. Any time after sunset should be fine. Since the moon is full, it'll rise at nearly the same time as sunset, so I'd suggest that you head outside after sunset, or once it’s dark and the moon is a bit higher in the sky. You don’t have to stay up all night to see it, unless you really want to!”
Editor's note: If you snap an awesome photo of the moon that you'd like to share with and our news partners for a potential story or gallery, send images and comments to managing editor Tariq Malik at
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Traveler help
Climate – Switzerland
The weather in Switzerland It varies depending on the location. The areas east and north of the Alps have a cool and dry climate, with average temperatures of 9 ° C, and with frosts in winter. South of the Alps the weather , normally warm and humid. Frost is almost unknown. In the Alps and in the highlands of Swears, the weather is cold and snowy, with frequent frosts above 1830 meters.
Swiss countryside
From July to August, time of summer the temperature is between 18 to 28 ° C. During the winter This is between -2 to 7 ° C. In spring Y autumn, the temperature of the day varies between 8 to 15 ° C.
The west of the country has the highest rainfall, being the city of Montreux the one that concentrates the greatest amount of rains with 260 mm per year. This due to the clouds that come from the Atlantic coast. The south also has heavy rainfall. For example, the city of Lugano receives about 175 mm per year. Both cases occur because clouds are blocked by Alps. Therefore, being protected by the mountain range, the north is much drier than the rest of the country.
Montreux in Switzerland
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"content": "{\n \"format\": 3,\n \"knowledge\": 2,\n \"slop\": 1,\n \"justification\": \"The excerpt is readable with clear paragraphs but has minor punctuation issues. It conveys correct but surface‑level information about AI, cloud storage, and Alzheimer research, lacking depth. There is no SEO stuffing or repetitive filler, so slop is low.\"\n}"
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Li-San Wang Quoted in CBS Article
“Can the machine invasion help save your brain?” CBS explores this question in an October 27 article about the development of technology as it relates to advances in Alzheimer’s disease. While the amount of genetic data available has increased in recent years, the speed at which it gets sifted through also needs to increase in order to effectively pinpoint detection and risk factors for the disease. The need for machine learning and artificial intelligence is huge, as they can more easily detect patterns across the human genome.
Cloud storage systems have been particularly helpful in this regard, the article notes. Li-San Wang, Principal Investigator for NIAGADS at UPenn, says, “We’re talking about moving hundreds of terabytes of data that would require lots of really big hard drives to hold. Instead of having copies in a lot of different places, you can go to the cloud and run the analysis. That’s where the power comes in, how you integrate all this information.” The article stresses the importance of continued caution when it comes to machine learning and artificial intelligence, but it will be exciting to see where the field will go with the continued use of this technology.
The original CBS article can be found here:
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"role": "assistant",
"content": "{\n \"format\": 1,\n \"knowledge\": 2,\n \"slop\": 4,\n \"justification\": \"The text is a disjointed list with poor paragraph flow and punctuation, giving it a very low format score. It provides some correct etymological points but overall lacks depth and specificity, resulting in a modest knowledge rating. The content is filled with redundant bullet-like entries, generic filler, and SEO-style phrasing, making the slop score high.\"\n}"
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condicio etymology
Latin word condicio comes from Latin dico, Latin con-
Detailed word origin of condicio
Dictionary entryLanguageDefinition
con- Latin (lat) Used in compounds to indicate a being or bringing together of several objects. Used in compounds to indicate the completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signification of the simple word.
condico Latin (lat) (legal) I give notice that something should be returned, demand back.. I proclaim, announce, publish.. I talk something over together, agree to/upon, concert, promise; fix, appoint.
condicio Latin (lat) (metonymy) A paramour, lover.. (metonymy) A spouse, bride.. A condition, term, demand.. A love affair, amour.. A marriage, match.. A nature, mode, character, disposition, manner, condition.. An agreement, contract, covenant, stipulation, pact, proposition.. An external position, situation, rank, place, circumstances, condition.
Words with the same origin as condicio
Descendants of dico
dictator dictus dixit edicto
Descendants of con-
comes comitia commune communis competere coniunx constat constitutum consuetudo consul contentus continuo coram curia
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Electronic Hobbies- Non Contact Voltage By The Use Of Transistor
In this project, transistor are used as a main. The transistor CD 4060 considered as main in it. But it is believed by some people that it cannot be found easily. So today, the interesting cycle will be introduced because of its transistor quite cheap and also it has a in quite simple circuit.
How does it work?
In this method, we use amplifier using three transistor which are more popular to use in many circuit. They are very sensitive and also we use a wire which will act as a RF antenna in this.
As we know that when the AC line will be flowing in any wire that time the electromagnetic field will be spreaded out. Hence, we try to fix antenna near to anywhere so that it will be able to get the signal. It will be used to expand the force then it will be able to gain the frequency 50 Hz or 60 Hz. One important thing is that, it will also use a buzzer circuit to indicate the AC main frequency . There will also be a LED display flashing light.
How can we build?
This project can be assembled perforated board because it does not require setting because it does not have Potentiometer. You just need to prepare and get it done on the board then it will be new.
The prototype which will be assembled on that board-
Keep in mind , do not use antenna to touch AC line directly. Because it has the high voltage and the circuit can be damaged or it may be harmful for you as well.
Conclusion about non contact voltage by the use of transistor-:
This is the simple electronic hobby project in which more component are being used to make its function smooth. As we can see that, we need to be careful during the making of this project because it contains high voltage which can prove so harmful if you get in touch with it. That’s why we need to have caution whenever we will be working on this electronic project.
Fatal error: Class 'Get_links' not found in /var/www/chf43a106f/www/electro-hobby.com/wp-content/themes/corpo/comments.php on line 1
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What is the number 7 considered to be lucky in Britain?
Omens and SupersititionsBeliefs & CustomsCustoms and TraditionsGeneral Topics
This is a superstition which has been known to man since prehistoric times. It is very common and is followed throughout every corner of the globe. The number 7 is something which is woven into our history and throughout our illustrious past, we can find many instances of this number popping up.
The number 7 is so significant because in some form or another it is linked to our day to day lives. Read on to find why number 7 is one of the most beloved integers and why it is considered lucky.
Biblical Origins
The story starts from Bible and the Book of Revelation, in the first the number seven is mentioned more than 700 times and in the later, it is said more than 54 times. In the Book of Genesis, the word “Creation” is said exactly seven times.
And if we take the views of the Bible into account then The Lord created the world in 6 days which means that the 7th day was for him to rest; the seven day week has since been universally accepted. These are just a few of the references to the number 7 in our religious history, there are plenty more in many other civilizations.
Scientific Data
Coming to the parts that will really shock you, there are a total of seven colors in the visible spectrum, called VIBGYOR; this term was coined together in the 1600s. At a point of time, due to lack of good telescopes, the known number of planets in the solar system was 7.
Also, in the year 2007, on 7th July, which is on 07/07/2007, the new list of Seven Wonders of the World was released. All these things are based on the superstition that the number 7 is lucky, and it all started with the religious texts.
Published on 01-Mar-2019 07:00:06
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Good books for science
Science refers to a study that focuses on nature, the things that makes it up, science studies the relationship between man and his natural surroundings. The topic of science is a dominant one, especially since much has been achieved using its principles. Humans have developed countless things like airplanes, electricity to mention a few. There are millions of science students globally pushing to obtain degrees in this area, to help them contribute to their homes. To be good in this area, the importance of reading cannot be overemphasized. Reading provides accurate knowledge on scientific subjects; it will ensure you remain current with the ongoing trends in the scientific world. It may be too much entering the library to see many books on science, you might struggle with deciding on where to start.
These are some books on science
These are some books on science that have maintained their integrity since published. They cover many important topics in science that will be beneficial to the reader. You can start with Feynman lectures on Physics, which is a great choice if you’re interested in focusing on physics as a course, you must consider reading this book. It’s a compilation of different lectures from a good physicist, in book form. Another relevant scientific book is ‘Cosmos’, it focuses on the changes that occurred in science as lifestyle gradually changed. Mankind is moving from an age of rural living, to rapid growth, making civil societies, which is easily followed by changes in science. Cosmos takes record of such changes; the book was so good that a TV Series was coined out of it.
Good books for science
The study of man’s natural environment also proceeds to space. The regions outside the planet are another integral area which science has tried to explain with much clarity. One book that highlights this area properly is ‘Pale blue dot’. The science fiction imagines how life outside the planet will be for mankind, if ever there to go there. There is a strong mixture of philosophy in the writings of Pale Blue Dot. Some other books which attempted to explain thinking for mankind, in a manner that should be critical is ‘the demon-haunted world’. It is available in stores, both online and onsite, reading it will open up a new understanding about reasoning critically.
You should also check out ‘a short history of nearly everything’, a popular write-up, especially if you’re new to science. If you desire to have a brush-through in science, with breakdown of complex scientific facts into simpler ones, this book is perfect for you. It’s difficult to discuss science without mentioning evolution that is why a book on evolution will add value to your reading collection. A good book is ‘the greatest show on earth’, it explains how evolution came about, and supporting with valuable evidence to prove that evolution did happen.
The field of science is interesting, especially if you have the required knowledge to understand it. A good way of acquiring this is by studying some books that will open up complex situations, and make them simple for you. There are yet more books to add to these.
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}
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prontron - PRONunciation percepTRON
by Graham Neubig
prontron is a tool for pronunciation estimation, mainly focusing on the pronunciation of Japanese unknown words, but written in a general way so it can be used for any string-to-string conversion task. I created it as a quick challenge to see if I could apply discriminative learning (the structured perceptron) to Japanese pronunciation estimation, but I am posting it in case anybody will find it useful.
--- Download/Install ---
Download the latest version from
The code of prontron is distributed according to the Common Public License v 1.0, and can be distributed freely according to this license.
--- Estimating Pronunciations with prontron ---
To estimate the pronunciation of words with prontron, you can use the models included in the model directory. If you have a file input.txt with one word per line, run the program as follows:
$ model/model.dict model/model.feat < input.txt > output.txt
This will output pronunciations, one per line, into output.txt.
--- Training prontron ---
Prontron training is a two step process. First, you have to build a dictionary of "subword/pronunciation" pairs, then run weight training.
First, create two files train.word and train.pron that contain words and their pronunciations. Then run the alignment program to create a dictionary model/model.dict of subword/pronunciation pairs:
$ train.word train.pron model/model.dict
You can add more entries to the dictionary if you notice that anything important is missing. Next, we train the feature weights model/model.feat using the perceptron algorithm.
$ train.word train.pron model/model.dict model/model.feat
That is it! Both of these programs have a number of training options (mins and maxes should be the same for
-fmin minimum length of the input unit (1)
-fmax maximum length of the input unit (1)
-emin minimum length of the output unit (0)
-emax maximum length of the output unit (5)
-iters maximum number of iterations (10)
-word use word units instead of characters only:
-cut all pairs that have a maximum posterior probability
less than this will be trimmed (0.001) only:
-inarow skip training examples we've gotten right
this many times
-recheck re-check skipped examples in this many times
--- How Does it Work? ---
Prontron uses discriminative training based on the structured perceptron. This is good, because it lets the training many arbitrary features. The basic idea of the structured perceptron algorithm is:
* Given a set of feature weights h, for a certain word w find the highest scoring pronunciation p, and its set of features f(p).
* If p is not equal to the correct pronunciation p*, reduce the weights for features f(p) and increase weights of features of f(p*).
* Repeat this for every word in the corpus many times until we find good weights.
In the case of pronunciation estimation, it is not too difficult to find p, f(p), and f(p*) using the Viterbi algorithm. For the current features in prontron, we use bigram and length features over four sequences:
Word: 発音 発表
Pronunciation: はつおん はっぴょう
Seq1 -- Char/Pron. Pairs: 発/はつ 音/おん 発/はっ 表/ぴょう
Seq2 -- Pron. Strings: はつ おん はっ ぴょう
Seq3 -- Pron. Characters: は つ お ん は っ ぴ ょ う
Seq4 -- (Almost) Phonemes: h a t u o n h a x p i xyo u
Examples of the features learned over each of these sequences are as follows:
--- Contributors ---
* Graham Neubig (main developer)
If you are interested in participating in the prontron project, particularly tackling any of the interesting challenges below, please send an email to neubig at gmail dot com.
--- TODO List ---
There are a bunch of possible improvements that would be quite interesting and useful:
* Regularization: Currently the perceptron is unregularized, but adding L1 or L2 regularization could reduce the number of features and increase performance.
* N-best Decoding: Currently prontron can only give one-best answers.
* Large-Margin Traning: Large-margin techniques such as support vector machines can be learned online. They are simple to implement, but require at least 2-best decoding.
* Other Loss Functions: Prontron currently only supports one-zero loss (examples are right, or not), but it would probably be better to do loss based on mora error rate. This is not, however, trivial to do.
--- Revision History ---
Version 0.1.0 (7/10/2011)
* Initial release!
A discriminative pronunciation estimator using the structured perceptron algorithm.
No releases published
No packages published
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Midgut bacteria required for Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal activity. Broderick, N., a., Raffa, K., F., & Handelsman, J. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(41):15196-9, 10, 2006.
Midgut bacteria required for Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal activity. [pdf]Paper abstract bibtex
Bacillus thuringiensis is the most widely applied biological insecticide and is used to manage insects that affect forestry and agriculture and transmit human and animal pathogens. This ubiquitous spore-forming bacterium kills insect larvae largely through the action of insecticidal crystal proteins and is commonly deployed as a direct bacterial spray. Moreover, plants engineered with the cry genes encoding the B. thuringiensis crystal proteins are the most widely cultivated transgenic crops. For decades, the mechanism of insect killing has been assumed to be toxin-mediated lysis of the gut epithelial cells, which leads to starvation, or B. thuringiensis septicemia. Here, we report that B. thuringiensis does not kill larvae of the gypsy moth in the absence of indigenous midgut bacteria. Elimination of the gut microbial community by oral administration of antibiotics abolished B. thuringiensis insecticidal activity, and reestablishment of an Enterobacter sp. that normally resides in the midgut microbial community restored B. thuringiensis-mediated killing. Escherichia coli engineered to produce the B. thuringiensis insecticidal toxin killed gypsy moth larvae irrespective of the presence of other bacteria in the midgut. However, when the engineered E. coli was heat-killed and then fed to the larvae, the larvae did not die in the absence of the indigenous midgut bacteria. E. coli and the Enterobacter sp. achieved high populations in hemolymph, in contrast to B. thuringiensis, which appeared to die in hemolymph. Our results demonstrate that B. thuringiensis-induced mortality depends on enteric bacteria.
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How to Eat Healthy as a Family from expert Sarah Koszyk, MA, RD
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SuperKids Nutrition had the opportunity to chat with nutrition expert Sarah Koszyk, MA, RD. Sarah is a pediatric specialist and creator of “A Family’s Colorful Weight Management Program” at MV Nutrition in San Francisco, California. The program emphasizes a sustainable lifestyle approach rather than a diet towards healthy living. Read below for Sarah’s tips on how to get kids to eat more fruits and vegetables, how to fit healthy eating in a busy schedule and why it is so important to get the entire family involved.
Parents who are overweight often have overweight children, how do you help make eating right a family affair in an effort to pass down healthy habits from generation to generation?
Many children who are referred to me for overweight/obesity, have parents who are also struggling with their own weight and eating patterns. First of all, I work with the entire family to learn and develop healthy habits in their eating behaviors. I usually start off by learning about the child’s eating patterns, and then I learn about the adult’s eating patterns. Once I identify where the struggles exist for both, we then work together to adjust the habits that are inhibiting them from reaching their goals. I also remind parents just how much of a role model they are to their kids. Parents love to be reminded that they are important and it encourages them to make simple changes to assist their children. By focusing on the basics, such as eating breakfast, having healthy snacks available, and consistent meal times and frequency, everyone can enjoy the experience of eating while learning core principles for optimal health.
Why is it so important that the entire family get involved in eating healthfully together?
Families are a team, and relationships are meant to be supportive units: people helping one another out. This idea of relationships and teamwork is between adults, between children and adults, as well as between siblings. By working together and helping each other out, it keeps the concept of family alive. The more involved both parents and kids are in the food arena, the more ease and acceptance the family will have when it comes time to eat. When children participate in any aspect of meal preparation, like washing produce, tossing a salad, chopping vegetables (if age appropriate), or even mixing a dressing, they get excited and are more likely to eat their creation or at least try it, which can encourage a happier, more well-balanced, veggie-filled meal. Also, the family is working together which brings unity and quality time spent together.
What would you advise a family to do with a child who won’t eat their fruits and vegetables?
I was teaching students Nutrition at an elementary school in Berkeley, CA, where the students had access to a garden, as well as weekly gardening classes. I attended one of those gardening classes and the students were making “wee-tos.” The students were wrapping arugula and frisee (a type of bitter lettuce) into a romaine lettuce leaf just like a burrito. What looked like a weed to me, the students were excitedly eating their “wee-tos.” This is a true example of how children, who get more involved, will try more food items. Even the green “Weeds!”
I recommend taking a child to a local farmers market where the children can walk around and even try the produce. Many farmers are elated to have a child try their product. When the child has the choice to pick up, touch, smell, and taste something, the child most likely will try a little. Also, take the child to the grocery store and while walking around the produce department, have them pick out 1 or 2 of their favorite fruits and vegetables. This way you give them a choice, the child is empowered, and you can prepare that fruit and vegetable with a little less fuss.
What kind of fitness activities do you encourage for your clients and practice yourself? How can busy moms and families fit fitness into a hectic schedule?
If only we had more time in the day! Hectic schedules do add up! I enjoy taking walks with my loved ones whether it is after dinner (weather and sun permitting), in a park, or just around the neighborhood. Walking can be a great, simple way to get some more activity in and it can also be a nice time to talk and share with one another. For busy families with hectic schedules, actually scheduling that walk into the calendar can prioritize it and make it happen: treat that fitness activity just like it’s an appointment! Prioritize it! If the weather is poor, people can now play in the house with Wii or other activities that both parents and kids can do together.
What’s the best advice that you can give to parents to encourage healthy eating habits for life?
For the parents: Start the day off right with a high fiber, high protein breakfast such as ¾ cup Nature’s Path cereal + ¾ cup blueberries + 2 Tbsp of ground flaxseed + 1 cup Fage Greek Yogurt (great source of protein). Make sure to have a protein/carbohydrate snack after school or mid-work day around 3-4 pm (for both parents and kids) to keep your energy up and running, such as 1 fruit + 1 light string cheese. Practice what you preach to your kids. By eating consistently throughout the day, you will stay fueled and energized. Then, through nutrition coaching, you can reduce your portion sizes at lunch and dinner to make your meals more even and consistent throughout the day.
Many people complain that they don’t have time to prepare healthy meals. What are 3 tips you can provide for fitting cooking into a busy schedule?
1. Plan your snacks for everyone at the beginning of the week on a Sunday (or Monday if out of town on the weekend). Put everyone’s snacks into individual containers for the entire week so that each morning, you just grab it and quickly divvy up the snacks. Now everyone has energy to stay fueled throughout the day. This is great time management, too, because you spend about 20 minutes once preparing the snacks and then you are done for the rest of the week.
2. On busy days where one knows the day will end in pure exhaustion, have a simple go-to dinner on hand. For example, boil pasta, open a jar of pasta sauce, throw in some pre-made frozen turkey meatballs, and steam some broccoli. You now have a complete meal that is easy to prepare in 10 minutes OR use another quick, go-to dinner that you know how to prepare without thinking about it such as a stir-fry with frozen veggies, chicken and easy-to-make brown rice that can be made in about 3 minutes. Add some soy sauce and boom, you have your quick meal. When it comes down to it, having a plan can help with healthy meal preparation even when there is NO time. So plan, plan, plan in advance to have your go-to meal available. What’s your simple dish that you love to prepare?
3. Make 1 big dish a week to have leftovers with. This dish can either be a stew or casserole or crockpot recipe. I also enjoy making healthy versions of enchiladas or lasagnas. By cooking on a day that’s easier such as a Sunday, you can have leftovers for dinner on a Tuesday or Wednesday.
What is your secret for managing your weight and staying in shape?
My secret: Prioritizing myself and my family’s health. I grocery shop weekly (often times twice a week). I pre-plan what we’re going to eat Monday through Wednesday so that I have an idea of what to make for dinner. Thursday is usually our leftover night. I also prep everyone’s lunches the night before so that in the morning, I just have to grab and go for all. By making most of our meals from home, I save money and I’m able to keep my portions in my control, which is helpful to my waistline. I also schedule my workouts as appointments in my calendar so that they happen and I get the “job” done.
What is your favorite go-to healthy meal?
My favorite go-to healthy meal is Burrito Bonanza. We grab a high fiber, low carb tortilla, put some Jarlsberg lite cheese in there with some grilled onions, green peppers, jalapenos, and chicken breast (I put in spices such as cumin, chili powder, garlic powder, cayenne, and red chili peppers when I grill the onions, peppers, and chicken), add some salsa, canned black beans, and chopped romaine lettuce and roll it up! It’s fun, fast, and each person can make his/her own burrito to his particular liking. You’ve got vegetables, carbohydrates, and protein all in one! Bon appétit!
As a dedicated, spirited, and compassionate registered dietitian, Sarah Koszyk, focuses on empowering people to make positive lifestyle changes. Her expertise in nutrition and food science, behavior modification, motivational interviewing, and cognitive therapy virtually assures her client’s success. Sarah originally became part of the MV Nutrition Team in 2005 and has since excelled in achieving healthy benefits for all of her clients.
Sarah designed A Family’s Colorful Weight Management Program at MV Nutrition, which emphasizes a sustainable lifestyle approach rather than a diet towards healthy living. A Family’s Colorful Weight Management Program is broken down for all age groups with educational materials for both parents and kids. The program is taught in either a group setting or an individual one-on-one setting, and is provided in either Spanish or English. Age-appropriate tools have been developed to maximize learning and interaction at every level. Whether the visits are group or individual, we stress the importance of teaching our children proper portion sizes, including a variety of colors in all meals and snacks, learning heart-healthy ingredients, and modifying our behaviors as the keys to success.
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As Canadians watch the racial divisiveness in the United States, we tend to think that we are more civilized in our behavior, that we are less racist. But are we? Our population is 37 million compared to US, which is 326 million; relative to our population compared to the US, our history and our society’s current racist attitudes is as bad (if not worse) as in the US.
Consider these historical racist episodes: the Japanese internment camps following the attack on Pearl Harbour, which brought the US into WWII. Everyone who was Japanese, even Canadian born Japanese, were rounded up and put in camps right here in Vancouver. Another racist incidence from history is when Canada turned away the SS. St. Lewis, a ship with Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Germany. The ship was forced to go back to Germany, where many of those on board later died in concentration camps. More currently, hate crimes have risen against Muslims, from 90 reported crimes in 2013 to 150 in 2016-17. There is some speculation that is due to the rise of terrorist organizations such as ISIS, but attacking innocent Canadians of Muslim faith is just plain racist and ignorant. This ignorance was recently demonstrated when a woman verbally attacked Jagmeet Singh (who is now the leader of the NDP) at a political rally, accusing him of being a terrorist. And, an even more horrible example was the Quebec Mosque shooting on January 29, 2017 when six people were killed and another 20 were injured. “It was a murderous attack on a specific group,” said the Premier of Quebec, Phillipe Couillard. Canada also has a strained relationship based on racism with its indigenous population. On October 6, Ottawa announced that the government will pay up to 750 million to the victims of the “60’s scoop” when indigenous children were taken from their homes and forced into non-indigenous households between the 1960’s and 80’s.
Yes, the United States has some well publicized terrible events as well. The Charlottesville riots and the tensions between African Americans and the police in certain states are examples. However, considering their massively larger population, Canada is relatively just as bad. And what makes this all worse, is that we like to think we are better. We can’t deny the fact that we as Canadians have some work to do before we claim we are a more civilized society.
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Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP)
Instrument Summary
The New Horizons mission made the first up-close and detailed observations of Pluto and its moons. These observations include measurements of the solar wind interaction with Pluto. The Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) instrument is designed to measure the tenuous solar wind at large distances from the Sun and its interaction with Pluto, as well as making unprecedented measurements of interstellar pickup ions. SWAP directly addresses the Group 1 science objective for the New Horizons mission to “characterize the neutral atmosphere of Pluto and its escape rate”. In addition, SWAP makes measurements critical for the Group 2 objective of characterizing Pluto’s ionosphere and solar wind interaction. Finally, SWAP makes observations relevant to two Group 3 science objectives for New Horizons, both in support of characterizing the energetic particle environment of Pluto and Charon and in searching for magnetic fields of Pluto and Charon.
The SWAP instrument was designed to measure the solar wind and pickup ions out at ∼33 au, as the New Horizons spacecraft repeatedly rotated to point its various cameras during the flyby of Pluto and Charon. Because of the great distance and large range of viewing directions, SWAP was designed to have an extremely high sensitivity and a very large field-of-view. These attributes allowed SWAP to make fundamental measurements of the Jovian magnetosphere and magnetotail, and Pluto’s interaction with the solar wind. SWAP continues to make observations of the solar wind and interstellar pickup ions out to at least ~41 au.
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1. Forum
2. >
3. Topic: Dutch
4. >
5. "Er zijn veel sterrenstelsels…
"Er zijn veel sterrenstelsels in het universum."
Translation:There are many galaxies in the universe.
December 23, 2014
Does Sterrenstelsel literally translate to "star system"?
Yes, sterren is stars and stelsel is system, is actually stars system, plural stars
Literally, yes, but the actual meaning is different: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_system
Just out of curiosity, does the word "universum" have a plural form?
Yes, either 'universa' or 'universums'.
How do you say "solar" as in "solar power" rather than as in Zonnestelsel?
Solar power would be "zonne-energie" or "zonnekracht".
is Sterrenstelsels not the same as "solar systems"?
No. In terms of astronomy, they are two different things (size being the biggest distinction between the two)
In terms of Dutch, they have two different words:
• Sterrenstelsel - Galaxy
• Zonnestelsel - Solar system
More specifically:
Zonnestelsel - Solar system = A star and things (e.g. planets, asteroids, etc) that orbit it.
Sterrenstelsel - Star system (A term Duo still refuses to acknowledge, despite the fact that it's more accurate and the LITERAL translation) = A group of stars (some of which may be part of solar systems) that orbit each other.
Galaxy - a star system containing a large number of stars, sometimes called a star cluster.
As far as I can tell, in Dutch, there isn't any disambiguation between "star system" and "galaxy"... I suspect this is because most scientific papers by Dutch people would be written in English.
For more see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_system https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy
I believe the term 'star system' would introduce some additional connotations in English... you can have binary star systems for example.
Galaxy is more like the sum of all star systems orbiting a central core.
This is a problem for astronomers in English as well as Dutch. The issue arose because when the term "solar system" was invented, there was only one known, and that remained true for more than a century, although others were assumed to exist, and finally discovered in the 1990s. So there was little need to differentiate between "the Solar System" meaning the one around Sol, our sun, and "a solar system" orbiting another star. In English, too, a "star system" is ambiguous, and can mean a system of stars i.e. a galaxy, or a system of planets around a star i.e. a solar system. I don't know how usage in Dutch has settled, but it seems like Duo is trying to get us to use zonnestelsel for "solar system" even when the star in the middle is not de zon.
My Belgian girl said that stelsel means a lot of things. Can anyone enlighten me?
Well it's been a year, nobody answered, now i'm wondering. Maybe she can enlighten you?
why is it veel and not vele? the plural (de form) is normally the vele form
"vele" is more formal. You can use it, but "veel" is more common. See https://taaladvies.net/taal/advies/vraag/1339/
Is een Melkwegstelsel a translate for a galaxy or not.
Melkwegstelsel or Melkweg = Milky Way.
This is a galaxy, but not all galaxies are the Milky way.
Plural / de noun = "e" form of an adjective so why isn't vele accepted here?
Learn Dutch in just 5 minutes a day. For free.
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Serial + Java = The World (Mostly) -
Serial + Java = The World (Mostly)
Whether it's an optional add-on or a part of the original base,a large percentage of modem devices still make use of serialcommunications for their connectivity. Communicating with thesedevices in Java requires the use of a vendor supplied serialsupport to provide the basic byte-wise communications capability.As the connected devices get more intelligent, communications ceaseto be merely byte streams and become streams of multi-byte messagesor “packets” so code is needed to wade through the raw data streamand isolate the individual messages. Finally, a solution resilientto change has become imperative. As even newer devices are added, asolution that not only copes with change, but also gracefullyaccommodates it is necessary.
For example, a serial port is used to retrieve GlobalPositioning System (GPS) information using the National MarineElectronics Association (NMEA) format. The code has been developedand tested against a Trimble Lassen-SK8 device, which is a 12V unitwell suited for automobile applications.
Figure 1: Overall data flow
Working Through the Solution
As with most problems, the overall problem can be divided intosmaller elements and then solved individually. Defining the smallproblems is the first step in the process:
1. Read the bytes from the serial port
2. Extract and validate the messages
3. Provide access to data in the message
4. Define the listener interface
5. Retrieve the GPS location.
To simplify the issue, each of the above problems is assigned toa class, and then each class is implemented to solve itsproblem(s). For example, three Java classes and an Interface can bereserved (see Figure 1). The GpsTransport class will take care ofthe first two duties, the GpsMessage class will take care of thethird duty, the GpsTransportListener Interface will handle dutyfour, and the Gps class is the master object that will be thesubsequent application code's focal point.
Reading the Bytes from the Serial Port
A transport is responsible for sending and/or receivingmessages. In the case of the GpsTransport, the problem of sendingmessages can be overlooked, and the focus can be placed on how toprocess input messages from the GPS unit. Since the application andother activities should be executed while the user is waiting forinput from the InputStream, the GpsTransport must create andmaintain an internal thread that will continuously process it. Thecode for reading the serial port is contained in the methodGpsTransport.run0. This code begins executing on its own threadwhen the method shown below, GpsTransport.start0, is called.
Next the basics must be addressed. In this case, the basicsconsists of the fundamental serial communications capability. Here,the serial support that is part of the VisualAge Micro Editionproduct is employed, but any similar serial support package couldbe utilized (such as Sun Microsystems' javax, comm). TheGpsTransport makes use of subclasses of the abstract InputStreamclass to accomplish its work. The InputStream class defines asimple protocol to read information from various sources in astandard way. By using this protocol, developers can apply the samemethodology to talk to either serial or file I/O. SeveralInputStream subclasses exist, but the SerialPortlnputSteam is usedfor serial support and the Filelnputstream is used for file I/Osupport.
The SerialPortlnputstream will be used to read the bytes fromthe serial port. Since the serial I/O is implemented by using JavaNative Interface (JNI) to call the Operating System API's to readthe serial port, developers should be careful to minimize thesystem overhead. They do this by calling the read(byte[] buffer)method with a large buffer instead of calling the single read()method for each byte. This way minimizes the number of internalcalls made to read the entire buffer.
It's important to note that the above code contains a whole loopthat continues until isRunning0 returns false. The GpsTransportclass contains a complimentary GpsTransport. stop0 method sets therunning flag to false, which will cause the loop to exit. Thisallows the thread to be cleanly stopped when the transport has beenrequested to stop processing by another thread.
Extracting the Messages
The NMEA 0183 message format is astraightforward variable length packet of 79 bytes or less. Allbytes are in ASCII characters so the packets are directly readable.The messages have the general form ……..
$IDMSG, D1,D2,D3,D4……,Dn*CS[CR][LF]
Message start character
Two letter message source identifier
Three letter message identifier
Field delimiter
A data field element
The checksum delimiter
Two ASCII characters that indicate the hexadecimal checksumvalue
Message termination characters
The next activity in processing the inputbytes involves extracting a GPS message from the raw data. This isaccomplished by scanning the bytes read for the NMEA protocoldelimiters to find the boundaries of the particular message thatwas just received. The NMEA 0183 message format is explainedfurther in the sidebar.
Below is the code that ensures a message is complete, extractsthe bytes, and creates the GpsMessage instance for furtherprocessing by other objects:
Figure 2: Packetizing the input stream
After a message has been extracted, the message must bevalidated. The validation of a GPS message involves ensuring themessage follows the defined format, and the checksum is valid.Validation of the message insures the application does not receiveinvalid data. This responsibility is assigned to the message classitself. This code is contained in the GpsMessage. isValid() methodand is used as follows:
Anyone who has an interest in receiving valid messages and is alistener of the transport will now be notified. After notification,the processing continues looking for the next message. Thisprocessing continues forever until the transport is stopped via theGpsTranspOrt. stop() method discussed earlier.
By using only the InputStream protocol in the GpsTransport, anyInputStream can be supported as the source of the GPS data. This isvery important because during the testing of this code, theFilelnputStream can test by creating and using a file as our GPSsource. That way developers don't need real operational hardwarefor complete system testing. They can also use the FilelnputStreamto simulate data that may not be easy to create in the currenthardware configuration. This is handy for GPS devices as they don'toperate well inside buildings, so actual data can be “captured”, ornew data even invented—this is how GPS code can be testedagainst exotic tropical locations—and the code tested withthe simulated stream from a file.
Accessing the Data
GPS Fix Data : This message has 14 datafields of the following form.
Position UTC
GPS Quality
Number of satellites used
Horizontal dilution of precision
Antenna altitude in meters
Geoidal separation in meters
Age of differential GPS data
Differential reference station ID
The GpsMessage contains information about asingle GPS message received from the InputStream. The message willbe responsible for returning the various data fields containedwithin the message. The message also helps the transport determineif the message is valid by insuring the checksum is correct. Forexample, the GPS Fix Data message is the message that provideslatitude and longitude data. The message instance would be able toanswer any of these values for this message.
Defining the Listener Interface
The GpsTransportListener interface defines the messageReceivedmethod that will be called when a message is received by thetransport. A message is passed as a parameter on themessageReceived notification method so that the receiving objectthat is listening can interrogate the message for any desireddata.
That the GpsTransport does not care about the implementation ofthe GpsTransportListener is an important concept. Many classes mayimplement the GpsTransportListener to perform various functions.For example, a transport debug class could be created to print allmessages received to the System.out or a log file. In thissolution, the Gps class will implement the GpsTransportListener toget the latitude and longitude.
Getting the GPS Location
The Gps class implements the GpsTransportListener and registersits interest in receiving all valid messages that are received. TheGps class' messageReceived method uses the GpsMessage parameter toretrieve any desired data from the GPS messages it receives. Inthis example , it explicitly looks for the GPS Fix Data message andsaves the current latitude and longitude.
Creating a New Transport
To support a new hardware device, these steps should be followedto create and test a new transport:
1. Get all the documentation available about the device. Thisincludes the hardware information, the communication information(e.g. baud rate), and the message format information.
2. Get the device and run any vendor supplied test program toinsure the device is correctly connected to your machine.
3. Build new transport software by starting simple and iteratingcode until the desired function is complete. Since Java is highlyportable from one hardware platform to another, for convenience,most of the development and testing could be done on a developmentmachine (e.g., Windows NT) and later tested on the runtimemachine.
4. Perform the final testing on the target machine.
Further Design Considerations
At this point, developers should examine other aspects ofpossible application solutions. An important consideration is howdoes the application code interact with the Gps object. Oneimmediate solution is to have the Gps class provide its ownlistener interface to trigger when the GPS location has changed.That way the application code could register interest with the Gpsobject for the information it is interested in, and wouldsubsequently be notified at the appropriate time, when the datachanges.
The granularity of this solution could range anywhere from whenan individual data item has changed (such as the latitude) toindicating only that the Gps object has changed in some manner, andthe particulars would be determined by further interrogation of theGps object. The granularity of the listener / notification schemewould be tuned to a developer's particular applications informationneeds and performance considerations.
Another possibility is for the individual data items themselvesto have listener interfaces. That way the latitude and longitudevalues could be encapsulated in classes like GpsLatitude andGpsLongitude and could be interacted with directly, as opposed toalways going through the Gps object to get the information. Thiswould be a great way to connect up the individual elements of theGps information to their respective individual user interfacecomponents.
Finally, the grand unification scheme should be considered.Defining a measurement interface that any measurement from anydevice could support would allow applications to receive deviceinformation in a common way.
In fact, going even further, all devices could be supported viathree simple concepts:
1. A measurement is data sent to or received from a hardwaredevice
2. A command is an operation or set of operations performedagainst a hardware device
3. A signal is a notification received from a hardwaredevice.
That way, by having a common interface, application code wouldbe tremendously resilient to change. New devices, not conceived oforiginally, could be introduced to the already written applicationcode and would work fine, as long as they implemented the commoninterface. Some simple tests can be performed to see whether devicesoftware is truly resilient; the application code should not haveto be changed as a result of:
• Changes in message formats. For example, the GPS informationcould be provided via other format than NMEA (e.g., TrimbleStandard Interface Protocol).
• Moving to another communication device. For example, movingfrom serial to USB.
The common theme in all this discussion is the tradeoff ofinflexible simplicity for slightly more complicated flexibility.Just a little more thought and effort will pay off later in waysthat developers may not be able to foresee today.
It is relatively easy to interface with serial devices.Hopefully, developers will contemplate and employ some of theprocedures and techniques presented here whereby you can handlealmost any serially interfaced device. And not only standard RS232serial, but for an assortment of other very active serial stylebusses in use by many industries.
Maybe you have gained an appreciation for the problem ofplanning for change, even though we didn't have the space to dealwith the complete story. For example, we have an extremely robustsolution that we have used to communicate not only with a lame setof devices on an automobile bus (which changes from manufacturer tomanufacturer), but the solution smoothly handles multiple “packet”oriented communications means, serial and beyond.
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Winner of the New Statesman SPERI Prize in Political Economy 2016
Tuesday, 31 August 2021
Is it true that “anything we can actually do we can afford”?
This was something Keynes said in a 1942 BBC address. By 'we' he meant the government, and by 'actually do' he meant the physical resources (e.g. labour) were available. He was talking about what he hoped would happen after the war, and against the austerity policies that had seen mass unemployment in the late 1920s and 1930s. He says in the same address:
It was a policy the UK pursued in the next few decades, after a few years producing full employment on average along with rapid growth and, initially at least, with little or no inflation. Keynes was proved correct. However in the 1960s and 1970s that was no longer the case, and we learnt through double digit inflation, and in the UK widespread disruption, that the real constraint on what you can do is inflation rather than full employment. It was always clear, however, at least to UK and other European economists, that how close you could get to full employment before inflation set in was governed by a complex and variable set of institutional factors. So Keynes’ statement became ‘governments can do anything as long as inflation remains stable’.
If inflation is the ultimate constraint on what we can actually do, why did governments start to worry about their own finances? Why did bodies like the IMF start advocating fiscal rules to limit government borrowing and later independent fiscal institutions to monitor government deficits? Some may have wanted to reduce the growth of government spending, but the official reason was real enough: deficit bias.
Deficit bias has been long forgotten as a result of the macroeconomic disaster that began in 2010, but it is crucial to understanding the origin of financial considerations influencing what we can actually do. To understand deficit bias you also need to understand another change that began in the 1970s and has now become dominant, which is how demand management is done.
In the UK in the decades after WWII, fiscal policy was used to stabilise the economy at full employment. Interest rates played a minor role, and arbitrary limits on personal borrowing were common. (This is similar to the policy proposal associated with MMT.) This made sense under the system of fixed exchange rates created by Bretton Woods. When that came to an end in the early 1970s, interest rate changes became more powerful because of their impact on exchange rates, and that was enhanced as credit controls were gradually abolished.
The world moved, often erratically, towards a system we have today: macroeconomic stabilisation using interest rates set by central banks trying to hit inflation targets. This in turn created the problem of deficit bias. In a world where fiscal policy stabilises the economy, deficit bias isn’t an issue because deficits increase in recessions but fall in booms. The economic cycle and the need for fiscal policy stabilisation means that government debt broadly looks after itself. To put it another way, labour shortages and high inflation are the cost an irresponsible government pays for spending to much or taxing too little.
In contrast, in a world where interest rates are varied to stabilise the economy, inflation is no longer a constraint on fiscal policy. In this world, Keynes’ statement of the title again becomes true, because central banks will look after inflation. The only cost of spending a lot or taxing too little would be high interest rates, but as these rates were set by someone else, the political cost to governments of running large deficits is more opaque as long as the increase in rates wasn’t too rapid.
This is perhaps the most important point of this post. Deficit targets or more sophisticated fiscal rules only make sense in a world where interest rates are able to be used to target inflation. It follows automatically that fiscal rules make no sense when rates are stuck at their lower bound. These two sentences are sufficient to show that 2010 austerity makes no sense. The reason MMTers don’t like fiscal rules follows automatically from their wish that fiscal policy rather than interest rates target inflation.
In the three decades after the fall in Bretton Woods, governments in the US and Europe (not the UK) took advantage of this new freedom monetary policy stabilisation had given them. Global debt to GDP ratios almost doubled. This is deficit bias. [1]
To what extent was this deficit bias a problem? In the short and medium term for the major economies (treating the Eurozone as a country) not much, but in the longer term (by which I mean centuries rather than decades) there is bound to be a limit on how large government debt could be in relation to GDP. [2] So for that reason alone it makes sense to try and make it hard, through rules and institutions, for governments to increase debt at that rate. It should also increase welfare if governments are discouraged from increasing debt for no good reason beyond buying elections.
I think the evidence that inflation stabilisation by independent central banks was highly successful compared to all the other stabilisation regimes that preceded it is overwhelming. So having good fiscal rules that make it difficult for governments to try and win elections by increasing debt is also worth having. This is why I support good fiscal rules.
However, I also think bad fiscal rules are far worse than no fiscal rules at all. It is vitally important that government debt should be allowed to rise in a number of situations. Fiscal rules that prevent that do far more harm than good. There are two clear situations today where debt needs to rise. The first is in severe recessions, where interest rates get stuck at their lower bound [3]. The second is where large investments are required to produce a large future benefit. The most obvious example of the latter is climate change.
Why are there so many bad fiscal rules around today? I think one important reason is that the political right has seen them as a way of reducing the size of the state. The media have not helped, by grossly exaggerating the cost of higher debt and using any departure from a (bad) fiscal rule as a sign of government irresponsibility.
Which brings me to what inspired this post, Adam Tooze’s Chartbook No.34. This takes an MMT perspective, and ignores all the points I make about interest rate stabilisation and inflation. Which is understandable, when interest rates have been at or close to their lower bound for over a decade and inflation has not been an issue. The puzzle he addresses is how can we describe a government project (project X) as crowding out something else, when the amount the government could borrow before hitting an inflation constraint far exceeds what it actually borrows. You cannot say doing X stopped you doing Y and Z, because you could have done X, Y and Z.
I suspect this is usually an artificial question, because for me at least doing X, Y and Z would bring the economy to the point where it either hits the inflation constraint (in an MMT world) or where interest rates start rising (in today’s world). This would be a certainty if Y was greening the economy and Z were the fiscal transfers to make a carbon tax (or equivalent) politically acceptable. In both cases there is a clear opportunity cost of doing X.
An example of X where this arose recently was Trump’s tax cuts for the rich. I am happy to say the main problem with this is it was a transfer of income from the many to the few. The rich were better off, and that money either comes from the rest of the population now or in the future. Most people don’t see that because Trump paid for it by borrowing. For me [4], that means it’s also an example of deficit bias: raising the deficit just to pay off those who gave you money to win the election. [5]
I agree with Adam Tooze when he says there is no fixed pot of money. The government is the owner of the magic money tree, and in the US, UK and collective Eurozone today can borrow freely. I disagree on three points. First, I think the constraint in MMT type economies (where only fiscal policy does macro stabilisation) is normally inflation and not available resources, and second I think we can talk about the opportunity cost of bad policies even when the inflation constraint does not bite for the reason I gave above. Third, in today’s economies, it does make sense to ask whether deficits are justified or not, just as it did over the period of deficit bias and subsequently.
[1] The term deficit bias is bound to involve value judgments. No one should describe the rise in government debt after the GFC and the pandemic as deficit bias, because debt rose for very good reasons. Deficit bias is a rising government debt to GDP ratio over decades for no obviously good reason, and what a good reason is has to be a value judgement.
[2] Debt around 100% of GDP is fine. But if it doubles every 30 years for no good reason, you are over 1000% a century later and over 10,000% after that.
[3] This is why the fiscal rule that Jonathan Portes and I proposed here contained a knock-out where the rule no longer applies when interest rates hit the lower bound. Any fiscal rule today that fails to have something similar is a bad fiscal rule. It also focused on the current balance, putting no constraint on investment to green the economy, for example.
[4] I admit that a Republican who thought the economy was better off if taxes on the rich were reduced would not call this deficit bias. In that case all you can do is point out that there is little sign his belief is correct (e.g.)
[5] Does the relationship between r (the interest rate) and g (the nominal growth rate) matter here? I don’t think so, because we are talking about a permanent flow (tax cuts) rather than a one-off project.
1. My suspicion is that the debate is where the floating exchange rate boundary is - and few economists can see that
Effectively government doesn't spend in green dollars. It spends in yellow dollars which via the interest rate has an exchange rate with green dollars.
QE makes that exchange rate impure and more like the 'dirty peg' that the Chinese run between the Yuan and the dollar.
MMT says scrap yellow dollars and just use green dollars, which then puts government in the same floating exchange rate zone as the rest of us. The floating rate boundary then moves from around Treasury out to the border of the currency zone.
The difference between Keynesians and MMT people is whether they believe having a variable cost parameter on government spending that comes from the silly shuffle that they call 'borrowing' has any economic value.
2. Offer a $15/£10 per hour job to anybody who wants one, paying them directly from the central bank.
If mainstream economic theory is correct, nobody will turn up and/or nobody will be left on it very quickly.
The MMT position is that putting the currency on the labour hour standard is superior to interest rate adjustment in terms of inflation control - leading to greater output at stable prices than any competing ideas at any given interest rate.
That's because unlike the Gold standard labour hours cannot be hoarded and are fundamental to every form of activity in the economy.
May I suggest focusing not on the ratio of debt but the cost of debt service. Obviously at a low 2% average yield on nominal debt, the first scenario gives debt service as an alarming and doubtfully feasible 20% of GDP, and the second a mathematically impossible 200%.
The main reason for the change is that debt service directly represents the real burden on current and future taxpayers. The portfolio of nominal debt outstanding is a historical palimpsest, different for each country, especially ones with long debt records like the UK. Using nominal debt-to-GDP ratios adds pointless and emotive noise, and risks unsound policies.
The one aspect where nominal debt may be a better guide is in assessing rollover risks. But these need an additional indicator anyway to capture the maturity distribution, just as we need a distinct indicator of foreign bondholding to capture the foreign dependency risk.
A historical anecdote reinforces the argument. The UK's debt-to GDP ratio in 1815 after Waterloo is often cited with awe as a historical record for a country without hyperinflation, variously at 295% or 270% IIRC. It is a commonplace qualification thatthe denominator is uncertain, and Pitt did not have usable GDP estimates to go by. However, the estimates constructed later by economic historians are pretty good. What is less often noted is that he numerator is arbitrary.
As I understand it, when the Treasury needed to borrow during the long Napoleonic wars, which was often, it took the traditional 2.5% coupon on Consols as given and sold the new issue for what they could get, often considerably less than par. This was sensible policy, as it made the new issue legally identical to the old and over time created a huge and highly liquid pool of low-risk assets, as well as reducing administrative costs and risks of misappropriation to the absolute minimum. But it also meant that the nominal total of outstanding Consols was an unimportant book-keeping sum, not even a record of the total sums raised. Were any significant policymakers and pundits like Ricardo paying any attention to it?
4. «I think the evidence that inflation stabilisation by independent central banks was highly successful compared to all the other stabilisation regimes that preceded it is overwhelming.»
That is pure handwaving, especially considering the periodic 15-20 year financial crashes and recessions.
But so many governments have been simply shifted the technique used to buy elections by increasing *private* debt (which is not really private, e.g. mortgage debt, "secured" by "fantasy finance" valuations) which thanks to the "debt collateral spiral" described by John Stiglitz generates high inflation of property and pension costs (which is not "inflation" of course).
This has been called by Kevin Crouch "privatised keynesianism" and has been celebrated by many central bankers as inducing the "wealth effect". Mervyn King however seems to have repented.
George Osborne: “Hopefully we will get a little housing boom and everyone will be happy as property values go up
As to the quote from Cameron, real booms result in a *reduction* of debt because they increase income from greater output rather than book capital gains from higher asset prices.
5. "You cannot say doing X stopped you doing Y and Z, because you could have done X, Y and Z."
Not really. There are good reasons why we cannot achieve a perfect health service by, say, having 99% of the working population employed by the NHS. It isn't just an issue of funding. It is an issue of the allocation of national resources.
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How To Control The Timing Of A Linear Actuators Motion
How to Control the Timing of a Linear Actuators Motion?
Guest Writer
Guest Writer
PA Engineer
In our latest "How To" post, we will be going over how to control the timing of a linear actuator's motion using a microcontroller. Microcontrollers give a lot of freedom in motion control and this is just one example of an almost endless amount of motion control options available. Depending on your application, the example project in this article can be adjusted to suit your requirements, whether you add another timed actuator or beef up the power supply to handle a stronger linear actuator, it is all up to you.
Motion Control Using a Microcontroller
An Arduino microcontroller will be used to control the motion timing of a linear actuator, but any microcontroller will work. However, since we are using a shield, the microcontroller needs to be compatible. We are going to walk you through the various parameters that you can adjust to change the speed of a linear actuator.
What You Will Need
For this example, we will be using the following components for controlling a linear actuator:
Connecting Components
Now that we have our supplies, we will need to connect everything. Thankfully, connections are simple by using a shield as opposed to a separate board that requires additional wiring and soldering.
First, let's connect our actuator to our LC-80 MegaMoto Plus shield by attaching the two wire leads from the actuator to the A/B screw terminals on the LC-80. Then, we need to connect the LC-80 to our power supply, in this case, the PS-20-12. We do this by attaching positive and negative wires from the power supply to the BAT +/- terminals of the LC-80.
Finally, we need to connect the LC-80 to the LC-066, which is as simple as sticking it on top of one another as shown in the image below.
Photo of microcontrollers by Progressive Automations
Adjusting the Code
For us to get full control over our actuator's motion, we will need to do some linear actuator programming with our Arduino unit. We've prepared an example code that has our actuator extending and then retracting for 10 seconds each way for a 300-second cycle.
//Use the jumpers on the board to select which pins will be used
int EnablePin1 = 13;
int PWMPinA1 = 11;
int PWMPinB1 = 3;
int extendtime = 10 * 1000; // 10 seconds, times 1000 to convert to milliseconds
int retracttime = 10 * 1000; // 10 seconds, times 1000 to convert to milliseconds
int timetorun = 300 * 1000; // 300 seconds, times 1000 to convert to milliseconds
int duty;
int elapsedTime;
boolean keepMoving;
void setup() {
pinMode(EnablePin1, OUTPUT);//Enable the board
pinMode(PWMPinA1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PWMPinB1, OUTPUT);//Set motor outputs
elapsedTime = 0; // Set time to 0
keepMoving = true; //The system will move
}//end setup
void loop() {
if (keepMoving)
digitalWrite(EnablePin1, HIGH); // enable the motor
delay(10);//small delay before retracting
elapsedTime = millis();//how long has it been?
if (elapsedTime > timetorun) {//if it's been 300 seconds, stop
Serial.print("Elapsed time is over max run time. Max run time: ");
keepMoving = false;
}//end if
}//end main loop
void stopActuator() {
analogWrite(PWMPinA1, 0);
analogWrite(PWMPinB1, 0); // speed 0-255
void pushActuator() {
analogWrite(PWMPinA1, 255);
void pullActuator() {
analogWrite(PWMPinA1, 0);
analogWrite(PWMPinB1, 255);//speed 0-255
It is important to walk through the code, line-by-line to try and understand what is going on. By doing so, you can customize the code to do a whole host of other tasks. However, for now, the most important part is the first section and the setup loop, which that focuses on assigning pins and setting the cycle speed.
You need to configure the pins on our LC-80 to match what is in the first section of the code by setting the jumpers on the LC-80 or adjusting the code. In this case, set the "Enable" pin to D13, the "PWMA" pin to D11, and the "PWMB" pin to D3. The “Enable” pin is what controls and powers the motor and without it, the actuator will stop moving and will not be able to be controlled. The “PWMA” and “PWMB” pins control the extension and retraction of the actuator. We don't need the "Sensor" pins in this example so don't worry about selecting anything there.
The timer control of a linear actuator is now complete. You can upload the code to the Arduino by using their IDE (download from the Arduino website). Once you have your linear actuator extending and retracting, why not play around with the code a bit? Try and adjust the extend/retract time within the code, re-upload it to the Arduino, and see how the linear actuator responds. By adjusting these numbers in the code, you can control the speed and total motion cycle time based on your desired application.
Below we have included a video of a timing actuator in action. For the video example, we wanted to show off another way you can alter the timing, so we made it extend and retract for 5 seconds at a time over a 20-second cycle.
As stated earlier, this is just one example of a way you can alter the motion of an actuator with the help of our microcontrollers. If you have your own custom control method in mind, you can have a control system built specifically to your custom requirements with the help of our talented engineering staff. They will guide you through the process and make sure you have full control over your units. If you'd like to learn more about the custom order process take a look at our custom order page.
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Atomic Physics
Atomic physics, the logical investigation of the structure of the molecule, its vitality states, and its cooperations with different particles and with electric and attractive fields. Nuclear material science has end up being a staggeringly fruitful use of quantum mechanics, which is one of the foundations of present day material science. It is basically worried about the course of action of electrons around the core and the procedures by which these plans change. This involves particles, nonpartisan molecules and, except if in any case expressed, it tends to be accepted that the term iota incorporates particles. The term nuclear material science can be related with atomic force and atomic weapons, because of the equivalent utilization of nuclear and atomic in standard English. Physicists recognize nuclear material science—which manages the iota as a framework comprising of a core and electrons—and atomic physical science, which considers atomic responses and extraordinary properties of nuclear cores.
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Lack of Communication in a Relationship
2021-05-06 22:26:24
3 pages
567 words
Type of paper:
For a relationship to grow it requires fostering. There are many factors that helps in nurturing a relationship. For example, for a relationship to develop it needs love, tolerance, patience, dedication, commitment, honesty, trust and above all communication (Mostamandy 25). Communication is an essential facet since it enables individuals in a relationship to express and convey their emotions and thoughts on a given issue affects them. When couples do not communicate, they usually feel unappreciated. Thus, it is essential to analyze the reasons and effects of less or no communication in a relationship.
There are many factors that cause little or no communication in a relationship. However, the factors are different based on a particular relationship. The common causes leading to reduced communication include work related stress and mistrust (Moore). Stress affect most relationship since individual undergoing stress frequently become withdrawn by keeping their thoughts to themselves. A stressed person typically feels irritated, and this influence the partner to abhor from any discussion of the relationship (Moore). Maybe because of the feeling of being fatigued to talk. Lack of trust result because of little or no communication. Lack of communication may make a partner doubt his or her spouse (Mostamandy 32). Mistrust commonly occur when a partner engages in an act that is dishonest like cheating or being affair. This only compromises trust by increasing disputes and reducing faith and belief in a relationship. Thus, mistrust happens when a spouse doubts the loyalty of the other partner in a relationship. A partner who doubts frequently begins with silent observation of the actions of the other spouse (Moore). The doubting spouse may also not show the doubts he or she is contemplating concerning their spouse. All these lead to a relationship that is unhealthy.
Lack of communication leads to many effects in a relationship. These effects result from the long-term issues suppressed between the couples. One effect resulting is misunderstanding (Moore), which causes arguments between couples. The issues and problems bringing conflicts in the relationship are those that were not discussed and solved foremost. Thus, keeping a particular issue to yourself without solving it serves as an ingredient for more arguments. These arguments make people vulnerable to negative emotions that induce to hurt one another and, therefore, do not provide a solution.
Lack of romance and intimacy is also a result of lack of communication (Moore). Mostly, romance and intimacy are issues that people in a relationship do not communicate about. When they do not communicate about such issues, the relationship might be destroyed completely (Mostamandy 32). The causes are accredited by the lack of communication on such problems in a relationship based on the differences existing in the relationship. Sometimes the difference is based on gender, male and female. However, men normally feel that when his partner do not communicate he might not be willing to satisfy his needs sexually.
The most important thing in a relationship is communication. It leads to growth in a relationship. Some people experience problems in their relationship because they do not know how to express themselves. Couples need to understand one another as communication is not just about expression; communication is about respect, understanding and support for each other.
Works Cited
Moore, Ayra. The Effects of Lack of Communication in a Relationship. 24 May 2011. 28 February 2016.
Mostamandy, Tamila. The Effect of Communication on Couples Relationship and Happiness. London: AuthorHouse, 2012.
We can write a custom paper on any topic you need.
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Search Ancestors Map Descendants Load Gedcom file
Edward IV, King of England
Determine relationship to...
29 APR 1442 Rouen, Haute-Normandie, France
Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York
Cecily de Neville
Elizabeth Woodville 1 MAY 1464 Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire, England
Elizabeth of York, Princess of England
Born: 11 FEB 1466 Westminster Palace, London, Middlesex, England
Died: 11 FEB 1503 Tower of London, The City, London, England
Elizabeth Lucy BEF 1470
Arthur Plantagenet, Vicount Lisle
Born: ABT 1470 Calais, Aquitaine, France
Died: 3 MAR 1542 Tower of London, The City, London, England
Elizabeth Woodville 1 MAY 1464 Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire, England
Edward V, King of England
Born: 4 NOV 1470 Sanctuary, Westminster, England
Died: 1483 Tower of London, The City, London, England
Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York and Norfolk
Born: 17 AUG 1473 Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England
Anne Plantagenet, Princess of England
Born: 1479
Died: 1512
Catherine Plantagenet
Born: 14 AUG 1479 Eltham Palace, Kent, England
Died: 15 NOV 1527 Tiverton Castle, Tiverton, Devon, England
9 APR 1483 Westminster Palace, London, Middlesex, England aged 40
REIGNED: making an admirable start on reforming royal administration, on improving the machinery of royal finance Strong emphasis was placed on restoring law and order.
The Houses of Lancaster and York had fought the Wars of the Roses, and despite the civil war that continued intermittently until 1471 when all Lancastrian resistance was crushed and Henry VI was taken prisoner, Edward fostered the commerce of his realm. During his reign, printing and silk manufacturing were introduced in England.
Edward's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, a commoner, and his efforts to create a new nobility more amenable to his interests, angered the older nobles and alienated Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, who had been a power behind his throne. Warwick made an alliance with the Lancastrians and, in 1470, drove Edward from the throne and into exile in Holland. Henry VI again became king of England. Supplied with funds by his brother-in-law, Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, Edward returned to England in 1471, raised a large army, and won decisive victories over his enemies at Barnet and Tewkesbury. Thereafter the crown was securely in his possession. The later years of his reign were, for the most part, uneventful. The most notable incident of this period was a short war with France in 1475, which was terminated by an arrangement whereby King Louis XI agreed to pay Edward an annual subsidy. Edward was succeeded by his son Edward V.
OCCUPATION: including the renovation of St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, intended to be the mausoleum of the House of York. It was a hugely ambitious redevelopment of St George's funded with French money received under the terms of the Treaty of Picquigny.
The centrepiece of this redevelopment was a chapel of cathedral-like proportions set out immediately to the west of its predecessor. Integral to the new building was the king's own funeral monument and chantry. The construction of this sumptuous chapel, one of the masterpieces of late medieval European architecture, was supervised by Richard Beauchamp, bishop of Salisbury, and directed by the master mason Henry Janyns.
This new building completely obscured the original public façade of Edward III's college and necessitated a complete reordering of the lower bailey, including the construction of the Horseshoe Cloister for the community of the vicars.
When Edward IV died his new collegiate church and funerary monument were far from complete. The choir was roofed but not vaulted and the walls of the nave were still under construction. Despite the king's death, work to the chapel does appear to have continued for a short while but the Yorkist defeat at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 soon brought operations at St George's to a complete standstill.
Just before this event, however, the body of Henry VI, the Lancastrian king murdered by Edward IV was brought to the chapel. Almost immediately miracles were reputedly worked by the murdered king and a pilgrimage cult focused on Windsor began to develop and with far-reaching results.
BIOGRAPHICAL: He was popular with the people, especially the Londoners and the ladies. Inclined to be lazy and easy going, he could act with alacrity when the occasion demanded it.
York 1461-1470, 1471-1483
Database: stanwardine Bridge Family Tree
Contact: William Bridge
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burning vs electrocution what difference
what is difference between burning and electrocution
• (General American) IPA(key): /bɝnɪŋ/
• (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /bɜːnɪŋ/
• Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)nɪŋ
1. present participle of burn
burning (comparative more burning, superlative most burning)
1. So hot as to seem to burn (something).
2. Feeling very hot.
3. Feeling great passion.
4. Consuming; intense; inflaming; exciting; vehement; powerful.
• like a young hound upon a burning scent
5. Being keenly discussed.
a burning question; a burning issue
Derived terms
• wood-burning, woodburning
burning (plural burnings)
1. The act by which something burns or is burned.
• 1850, The Edinburgh Review, Or Critical Journal (volume 91, page 93)
The propriety of the dissolution, too, was speedily seen in the improved state of the public peace: for twelve years we hear little of Orange riots, and nothing of such burnings and wreckings as those of Maghera, Maghery, and Annahagh.
2. A fire.
The burnings continued all day.
3. (cryptocurrencies) purposefully remove certain number of coins in circulation, by sending it to a public address where the private keys cannot be obtained (called burn address, eater address or black hole), usually should be available on the blockchain for anyone to review such a transaction. It’s a one-way address with no ability to reverse the transaction or withdraw the coins. For all practical purposes, the asset no longer exists (it has been “burned”). The act of burning effectively removes tokens from the available supply.
• Bruning
electrocute + -ion
• IPA(key): /ɪˌlɛktɹəˈkjuːʃən/
electrocution (countable and uncountable, plural electrocutions)
1. The accidental death or suicide by electric shock.
2. Deliberate execution by electric shock, usually involving an electric chair.
3. (informal) A severe electric shock, whether fatal or not.
Usage notes
Formally, the words electrocution and electrocute imply fatality (and originally referred specifically to judicial execution, although the latter distinction has fallen out of use). Informally, however, these terms are sometimes used to refer to serious but nonfatal electric shocks. Preferred usage is to normally reserve electrocution for fatal electric shocks, and to use shock or electric shock for nonfatal ones.
See also
• execution
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Do you have now, or have you ever had a child who engaged in challenging behavior?
If so, you may have been given or asked to participate in the creation of a behavior plan.
IDEA states that a behavior plan is based on a functional behavioral assessment.
A functional behavioral assessment is considered an evaluation that, through data collection and observations hypothesizes the function of behavior. Once you have a data-driven hypothesis, a behavior plan (if necessary) would be created, which should include strategies and interventions that address the behaviors and their functions.
There is a function behind all behavior.
Take a second to think about your own behavior. Do you bite your nails, do you play on Facebook for a few minutes instead of finishing that report? I could go on and on, but you probably get where I am going.
When we think about our students or children, understanding the function of their behavior may help us respond in a way that creates change and not more or different challenging behaviors.
Interesting Functions Of Behavior;
There are four types of function in regards to behavior;
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• Sensory/Automatic
• Escape
• Attention
• Tangible
Let’s take a more in-depth look into each behavior and some examples of each.
This function is sometimes referred to as self-stimulatory. The behaviors are not dependent on anything other than the behavior itself. The behavior itself is reinforcing to the person.
Some examples of Sensory behaviors would be: repetitive body motions such as, but not limited to- hand flapping, leg shaking, spit play, chewing on fingers, nail-biting and could also include some self-injurious behaviors.
Behaviors with an escape function are meant to do just that, escape from whatever has been presented to the person immediately before the behaviors. To stop or avoid something is what is reinforcing.
Some examples of Escape/Avoidance behaviors would be: Aggression, spitting, (to get people to leave them alone), running away, crying, whining, masturbation and self-injurious behavior.
Think about it like this – there’s a child in the classroom who was given an assignment and does not immediately start it. Instead, he throws his pencil and gets up to roam the room. This is an example of escape behavior that has been reinforced.
Behaviors with an attention function are those that are done to elicit attention.
Attention can be positive or negative. Sometimes, attention is so reinforcing that it can be negative (ex. behavioral correction) or positive (ex. praise). Any attention that maintains the behavior is reinforcing.
Some examples of Attention behaviors would be: calling out in class, nose picking, aggression, elopement, and unsafe climbing.
Think about it like this – a child is climbing on a bookshelf in a classroom. Every single time the teacher walks over, tells him to get down and then physically pulls him down, the child goes back to the activity they should have been doing. This is an example of attention-seeking behavior that has been reinforced.
Behaviors with a tangible function are to obtain an object or item. This function is pretty straightforward that a person engages in a behavior to get something.
Some examples of Tangible behaviors would be: yelling, screaming, and aggression.
Think about it like this – You’re in a store with your child at checkout. There are rows of candy bars. Your child starts screaming for one. You give it to them to stop the screaming. This is an example of tangible behavior that was reinforced.
These examples of behaviors are not an end-all list, but instead just collection of some behaviors you may encounter. Each person and their behavior is unique and must be treated as such.
FBA’s (Functional Behavioral Assessment) and BIP’s (Behavior Intervention Plan) should be individualized to the person they are about.
As a teacher and a special education tutor, I am constantly aware of my actions and how they may be affecting children around me. As you develop a greater knowledge in this area, you will help your child develop in a way that truly maximizes their potential (and decreases your stress level substantially)!
Nicole Adamski, MA
Nicole Adamski, MA
Nicole Adamski, MA
Nicole Adamski, MA
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23 Mar 2017
Sustainable tourism. What is it really about?
Sustainable tourism. What is it really about?
Tourism in total freedom makes an important business model for the overall economic infrastructure of many areas, particularly in Italy, where small towns with great cultural heritage or wonderful natural landscapes are often difficult to reach. A camper van can get to these destinations, thus acting on a basic principle of sustainable tourism: not just respecting the host environment, but also bringing benefits to it.
According to the WTO (World Tourism Organization), sustainable tourism can be defined as the form of tourism that ‘satisfies the needs of both travellers and host regions, while protecting and improving their opportunities for the future”. In other words, it is a responsible tourism, supporting travellers and territories, a ‘tourism in natural areas that must contribute to the protection of nature and to the well being of local populations’.
The core factor of sustainable tourism is therefore the recognition that the specific host places and cultures need to directly benefit from it, also in economic terms. The concepts of mobility, outdoor life, interaction, and the characteristics of flexibility and adaptability, explain why camper holidays belong to a developing model where tourism is an important element of the overall economic infrastructure of many areas. In Italy in particular, there are many small towns with great cultural heritage and natural landscapes that are not usually touched by the standard tourist formats.
With the camper van, these destinations can be enjoyed, while experiencing a key principle of sustainable tourism: greater respect for the environment and real benefits for the safeguard and development of people and places. It is not just about holidays, but also about practices that:
• Respect the environment
• Are ethical and virtuous, hence not exploiting an area, culture or population
• Are economically sustainable for the host population
• Display social and cultural curiosity. The entire journey will be characterized by respect for the hosting population.
Modes of transport
Travelling by air seems to be the only choice when travelling long distance or across the ocean. However, when planning a holiday, shorter distances can be considered and also low impact, alternative transport: bicycles, public transport, trains or camper vans. Travelling by camper, for example, means choosing a holiday in close contact with nature, but it also means looking after the environment: a holiday on a Fiat Ducato based camper van can reduce emissions up to 52% compared to a traditional holiday*.
Local culture and economy
The ideal tourist should prefer places and services that use local staff and should, in general, spend their money at local businesses, so that the local economy improves and real opportunities are given. Also, tourists are not meant to be detached spectators who travel to get the latest fashion fad, but rather they should immerse in the local culture and accept its differences, in a constructive dialogue. Knowing about local customs, history, cuisine and -why not- trying to speak a different language, are great starting points.
Many tourist facilities (camping sites, parks, mountain communities…) work to improve natural areas and protect local habitats and biodiversity. Today, it is better to be a conscious traveller, preferring to patronize those venues that are eco-friendly or have environmental protection plans.
Camper holiday makers, hence, are able to travel consciously and thus actively participate in local conservation. But there is more: tourism in total freedom also generates a state of balance and wellness for the traveller, who thus acquires a real sustainable mindset that can be applied to other areas of his or her daily life.
* Source: “Mobile Dwelling Units”, a research by Prof. Paolo Fiamma (Università di Pisa) 2015.
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Tawny Crazy Ant
Actual Size: ⅛”
Characteristics: Golden-brown to reddish-brown.
Legs: 6
Antennae: Yes
Wings: Males and females have wings, but rarely fly.
Habitat: Thrive in both moist and dry environments.Will nest in electronics, underneath floorboards, trash bins, and inside car engines.
• Named for their erratic, highly unpredictable movements.
• Can destroy grass and lawns while displacing other insects.
• Drawn to electrical equipment, they have been found in televisions, computers, and other appliances.
Tawny Crazy Ants in Eastern Tennessee
Also known as rasberry crazy ants, tawny crazy ants are invasive and were first introduced to the public in Texas in 2002. Since then, they’ve spread to Eastern Tennessee, invading homes, and other buildings in large numbers. Named for their butterscotch color and erratic trailing movements, tawny crazy ants follow pheromone trails like other ants. However, the movements of tawny crazy ants appear erratic because they have very long legs and move quickly. Tawny crazy ants can kill grass, displace other insects, and frequently cause malfunctions in electrical equipment.
Tawny Crazy Ant Habitat
Building large nests, typically near moisture, tawny crazy ants build nests in any available crack or crevice. Nests are found under leaf debris, waste material, damp soil, and other protected habitats. Although they don’t typically build colonies in homes, tawny crazy ants will venture indoors to forage for meats and sweets. Additionally, nests have been found in potted plants, stumps, and electrical equipment. Tending aphids and consuming their honeydew secretions, tawny crazy ants also prey on live animals and scavenge from dead animals.
Tawny Crazy Ant Behaviors, Threats, or Dangers
Although they do not have a stinger, tawny crazy ants can bite. When bitten, pain is mild and dissipates quickly. Outdoors, infested landscapes consist of several trails of ants running up trees and shrubs in yards. As they scavenge for food, tawny crazy ants invade homes, where they are drawn to electrical equipment, destroying electronics and creating a fire hazard. When these ants invade buildings, they may be attracted to sweets and to water sources, especially during periods of dry weather. Additionally, most pest control tactics that work to control other ants do not provide adequate control of the tawny crazy ant. If a tawny crazy ant infestation is suspected, it is best to consult a professional ant exterminator.
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Writing about Freedom of Speech and Censorship
Essay paper writing
Academic writing
Freedom of speech is an important and inalienable right, which determines the degree of liberation and democracy of the society. Voltaire wrote that people have no freedom without the right to express their thoughts. Now, freedom of speech, which was in oblivion for a long time, tends to rise again.
This fact makes the topic of freedom of speech and the issue of censorship an extremely popular one in colleges and universities. If you want to write a decent censorship and freedom of speech essay, research paper, or even freedom of speech term paper, read this article to find out all the best writing secrets and tips.
Useful tips on how to write quality essays on freedom of speech
We offer you to get acquainted with this part of the article to find out all the best tips on writing perfect essays about freedom of speech.
• Decide what type of essay you will work on. This aspect is important as each specific essay type has its features and may even differ in terms of structure.
• Make an outline. It’s an important step in any paper writing because a well-structured plan will help you a lot during the writing process.
• Develop a strong thesis. Make sure it is brief, clear, and describes your main idea along with the points you will use to support it.
• Research the topic. It’s a good idea to read some credible resources, such as journal articles on the topic, to have a clear understanding of the issue you are going to consider before actually writing about it.
• Check your spelling and grammar. These little details really make a difference. Even the greatest paper will look unprofessional with a great number of typos or improper grammar.
Freedom of speech essay topics
Here are some really interesting freedom of speech essay ideas for your consideration:
• What does freedom of speech mean to me essay
• Pros and cons of freedom of speech essay
• Freedom of speech opinion essay: is it important for you to speak your mind?
• Freedom of speech in social media essay
• Freedom of press essay
• History of the freedom of speech essay
• Censorship essay
• Free speech on college campuses essay
• Essay about lack of freedom of speech
• Defamation and freedom of speech essay
• Essay on disadvantages of freedom of speech
• Freedom of speech should be restricted essay
• Freedom of speech and political correctness essay
• Essay on the First Amendment freedom of speech
• Against censorship essay
• Regulations should be put on freedom of speech on social media essay
• Freedom of speech limitations essay
• Censorship persuasive essay: why censorship is dangerous?
• Freedom of speech argumentative essay: why there should be no censorship?
• Should freedom of speech be limited essay
• Essay about freedom of speech and the Internet
• The importance of freedom of speech at school essay
• Why freedom of speech is important essay
• Why are there laws limiting the freedom of speech essay
• Should we change laws outlined in the First Amendment essay
freedom of speech argumentative essay
Freedom of speech essay outline
Whether you have to write a short essay on freedom of speech or extensive research work on this topic, it will have a very clear structure that consists of the following items:
• Freedom of speech essay introduction. The main goal of the introduction is to demonstrate your position on the question put forward (in the form of thesis or simple argumentation) and to set a rhythm for the whole paper. Before presenting the thesis statement, it is crucial to review basic facts about the topic to get a reader a better understanding of why it is important to research it.
• Freedom of speech essay thesis. Your position should be very clear so that the readers do not have any doubts about your personal attitude to the problem or the arguments you are going to use to support it.
• The main part. All the important points of your essay should be discussed here in detail. In the first paragraph of the main part, you should use your strongest and most rigorous arguments, while the less obvious examples should follow after it. In order for the reader to form an integral picture of your paper, choose at least 1-2 relevant examples from real-life events that confirm your position. Tie all parts of the text to each other. Remember that you should not write separate sentences: all judgments must follow logically from previous statements.
• Freedom of speech essay conclusion. Despite the fact that the conclusion is at the very end of the paper, do not write it as if you have a new thought in your head: this part should never include any new information. The final paragraph is the last chance to emphasize the depth of your reflections. It is also necessary to restate your thesis mentioned in the introduction. After this, you should draw logical conclusions based on examples and their explanations.
After you are done with the outline and the writing, choose a few suitable titles for freedom of speech essay and see which one matches the points you have reviewed best. Find a few freedom of speech essay examples to see how a title may be structured and understand what kind of words you may include to convey the main idea of the paper better.
Freedom of speech research paper topics
Here are the top 10 topics for your freedom of speech research paper:
• Research paper on media censorship
• Censorship in the USSR
• Censorship in North Korea
• The Charlie Hebdo attack: the flip side of freedom of speech
• Freedom of speech in the US before the First Amendment
• Is anonymity possible on the Internet?
• How important is censorship in today’s world?
• The Arab Spring
• Media censorship in China
• Gitlow v. New York case
Freedom of speech research paper outline
• Introduction. Here, you need to develop a strong thesis statement and give a brief introduction to the problem under consideration. Your main task here is to present the topic of your paper and emphasize its importance. If necessary, justify why you have decided to focus on this specific topic instead of a variety of others.
• Main part. In this part, you have to make a literature review, presenting the ideas of the outstanding researchers. Show how you have searched for the material, why you have chosen specific sources to consider, and what you have found in them. You may compare and contrast the ideas of different researchers and explain the differences in their findings if any.
• Conclusion. In the final section, you need to recap the review made in the body of the text and reemphasize the importance of the issue you considered in the paper. You also have to restate your thesis here.
Interesting facts for freedom of speech and censorship research papers and essays
The topic of freedom of speech and censorship is vast and versatile, and, sometimes, it is easy to get lost among interesting ideas. That is why we have decided to collect the most interesting historical facts concerning this topic:
• The survey conducted in 2002 in the USA by the Freedom Forum Center for First Amendment showed that 42% of the respondents thought that too much freedom was given to the US media.
• More than 2/3 of the US citizens believe that freedom of speech is crucial, even if people who use it only have something offensive to say.
• In China, there is a censorship police that monitors people activities and punishes those who say something unpleasant about the government.
• In the 50’s, the word “pregnant” was censored by the media as it was considered improper.
• Turkey is the first in the list of countries when it comes to the number of jailed journalists.
• In Cuba, Internet access is heavily monitored and, as it is very expensive, only ¼ people actually use Internet actively on a daily basis.
• Government in Iran blocks about 40% of the content on the Web for their citizens.
freedom of speech essay
Historical overview for censorship and freedom of speech college essay or research paper
Once you are assigned to write a freedom of speech and censorship essay or a research paper, it is crucial that you choose what specific idea to focus on. In order to do it, we suggest that you learn more about the history of the subject in question and see if any events prompt you to choose a certain topic to research.
Church censorship
The problem of access to information and control over it became relevant after the collapse of the slave society and growth of the movement against the tyranny of the Roman emperors, as well as the subsequent rise of the Christian church. Today, we would say that people of those times tried to establish social justice.
The Church carried out noble activities at that time, defended the poor, destitute, and oppressed people. Nevertheless, it sought to protect the Bible from distortion to preserve the canonical text. And, accordingly, a framework was introduced for those ideas that people were allowed to preach. When there were a lot of gods, the problem of censorship and access to certain texts did not exist. When one universally recognized Creator appeared, Christianity began to claim the role of the dominant religion, standing against the old gods and proclaiming that there is only one God who has a great plan for each of its creatures.
State and university censorship
At the same time, various monarchies emerged in Europe. The first of them arose in France, Spain, and England. In Germany and Italy, the situation was more complicated, as there were many different states in these countries. Spiritual limitations were based on censorship enforced by the state represented by monarchs. First, the functions of censorship were placed on the church, and then on universities. The latter were a kind of intermediary link between the government and the church in the implementation of censorship.
The first universities arose on the basis of theological research centers. For example, the Sorbonne was located in the temple, where the local teachers studied theology. Therefore, when the French kings entrusted control over the sacred books to the professors, they knew that these people were faithful Catholics acting within the church laws.
Censorship was initially created with an intent to preserve the original texts. Later, it turned into a means of persecuting dissenters. People began to divide into those who had the right to censor (kings and priests) and those who had to obey their decisions.
During the development of censorship, the institution of the Inquisition was established. People were subjected to double punishment for having another point of view. Firstly, their books were taken away and destroyed. Secondly, citizens accused of heresy were burned.
Reformation and Renaissance
The Protestant Church opposed the Inquisition and censorship. Its representatives, who appreciated Christian ideals, began to advocate for freedom of speech. To a certain extent, Luther and some other leaders of the Reformation fought for liberation from the hierarchical structure and subordination to authority.
The idea of freedom of speech was reinforced by philosophical concepts born in the Renaissance when questions of humanism and human rights became extremely relevant. Further development of the human rights concept is associated with the activities of English and French philosophers: Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Diderot, and others. They put forward a number of important thoughts that changed the idea of what the world should be like.
For example, the concept of civil society was created. The division of powers into administrative, governmental, legislative, and judicial was proposed by Montesquieu. And, within the framework of these philosophical doctrines, a new understanding of humanism has emerged.
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"content": "{\n \"format\": 3,\n \"knowledge\": 4,\n \"slop\": 2,\n \"justification\": \"The text is fairly readable with headings and bullets, but numbering is inconsistent and quotes interrupt flow. It offers concrete, correct advice on recommendation letters, showing good knowledge density. Some repetitive filler (multiple “Here’s Michelle” quotes) and redundant phrasing lower the overall quality.\"\n}"
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Here’s Michelle: “Your letter will be a combination of your own impressions and knowledge of the student and a synthesis of the information you have gathered from the student and other sources.”
How to begin:
1. Use a title: “Letter of Recommendation for John Doe”
1. Put the student’s name in the first sentence: “It is my great pleasure to write this letter of recommendation for John Doe.”
Suggestions for the first paragraph:
• Write an anecdote. A story is always a great way to draw the reader in.
• Write a summary of the student’s strengths. Introduce what is to follow in the body of the letter.
• Write what first comes to mind when you think of the student.
Suggestions for body paragraphs:
Here’s Michelle: “The body of your letter is going to be determined by what information will be most helpful to an admissions counselor in determining if the college and the student will be a good fit. If you had the opportunity to read the student’s essay and teacher letter of recommendations, you will be able to choose the content of your body paragraphs to complement, but not repeat, what has already been written. Your goal is to provide MORE information. If soccer is the most important thing in a student’s life and the student already has a letter of recommendation from the soccer coach, it is acceptable not to mention soccer. It is important that the student’s application, and not your letter, be comprehensive.”
Character and Personality
Describing the student’s character and personality is helpful. Giving examples and telling stories that illustrate the student’s character and personality is golden.
Extracurricular Activities
It is not necessary to repeat the student’s activity list. Write what is unique about the student’s participation in activities. Do any themes emerge? Is the student a leader? Has the student tried many new things in an effort to figure out their interests? Is their interest in activities based on genuine interest rather than resume-building?
In general, the teacher letter of recommendation will discuss the student’s academic progress and abilities. If a student is an avid reader, write about what they like to read. If a student is a news junkie, mention it. These details are important and may not be discussed in the rest of the student’s application. The counselor letter of recommendation should also explain anything unique on the student’s transcript such as an exchange program or perhaps a reason why a student took a specific course. If there is a dip in grades on the student’s transcript, the counselor should explain the reason.
Challenging Circumstances
Admissions counselors will be interested in knowing if a student’s grades were affected by challenging circumstances such as death, divorce, illness and poverty. It is usually appropriate to mention adversity without giving too much detail. Focus on how the student coped with adversity and how the circumstance might affect the student in college.
How does the student interact with adults? Is the student a good friend? Does the student have a special relationship with a sibling? Is the student a leader? What kind of roommate will the student be?
Suggestions for the Conclusion:
• Why will you miss the student?
• What will the student offer their future campus community?
• What is your prediction for the student’s success at college?
Finally, Michelle writes that the counselor letter of recommendation “should always be positive.” Even if you’ve had a poor experience with the student, focus on their good qualities. A short letter with a few truthful, positive words is perfectly okay.
Here’s Michelle: “Every student deserves the chance to grow and mature. Attending college is the change of environment that might just be what the student needs to turn their behavior and attitude around. The counselor letter is our chance to set students up for success.”
Sara Urquidez, executive director of Academic Success Program, has gathered a slate of strong counselor examples that work for different kinds of students. We’ve included them below:
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Call us 02 9635 7159
Text us 0451 005 151
Migraines And Headaches
The Ayurvedic history of migraines dates back to 6000 BC when Ayurveda originated from Divinities as an oral tradition. First documented evidence of headache can be found in the ancient Vedic texts like Ashtanga Hridayam, Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita where it is termed Sirasoola and we can find description about its different types and clinical subtypes. Though Hippocrates defined about headaches in 400 B.C.E.
Please Mind Your Head!
Headache has been ranked as the second leading cause of disorders by the Global burden of disease studies because it affects the normal and work life, increases absenteeism causing social and economic burden making them disable. Migraine comes in the third position affecting the people in the age group between 20 to 50 years. Based on the studies, there can be up to three million migraine sufferers in Australia and up to seven million tension-type headache sufferers. At least one migraine suffering person is present in one fourth of the houses of Australia. Proper history, CT or MRI will help in reaching to a causative factor of headache.
Headaches can be of structural, physiological or psychological. Though it may cause physical, emotional, and economic burdens proper guidance is less sought. Structural headaches are mainly due to space occupying lesions/tumours, inflammatory responses or increased intracranial pressure. Among them some can be dangerous and life-threatening.b90% of the headaches are physiological or psychological and they are classified under primary type in clinical medicine. They can be like cluster headache, tension head ache, migraine and Trigeminal neuralgia.
Migraines can be unilateral lasting from several hours to 3 days preceded with or without aura and sensitivity to light; sound and pain. It will be of moderate to severe type and will be relieved on vomiting. Many of you can have an evident family history. If left untreated it may lead to serious complications. Cluster headaches are usually unilateral around one eye lasting about 4 hours and patient will be active. Trigeminal neuralgic patients will be having shooting pain to the face. Tension headaches are one of the other most common types with squeezing pain and pressure on both sides of the head and neck and people rarely seek medical advice. Sinus headaches usually have pain behind fore head and cheekbones. Some other types of primary headaches are cough head ache, exertional headache, Headache associated with sexual activity, Medication over use headache and Dull Headaches which develops only during sleep.
Ayurvedic management of Migraine and other head aches at Ayur Healthcare:
Ayurveda understands migraine as a reflection of poor metabolism associated with accumulation of toxins leading to imbalance of doshas. Vata is heavily imbalanced and disturb Pitta and Kapha as well as per your body’s conditions. The preventive treatment for migraine at Ayur Healthcare helps in reducing frequency, severity and duration of migraine attacks. At Ayur Healthcare, tailored plans will be recommended to address migraine from root causes after a detailed assessment via consultation by Ayurvedic experts.
Diet and Lifestyle
Following Ayurvedic concepts of Dinacharya (daily regimen) and Ritucharya (seasonal regimen) will helpsto maintain the body’s homeostasis and neurological balance as there can be involvement of multiple Doshas. Since neurotransmitters play a major role in the formation of migraines and headache, it is necessary to maintain a perfect gut and healthy nervous system. Eat a healthy diet without skipping meals. Include soups and salads in your diet. Reduce sour foods and hot spices. Foods prepared using immunomodulatory medicinal herbs like garlic; Cinnamons and Ginger tend to reduce the intensity of headache. Use rock salt instead of sea salt. Drink Plenty of Juices especially, coconut water. Abstain from smoking and drinking for a better neuronal health. Walk at least 30 minutes a day. Listen to nice music for 15 minutes every day. Always sleep early and wake up early, avoid mobiles at bed time especially during sleep and if you are the kind of person keeping mobiles under your pillow your brain will suffer because, research studies show that due to hypersensitivity of several brain areas to these triggering factors knowingly or unknowingly initiating a stimuli may initiate a migraine attack .
Always note the triggering factors of disease. A headache diary should always be maintained. Migraines always need immediate treatment before it becomes full blown. Treatment should start when the prodromal symptoms start so that it will never lead to intolerable pain. Keeping an eye on hormonal fluctuations will help in taking necessary precautions. Minimize use of pain killers. Relaxing techniques should be practiced. Regular head and shoulder massages with medicated herbal oils are of great help in headache. Avoid sleeping during day time.
So it’s time to refresh your Brain!!!!
Panchakarma treatment is inevitable in this condition as it provides you with the safest mode of herbal relief. Specially processed herbal Ghee’s can be taken under the supervision of an Ayurvedic consultant. Purgation once in a month can help in the elimination of toxins and improve gut brain interaction. Steam bath with different types of herbal steams will help in release toxins.
Once your toxins are released its time to revitalise. Following the preventive and curative principles of Ayurveda do Nasya (the nasal detox) regularly or as sessions followed by herbal smoke with incense made of purifying herbs. Nasya helps to protect, stabilise and strengthen sensory organs, shoulders, chest, skin, and neck.Circulation and blood flow are the undebatable factors needed to keep a healthy brain which is possible through leech therapy. Shirodhara the streaming of warm herbal oil at third eye helps to relax the body deeply and reduce stress thereby reducing the frequency of migraines.
Follow the Ayur Health Care’s time tested formula for Migraine. Feel Yourself Revitalised. Find the better you with the ancient wisdom
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IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook 2019
Panorama: The Mediterranean Year
Country Profiles
Geographical Overview
Strategic Sectors
Algeria Assessment: The Roots of 22 February
Louisa Dris Aït Hamadouche
Faculty of Political Science and International Relations
University of Algiers 3
Since 1999, Algeria’s main characteristic has been its political stability. Some have analysed this as an advantageous quality that is all the more noteworthy because many of the countries in the region have faced internal tension and wars during the same period. A stability that also seemed like the country’s revenge on its recent past, marked during the 1990s by a high-intensity internal conflict as well as (nearly complete) international isolation. For others, however, this period is less one of stability than of total inertia. An immobility that President Bouteflika’s illness illustrated through the most telling and troubling of images, that of 1 November 2018.
The official announcement of the President’s wish to run for a fifth term was the last straw. On 22 February 2019, the population woke up. It rejected “el istimraria” (the continuity) advocated by Abdelaziz Bouteflika’s supporters and began an uprising unprecedented in the history of Algeria. What are the main causes? And what directions can this wave of dissent take?
The Political Causes of the Uprising
The popular demonstrations that saw millions of Algerians marching every Friday beginning on 22 February overturned 20 years of rule by President Abdelaziz Bouteflika in six weeks. Nonetheless, a month earlier, there was no indication of such a revolt, with the calls for President Bouteflika to run for a fifth term becoming increasingly insistent. The coalition parties and the representatives of power within civil society made the call, in all likelihood believing that rejection of the fifth term would be limited to a few opponents and activists as was the case in 2014. Ostentatiously, the National Liberation Front (FLN) organised a meeting at the Algiers Coupole arena on 17 January, where they announced that Bouteflika would be the FLN’s candidate. Defying all logic, party officials offered a photograph… of the President’s portrait. An image that has become a cult symbol, after providing inspiration for criticism and ridicule on social media and gaining significant coverage in both Algerian and foreign media.
President Bouteflika’s resignation on 2 April marked the end of a political order, without, however, leading to a democratic transition. And there is cause for alarm. The last four presidential terms imposed a mutation of the Algerian political regime towards a sort of “sanctuarization” or shielding of presidential power,[1] an obsession of the president’s since his arrival in office in 1999. As of his first term, his aim was to break with the collegiality that had been the Algerian regime’s modus operandi since 1962, if not before. This “sanctuarization” began in 2004 with the ousting of Mohammed Lamari, Chief of the Defence Staff, replaced by General Gaid Salah, and was strengthened in 2015 when Head of the Information and Security Bureau, Lieutenant General Mohamed Mediene, known as Toufik, was likewise ousted after 25 years of rule in this department. In parallel to these two spectacular events, this shielding was progressively reinforced through changes in the different security and army corps,[2] offering President Bouteflika ample margin to consolidate his power. The latter was granted legal force through the adoption of the 2016 Constitution, which officially endows Algeria with an “ultra-presidentialist” regime.
Institutional Disintegration and its Consequences
These changes occurred in a special context for at least two reasons. The first was President Bouteflika’s health. His illness marginalised him from the national and international political scene for six years, which should have weakened him politically and diminished his power of decision. Paradoxically, this was not the case. The second particular factor is the rise of private economic actors, employers united through the Forum des chefs d’entreprises (FCE), or Forum of Business Owners. Founded in 2004, their influence has grown continuously, to the point of gaining the capacity to sway economic and political decisions, and contributing to making Prime Minister Abdelmadjid Tebboune step down from his post three months after his appointment.
In addition to reshuffling in the circles of power, the salient feature of these past five years has been the systematic undermining of the institutions of the republic. Arbitration of conflicts is increasingly taking place outside institutional frameworks. By way of illustration, let us consider the case of the wrestling match between Prime Minister Tebboune and certain FCE members, and the Head of State’s revocation of the decisions taken by his Prime Minister. On the political level, the overthrow of the president of the People’s National Assembly (APN) by MPs of the ruling coalition and the image of the Assembly doors chained shut will long remain an eloquent symbol of this advanced process of institutional disintegration. The latter was further aggravated when President Bouteflika decided to postpone the 18 April presidential elections and dissolve the High Independent Commission for Election Oversight (HIISE). Considered a gross violation of the constitution, these two decisions provide information on the distinguishing feature of Bouteflika’s rule: an avowed propension for autocracy.
The institutional weakening naturally also affected the security aspect. There is no denying that, from a “hard security” point of view, Algeria has maintained a stability that contrasts sharply with its neighbours to the South and East. No terrorist attacks have been perpetrated over these past years. The borders are tightly controlled and security cooperation with neighbouring countries has been pursued. Nonetheless, non-military threats have not disappeared. The affair with the seizure of 700 kilos of cocaine in May 2018 attests to this. The largest ever recorded in Algeria, this seizure has provided proof, if more were needed, of Algeria’s vulnerability to non-military threats. Moreover, and by admission of politicians themselves, financial crime and corruption networks linked to the interest groups within the structures of power (el issaba, i.e. “the gang”), are not only a threat to national security, but also to the survival of the political system itself. As evidence, the wave of arrests of generals, the deposal of the head of the General Directorate of National Security, after having indirectly challenged his opponents to conduct a real anti-corruption campaign, and the media war.
The Economic Causes of the Uprising
While waiting to ascertain whether there will be an economic before and after 22 February 2019, it is already possible to provide some answers regarding the 2014 economic before and after. That was the year the Algerian economy entered a stage of rising financial difficulties due to the collapse in the price of the oil barrel, which led to the halving of foreign exchange earnings.
Despite the warnings and alerts given by numerous economic experts since at least 2008, date of the onset of the world financial crisis, the Algerian government clung to a reassuring discourse, ensuring that the crisis would have no direct consequences on the national economy, arguing that the Algerian financial fabric’s weak integration into global finance was ultimately a blessing in disguise.
Effects of the Oil Counter-Shock
This optimism lasted only six years, because since 2014, foreign exchange income has dropped by nearly half.[3] The discourse changed drastically with the introduction of notions such as import reduction and rationalisation of expenses, all the while refusing to evoke an austerity the Algerians associate with the economic crisis of the 1990s.[4] The authorities then began to prepare the population for accepting unpopular measures. The massively subsidised price of energy was raised; the import of certain products such as vehicles and foodstuffs was cut drastically. The government attempted to attract the mass of money circulating outside the bank system through a tax compliance measure offering impunity in exchange for a 7% tax on sums deposited in the bank. Shortly thereafter, it issued a bond with an interest rate ranging from 3 to 5% according to the established maturity period. The remaining option was to stop generalized subsidies and turn to a policy of targeted assistance to households. The major communication campaign to prepare public opinion for this significant socio-economic turn was stopped cold as the presidential elections approached.
Suspected of arriving too late or being too limited to be effective, these measures have indeed failed to turn the balance of payments around, with the deficit continuing to rise. For, in parallel to these measures designed to cut expenditure, the government has maintained the redistributive system, with social benefit transfers amounting to 8% of the GDP in 2018.[5] As an indication, overall subsidies cost 14% of the GDP in 2015 and contributed to aggravating the budget deficit, which amounted to twice the Health and the Education budgets together. This choice was dictated by a highly political imperative, namely, the approaching presidential elections, planned for April 2019. The last measure was then be unconventional financing, in other words, issuing banknotes with no counterpart. According to then-Prime Minister, Ahmed Ouyahia, the recourse to the “banknote press” would serve to pay civil servants’ salaries.[6]
Consequences on the Social Level
The oil counter-shock has not only had consequences on the micro and macroeconomic levels. Social discontent has truly settled in. For, at the same time as the unpopular economic measures were being implemented, certain Algerian business leaders rose on the political-media scene whose ties to the authorities were as conspicuous as their alleged involvement in corruption scandals. The import sector became the lobby of importers responsible for the exorbitant weight of imports, which, while diminishing quantitatively, remained enormously important on the financial level. Overbilling was then officially acknowledged as being connected to extremely large-scale corruption, together with the underground economy and bureaucracy.[7] In this regard, the NGO Transparency International gave Algeria a score of 3.5 out of 10 in 2018 and ranked it 105th out of 180 countries. It thus rose seven points since 2017, when the country was ranked 112th, with a score of 3.3 out of 10. This notwithstanding, in the Maghreb region, Algeria remains far behind its two neighbours, Morocco and Tunisia, better ranked with a score of 4.3 out of 10 (73rd). Algeria is also ranked 10th among Arab countries and 18th in Africa.[8]
Corruption, combined with an economic governance that has been controversial for its inability to effect any significant economic progress, has fuelled rising social unrest. The latter has grown despite gestures made by the government these past few years. Recall, with regard to identity, that the Amazigh language was granted national then official status in 2016. On another note, the status of women has seen various improvements, namely, a law criminalizing domestic violence, reform of the family code granting greater rights to divorced women/mothers, and a law fostering female political participation through positive discrimination (quotas).
The revolt of millions of Algerians beginning on 22 February 2019 gives the impression of a people forming part of a historic moment. A point during which a growing realization has led to categorical rejection of a political project. Will such realization, by definition limited, lead to political awareness ushering in a structuring project?
The political and social causes behind this uprising are likewise those that have allowed the system of governance to be resilient for so long. Hence, this logic will have to be progressively dismantled through negotiation to prevent the uprising from becoming a simple parenthesis without a future. By way of example, overcoming the rentier economic crisis is conditional to leaving behind the rentier model,[9] which in turn is conditioned by the legitimacy of both the revolution and security being associated with a temporary time frame and a generation.
The success of a democratic transition will also depend on the capacity to avoid the pitfalls to which Algeria and nearby countries have fallen prey: the temptation to use violence, the radicalisation of demands, and ideological divisions.
[1] Dris, Cherif: “Quatrième mandat de Bouteflika: le parachèvement de la sanctuarisation du Pouvoir présidentiel”, in L’Année du Maghreb, No. 11, December 2014, p. 215-228.
[2] “Bouteflika assoit totalement sa domination sur l’armée”, in L’Orient-Le Jour, 14/09/2015,
[3] Boudia, Mounya; Fakhara, Farouk; and Zebiri, Noura: “La crise économique actuelle en Algérie entre les fluctuations des prix de pétrole et l’exploitation des potentialités disponibles pour la réalisation du décollage économique – étude analytique”, Journal of Economic & Financial Research, Vol. 4, Issue 2, Dec. 2017.
[4] At the start of the 90s, Algeria entered a situation of suspension of payments. It resorted to debt rescheduling. The social consequences were dramatic for the middle class, particularly with the closing of dozens of public enterprises and the laying off of thousands of employees.
[5] Note that 12% of these social transfers are allocated to food subsidies. Energy is likewise an extremely expensive, budget-consuming sector in terms of subsidies. Thus, the majority of the 50.8-billion-dinar envelope of the budget earmarked for the operation of the energy department is allocated to subsidizing the cost of desalinating seawater (87%).
[6] Lamlili, Nadia: “Algérie: sans la planche à billets, l’État ne pourra pas payer les salaires, prévient Ahmed Ouyahia”, Jeune Afrique, 26 Sept. 2017,, consulted 18/04/2019.
[7] Latreche, Ali: “Corruption and its Impact on the Overall Economy of Algeria”, Majalat el hakika (in Arabic), Vol. 15, No. 37, p. 22-45
[8] Nait Ali, Melissa: “Indice 2019 de perception de la corruption: l’Algérie gagne sept places, mais elle reste à la traine”, Inter-lignes, 30/01/2019,
[9] Talha, Larbi: “L’économie algérienne au milieu du gué: le régime rentier à l’épreuve de la transition institutionnelle”, in Ahmed Mahiou, Jean Robert Henry, Où va l’Algérie, Institut de recherches et d’études sur les mondes arabes et musulmans, p. 125-159,
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Simple Advice On Good Gardening
Simple Advice On Good Gardening
Plants are often grown best in their native environments. This article helps to list many of the benefits of growing native plants, and the way that foreign plants react to certain environments. Based on many factors of growth, such as light and soil acidity, it may be wise to look into artificial environments, greenhouses or indoor growing of specific plants.
Small pebbles and stones make excellent plant markers. To keep track of your plants while simultaneously adding a touch of natural beauty to your garden, collect some pebbles and stones. Find stones with a fairly smooth surface, and use a permanent marker or a little paint to place your plant names on them. This is a much prettier and more natural solution than the traditional plastic tags that clutter up most gardens.
Are you one of the millions who loves some fresh mint leaves, yet you absolutely hate the way they tend to take over any garden they are planted within? Keep your mint growth under control by planting them in pots and/or garden containers. Then, you can plant the container into the ground. However, the container walls will keep the roots held, and prevent the plant from consuming too much of your garden space.
Put a fence around your garden. It keeps out dogs, kids and a wide variety of other creatures that might try to invade your space. If there are gophers where you live, you can also try using raised beds in your garden with screened in bottoms. The extra effort is worth the frustration it will save you.
If you own fish, save your water. Changing the water in a fish tank is a necessary chore when caring for these pets; however it can also prove to be useful for your garden. Dirty fish tank water is actually quite loaded with the nutrients plants crave. So when it comes time to change the water, instead of dumping that old water down the drain, use the water to fertilize your plants instead.
To reiterate from this article, it’s generally best to grow native plants in their native lands. This applies to grass, trees, fruits and vegetables and even, some herbs. Plant life has adapted over millions of years to best suit its environment, whether it be through frost-resistant stems or competitive uptake of minerals. Understanding the basics of these evolutionary advancements can benefit, even the amateur gardener.
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Psychology: Theories of Deviance and Crime
What is the first thing that you think of when you hear the term ‘deviance’? You must have heard this term casually drop in the middle of conversations. Let’s figure this out together!
Deviance in its most basic form means unacceptable behavior or the behavior that is not statistically normal – it’s when you violate the norms of society. Deviance is not something that has to be serious – it can be something as small as a traffic violation.
When you come to think of it, every society has its own set of deviances. Like, in some societies, it might be considered deviant for the female population to go out and work, whereas some societies might feel that it’s completely normal and part of the culture. Similarly, homosexuality is considered deviant in some countries, whereas some countries are now opening up and accepting differences and individuality.
The study of deviance is essentially described as a violation of cultural norms and they can be both formal and informal. The phenomenon is quite distinct and evident in some societies. Psychology is such a fascinating field of education that it can help us understand the reasons behind such deviances. There are biological, sociological and psychological factors that are used to explain these deviances.
Another prime example of deviances is this; many societies consider crying women to be normal. It’s something that we’ve seen and so it’s expected and nothing out of the blue. However, eyebrows are raised and special comforting shoulders are extended every time a man is seen crying. It’s not like men are committing a crime in this case but this will be considered a deviant act as you don’t generally see men crying publicly.
There are special psychological theories that are used to explain the phenomenon of deviance so as to explain their motivation to violate norms. These theories use biological traits, sociological explanations and other factors that explain deviant behavior.
Below we’ve provided four crucial theories to explain deviance and crime so that you don’t have to take low cost essay writing help from online services.
Conduct Disorder
Conduct disorder is a crucial explanation for deviant disorder. This is a mental health disorder that is identified in DSM and it is diagnosed in childhood and it can be characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior. However, the problem here is that their behavior violates the rights of those around them. This particular childhood disorder is often mistaken as an antisocial personality disorder.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV, this disorder is symptomized by serious aggression and disrespectful behavior! If conduct disorder is triggered in the youth or early adolescent period, it can be misdiagnosed as antisocial behavior.
Biological screenings have revealed that when a person has a disorder, their brain fails to respond in the orbitofrontal regions of the brain. There are several neuroanatomy and neurotransmitter regulation that details the association of psychology and crime.
Psychological Trauma
Psychological theories explain the behavior and the reasoning behind actions; however, it doesn’t explain the biological consequences. Deviant behavior, in this theory, explains the trauma of the past. For example, if you had a stressful and traumatic past, you could’ve developed PTSD and so your reactions to normal circumstances might be different than others. Traumatic past includes child abuse, war history, and exposure to domestic violence, etc.
Problems with Psychological Theories of Deviance
In normal circumstances, deviant behavior is the one that can be explained via psychiatric diagnosis. However, there are certain illnesses that are no longer part of the DSM but they’re still considered deviant. In addition, all of it depends on the time period and era.
Like, back in the day, homosexuality was a problem and considered deviant behavior, but in many communities, it’s not considered deviant behavior. Due to this reason, it has also been removed from DSM. What we mean here is that the psychological theory of deviances can fluctuate.
Labelling Theory
Another theory that explains deviance is known as the labelling theory. This theory explains the idea that individuals choose deviance whenever they’re told or highlighted of such behavior. Like, if you tell them that they are robbers, they might, out of spite, do it again. When you start identifying someone as deviant, they start following the stigmatized identity – almost like owning the label.
This theory helps us understand how certain labels dictate future behavior. If you treat and call someone a robber repeatedly, there will be a time when they become immune to it and start following it up with actions.
These theories are provided by qualified psychologists; they determine the cause behind the action. In the end, it must be realized that all of these theories are there to guide us through the concept of deviance.
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Baseband Processor
• What is it?
A baseband processor is a chip in a smartphone, tablet or other device that helps convert digital data into radio frequency signals (and vice-versa) which can then be transmitted over a RAN (Radio Access Network).
• Why do you need it?
A baseband processor manages all the wireless radio functions of a cellular device. Without it, it would would be impossible for the device to connect to a wireless cellular network. Some important manufacturers of baseband processors include Broadcom, Icera, Intel, MediaTek and Qualcomm.
• How is GIGABYTE helpful?
A baseband processor will include to be an integral part of any mobile device including in use of upcoming 5G networks. GIGABYTE’s server technology will also be essential in building out the infrastructure needed deploy 5G networks, with our Edge Server solutions ideal to be adopted as Baseband Units (that fulfill a similar function to a baseband processor but at the network infrastructure level) or as a MEC (Multi-access Edge Computing) server to support a range of 5G applications at the network edge.
What is Edge Computing? Definition and Cases Explained.
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What is Dementia? A guide on what the person with dementia is going through and how to support
As dementia is such a broad range of topic, we will cover this in a 2 part article. In this article, we will talk about what exactly Dementia is, what the affected person is going through and how we can best support them.
What is dementia?
Dementia is an umbrella term to describe issues with memory, speech, critical thinking skills that can interfere with daily living caused by abnormal brain changes.
As it is a progressive disease, the affected person starts to experience personality/behavior changes, difficulty in remembering things, communication issues and the ability to take care of themselves.
Although Alzheimer’s and dementia are commonly used interchangeably, Alzheimer’s is actually a common form of dementia that falls under the category of dementia.
What is the person going through with dementia?
An affected person knows that something is off and as more incidents of forgetfulness and uncertainty of the future causes them to feel anxious. “Where am I?”, “Am I causing stress to my family?”, “What is waiting for me in the future” are all common internal dialogue that a person with dementia is constantly asking themselves.
As things that a person used to enjoy becomes harder due to cognitive decline, they often fall into a depressive state. Depression takes motivation away which in turn causes a vicious cycle that makes the person inactive, become socially isolated and unable to enjoy their hobbies like before.
Confusion often leads the person in an iriitated state that can cause them to lash out by yelling, cussing and getting aggressive. Even a person who have never been physically aggressive can develop this behavior.
Tips on supporting a person with dementia
Compassion and empathy – Compassion and empathy goes a long way, especially for caregivers and family who takes care of a person with dementia. Try to put yourself in their shoes and imagine if you became confused about your whereabouts, what time it is and even doubting who you are. How would you like to be treated? Responding with affection, reassurance and support will give the person comfort and your relationship with them will be much easier.
Speak clearly and break down questions as simple as possible. Try to speak slowly using simple words and sentences with positive attitude. If they have a hard time hearing, instead of raising your voice, lower the pitch of your voice. If they are not able to comprehend your question, rephrase your question using other simple words. Be patient in waiting for a reply. A person with dementia often have a hard time formulating words to respond so try to listen with your complete presence. If they are struggling for a response, you can make suggestions and offer visual cues such as drawing on a piece of paper to guide them.
Dementia care may be challenging but with the right attitude and educating yourself about dementia can drastically improve the care you provide.
At Holly Services, we have been helping clients with dementia in Southern California since 2004. Our experienced caregivers provide personalized support that can keep seniors with dementia safe and sound in the comfort of their own home. Feel free to contact us with any questions about our specialized dementia care today.
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Towards Industry 4.0: Big Data and Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)
What to do with a cancelled lecture session? Publish a blog about it, of course. This excerpt is about Big Data and the Industrial Internet of Things.
What is Big Data?
Big data can be described as all forms of structured and unstructured information that are generated by people, systems and processes in a given environment. Data is generally termed BIG on the basis of its volume, variety and velocity. In an industrial context, Big Data refers to all sorts of data that are generated from the design stage of a product; through to the products’ useful life and to its end-of-life. Engineering big data is usually obtained from an interconnection of cyber-physical devices such as machines or sensors, networks such as the cloud, analytical applications and user-interfaces that facilitate real-time condition monitoring. Such interconnection is what we now refer to as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) – a key driver of the 4th Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0).
Why are we interested in Big Data and IIoT ?
A synergy of Big Data and IoT holds vast potentials for high levels of adaptability and quick turn-arounds in production and manufacturing systems – otherwise known as smart manufacturing. It creates value by increasing system efficiency and reducing operational costs since such systems could be effectively monitored remotely – through forward and backward control feeds. This facilitates additional business intelligence and tends to reduce human errors, particularly in high-precision or risk-averse industries such as aerospace, health care and the energy sectors. However, the ability to automatically analyse huge amounts of data in real-time and make predictions that would trigger corrective action; almost immediately, still presents a unique challenge.
How can Industry harness Big Data and IIoT?
There are several ways of enhancing operations through the use of data-driven technology such as IoT. Two key areas out of several others were selected and summarised here.
Safety and Occupational Health: Safety is a top priority in most industrial environment. A good percentage of falls and trips in production environment could be attributed to a combination of factors ranging from clogged gangways, carelessly kept tools, lack of illumination and tiredness among others. Gangways and shop floors may benefit from embedded instruments that track or flag slipperiness, obstructions and keep a log of previous near-falls. An innovative consideration might be creation of digitally enabled gangways or smart mats; but, these have to be designed for purpose depending on the ergonomic demands of a task. A wearable IoT device could provide a solution, particularly in situations where workers are more vulnerable to the risks of accidents, fatigue and deadly contagious illnesses.
As several factories and logistic organisations recently shut down operations due to the sudden outbreak of infection, Big Data from IoT devices could help to keep workers safer; in the event of need for continued operations for the sake of essential products. This may impact the manufacturing and distribution of essential consumables that are in high demand. For instance, an integrated wearable, embedded with micro-electronic microphone, lumbar motion monitors and temperature instruments could be designed to flag down bio-data with signs of unusual cough patterns, musculoskeletal injuries and unusual high body temperatures. Potential occupational health hazards might be minimized by the use of such digitalised technology as data could be streamed to specialist cloud stations where they could be further analysed for proper medical intervention, if needed.
Condition Monitoring, Reliability and Risk: Rotating machineries, including mills, pumps and compressors account for almost 40% of repair and maintenance activities in industrial environments. Unprecedented downtimes due to system failures are undesirable because they cost time and money; therefore, it makes sense to have an idea about when a process or system might fail for corrective plans to be initiated in good time. In a recent project, we looked at a milling operation where a huge amount of data was being generated by a milling machine. The data contained useful information that could potentially tell us about the quality of the milling process – in real time and quickly trigger corrective adjustments, if required. This was a good step in the direction of digitalising engineering operations as it indicated that it is possible to change a product’s desired shape or quality; with less disruption to the overall process and at less cost. However, understanding and utilizing such data for process digitalisation is not very simple. Using techniques from engineering data analytics and machine learning, we were able to accurately identify patterns in the data for decision making. In the project, milling data consisting of information such as; the vibration of the mill, the sound produced by the mill, the current, speed, depth and wear of the mill insert were analysed and trained using machine learning; for predicting the status of the milling process. Pattern recognition is a crucial step for process digitalisation. In this case, it enabled us to understand what was going on in the system and future predictions about the state; whether nominal or failed, of the milling process and the part. Thus, when new data is presented to our model, it can automatically tell us if the milling is going to fail or be successful. A cross-validation of the results showed that the approach provided a good interpretation and prediction of the milling process.
In summary, Big Data and IIoT could mean different things from industry to industry and from sector to sector – depending on the nature of available data and the parameters of interest. However, the key element of Industry 4.0 is the ability of systems to automatically make meaning out of the data it receives from various processes in real-time, and swiftly make data–driven decisions. Industrial assets could be effectively monitored, controlled and digitalised with a proper network of interconnected equipment, people and processes. There is good evidence that it enhances human safety, reduces cost and saves time.
This article was written by Ikenna A. Okaro (PhD), a Mechanical Engineer whose current research focuses on the use of data-driven techniques to digitalize process control, risk management and the reliability of emerging technologies.
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FAQ: What Is The Future Of Discussions In Online Learning?
Why is interaction important in online learning?
Social interaction in online learning allows students to share their ideas on various subjects with each other. Student-led online discussions typically motivate deeper understanding as well as yield interesting personal applications of course concepts and theories.
What is the future of e learning?
Are online classes the future of education?
You might be interested: When Did Online Learning Begin At Embry Riddle?
How can online discussions enhance student learning?
Online discussion fosters collaboration and higher order thinking skills that better prepare students for the type of work they’ll find in college and career. Once teachers and students learn how to have robust online conversations, there is never any doubt as to what the students know and what needs to be retaught.
What are the disadvantages of online learning?
Ten Disadvantages of Online Courses
• Online courses require more time than on-campus classes.
• Online courses make it easier to procrastinate.
• Online courses require good time-management skills.
• Online courses may create a sense of isolation.
• Online courses allow you to be more independent.
Why is it important to interact with fellow students respectfully in online?
Discussions generate social interaction It allows the space for students to observe and incorporate the cultural aspects of the content and of the various perspectives of this content. Whether they agree with each other or not, in discussions students must relate, confront, challenge and support each other’s ideas.
Why is online learning bad?
Why online learning is better than face to face learning?
You might be interested: Question: How Is Online Learning Different From Bricks And Mortar Learning Enviroment?
Will E Learning replace school?
What are the pros and cons of online education?
The Pros and Cons of Studying Online
• Pro: Ease of Access.
• Con: Lack of Social Interaction.
• Pro: More Affordable.
• Con: Fewer Courses.
Is online learning better than classroom?
How do you increase participation in online learning?
How to increase student participation in online discussions
1. #1: Embed online discussion into course design.
2. #2: Explain why participation is required.
3. #3: Require quality, not quantity.
4. #4: Provide feedback to everyone.
5. #5: Don’t worry about introverts.
6. #6: Provide guidelines for constructive conversation.
How can we improve student engagement in online learning?
Recommendations to Increase Student Engagement in Online Courses
1. Set Expectations and Model Engagement.
2. Build Engagement and Motivation with Course Content and Activities.
3. Initiate Interaction and Create Faculty Presence.
4. Foster Interaction between Students and Create a Learning Community.
5. Create an Inclusive Environment.
You might be interested: When Learning Code, Book Or Online?
How do you respond to an online discussion post?
Validate the post by sharing your experience and stating how it relates to the course material or to the initial post. Agree or disagree with the post and explain why you agree or disagree. Expand on your classmate’s post to demonstrate that you understand the topic.
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Nnnfinding book value of total assets
For example, if the asset value per share is higher than the market price for a share then the. Annaly capital management book value per share nly. How should a mutual fund investor interpret net asset value. Understand the difference between book value per common share and net asset value, and learn how these evaluations are used by investors and market analysts. Bvta book value of total assets finance acronymfinder. If the value of a plant asset suddenly falls so severely that its future cash flows are estimated to be less than its current book value, the asset is deemed to be impaired and an impairment loss is. How can we calculate market value of equity and book value of. Asset value does not take into account the share price. Asset turnover measures how quickly a company turns over its asset through sales. In short, when there are outstanding liabilities and have capital on one side of bala. Book value is a key measure that investors use to gauge a stocks valuation. Market value of equitybook value of total liabilities. The first equation deducts accumulated depreciation from the total assets to get the book value amount.
If you look up any balance sheet you will find that it is divided in 3 sections. If this was helpful please press the accept button. The book value of a company is the total value of the companys assets, minus the companys. The net property, plant, and equipment is the total book value of all of these assets. Overview book value per share is a well known measure for a company. Creating the net book value fixed asset report page 1 of 11 creating the net book value fixed asset report because of the way the data is kept, and that the system allows you. What is the difference between book value per common share. Investors often use the asset value of a company when determining if the companys shares are overvalued or undervalued. What is the book value of klingons total assets today. Altman explains that the ratio shows how much the firms assets can decline in value measured by market value of equity before the liabilities exceed the assets and the firm becomes. Net book value the difference between the depreciable basis and total depreciation is the remaining balance or nbv net book value a detailed depreciation can be run every month for the internal book schedule to get an accurate picture of the present value of your assets. One approach determines asset value by calculating what those assets are worth to their owners.
Traditionally, a companys book value is its total assets minus intangible. To define net book value, it can be rightly stated that it is the value at which the assets of a company are carried on its balance sheet. The book value calculation in practice is even simpler. To make this easier, convert total book value to book value per share. Because the return of owning an asset comes in the future, you use discounted. Book value of an asset is the value at which the asset is carried on a balance sheet and calculated by taking the cost of an asset minus the accumulated depreciation. The asset turnover ratio measures the ability of a company to use its. The net book value of a noncurrent asset is the net amount reported on the balance sheet for a longterm asset.
The price to book ratio or pb is calculated as market capitalization divided by its book value. Net book value is calculated as the original cost of an asset, minus any accumulated depreciation, accumulated depletion, accumulated amortization, and accumulated impairment. This is the price at which investors buy fund units from a fund company or sell it back to the fund house. Book value of total assets how is book value of total. Therefore, teslas asset turnover for the quarter that ended in dec. There are various equations for calculating book value. An initial investigation of firm size and debt use by. To illustrate net book value, lets assume that several years ago a company purchased equipment to be used in its business. The sum of current and longterm assets owned by a person, company, or other entity. Users are able to filter and tailor this report as desired for their specific use.
Total assets are the mix of working capital and non working capital fix assets and these both are essential. If they have no bv then they are not appearing on your balance sheet or the depreciation on. As history has shown many of us who live in canada, depreciating values for housing are not necessarily the most accurate representation for real estate. Book value is an assets original cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment charges that have been subsequently incurred. Book value can also be thought of as the net asset value of a company calculated as total assets minus intangible assets patents, goodwill.
The only way, whether there is a gain, loss, or none upon the sale, for the total assets to not change, is if the fixed assets in question had zero book value which means the fa was fully depreciated on the books. Fully depreciated asset still has remaining net book value. Asset value is an important component of a companys total value, and it can be computed in a number of ways. Stockopedia explains market value of equitybook value of total liabilities. In accounting, book value is the value of an asset according to its balance sheet account balance. Click the property book folder to display the total asset visibility report displayed on the right. Theoretically, book value represents the total amount a company is worth if all its assets are sold and all the liabilities are paid back. Ycharts book value of equity is the equivalent of total assets less total liabilities and preferred equity. It is simply the amount that the companys assets net of depreciation, depletion and amortization and total liabilities. The market value of debt, market versus book value of debt, and returns to assets richard j. The final amount of all gross investments, cash and equivalents, receivables, and other assets as they are presented on the balance sheet. The net book value can be defined in simple words as the net value of an asset. Traditionally, a companys book value is its total assets minus intangible assets and liabilities. The true market value of a property if it were offered for sale at a particular time to a buyer with sufficient information about the property to make an informed decision.
Fully depreciated asset still has remaining net book value nbv amount in fixed assets for microsoft dynamics gp. Fundamental analysts may use a companys asset value to determine whether it is. Book value of assets is defined as the value of an asset in the books of records of a company or institution or an individual at any given instance. This is calculated by dividing the net value of all the securities in the portfolio by the number of shares outstanding. It can be useful to compare the market price of shares to the book value. Consider a retailing firm with a net profit margin of 3. When impaired, the carrying value of goodwill is written down to fair value. The book value of a stock book value of total assets total liabilities. Book value also carrying value is an accounting term used to account for the effect of depreciation on an asset.
Nelcast total assets and asset turnover ratio financial graphs. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Depreciation implies allocating the cost of a tangible fixed or longterm asset over its useful life. Accounting policy on goodwill and intangible assets goodwill is tested for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth fiscal quarter and, when specific circumstances dictate, between annual tests. It is calculated by dividing the total value of all the assets in a portfolio, minus all its liabilities. The difference between the market value mv and the book value bv. The value today is the discounted value of the sum of the dividend or service flow plus the future price of the asset. Contrast with book value, which is the original purchase price, plus capital expenditures, minus depreciation. The book value of an asset is the value of that asset on the books the accounting books and the balance sheet of the company. Net asset value nav represents a funds per unit market value. The market value of debt, market versus book value of debt. Book value of total assets how is book value of total assets abbreviated.
Market value is the worth of a company based on the total. The value of an asset is the most you would pay to own that asset. Sweeney is sullivandean professor of finance in the school of business at georgetown university. An initial investigation of firm size and debt use by small restaurant firms michael c. Lubar professor of finance at the university of wisconsinmilwaukee. The companys balance sheet is where youll find total asset value, and for accounting purposes, the cost of acquiring the asset is the starting. I am presuming that by total assets you are referring to the balance sheet presentation. For companies, it is calculated as the original cost of the asset less accumulated depreciation and impairment costs. Its important to note that the book value is not necessarily the same as the fair market value the amount the asset could be sold for on the open market. In the uk, book value is also known as net asset value. Book value refers to the value of an asset based on the current numbers in the balance sheet, or to the total value of a company according to its financial reports.
According to this measurement principle, the economic. Depreciation makes a part of the cost of asset chargeable as an expense in profit and loss account of the accounting periods in which the asset has helped in earning revenue. Net book value is the amount at which an organization records an asset in its accounting records. While small assets are simply held on the books at cost, larger assets like buildings and.
A loss recognized on an impaired asset equal to the difference between its book value and its current fair value. Can we make a conversion from book value to market value for. Total assets is the sum of all assets, current and fixed. Fixed asset depreciation detail report net book value report. The net market value of a companys assets divided by the number of outstanding shares of that companys stock. Your businesss net asset value is calculated by subtracting liabilities and intangible assets from total assets. Total assets per most recent financial statements 1450000. The asset turnover is calculated as total sales divided by ending total assets. It shows the current position of the asset base after liabilities are taken into account. Bvps is the net assets of a company after you deduct all of the liabilities. Assets definition of assets by the free dictionary.
The net asset value nav is the calculation that determines the value of a share in a fund of multiple securities, such as a mutual fund, hedge fund, or exchangetraded fund etf. In depth view into annaly capital management book value per share including historical data from 1997, charts, stats and industry comps. It is calculated as revenue divided by total assets. Book value involves the historical cost of assets held on the balance sheet and is primarily an accounting metric, which includes provisions such as depreciation. Book value is the total value of a business assets found on its balance sheet, and represents the value of all assets if liquidated. Book value is defined as total assets minus liabilities, preferred.
For assets, the value is based on the original cost of the asset less any depreciation, amortization or impairment costs made against the asset. Book value of assets definition, formula calculation. Why is it sometimes neccessary to writeoff fixed assets with no book value. Teslas total assets for the quarter that ended in dec. The book values of assets are routinely compared to market values as part of various financial analyses.
663 1458 752 1003 1558 100 43 426 671 1045 746 599 1587 355 1050 745 785 1152 344 1228 1532 303 920 104 25 1211 83 87 500 1059 930 10 115 834 132 34 783 202 272 1499 123 1411 530 1269
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Essay Questions
1. What should be the role of the police in preventing crime?
2. Critically assess the advantages and disadvantages of situational crime prevention
3. Crime prevention should address the causes of crime rather than the costs or rewards of crime. Discuss
4. How has globalisation influenced crime prevention policy in England and Wales?
5. Evaluate the usefulness of Neighbourhood Watch schemes in preventing crime
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Altering And Improving UX With Visual Design Elements
UX, or User Experience Design, is a strategy of designing websites with the goal of user satisfaction. The focus is on improving the usability and accessibility of the website and making sure that the website visitor enjoys the website, rather than just using it as a means to an end. While UX is officially a different method than visual design, the two methods are best used together, to create a website that internet users enjoy.
Visual design is a very important aspect of UX. Through visual design, a website relies on images, color choices, shapes, typography, and form to improve the overall user experience with the website. Since users decide whether to trust a website based on their visual perceptions of the website, rather than content, design is incredibly important. Visual design uses elements like colors, images, and symbols to convey a message to website visitors and create a positive first impression.
Elements of Visual Design
Visual design consists of several elements, which work together to create a website that is pleasing to the eye. Lines are the most basic element, and they are used to connect two distinct points, define shapes, create divisions, and create texture. Shapes are created from lines and are self-contained areas with defined boundaries.
The color palette chosen for the website is very important. There’s a psychological impact on website visitors from color choices, and those colors create positive or negative reactions. Colors can be used to differentiate items from each other, organize information on the web page, and add depth and emphasis to your website.
Texture, since a website is not three-dimensional, is all about perception. Texture is used to create a perception of how a surface should feel, and by repeating certain elements, texture is created and patterns are formed in a person’s perception. Texture can be used to either deter attention from or attract attention to a particular section of a website.
Typography refers to the usage of fonts to create particular perceptions. Fonts can be perceived differently, depending on their size, the alignment used, the color of the fonts, and spacing with words and lines.
The last major element of visual design is form, which refers to the perception of 3-dimensional objects. These objects need to give a feeling of size, including volume and mass, and this is done by combining shapes and using carefully planned colors, tones, and textures.
Considerations of Creating the Visual Design
There are a number of aspects that must come together to create a good website that people enjoy. Gestalt is a rather vague term that refers to helping people perceive the website as an overall design, rather than its individual parts, and one of the important parts of Gestalt is unity. Unity means that the elements of the web page seem to belong together, either visually or conceptually. Similarity is also used to give the feeling of unity, by creating a sense of continuity throughout the design, which also helps the users learn quickly how to navigate the website.
Space is another important part of visual design. Space is really only defined when something is placed within it, so white space only becomes effective when used with other parts of the design. This white space, as it’s known, can be used to improve the readability of your website, along with reducing clutter.
The hierarchy of a page is another important aspect to consider. Hierarchy shows the difference in significance between particular items on the page. Items at the top of the page are perceived as most important, and you can use placement and different fonts and colors to create that perception of difference.
Balance and contrast are two items which often use each other to create a particular perception. Balance creates the impression that there is equal distribution throughout the page, although this does not necessarily mean symmetry. Contrast is used to make certain items stand out by emphasizing differences in size, color, or direction.
Scale and dominance are other ways to create contrasts between items on the page. Scale refers to the size of items, and uses the differences in size to demonstrate how items relate to each other. Scaling can also be used to establish dominance, which means that one element is established as a focal point, with the others being subordinate to it.
Incorporating Visual Design into UX
There are many ways to incorporate visual design into the User Experience Design and to incorporate visual design elements into the website. Use a grid system and take advantage of design patterns to give a feeling of balance in the website layout. Rather than concentrating on placing all the important information above the fold, learn to use the fold as part of your website, to encourage people to continue on below it.
Using subtle lines to connect components of the website will create the important perception of unity throughout the pages. Animation may be incorporated into the website, if it’s appropriate, but should be used sparingly. The goal with your website should be a clean, simple design, and one of the ways to continue with that idea is to rely on flatness through your website, rather than glossiness. Glossy finishes create too much distraction and noise for visitors. Too much clutter on your website can overwhelm visitors and cause them to leave the site.
Most importantly, be consistent throughout your website design. Visual design focuses on continuity throughout a website, which creates a sense that everything belongs. You can use all the elements of visual design to give your website visitors pages that they can intuitively navigate and feel welcomed.
Final Words
Visual design focuses on the aesthetics portion of UX (User Experience Design). Visual design ensures that the website looks good and communicates the right message to viewers. Really, visual design and UX should be intertwined to create the best possible website for users to enjoy. It’s nearly impossible to separate the importance of both. The two kinds of designs may be done by separate designers, but it’s important for both designers to work in collaboration with each other to create a great design.
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SPE 300 Week 4 DQ 1 Latest Guide
You are a second-grade teacher with 28 students in your class. One of your students cannot read or write more than his name.
What would you need to do to develop instructional sequences for this student, and what instructional strategies might you consider, for your district’s curriculum?
The focus of Response to Intervention (RTI) is to provide various levels of academic supports to students. How does RTI support students who are not learning?
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Optimizing Brain Health for Effective Studying
O Level Home Tuition Singapore
Have you ever asked yourself what it would be like to have a brain that functions like a computer, where calculations can be easily done in a matter of milliseconds and you can store information without forgetting it? Well, we obviously can’t achieve any of those, seeing as we are all human beings. However, there are ways with which we can improve our brain’s function by keeping our brain in optimum health and condition. This article is dedicated to educating individuals as to how to keep their brains healthy and in optimal performance so that they can effectively learn and study.
Importance of a healthy brain
Various benefits come with a brain that is performing at an optimal status. Here are a few of the benefits having a healthy and well-maintained brain has to offer:
1. Provides better focus
Have you ever experienced being so stressed out or deprived of sleep that it gets progressively more difficult to keep your focus on things as the day goes on? Well, this is a common occurrence once an individual’s brain is not in desired health.
A brain that operates at an optimal status will have no problem keeping focus on the tasks an individual does or the lectures they attend. Having a brain in tip-top shape may even improve the focus of an individual. Especially if that individual has been going day by day without proper care for their brain’s health.
2. Improves memory storage and retention
A healthy brain not only leads to better focus but will also provide an individual with a better time storing and remembering information. If a brain is fatigued, the electric signals that the brain utilizes to retrieve information from the numerous neuron links get considerably slower. This makes memory retention and even storage a harder task than they should be.
However, once an individual’s brain operates at optimal status, the electric signals that travel from neuron to neuron travel far better than a fatigued brain. Thus, improving the memory storage and retention of an individual.
3. Allows better absorption of knowledge
Another huge benefit in the field of academics that comes with having a healthy brain is that it allows for better absorption of knowledge. This not only includes facts and trivia but also theories and formulas that will be taught to an individual.
This is due to the improved rate of electrical signals that travel from neuron to neuron within the brain. Once an individual can retrieve information from their memory quickly, they will be able to piece together simpler theories in order to understand more complex theories and thus, is able to absorb knowledge better.
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How to keep your brain in good shape
Now that we have discussed why it is desirable to have a brain that is in good shape, let us now move on to the methods as to how to keep your brain in good health.
1. Mind your diet
When one talks about the health of any body part in the human body, the most probable first thing to come to mind would be the diet one takes in. However, this is not the regular cutting of calories type of diet that should be done but is instead the type of diet where the nutrients and vitamins one intakes are controlled and monitored.
For your brain to be healthy, you also need to eat a combination of food that are rich in vitamins and minerals that will help your brain function better. The most basic of which would be a diet consisting of complex carbohydrates, lean protein, vegetables, and healthy fats.
However, eating healthy foods is not the only thing you should keep watch of in your diet. You also need to stay away from deep-fried comfort foods and junk foods in general. Not only do these foods have a high concentration of unwanted fats and salt which are bad for your health, but will also make you feel sluggish and fatigued after you consume them.
Another thing to keep in mind is to stay away from alcohol. Alcohol is a depressant that, when taken in large doses, will result in feelings of sluggishness, disorientation, slower reaction times, and even a less responsive nervous system. These are all bad results that you should avoid if you want to have a brain that is healthy and in tip-top shape.
2. Remember to hydrate yourself
Hydration comes hand in hand with an individual’s diet when it comes to maintaining and improving one’s health. Hydration is so important that it is one of the primary reasons life has existed and evolved on this planet. Hydration is one of the necessities of the human body which plays such a large role that not getting enough of it can actually cause death in some cases.
Hydrating yourself regularly by drinking the recommended 6-8 glasses of water (or roughly about 2 liters worth of water) per day not only provides your body with benefits but your brain as well.
Your brain is made up of approximately 73% water, which indicates the importance of regular hydration towards keeping the brain healthy. If you happen to lack a sufficient amount of hydration during exam time, then you will experience symptoms such as a shortened attention span, impaired memory function, and even difficulty with concentration.
Water is also important not only for keeping your brain sharp but for maintaining the general health and well-being of the brain and other organs as well. Water helps deliver nutrients that your brain needs in order to function properly while also flushing out any waste that the body produces.
3. Get a good night’s sleep
Resting well and being able to replenish a day’s worth of consumed energy is essential for a healthy and well-maintained brain. Not only does getting enough hours of sleep allow for better absorption of knowledge learned throughout the day, but some studies also show that sleeping can help get rid of waste products excreted by the brain which allow for better overall brain activity.
If you aren’t sold on the fact that sleep helps keep your brain performing at its best, then try to recall the last time you had a late-night cramming session without any follow-up studying the next day. If you have tried this, then chances are that you have forgotten or have trouble recalling the things you studied for the night before.
This is due to the overbearing fatigue that the brain has experienced throughout the exam period. Not only are you pumping in loads of knowledge into the brain and expecting it to remember everything, but you are also making your brain work overtime. This will inevitably result in a decrease in brain function and the brain’s overall health.
However, once you are properly rested every day by following the recommended number of hours a person should sleep, it will allow your brain to get its well-needed rest. It will also give your brain time to process and digest information that was put into it over the day which helps strengthen the neuron chains that allow for better memory retention.
Not only that but getting the right amount of sleep also keeps the body in good shape. Lack of sleep can lead to serious consequences such as a compromised immune system, high blood pressure, and even depression. All of which can affect your brain function one way or another.
4. Try out some exercises
Another way to help maintain brain health and make sure that it performs at its best is to get your regular dose of exercise. But who has time for exercise when there are exams to prepare for? Well, the answer is you, if you can manage your time well.
Exercise offers a myriad of benefits for the body, but its benefits are not limited to the muscles in your body. First off, especially aerobic exercises, improve a person’s alertness, attention span, and also promotes positive thinking. Exercise also prepares and encourages the nerve endings to bind with one another, which makes the electrical signals traveling from neuron to neuron go faster which promotes memory retention and also helps make digesting information a whole lot easier.
The best exercises that allow a student to stay physically and mentally fit, while still having enough time to do other activities include: walking around the block for at least 30 minutes, going for a quick bike ride, doing a few laps in a pool (if you have access to any), or doing simple yoga poses at your home.
5. Manage your stress levels
When things are getting challenging and feels like too much for a student, it can be very easy to build up stress. Stress is a natural bodily response that human beings demonstrate when they feel endangered by their surroundings. And when you are surrounded by project deadlines, exams, and piles of paperwork, it is almost impossible not to feel the slightest bit of stress.
A little bit of stress isn’t that bad. It can be considered as a spark that is a source of motivation that will drive you towards reaching your goal. However, when that spark grows into an uncontrollable fire that threatens to devour you, then it will be a huge problem to deal with.
Dealing with stress differs from person to person, but there are a few methods that you can test out to see if it will help reduce your stress levels. First is to do a quick self-examination of what things are stressing you out. Is it schoolwork? Social struggles? Financial issues? Then try to work out a solution for what is stressing you out and make it a goal to achieve that solution.
You can also try doing hitting two birds with one stone by doing yoga in order to get your daily exercise while also allowing your stress levels to calm down a bit.
And the last method is to speak with someone about your worries. Keeping what is stressing you out bottled inside you will only cause the explosion it will cause to become stronger. So, it is better to let it all out before it gets too overbearing.
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I referred to dictionaries, then concluded that collisions can't be replaced with clash or crash, but I'm not 100% sure my conclusion is right.
Although bird strikes pose a sizable threat to flight safety, the number of major accidents caused due to bird strikes are quite low. The majority of bird strikes do little damage to the affected airplane, but these collisions are almost always fatal to the birds involved in the accident.
What Really Happens When A Bird Hits An Airplane?
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Clashes is completely unsuitable (it means are not compatible, do not go well together). And crashes is a very poor choice when the specific sentence it occurs in is about the birds getting "shredded" without causing the plane to crash. In short, stick with collisions. Sep 10 at 17:16
Forget 'clash' - that does have a different meaning. It can mean "to collide with a loud, harsh, usually metallic noise", but more often than not it is a deliberate collision. For example, the sound of cymbals is a 'clash', and the same word can describe them being played, ie "the cymbals clashed together". It doesn't usually describe an accidental collision.
A 'crash' is often the same thing as a 'collision' - for example, 'a car crash' or 'a car collision' are both idiomatic ways of referring to an accident involving one or more cars. The two words have distinct meanings though, and both carry different inferences. Sometimes, "collision" is used in a positive way. For example, when two people meet it is sometimes said that "their worlds collided". On the other hand, a car crash would almost certainly mean damage to the car and whatever it collided with - another car, or a tree, for example. If a car collided with a bird it is unlikely that the car would be damaged (although the bird might not fare so well). Bird strikes, as mentioned in your example, are notoriously dangerous for planes because a bird can get into the engine and cause damage to the plane, although your example text is saying that more often than not they are harmless. "Collision" definitely seems to be the best word here because of the varying outcomes that are possible.
As a general rule mobile biological things do not crash but mobile mechanical things do. Biological things are more likely to be described as crashing into something or crashing something else.
The plane crashed when a bird collided with it.
A bird crashed into a plane. (The two things collided.)
A bird crashed a plane. (The plane is what crashed here.)
The cars crashed [together].
The go-cart crashed.
I crashed a go-cart.
I crashed into a dumpster. (Maybe I was walking or maybe I was driving a go-cart.)
A plane crashed into a bird. (Just like biological things mechanical things can also crash into other things.)
If I just say I crashed without supporting context, most people will wonder what I crashed, my vehicle for example, or what I crashed into.
P.S. People can be described as crashing if they are extremely tired and fall asleep but that's a different definition.
Your Answer
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Vladimir Tretchikoff
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Was war communism the main reason why the Bolsheviks were able to remain in power between 1918-1924? There were many reasons why the Bolsheviks were able to remain in power. Lenin and Trotsky teamwork and leadership gave them a great advantage because they really knew how to control their team. The red army was incredibly stronger than the whites. The red army knew what they were fighting for whereas the whites really didn’t have any idea of what their ambition was. The Bolsheviks also had the
• Russia And Russi Russian Intervention
1616 Words | 7 Pages
of a crucial regional partner, Russia would often make economic offers to entice the Ukrainian government to retain its current relations with the former. During Ukraine’s negotiations with E.U. on a trade association agreement, Russian president Vladimir Putin and Russian friendly Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych met to negotiate on Russia’s offer of to purchase
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With the current civil war in Ukraine unfolding and Russian involvement being well known, the average person would consider this a very simple situation of Russia flexing its might. While there is some truth for Russian involvement being exactly that, the reasoning for Russia’s foreign policy is a much more complex situation that cannot be summarized into one definitive reason. In fact, there are a variety of factors that could be categorized into three groups known as the three levels of analysis
• The Russian Revolution 's Influence On Joseph Stalin
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by the people. As stated, there is strength in numbers, you cannot stop the mass of individuals with one sole purpose. The people rebel and fight back, demanding the end of the violence. The lower class people of Russia living under the rule of Vladimir Lenin started to feel that they were being treated unfairly with the rich, upper class possessing more political power than them. They believed that every man and woman deserves the same amount of voice and impact in the government. When Lenin heard
• Economic Systems: Capitalism, Communism and Socialism
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Economic Systems 04/22/2014 Throughout history, nations or regions have supported different economic systems. Economic systems control the political economy, markets, consumer and public economics, national income, natural resources and other aspects. The economic systems lead the country towards its flourished and depraved situations. The systems also provide the type of business and government imposed on the societies and the country. Some of the economic systems are capitalism, communism
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Concentration problems
A lot of children are sensitive to stimuli and can be distracted by all sorts of stimuli in their environment at the expense of their concentration. When children are not feeling comfortable, this may also cause concentration problems.
When you turn to VidaSense, we will find out the cause of these concentration problems and together we will find solutions to improve their ability to concentrate.
What is ADD and how does it differ from ADHD?
There is a difference between ADD and ADHD. ADHD probably sounds more familiar. It means Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. This means that a person diagnosed with ADHD has concentration problems and in addition is hyperactive, acts impulsively and can easily have a temper.
But what is ADD? Someone with ADD, Attention Deficit Disorder, only suffers from concentration problems and carelessness. ADD as well as ADHD often occurs in children and adolescents, but can also occur in adults. Research shows that 3 to 5 percent of children has ADHD.
Help with ADHD and ADD
Children with ADHD or ADD experience difficulties keeping their focus. They are continuously influenced by external stimuli and are triggered by these. They make mistakes at school or have troubles focusing on their homework.
This does not mean that they cannot handle the educational level, but they simply cannot focus well enough. These children can also appear to be chaotic, hyperactive and impulsive.
Does this all sound familiar? Then your child will probably suffer from concentration problems.
Do you need assistance with ADHD or ADD? The VidaSense team is ready to offer you this assistance. Please contact us for more information.
Yes! I want to know more. Contact me.
Maak Afspraak
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This is the perfect excuse for everyone to get into science fiction
The definition of convergence is “the merging of the world around us into a single, coherent entity.”
Convergence means “coming together” and “coming into a common pattern.”
In that sense, convergence psychology is the name given to the idea that the way we see the world has become more integrated than ever.
In theory, converging trends have the potential to dramatically change how we perceive the world.
But when it comes to understanding convergent trends in the sciences, there are some important caveats.
Convergence psychology can’t explain why the world is becoming more diverse, nor can it explain why certain trends are occurring.
Convergent trends can only tell us what is happening when and how we see certain trends.
Converging trends in psychology can also lead to misunderstandings about convergent scientific trends, especially when it come to climate change.
In the early 1900s, scientists began to understand that the Earth’s climate was changing due to the buildup of greenhouse gases.
As the atmosphere warmed, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased, and scientists believed that the planet was on the verge of becoming more acidic.
By the early 20th century, scientists realized that these CO2 levels were the result of a process called volcanic eruptions, which have caused the Earth to warm in recent years.
But as more scientists began investigating the relationship between climate change and volcanic eruts, they began to realize that volcanoes weren’t the only factors influencing the Earth.
Scientists began to study other factors, including how the Earth responds to extreme events like floods, droughts, wildfires, and hurricanes.
In particular, they realized that certain types of weather events are more likely to occur if the sun is in the same direction as the sun, or when there is a major volcanic eruption nearby.
This led to the concept of the “tropical cyclone,” a term that was popularized by meteorologists who used the term “tropics” to describe a series of cyclones.
The concept of a cyclone evolved into the term convergence.
As this term evolved, the scientific community began to take the concept more seriously, and it has become the focus of a great deal of research.
Convergences are becoming a more common concept in the scientific world today.
In his recent book The Convergence Paradox: How Convergencies are Changing Our World, psychologist David Brooks wrote that “there is a convergence between the rise of convergence and the rise in science fiction.”
The convergence hypothesis is a concept that has been proposed by psychologists, social scientists, and even some in the media.
In this sense, convergent and convergence are two sides of the same coin: The more science-oriented a society is, the more there is convergence.
In other words, if we want to know the truth about how the world works, we need to understand how science works in general.
And convergence is often the way to do that.
But while convergence is gaining ground in the popular imagination, there is much more to convergence than what we can understand with scientific facts.
Converged trends can be difficult to understand and understand in isolation.
For instance, one study of convergent research in the 1960s and 1970s found that many researchers who studied the relationship of convergence to climate science didn’t have a clear understanding of how climate change affects climate.
For example, one group of researchers found that they could accurately predict the future trajectory of the global climate by looking at historical climate data.
Another group of scientists found that their models of the climate system were able to predict the potential impact of climate change on the world’s weather.
And one of the most powerful convergences is the relationship that exists between convergent weather trends and climate change trends.
According to one recent paper, “convergences between weather and climate have increased dramatically since the 1970s, with most convergence occurring during the late 1990s and early 2000s.”
And when a climate scientist tries to describe convergent changes in climate, he or she often finds themselves asking a lot of tough questions.
When you think about it, what’s the difference between the climate change that we see in the weather and the climate we are seeing?
The difference between a heat wave and a heatwave is not that different.
It is that heat waves tend to occur in the summer, and they are caused by more extreme weather.
For this reason, it’s often easier to say that “the weather is warming,” when you know that the weather is becoming increasingly hotter.
When we look at the relationship, it is clear that the relationship is not static.
As scientists continue to learn more about the physics of the Earth, the climate model that we use to forecast the weather will continue to be better at predicting the weather than the climate that we observe.
This will eventually allow scientists to predict and forecast the climate differently than we can with our current knowledge.
Converge psychology is an attempt to better understand how convergent phenomena are occurring and how these patterns might lead to convergent outcomes in the future
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Surrounded by bright floating shapes, a man walks across a giant book with diagrams that explain the shapes. Adult male, Black, confusion, understanding medical terminology
Heart Failure, Learning a New Language
In 10th grade biology, my teacher, Ms. L, made us read Latin and Greek word roots and their meaning every day to start the class. I didn't realize how helpful this would be outside of biology.
After being diagnosed with heart issues, I felt like I had to learn a new language. A lot of new and big words. Then I started to notice some of those roots from 10th-grade biology class. While this isn't the master key, here are some common words used in our conditions.1-2
Anatomy of the heart
Any time you hear a word that contains 'Myo,' it refers to muscle. 'Cardio' means relating to the heart. Putting these together - Myocardium – refers to the muscle tissue of the heart.
'Endo' means within, and Endocardium is the inner lining of the heart. 'Peri' means 'near or around.' The pericardium is the sac that is around the heart
If we add it 'Itis', which means inflammation, a common diagnosis called myocarditis describes inflammation of the heart muscle. Pericarditis is inflammation around the heart, and endocarditis is inflammation of the heart lining.
Heart attack terms
'Infarction' describes tissue death due to lack of blood supply. Myocardial infarction is a death of the heart (card) muscle (myo) due to inadequate blood supply.
'Angina' is derived from the Latin verb 'angere,' which means 'choke or throttle.' Angina is pain stemming from the narrowing or choking of the blood vessels.
A STEMI stands for T-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. This is a heart attack showing an elevated ST-segment on the EKG. When there is ST elevation, it indicates complete blockage of the coronary arteries supplying your heart.
The N in NSTEMI stands for non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and could indicate a partially blocked artery.
Our blood pressure always shows two numbers, systolic and diastolic. 'Diastole' is derived from the Greek word diastole, which means 'drawing apart.' In our hearts, diastole is the relaxation of the heartbeat when the heart fills with oxygenated blood.
'Systole' came from the Greek systole meaning 'drawing together or contracting,' and for our hearts is the contracting of the heartbeat which pushes the oxygenated blood out into our arteries.
'Hypo' means low or below; 'hyper' is high or over; 'tension' means pressure. Putting all of this together, hypertension is high blood pressure, and hypotension is low blood pressure.
Some of us experience arrhythmia issues.
'Brady' means slow (not to be confused with Tom Brady, who is not slowing down). Pairing with cardia, bradycardia means a slow heartbeat. 'Tachy' means fast or rapid, and tachycardia is a fast or rapid heartbeat.
'Supra' means above or over, so supraventricular tachycardia describes an abnormally fast heartbeat that happens above the ventricle, in the atria.
Diagnostic testing
'Electro' refers to electricity, and 'gram' is a picture. An electrocardiogram creates a picture of the electrical activity of your heart.
'Angio' refers to the vessel, so an angiogram creates a picture of your blood vessels.
'Echo' refers to sound, and an echocardiogram creates a picture of your heart using sound waves (ultrasound).
Deciphering the diagnosis
Most medical terms have been derived from both Latin (anatomy) and Greek (clinical terminology). While it is overwhelming to hear these new words and/or read them, make sure you ask your care team for explanations if you are not clear. If all else fails, look at the roots of the words to determine what they are describing.
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Difference Between Servo And Stepper Motor Pdf
File Name: difference between servo and stepper motor .zip
Size: 1975Kb
Published: 19.01.2021
What's The Difference Between DC, Servo & Stepper Motors?
From security cameras and fans, to DVD players and right down to the vibration in your phone, motors are practically all around us. With so many variables to consider, it is hardly surprising that many find it difficult to choose the right motor for their application and miss out certain important parameters in the process.
As such, we have put together a guide to help you with the selection process, so that you may pick the best motor for your application. We will be looking at 3 common motors — the DC, Stepper, and Servo motors, their applications, as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
DC motors are electromagnetic devices that use the interaction of magnetic fields and conductors to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy for rotation. There are many types of DC motors out in the market. The brushed and brushless motors are the most common DC motors. The brushed DC motor has been around for a long time, and its use can be traced back to the s. They can be found just about anywhere. In toys, household appliances, computer cooling fans, you name it.
As one of the simplest motors to construct and control, it is no wonder that the brushed DC motor still remains as a favourite among professionals and hobbyists alike. Why are they called brushed motors? The current is provided via two stationary metallic brushes that make contact with the different segments on the ring.
As the commutator rotates, the brushes make contact with the next segment and therefore continue the rotation of the motor. As you can imagine, this generates friction and so heat and even sparks are generated.
How does a DC motor move? DC motors consist of coils connected to segments of a ring, or commutator. The coils are surrounded by a pair of magnets, or a stator, that envelopes the coils in an electric field. When current is passed through a wire in a magnetic field, the wire experiences a force, and so the coils in the motor experience a force that pushes the coil and begins the rotation. The GIF above illustrates the working principle of the brushed motor.
The coil experiences a downward force when it reaches the area on the right, and an upward force when it reaches the area on the left. By adding multiple coils attached to different segments on the commutator, steady rotation can be maintained.
Ad vantages. Controlling a brushed DC motor is as simple as a switch. Simply apply a voltage to start driving them. They slow down when the voltage is lowered, and spin in the other direction when the voltage is reversed. Aside from the audible noise from the rubbing parts, electromagnetic noise is also generated as a result of the strong sparks that occur at areas where the brushes pass over the gaps in the commutator. This can potentially cause interference in other parts of the system.
Brushes could get easily worn out as a result of continuous moving contact and require constant maintenance. Speed could be limited due to brush heating.
Nowadays, some might claim that the brushed DC motors are no longer relevant as the brushless motor has displaced it from many applications. However, that is definitely not the case. Uses include mobile phone vibrators, toys, handheld fans, cordless drills and car windows among many things. Depending on the needs of your application, the brushed DC motor might be the more suitable option. If a simple control scheme and low cost is your primary concern, consider the use of a brushed DC motor.
Brushless DC motors are mechanically simpler than brushed ones. As commutation is achieved electrically, the sparks and noise of brushed DC motors is eliminated, enabling the current flow to switch silently and therefore allowing the motor to be driven quietly.
These quiet motors find applications in computer fans, disk drives, drones, electric vehicles and high-precision servomechanisms. The brushless DC motor only has one moving component — the rotor, which eliminates the complications caused by brushes in brushed motors.
And also unlike brushed motors, the rotor consists of a ring of permanent magnets, whereas the coils are stationary. This set-up eliminates the need for brushes. The difficult part comes in controlling the polarity of the current flowing through the coils and keeping this in sync with the speed of the rotor. This can be achieved by measuring back EMF or using Hall effect sensors to directly measure the position of the magnets.
Due to this, brushless DC motors are typically more expensive and complex, in spite of the numerous advantages it has over brushed DC motors. They generate less electrical noise compared to brushed motors as no brush is used.
Hence, brushless DC motors are often preferred in applications where it is important to avoid electrical noise. Brushed motors in contrast, will reach maximum torque only at certain points during the rotation. For a brushed motor to achieve the same torque as a brushless motor, it would require a larger magnet. Thanks to their efficiency and durability, the brushless DC motors have largely supplanted their brushed counterparts.
They find a wide range of applications in devices that run continuously, such as washing machines, air conditioners, and in consumer electronics like computer fans and disk drives. More recently, they are used for drones as the rotational speed of each rotor can be precisely controlled. In the near future, we can definitely expect more applications for brushless motors! Stepper motors are motors that move in slow, precise and discrete steps.
Valued for their precise position control, they find a myriad of applications such as desktop printers, security cameras, and CNC milling machines. Stepper motors have a controller system that sends electrical pulses to a driver, which interprets these pulses and sends a proportional voltage to the motor.
The stepper motor works similarly to brushless DC motors, except that it moves in much smaller steps. Its only moving part is also the rotor, which contains the magnets. The polarity of each coil is controlled by an alternating current. As the polarity changes, each coil is given a push or a pull effect, thus moving the motor. They can be controlled with commonly available and cheap microcontrollers.
However, the stepper motor is a power-hungry device that constantly draws maximum current. The small steps it takes also means that it has a low top speed, and steps can potentially be skipped when high loads are used.
Stepper motors have a high pole count, usually from 50 to , and can accurately move between their many poles without the aid of a position encoder. As they move in precise steps, they excel in applications requiring precise positioning such as 3D printers, CNC, camera platforms and X, Y plotters.
Precise increments in movement enables excellent speed control, making them a good choice in process automation and robotics. Stepper motors have maximum torque at low speeds less than rpm , making them suitable for applications that need low speed with high precision. Normal DC motors and servo motors do not have much torque at low speeds. Stepper motors can be easily controlled with microcontrollers such as the ATmega chips that are readily available on Arduino development boards.
Stepper motors are known to generate some noise during operation. Thus, if your device needs to be quiet, accommodate a high range of speeds and torques and maintain a reasonable efficiency, then consider using a DC motor. But if your motion control application needs to be built quickly, does not need to be efficient, and a little noise is acceptable, then a stepper motor might be more suitable. Generally, stepper motors have less torque at high speeds than at low speeds.
Some steppers can be optimized for better torque at high speeds, but a driver would have to be paired with it to achieve that performance. Unlike DC motors, the current consumption of stepper motors is independent of load and they constantly draw maximum current. As such, they tend to become hot. They are useful in applications that require accurate positioning, low speed torque, and speed control.
Applications include C NC milling machines, medical imaging machinery, printers, car side mirror tilts, security cameras, robotics , and more recently, 3D printers. Servo motors are motors capable of providing very precise motion control. The feedback in a servo motor system senses the difference between the actual and desired speed or position so that the controller can adjust the output to correct any drift from the target position.
The positional rotation and continuous rotation are two basic types of servo motors. The servo motor consists of a DC motor. DC motors spin at high rpm and very low torque. However, inside a servo motor, there is an arrangement of gears that will take the high speed of the internal DC motor and slow it down, while at the same time increasing the torque. Thus, the gear design rotation speed of the servo is much slower but with more torque. Gears in a cheap servo are typically made of plastic to keep it light, and to keep the costs down.
But for servo motors designed to provide more torque for heavier work, the gears are made of metal instead. A servo contains a positional sensor, or encoder, on the final gear. Based on closed-loop control, the microcontroller compares the actual position of the rotor to the desired position and generates an error signal. This error signal is then used to generate the appropriate control signal to move the rotor to the final position. More sophisticated servos also measure speed to provide more precise and smoother movement.
Positional rotation servos — Widely used for small-scale projects where moderate precise positioning is required, this is the most common and inexpensive type of servo motor. This servo motor rotates within a degrees range. They do not provide speed control or continuous rotation. It has physical stops built into the gear mechanism to prevent turning beyond these limits to protect the rotational sensor.
Continuous rotation servos — Unlike the positional rotation servos, the continuous rotation servo can turn clockwise or anti-clockwise continuously, at varying speeds depending on the command signal. At speeds greater than rpm, servo motors have high torque and are best suited for applications with high speeds and high torque applications that involve dynamic load changes. Servo motors can generate a higher peak torque as they are able to operate at higher speeds. This is because servo motors operate under a constant closed-loop feedback mechanism as opposed to the open-loop system of a stepper motor, which allows it to reach higher speeds and generate higher peak torque.
Small sized servos only costs a few dollars.
Do you need stepper motors or servo motors in your business? Perhaps you need both. Although they are not as different as some might think, there are some significant differences between the two. A stepper motor is so named because it is a motor that moves in discrete steps. These DC motors have a number of coils arranged in phases. The power source energizes each phase in sequence, causing the motor to rotate one step for each phase.
have a high pole count, usually.
stepper motor and servo motor pdf
This tutorial will help you understand the differences between stepper and servo motors, and how to select the best motor for your application. We will cover motor basics including construction, current, functions and features, questions to ask when selecting a motor, application examples, key terminology, and more. We also provide additional resources for more information. Most industrial stepper motors are hybrid stepper motors that consist of a permanent magnet rotor and a wound electromagnetic stator.
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Choosing the right motor is critical for the efficiency and productivity of your motion control applications. It can be difficult to choose between servo motors and stepper motors as there are so many considerations: cost, torque, efficiency, speed, circuitry and more. It helps to first understand what differentiates these motors and the particular pros and cons each provides. You can then align the capabilities of the motor with the needs of your application. The main difference between these motors comes from the overall pole count. Stepper motors have a high pole count, usually between 50 and Servo motors have a low pole count — between 4 and
Comparison of Motor Technologies: Servo, Stepper, Stepper with Encoder
Skip to content. All Homes Search Contact. Stepper motors utilize multiple toothed electromagnets arranged around a central gear to define position.
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In order to explore the most recent developments in proteomics, this Spotlight will highlight the advances and challenges faced during method development, validation and samples analysis.
Proteomics involves the analysis of proteins including their structure, function and physiological role. Over the years advances in technology and instrumentation, for example developments in mass spectrometry, bioinformatics and fractionation techniques, have enabled the more complex study and understanding of proteins.
A key application of proteomics is in drug discovery enabling the comparative assessment of normal and diseased-state tissues. It is also important in understanding how small molecule drugs and biologics act on their protein targets. But what other applications could involve proteomics in the future?
As part of this Spotlight, we will aim to cover a range of developments including:
• Applications of proteomics, including biomarker discovery, target identification and lead optimization
• Mass spectrometry techniques utilized to obtain quantitative proteomic data
• Software programs for mass spectrometry results
• Challenges in proteomics research
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Clinical diagnosis and identification - three steps for the diagnosis of swine diseases
Disease is more important than prevention is not more than governance, emphasis on the concept is not emphasis on experience, but the level of domestic farming is limited, pigs accept the new concept is slow. Some pig farmers have been bragging pigs for 10 years (less than 20 sows), have seen many diseases, and claim to have rich experience, but they have not seen any development on the scale or reduction in the number of dead pigs. Gein has always earned a living allowance. Only. Today, I don’t say “how the concept should be changedâ€, and I don’t say “how do I need to do a good job in prevention?†to say “clinical diagnosis and identification†after the onset of a pig.
Description: The following is a general case, non-exceptional cases, such as part of the data error or argument error, please correct me.
The first step: see the mental state
Needless to say this, if the mental state is normal, ignore it, with them overturning the earth, if the mental state is not good, turn to the second step - body temperature observation.
Step 2: Look at body temperature
Not all elevated body temperatures require treatment. Increased body temperature is a defensive manifestation of the body's resistance to pathogenic invasion. There is no problem with a rise in body temperature in the short term, and fever is required for a continuous increase in body temperature. The normal body temperature of the pig is 38.5°C, and the body temperature 38-40°C measured with a thermometer is also within the normal range. A body temperature of 40°C is slightly increased, but it is 40°C for consecutive days, which can be regarded as an increase in body temperature.
So how do you identify clinically by increasing body temperature?
1, high fever: body temperature exceeds 41 °C
Taking into account the accuracy of the thermometer, 40.5 °C is also considered high fever. This situation is usually infected with a virus, and occasional acute bacterial infections can also cause high fever. Therefore, the scope of the disease has been reduced, such as flu, pseudo-mad, acute swine fever, parasporosis, paratyphoid and so on.
2, in the burning: body temperature below 41 °C
At 40.5°C, it is usually due to a bacterial infection, but mild swine fever is also a symptom of low-grade fever.
Observing Temperature Purpose: To determine if the pig is infected with a virus or a bacterial infection.
The principle of playing back the needle: fever above 41 °C, observed 2-3 days without fever, indicating that the pig itself can not resist, needle cooling. Increase body temperature by 40-41°C. Observe for 2-3 days. If fever does not occur, consider needle cooling. Below 40°C, for several days, it is not recommended to rush back the needle.
The third step: see the stool
There are two kinds of excrement in appearance: one is diarrhea and the other is constipation. There are two types of diarrhea: a watery diarrhea and a paste. Among them, watery diarrhea was found mostly in viral infections, and pasty diarrhea was mostly seen in bacterial infections. In addition to constipation, in fact, constipation does not have much guiding significance, because high fever generally leads to pig constipation, but in special circumstances constipation has a very effective guiding significance. Situation 1: Dry spherical bake is covered with a layer of oil, most likely found in mild swine fever. Situation 2: There is blood in the stool and guidance is also very important. Such as blood stasis (induced by Treponema), ileitis (Clostridial), rectal prolapse, acute gastroenteritis, paratyphoid (pigs).
Therefore, using the two indicators of body temperature and excrement can greatly reduce the scope of the disease:
High-grade fever must have a viral infection and may also have a bacterial infection.
Low fever is generally a bacterial infection.
Watery diarrhea must have a viral infection and may also have a bacterial infection.
Paste diarrhea is generally a bacterial infection.
Then someone said: My pig has a high fever of 42°C and mushy diarrhea. Tell you: Well, basically, you said, can you have diarrhea with such a high fever? The above is an ordinary case, not a special case. Swine constipation and diarrhea will alternate, and some swine mild pigs do not perform well or even have a low fever, such as 40°C. The swine fever, also known as bad field temperature, is related to the progress of the rotten gut. Pig manure will have different performance. However, it is rare to see diarrhea under high fever.
Bluetooth Ecg Machine
Ecg Holter,Holter Ecg Machine,Bluetooth Ecg Machine,Portable Holter Ecg Machine
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Thursday, October 21, 2021
HomeBlogs5 Tips on How to Teach A Child to Write
5 Tips on How to Teach A Child to Write
Teaching a child to write is entertaining as well as challenging. Parents need to be polite, patient and tolerant enough to teach a child to write in a well-coordinated way. Usually, children start learning to write before pre-school. Very often parents enjoy teaching their kids any new activity.
Parents should keep in mind that first three to fours years of a child’s life are crucial in early development. Anything that kids face at this stage has a long-lasting effect on their lives for the years to come. Therefore, parents must treat their kids by keeping in mind their psyche.
How to Teach A Child to Write
One should keep a number of factors in mind before starting to teach a child to write. Briefly, applying following tips can help parents to accomplish this task in an effective manner.
1. Help Them Tighten the Grip
Kids usually have a tighter grip on everything they hold. But, they not always know how to hold something in the right way. Before, parents start to teach a child to write they must begin by working on their grip on the pencils.
2. Writing In Front of the Children
Parents who think that it is time to teach their kids how to write should begin writing before them. It is the nature of children that they imitate elders in almost everything. So, parents practice writing before the kids for making them build an interest.
3. Work on Their Posture
Parents must observe the comfort level of their kids from the very beginning. They should know what bothers their kids while writing. Usually, after the pen’s grip, it is the angle that an arm makes with a hand which can bother a kid. It can also determine the writing style as well. Parents who will that their kids have difficulty in comfortably using the pen should use a slanting surface for writing.
4. Making Kids Connect the Dots
The most effective way to teach a child to write is by designing the dotted letters and making your kids connect them with a pencil. It seems to be fun for kids to press a pencil over dots and complete the shapes.
5. Correcting them in Beginning
Parents should also make sure to connect their children in beginning. Like they should tell them why to not stretch a line too long or why to not keep it too short. Making such corrections in numerics and alphabetical letters are essential because they have fixed universal shapes and must be drawn accordingly.
Also Read
Learn How to Teach Kids to Swim
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British Regiment
The Somerset Light Infantry (Prince Albert’s) was an infantry regiment of the British Army, which served under various titles from 1685 to 1959. Its lineage is continued today by The Rifles.
==Early history==
The regiment was one of nine regiments of foot raised by James II when he expanded the size of the army in response to the Monmouth Rebellion. On 20 June 1685, Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon was issued with a warrant authorising him to raise a regiment, and accordingly the Earl of Huntingdon’s Regiment of Foot was formed, mainly recruiting in the county of Buckinghamshire.
===Jacobite wars===
The regiment remained in existence when William III came to the throne in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Fernando Hastings took over the colonelcy of the regiment, which accordingly became Hastings’s Regiment of Foot. Hastings’s Regiment first saw action at the Battle of Killiecrankie, where they failed to halt the advance of Jacobite rebels, although they were later defeated at the Battle of Dunkeld. The regiment accompanied William to Ireland in the following year, fighting in the decisive Williamite victories at the Boyne and Cork.
===Nine Years’ War===
The Jacobite struggles in Scotland and Ireland were part of a wider European conflict that became known as the Nine Years’ War. In 1692, Hastings’ Regiment sailed to Flanders and, in 1694, took part in the disastrous amphibious assault at Camaret on the French coast. In 1695, Colonel Fernando Hastings was found guilty of extortion, and dismissed. Sir John Jacob became the colonel, and it was as Jacob’s Regiment of Foot that they returned to England at the end of the war in 1697.
===War of the Spanish Succession===
After a period of garrison duty in Ireland, Jacob’s Regiment returned to Flanders in 1701. In the following year, the colonelcy again changed, with Sir John Jacob choosing to retire. He sold the colonelcy to his brother-in-law, Lieutenant-General James Barry, 4th Earl of Barrymore, for 1,400 guineas. With the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession, the Earl of Barrymore’s Regiment of Foot saw action at the sieges or battles of Kaiserwerth, Venlo, Roermond, Huy, Limburg and Liège.
In 1704, Barrymore’s Regiment moved to the Iberian Peninsula taking part in the defence of the recently-captured Gibraltar (1704–05) and the Siege of Barcelona (1705). In 1706, the bulk of the regiment was converted into a regiment of dragoons due to a shortage of cavalry. Barrymore returned to England with a small cadre; the regiment was re-raised and returned to Spain. The unit fought at the Battle of Almanza (1707), Battle of Caya (1709), Battle of Tortosa (1711) and the Battle of St Mateo (1711). In 1711, the regiment started a long period of garrison duty at Gibraltar. In 1715, they became Cotton’s Regiment of Foot when Stanhope Cotton succeeded Barrymore.
===Anglo-Spanish War===
When war broke out with Spain in 1727, Cotton’s were part of the force that resisted the Spanish Siege of Gibraltar. The regiment returned to England in the following year. It remained there until 1742, with the name changing with the colonelcy: Kerr’s Regiment of Foot (Lord Mark Kerr) in 1725, Middleton’s Regiment of Foot (Brigadier-General John Middleton) in 1732 and Pulteney’s Regiment of Foot (General Harry Pulteney) in 1739.
===War of the Austrian Succession===
===The “Forty Five”===
===Return to Europe===
Following the ending of the Jacobite rising, Pulteney’s Regiment returned to Flanders, where they fought at the Battle of Roucoux (October 1746) and the Battle of Lauffeld or Val (July 1747). In both cases, the allied forces were defeated by the French. The regiment returned to England in 1747, and the war was formally ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748.
==13th Regiment of Foot==
By the late seventeenth century, each regiment of the standing army had been alloted a “rank” in the order of precedence. These numbers came to be increasingly used until a royal warrant of 1751 decreed that regiments should in future be known by their numbers only. Accordingly, Pulteney’s Regiment became the 13th Regiment of Foot.
===American Revolutionary War===
==13th (1st Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot==
It was at this time that the regiment’s link to Somerset was first formed. On 21 August 1782, the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, Henry Seymour Conway, issued a regulation giving an English county designation to each regiment of foot other than those with a royal title or highland regiments. The intention was to improve recruitment during the unpopular war, and the Secretary at War, Thomas Townshend issued a circular letter to the lieutenants of each county in England in the following terms: My Lord, The very great deficiency of men in the regiments of infantry being so very detrimental to the public service, the king has thought proper to give the names of the different counties to the old corps, in hopes that, by the zeal and activity of the principal nobility and gentry in the several counties, some considerable assistance may be given towards recruiting these regiments”. The regiment duly became the 13th (1st Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot (the 40th Foot becoming the “2nd Somersetshire”). The attempt to link regimental areas to specific counties was found to be impractical, with regiments preferring to recruit from major centres of population. By June 1783, each regiment was again recruiting throughout the country, although the county names were to remain.
===French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars===
In 1801, the regiment sailed to Egypt to help repel the French invasion force. The 13th took part in the Siege of Alexandria. In 1802, the regiment was awarded the badge of a sphinx superscribed “Egypt” for display on the regimental colours in commemoration of the campaign.
===War with the United States===
==13th (1st Somersetshire) Regiment (Light Infantry)==
===First Anglo-Burmese War===
===First Anglo-Afghan War===
In 1837, Persian troops, allied to the Russians, occupied the Herat region of Afghanistan. The British, who feared Russian intervention in the area, decided to remove the emir of Afghanistan, Dost Muhammad, and to replace him with a pro-British monarch, Shuja Shah Durrani. Accordingly, an expeditionary force, known as the “Army of the Indus”, was formed. The 13th Light Infantry formed part of the invasion force, joining the other units in November 1838. The army passed into Afghanistan in March 1839, taking Kandahar in April without resistance. The 13th took part in the decisive victory at Ghazni in July 1839. The British initially achieved their objective of enthroning Shuja in August 1839. The 13th formed part of the occupation force that attempted to enforce the rule of the new monarch; but, in October 1841, a popular uprising against Shuja broke out. The 13th found itself engaged in operations against the rebels who had overthrown Shuja and taken the capital, Kabul. In November 1841, the regiment was forced to retreat to the fortified town of Jalalabad.
==13th (1st Somersetshire) (Prince Albert’s Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot==
The conduct of the 13th at Jalalabad was officially rewarded on 26 August 1842, when Prince Albert offered his patronage to the regiment and permitted his name to be used in its title, becoming the 13th (1st Somersetshire) (Prince Albert’s Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot. At the same time, the regimental facings were changed from yellow to (royal) blue, and the badge of a mural crown with a scroll inscribed “Jellalabad” was granted for display on the colours and uniform of the regiment. The unit was also honoured with the firing of a twenty-one gun salute at each army station it passed on its return to India.
===Crimean War===
===Return to India===
===Formation of second battalion===
The British Army had been shown to be overstretched by the Crimean War, while the mutiny in India had led to the responsibility for providing a garrison in the subcontinent from the Honourable East India Company to the Crown forces. Accordingly, there was a need for an expansion and reorganisation of the existing regiments. Rather than raising new infantry regiments, the senior regiments of foot were each ordered to raise a second battalion, with the existing regiment being redesignated as the 1st Battalion. The 2nd Battalion of the 13th Light Infantry was raised at Winchester in January 1858. The two battalions, while sharing a depot, operated as separate units.
===Jellalabad Barracks===
Under the localisation scheme of 1873, introduced by Edward Cardwell, Secretary of State for War, the United Kingdom was divided into 68 sub-districts for the recruitment of the infantry of the line. Each sub-district was a defined geographical area and was allocated two regular infantry battalions, one of which was to be on foreign and one on home service at any one time. At the same time, the county militia battalions of the sub-district were linked to the regular infantry. In each sub-district, a new permanent depot was to be established. The 13th Light Infantry’s recruitment area was to be the county of Somerset, which was designated the “36th Sub-District”, with a depot to be built at Taunton. The red brick Jellallabad Barracks was built between 1879 and 1881. It was designed by the Army Divisional Surveyor Thomas Berry. The gatehouse tower, which is known as The Keep, is now a Grade II listed building. {-}
==Somerset Light Infantry==
===Childers reforms===
The reorganisation begun by Cardwell in 1873 was carried to its logical conclusion by his successor, Hugh Childers, in 1881. Under these reforms, infantry regiments ceased to bear numbers and were instead known by “territorial” or royal titles only. The 13th Foot accordingly became Prince Albert’s Light Infantry (Somersetshire Regiment) on 1 July 1881. As the county regiment of Somersetshire, it also gained the county’s militia and rifle volunteer battalions, which were integrated into the regiment as numbered battalions. Within months the regiment had been retitled to Prince Albert’s (Somersetshire Light Infantry).
On formation, the regiment had the following battalions:
===Actions in India and Burma===
===Second Boer War===
===Haldane reforms===
===First World War===
The regiment’s name was again changed to the Prince Albert’s (Somerset Light Infantry) in 1912.
===Inter-war period===
Following the armistice ending the First World War, the war-raised battalions were rapidly disbanded. The regular battalions returned to the pre-war system of alternating home and foreign stations. The 1st Battalion was stationed in Northern Ireland and England, before being stationed in Egypt (1926–1928), Hong Kong (1928–1930) and India from 1930.
The 2nd Battalion, which had spent the entire war in India, fought in the brief Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, seeing active service in Afghanistan and on the North-West Frontier. Returning to India in 1920, the battalion moved to the Sudan in 1926 and England in 1927.
The Territorial Force was reorganised to become the Territorial Army in 1920, and the 4th and 5th Battalions were reconstituted. At the same time, the 3rd (Special Reserve) Battalion was placed in “suspended animation”, and was never again embodied.
On 1 January 1921, the regimental title was changed a final time, becoming The Somerset Light Infantry (Prince Albert’s).
===Second World War===
===Post war to amalgamation===
The 1st Battalion was the last British infantry battalion to leave India after its independence, departing on 28 February 1948. During the final ceremony, the battalion marched through Bombay (now Mumbai) and received a guard of honour from the newly formed Indian Army at the Gateway of India. The 2nd Battalion ended the war in Greece, subsequently forming part of the Allied occupation force of Austria. The two regular battalions returned to the United Kingdom where they were amalgamated into a single 1st Battalion on 28 June 1948 – this was part of a general reduction in the size of the infantry following Indian independence.
The regiment amalgamated with the Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry in 1959 to form the Somerset and Cornwall Light Infantry. This, in turn, amalgamated with the three other regiments of the Light Infantry Brigade to form The Light Infantry in 1968.
==Battle honours==
Displayed on the regimental colours
First World War Battle honours in bold were selected for display on the King’s/Queen’s Colours.
==Victoria Cross recipients==
==Dress and insignia==
From its establishment in 1685, the regiment had a red coat with yellow facings. This was originally the colour of the cloth lining of the coat, which appeared in the turned back cuffs, skirts and lapels. Later, as uniform styles changed, it became the colour of the collar and cuffs of the jacket or tunic. A royal warrant of 1751 first regulated the facing colours of the “Marching Regiments of Foot”. Those of the 13th Foot, or Lieutenant-General Pulteney’s Regiment, was given as “philemot” yellow, a description repeated in the next clothing regulation of 1768. “Philemot” was a corruption of the French feuille morte or “dead leaf”, a shade of yellow approximating to that of a faded (Autumn) leaf. When the 13th Foot was given the title “Prince Albert’s” in 1842, it became a “royal” regiment, and the facings were changed to dark blue. The braid and lace worn on officers’ coats was silver until 1830 and thereafter gold. It had a black line threaded through it.
===Sergeants’ sash===
A distinction unique to the regiment was that the warrant officers and sergeants wore their sashes over the left shoulder and tied on the right side, in the same manner as officers. This commemorated the regiment’s stand at Culloden, where the large number of officer casualties led to the sergeants taking command. This was authorised in 1865, although appears to have been worn earlier without authority. In 1898, officers of all regiments were ordered to wear the sash knotted on the left side, with the exception of the Somerset Light Infantry who were permitted to continue with the knot on the right.
===Light infantry distinctions===
The first distinctive badge awarded to the regiment was the sphinx for service in Egypt, authorised in 1802. From 1814, a stringed bugle-horn had been the approved badge of light infantry and rifle regiments. When the 13th Foot were converted to light infantry in 1822, the badge adopted for the shako head-dress was a “bugle-horn with strings with the numerals 13 in the centre and surmounted by the Sphinx”. When a new model of shako was adopted in 1844, a mural crown and scroll inscribed “Jellalabad” were added. Similar devices were used on the plate of the home service helmet adopted in 1878. In 1898, when khaki service dress was introduced, a metal badge was designed for the new slouch hat. This consisted of a bugle surmounted by a mural crown above which was a scroll inscribed “Jellalabad”. The cypher “PA” for Prince Albert was placed within the strings of the bugle horn. This remained the regiment’s cap badge on various forms of head-dress until amalgamation.
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The Problem Explained
Each year, the fashion industry produces and sells between 80 and 150 billion garments globally. At the same time nearly 92 million tonnes of textile waste is created. 87% of textile waste is incinerated or ends up in landfills where it takes 200-plus years to degrade. As it decomposes, it leaches toxic chemicals and dyes into the groundwater and our soil. It is also responsible for 10% of global CO2 emissions each year. The production of textiles is expected to rise by 63% by 2030.
Generate new value from Textile Waste
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BioFashiontech’s mission is to give textile waste another chance at a useful life and lower the carbon footprint of the fashion industry. We process textile waste using our low energy technology and transform them into a new sustainable materials enabling the transition from a linear, petro-based economy to a circular one.
Hence we are solving two environmental problems with one solution.
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Vietnam War Essays
The Vietnam War
* Total U.S. bomb tonnage dropped during: World War II = 2 057 244 tons Vietnam War = 7 078 032 tons (3.44 times as much as WWII) * Bomb tonnage dropped during the Vietnam War amounted to 1 000 lbs. for every man, woman and child in Vietnam. * …
Why America lost the Vietnam War
There are major debates, still happening today, about why America lost the Vietnam War. The majority of the US military blamed the American civilians for the loss of the war. They were also angry with American politicians who “lost their nerve” in the face of mounting protests from the …
The Horrors of the Vietnam War
Bernard Edelman’s Dear America: Letters Home from Vietnam anthologises a broad range of experiences of and attitudes to the Vietnam War from those who were ‘humping the boonies’, ‘the rear-echelon types’ in administration compounds and the photographers who documented the action. We read commentary on the pressures and atrocities of …
Was the Vietnam War Necessary?
The Vietnam War started in 1954 with the defeat of the French and ended in 1975 with the fall and withdrawal of Saigon. The United States’ (U.S.’s) involvement in the Vietnam War started in 1963 with support of weapons, military training, advisement, and supplies until 1965 when U.S. troops went …
Vietnam War Vocabulary
1. Ho Chi Minh- a Japanese nationalist leader during the Vietnam War who supported communism. He later became the president of North Vietnam. 2. Vietminh- an organization whose goal was to win Vietnam’s independence from foreign rule, mostly formed by Ho Chi Minh 3. Domino Theory- The theory that if …
The Vietnam War: The Mental, Social, and Physical Effects on the Soldiers
In 1961 the worst war ever fought by America had just started. The Vietnamese of the north also known as the Viet Cong had invaded the south to take control of the entire country. America and other democratic countries felt the spread of communism to this country would be a …
Why did many Americans oppose US involvement in the Vietnam War?
‘Campus bums’, intellectuals, liberal-minded politicians, middle-class suburbs, labor unions, government institutions and later on, returning Vets made up the majority of the protesting population in the United States who sought to end the Vietnam War. The anti-war movement became prominent in 1965, reached its climax in 1968, lasting through the …
Why did the United States get involved in the Vietnam War?
Why did the United States get involved in the Vietnam War? Explain what factors led American policymakers down the path towards war, and cite specific examples of critical events that reflected these factors. There was no specific factor that led the united states into getting involved in the Vietnam war, …
Draft dodgers during the Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a major conflict in the cold war. Vietnam was divided into two. The north was communist controlled. The government in the south, although ran by a dictatorship than a democracy, was supported by the United States. In 1960, the United States started the war against the …
Why did US lose the vietnam war
Vietnam is a small country to the south of China (‘Vietnamese’ means “non-Chinese people of the south”). In 111 BC, Vietnam became part of the Chinese Empire. For the next thousand years Vietnam struggled to gain its independence from its much larger neighbour. This was achieved in 938 AD. The …
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Skip to main content
What is a light meter and how is it used?
Light meter
Light meters are not just a relic from the past. They can still do things that built in camera meters can't. (Image credit: James Artaius / Digital Camera World)
In order to calculate the exposure needed for any given scene – whether that’s a wide-open landscape, a tiny insect on a flower, or a head & shoulders portrait of a friend, the camera needs to know what combination of shutter speed, aperture, and ISO is required to get the job done. This is known as the Exposure Triangle and the parameters it sets rely on a meter to measure the intensity of light first.
Every modern camera has an integral light meter. Without this you simply wouldn’t be able to shoot a well-exposed photo. The light meter in your camera works by reading the light reflecting off the scene, before converting it into an Exposure Value. While a camera’s light meter is good, it’s not always 100% accurate because not all light is reflected with the same intensity. This is why Exposure Compensation is often used to ‘correct’ the camera’s in-built light meter’s minor shortcomings.
Handheld light meters
Modern handheld light meters are highly sophisticated. This one can take spot readings, measure incident or reflected light and also measure flash intensity. (Image credit: Sekonic)
But there is another way to take a light reading and that’s with a handheld light meter. Rather than reading the light reflected off the subject (although it can do this, too), a handheld light meter is usually used to take an incident light reading. This means it calculates the Exposure Value from the light that’s falling onto the subject, making it more accurate.
Incident light readings
Handheld meters typically come with a diffuser that slides over the light sensitive cell to allow 'incident' light readings, which are often more accurate. (Image credit: James Artaius / Digital Camera World)
To use a handheld light meter, simply hold it over the subject with the white diffuser (sometimes called the invercone) facing back towards the camera. Having already established that the sensitivity level (ISO) matches that of your camera or film, the light meter will give you a reading based on the available light. You can change the aperture depending on what depth of field you want, and the light meter reading will tell you the corresponding shutter speed.
If you’re working in a studio with flash and a flash meter, you’d fire the flash to get the aperture setting that’s appropriate to the power of the flash heads. Shutter speed isn’t so important with shots lit solely by flash, as it just has to match, or be slower than, the camera’s sync speed.
While an incident light reading from a handheld light meter is very accurate, it’s not always practical or necessary. In the days of film, when photographers couldn’t see results instantly or check histograms, a handheld light meter was invaluable – especially if you were using a camera without a lightmeter built in! These days it’s not an absolute must-have accessory, because even if you are shooting with an older camera without a light meter, you can always confirm the correct exposure with a digital camera and then transfer the settings.
However, some photographers still love that precise measurement that an incident meter reading gives, or just enjoy the process of using them, so they’re still in use today.
Read more:
Best light meters
Best cameras for beginners
Best camera accessories
DCW Dictionary of photography
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dc.contributor.advisor Engelbrecht, Derek Grosel, Joseph Ivan
dc.contributor.other Dippenaar, Susan 2012-04-04T10:44:05Z 2012-04-04T10:44:05Z 2007 2007
dc.description Thesis (M.Sc.)(Molecular and Life Sciences) --University of Limpopo, 2007. en
dc.description.abstract The Southern African endemic Short-clawed Lark Certhilauda chuana comprises two geographically isolated populations, consisting of a western and an eastern population. Several authors have suggested that the taxonomic status of the eastern population be verified. In an attempt to resolve the taxonomic uncertainty regarding the two populations, DNA molecular data was used in a comparative study of the two populations. The DNA sequence data was generated using standard methods of DNA extraction, PCR and automated DNA sequencing for partial sequences of the mitochondrial genes Cytochrome b and ND2. A total of 530 base pairs of the Cytochrome b gene were amplified for individuals representing both Short-clawed Lark populations. The results obtained from the amplified Cyt b sequences showed the populations to be identical. The amplified partial ND2 gene (972 base pairs) showed sequence divergence between the eastern and western populations ranging between 0.10 - 0.31%. The partial ND2 gene produced only four haplotypes for both the eastern and western individuals with a single mutational step separating each of the haplotypes. The results of the DNA analysis showed that there exists very little genetic diversity within and between the two populations. Confirmation of the taxonomic status of the two populations was supplemented by comparing selected morphometric measurements and territorial song characterization. Apart from a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the length of the tarsus, there were no other significant differences in the morphometric parameters analysed. A comparison of the territorial calls of males showed considerable individual variation between males within a population and statistically significant differences between males from the two populations for some of the parameters analysed. v The results of a habitat preference study for the eastern population was determined by analysis of the micro- and macro-habitat features within presently and historically occupied territories. It was established that as with the western population, Short-clawed Larks from the eastern population also show a fine-scale habitat preference within the broad, general habitat description of “open habitat, sparsely vegetated with small trees and shrubs”. The results of the present study explain the highly localized distribution of the species within its area of occurrence. The results also suggest that the species’ habitat preference is probably dictated as much by physiological requirements, e.g. short-grassed areas with bare ground for breeding and foraging, as it is by behavioural requirements, e.g. large open areas for aerial displays and small trees or shrubs for territorial calls. In addition to the above, surveys were conducted to determine the species’ present extent of occurrence, area of occupancy and to obtain population size estimates. The results were compared with published data from the Southern African Bird Atlas Project and showed a dramatic range reduction of this species. Possible reasons for the range reduction include habitat loss, absence of formally protected habitat and altered ecological processes such as lack of fire and bush encroachment. It is estimated that the eastern population of the species comprise fewer than 380 breeding pairs. The observed range reduction and estimated population size suggests that the eastern population of the species requires urgent protection. A comprehensive investigation of Short-clawed Lark vocalisations and displays was conducted. This study presents the first detailed analysis of the vocalisations of the Short-clawed Lark. Analysis of call data showed considerable variation in the number and placement of pulsed and whistle notes in their different calls. The extent of individual variation within the eastern population for the parameters analyzed, failed to reveal any dialects associated with the vocalisations of Short-clawed Larks from the eastern population. Although Short-clawed Larks call and display throughout the year and during most parts of the day, most vocalisations and displays peak in the first 1-3 hours after sunrise in the peak-breeding season. This information is useful for identification and monitoring purposes. This manuscript concludes with a discussion of the major threats facing the population, recommendations on how to address them, and conservation priorities for the eastern population and the species. en
dc.description.sponsorship University of Limpopo en
dc.format.extent xvii, 179 p. en
dc.language.iso en en
dc.relation.requires pdf en
dc.subject Larks en
dc.subject Habitat en
dc.subject South Africa en
dc.subject.ddc 598.825 en
dc.subject.lcsh Larks en
dc.title The conservation of the short clawed-lark : Certhilauda chuana en
dc.type Thesis en
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Gezira Scheme
The Gezira Scheme (Arabic: مشروع الجزيرة) is one of the largest irrigation projects in the world. It is centered on the Sudanese state of Al Jazirah, just southeast of the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers at the city of Khartoum. The Gezira Scheme was begun by the British while the area was governed as part of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Water from the Blue Nile is distributed through canals and ditches to tenant farms lying between the Blue and White Nile rivers.
The Gezira (which means "island") is particularly suited to irrigation because the soil slopes away from the Blue Nile and water therefore naturally runs through the irrigation canals by gravity.[1] The soil has a high clay content which keeps down losses from seepage. Reginald Wingate, the British governor-general of Sudan, originally envisaged the farmers growing wheat but this was abandoned as the colonial authorities thought that a better cash crop was needed. When it was discovered that Egyptian-type long staple cotton could be grown, this was welcomed as a better choice as it would also provide a raw material for the British textile industry.[2] Cotton was first grown in the area in 1904. After many experiments with irrigation, 24 square kilometres (9.3 sq mi) was put under cultivation in 1914.[1]
After the lowest Nile flood for 200 years, the Sennar Dam was constructed on the Blue Nile to provide a reservoir of water. This dam was completed in 1925 and is about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long. The Gezira Scheme was initially financed by the Sudan Plantations Syndicate in London and later the British government guaranteed capital to develop it. The Sudan Gezira Board took over from private enterprise in 1950[1] and was chaired by Arthur Gaitskell.[3]
Farmers cooperated with the Sudanese government and the Gezira Board. This network of canals and ditches was 4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) long, and with the completion in the early 1960s of the Manaqil Extension on the western side of the Gezira Scheme, by 2008 the irrigated area covered 8,800 square kilometres (3,400 sq mi), about half the country's total land under irrigation.[4] The main crop grown in this region was still cotton.
See also
1. Hyslop, J. (1952) : "The Sudan Story", Chapter "The Bounteous River", The Naldrett Press, London, UK
2. Bernal, Victoria (1997). "Colonial Moral Economy and the Discipline of Development: The Gezira Scheme and "Modern" Sudan" (PDF). Cultural Anthropology. 12 (4): 447–479. doi:10.1525/can.1997.12.4.447. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
3. Rupert Hall, A.; Bembridge, B. A. (1986). Physic and Philanthropy: A History of the Wellcome Trust 1936-1986. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780521326391.
4. "Agriculture Sectors (in Sudan)". Embassy of the Republic of Sudan, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2008. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
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China Overview
China is a vast country situated at the eastern part of Eurasia and the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. Covering a land area of 3,706,581 square miles (9,600,000 square kilometers), China is the third largest of the world, inferior to Russia and Canada. It is 3,231 miles long from east to west and 3,417.5 miles long from north to south. With the entire territory shaping like a rooster, its northernmost end reaches Mohe in Heilongjiang Province; the southernmost is at Zengmu Ansha in Nansha Islands, the easternmost at conjunction of Heilongjiang River and the Wusuli River, while the western at the Pamirs.
Facts of China
Formal Mame: People's Republic of China (PRC)
Referred Name: China (中国 zhōngguó）
Area:The total area is 14.3 million square kilometers, of which the land area is about 9.6 million square kilometers, and the water area is about 4.7 million square kilometers.
Population:1.45 billion people (2019)
Nationality: 56 nationalities including Han
Capital: Beijing
Current President : Xi Jingping
Current Prime Minister: Li Keqiang
National Day: 1st, Oct
National Flag: Red flag with five stars.
National Anthem: March of the Volunteers
National Emblem: Tiananmen Gatetower under five stars, encircled by ears of grain and with a gear wheel below.
Administrative division:By the end of 2017, China had 34 provincial-level administrative regions (including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities, and 2 special administrative regions), 334 prefecture-level administrative regions, 2851 county-level administrative regions, and 39888 township-level administrative regions
China is an ancient country having a profound history. Originated in the eastern area of the Yellow River Region, the country's civilization is over 5,000 years old and was considered one of four ancient civilizations of the world, along with the civilizations of the ancient Babylon, the ancient Egypt and the ancient India. The first dynasty of Chinese history started from the Xia Dynasty (2070BC-1600BC) and the last one was the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912), while the most glorious period were the Qin (221BC-206BC), Han (206BC-220), Tang (618-907) and Ming (1368-1644) dynasties. During thousands of years of feudal ruling, Chinese people have created brilliant science and art culture, like the Four Great Inventions, the poetry, paintings and Chinese calligraphy. Also, a great amount of cultural relics such as the Great Wall and the Terra Cotta Warriors left by ancestors have become the treasures of the nation and the wonder of the world.
Founded in 1949 by the Communist Party, The People's Republic of China, (PRC) is a unified multi-ethnic country. 56 nationalities are now living in 34 direct administrative regions including 23 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly-governed city regions–Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Chongqing and two special administrative regions (SAR)–Hong Kong and Macau. The 55 ethnic minorities mainly live in Chongqing, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet, Xinjiang and Yunnan. China is also the most populous country in the world. Being over 1.3 billion (in the end of 2007), the country's population is about 22 percent of the world population. The most populous part is the eastern coastal areas. Almost 94 percent of Chinese people live in the Southeast part of the country which covers 43 percent of its land area; while the other six percent people live in the northwestern areas which cover 57 percent of the territory.
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How to Prevent a Heart Attack
Ever heard of the expression “young and bulletproof”? As young people, we once believed that we were invincible, that no matter what we did to our bodies or what we put inside them, we would bounce back stronger than ever and in record time to do it all over again.
That delusion of immortality quickly fades away when you or someone you know unexpectedly has a heart attack.
When they occur, heart attacks immediately set a timeclock on your life in motion. Suddenly, your perception changes and you wonder if every passing second will be your last. Now you see each moment as a precious gift, holding onto them as priceless treasures. Some victims are able to recover quickly, while others find themselves changing their whole lives, facing a long road of pain, stress management and regular doctors visits.
No one on earth goes through life without knowing someone who has suffered a heart attack. It’s one of the most frightening experiences with no clear, obvious warning signs to alert you.
But with dedication and discipline, you can prevent the fate of a heart attack. Here are steps you can take.
Eat Right
A healthy diet can be your most powerful weapon against heart attacks. Nutritious foods rich with vitamins, minerals and fiber, but low in calories, can affect controllable risk factors like cholesterol and high blood pressure, and can even trim down your waistline. Cut down on, or completely get rid of salt, saturated fats, sweets, and red meats and build a diet that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes and whole grains. Including low-fat dairy products, poultry and fish can be helpful as well. Also, be sure to monitor your sugar intake, as too much sugar in the blood can damage your arteries.
Be Active & Manage A Healthy Weight
Staying physically active also goes hand in hand with a healthy diet. Obesity places you at risk for high cholesterol and high blood pressure, which heighten your risk for heart disease. Coordinate your diet with your physical activity level so you’re using up as many calories as you take in and maintaining a healthy weight.
Stop Smoking
Risk of heart disease is dramatically reduced for those who quit smoking. Worse, smoking lowers your HDL cholesterol level, which helps prevent arteries from becoming blocked. When a person with high cholesterol also smokes, their risk of coronary heart disease increases even more. It’s tough to quit, but recovering from a heart attack or stroke or living with chronic heart disease is even tougher.
Control Your Drinking
In addition to seriously impeding your judgment and ability to drive, excessive alcohol consumption can raise blood pressure, cause obesity and increase your risk for developing an irregular heartbeat, a stroke, cancer, alcoholism and other diseases.
However, that doesn’t mean you need to avoid alcohol altogether. Moderate consumption can have a beneficial, protective effect. It is recommended to limit yourself to 1-2 standard drinks a day at most.
Take It Easy
You’ve probably heard of people who suffer heart attacks during times of heightened emotional stress: at the workplace, after a great tragedy, during a moment of great intimacy. Stress is known to affect risk factors of heart disease and stroke. When stressed, a person may overeat (nothing healthy), start smoking or smoke more than they otherwise would. Manage your stress and dedicate time to relax and enjoy life.
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The coat of arms
10 most meaningful coat of arms in the world
Narmin Aydinqizi Narmin Aydinqizi 24 September 2019
2046 view 7 min. read
What is a coat of arms? The coat of arms indicates the independence and inviolability of the country they belong to. However, this does not mean that every country has a coat of arms. For instance, Turkey. Although there was a special coat of arms made by Namik Ismail in 1925 during the existence of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey does not have such an official attribute in modern times. They see the unofficial symbol of their country as a star and moon and describe it like this in many cases.
The original coat of arms i.e. the emblems designed in the past are emblems with shields and other symbols, such as the crown on the shield. The first coat of arms was created in Western Europe and is now spread all over the world.
Until the 20th century, the most independent nations in the civilized world were monarchical state and therefore used the monarchist emblem. The coat of arms of the Swedish Armed Forces and the United Kingdom can be examples. A characteristic feature of this style is the escort of the kingdom (shields), adherents on both sides (usually in these cases, animal images). Still, we can also see the birds, fish, humans, humanoids, or inanimate objects described on the coat of arms (as in the coat of arms of Spain). You can also see any plant, tree or leaf of a particular plant, colours of the flag, which is considered as another symbol of the country (this method is used in the coat of arms of the Republic of Azerbaijan), fruit or map of the country in the coat of arms. None of this is incidental, and every detail used in the country emblems has its own specific meaning and explanation.
So, which countries own the 10 most interesting and most famous coat of arms in the world?
1. Australia
colonial tramcar restaurant
The coat of arms of Australia, officially called the “Commonwealth Coat of Arms”, is the official symbol of the Australian Union. A shield, depicting symbols of Australia's six states and is held up by the native Australian animals the kangaroo and emu. The seven-pointed Commonwealth Star surmounting the crest also represents the states and territories, while floral emblems appear below the shield.
The authorization of the first coat of arms of Australia was issued on May 7, 1908, by King Edward VII. But a coat of arms of Australia first made in 1908 was redesigned in 1911, and in 1912 it was officially proclaimed as the state emblem by George V. The redesign of the coat of arms has caused much debate in the Parliament. The Member for Wentworth, Willie Kelly, said: "Emu and kangaroo hardly fit into the atmosphere of the coat of arms. I think we make ourselves ridiculous when we endeavour to use the wild creations of our Australian fauna in creative form.”
Despite objections, the kangaroo and emu remained the shield bearers in the new coat of arms and were slightly modified to appear more realistic.
2. Bulgaria
bulgaria coat of arms
Another most famous coat of arms - Bulgarian coat of arms consists of a crowned golden lion rampant over a dark red shield; above the shield is the Bulgarian historical crown. The shield is supported by two crowned golden lions rampant; below the shield, there is a compartment in the shape of oak twigs and white bands with the national motto "Unity makes strength" inscribed on them.
The earliest example of a lion's image as a Bulgarian heraldic symbol is documented in the Lord Marshal's Roll, composed around 1294 and preserved in a copy from about 1640. At the end of the 14th century, an anonymous Arab traveller, who visited the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire Tarnovo, made other works for the coat of arms and redesigned it. His manuscript is now kept in the National Library of Morocco.
Bulgarian coat of arms shall be depicted on the state seal in a way determined by law for the state seal. The depiction of the coat of arms of the Republic of Bulgaria in other places as well as the reproduction of elements of the emblem on badges, commemoration medals, etc. shall be admitted only by an act of the Council of Ministers.
3. Botswana
botswana coat of arms
We know that this country is not so well known. Botswana, one of the small countries on the African continent, has a very interesting coat of arms.
There is a sharp and oval shield in the middle of the original coat of arms of Botswana. On the top portion of the shield, there are three cogwheels symbolizing the modern industry of the country. Three blue waves in the middle of the shield symbolize the waterways found in the country.
At the bottom of the shield is the head of a silver horn bull, which symbolizes the importance of cattle herding in the country. The two zebras are symbolizing the wildlife in the country hold shields, by being described on both sides of the coat of arms. There is the word “rain” (Pula) in the official language written to draw attention to the country's water scarcity.
4. North Korea
north korea emblem
The National Emblem of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is the North Korea coat of arms, officially known as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The current version adopted in 1993 is based on a design that was used since the foundation of the republic in 1948. Two previous versions were briefly in use in the late 1940s. Prominent features on the emblem are a red star, a hydroelectric plant, and Mount Paektu. The design bears similarities to the emblem of the Soviet Union and other emblems of the socialist heraldic style.
It is no coincidence to find the abovementioned mount on the North Korea coat of arms as it is bordered by Paektu in the north.
5. United Arab Emirates
united arab emirates coat of arms
Coat of arms of the United Arab Emirates was officially adopted in 1973 and later modified in 2008. The coat of arms of other Arab states is similar.
Coat of arms of UAE consists of a golden falcon (Hawk of Quraish) with a disk in the middle, which shows the UAE flag and seven stars representing the 7 Emirates of the federation. Seven feathers of the falcon also represent the 7 Emirates. The falcon holds with its talons a red parchment bearing the name of the federation in Kufic script.
Prior to March 22, 2008, when the emblem was modified, the falcon had a red disk, which showed an Arab sailboat in its interior, surrounded by a chain. It was modified later.
6. The Czech Republic
flag of czech republic
The coat of arms of the Czech Republic is one of the most popular coats of arms. The coat of arms represents three historical regions located in the territory of the country. The names of the regions are Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. There is a silver-white lion on a red background of arms of Bohemia, which is on the upper left and bottom right side, red-and-silver chequered eagle on the blue background of Moravian arms on the upper right side, and a black eagle on the golden background of the arms of Silesia on the bottom left side.
The coat of arms of the Czech Republic is also used by the Czech football and hockey team. Moreover, this coat of arms is considered one of the arms having the best design.
7. France
coat of arms
The coat of arms of France has been used as the national emblem of France since 1953. This beautiful coat of arms, which has no legal status, is used in French passports and in some international areas. It was adopted originally by the French Foreign Ministry as a symbol for use by diplomatic missions using a design by the sculptor Jules Chaplain in 1912.
In 1953, France received a request from the United Nations for a copy of a national coat of arms to be displayed alongside the coats of arms of other member states in its assembly chamber. An interministerial commission requested Robert Louis, heraldic artist, to produce a version of the Chaplain design. The coat of arms was not recognized as the official symbol of the republic, although the process of creating it was carried out by the state.
Moreover, the French government set out to select the coat of arms, symbolizing it. As a result, an emblem incorporating the state’s motto Liberte, egalite, fraternite (In English: Freedom, Equality, Fraternity) and state flag with words Republique Francaise (French Republic) was adopted in September 1999.
8. Spain
spain flag
The coat of arms of Spain represents Spain and the Spanish nation. It is used by the Government of Spain, the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, and other state institutions. In its design, several details are used to represent Spain, the Royal Crown, national sovereignty, the constitutional monarchy. The Spanish national motto “Plus Ultra” is presented on the coat of arms as well.
The symbols on the shield in the centre of the coat of arms of Spain symbolize the Spanish Kingdom, the crown represents the Spanish Monarchy, and the pillars in the left and right corners represent the geographical position of Spain. The coat of arms was approved by the state in 1981 and adopted as an official symbol. The coat of arms is featured in the national flag of Spain.
9. Canada
canada coat of arms
The coat of arms of Canada is also known as the royal coat of arms of Canada, the Arms of Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, etc. it is the official coat of arms of Canada since 1921. It is not wrong to say that Canada has closely modelled its coat of arms after the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom and France. There are some similarities between country symbols.
There is a shield on the coat of arms of Canada, as in the attributes of other countries. The maple leaves in the shield were originally drawn green, but were redrawn red in 1957 and was added to the arms of Canada for limited use in 1987. The shield design that forms the monarch's royal standard is also found in the emblems of many of Canada's official bodies.
It is possible to see the Canadian coat of arms embossed with vibrant gold on the covers of the passports of the Canadian people.
10. Mexico
mexico flag
The Mexican coat of arms is distinguished from many emblems by its originality. A rock eagle in an Indian fig is described while eating prey. According to the Tenochtitlan People, this religious image symbolizes the triumph of good over evil for Europeans.
The Mexican stamp, used in official documents issued by the federal government of Mexico, is the modified form of the coat of arms and the words "Estados Unidos Mexicanos", the full official name of the country is at the top of the emblem. There is a stamp on all emissions of the Mexican pesos, the currency of the country used, and still is being used. The current Mexican coat of arms designed by Francisco Eppens Helguera has been in use since September 16, 1968.
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Narmin Aydinqizi
Narmin Aydinqizi Scorpion
Narmin was born in the fall of 1998 in Berlin, Germany. She believes in zodiac signs, even has all the features of a scorpio. She loves her studies, her work, reading and sharing her researches with everyone. She aims to leave a special mark in a journalism field. Inseparable part of her life is listening to music, discovering new places, filming what she sees, and traveling. She has visited half of the countries on Euroasia continent. The list of countries she wants to see is constantly updated. She has a great love for animals.
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This morning it was announced that people must show two major symptoms of Covid-19 to qualify for a test, even those currently waiting must re-qualify by meeting the criteria. Patients must have a fever along with a cough or shortness of breath in order to be tested.
But there are milder symptoms we need to look out for that could be tell-tale signs you may have the sinister virus.
1. Lack of appetite
Most Covid-19 patients have said they have very little interest in food while some have no desire to eat at all.
2. Losing sense of smell and taste
The British Association of Otorhinolaryngology warned that losing your sense of smell and taste may mean you have Covid-19."Evidence from other countries that the entry point for the coronavirus is often in the eyes, nose and throat areas," the Association said in a statement.
3. Physical fatigue
Rest is always a great cure when you are ill but the overwhelming, constant feeling of fatigue is another common symptom of the Coronavirus. Many people have said they were unable to sleep due to coughing and having difficulty breathing.
4. Upset tummy
A newly published study by the American Journal of Gastroenterology links tummy problems to Covid-19. They found that 48.5% of 204 people who have been infected by the coronavirus in China's Hubei province had digestive symptoms such as diarrhoea.
Protect yourself from getting coronavirus
Things you can do to protect yourself from getting coronavirus include:
• wash your hands properly and regularly
• follow the travel advice from the Department of Foreign Affairs if travelling to China
• You do not need to use a face mask.
• Wash your hands
• after coughing or sneezing
• after toilet use
• before eating
• before and after preparing food
• if your hands are dirty
• if you have handled animals or animal waste
Cover your mouth when you cough and sneeze. If you have to sneeze or cough:
• cover your nose and mouth with disposable tissues
• put used tissues into a sealed bin
• wash your hands
5. Sore eyes
A burning or itching sensation in your eyes as if you suffer from hay fever or other allergies is also a common telltale sign someone is brewing.
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Latinos have contributed significantly to the success of the United States while overcoming systemic discrimination — and our stories have largely been erased from U.S. history.
Now, our stories will have a new home with a Latino Museum on the National Mall.
From astronaut José Hernández, athlete Roberto Clemente, and Medal of Honor recipient Macario García to Supreme Court Justice Sonya Sotomayor, civil rights organizer Dolores Huerta, and cultural icon Selena Quintanilla, Latinos are from many nations, compose diverse cultures, and have contributed to what it means to be an American.
Amidst the historic devastation of Latino communities by COVID-19, it is more important than ever to preserve and celebrate Latino stories for future generations.
This achievement is a testament to New York Congressman José Serrano. Born in humble circumstances in Puerto Rico, raised in public housing in the Bronx, and completing 46 years in public service, Representative Serrano has fulfilled the American Dream. Future generations will learn about the triumphs and setbacks of Latinos in the United States and be inspired to expand our nation’s greatness to all Americans.
Thank you to the community champions of the National Museum of the American Latino, whose persistent advocacy powered a broad coalition to make this museum possible.I commend Senator Bob Menendez for his unwavering commitment over two decades to creating this museum and for his leadership shepherding this legislation in the Senate. I also want recognize Representatives Cardenás and Hurd for their work securing bipartisan support in the House.
Editor’s Note: The above guest column was penned by U.S. Rep. Joaquin Castro on behalf of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus (CHC). Castro, a Democrat from San Antonio, chairs the CHC. Castro wrote the column following inclusion of the National Museum of the American Latino in the fiscal year 2021 appropriations bill that was passed by Congress on Dec. 21, 2020.
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Have Paid To Write Economic Articles
This specific would make certain that Italy had been not constrained by their pre-existing financial weakness. Inside the US, the open public health campaign against typically the virus was still a new shambles. But as significantly as economic policy had been concerned, the full strength of the American express was now being implemented behind the emergency plan. And the Fed seemed to be acting as a service provider of dollar liquidity to be able to the world economy. Inside the UK, too, typically the Treasury and the Standard bank of England were functioning closely to link typically the huge embrace government shelling out to efforts to secure financial markets. On twenty-three March, 90 minutes just before markets opened, Powell manufactured his move. In result, the Fed was creating itself as the backstop for the trillion-dollar corporate connection market.
Financial Article
The Fed ramped up its asset-purchase plan, to a astonishing $375bn inside Treasury securities and $250bn in mortgage securities inside a single week. Regarding an institution as hidebound as the ECB, this specific amounted to a wave. Self-imposed limits – pumping targets, rules on which often European government’s debt that could buy and inside what quantities – will be the particular ECB lives by simply.
The academics who else conducted the study, Annamaria Lusardi of George Buenos aires University and Olivia Mitchell in the University of Philadelphia, called that success level “discouragingly low” in light-weight of the complex financial decisions Americans face. Financial literacy is a fancy term for the basics of financial decision-making — the ABCs of finance. A “literate” consumer will more likely make better decisions around borrowing, saving and buying financial products. If a lack of financial knowledge is linked to a lack of wealth, as experts believe, fewer people will have the financial assets advisers depend on for their own revenue. But it’s not just college cost confusion — financial mistakes are made every minute of every day.
The industry spends around $17 billion annually to be able to market products and providers to consumers, but simply $670 million on economic education, in accordance with a 2013 report published by typically the Consumer Financial Protection Institution. According to a 2017 report published by typically the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 15-year-old Us students who hold a bank-account scored 40 points larger in financial literacy as compared to students without one. Typically the finance industry bears several of the responsibility, also. Most teach this issue since one portion of one more training, such as math concepts, economics or social reports, while only five claims require a semester-long, stand-alone personal finance course. Simply a third of claims require high school learners to take a program inside personal finance, in line with the Authorities for Economic Education. Offered the climate of effortless credit, it’s not unexpected that the average house personal credit card debt rose to $8, 284 in 2018, a new 25% increase from $6, 642 in 2011, in addition to is now the best that has been in practically 10 years. In another review, researchers seen in 2015 of which only 30% of american citizens were in a position to answer three basic financial questions about pumping, interest compounding and chance diversification.
The shutdown spelled disaster for millions of American families, at least half of whom have no financial reserves to speak of, and for businesses up and throughout the land. The largest spike in unemployment ever noted of all time was met with a new relaxed shrug. Yet right now there was still the issue of whether the fellow member states could come upwards with a financial program to support their hardest-hit neighbours, Italy and The country. The obvious solution had been to issue debt collectively to fight the turmoil together – an thought raised repeatedly through the eurozone crisis, when it was bitterly resisted by a new conservative northern European cabale led by Germany.
It truly is clear that conventional members of the bank’s governing council continued to be able to resist this kind of move. Nevertheless in the end it absolutely was the turmoil in typically the markets that decided typically the issue. If Lagarde got fluffed her “whatever that takes” moment, the ECB was now at very least promising to do no matter what was necessary. The key banks’ failure to quiet the markets had established the stage for typically the worst times of the anxiety. Coronavirus cases were adding up in Europe considerably more rapidly than at typically the peak of the turmoil in Wuhan. Hedge cash were placing multi-billion-dollar gambling bets that the recession inside Europe would be prolonged. Blue chip companies just like Apple were facing firm premiums to borrow regarding as little as about three months ahead.
fter several terrifying days of industry turmoil, the weekend regarding March was a second for central banks about the world to synchronize their response. What every person wanted was dollars, so that it was above all the Government Reserve that needed to be able to make lead.
The consequences of those mistakes run the gamut, from being an annoyance (inadvertently choosing a high-interest credit card) to being financially ruinous. Because the scale of Congressional stimulus made clear that, no matter how divided American politics were, that wouldn’t stand in the way of a huge surge of spending. And the Fed, for its part, would make sure that the huge flow of new debt was absorbed, if necessary on to its own accounts. The private credit system, the government budget and the balance sheet of the Fed were welded together in a closed loop.
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2. › wiki › DepressionDepression - Wikipedia
Depression (mood), a state of low mood and aversion to activity; Mood disorders characterized by depression are commonly referred to as simply depression, including: Dysthymia; Major depressive disorder; Economics. Economic depression, a sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity in one or more economies
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Gay, Lesbian, and Homosexual – these words have become common in our vocabulary as homosexuality has become one of the big ethical issues of our time. Supporters view homosexuality as a form of love that should be accepted as normal by society. They advocate legal same-sex marriage, promote homosexual equality, and some even claim that the Bible supports homosexuality. In some respects, their reasoning sounds right. If two people of the same sex love each other, then why shouldn’t they be together? However, many people, even those who aren’t religious, view homosexuality as something wrong. This is because at the core of their beings, people know that there is an underlying blueprint for humans. In truth, homosexuality is something that is wrong, and it is wrong for two main reasons.
First, homosexuality goes against God’s design for human beings. The first two chapters of Genesis perfectly illustrate this. At the beginning of the world, God created the first people, Adam and Eve. “And God created man in His image; in the image of God He created him. He created them male and female” (Genesis 1:27). God designs each person (while they are still in the womb) as either a male or a female.
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Furthermore, God designed sexual attraction and marriage to be between a man and a woman, not between people of the same sex. After creating Adam, “the LORD God said, ‘It is not good that man should be alone; I will make him a helper comparable to him” (Genesis 2:18). Considering that Adam is a man, wouldn’t a comparable helper be a man as well? Genesis 2:22-24 gives the answer: “Then the rib which the LORD God had taken from man He made into a woman, and He brought her to the man. And Adam said: ‘This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.’ Therefore a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and they shall become one flesh.” God created a couple – one man and one woman. As the first humans, Adam and Eve reveal the basic blueprint or template of God’s design for human beings. It is evident, then, that man and woman are divinely designed for one another; they complement one another. For example, in areas where men are stronger, women are usually weaker, and in areas where women are stronger, men are usually weaker. Furthermore, one of the most apparent proofs that God designed sexual attraction and marriage to be between a man and a woman is that reproduction of the human race can only come through the union of a male and a female. This is the way the Creator designed it to be. “And [Jesus] answered and said to them, ‘Have you not read that He who made them at the beginning “made them male and female”, and said, “For this cause a man shall leave father and mother and shall cling to his wife, and the two of them shall be one flesh?” Therefore they are no longer two, but one flesh. Therefore what God has joined together, let not man separate’” (Matthew 19:4-6).
Rejecting God’s design will only cause negative effects. For instance, consider a little child who has recently discovered how delicious candy is. It is so pleasing to his taste buds, that he decides he will never eat anything else. When he refuses the dinner that his mother made, asking for candy instead, she adamantly refuses. “But why can’t I eat candy?” the child asks, “I love candy; it tastes good.” When his mother explains that candy is filled with sugar, which his body was not designed to live off of, the child retorts, “I don’t believe you! Why would something that tastes so good be bad for me? I was born with these taste buds, and these taste buds tell me that candy is good!” The little boy decides to stick to his beliefs, eating nothing but candy. It is not long before he starts to feel sick, and his body dramatically weakens. As time goes on, he will only get weaker and weaker because his body was not designed to live off of candy. Going against the way something is designed only brings malfunction and eventual breakdown. Homosexuality is against God’s design, and, therefore, practicing it will bring a person to ruin because humans were created for something better.
Not only does homosexuality go against God’s design, but it also goes against God’s commands. Being perfect, all-powerful, loving, and the one-and-only, God created rules for human beings to follow. He did not create these rules to be mean, oppressive, or controlling, but rather, to instruct people as to what is best for them. Since He designed them, He would know. One of His commands is that He alone be worshipped because He alone is God. “It is written, ‘You shall worship the LORD your God and serve Him only” (Luke 4:8). To put anything else above God in our hearts and minds is idolatry, and idolatry is at the heart of homosexuality. Homosexuality (or any sexual sin, for that matter) is the result of a sinful heart that worships (covets, lusts after) the image of the human instead of worshipping God as it should. Romans 1:26-27 aptly refers to this: “For they exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen. For this reason God gave them over to degrading passions; for their women exchanged the natural function for that which is unnatural, and in the same way also the men abandoned the natural function of the woman and burned in their desire toward one another, men with men committing indecent acts and receiving in their own persons the due penalty of their error” (Romans 1:26-27).
Also, the Bible contains many of God’s commands against sexual sins (of which homosexuality is a part). One of the first examples is found in Leviticus 20:13, where God is giving His laws to the set-apart nation of Israel: “If there is a man who lies with a male as those who lie with a woman, both of them have committed a detestable act; they shall surely be put to death. Their blood-guiltiness is upon them.” This verse and the previous verse from Romans reveal God’s view of homosexuality. To the Designer of human beings, homosexuality is “degrading”, “unnatural”, “indecent”, and “detestable”. That is why God commands that we “Flee sexual immorality. Every sin that a man does is outside the body, but he who commits sexual immorality sins against his own body” (1 Corinthians 6:18).
As with rejecting God’s design, rejecting God’s commands will only bring sorrow. God is just, and He cannot let sin go unpunished. Breaking His laws is just like breaking the law of the land – there will be consequences. The consequences to rejecting God’s commands, however, affect ones soul; it affects where a person will go after dying. “Or do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived; neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor homosexuals, nor thieves, nor the covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor swindlers will inherit the kingdom of God” (1 Corinthians 6:9-10).
Proponents of homosexuality may argue that such punishment is unjust, considering that people can be born with homosexual tendencies. However, although it is true that people can be born with homosexual tendencies, that fact does not make them innocent of breaking God’s law. The reason a person can be born with homosexual tendencies is because every human being is born with a sinful nature. That is, a heart that does not want or seek after God; a heart that is naturally inclined to reject God’s design and disobey God’s commands because it wants what it wants when it wants it. Consequently, influences such as medical imbalances, improper upbringing, and sexual or mental abuse may cause a person to have stronger tendencies to give in to his sin nature, which can be expressed in homosexuality. No one is forced to be a homosexual, however, nor is a person born homosexual. Homosexuality is the result of a person giving in to his sinful nature. Giving in to one’s sinful nature may feel right; however, that does not make it right. As Proverbs 14:12 says, “There is a way which seems right to a man, but the end of it is the ways of death.”
Also, the fact that certain influences may contribute to a person giving in to his sinful nature does not make the person innocent. For example, imagine a man who just lost all of his vast wealth because the corporation in which he invested just crashed. Depressed, angry, and hopeless, the man buys a gun and takes out his frustration on some innocent townspeople, killing a little girl and her mother. Evidently, the man was not in his rightful mind, but, nonetheless, he is responsible for his crime and must bear the punishment. Similarly, to practice homosexuality, regardless of influences, is to reject God’s design and break His law. Thus, God’s punishment is fully just and appropriate.
In spite of this, there is hope. God sent His Son, Jesus Christ, to release people from the hold sin has on them. Just like every other human being, a person practicing homosexuality is unable to do anything to make himself good enough for heaven. Before God, every person is guilty. However, “God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life. For God did not send His Son into the world to condemn the world, but that the world might through Him be saved” (John 3:16-17). By sending His Son to die for sinners, God is offering the free gift of eternal life in heaven and salvation from death. The only thing a person needs to do is accept God’s offer by repenting of his sin and believing in and following God!
To summarize, homosexuality is wrong because it goes against God’s loving design and commands for human beings. God designed each human being as either a male or a female, and he designed sexual attraction and marriage to be between a male and a female, not between people of the same sex. Also, God commands that He alone be worshiped and that people flee from sexual sins (including homosexuality). Because God is the Master Designer and Lord over all, rejecting His designs and commands will only have negative and serious consequences. These consequences are not unjust because each person has broken God’s law and is guilty before God. However, God offers hope. He sent His only Son to pay the price of the sin of those who repent and believe in Him.
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Search photos
Facts & Profile
Amrum About this soundpronunciation (help·info) (Öömrang North Frisian: Oomram) is one of the North Frisian Islands on the German North Sea coast, south of Sylt and west of Föhr. It is part of the Nordfriesland district in the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein and has approximately 2,300 inhabitants.
The island is made up of a sandy core of geestland and features an extended beach all along its west coast, facing the open North Sea. The east coast instead borders to mud flats and tidal creeks of the Wadden Sea. Sand dunes are a characteristical part of Amrum's landscape, resulting in a vegetation that is largely made up of heath and shrubs. The island's only forest was planted in 1948. Amrum is a refuge for many species of birds and a number of marine mammals like grey seal or harbour porpoise.
Settlements on Amrum have been traced back to the Neolithic when the area was still a part of the mainland of the Jutland peninsula. During the Middle Ages, Frisian settlers arrived at Amrum and engaged in salt making and seafaring. A part of the modern population still speaks Öömrang, a dialect of the North Frisian language, and Frisian traditions are kept alive.
With the island hosting many endangered species of plants and animals, its soil being largely unfavourable for agriculture and as a popular seaside resort in general, Amrum's population today almost exclusively lives from the tourism industry.
Amrum's area measures 20,4 km2, making it the tenth-largest island of Germany (excluding Usedom which is partly Polish territory). Adding the large Kniepsand beach on the Western shore to the surface area results in a total area of c. 30 km2. Amrum's surface area has however been subject to constant change due to land loss and gain caused by the sea. During the 19th century, a 20th part of the area recorded in the beginning of the century had been lost, but in 1913, a net gain was again recorded at the Kniepsand.
Amrum is one of three isles with a geestland core in Nordfriesland. This sandy core is made up of glacial deposits from the Saalian glacial period. To the east, it borders to the Wadden Sea mud flats of the North Sea. The east side is also where the island's ancient hamlets are situated: Norddorf, Nebel, Süddorf and Steenodde. On the geestland core, one can find extended areas of heath and woodland which form a strip that runs along a north-south line on the axis. West of this woodland strip, a region of 838 hectares (2,070 acres) is covered with dunes that run all along the island for about 12 km. The maximal width of this area amounts to more than a kilometre. Amrum's tallest dune near Norddorf is called a Siatler (the settling dune); it reaches 32 m of height. Northward, the dune area extends into a small peninsula called Odde. In the south of Amrum, the newest settlement, Wittdün, is located. West of the dunes, the entire shore of Amrum is made up of the Kniepsand beach; it counts among northern Europe's largest sand beaches. North of Norddorf there is some marshland, another small marsh area can be found between Süddorf and Steenodde. Both of them are protected from the sea by dikes. During low tide it is possible to reach the neighbouring island of Föhr by mudflat hiking.
Amrum's population amounts to about 2,300 and the island is divided into three municipalities: Norddorf, Nebel and Wittdün. They adhere to the Amt Föhr-Amrum.
The northernmost settlement is the seaside resort of Norddorf with a decoy pond and a sector light. Amrum's largest village, Nebel, is located near the eastern coastline. Notable sights there include the church of St. Clement with its "talking gravestones", the Öömrang Hüs - a museum of local history, a wind mill and the Cemetery of the Homeless. Süddorf, today a district of Nebel, is the island's oldest hamlet. The Amrum Lighthouse is located there. Steenodde, also a neighbourhood of Nebel, had long been Amrum's only port until Wittdün, founded 1890, had taken over as the island's major ferry terminal. Of the three municipalities, Wittdün is most clearly influenced by tourism.
Important Note:
This text is based on the article Amrum from the free encyclopedia Wikipedia and is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA 3.0 Unported (short version). A list of the authors is available on Wikipedia.
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Overview of KS3 Science
KS3 Science tries to encourage pupils to look at the world around them and begin to find answers to questions. Through practical enquiry and class work, we look to provide all pupils with a solid understanding of basic scientific principles which will enthuse them to want to study science further. We cover all 3 aspects of Science; Biology, Chemistry and Physics.
In Y7, pupils are introduced to the microscopic world of cells. This helps them understand the building blocks of life on earth and how organisms reproduce and grow to their adult size. This marries well with the Classification topic, where we learn how to categorise organisms and begin to develop an understanding of evolution. Chemistry is introduced with topics about Particles, Acids and Alkalis and eventually find out what is happening when we react chemical together. Understanding Energy and Forces allows students to begin to see how objects interact with each other and this is the key to the Physics content in Y7.
Y8 pupils further develop their understanding of the world by looking at how our bodies stay healthy. From digestion and breathing to defending ourselves against deadly pathogens, we learn how the Adaptations of organisms help them survive from day to day. Chemistry skills are broadened by looking in more detail at chemical reactions and the chemistry of metals. Light, sound and heat make up the final Physics modules.
Overview of KS4 Science
Key Stage 4 Science has undergone much change with the introduction of the new GCSE specifications. There is a much greater emphasis on practical skills, with all pupils completing many practical activities selected to engage pupils and deepen their understanding of the basic principles studied in Science. Students begin studying the GCSE course in year 9, with a focus on the basic, underlying principals of each discipline. In biology, students focus on how our body responds to exercise, how we keep free from disease and how the animals around us today have evolved. In Chemistry, we find out about the atoms that our world is made of, and the reactions that take place between these elements. Finally, in Physics pupils begin by studying energy and electricity, building simple circuits and studying the rules that determine how they behave.
Combined Science
The new GCSE requires pupils to take a total of 6 external exams. The course is equally divided between Biology, Chemistry and Physics, with pupils being taught by specialist teachers in each discipline. In Biology, pupils will learn about the control mechanisms within the body and how nerves and hormones work together with our circulatory system and digestive system to keep us alive. They also look at animals and their adaptations, and how this helps animals survive in the habitats they live in. Chemistry develops pupils understanding of materials, looking at atoms and their structure, and how this relates to reactions between materials and the properties materials have. In Physics pupils gain a deep understanding of how forces act on objects and bring about movement. They also look at energy and energy production and look at how energy is used in our world.
Triple Sciences:
Pupils following this route will complete all the activities found within Combined Science but will be challenged further with some in-depth topics which will stretch their abilities and deepen their understanding of the Sciences. This route is especially suited to any pupils who wish to go on to study Science at a higher level.
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Economics - Monopoly
Can someone give the numerical example to show that a monopolist's marginal revenue can be upward sloping over part of its range: The price on the demands curve is the producer's average revenue.
Thanks if u cn help.
Anonymous User
Anonymous User
Asked Jan 22, 2012
Unlike a competitive market, a monopoly's marginal revenue that it gets from selling an additional unit will always be less than the price the unit is sold for.
Answered Jan 22, 2012
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Design Approach to Intercom Public Address (PA) System
A design approach to a PA system encompasses the available technologies and a project-specific project-specific engineered layout. This requires a review of the plan drawings to confirm coverage/functionality and a load calculation of the design circuits thus assuring that the expected sound level is realized at each location.
When reviewing the plan drawings, it is important to understand the differences in performance provided by the different speaker types. The more commonly used speakers are speaker/transformer/baffle assemblies, usually a ceiling mount unit, and the horn speaker type also called a loudspeaker. The horn speaker is normally applied to common areas with high occupancy and outdoor use. Two major differences in performance can be seen in the speakers. Possibly the more important difference is in response rate; the frequency response in the normal speech range is significantly better on the ceiling mount type speaker. This basically means that typical announcements come thru as a more intelligible speech pattern. The other major difference is in the audio output performance. In this, the horn speaker can produce up to 15 watts of audio power while the ceiling mount speaker can produce a maximum of 5 watts. The power rating on the speakers translates directly to sound levels where more power means louder sound.
As noted, the typical mounting of the two-general type of speakers differs. The more common ceiling type speaker is offered in a 2x2 drop-in ceiling tile and also as a pendant back-can configuration for mounting in hard ceilings; either recessed in the ceiling or suspended on a conduit box. The horn speaker is often recessed into a wall but does have a surface mount option. The horn speaker is not easily ceiling mounted.
Once the type of speakers in the layout is identified, the sound level has to be established. Because the sound level is directly related to power, louder overall building requirements mean more power must be made available thru the PA system. The typical measurement for sound pressure is the dB scale. The OSHA Sound Level chart is used to establish a baseline with the understanding that the scale is for sustained sound levels and not short announcements.
A typical scale is as follows:
Allowable exposure to the levels are as follows:
From the above, a value of 80 dB is used for a typical classroom, 91 dB for hallways, and 105 dB for horn speakers. After an audible power value is placed on the speakers, a power matrix is created which represents the limits that a PA output card and amplifiers can supply as well as defining the maximum speakers that can be "strung" together…placed in one common circuit. An example of the power matrix is shown below:
This chart represents a PA system with 18 output cards, each card having 25 output ports and a maximum capacity of 50 watts per card. Note that this system also includes an RTU; a large capacity output module.
Two considerations are accounted for when assigning output ports:
• Maintaining the load per card at below 80%, if possible, but always below 100%. Further evaluation is given to those cards that exceed 80%
• Grouping of PA zones/areas of the building within the same output cards
Load assignments to ports are based on the number of speakers in each circuit. This is symbolized by riser diagrams. The riser diagram is a representation of how an output channel will provide power from the port thru each terminal block down to the speaker.
An example is shown below:
Once the power assignments are allocated, the total power (watts) can be calculated, and thus the number of amplifiers required to meet the listed load.
It is important to note that each output port has a maximum capacity. As such, the matrix prevents overloading any one port, the individual card or reaching the limits of assigned amplifiers to respective cards. High loads can be assigned to high output ports and, where needed, space can be made available for future expansion by assigning expected values to the associated ports.
Fieldwork is also simplified as the speaker assignments are engineered to the respective terminal blocks. An example of the expected wiring is shown below.
With this approach, field wiring, testing, and troubleshooting can be traced down to specific circuits thus eliminating any guesswork as to where the tie point might be.
The end result is a fully functional system meeting the intended sound levels of each area.
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Northern Flickers: A More Grounded Woodpecker
Author: Steve Ellis | 07/12/21
Northern Flicker
A Northern Flicker surveys the ground on Whidbey Island. Photo by Jann Ledbetter.
Note: Steve Ellis is a Land Trust member and Whidbey Island naturalist who is a regular contributor to the Habitchat blog. In this post, he writes about the Northern Flicker.
Journey into any local forest or woodlot and you’re likely to hear a sharp “Kee-yer.” That’s the call of the Northern Flicker, the second-largest woodpecker species left in North America and the most common on Whidbey and Camano Islands.
Flickers are 12 to 14 inches long, with a wingspan of 20 inches. The back and upper wings are brown, while the underside of the wings is a pinkish red. A black “bib” on the chest with black spots below and a white rump round out the field marks. Males sport a red “mustache” mark on the face.
Open woodlands are flickers’ preferred habitat. They adapt fairly easily to suburbia, provided nest trees, weedy places, and areas of short grass exist.
Flickers spend a good deal of time on the ground, searching for ants, beetles, and other invertebrates. They eat more ants than any other North American bird species and spend far less time on tree trunks hunting for prey than other woodpeckers. These elegant birds are well-adapted to this “Un-woodpecker’ behavior. The long bill is slightly downcurved for probing anthills. Sticky saliva on the tongue makes escape impossible for entrapped ants. The birds’ brown coloration provides camouflage when foraging on the ground.
The Un-woodpecker also captures moths and other large insects in the air, and they consume more berries and other small fruits than other woodpecker species.
Breeding starts in late February. Once a pair is formed, the male chooses a tree or snag and begins to create a nest cavity. The entrance hole tends to be oval and about 4 inches in diameter; a cavity is hollowed out to a depth of 10 to 18 inches for a nest that will hold six to eight eggs. Upon hatching, the young are fed by both parents. They’ll leave the nest cavity in approximately 25 days.
Flickers may choose to create a new nest hole the following year. Roosting cavities are also hammered out. This means many large holes are available afterwards to other creatures. Northern Saw-whet Owls, Tree Swallows, and other cavity nesters incapable of cutting a cavity for themselves readily use old flicker holes.
Humboldt’s Flying Squirrel and the sprightly Douglas Squirrel also make use of these abandoned cavities. Some bat species do as well, especially the Silver-haired Bat. Whidbey naturalist Sarah Schmidt of Bats Northwest pointed to a study conducted in southern British Columbia. Not only do individual Silver-haired Bats hibernate in flicker-made holes, but small sets of females of the species use them for maternity colonies.
Many species rely on the flickers’ ability to carve out holes in trees. How different our forests would be without the dynamic Un-woodpecker!
Northern Flicker cavity hole
A Northern Flicker hole makes great habitat for other wild creatures as well. Photo by Steve Ellis.
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Essay Sample about Effects of Lack of Sleep on Mental Health
Date published: | John BlackSmith
Posted in: Free Essay Samples
Tags: |
Failure to have adequate sleep has multiple impacts on mental health, such as loss of memory, confusion, reduced mental productivity, and lowers mental information processing effectiveness. During the sleeping hours, the brain gets enough time to rest from the daily activities.
As such, inadequate sleep does not give the brain nerves time to recover from the tensions sustained during the active hours (Bhargava, 2013). Moreover, the damaged brain tissues are repaired during quiet sleeping hours. Therefore, for people with difficulty sleeping the brain’s productivity reduce because the worn-out tissues do not get fixed, which causes deterioration of brain ability. Additionally, lack of sleep overworks the brain, which leads to loss of memory, confusion, and a slow rate of information processing.
Lack of sleep also has an impact on the emotional health of people. For instance, it lessens the ability to cope with stressful situations. As a result, the individuals who lack sleep easily feel irritated and can quickly get angered. The emotional change may result from the reduced ability to process information, which leads to an emotional reaction in a situation where mental reasoning is required to find solutions for problems. Generally, people who regularly have inadequate sleep do not have the emotional intelligence to control their feelings.
Emotional awareness can help people navigate various aspects of life, such as academic, social interactions, and professional performance. According to Houston (2020), students with emotional intelligence (EI) register higher performance than others despite the difference in IQ. Moreover, since emotional awareness enables people to identify, accept, and manage their feelings, it enhances a person’s ability to remain sober in social interaction with other people. As a result, EI better the social life of people. Additionally, EI increases the level of an individual’s concentration, which improves work performance.
Essay References
Bhargava, H. (2013 April 30). What lack of sleep does to your mind. WebMD.,ability%20to%20cope%20with%20stress.
Houston, E. (2020) The importance of emotional intelligence. Positive Psychology.,in%20both%20personal%20and%20professional
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Early education about sexual health
Writing a literature review is all about
learning to support your ideas
objectively and empirically. This can
be a challenge as many of us use
subjective reasoning. Below are 3
topics. Your task is to pick 1 topic
and find a peer reviewed article that
is either in favor of or against the
selected topic. You will summarize
the article and explain how it
supports your position. Be objective.
Be sure to provide the APA full
reference to the article that you have
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The Power of Journals: Going Beyond the Text
Grade: 8
Subjects: Social Studies, English Language Arts
Concepts: Journaling, understanding frame of reference/bias, colonial period captivity phenomenon, Native American relations
Skills: Reading comprehension, vocabulary, small and large group discussion, historical context
Materials: Handouts, Vocabulary and Historical Terms, Quiz
Time: 2 class periods (set up activity is 4 days prior)
Focus Questions
• What can we learn about captivities during the colonial period that are not in the text?
• What is the reliability of personal accounts?
• What does it mean to express yourself through journal writing?
Instructional Objectives
Students will be able to:
• Define vocabulary and historical terms
• Identify reasons for Native American captivities of Europeans during the Colonial Period
• Empathize with European and Native American cultures of the 18th century
• Construct their own journal and make a personal connection to the past
• Explain the value and pitfalls of using a journal as a historical source
Rationale and Background
Connection to the NH Framework Proficiencies
Introductory Activity
1. Ask students to keep a journal of their activities for four days. Students should list their activities from the time they arise until bedtime. Ask them to keep a record of what they think and feel along with what they eat and do.
2. After four days, ask students to hand in their journals.
3. Conduct a whole class discussion, asking:
• How often did you write?
• Did you include absolutely everything? If not, what kinds of things did you leave out?
• Would someone close to you see the events of your day differently? How?
• What does your thoughts and feeling show about your perspective on life?
• How is your perspective different from your classmate or teacher?
• Years from now, if someone “discovered” your journal, would it tell them everything they needed to know about your life today? Why or why not?
• Why do historians need to be alert when using a journal to learn about a historical time period?
Transition to the lesson, by telling students they are going to look deeper into the answer of the last question. Tell them the goal of the lesson is to show the unique role of historical journals in helping students understand historical figures and time periods.
Instructional Resources or Materials
Instructional Procedure
1. Distribute the Handout: Selections from: a Narrative of the Captivity of Mrs. Johnson along with the list of Vocabulary and Historical Terms for students to use as a resource while reading.
2. Ask for a student volunteer to read the Introduction while the rest of the class follows along.
3. Have students read the rest of the selections on their own, using the vocabulary list as a resource. Put any other unknown vocabulary words on the board with their definitions.
4. When everyone has finished, have students get into groups of three. For accountability, ask that each group member choose a role as: Leader, Speaker and Quizzer.
• The leader facilitates the answering of the questions among group members.
• The speaker shares the group’s responses with the whole class.
• The quizzer tests the team’s knowledge of the vocabulary terms.
5. Once all the groups have had time to answer the questions and review the vocabulary, lead a whole class discussion about the questions and journal in general. Go over the answers integrating information on how historians would use this primary source to construct a picture of Susanna Johnson’s experience and colonial life at that time. Wrap up discussion questions may include:
• What did you learn about the value of journals?
• What new insights do you have of the Colonial Period?
• What was Susanna Johnson’s perspective as shown by her writing?
• If historians discovered a Native American journal about Susanna Johnson’s captivity, what might it have said? Would it be similar or very different than Mrs. Johnson’s version? Why?
• What precautions (in terms of author bias etc.) must students take when reading historical journals?
• Students will keep a journal of their thoughts and activities over a four day period
• Students will complete the questions at the end of the handout
• Students will take a Quiz on Vocabulary and Historical Terms
• Students will participate in small group and whole class discussions
Curriculum Modifications/Extension
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Mindfulness in Parenting: Reacting vs. Responding -by Laura Novak, LCSW, CADC
One of the most important skills I try to cultivate in my own life as well as teach to my clients is the ability to respond rather than to react. The difference between the two is much bigger than you may think. A response is thought out and conscious. A reaction is unconscious, and may sound defensive as well as disproportionate to the event that occurred. It is often spoken out of fear and anger. Sometimes you will know you are being reactive because what you say or do is far beyond what is called for given the situation.
Here are a few ideas to consider when making an effort to respond instead of react:
-You can’t change reactivity without being self-aware. Pay attention to how you talk to your children, and examine if you find yourself “overreacting” to your children. Identify what triggers your reactivity. Being as calm as possible when interacting with your child is important, whether you agree or disagree with their choices. You can still be calm while setting limits with your child, even if it is challenging at times!
-When you catch yourself overreacting to something it can be the perfect time to learn about yourself. Ask yourself “Why does this bother me so much?” A strong reaction to something can teach you a lot about yourself, and help you discover parts of yourself which you may need to understand more thoroughly.
-Consider your expectations for your children. Think about their age, their temperament, their skill set. Remember, children, just like adults, are sometimes tired, grumpy, sad or scared, and it is our job to help them identify and regulate their emotions. This can help them to be authentic, confident adults.
-Also, consider your expectations for yourself. You might find yourself more irritable because you are taking on too much or you have an overly idealistic vision of how things “should be”. Sometimes our lives are frantic and overscheduled. This can be harmful for your children as well as yourself.
-Take time to just be with your children and enjoy their company. Make a concerted effort to point out their strengths.
-Being responsive means we try our best in the moment to be aware of what might be a helpful thing to do or say in a given situation. It means that we try to know ourselves deeply and as honestly as possible, our strengths and our weaknesses, and we will actively choose what to do or say. It means asking ourselves, “What kind of relationship do I want to have with my child?”
As parents, we occasionally find ourselves overwhelmed. Since the parent-child relationship is so important, it is vital that we as parents are self-aware and able to respond in a helpful, loving manner.
The book Everyday Blessings: The Inner Work of Mindful Parenting by Myla and Jon Kabat Zinn is one book that you may find helpful in your journey to engaging mindfully with your children. Follow this link to read their 12 exercises for mindful parenting
If you find yourself struggling with responding mindfully to your child, you can contact Laura Novak, LCSW, CADC at 847-336-5621 Ext 151 to work together toward that goal.
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The snow, the State and the public
The harsh weather that has struck Greece over the past 36 hours is, indeed, severe, but this does not absolve the state authorities of responsibility for neglect or delays in tackling problems. Yet it must be said that even the most organized and best-equipped state mechanism cannot completely neutralize the effects of a natural calamity on daily life. The issue in such circumstances is not to repeat the usual accusations against the State but for everyone to adopt a responsible attitude. Both the government and local authorities must be in a complete state of readiness to deal with extreme weather conditions, especially when the Meteorology Bureau has already predicted them. And the public should also be cautious and prepared. Households in mountain and highland areas which bear the brunt of the cold weather, are experienced with it, and usually make it through without losses. Judging from the previous spell of bad weather before Christmas, most problems arose from the haphazard approach of Attica residents who set out on their holidays without making the least preparations. Despite the repeated warnings of the Traffic Police, a large percentage of drivers did not even bother purchasing snow chains. In very bad weather, the public must exercise self-control so as to avoid exposure to unnecessary risks. The Greek climate rarely produces such phenomena. And though it may sound cynical, it would be wrong for the State to acquire the number of snowplows used in northern countries to keep roads clear no matter what the weather. In those countries, heavy snowfall is a common phenomenon that the authorities are obliged to deal with. Of course, this does not mean that everything in Greece should grind to a halt in extreme weather conditions. It is totally unacceptable, for instance, that highways should be closed or the electricity supply be cut off for hours in entire areas, least of all in Attica. Unfortunately, the public often tends to waver between making extreme demands of the State and tolerating even obvious negligence. If the public voiced more specific and realistic criticism, it would be more effective.
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Help Your Year 5 Pupils Plug Gaps
SATs Companion supports schools inside and outside the classroom with catch up and intervention by closing gaps in understanding. Our all-in-one platform personalises learning to every individual pupils needs. Provide tailored and targeted intervention in Maths, GPS and Reading for pupils in Year 5 and Year 6.
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Consolidate Key Topics & Address Misconceptions
Access a unique question bank with over 30,000 Maths, SPaG and Reading questions with content from Year 3 to Year 6. Consolidate key topics and address common misconceptions quickly.
SATs Companion’s time-saving reporting tool reduces teacher workload with instant marking and feedback to identify gaps in understanding on all task and tests completed.
Provide Intervention and Raise Year 5 KS2 Attainment
Receive powerful data insights on individual pupil, groups or class learning gaps and provide intervention effectively. SATs Companion supports teachers in identifying instant gaps in pupil knowledge. From snapshots reports to in-depth class overviews, keep up to date and see how every Year 5 pupil is doing for each topic.
Build Confidence Quickly
SATs Companion is designed to develop pupil confidence for Upper KS2 Pupils. We understand it is a challenging time for pupils keeping up with learning. With our personalised rewards features and goals to work towards, SATs Companion will keep pupils motivated throughout the academic year.
With regular practice and a fun and engaging platform, watch your pupils grow in confidence and fluency.
GO LIVE Realtime Feedback Tool
GoLive is our real time feedback tool which can be used to support pupils with curriculum recovery. Access 30,000 questions and get live feedback to check in with your pupils’ understanding. Identify gaps and clear up misconceptions with GoLive.
Engaging Video Lessons
Access our bank of 50 plus animated video lessons, covering key topics in KS2 Maths and English. Assign your pupils videos to watch as part of a task or for homework. All videos are structured just like a real lesson, helping to build understanding and support with catch-up learning.
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Understanding total knee replacement
Patients Joint Replacement Understanding total knee replacement
Osteoarthritis affects nearly 350 million people worldwide.1 Those with osteoarthritis of the knee may experience pain, which may keep them from performing and enjoying simple daily activities. In order to treat this condition, your doctor may recommend you have knee surgery with a knee implant manufactured by MicroPort® Orthopedics Inc. Facing surgery can be daunting. However, MicroPort® Orthopedics has decades of experience producing revolutionary products which may improve the lives of patients such as yourself, struggling with pain and unable to live the active lifestyle you once did.
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Knee anatomy
The knee joint is where the end of the thigh bone (femur) meets the top of the shin bone (tibia) and the knee cap (patella). The femur and tibia are connected by a set of muscles and ligaments, of which the thigh (quadriceps) muscles are primarily responsible for straightening the knee.
The knee joint is cushioned by cartilage that covers the ends of the femur and tibia, helping them to move smoothly against each other. On the tibia lie two crescent-shaped pieces of cartilage called menisci. The menisci act as shock absorbers for the knee. They also provide a pocket-like surface on the top of the tibia for the femur to sit in. This pocket increases the stability of the knee and prevents it from sliding during activities. In a knee joint that has osteoarthritis (Arthritic Knee), the cartilage wears down and bone begins to rub on bone. This creates pain and reduces the function of the knee.
Understanding total knee replacement Knee anatomy 0 1
Why does my knee hurt?
There are a variety of conditions that can lead to knee joint deterioration, resulting in pain, reduced range of motion, and decreased quality of life. When cartilage in the knee joint is damaged or worn down by disease, your knee bones begin to rub together, resulting in friction, pain, and even bone deterioration. Worn cartilage is typically associated with osteoarthritis, the most common type of arthritis leading to knee replacement. Osteoarthritis is just one of the many forms of arthritis, which can result in individuals experiencing pain and limited activity level. Other forms of arthritis include: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Traumatic Arthritis, and Non-Arthritic Trauma.
Understanding total knee replacement Knee arthritis 2
Diseases of the knee
Osteoarthritis is a common condition in which the cartilage that normally cushions the bones of a joint gradually begins to wear, causing the bones to rub together. Osteoarthritis of the knee is common because most of the body’s weight is carried by the knee joint. This can make the knee wear out more quickly than other joints. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and changes in appearance and function of the joint, which can contribute to loss of motion.
Traumatic arthritis results when the joint, or the ligaments surrounding it, are damaged by fracture, dislocation, or other accident-related injury. All arthritic conditions result in stiffness, swelling, and the loss of motion. It becomes diffi cult to put pressure on the knee, and the joint becomes increasingly tender and swollen. As time passes, arthritis of the knee can signifi cantly affect your ability to walk.
Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when the body’s own immune system attacks the synovial lining of the joints, just as it would foreign bacteria. Synovial fl uid is a clear, smooth, oil-like lubricating liquid that makes it easier for the joints to move. With RA, there is more friction in every movement of the knee and this causes pain.
In addition to arthritis, knee replacement surgery may be recommended for individuals whose knee has been injured as the result of trauma. This could be a knee fracture or dislocation caused by a fall or other injury to the knee.
Total knee replacement
Before recommending surgery, your doctor may have considered other treatments for your knee pain. Total knee replacement (commonly known as TKR) is one of the most successful treatments to restore knee function and stop arthritic pain, and may be recommended by your doctor.
The goal of the surgery is to replace the arthritic surfaces of the bones with smooth artificial surfaces made of metal and plastic. These new surfaces are designed to closely mimic normal knee function, while also preventing pain caused by the damaged ends of the bones rubbing together.
Precision instruments are utilized to reshape the ends of the bones to accept the artificial knee implant. A metal “tray” is placed on top of the tibia. An implant-grade plastic (polyethylene) insert is locked into the top of this tray.
The plastic now acts as the cushioning cartilage and menisci. Next, a highly polished, implantgrade metal component is placed on the end of the prepared femur. Finally, the underside of the patella (knee cap) may be removed and replaced with a plastic dome that will slide against the new joint.
Knee implant
Example of a MicroPort® Orthopedics total knee solution
Through innovation in implant technology and less invasive surgical techniques, MicroPort® is continually working to create products that can dramatically improve the lives of patients.
Knee implant close
Patient resources
PICTO Orthopedics Knees
Five things to ask your knee surgeon
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PICTO Interview
Knee replacement FAQ
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Every patient is different, and individual results will vary. There are risks and recovery times associated with surgery. Consult your doctor to determine if joint replacement surgery is right for you.
Individual results and activity levels after surgery vary and depend on many factors including age, weight and prior activity level. There are risks and recovery times associated with surgery and there are certain individuals who should not undergo surgery. Please click here to read about risks associated with surgery. Only a physician can tell you if this product and associated procedure are right for you and your unique circumstances. Please consult with a physician for complete information regarding benefits, risks and possible outcomes.
1. Arthritis and Total Knee Arthroplasty: Knee Implant Procedures http:// seniors-health-medicare.suite101.com/article.cfm/arthritis_and_ total_knee_arthroplasty#ixzz0gHPzocel Mark McBride, MD ; Prakash Thulasimani. Nov 3, 2009. Accessed: Feb. 22, 2010.
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A Link Between Acne And Exercise? Don’t Sweat It!
There are many different views on the relationship between acne and exercise, mainly focusing on the role of sweat. Some believe that sweat is helpful in cleaning the pores through releasing stored toxins in the skin, thus preventing acne from occurring. More common is the belief that that sweat causes acne, and that exercise can lead to huge breakouts on the face and other areas. So which is it? Does sweat directly cause acne? First, let’s explore how the sweating process actually works.
Organs are groups of tissues that work together towards a common purpose; the skin is reputed to be the human body’s largest organ. The skin actually participates in bodily processes in a number of different ways. A primary function is the protection of the internal body against damage and injury. The skin is also key in containing vital fluids, such as blood and water. One function of the skin that many of us notice on a regular basis is the role that it plays in regulating body temperature. When a person begins to overheat, the body releases sweat up the sweat ducts to the skin’s surface. When that surface sweat evaporates, the process removes latent heat from the body, thus cooling it.
There are two primary types of sweat glands, but only one kind that sounds like it could really play a role in preventing or creating acne. Coiled deep below the skin, the eccrine sweat glands are found over nearly the entire surface of the body, especially on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and the forehead. These glands are the ones that are responsible for temperature regulation, and are activated through heat and physical activity. The sweat excreted by the eccrine glands is composed primarily of water, but also contains sodium chloride (salt), and small amounts of fatty materials, urea, and other cellular wastes.
So if sweating does remove wastes from the body, does it actually play a role in preventing acne breakouts? Not exactly, seems to be the general consensus. Acne is often called a disorder of the sebaceous glands, created when a variety of conditions occur together. In healthy skin, natural oils are produced in the sebaceous glands, and travel to the skin’s surface via hair follicles. When dead skin cells, excess sebum, or other factors plug those pores, sebum production continues, swelling the hair follicle. Naturally occurring skin bacteria are also trapped within the plugged follicle, and the warm, moist environment allows them to reproduce quickly, creating an inflammatory effect on the cell and surrounding tissue.
While sweating does remove toxins from the body, reports suggest that these toxins are not from the skin pores, but rather from cells and capillaries deeper under the skin. This means that sweat probably doesn’t contribute to acne prevention. So does it actually cause acne, then? Reports suggest that sweat doesn’t cause acne directly, but could still play a role in breakouts. The primary reason is that the salts in sweat can aggravate existing acne or acne-prone skin. Another possible way that sweating could contribute to acne is through bacteria. Bacteria thrive in sweaty conditions, and if sweat is left on the face or body after exercise, those bacteria could work their way into pores, irritating the skin and leading to acne.
In theory, it should be fairly easy to avoid the link between acne and exercise. Recommendations include keeping hair tied back off the face and wearing loose clothing while exercising, so that bacteria on the back, chest, and arms aren’t trapped in direct contact with the skin. Loose clothing also lessens the irritation caused by friction. Some people suggest that drinking water is preferable to many electrolyte-rich sports drinks which are thought to increase the salts being sweated out onto the skin. Finally, a good and easy plan is to shower as soon as possible after exercising, using an antibacterial soap. This should bring the natural bacterial load of the skin back to a normal, balanced count, and help remove any dead skin cells that could contribute to acne.
Author C. L. Jackson wishes the topic of acne was simply an academic interest… but unfortunately that’s not the case! You’ll find much more information on this topic at the author’s website acne-infosource.info [http://acne-infosource.info/c-acne-control.php]
Related Interesting Posts:
Author: Uzumaki Naruto
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Palm Crows
Un libro in lingua di Virgil Suarez edito da Univ of Arizona Pr, 2001
• € 12,60
• Il prezzo è variabile in funzione del cambio della valuta d’origine
Paleonutrition is the analysis of prehistoric human diets and the interpretation of dietary intake in relation to health and nutrition. As a field of study, it addresses prehistoric diets in order to determine the biological and cultural implications for individuals as well as for entire populations, placing archaeological interpretations into an anthropological context. Throughout history, and long before written records, human culture has been constantly in flux. The study of paleonutrition provides valuable insights into shifts and changes in human history, whatever their causes.
This is the most comprehensive and up-to-date book on the topic. Intended for students and professionals, it describes the nature of paleonutrition studies, reviews the history of paleonutrition research, discusses methodological issues in the reconstruction of prehistoric diets, presents theoretical frameworks frequently used in paleonutrition research, and showcases examples in which paleonutritional analyses have been successfully conducted on prehistoric individuals, groups, and populations. It offers an integrative approach to understanding state-of-the-art anthropological dietary, health, and nutritional assessments. The most recent and innovative methods used to reconstruct prehistoric diets are discussed, along with the major ways in which paleonutrition data are recovered, analyzed, and interpreted.
Paleonutrition includes five contemporary case studies that provide useful models of how to conduct paleonutrition research. Topics range from ancient diets in medieval Nubia to children’s health in the prehistoric American Southwest to honey use by an ethnographic group of East African foragers. As well as providing interesting examples of applying paleonutrition techniques, these case studies illustrate the mutually beneficial linkages between ethnography and archaeology.
Informazioni bibliografiche
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The Southern Key: Class, Race, and Radicalism in the 1930s & 1940s by Michael Goldfield
BY Barry Eidlin
The U.S. Civil Rights Movement (CRM) from the mid-1950s through the mid-1970s has served as the template for contemporary social movement scholarship. Not only has the movement itself been the most widely studied, but many of the core theoretical concepts, most notably political process theory, either were developed as part of explaining the emergence and development of the CRM, or had the CRM as a key empirical vantage point.
Vast amounts of scholarship have sought to explain the timing and trajectory of the CRM, how it framed issues, how it won key rights and freedoms. Considerably less scholarship examines why the movement took the shape it did (i.e. based in the Black church and clergy-led) or ended up focusing on the issues it did (i.e. equal individual rights such as voting, access to desegregated public and private facilities, etc.).
The scholarship that does exist reveals an earlier incipient civil rights movement in the 1930s and 40s. As scholars like Robin D. G. Kelley, Robert Korstad, and Manning Marable have shown, this one was far more rooted in the organized working class, with the Communist Party (CP) playing a leading role. Its program took aim much more squarely at the economic power of Southern racism and Northern reaction, while linking principled anti-racism to a broad program for economic justice.
This movement was violently repressed in the aftermath of World War II. Its defeat delayed the emergence of a full-blown civil rights movement in the U.S. for a decade or more, and constrained the demands the movement that did emerge could win. While it is true that the 1963 March on Washington was for “Jobs and Freedom,” and that Martin Luther King, Jr.’s program incorporated broader economic demands, this part of King’s dream was deferred.
Understanding how and why this incipient labor-based civil rights movement was snuffed out remains critical for explaining not only the trajectory of the later CRM that emerged, but Southern and U.S. politics more broadly.
That’s why I’m recommending Mobilizing Ideas’ summer reading list a great new book from Michael Goldfield entitled The Southern Key: Class, Race, and Radicalism in the 1930s and 1940s (Oxford University Press, 2020). Few scholars have delved as deeply as Goldfield into questions of race, labor, and Left politics, particularly in the U.S. South. The result is a book that is a culmination of his life’s work, and a tremendous contribution not only to the study of labor history and politics, but of social movements more broadly.
What is Goldfield’s explanation for why a labor-based CRM failed to take root? Briefly, he argues that conservative business union leaders tamped down the worker upsurges of the 1930s, preventing the broader community alliances and grassroots organizing that could have overcome racial divisions and the power of Southern reaction. The possible counterweight to the business unionists was the CP. It had considerable influence within labor thanks to its members, who proved themselves to be the hardest-working, most dedicated organizers. They were also the most consistent, principled anti-racists, which won them respect among Black workers and Black communities more broadly. Through its campaigns, the CP served as the base for an incipient labor-civil rights movement.
However, the CP’s Stalinist-influenced politics vacillated according to the dictates of the Soviet Comintern. While these shifts penetrated the ranks unevenly, in the South they meant that the Party soft-pedaled its principled anti-racism and allied with business unionists in the name of building a “Popular Front,” even in cases where it legitimately enjoyed broader worker support than the more conservative alternative. This undermined the CP’s ability to counter the business unionist vision while leaving its leaders and activists more vulnerable to Red-baiting attacks that destroyed the Party, and with it the possibility of a broader labor-civil rights movement in the South.
Goldfield develops this argument through in-depth analyses of organizing in key Southern industries: coal, steel, wood, and textile. These are the industries which would have been key to organizing the South. In each case, he carefully documents the objective possibilities for organizing the industry, the internal politics of the unions or committees leading the organizing drives in each industry, and how and why they came up short. A subsequent chapter on the failure of Operation Dixie in the late 1940s shows that it was a coda to previous failures to organize the South rather than a decisive moment itself, while a concluding chapter focused on the CP offers a nuanced assessment of how it both built and undermined possibilities for a stronger, more interracial labor movement.
As he discusses in a methodological first chapter, Goldfield’s approach is resolutely structural, focusing on how economic relations shape the forms that protest takes and the conditions for movement success. In this he evokes the work of pioneering social movement scholars like Doug McAdam and Frances Fox Piven. This approach is essential for challenging widely held shibboleths about race, politics, and social mobilization in the South, which tend to view the region as inherently conservative and irredeemably racist.
A great example of this is Goldfield’s analysis of textile organizing, a strategically vital sector where organizers consistently ran into trouble. Much existing scholarship lays the blame on conservative Southern textile communities. But through a comparative analysis of textile industry organizing at a global scale, Goldfield shows that it is challenging everywhere, not just the U.S. South. The reason is textile’s relative mobility, which undermines workers’ structural power, as compared to miners or steelworkers for example. To compensate for this and to organize successfully, textile workers must rely on building up associational power through community alliances, solidarity strikes from workers in other structurally powerful industries, and other such measures. In the case of the U.S. South, organizers focused on large textile mills in isolated, rural areas, instead of starting by building a base in mills located closer to urban areas, where possibilities for associational power were greater.
While his analysis is structural, Goldfield also takes seriously Marx’s oft-quoted maxim that “men [sic] make their own history, but they do not make it…under self-selected circumstances.” Leadership styles and organizational decisions play key roles in Goldfield’s account of labor and the Left’s defeat. This comes through in his meticulous archival research, which includes fascinating organizational correspondence from union and CP staff and leadership. You get to observe these actors weighing and making the fateful decisions that doom their organizing drives. By extension, you gain a clearer sense of what alternate possibilities could have been viable, and what it would have taken to win.
This, ultimately, is the most important point of Goldfield’s book, and what makes it important for social movement scholars to read: its insistence, based on carefully documented evidence, that failure was not inevitable. Organizing the South and building a labor-based civil rights movement was indeed possible, but failed due to certain critical decisions and the outcomes of key battles. By implication, different decisions and battle outcomes could have led to a different outcome. And, by extension, in spite of the historic challenges that workers in the South and across the U.S. face today, winning is still an option.
But in order to win, it’s crucial to learn the lessons of these historical events from the 1930s and 40s. That’s why it’s worth spending part of your summer with Michael Goldfield’s The Southern Key.
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Category:Steam Engine
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A steam engine is an external combustion engine that can use multiple unrefined fuel sources.
We plan to use a babington burner to burn pyrolysis oil to generate steam.
This category has only the following subcategory.
Pages in category "Steam Engine"
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Home Publications Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK: 2021
Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK: 2021
This report examines how household incomes were changing in the UK up to the eve of the COVID-19 pandemic, and how other measures of household living standards have changed over the course of the pandemic. In particular, we use the latest official data covering years up to 2019–20 to provide a comprehensive picture of UK household incomes before the pandemic hit. We subsequently use more recent data to examine how the pandemic and associated restrictions on economic activity have radically affected the scope for people to earn an income in the labour market, and what the implications of the pandemic have been for measures of household deprivation. We look at how different groups have fared, with a focus on low-income households, both before and during the pandemic.
Key findings
Where were we before the pandemic?
1. Median household net income was finally growing steadily again prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, with growth of 3% in real terms over two years from 2017–18 to 2019–20. However, that still meant just 9% growth in total in the 12 years since 2007–08, prior to the previous recession. If the pre-financial-crisis trend of 2.2% growth per year had continued since 2007–08, by 2019–20 median income would have been almost 20% higher than it actually was.
2. In the run-up to the pandemic, even the very modest income growth in the middle of the distribution had eluded low-income households. Income at the 10th percentile of the household income distribution was almost unchanged over the six years between 2013–14 and 2019–20.
3. Looking over the whole period between 2007–08 and 2019–20, the striking pattern is how poor income growth has been right across the income distribution compared with modern British history.
4. Since 2007–08, incomes of poor households have been pushed up by significant reductions in worklessness. The fraction of low-income people (excluding pensioners) who live in a workless household has fallen from 45% in 2007–08 to 33% in 2019–20. This boosted incomes at a time when cuts to working-age benefit entitlements (since 2010) have pushed in the other direction.
5. This pattern of income growth means that overall measures of relative poverty (measured after housing costs are deducted) were essentially unchanged in recent years, at 22%, the same level as in 2007–08. However, relative child poverty has continued to creep up, and in 2019–20 was 4 percentage points higher than in 2011–12 (a rise of 700,000 children).
6. Absolute income poverty has gradually declined from 22% prior to the Great Recession to 18% in 2019–20. This fall occurred across all major demographic groups (children, pensioners, working-age non-parents), but was modest compared with historical changes in absolute poverty. There have also been recent gradual declines in child and pensioner material deprivation.
7. The fraction of non-pensioners in relative poverty who live in a working household rose from 56% to 67% between 2007–08 and 2019–20.This was due to a combination of more households with someone in work and a rising rate of poverty among such households.
8. Falling mortgage interest costs in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis have benefited people with mortgages, and the poverty rate for this group has fallen from 13% to 10% since 2007–08. This, combined with falls in homeownership for working-age people, and rises in private renting, means that by 2019–20 the fraction of those in poverty who were private renters has risen from 22% to 31%.
9. Pre-pandemic, there had been some notable falls in the poverty rates of some ethnic minorities, though for many they remain high compared with the white population (for whom it was 19% pre-pandemic). The relative poverty rate for people with Indian backgrounds fell from 26% pre-financial-crisis to 23% prior to the pandemic. The most striking change was for people with Pakistani/Bangladeshi backgrounds, for whom the relative poverty rate fell from 61% to 49%, though most of this fall occurred before 2010–12. In comparison, the relative poverty rate for black people, at 40%, was unchanged from before the Great Recession.
10. The relative poverty rates of different age groups and household types have also changed in recent years. Most notably, the relative (AHC) poverty rate for lone-parent households fell from 52% pre-financial-crisis to 41% in 2010–12 though it rose back to 47% in 2017–19, below its pre-recession level but still very high compared with other groups. Younger adults (aged 18–24) saw rising relative poverty during the Great Recession, but a better recovery, reaching 24% in 2017–19, compared with 27% pre-recession. On the other hand, 55- to 64-year-olds have seen rising relative poverty, up to 21% pre-pandemic compared with 17% in 2010–12, at least in part due to a higher state pension age for women.
The labour market during the pandemic
1. Although there were large rises in the proportion of people not working at least one hour a week in 2020, there was very little rise in unemployment and economic inactivity (where people have no job at all). By 2021Q1, 1.3 million more adults (aged 19–64) were not working at least an hour a week compared with 2019Q4, whereas only 0.3 million more adults were unemployed or economically inactive. The furlough scheme has kept unemployment from rising sharply during the pandemic.
2. Despite the large falls in the number of people working at least an hour a week, the number of households where no one was working has risen only modestly. This is particularly important for 19- to 24-year-olds, many of whom live with their parents. Even excluding full-time students who moved back home when universities and colleges shut, the share of 19- to 24-year-olds who lived with their parents rose from 45% in 2020Q1 to 50% in 2021Q1 – an increase of around 200,000 people. As a result, whilst the share of young adults who were not working rose by 10 percentage points by 2021Q1, the share living in a household where no one is working rose by just 1 percentage point – no more than the general population.
3. Looking at the (relatively small) increase in the number of households where no one has a job (i.e. all adults are unemployed or inactive), there are a number of groups where rises are more concerning: single-adult households without children (who by definition do not have a working partner to support them), and Pakistani and Bangladeshi people (who pre-pandemic were particularly likely to be single-earner households). These groups had relatively high levels of poverty before the pandemic. The share of lone parents who were not working also rose sharply, though this reflected an increase in furlough rather than unemployment and inactivity.
4. People who continued to work through the pandemic experienced real earnings growth that was fairly similar to the immediate pre-pandemic years, and much higher than in the aftermath of the Great Recession. Real earnings growth has been supported by low measured inflation during the pandemic.
5. Average earnings growth during the pandemic has tended to be stronger for public sector workers and for workers with lower levels of education, the latter perhaps in part due to a significant rise in the National Living Wage in 2020. Conversely, there is some evidence that younger workers (aged 19–34) have seen weaker growth in earnings. This may be due to the lack of vacancies: those earlier on in their career are more likely to move employers more regularly and this is often a source of wage growth.
Financial difficulties and deprivation during the pandemic
1. The start of the pandemic saw rises in some measures of deprivation. But these rises were temporary, leaving deprivation measures in early 2021 similar to, or on some measures below, their pre-pandemic levels. For example, the proportion of people reporting they were in arrears on at least one of their household bills rose from 6.6% in 2018–19 to 8.1% in April–May 2020, a 22% rise, but then fell back to 7.0% by March 2021. Food-bank use also rose from 1.7% of the population in February 2020 to 1.9% in April–May 2020, before falling back to 1.4% in early 2021.
2. Expectations of becoming financially worse off a month from the time of interview were very high at the beginning of the pandemic, with 17% of the population expecting this in April 2020, but then quickly declined, and remained lower through to 2021. These expectations did not translate into more people reporting current financial difficulties. These trends reflect the huge uncertainty faced by many at the onset of the pandemic, which was eased by the government support measures that were introduced.
3. Households that were in relative income poverty prior to the pandemic (measured between 2016 and 2019) saw the largest rises in deprivation at the start of the pandemic. In comparison, households that were not in poverty pre-pandemic saw little change on most of the measures. The proportion of poor households behind on their household bills rose from 15% in 2018–19 to 22% in April–May 2020, compared with a much smaller rise from 5% to 6% for households not in poverty pre-pandemic. By March 2021, the proportion of those in poor households behind on their bills remained higher, at 20%, than it was pre-pandemic.
4. The group most clearly struggling, particularly at the start of the pandemic, was self-employed people who had lost all work by April 2020. The proportion of this group reporting being in arrears on household bills rose from 2% pre-pandemic to 13% in April–May 2020. There was also a rise for furloughed employees but it was much smaller and less persistent into early 2021. The self-employed who could not work in April 2020 were also a group that reported a big rise in the fraction experiencing financial difficulties, from 16% pre-pandemic to 24% by April–May 2020.
5. Consistent with the larger rises in household worklessness for some ethnic minorities, there is evidence that ethnic minorities suffered greater economic hardship during the pandemic. The proportion of people belonging to ethnic minorities who are in arrears on bills rose from 12% in 2018–19 to 21% in April–May 2020 (compared with a rise from 5% to 6% for white people) and there were also increases in people from ethnic minorities reporting financial difficulties. By early 2021, there was a partial recovery for ethnic minorities, with 15% behind on their bills, but the gap remained wider than pre-pandemic.
6. Changes in deprivation for 18- to 24-year-olds actually look better than those for older working-age people (aged 25–64) on some measures, particularly regarding foodbank use, which fell for young adults from 6% pre-pandemic to 3% in April–May 2020. This is likely to be because their incomes have been supported through the furlough scheme and there has not been a rise in household worklessness for this age group during the pandemic as many have been living with their parents.
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In early 2021, unemployment, real earnings growth, arrears on household bills, and food-bank use were all at similar overall levels to pre-pandemic. This is an astonishing outcome given the scale of economic disruption and loss of national income over the last 15 months. But this masks groups who ...
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Voting: Intentions
“A fair society starts with a fair election”
Billy Bragg
So tomorrow we will go and cast our votes to try and pick a government. The Election has come at last.
Except there’s not one single election where we all pick our favourite to be the leader. Instead there are really 650 separate elections for local representatives. If your vote doesn’t end up backing the winner in your area, it looks a lot like a wasted vote**.
If you live in a safe Labour or Tory seat you’re effectively unable to vote: no matter what you do, the party you support won’t win in your area unless you’re very good at persuading 10,000 people to vote the same way you do. So how do you get heard if you’ve got a minority viewpoint?
Like most people, I’ve had real trouble making up my mind who to vote for this time.
This is basically because there seems to be very little difference between the parties on most of the important issues: everyone wants to get the national debt under control while protecting hospitals, schools and police, and trying to cut greenhouse emissions. In a way that’s a good thing: consensus on these really important issues means we ought to be able to take the decisions we need to take, even in a hung parliament.
On the other hand, there are lots of small issues where only one party really represents my views. In my particular case, that’s the Greens, but you may be different. This is a reflection of modern societies really – the big questions about healthcare and the budget are more-or-less matters of small policy tinkering that most people agree with, while other concerns are raised by NGOs and smaller parties (what you might call ‘single-issue’ parties).
In France, Germany, Japan, South Korea and Spain – all rich, perfectly functioning, healthy modern democracies about the same size as the UK – they have a system of elections that allows for larger parties to govern based on a common consensus, while ensuring minority rules are also represented: proportional representation (PR), where MPs are elected according to the exact number of votes cast for their party. Every vote really does count.
For the first time in over 80 years we have the chance to reform our electoral system and finally make it truly democratic. Here the parties actually are different. The Tories oppose PR because they think that we (the plebs) can’t be trusted to elect a capable government if we’re allowed to vote directly, and because they worry that Britain is somehow a weaker or more indecisive country than Germany, France or Japan. This is, in a word, bollocks – the British people aren’t idiots, and last-time I checked, patriotism entailed pride in your country, not fear that it might fuck up where others have had no problems. Labour only dimly support PR, because they stand to lose a lot of power as the current setup massively favours them (in 2005 they won a double-digit majority with around 1/3 of the votes cast).
Only the Liberals support PR completely, and have pledged to hold a referendum to introduce it. Yes, this is because they have the most to gain of the 3 main parties, and yes, some of their policies I disagree with, and yes, a vote for them might in some cases be a vote for the Tories BUT we need to reform this rotten, outdated system (nearly 200 years old) and we may not get another chance in our lifetime.
To those who say that we need a Tory majority to deal with the economic crisis, here’s what I think: All the parties want to cut the deficit. The measures they’re all taking are basically the same in that they don’t go far enough. And most importantly, the best way to avoid a repeat of the mistakes that lead to that crisis (and others to come), ultimately, is to have a better-functioning democracy that represents us.
So. I live in Hythe, which is a Tory seat. Tomorrow I’ll be voting Lib Dem because the more votes and seats they get, the more likely it is that we’ll get a PR, a voting system where our votes actually count directly. And then in future I can vote Green, or UKIP, or whoever I damn well want, safe in the knowledge that this time, my vote really will count.
**The maths behind this is simple but pretty unsettling. Imagine there are only 10 constituencies (areas), of 10 voters each, and only two parties. Party A win 4 of the constituencies outright, with all 10 votes in each. In the remaining 6 constituencies, they come second with 4/10 votes. Party B, who win those 6 constituencies with 6/10 votes in each, have won a total of six of the available ten seats, and win the election. BUT only 36 people voted for them (6 votes in each of 6 constituencies) out of 100, compared with 64 votes cast (10 in each of 4 constituencies, plus 4 in each of 6 constituencies) for Party A. If this seems like an oversimplification, well, the results of the 2005 election pretty much exactly match these ratios.
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Gout – How Did Seneca and Cicero Know What Doctors Don’t?
Majid Ali, M.D.
One of the early, if not the earliest, recorded epidemic of gout occurred during the years of the decline of the Roman empire. The Roman philosopher, Seneca (4 B.C.) recognized its association with intemperance and gluttony. He stated that was so because women “rival men in every kind of lasciviousness.” How did Seneca know this about gout?
Rheumatologists blame uric acid for gout. I do not think they consider the fact that uric acid is a powerful antioxidant, nearly fifty-fold stronger than vitamin C. Like all bodily antioxidants that act as anti-inflammatory substances, uric acid is an anti-inflammatory agent within the physiologic range. Nor do they seem to recognize other crucial physiologic roles of uric acid in e healing immune responses. Specifically, the acid provides a molecular link between cell injury and immunity. Most intriguingly, uric acid facilitates conversations between dead and living cells. I present this subject at length in Integfrative Nutritional Medicine (2001%0, the fifth volume of my 14-volume textook entitled The Principles and Practice of Integrative Medicine.
Now to Cicero. The Roman sage once visited a friend sick with gout who suggested that Cicero not eat his food. Cicero told his friend that he could eat the food because the cook did not have gout. How did Cicero know that gout was not an infection that he could contract by sharing a meal with a friend with gouty arthritis?
Seneca and Cicero came to mind today when I saw limp into my office. I had not seen her for about two years. I glanced at the chart. Her previous doctor had diagnosed the following: gout arthritis, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disorder), memory lapses, and brain fog episodes. The outcome sheet recorded When looked up from the chart, her companion said, “She had a good run of about a year and a half and came X-mas and New Year eating and she came off your program. Within six weeks her symptom-complexes returned and within another a few weeks she developed incapacitating gout attack.”
I recognize this pattern of gouty attack every time I see a patient with acute gouty attack. This is how Seneca and Cicero must have figured out the causes and clinical course of gout. Why don’t doctors today this? I leave that to your imagination.
Causes of Gout
Gut fermentation and mitochondrial dysfunction due to toxicities of food, environment, and thought. Treatment: detect and address all relevant causes on an individual basis. See my article entitled “Dr. Ali’s Top Seven for Gout.”
The bliss of pharmaceutical companies is that doctors are eager to prescribe their drugs but reluctant to think about what they prescribe.
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