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When was quantum field theory developed?
|
[
{
"docid": "2078963#10",
"text": "The third thread in the development of quantum field theory was the need to handle the statistics of many-particle systems consistently and with ease. In 1927, Pascual Jordan tried to extend the canonical quantization of fields to the many-body wave functions of identical particles using a formalism which is known as statistical transformation theory; this procedure is now sometimes called second quantization. In 1928, Jordan and Eugene Wigner found that the quantum field describing electrons, or other fermions, had to be expanded using anti-commuting creation and annihilation operators due to the Pauli exclusion principle (see Jordan–Wigner transformation). This thread of development was incorporated into many-body theory and strongly influenced condensed matter physics and nuclear physics.",
"title": "History of quantum field theory"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "25267#2",
"text": "As a successful theoretical framework today, quantum field theory emerged from the work of generations of theoretical physicists spanning much of the 20th century. Its development began in the 1920s with the description of interactions between light and electrons, culminating in the first quantum field theory — quantum electrodynamics. A major theoretical obstacle soon followed with the appearance and persistence of various infinities in perturbative calculations, a problem only resolved in the 1950s with the invention of the renormalization procedure. A second major barrier came with QFT's apparent inability to describe the weak and strong interactions, to the point where some theorists called for the abandonment of the field theoretic approach. The development of gauge theory and the completion of the Standard Model in the 1970s led to a renaissance of quantum field theory.",
"title": "Quantum field theory"
},
{
"docid": "20728#12",
"text": "The application of the new quantum theory to electromagnetism resulted in quantum field theory, which was developed starting around 1930. Quantum field theory has driven the development of more sophisticated formulations of quantum mechanics, of which the ones presented here are simple special cases.",
"title": "Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics"
},
{
"docid": "2078963#15",
"text": "Two classic text-books from the 1960s, James D. Bjorken, Sidney David Drell, \"Relativistic Quantum Mechanics\" (1964) and J. J. Sakurai, \"Advanced Quantum Mechanics\" (1967), thoroughly developed the Feynman graph expansion techniques using physically intuitive and practical methods following from the correspondence principle, without worrying about the technicalities involved in deriving the Feynman rules from the superstructure of quantum field theory itself. Although both Feynman's heuristic and pictorial style of dealing with the infinities, as well as the formal methods of Tomonaga and Schwinger, worked extremely well, and gave spectacularly accurate answers, the true analytical nature of the question of \"renormalizability\", that is, whether ANY theory formulated as a \"quantum field theory\" would give finite answers, was not worked-out until much later, when the urgency of trying to formulate finite theories for the strong and electro-weak (and gravitational interactions) demanded its solution.",
"title": "History of quantum field theory"
},
{
"docid": "2078963#6",
"text": "It was evident from the beginning that a proper quantum treatment of the electromagnetic field had to somehow incorporate Einstein's relativity theory, which had grown out of the study of classical electromagnetism. This need to put together relativity and quantum mechanics was the second major motivation in the development of quantum field theory. Pascual Jordan and Wolfgang Pauli showed in 1928 that quantum fields could be made to behave in the way predicted by special relativity during coordinate transformations (specifically, they showed that the field commutators were Lorentz invariant). A further boost for quantum field theory came with the discovery of the Dirac equation, which was originally formulated and interpreted as a single-particle equation analogous to the Schrödinger equation, but unlike the Schrödinger equation, the Dirac equation satisfies both the Lorentz invariance, that is, the requirements of special relativity, and the rules of quantum mechanics. \nThe Dirac equation accommodated the spin-1/2 value of the electron and accounted for its magnetic moment as well as giving accurate predictions for the spectra of hydrogen.",
"title": "History of quantum field theory"
},
{
"docid": "25267#12",
"text": "Through the works of Born, Heisenberg, and Pascual Jordan in 1925-1926, a quantum theory of the free electromagnetic field (one with no interactions with matter) was developed via canonical quantization by treating the electromagnetic field as a set of quantum harmonic oscillators. With the exclusion of interactions, however, such a theory was yet incapable of making quantitative predictions about the real world.",
"title": "Quantum field theory"
},
{
"docid": "25202#39",
"text": "Early attempts to merge quantum mechanics with special relativity involved the replacement of the Schrödinger equation with a covariant equation such as the Klein–Gordon equation or the Dirac equation. While these theories were successful in explaining many experimental results, they had certain unsatisfactory qualities stemming from their neglect of the relativistic creation and annihilation of particles. A fully relativistic quantum theory required the development of quantum field theory, which applies quantization to a field (rather than a fixed set of particles). The first complete quantum field theory, quantum electrodynamics, provides a fully quantum description of the electromagnetic interaction. The full apparatus of quantum field theory is often unnecessary for describing electrodynamic systems. A simpler approach, one that has been employed since the inception of quantum mechanics, is to treat charged particles as quantum mechanical objects being acted on by a classical electromagnetic field. For example, the elementary quantum model of the hydrogen atom describes the electric field of the hydrogen atom using a classical formula_2 Coulomb potential. This \"semi-classical\" approach fails if quantum fluctuations in the electromagnetic field play an important role, such as in the emission of photons by charged particles.",
"title": "Quantum mechanics"
},
{
"docid": "2796131#75",
"text": "The idea of quantum field theory began in the late 1920s with British physicist [[Paul Dirac]], when he attempted to [[quantization (physics)|quantise]] the [[electromagnetic field]] – a procedure for constructing a quantum theory starting from a classical theory.",
"title": "Introduction to quantum mechanics"
},
{
"docid": "1057601#3",
"text": "Since the end of the eighties, the local quantum field theory approach due to Rudolf Haag and Daniel Kastler has been implemented in order to include an algebraic version of quantum field theory in curved spacetime. Indeed, the viewpoint of local quantum physics is suitable to generalize the renormalization procedure to the theory of quantum fields developed on curved backgrounds. Several rigorous results concerning QFT in the presence of a black hole have been obtained. In particular the algebraic approach allows one to deal with the problems, above mentioned, arising from the absence of a preferred reference vacuum state, the absence of a natural notion of particle and the appearance of unitarily inequivalent representations of the algebra of observables. (See these lecture notes",
"title": "Quantum field theory in curved spacetime"
},
{
"docid": "25312#23",
"text": "Quantum field theory on curved (non-Minkowskian) backgrounds, while not a full quantum theory of gravity, has shown many promising early results. In an analogous way to the development of quantum electrodynamics in the early part of the 20th century (when physicists considered quantum mechanics in classical electromagnetic fields), the consideration of quantum field theory on a curved background has led to predictions such as black hole radiation.",
"title": "Quantum gravity"
}
] |
How long does a philosophy degree take?
|
[
{
"docid": "167241#115",
"text": "Doctoral degrees or doctorates, such as the Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD or DPhil) or Doctor of Education (EdD or DEd) are awarded following a programme of original research that contributes new knowledge within the context of the student's discipline. Doctoral degrees usually take three years full-time. Therefore, in the UK it may only take seven years to progress from undergraduate to doctoral level – in some cases six, since having a Master's is not always a precondition for embarking on a doctoral degree. This contrasts with nine years in the United States, reflecting differences in the educational systems.",
"title": "Academic degree"
},
{
"docid": "2297173#1",
"text": "The Master of Philosophy is offered by many universities in Australia, and it is often the only option to undertake a master's degree in select schools. In Australia, the Master of Philosophy is a research degree which mirrors a Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) in breadth of research and structure. The candidates are assessed solely on the basis of a thesis. A standard full-time degree often takes two years to complete. The Australian National University, University of Sydney, Curtin University, Griffith University and Melbourne University are also examples of Australian universities offering Masters of Philosophy.",
"title": "Master of Philosophy"
},
{
"docid": "1451630#8",
"text": "The University of Western Australia also offers the Bachelor of Philosophy (B.Phil.) course for high-achieving new students. This is a research intensive degree which takes four years instead of the usual three for the other bachelor's degrees. Students studying the course choose disciplines from any of the four bachelor's degrees. Places are very limited with on average only about 30 places offered to students each year. Thus there is a lot of competition for places and the cut-off admission rank is very high.",
"title": "Bachelor of Philosophy"
},
{
"docid": "1451630#1",
"text": "The B.Phil.'s earliest form is as a University of Oxford graduate degree, first awarded in 1682. Originally, Oxford named its pre-doctoral graduate degrees the Bachelor of Philosophy (B.Phil.) (a two-year degree, partly taught and partly by research) and the Bachelor of Letters (B.Litt.) (a two-year research degree). After complaints, especially from overseas students, that this naming convention often meant that graduate degrees were not being recognised as such, the University renamed them Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) and Master of Letters (M.Litt.). However, the Philosophy Faculty (then a Sub-Faculty) argued that its B.Phil. degree had become so well known and respected in the philosophical world that it would be confusing to change the name. In philosophy, therefore, the degree continues to be called the B.Phil. Those who pass the degree are given the choice of taking a B.Phil. or an M.Phil.; few if any choose the latter. (Note that Oxford also offers a number of other graduate degrees labeled as baccalaureate degrees: the law faculty's BCL; and the music faculty's B.Mus)",
"title": "Bachelor of Philosophy"
},
{
"docid": "231031#23",
"text": "The university also offers the Bachelor of Philosophy (BPhil) course for high-achieving new students. This is a research intensive degree which takes four years because the honours year is an integral part of the degree (most other degrees last three years with the honours year as a separate degree). Students studying the course choose disciplines from any of the four bachelor's degrees. Places are very limited with on average only about 30 places offered to students each year. Thus there is a lot of competition for places and the cut-off admission rank is very high.",
"title": "University of Western Australia"
},
{
"docid": "2297173#4",
"text": "Indian universities offer M.Phil degrees mostly in the streams of arts, science and humanities. The duration is typically two years long. Several universities offer enrolment in their integrated M.Phil-Ph.D program and M.Phil degree holders are usually exempted from doctoral coursework requirement.",
"title": "Master of Philosophy"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21031297#56",
"text": "Students pursuing the Ph.D. degree must first complete a master's degree program, which takes two years after graduation with a bachelor's degree (five years in total). The candidate must find funding and a formal doctoral advisor (Directeur de thèse) with a habilitation throughout the doctoral program.",
"title": "Doctor of Philosophy"
},
{
"docid": "21031297#96",
"text": "Depending on the specific field of study, completion of a Ph.D. program usually takes four to eight years of study after the Bachelor's Degree; those students who begin a Ph.D. program with a master's degree may complete their Ph.D. degree a year or two sooner. As Ph.D. programs typically lack the formal structure of undergraduate education, there are significant individual differences in the time taken to complete the degree. Overall, 57% of students who begin a Ph.D. program in the US will complete their degree within ten years, approximately 30% will drop out or be dismissed, and the remaining 13% of students will continue on past ten years.",
"title": "Doctor of Philosophy"
},
{
"docid": "19296557#6",
"text": "The Pre-Theology Cycle at St. John Vianney is a two- or three-year cycle of courses which covers three essential components: philosophy, introductory courses in theology, and languages. The seminarian's Diocese may choose between degree and non-degree programs in philosophy to meet the entrance requirements for the four-year Theology Program. The study of philosophy is central to the Pre-Theology Program. The goal of the philosophy curriculum is \"to develop a reflective awareness of the fundamental relationship that exists between the human spirit and truth, that truth which is revealed to us fully in Jesus Christ.\" St. John Vianney offers three undergraduate programs of philosophical study: the Standard Program in Pre-Theology; the Bachelor of Philosophy (B.Phil.) Degree; and the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) Degree with Philosophy Major.",
"title": "Saint John Vianney Theological Seminary"
},
{
"docid": "156992#5",
"text": "A student who first achieves a general Bachelor of Arts degree with a sufficiently high overall average may be admitted to a \"postgraduate\" Baccalaureatus cum Honore degree in the same field; it requires a minimum of one year but may also take longer; it typically does not exceed two years. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis (Honours Seminar Thesis) combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research master's degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) program without the requirement to first complete a master's degree. Over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master's degrees.",
"title": "Bachelor of Arts"
}
] |
Was there a year 0?
|
[
{
"docid": "2551#4",
"text": "Cassini gave the following reasons for using a year 0:\nFred Espanak of NASA lists 50 phases of the moon within year 0, showing that it is a full year, not an instant in time. Jean Meeus gives the following explanation:\nAlthough he used the usual French terms \"avant J.-C.\" (before Jesus Christ) and \"après J.-C.\" (after Jesus Christ) to label years elsewhere in his book, the Byzantine historian Venance Grumel used negative years (identified by a minus sign, −) to label BC years and unsigned positive years to label AD years in a table. He did so possibly to save space and put no year 0 between them.",
"title": "Astronomical year numbering"
},
{
"docid": "4145437#0",
"text": "Year zero does not exist in the anno Domini system usually used to number years in the Gregorian calendar and in its predecessor, the Julian calendar. In this system, the year is followed by . However, there is a year zero in astronomical year numbering (where it coincides with the Julian year ) and in ISO 8601:2004 (where it coincides with the Gregorian year ) as well as in all Buddhist and Hindu calendars.",
"title": "Year zero"
},
{
"docid": "4145437#10",
"text": "ISO 8601:2004 (and previously ISO 8601:2000, but not ISO 8601:1988) explicitly uses astronomical year numbering in its date reference systems. Because it also specifies the use of the proleptic Gregorian calendar for all years before 1582, some readers incorrectly assume that a year zero is also included in that proleptic calendar, but it is not used with the BC/AD era. The \"basic\" format for year 0 is the four-digit form 0000, which equals the historical year 1 BC. Several \"expanded\" formats are possible: −0000 and +0000, as well as five- and six-digit versions. Earlier years are also negative four-, five- or six-digit years, which have an absolute value one less than the equivalent BC year, hence -0001 = 2 BC. Because only ISO 646 (7-bit ASCII) characters are allowed by ISO 8601, the minus sign is represented by a hyphen-minus.",
"title": "Year zero"
},
{
"docid": "4145437#6",
"text": "Historians have never included a year zero. This means that between, for example, and , there are 999 years: 500 years BC, and 499 years AD preceding 500. In common usage \"anno Domini\" 1 is preceded by the year 1 BC, without an intervening year zero. Neither the choice of calendar system (whether Julian or Gregorian) nor the era (\"Anno Domini\" or Common Era) determines whether a year zero will be used. If writers do not use the convention of their group (historians or astronomers), they must explicitly state whether they include a year 0 in their count of years, otherwise their historical dates will be misunderstood.",
"title": "Year zero"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "28025488#0",
"text": "ㅅ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅅ is U+3137.",
"title": "ㅅ"
},
{
"docid": "3150038#14",
"text": "Games Def Interceptions Fumbles Sacks & Tackles \nYear Age Tm Pos No. G GS Int Yds TD Lng PD FF Fmb FR Yds TD Sk Tkl Ast Sfty AV\n2004 23 NWE ss 42 13 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 15 8 2\n2005 24 IND 36 16 0 1 0 1 0 0 8 2 1\n2006 25 IND ss 36 10 1 0 0 0 0 2 11 0 1\nCareer 39 3 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 2 0 0 34 10 4\n2 yrs IND 26 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 19 2 2\n1 yr NWE 13 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 15 8 2\nAfter pleading guilty in January 2008 to drug charges in Virginia Beach, VA stemming from a March 2007 incident, Reid was initially sentenced to two years in prison for possessing marijuana with the intent to distribute but had the sentence suspended with the agreement he would stay out of trouble for two years. His license was also suspended for six months and ordered to attend drug treatment and counseling.",
"title": "Dexter Reid"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49690912#0",
"text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.",
"title": "ㅜ"
},
{
"docid": "25607023#0",
"text": "ㅌ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅌ is U+314C.",
"title": "ㅌ"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
},
{
"docid": "49691399#0",
"text": "ㅒ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅒ is U+3150.",
"title": "ㅒ"
},
{
"docid": "49691238#0",
"text": "ㅠ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅠ is U+3160.",
"title": "ㅠ"
},
{
"docid": "49690788#0",
"text": "ㅗ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅗ is U+3151.",
"title": "ㅗ"
}
] |
Can you prevent traumatic brain injury?
|
[
{
"docid": "18006283#14",
"text": "Faculty provides care for thousands suffering from mild to traumatic brain injuries. The concussion clinic at Medstar NRH focuses primarily on this form of brain injury and is regarded as one of the best in the country according to U.S. News & World Report. 75 percent of all traumatic brain injuries that occur are concussions. Traumatic brain injuries contribute to a third of all deaths in the United States with over 1.5 million brain injuries occurring each year. During their stay, patients are also educated on precautions they can take to prevent a future incidence.",
"title": "MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital"
},
{
"docid": "38993774#24",
"text": "Rules exist within each sport to help prevent cerebral contusions and traumatic brain injuries. However, individual athletes are the best prevention against their own injuries. In a game, athletes notice when they have the symptoms of a cerebral contusion and should take themselves out of the game. It may be hard for medical personnel or coaches to notice when a player has a traumatic brain injury, so it is in the player’s best interest to be removed from play. In hockey, traumatic brain injuries constitute 10%-15% of all head injuries. With the high percent of injuries being traumatic, extensive design improvements have been made to helmets. These improvements reduce the risk of cerebral contusions by providing more padding around the skull and a chin strap that keeps the helmet snug. In baseball, major improvements to helmets have been made to protect batters from the impact a baseball can have when hitting their head. Helmets, before this major improvement, were designed to withstand a velocity of 70 mph from a pitch or foul ball. Since the company Rawlings’ new design, helmets can withstand a velocity of 100 mph and have further padding around the softer parts on the side of the skull.",
"title": "Sports-related traumatic brain injury"
},
{
"docid": "35565406#0",
"text": "Prevention of mild traumatic brain injury involves taking general measures to prevent traumatic brain injury, such as wearing seat belts and using airbags in cars. Older people are encouraged to try to prevent falls, for example by keeping floors free of clutter and wearing thin, flat, shoes with hard soles that do not interfere with balance.",
"title": "Prevention of concussions"
},
{
"docid": "1057414#15",
"text": "Since a major cause of TBI are vehicle accidents, their prevention or the amelioration of their consequences can both reduce the incidence and gravity of TBI. In accidents, damage can be reduced by use of seat belts, child safety seats and motorcycle helmets, and presence of roll bars and airbags. Education programs exist to lower the number of crashes. In addition, changes to public policy and safety laws can be made; these include speed limits, seat belt and helmet laws, and road engineering practices.\nChanges to common practices in sports have also been discussed. An increase in use of helmets could reduce the incidence of TBI. Due to the possibility that repeatedly \"heading\" a ball practicing soccer could cause cumulative brain injury, the idea of introducing protective headgear for players has been proposed. Improved equipment design can enhance safety; softer baseballs reduce head injury risk. Rules against dangerous types of contact, such as \"spear tackling\" in American football, when one player tackles another head first, may also reduce head injury rates.\nFalls can be avoided by installing grab bars in bathrooms and handrails on stairways; removing tripping hazards such as throw rugs; or installing window guards and safety gates at the top and bottom of stairs around young children. Playgrounds with shock-absorbing surfaces such as mulch or sand also prevent head injuries. Child abuse prevention is another tactic; programs exist to prevent shaken baby syndrome by educating about the dangers of shaking children. Gun safety, including keeping guns unloaded and locked, is another preventative measure. Studies on the effect of laws that aim to control access to guns in the United States have been insufficient to determine their effectiveness preventing number of deaths or injuries.\nRecent clinical and laboratory research by neurosurgeon Julian Bailes, M.D., and his colleagues from West Virginia University, has resulted in papers showing that dietary supplementation with omega-3 DHA offers protection against the biochemical brain damage that occurs after a traumatic injury. Rats given DHA prior to induced brain injuries suffered smaller increases in two key markers for brain damage (APP and caspase-3), as compared with rats given no DHA. “The potential for DHA to provide prophylactic benefit to the brain against traumatic injury appears promising and requires further investigation. The essential concept of daily dietary supplementation with DHA, so that those at significant risk may be preloaded to provide protection against the acute effects of TBI, has tremendous public health implications.”",
"title": "Traumatic brain injury"
},
{
"docid": "43133785#6",
"text": "The Traumatic Brain Injury Reauthorization Act of 2013 would amend the Public Health Service Act to reauthorize appropriations for FY2014-FY2018 for: (1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) projects to reduce the incidence of traumatic brain injury, and (2) traumatic brain injury surveillance systems or registries.",
"title": "Traumatic Brain Injury Reauthorization Act of 2013"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "304588#27",
"text": "The treatment for emergency traumatic brain injuries focuses on assuring the person has enough oxygen from the brain blood supply, and on maintaining normal blood pressure to avoid further injuries of the head or neck. The person may need surgery to remove clotted blood or repair skull fractures, for which cutting a hole in the skull may be necessary. Medicines used for traumatic injuries are diuretics, anti-seizure or coma-inducing drugs. Diuretics reduce the fluid in tissues lowering the pressure on the brain. In the first week after a traumatic brain injury, a person may have a risk of seizures, which anti-seizure drugs help prevent. Coma-inducing drugs may be used during surgery to reduce impairments and restore blood flow.",
"title": "Brain damage"
},
{
"docid": "43133785#14",
"text": "The National Association of State Head Injury Administrators (NASHIA) supported the bill, calling the programs supported by the bill \"critical in helping states to address\" the unique needs of individuals with traumatic brain injuries. NASHIA supported the bill for allowing states their own flexibility to address needs in their own states and applauded the CDC's work in public education, trying to prevent bad falls by the elderly, and trying to stop sports related traumatic brain injuries.",
"title": "Traumatic Brain Injury Reauthorization Act of 2013"
},
{
"docid": "1057414#18",
"text": "Certain facilities are equipped to handle TBI better than others; initial measures include transporting patients to an appropriate treatment center. Both during transport and in hospital the primary concerns are ensuring proper oxygen supply, maintaining adequate blood flow to the brain, and controlling raised intracranial pressure (ICP), since high ICP deprives the brain of badly needed blood flow and can cause deadly brain herniation. Other methods to prevent damage include management of other injuries and prevention of seizures. Some data supports the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy to improve outcomes.",
"title": "Traumatic brain injury"
},
{
"docid": "43133785#10",
"text": "H.R. 1098 would amend provisions of the Public Health Service Act that authorize the United States Department of Health and Human Services to conduct activities related to traumatic brain injury. Those activities, including the study and surveillance of traumatic brain injury and the awarding of grants that support access to services, are carried out by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA).",
"title": "Traumatic Brain Injury Reauthorization Act of 2013"
},
{
"docid": "5401463#7",
"text": "Traumatic brain injury is defined as a “direct physical impact or trauma to\nthe head followed by a dynamic series of injury and repair events”. Recently, neuroproteomics have been applied to studying the disability that over 5.4 million Americans live with. In addition to physically injuring the brain tissue, traumatic brain injury induces the release of glutamate that interacts with ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These glutamate receptors acidify the surrounding intracranial fluid, causing further injury on the molecular level to nearby neurons. The death of the surrounding neurons is induced through normal apoptosis mechanisms, and it is this cycle that is being studied with neuroproteomics. Three different cysteine protease derivatives are involved in the apoptotic pathway induced by the acidic environment triggered by glutamate. These cysteine proteases include calpain, caspase, and cathepsin. These three proteins are examples of detectable signs of traumatic brain injury that are much more specific than temperature, oxygen level, or intracranial pressure.\nProteomics thus also offers a tracking mechanism by which researchers can monitor the progression of traumatic brain injury, or a chronic disease such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s. Especially in Parkinson’s, in which neurotransmitters play a large role, recent proteomic research has involved the study of synaptotagmin. Synaptotagmin is involved in the calcium-induced budding of vesicle containing neurotransmitters from the presynaptic membrane. By studying the intracellular mechanisms involved in neural apoptosis after traumatic brain injury, researchers can create a map that genetic changes can follow later on.",
"title": "Neuroproteomics"
}
] |
When is the dialectical method used?
|
[
{
"docid": "16028377#0",
"text": "The Dialect Test was created by A.J. Ellis in February 1879, and was used in the fieldwork for his work \"On Early English Pronunciation\". It stands as one of the earliest methods of identifying vowel sounds and features of speech. The aim was to capture the main vowel sounds of an individual dialect by listening to the reading of a short passage. All the categories of West Saxon words and vowels were included in the test so that comparisons could be made with the historic West Saxon speech as well as with various other dialects.",
"title": "Dialect Test"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "37780131#9",
"text": "The little arrow method is an early method for comparing regional dialects. In the little arrows method, researchers begin with a general map of a region, often with traditional linguistic dialect boundaries indicated for reference. Then, informants from several sites are asked how similar they believe the language of other sites is to their own. Sites which participants indicate as being extremely similar are connected by a \"little arrow.\" By gathering responses from several informants and sites, these \"little arrows\" connect to form networks of related languages. From this information, information on perceptual dialectical boundaries can be drawn. Perceptual dialect categories consist of areas linked together by the \"little arrows,\" and dialect borders are indicated when there are no connections between sites. These informant-perceived categories can then be compared to more traditional linguistic boundaries for further analysis.",
"title": "Perceptual dialectology"
},
{
"docid": "52813#41",
"text": "Karl Popper has attacked the dialectic repeatedly. In 1937, he wrote and delivered a paper entitled \"What Is Dialectic?\" in which he attacked the dialectical method for its willingness \"to put up with contradictions\". Popper concluded the essay with these words: \"The whole development of dialectic should be a warning against the dangers inherent in philosophical system-building. It should remind us that philosophy should not be made a basis for any sort of scientific system and that philosophers should be much more modest in their claims. One task which they can fulfill quite usefully is the study of the critical methods of science\" (Ibid., p. 335).",
"title": "Dialectic"
},
{
"docid": "39388172#2",
"text": "He was one of the first to apply Labovian methods in Britain with his research in 1970-1 on the speech of Bradford, Halifax and Huddersfield. He concluded that the speech detailed in most of dialectology (e.g. A. J. Ellis, the Survey of English Dialects) had virtually disappeared, having found only one speaker out of his sample of 106 speakers who regularly used dialect. However, he found that differences in speech persisted as an indicator of social class, age and gender. This PhD dissertation was later adapted into a book, \"Dialect and Accent in Industrial West Yorkshire\". The work was criticised by Graham Shorrocks on the grounds that the sociolinguistic methods used were inappropriate for recording the traditional vernacular and that there was an inadequate basis for comparison with earlier dialect studies in West Yorkshire.",
"title": "K. M. Petyt"
},
{
"docid": "229236#16",
"text": "The Institute also attempted to reformulate dialectics as a concrete method. The use of such a dialectical method can be traced back to the philosophy of Hegel, who conceived dialectic as the tendency of a notion to pass over into its own negation as the result of conflict between its inherent contradictory aspects. In opposition to previous modes of thought, which viewed things in abstraction, each by itself and as though endowed with fixed properties, Hegelian dialectic has the ability to consider ideas according to their movement and change in time, as well as according to their interrelations and interactions.",
"title": "Frankfurt School"
},
{
"docid": "44379567#10",
"text": "For Marx, dialectics is not a formula for generating predetermined outcomes but is a method for the empirical study of social processes in terms of interrelations, development, and transformation. In his introduction to the Penguin edition of Marx's \"Capital\", Ernest Mandel writes, \"When the dialectical method is applied to the study of economic problems, economic phenomena are not viewed separately from each other, by bits and pieces, but in their inner connection as an integrated totality, structured around, and by, a basic predominant mode of production.\"",
"title": "Dialectical materialism"
},
{
"docid": "9165313#5",
"text": "Among linguists, the Dialect Grammar has been criticised more than the Dialect Dictionary itself. Wright has been accused of borrowing material from the work of Alexander John Ellis that he had previously criticised. Peter Anderson claimed that Wright did Ellis a \"disservice\" by criticising the methods used in collecting data, but then using almost identical methods in \"English Dialect Grammar\" and taking on much of Ellis's data for his own work. Both Peter Anderson and Graham Shorrocks have argued that Wright distorted Ellis's data by using a less precise phonetic notation and using vague geographical areas rather than the precise locations given by Ellis. Helga Koekeritz stated that Wright's information on the Suffolk dialect was almost entirely derived from Ellis, and Warren Maguire has made similar comments about Wright's information on the north-east of England whilst also saying that the Grammar did introduce much new material.",
"title": "The English Dialect Dictionary"
},
{
"docid": "44379567#30",
"text": "Some evolutionary biologists, such as Richard Lewontin and the late Stephen Jay Gould, have tried to employ dialectical materialism in their approach. They view dialectics as playing a precautionary heuristic role in their work. From Lewontin's perspective, we get this idea:\nDialectical materialism is not, and never has been, a programmatic method for solving particular physical problems. Rather, a dialectical analysis provides an overview and a set of warning signs against particular forms of dogmatism and narrowness of thought. It tells us, \"Remember that history may leave an important trace. Remember that being and becoming are dual aspects of nature. Remember that conditions change and that the conditions necessary to the initiation of some process may be destroyed by the process itself. Remember to pay attention to real objects in time and space and not lose them in utterly idealized abstractions. Remember that the qualitative effects of context and interaction may be lost when phenomena are isolated\". And above all else, \"Remember that all the other caveats are only reminders and warning signs whose application to different circumstances of the real world is contingent.\"\nGould shared similar views regarding a heuristic role for dialectical materialism. He wrote that:",
"title": "Dialectical materialism"
},
{
"docid": "16211468#6",
"text": "The firing up of his country leads us to think that his motivation would have been to glorify the image of Finland. For this reason, he is considered the first Fennoman of Finland. The works of Juslenius, however, were scholarly dissertations which complied with the requirements of academics of the time. The so-called method of dialectics was used in his research, this dialectic configuration counterpoint in the works of Juslenius came from the struggle of two images of Finland. Juslenius appeared to be an advocate of the Finns and he encountered appreciative foreigners on his imaginary soapbox. His mission was to eliminate all of the unfavourable claims against the Finnish people and prove the exact opposite. With the dialectic method, the subject and content were side factors in his research. It was more important to show his scholarliness by using Latin clearly and logically. Finland and its people were the subject of debate in a crowd of others.",
"title": "Daniel Juslenius"
},
{
"docid": "21381965#1",
"text": "Dialectical research may also be thought of as the opposite of empirical research, in that the researcher is working with arguments and ideas, rather than data. Indeed Bertell Ollman (1993) argues that all research is either dialectical or nondialectical. Dialectical research may be applied to a range of problems. For instance, Eli Berniker and David McNabb (2006) argue for the application of dialectical research for the study of organizational processes, and James Page (2008) has used a dialectical research method to develop a philosophy of peace education.",
"title": "Dialectical research"
}
] |
Have the Colorado Rockies won a title?
|
[
{
"docid": "20243618#0",
"text": "The Colorado Rockies are a professional baseball team based in Denver, Colorado. The club has been owned since formation by Charles and Richard Monfort. The Rockies were created as an expansion team for the 1993 season and rose to a postseason appearance after three seasons and the 1994–95 strike. Since then they have played in the postseason four more times: in 2007 (when they lost the World Series to the Red Sox), 2009, 2017, and 2018. In 2012, the Rockies won only 64 games - the fewest in their history over a full season. They are one of the two MLB franchises that has never won a division title.",
"title": "List of Colorado Rockies seasons"
},
{
"docid": "6669#0",
"text": "The Colorado Rockies are an American professional baseball team based in Denver, Colorado. The Rockies compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) West division. The team's home venue is Coors Field, located in the Lower Downtown area of Denver. The Rockies won their first National League championship in 2007, after having won 14 of their final 15 games in order to secure a Wild Card position. In the World Series they were swept by the American League (AL) champion Boston Red Sox in four games.",
"title": "Colorado Rockies"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "19824141#0",
"text": "The Colorado Rockies' 2009 season is a season in American baseball, in which the Rockies won their third Wild Card title, and second in three years. The Rockies drew 2,665,080 fans for the season, their highest total since 2002. The average home attendance was 32,902 fans. Their 92 regular season wins is currently the most in a single season in Rockies franchise history.",
"title": "2009 Colorado Rockies season"
},
{
"docid": "6669#2",
"text": "In 1993, they started play in the West division of the National League. The Rockies were MLB's first team based in the Mountain Time Zone. They have reached the Major League Baseball postseason five times, each time as the National League wild card team. Twice (1995 and 2009) they were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs. In 2007, the Rockies advanced to the World Series, only to be swept by the Boston Red Sox. Like their expansion brethren, the Miami Marlins, they have never won a division title since their establishment; they are also one of two current MLB teams that have never won their division.",
"title": "Colorado Rockies"
},
{
"docid": "33768743#27",
"text": "With the win, the Rockies made the playoffs for the first time since 1995, and went on to face the Philadelphia Phillies in the NLDS. Colorado won the first game in Philadelphia, 4–2. The Rockies also won the second game in Philadelphia, 10–5, with the help of Kazuo Matsui's 4th inning grand slam. On October 6, 2007, the Rockies completed a three-game sweep of the Phillies by winning 2–1 in Colorado. The three-game sweep was Colorado's first post-season series win in team history. The Rockies went on to play in the NLCS against the Arizona Diamondbacks, who swept their own NLDS against the Chicago Cubs. Colorado won the first two games of the NLCS against the Diamondbacks in Phoenix, then won their third game against the Diamondbacks in Denver on Sunday, October 14. That pushed the Rockies' combined late-season (September 16 and after) and post-season run to 20 wins and just 1 loss, the single loss coming against Arizona on September 28, 2007 – the 160th game of the regular season. This made Colorado only the third team in the last half-century, and the first in the National League since the 1936 New York Giants, to have a 20–1 stretch at any point of a season. The fourth game of the NLCS was won by the Rockies by a score of 6–4, completing a four-game sweep of Arizona. Holliday was named the NLCS MVP, as he hit .333 with two home runs and four RBIs during the series. The NLCS sweep earned the Rockies their first National League pennant in franchise history. The Rockies became the first team ever to sweep both the division series and league championship series in the same postseason. The club moved to 21–1 over all games played after September 15. By then, the amazing streak of wins became known among fans as \"Rocktober\". In the 2007 World Series, the Rockies faced the Boston Red Sox, and were swept in four games; the first game was 13–1, the second game was 2–1, the third game was 10–5, and the fourth and final game was 4–3. Some attribute the poor play in the World Series to the long lay off from the NLCS.",
"title": "History of the Colorado Rockies"
},
{
"docid": "28204656#2",
"text": "None of the Rockies' first-round picks have won a World Series championship with the team, and no pick has been elected to the Hall of Fame. The Rockies' first-round selection in 1999—Jason Jennings—won the MLB Rookie of the Year award with the franchise in 2002, his first full season in the Major Leagues. Todd Helton—the Rockies' 1995 selection—has won four Silver Slugger Awards and three Gold Gloves, as well as being named to five All-Star teams. Casey Weathers, the Rockies' 2007 selection, won a bronze medal in baseball with the United States team at the 2008 Summer Olympics. The Rockies have never held the first overall pick in the draft, but held the second overall pick once, which they used in 2006 to select Greg Reynolds.",
"title": "List of Colorado Rockies first-round draft picks"
},
{
"docid": "2396338#22",
"text": "In the National League Division Series (NLDS) against the Phillies, Holliday homered twice as the Rockies swept. Colorado then advanced to the National League Championship Series (NLCS) to face the Diamondbacks and swept them in four games. Holliday batted .333 with two home runs and four RBI on his way to being named the NLCS MVP. Now having won 21 of 22 games, the Rockies earned their first-ever trip to the World Series where they opposed the Boston Red Sox. Holliday collected four hits in Game 2, but, after his fourth hit in the eighth inning with the Red Sox leading 2–1, closer Jonathan Papelbon immediately picked him off first base for the third out, and the Red Sox won by that same score. Boston eventually won the title by sweeping the Rockies, thus ending their season on a four-game losing streak.",
"title": "Matt Holliday"
},
{
"docid": "19337219#2",
"text": "The longest Opening Day winning streak for Rockies starting pitchers is three years, when Colorado won in 2004, 2005, and 2006, under three different pitchers, Shawn Estes, Joe Kennedy, and Jason Jennings. Rockies starters have lost twice in two consecutive years, once in 1993 and 1994, and once from 2002 to 2003.",
"title": "List of Colorado Rockies Opening Day starting pitchers"
},
{
"docid": "11512776#1",
"text": "The Rockies, along with the San Diego Padres, made MLB history on Opening Day, April 4, 1999, by playing a contest in Estadio de Béisbol Monterrey in Monterrey, Mexico, making it the first Opening Day game held outside of the United States or Canada. Larry Walker won his second batting title by leading MLB with .379 average, setting a Rockies' club record, and the fourth-high single-season average since Ted Williams hit .406 in 1941. Besides winning the batting championship, Walker also led the major leagues in on-base percentage (.458), and slugging percentage (.710), becoming the first player to lead MLB in all three categories since George Brett in 1980, and the first National Leaguer since Stan Musial in 1943.On April 4, 1999, the Rockies made history as they played their Opening Day contest at Estadio de Béisbol Monterrey in Monterrey, Mexico, marking the first time Major League Baseball (MLB) commenced the regular season outside of the United States or Canada. Their opponent were the defending National League champion San Diego Padres. Vinny Castilla, a native of the southern Mexican state of Oaxaca, delighted the crowd with four hits including a double. Dante Bichette also collected four hits, drove in four runs, and homered, as Colorado won 8–2. The official attendance was 27,104.",
"title": "1999 Colorado Rockies season"
},
{
"docid": "8522#51",
"text": "Denver has been home to two National Hockey League teams. The Colorado Rockies played from 1976 to 1982, but became the New Jersey Devils. The Colorado Avalanche joined in 1995, after relocating from Quebec City. While in Denver, they have won two Stanley Cups in 1996 and in 2001. The Denver Nuggets joined the American Basketball Association in 1967 and the National Basketball Association in 1976. The Avalanche and Nuggets have played at Pepsi Center since 1999. The Major League Soccer team Colorado Rapids play in Dick's Sporting Goods Park, an 18,000-seat soccer-specific stadium opened for the 2007 MLS season in the Denver suburb of Commerce City. The Rapids won the MLS Cup in 2010.",
"title": "Denver"
}
] |
Who invented Hangul?
|
[
{
"docid": "430052#15",
"text": "Hangul, a phonemic Korean alphabet invented around 1446 by scholars in the court of Sejong the Great, was little used for several centuries because of the perceived cultural superiority of Classical Chinese (a position similar to that of Latin in Europe). However, the Catholic Church became the first Korean religious organization to officially adopt Hangul as its primary script. Bishop Siméon-François Berneux mandated that all Catholic children be taught to read it. Christian literature printed for use in Korea, including that used by the network of schools established by Christian missionaries, mostly used the Korean language and the easily learned Hangul script. This combination of factors resulted in a rise in the overall literacy rate, and enabled Christian teachings to spread beyond the elite, who mostly used Chinese. As early as the 1780s, portions of the Gospels were published in Hangul; doctrinal books such as the \"Jugyo Yoji\" (주교요지) appeared in the 1790s and a Catholic hymnal was printed around 1800.",
"title": "Christianity in Korea"
},
{
"docid": "53450764#2",
"text": "The statue of King Sejong was dedicated on 9 October 2009, in a ceremony attended by attended by President Lee Myung-bak and other Korean government official, on a Hangul Day in celebration of the 563rd anniversary of the invention of the Korean alphabet by King Sejong, two months after the Gwanghwamun Plaza opening. The golden statue is 6.2 meters high (another source gives the statue height as 9.5 meters and yet another, 6.7 meters) and weights 20 tons. The king has one hand raised and another placed on a book. Sides of the statue display all of the hangul alphabet characters. In front of the statue there are small models of a celestial globe, a rain gauge, and a sundial, the invention of which is also traditionally attributed to King Sejong in Korea. While King Sejong is best remembered for his invention of hangul, he is also considered to have been involved in promotion of agriculture, literature, science and technology, as well as Confucian philosophy, in Korea.",
"title": "Statue of King Sejong (Gwanghwamun)"
},
{
"docid": "16749#80",
"text": "Hangul Day (also spelled as Hangeul Day) is a day that celebrates the creation of the Hunminjeongeum (Hangul, Korean alphabet), which was inscribed to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 1997. Hangul was created by Sejong the Great in 1443 and proclaimed in 1446. Before the creation of Hangul, people in Korea (known as Joseon at the time) primarily wrote using Classical Chinese alongside native phonetic writing systems that predate Hangul by hundreds of years, including idu, hyangchal, gugyeol, and gakpil. However, due to the fundamental differences between the Korean and Chinese languages, and the large number of characters needed to be learned, there was much difficulty in learning how to write using Chinese characters for the lower classes, who often didn't have the privilege of education. To assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. Hangul Day was founded in 1926 during the Japanese occupation by members of the Korean Language Society, whose goal was to preserve the Korean language during a time of rapid forced Japanization. Today, both South Korea and North Korea celebrate Hangul Day as a national holiday.Sources",
"title": "Korea"
},
{
"docid": "159204#27",
"text": "Before the creation of Hangul, people in Korea (known as Joseon at the time) primarily wrote using Classical Chinese alongside phonetic writing systems based on Chinese script that predated Hangul by hundreds of years, including idu, hyangchal, gugyeol, and gakpil. However, due to the fundamental differences between the Korean and Chinese languages, and the large number of characters that needed to be learned, there was much difficulty in learning how to write using Chinese characters for the lower classes, who often lacked the privilege of education. To assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. His intention was to establish a cultural identity for Korea through its unique script.",
"title": "Sejong the Great"
},
{
"docid": "293150#3",
"text": "Before the creation of Hangul, people in Korea (known as Joseon at the time) primarily wrote using Classical Chinese alongside native phonetic writing systems that predate Hangul by hundreds of years, including idu, hyangchal, gugyeol, and gakpil. However, due to the fundamental differences between the Korean and Chinese languages, and the large number of characters needed to be learned, there was much difficulty in learning how to write using Chinese characters for the lower classes, who often didn't have the privilege of education. To assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people.",
"title": "Hangul Day"
},
{
"docid": "17470560#11",
"text": "Ledyard holds that the Koreans adopted five core consonant letters from ’Phags-pa, namely ㄱ \"g\" , ㄷ \"d\" , ㅂ \"b\" , ㅈ \"j\" , and ㄹ \"l\" . These were the consonants basic to Chinese phonology, rather than the graphically simplest letters (ㄱ \"g\" , ㄴ \"n\" , ㅁ \"m\" , and ㅅ \"s\" ) taken as the starting point by the \"Haerye.\" A sixth letter, the null initial ㅇ, was invented by Sejong. The rest of the consonants were developed through featural derivation from these six, essentially as described in the \"Haerye\"; a resemblance to speech organs was an additional motivating factor in selecting the shapes of both the basic letters and their derivatives.",
"title": "Origin of Hangul"
},
{
"docid": "44065032#0",
"text": "Hangul supremacy is the belief, most widespread in Korea, that the Hangul alphabet developed by King Sejong the Great's Hall of Worthies in 1443 is the simplest, most logical, most beautiful and most scientific of the world's writing systems. In its extreme form, the belief holds that Hangul is in fact best suited for the expression of sounds in all languages.",
"title": "Hangul supremacy"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2061049#34",
"text": "The primary written language of Sungkyunkwan was hanja. Although hangul was invented in 1443, it did not become the primary language of study because the literary elite believed that the difficult hanja was more sophisticated. Hangul was invented to solve the widespread illiteracy of the common people at the time, but it was considered a threat by many in the upper class to their status as literary scholars, leading them to resist its implementation. As a result, hanja remained the written language used at Sungkyunkwan requiring anyone who wished to rise to the top levels of the government to be capable of reading and writing the characters.",
"title": "Sungkyunkwan"
},
{
"docid": "42538288#19",
"text": "Ju Si-gyeong, the linguist who had coined the term Hangul to replace \"Eonmun\" or \"Vulgar Script\" in 1912, established the Korean Language Research Society (later renamed the Hangul Society), which further reformed orthography with \"Standardized System of Hangul\" in 1933. The principal change was to make the Korean alphabet as morphophonemically practical given the existing letters. A system for transliterating foreign orthographies was published in 1940.",
"title": "Hangul"
},
{
"docid": "16749#45",
"text": "Modern Korean is written almost exclusively in the script of the Korean alphabet (known as Hangul in South Korea and Chosungul in China and North Korea), which was invented in the 15th century. Korean is sometimes written with the addition of some Chinese characters called Hanja; however, this is only occasionally seen nowadays. While Hangul may appear logographic, it is actually a phonemic alphabet organised into syllabic blocks. Each block consists of at least two of the 24 hangul letters (\"jamo\"): at least one each of the 14 consonants and 10 vowels. Historically, the alphabet had several additional letters (see obsolete jamo). For a phonological description of the letters, see Korean phonology.",
"title": "Korea"
}
] |
What do Grasshoppers eat?
|
[
{
"docid": "1021764#34",
"text": "Grasshoppers eat large quantities of foliage both as adults and during their development, and can be serious pests of arid land and prairies. Pasture, grain, forage, vegetable and other crops can be affected. Grasshoppers often bask in the sun, and thrive in warm sunny conditions, so drought stimulates an increase in grasshopper populations. A single season of drought is not normally sufficient to stimulate a major population increase, but several successive dry seasons can do so, especially if the intervening winters are mild so that large numbers of nymphs survive. Although sunny weather stimulates growth, there needs to be an adequate food supply for the increasing grasshopper population. This means that although precipitation is needed to stimulate plant growth, prolonged periods of cloudy weather will slow nymphal development.",
"title": "Grasshopper"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "12560590#4",
"text": "In 1911, Abraham Isaac Kook, the chief rabbi of Ottoman Palestine, addressed a question to the rabbinic Court at Sana'a concerning their custom of eating grasshoppers, and whether this custom was observed by observing their outward features, or by simply relying upon an oral tradition. The reply given to him by the court was as follows: \"The grasshoppers which are eaten by way of a tradition from our forefathers, which happen to be clean, are well-known unto us. But there are yet other species which have all the recognizable features of being clean, yet do we practice abstaining from them. [Appendage]: The clean grasshoppers () about which we have a tradition are actually three species having each one different coloration [from the other], and each of them are called by us in the Arabian tongue, \"ğarād\" (locusts). But there are yet other species, about which we have no tradition, and we will not eat them. One of which is a little larger in size than the grasshoppers, having the name of \"`awsham\". There is yet another variety, smaller in size than the grasshopper, and it is called \"ḥanājir\" (katydids).\"",
"title": "Kosher locust"
},
{
"docid": "1021764#12",
"text": "Most grasshoppers are polyphagous, eating vegetation from multiple plant sources, but some are omnivorous and also eat animal tissue and animal faeces. In general their preference is for grasses, including many cereals grown as crops. The digestive system is typical of insects, with Malpighian tubules discharging into the midgut. Carbohydrates are digested mainly in the crop, while proteins are digested in the ceca of the midgut. Saliva is abundant but largely free of enzymes, helping to move food and Malpighian secretions along the gut. Some grasshoppers possess cellulase, which by softening plant cell walls makes plant cell contents accessible to other digestive enzymes.",
"title": "Grasshopper"
},
{
"docid": "31676370#5",
"text": "Grasshoppers in general, including this species, are herbivorous and subsist mainly on grasses. Scientists have gained knowledge of the diet of \"G. rufus\" through the use of feces as a source of DNA. It has been documented to eat plants of the genus \"Bromus\", the species \"Holcus lanatus\", and the subfamily Pooideae, all within the family Poaceae. Poaceae is a family of flowering monocots whose members are referred to as true grasses. Pooideae includes lawn grasses and cereals such as wheat and barley. \"Bromus\" is composed of grasses called brome grasses or cheat grasses. \"Holcus lanatus\", more commonly known as Yorkshire fog or velvet grass, is a species of perennial pasture grass noted for its hairy texture. The rufous grasshopper has also been known to sparingly eat other plants such as rushes.",
"title": "Rufous grasshopper"
},
{
"docid": "31603372#5",
"text": "The mottled sand grasshopper is herbivorous, eating 19 to 28 different species of plants consisting of grasses, sedges, and forbs. \"Blue grama, needleandthread, western wheatgrass, sand dropseed, witchgrass, and threadleaf\" are the main grasses and sedges eaten by the mottled sand grasshopper. Other, less favored grasses and sedges include \"sand bluestem, little bluestem, prairie sandreed, buffalograss, hairy grama, junegrass, sun sedge, and baltic rush\". Forbs eaten include \"kochia, Missouri milkvetch, sand sagebrush, western sticktight, sunflower, redroot pigweed, bracted spiderwort, rusty lupine, western ragweed\". They are geophilous, meaning they live and forage on the ground. They may climb up stalks of grass to cut off a piece to eat, but they mostly forage on ground debris. The front tarsi are used to hold the grass while the grasshopper lies horizontally.",
"title": "Spharagemon collare"
},
{
"docid": "1400053#4",
"text": "Its diet consists of mostly small invertebrates, such as caterpillars, beetle larvae, earthworms, centipedes, slugs, and sow bugs. It will also eat from the corpses of dead animals, and small amounts of seeds or fruits. This shrew will eat its prey whole, but when eating crickets and grasshoppers, the North American least shrew will bite off the head of its prey and eat only the internal organs. When fighting a larger creature, it will aim for the legs and try to cripple its adversary, and will bite lizards, which are often too large for it to kill, on the tail, which then falls off and provides it with a meal while the lizard escapes. The North American least shrew will also sometimes live inside beehives and eat all the larvae. It will often share its food with other shrews. It eats more than its body weight each day and is known to store food.",
"title": "North American least shrew"
},
{
"docid": "3241143#14",
"text": "The summer diet of Cassin's sparrows consists primarily of insects, especially grasshoppers, caterpillars, and beetles. Additional insects specifically mentioned in the literature include true bugs, ants, bees, wasps, weevils, spiders, snails, and moths. The young are fed almost entirely insects. note that observations of a Cassin's sparrow nest for 18 hours in 1984 showed that of 208 insects delivered to nestlings, 197 (95%) were acridid grasshoppers. However, reported that the stomachs of ten adults taken during the breeding season (late June and early July) contained animal and vegetable matter in about equal proportions (52% and 48%, respectively; range = 5–95%). He also found that five migrant Cassin's sparrow stomachs contained 99% animal material (range = 90–100%). There is a report of Cassin's sparrows eating flower buds of blackthorn bush (\"Condalia spathulata\") in season. In fall and winter, Cassin's sparrows eat the seeds of weeds and grasses. particularly mentions the consumption of seeds of chickweed (family Alsinaceae), plantain (\"Plantago\" spp.), woodsorrel (\"Xanthoxalis\" spp.), sedge (\"Carex\" spp.), panicum (\"Panicum\" spp.), other grasses, and sorghum (\"Sorghum\" spp.).",
"title": "Cassin's sparrow"
},
{
"docid": "350073#31",
"text": "During the breeding season, the ruff’s diet consists almost exclusively of the adults and larva of terrestrial and aquatic insects such as beetles and flies. On migration and during the winter, the ruff eats insects (including caddis flies, water-beetles, mayflies and grasshoppers), crustaceans, spiders, molluscs, worms, frogs, small fish, and also the seeds of rice and other cereals, sedges, grasses and aquatic plants. Migrating birds in Italy varied their diet according to what was available at each stopover site. Green aquatic plant material, spilt rice and maize, flies and beetles were found, along with varying amounts of grit. On the main wintering grounds in West Africa, rice is a favoured food during the later part of the season as the ricefields dry out.",
"title": "Ruff"
},
{
"docid": "461920#18",
"text": "Superb fairywrens are predominantly insectivorous. They eat a wide range of small creatures (mostly insects such as ants, grasshoppers, shield bugs, flies, weevils and various larvae) as well as small quantities of seeds, flowers, and fruit. Their foraging, termed 'hop-searching', occurs on the ground or in shrubs that are less than two metres high. Because this foraging practice renders them vulnerable to predators, birds tend to stick fairly close to cover and forage in groups. During winter, when food may be scarce, ants are an important 'last resort' food, constituting a much higher proportion of the diet. Nestlings, in contrast to adult birds, are fed a diet of larger items such as caterpillars and grasshoppers.",
"title": "Superb fairywren"
},
{
"docid": "391081#8",
"text": "Approximately 50% of the gray catbird's diet is fruit and berries. They also eat mealworms, earthworms, beetles, and other bugs. In summer, gray catbirds will eat mostly ants, beetles, grasshoppers, caterpillars, and moths. They also eat holly berries, cherries, elderberries, poison ivy, bay, and blackberries.",
"title": "Gray catbird"
}
] |
When was Guitar Hero Live first released?
|
[
{
"docid": "9432075#4",
"text": "In 2015, Activision announced the first new title to the series in 5 years, \"Guitar Hero Live\", released in October 2015. The title is considered a reboot of the series, with development being performed by FreeStyleGames, who had developed the \"DJ Hero\" games previously. As of December 1, 2018, Activision disabled the GHTV servers for Guitar Hero Live, reducing playable content from approximately 500 songs to 42 on disc tracks.",
"title": "Guitar Hero"
},
{
"docid": "9432075#13",
"text": "In April 2015, Activision announced a new entry in the series, titled \"Guitar Hero Live\". The title was developed by Activision's internal studio FreeStyleGames, who previously had worked on the \"DJ Hero\" spinoff titles. FreeStyleGames were given free rein to reboot the \"Guitar Hero\" series for next-generation consoles. One of their first innovations was to drop the standard five-button guitar controller, ultimately designing a six-button guitar controller, with two rows of three buttons each, allowing them to mimic actual guitar fingering. \"Guitar Hero Live\" was released with both a career and an online mode. The career mode used full-motion video taken from the perspective of a lead guitarist underneath the note highway, to create an immersive experience to the player. The online mode, called \"GHTV\", discarded the previous downloadable content approach and used a music video channel approach to stream playable songs to players, adding new songs to the catalog on a weekly basis. The game was released in October 2015.",
"title": "Guitar Hero"
},
{
"docid": "27505795#0",
"text": "\"\" is the sixth main game in the \"Guitar Hero\" series, released by Activision to the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Wii consoles in September 2010. The game was developed by Activision's subsidiary studios RedOctane, Neversoft, and Vicarious Visions; the latter provided support for additional features in the Wii version of the game. Following a decline in sales of music games in 2009, partially due to the large number of music games released that year, Activision scaled back their efforts in the \"Guitar Hero\" series. \"Warriors of Rock\" represents the final game developed by RedOctane and Neversoft. Both studios' respective \"Guitar Hero\" divisions were closed once the game was complete, with key personnel brought into Activision directly for future games. It was initially announced that Vicarious Visions would take over future game development of the \"Guitar Hero\" series, however due to declining music game sales, all further development of the \"Guitar Hero\" series was cancelled, until 2015 when \"Guitar Hero Live\" was released.",
"title": "List of songs in Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock"
},
{
"docid": "46752781#0",
"text": "\"Guitar Hero Live\" is a 2015 music video game that's developed by FreeStyleGames and published by Activision. It is the first title in the \"Guitar Hero\" series since it went on hiatus after 2011, and the first game in the series available for 8th generation video game consoles (PlayStation 4, Wii U, and Xbox One). The game was released worldwide on 20 October 2015 for these systems as well as the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and iOS devices including the Apple TV.",
"title": "List of songs in Guitar Hero Live"
},
{
"docid": "9432075#20",
"text": "Following a five-year hiatus, as described below, Activision announced \"Guitar Hero Live\" for release in late 2015 on most seventh-generation and eighth-generation consoles. \"Live\" was developed to rebuild the game from the ground up, and while the gameplay remains similar to the earlier titles, focusing primarily on the lead guitar, it uses a 3-button guitar controller with each button having \"up\" and \"down\" positions, making for more complex tabulators. The game using live footage of a rock concert, taken from the perspective of the lead guitarist, as to provide a more immersive experience.",
"title": "Guitar Hero"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "46408645#32",
"text": "In an earnings report shortly following the game's release, Activision stated that \"Guitar Hero Live\" was outselling their previous two \"Guitar Hero\" games, \"\" and \"Guitar Hero 5\", though did not report exact sales numbers. In their quarterly earnings results presented in February 2016, Activision reported that sales for \"Guitar Hero Live\" missed their expectations, and in March 2016, announced that they had to let go of about 50 of FreeStyleGames' employees, though the studio still remains open to continue additional work for Activision. Prior to the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016, Activision stated they will continue to produce content for \"Guitar Hero Live\" but have no present plans for another game.",
"title": "Guitar Hero Live"
},
{
"docid": "46408645#26",
"text": "On 14 April 2015, Hirshberg and Jackson invited Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Gerard Way of My Chemical Romance to promote the game. Wentz performed his band's song \"My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark\" in the Guitar Hero Live mode, while Way and Jackson dueled each other on My Chemical Romance's song \"Na Na Na\". A commercial for the game was revealed in October 2015, starring Lenny Kravitz and James Franco. In conjunction with Activision, The CW ran special promotional ads for \"Guitar Hero Live\", featuring the actors David Ramsey and Candice Patton playing the game in the week prior to the game's release. Activision arranged to have rapper Macklemore play \"Guitar Hero Live\" with FreeStyleGames' Jamie Jackson during the halftime show of the Seattle Seahawks home game on the Sunday prior to the release of the game.",
"title": "Guitar Hero Live"
},
{
"docid": "21908296#5",
"text": "\"Guitar Hero: On Tour\" was officially announced on September 7, 2007, at the Austin GDC '07, and released on June 22, 2008. During a conference call on May 8, 2008, Activision revealed that the game would be sold as an individual game (along with the \"Guitar Grip\") as well as bundled with the DS hardware itself. In North America, Nintendo released a bundle which included \"Guitar Hero: On Tour\" and a limited edition Silver/Black Nintendo DS Lite branded with the \"Guitar Hero\" logo. This bundle was available with the release of \"Guitar Hero: On Tour\" in the United Kingdom. This is the first third-party DS game to be included in such a bundle. When pre-ordered in certain stores, the consumer received either a special Guitar Hero: On Tour set of headphones, Nintendo DS Lite \"wrap\" pack (two stickers for use on the console) or an exclusive guitar pick stylus. The headphones and stylus feature the Guitar Hero: On Tour logo. On June 14, Toys \"R\" Us stores across the US hosted a \"First to Play\" event, where players tried out the game more than a week before its release. Also at the event, anyone who attended received a free Guitar Hero sticker, a temporary tattoo, and a special dog tag.",
"title": "Guitar Hero: On Tour series"
},
{
"docid": "8914391#4",
"text": "\"Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s\" was initially announced by EGM in January 2007 as \"Guitar Hero: 1980s Edition\". Orange Lounge Radio claimed that the game would be released in June 2007, based on an Activision announcement, though no other source has cited this announcement. Activision officially revealed the first details of the game May 11, 2007, in addition to changing the game's title to \"Guitar Hero: Rocks the 80s\". Only a few weeks later, the game name was revised again as \"Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s\", as official artwork for the game was first released. Nevertheless, the word 'Encore' has been dropped from the title of the European releases.",
"title": "Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s"
},
{
"docid": "9432075#17",
"text": "\"\" was released in late 2007 for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Microsoft Windows, and Mac OS X platforms. The title is the first installment of the series to include wireless guitars bundled with the game and also the first to release a special bundle with two guitars. The game includes Slash and Tom Morello as playable characters in addition to the existing fictional avatars; both guitarists performed motion capture to be used for their characters' animation in the game.\n\"Guitar Hero World Tour\", previously named \"Guitar Hero IV\", is the fourth full game in the series and was released on October 26, 2008 for PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii. Analysts had expected that future \"Guitar Hero\" games in 2008 would include additional instrument peripherals to compete against \"Rock Band\"; \"Guitar Hero World Tour\" was confirmed as in development following the announcement of the merger between Activision and Vivendi Games in December 2007. Activision's CEO Bobby Kotick announced on April 21, 2008 that \"Guitar Hero World Tour\" will branch out into other instruments including vocals. \"Guitar Hero World Tour\" includes drums and vocals, and can be bought packaged with a new drum set controller, a microphone, and the standard guitar controller. A larger number of real-world musicians appear as playable characters, including Jimi Hendrix, Billy Corgan, Hayley Williams, Zakk Wylde, Ted Nugent, Travis Barker, Sting, and Ozzy Osbourne. \"Guitar Hero World Tour\" also features custom song creation that can be shared with others.",
"title": "Guitar Hero"
}
] |
When were bluebonnets named the state flower of Texas?
|
[
{
"docid": "30876840#0",
"text": "Bluebonnet is a name given to any number of blue-flowered species of the genus \"Lupinus\" predominantly found in southwestern United States and is collectively the state flower of Texas. The shape of the petals on the flower resembles the bonnet worn by pioneer women to shield them from the sun.\nSpecies often called bluebonnets include:On March 7, 1901, \"Lupinus subcarnosus\" became the only species of bluebonnet recognized as the state flower of Texas; however, \"Lupinus texensis\" emerged as the favorite of most Texans. So, in 1971, the Texas Legislature made any similar species of \"Lupinus\" that could be found in Texas the state flower.",
"title": "Bluebonnet (plant)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "57924291#3",
"text": "The plant was operated by the National Gypsum Company but overseen by the military and was one of the four Ordnance plants in the United States during World War II. The army engineers were in charge of all plant construction while the Gypsum personnel and others worked out other strategies. Bluebonnet Ordnance Plant got its name from Major Paul Van Tuyl, who named the plant after the state flower of Texas (Bluebonnet).",
"title": "Bluebonnet Ordnance Plant"
},
{
"docid": "135840#26",
"text": "The second major festival hosted in Ennis is the Bluebonnet Trails Festival, celebrating the state flower of Texas and the vibrant bloom of wildflowers in the surrounding countryside. The event attracts tens of thousands of tourists each year to events including sightseeing excursions and a festival in downtown. The festival is held on the third weekend of April, and the Bluebonnet Trails are hosted for the entire month. First hosted along the Kachina Prairie Park's historic mile-long trail system in 1938, the Bluebonnet Trails have since expanded into a route map of several dozen miles along rural farm roads throughout the surrounding countryside east and northeast of the city. The routes for these sightseeing excursions have been officially hosted and mapped out by the Ennis Garden Club since 1951. To commemorate the popularity of the Bluebonnet Trails Festival and the efforts made to celebrate and preserve the state flower of Texas, Ennis was designated by the 1997 Texas State Legislature as the \"Official Bluebonnet City of Texas\" and home to the \"Official Bluebonnet Trail of Texas.\"",
"title": "Ennis, Texas"
},
{
"docid": "5063597#0",
"text": "Lupinus texensis, the Texas bluebonnet or Texas lupine is a species of lupine endemic to Texas. With other related species of lupines also called bluebonnets, it is the state flower of Texas.",
"title": "Lupinus texensis"
},
{
"docid": "1241023#2",
"text": "The bluebonnet is the state flower of Texas.",
"title": "Bluebonnet Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "31778927#3",
"text": "Miller served as campaign manager for U.S. Senator Charles A. Culberson, and was elected to the Texas Senate in 1898 to support Culberson's candidacy. As a State Senator in 1901, Miller authored and sponsored Senate Concurrent Resolution 10, which made the bluebonnet the Texas State flower. He did so as a gesture of respect to the wife of longtime Texas lawyer, Sawnie Robertson, in whose firm Miller read law when he first came to Texas. Mrs. Robertson had always remarked that the bluebonnet was her favorite flower. In 1911, he was appointed a Judge of the Criminal District Court in Dallas County and Miller was reelected in 1915. In 1916, Miller was elected to a vacant State Representative seat in Dallas as a Democrat. Miller was a vocal opponent of the Ku Klux Klan. He was also an early opponent of women's suffrage in Texas, one of the most vocal at the time. However, he changed his mind when the Dallas Equal Suffrage Association (DESA) provided over 10,000 signatures from Dallas women supporting suffrage. He even became the chair of the woman suffrage caucus.",
"title": "Barry Miller (politician)"
},
{
"docid": "305715#25",
"text": "Bluebonnets, including the Texas bluebonnet (\"L. texensis\"), are the state flowers of Texas, USA.",
"title": "Lupinus"
},
{
"docid": "29671288#3",
"text": "Salinas began painting professionally in 1930, when he was twenty years old. His early work was influenced by his mentor Robert Wood's paintings. He painted many scenes of Texas bluebonnets, the state flower, which were sold to tourists by the artists and galleries in San Antonio, Texas. In 1939 he began working with the art dealer Dewey Bradford (1896–1985), who sold paintings, frames and art supplies in the state capital of Austin.",
"title": "Porfirio Salinas"
},
{
"docid": "45303352#1",
"text": "Maroon and white bluebonnets were developed as part of an effort to compose a Texas flag with red, white, and blue bluebonnets to celebrate Texas' sesquicentennial in 1986. Pink bluebonnets were found in San Antonio, and reddish examples were selectively bred by Dr. Jerry Parsons of the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service to eventually give maroon bluebonnets in 2000. The color of these bluebonnets was fitting, as the color maroon is strongly associated with Texas A&M University.",
"title": "Alamo Fire"
},
{
"docid": "56065588#6",
"text": "In 1926, Mary Daggett Lake wrote \"The\" \"Legend of the Bluebonnet\", a short book on the folklore of the state flower of Texas. She also wrote \"Have You Ever Been to Texas in the Spring\"?, the official song of the Texas Federation of Garden Clubs, and \"Pioneer Mother\", the official song of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas.",
"title": "Mary Daggett Lake"
}
] |
Who created the series Clannad?
|
[
{
"docid": "12962104#0",
"text": "The \"Clannad\" animated television series is based on the visual novel \"Clannad\" by the Japanese visual novel brand Key. The episodes, produced by the animation studio Kyoto Animation, are directed by Tatsuya Ishihara, written by Fumihiko Shimo, and features character design by Kazumi Ikeda who based the designs on Itaru Hinoue's original concept. The story follows the main character Tomoya Okazaki, a discontent high school student whose life changes when he meets a girl one year older than he is, named Nagisa Furukawa.",
"title": "List of Clannad episodes"
},
{
"docid": "983972#20",
"text": "The first consumer console port of the game was released for the PlayStation 2 (PS2) on February 23, 2006 by Interchannel. The PS2 version was re-released as a \"Best\" version on July 30, 2009. The PS2 version was bundled in a \"Key 3-Part Work Premium Box\" package together with the PS2 versions of \"Kanon\" and \"Air\" released on July 30, 2009. An Xbox 360 version was released on August 28, 2008 also by Prototype. A PlayStation 3 (PS3) version was released by Prototype on April 21, 2011. A downloadable version of the PS3 release via the PlayStation Store was released by Prototype on February 14, 2013.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "202547#11",
"text": "After \"Magical Ring\", Clannad were commissioned to score the 26-episode drama series \"Robin of Sherwood\", aired from 1984 to 1986. They once again began to stretch themselves, creating music for a range of characters and events. For the first time in the career, the album was recorded in its entirety in English. The soundtrack was released in 1984 as \"Legend\" and won the band a BAFTA award for Best Original Television Music, the first Irish band to win it. In 2003, Clannad revealed that there were other pieces recorded for the third series of \"Robin of Sherwood\" that were not included on \"Legend\", yet the master recordings have yet to be found.\nIn 1985, Clannad released \"Macalla\" (Irish for \"Echo\") which was recorded in Switzerland, England, and Ireland. It contained all original material except one traditional song and yielded the group a hit single \"In a Lifetime\", a duet with U2 singer Bono which begins with Máire being heard teaching Gaelic to Bono during the introduction. The album features numerous backing musicians who have continued to tour with them, including ex-King Crimson saxophonist Mel Collins, Moving Hearts' guitarist Anthony Drennan, and drummer Paul Moran. Also on board was producer Steve Nye, who oversaw the pop-flavoured \"Closer to Your Heart\" and the ballad \"Almost Seems (Too Late to Turn)\" and became hit singles, the latter serving as the Children in Need charity single in 1985.",
"title": "Clannad"
},
{
"docid": "202547#28",
"text": "Even though the rock-infused \"Sirius\" and the pop-inclined \"Macalla\" were successful for Clannad, it was their breakthrough style that they created themselves that has left the greatest legacy. Clannad's influence can be found in the film \"Titanic\", where James Horner admitted to basing the soundtrack on Clannad's style. The soundtrack was so like Clannad's work that it has been incorrectly credited to them for many years. Clannad's 'Celtic mysticism' is a recurring theme in the film \"Intermission\". The \"otherworldly\" and \"ethereal\" Clannad sound comes from the ancient hills and glens that surround Gweedore, according to lead singer Moya Brennan. Traces of Clannad's legacy can be heard in the music of many artists, including Enya, Altan, Capercaillie, The Corrs, Loreena McKennitt, Anúna, Riverdance, Órla Fallon and even U2. Bono stated that Moya has \"one of the greatest voices the human ear has ever experienced\".",
"title": "Clannad"
},
{
"docid": "983972#31",
"text": "On March 15, 2007, the Japanese television station BS-i announced a \"Clannad\" anime series via a short 30-second teaser trailer that was featured at the end of the final episode of the second \"Kanon\" anime series. \"Clannad\" is produced by Kyoto Animation, directed by Tatsuya Ishihara, and written by Fumihiko Shimo, who also worked on other adaptations of Key's visual novels \"Air\" and \"Kanon\". The anime aired between October 4, 2007 and March 27, 2008, containing 23 aired episodes out of a planned 24; the broadcast time was first announced on August 11, 2007 at the TBS festival \"Anime Festa\", which is also when the first episode was showcased. The anime series was released in a set of eight DVD compilations released between December 19, 2007 and July 16, 2008 by Pony Canyon, with each compilation containing three episodes. Of the 24 episodes, 23 were aired on television with the first 22 being regular episodes, followed by an additional extra episode. The last episode was released as an original video animation (OVA) on the eighth DVD on July 16, 2008 and is set in an alternate universe from the anime series where Tomoya and Tomoyo are dating, which is based on Tomoyo's scenario in the game. The OVA episode was previewed on May 31, 2008 for an audience of four-hundred people picked via a mail-in postcard campaign. A Blu-ray Disc (BD) box set of \"Clannad\" was released on April 30, 2010.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "983972#33",
"text": "The license holding company Sentai Filmworks licensed the \"Clannad\" anime series, and ADV Films localized and distributed the television series and the OVA starting with the first half season box set consisting of 12 episodes with English subtitles, Japanese audio, and no English language track, which was released on March 3, 2009. The second half season box set containing the remaining episodes was released on May 5, 2009. Sentai Filmworks licensed the \"Clannad After Story\" anime series; Section23 Films localized and distributed both the television series and OVA starting with the first half season box set with English subtitles released on October 20, 2009. The second half box set was released on December 8, 2009. Sentai Filmworks re-released \"Clannad\" in a complete collection set on June 15, 2010, which featured an English dub, produced at Seraphim Digital. The English dub premiered on March 25, 2010 on the Anime Network. Sentai Filmworks re-released \"Clannad After Story\" with an English dub on April 19, 2011, and re-released \"Clannad\" on BD in November 2011.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "983972#25",
"text": "Two \"Clannad\" anthology character novels were written by several authors and published by Jive in September and December 2004. The first volume of a short story anthology compilation series written by Hiro Akizuki and Mutsuki Misaki titled was released in November 2008 published by Harvest; the third volume was released in October 2009. Three volumes of a short story compilation series by several authors titled \"Clannad SSS\" were published by Harvest between June and August 2009. Harvest published a novel titled \"Clannad Mystery File\" in August 2010 and another novel titled \"Clannad: Magic Hour\" in December 2010.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "983972#32",
"text": "After the ending of the 23rd episode of the first \"Clannad\" anime series, a 15-second teaser trailer aired promoting a second season titled \"Clannad After Story\". The anime is again animated by Kyoto Animation, and animates the After Story arc from the visual novel, which is a continuation of Nagisa's story, into 24 episodes. The same staff and cast from the first anime were used and the series broadcast in Japan between October 3, 2008 and March 26, 2009. Of the 24 episodes, 22 are regular episodes, the 23rd is an extra episode, and the last episode is a summary episode showcasing highlights from the series. The episodes were released on eight DVD compilation volumes between December 3, 2008 and July 1, 2009. The eighth DVD volume came with an additional OVA episode set in an alternate universe from the anime series where Tomoya and Kyou are dating. The OVA episode was previewed on May 24, 2009 to a limited number of people. A BD box set of \"Clannad After Story\" was released on April 20, 2011 in Japan with English subtitles.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "12962104#2",
"text": "A continuation of the first anime series titled \"Clannad After Story\" produced by the same staff as with the first series, and containing the same cast of voice actors, adapts the After Story arc from the \"Clannad\" visual novel, which is a continuation of Nagisa's scenario. \"Clannad After Story\" has 25 episodes, 24 of which aired in Japan between October 2008 and March 2009. The last episode was again released as an OVA on the eighth DVD in July 2009. The episodes were released on eight DVD compilation volumes between December 2008 and July 2009. Sentai Filmworks also licensed \"Clannad After Story\" and Section23 Films localized and distributed the television series and OVA starting with the first half season box set with English subtitles released in October 2009. The second half season box set containing the remaining episodes was released in December 2009. Sentai Filmworks re-released \"Clannad After Story\" with an English dub on April 19, 2011.",
"title": "List of Clannad episodes"
},
{
"docid": "983972#47",
"text": "ASCII Media Works and Vridge produced the PlayStation 2 visual novel based on the light novel series \"Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu\". Released in September 2008, the game features the series' characters cosplaying in various costumes either depicting characters from five popular light novel series published by ASCII Media Works, or three \"Clannad\" heroines. Haruka Nogizaka can cosplay as Kotomi Ichinose, Mika Nogizaka can cosplay as Nagisa Furukawa (albeit with long hair), and Shiina Amamiya can cosplay as Tomoyo Sakagami. The player can also view exclusive CGs in the game if one of the girls is taken out to various places while cosplaying as one of the aforementioned five light novel series characters, or as the \"Clannad\" heroines. For example, if Mika is cosplaying as Nagisa, a CG of her eating dango can become viewable. When cosplaying as one of these tie-in characters, the voice of the girl cosplaying changes to the voice actress of the character they are cosplaying; for example, if Shiina cosplays as Tomoyo, she is voiced by Tomoyo's voice actress Houko Kuwashima.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
},
{
"docid": "12962104#7",
"text": "A continuation of the first anime series titled \"Clannad After Story\" produced by the same staff as with the first series, and containing the same cast of voice actors, adapts the After Story arc from the \"Clannad\" visual novel, which is a continuation of Nagisa's scenario. The second season aired in Japan between October 3, 2008 and March 26, 2009 on TBS in 4:3 aspect ratio with 24 episodes. Of the 24 episodes, 22 are regular episodes, the 23 is an extra episode, and the last episode is a summary episode showcasing highlights from the series. \"Clannad After Story\" also aired in 16:9 aspect ratio starting on October 24, 2008. The episodes were released on eight DVD compilation volumes between December 3, 2008 and July 1, 2009. The eighth DVD volume came with an additional original video animation (OVA) episode set in an alternate universe from the anime series where Tomoya and Kyou are dating. The OVA episode was previewed on May 24, 2009 for a limited number of people.",
"title": "List of Clannad episodes"
},
{
"docid": "983972#21",
"text": "A version produced by NTT DoCoMo playable on FOMA mobile phones was released by Prototype through VisualArt's Motto in late 2007. Prototype later released a version playable on SoftBank 3G phones in January 2008. A version playable on Android devices was released on September 18, 2012. A PlayStation Portable (PSP) version of the game was released in Japan on May 29, 2008 by Prototype, which included the additions from the Windows full voice version. The limited edition release of the PSP and Xbox 360 versions came bundled with a \"digest\" edition of the drama CD series released by Prototype containing five separate stories each; the CD bundled with the PSP release is different from the CD bundled with the Xbox 360 version. Prototype also released a port of the game for the PlayStation Vita on August 14, 2014 to mark the 10-year anniversary of the game. Prototype released a PlayStation 4 port on June 14, 2018 with text support for both Japanese and English. Prototype will release a Nintendo Switch port in Q2 2019, again with text support for both Japanese and English.",
"title": "Clannad (visual novel)"
}
] |
When was the Battle of Suoi Chau Pha fought?
|
[
{
"docid": "28633525#0",
"text": "The Battle of Suoi Chau Pha (6 August 1967) was fought during the Vietnam War between Australian troops and the Viet Cong. The battle took place during Operation Ballarat, an Australian search and destroy operation in the eastern Hat Dich area, north-west of Nui Dat in Phuoc Tuy province. Following a covert insertion the day before which had caught a number of Viet Cong sentries by surprise, A Company, 7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (7 RAR) had patrolled forward unaware of the presence of a large Viet Cong main force unit nearby. Clashing with a reinforced company from the Viet Cong 3rd Battalion, 274th Regiment, a classic encounter battle ensued between two forces of roughly equal size. Fought at close quarters in dense jungle amid a heavy monsoon rain, both sides suffered heavy casualties as neither was able to gain an advantage. Finally, after a battle lasting several hours, the Australian artillery proved decisive and the Viet Cong were forced to withdraw, dragging many of their dead from the battlefield after having suffered crippling losses.",
"title": "Battle of Suoi Chau Pha"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "28633525#17",
"text": "On the basis of documents captured by the Australians during the battle the Viet Cong were identified as being from C12 Company, 3rd Battalion, 274th Regiment, probably assisted by the battalion Reconnaissance Platoon and a number of local force guides. It was assessed that at least a second company had helped in the recovery of many of the Viet Cong dead. Later, during operations the following day, a recently occupied battalion-sized camp was subsequently located about from the site of the battle, and it was considered likely that the Viet Cong company had fought the vigorous action in order the delay the Australians and enable the withdrawal of the remainder of the battalion from their base camp. Meanwhile, elements of the Chau Duc District Company were also believed to be located in the area.",
"title": "Battle of Suoi Chau Pha"
},
{
"docid": "28633525#10",
"text": "A Company, 7 RAR had already been patrolling in the Hat Dich since 3 August when the orders for the operation were issued. Utilising an insertion technique perfected by the Special Air Service Regiment they were subsequently re-supplied early on the evening of 5 August, with the supplies successfully unloaded and the helicopters departing within three minutes. The covert infiltration of the infantry companies went undetected, and on the morning of 6 August A Company began to patrol towards the intended site of their initial patrol base. Under the command of Major Ewart O'Donnell, by-mid morning the Australians were approximately east of Phu My. At 10:40, moving north-west with 2 Platoon leading, the Australians crossed a creek, the Suoi Chau Pha, and shortly afterwards located a fresh track which had only recently been used. O'Donnell ordered the lead platoon into ambush positions astride the track, while he moved forward to conduct a reconnaissance. Minutes later two Viet Cong sentries walked into the ambush with their weapons slung, and they were killed instantly by a short burst from an M60 machine-gun, likely surprised by the silent insertion of the Australians.",
"title": "Battle of Suoi Chau Pha"
},
{
"docid": "977549#15",
"text": "In 1967, 2 and 7 RAR assumed responsibility in Phuoc Tuy from their predecessors and continued the extensive patrolling, and cordon and searches characteristic of this conflict. In August 1967, 7 RAR fought elements of the Viet Cong 3rd Battalion, 274th Regiment in the largely unheralded Battle of Suoi Chau Pha, where extensive artillery support again proved decisive. A third infantry battalion arrived in December 1967 as part of a significant expansion of 1 ATF. By the time of the Tet Offensive in 1968, 1 and 3 RAR were serving in theatre. During actions at Fire Support Base (FSB) Coral by 1 RAR and at FSB Balmoral by 3 RAR in May and June 1968, later known as the Battle of Coral–Balmoral, these two battalions of the regiment would fight battles with conventional attributes not seen since Kapyong. In June 1969, an infantry company from 5 RAR, then on its second tour, and supported by a troop of tanks and another of APCs fought a significant combined arms action against a battalion-sized force of North Vietnamese regulars and Viet Cong local force troops during the Battle of Binh Ba.",
"title": "Royal Australian Regiment"
},
{
"docid": "28633525#15",
"text": "By 14:30 the Viet Cong commander finally made the decision to withdraw, with the artillery deciding the battle in favour of the Australians. O'Donnell had commanded the battle with cool resolve under constant fire throughout, setting the standard for his men and on one occasion he had run through heavy fire to drag a wounded medic to safety. Withdrawing through the barrage and a number of airstrikes called in to pursue them, the Viet Cong proceeded to drag their dead from the battlefield, having suffered crippling casualties. B Company, 7 RAR was subsequently inserted by helicopter into blocking positions to the north, however they made no contact and were unable to prevent the withdrawal. Numerous blood trails were later found as the Australians attempted to follow up the Viet Cong.",
"title": "Battle of Suoi Chau Pha"
},
{
"docid": "28633525#1",
"text": "By the second half of 1967 the Viet Cong seemed to have melted away in Phuoc Tuy province, abandoning many of their bunker systems and avoiding the main roads and towns. The Battle of Long Tan and Operation Bribie had weakened the communist forces in the province, while further operations had restricted their movement and logistics. This prompted the commander of the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF)—Brigadier Stuart Graham—to speculate that the Viet Cong may have fled to the border, perhaps leaving the province altogether. Graham reasoned that a succession of operations in the south-east of the province and the completion of the barrier minefield at Dat Do meant that no single, sizable threat remained to the populated areas of Phuoc Tuy.",
"title": "Battle of Suoi Chau Pha"
},
{
"docid": "28633525#19",
"text": "A classic encounter battle, the action had been fought between two forces of roughly equal size in the heavy monsoon rain at close quarters. Both companies had deployed to the high ground at around the same time in a bid to outflank the other, with the Australian infantry skilfully using their supporting artillery while the Viet Cong had attempted to nullify the Australian tactics by remaining in close contact. Ultimately, the artillery had decided the outcome in favour of the Australians however, and the Viet Cong had been forced to withdraw with heavy casualties. In this way the fighting bore many similarities to the victory twelve months earlier at Long Tan, yet it remained largely unheralded in Australia. Eight Australian soldiers received gallantry awards for their actions, including Military Crosses to O'Donnell, Ross and Clark, while Sutherland was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal. A number of awards were also made to the RAAF pilots and aircrew, including Cox who was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. Meanwhile, the bravery evident by the Viet Cong during the battle had also made an impression on the Australians, who later acknowledged their tight fire discipline and the skilfulness of their battle drills and tactics which they found to be similar to those used by the Australians themselves.",
"title": "Battle of Suoi Chau Pha"
},
{
"docid": "28633525#2",
"text": "The Australians had continued to operate independently within Phuoc Tuy province, and while the war had become a series of big unit search and destroy operations in a war of attrition for the Americans, they had pursued their own counter-insurgency campaign. Regardless, differences of opinion between Australian and American methods had produced friction, and increasingly impatient with the Australian approach, in early 1967 the Commander US MACV, General William Westmoreland, had complained to the Commander Australian Forces Vietnam, Major General Tim Vincent, demanding a more aggressive approach. However, the Australians were convinced that deliberate patrolling techniques were more effective in separating communist forces from the population in the villages while working towards slowly extending government control, and such urgings went largely unheeded.",
"title": "Battle of Suoi Chau Pha"
},
{
"docid": "28633525#13",
"text": "O'Donnell attempted to probe the Viet Cong flank, and after locating it on the high ground he committed 1 Platoon—under Second Lieutenant Rod Smith—to conduct a right flanking attack. Beginning at 11:30 the Australian assault soon ran into another Viet Cong platoon conducting a similar manoeuvre, and they became involved in an intense battle at close quarters with each side blocking the manoeuvre of the other. A heavy monsoon rain began, drenching the men as they faced each other at a range of just , with seven Viet Cong machine-guns facing six Australian machine-guns at the height of the battle as the two Viet Cong platoons clashed with two Australian platoons. The Australians suffered heavily, losing two section commanders killed and a dozen men wounded in the first few minutes. The fighting continued for another two hours as both forces traded shots, with neither the Australians nor the Viet Cong able to achieve a decisive advantage.",
"title": "Battle of Suoi Chau Pha"
},
{
"docid": "28633525#3",
"text": "The highway to Xuyen Moc in the east had been reopened by the Australians in March and April, and with the Viet Cong 275th Regiment believed to have been severely weakened following Long Tan, a series of operations aimed at destroying the Viet Cong 274th Regiment were subsequently launched by 1 ATF. Australian assessments of the Viet Cong 275th Regiment were seemingly reinforced by its unsuccessful attempt to ambush a convoy from US 11th Armoured Cavalry Regiment (11 ACR) on 2 December 1966. Meanwhile, after Westmoreland had again pressed Vincent on what he saw as the limited results achieved by Australian tactics, a large joint US-Australian operation was mounted against the May Tao mountains in Phuoc Tuy, moving against the communist bases in the area. The largest search and destroy operation mounted by the Australians to that point, Operation Paddington (9–15 July) was carried out in co-operation with American and South Vietnamese units based in Bien Hoa province, and targeted the Viet Cong 5th Division.",
"title": "Battle of Suoi Chau Pha"
}
] |
How old was Cho Namchul when he died?
|
[
{
"docid": "3966377#0",
"text": "Cho Namchul (November 30, 1923 - July 2, 2006, alternately Cho Namcheol) was a professional Go player (Baduk in Korean). He died of natural causes in Seoul at the age of 83.",
"title": "Cho Nam-chul"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "3534769#1",
"text": "His grandfather taught him Go when he was young. Seeing great talent in Cho, his father sent him to Japan in 1962. His rise to becoming one of the greatest Go players began when he joined Minoru Kitani's Go school. He was accompanied by his uncle Cho Namchul and his brother Cho Shoen on his way to the Haneda airport in Japan in August 1962. He was only six years old at the time. At the airport he met Minoru Kitani and his wife, another pupil Kobayashi Chizu, and the master's daughter, Reiko Kitani (who as an adult married Cho's future rival Koichi Kobayashi). The day after arriving in Japan Cho beat Rin Kaiho in a five stone handicap game at a party held at the Kitani School to celebrate the total dan ranks of Kitani students reaching a sum of 100. A large crowd watched intensely, as if it were a professional game.",
"title": "Cho Chikun"
},
{
"docid": "38153074#10",
"text": "On January 6, 2013, Cho's body was discovered by his girlfriend, hanged in the bathroom of her apartment in Dogok-dong, southern Seoul, at around 5:26 a.m. According to investigators from the Suseo Police Station, on the night before his death, Cho drank three bottles of soju with his 40-year-old girlfriend, identified only by her surname Park, during which she told him she wanted to end their relationship. Park then left her house at around midnight to meet a friend, and returned at 3:40 a.m. only to find Cho hanging from the bathroom shower using his belt. Cho hinted at suicide in a text message he sent to his mother at around 12:11 a.m. and in the message he sent to his girlfriend five minutes later over the mobile messenger service KakaoTalk. In the message to his mother, he wrote, \"It looks like there is no way for me to live in Korea anymore. I am very sorry, but please think that you never had a son.\" To Park, he left the words, \"My heart breaks that we can't be together in the final moments of my life. Thank you for everything. Hang tough even after I am gone.\" No will was found at the scene.",
"title": "Cho Sung-min"
},
{
"docid": "35468368#0",
"text": "The Cho Doo-soon Case refers to an assault that took place in December 2008, in which an eight-year-old girl known only as Na-young was on her way to school when she was kidnapped by 57-year-old Cho Doo-soon, who was drunk at the time. Cho raped and beat Nayoung at a public squat toilet. Nayoung had injuries to her internal organs, and was taken to a hospital, surviving the incident. Cho was arrested and eventually sentenced to twelve years in prison.",
"title": "Nayoung Case"
},
{
"docid": "261243#5",
"text": "On 5 July 2003, he died from multiple-drug-resistant tuberculosis while he was out on an excursion for hunting guinea fowl. According to official estimates he was about 58 or 59 years old at the time. He was buried on 12 July in a semi-traditional ceremony at Tsumkwe, next to the grave of his second wife. He had six surviving children.",
"title": "Nǃxau ǂToma"
},
{
"docid": "34255387#2",
"text": "The enzyme belongs to the group of oxidoreductases according to the EC classification and is dependent on FAD as cofactor, thus it was classified as an external flavoprotein monooxygenase (designated as type E). It forms a two-component system with a reductase (StyB, StyA2B). The reductase utilizes solely NADH to reduce the FAD, which is then transferred to the styrene monooxygenase (StyA, StyA1). Two types of that enzyme are described so far: StyA/StyB (designated E1), first described from \"Pseudomonas\" species, and StyA1/StyA2B (designated E2), first described from Actinobacteria. The E1-type is more abundant in nature and comprises a single monooxygenase (StyA) supported by a single reductase (StyB), whereas the E2-type has a major monooxygenase (StyA1) which is supported by fusion protein of a monooxygenase and reductase (StyA2B). The latter one is the source of reduced FAD for the monooxygenase subunits and has some side activity as a monooxygenase. So far all styrene monooxygenases perform enantioselective epoxidations of styrene and chemically analogous compounds, which makes them interesting for biotechnological applications.",
"title": "Styrene monooxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "34108298#10",
"text": "Nicholls died in a bus stop accident on 1 October 1930 returning from a concert. An obituary appeared a day after in the \"Evening Post\". It was reported that she was knocked over by a bus turning around in the darkened street that reversed, ran over and crushed her. She was 40 years old at the time of her death. The \"Post\" obituary wrote: ‘Her death removes a cultured and charming personality who could ill be spared.’ A large attendance at her funeral on 4 October 1930 indicated the esteem and high regard with which Wellingtonians held her. Further obituaries appeared in \"Art in New Zealand\" (March 1931) and in \"The Spike\" 1931 by Eileen Duggan.",
"title": "Marjory Nicholls"
},
{
"docid": "22138393#7",
"text": "On 22 January 2009, at the age of 103, Cambodia's last remaining civil servant from the French Administration, and the Sangkum Reastr Niyum, died peacefully, surrounded by his family. Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum was publicly cremated with full military guard and honour. He was saluted by official communiqués by King Father Norodom Sihanouk, King Norodom Sihamoni, France's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Khmer Krom community. In an obituary published in the \"Phnom Penh Post\", his family wrote that Chhum should be remembered as \"a man considerate of the rights of others, small or tall\", who \"always had kind words for the anonymous faces tirelessly serving the high and mighty. For Samdech Chhum thought of himself as a mere servant.\" A few years before his death, Chhum had already asked his grandson to convey his apologies to the population of Phnom Penh for the traffic congestion that his long funeral cortege would cause. \"To have served dutifully and unfailingly was his greatest pride.\" From 10 June 2004, when former Greek Prime Minister Xenophon Zolotas died until his own death, Chhum was the world's oldest living former head of state.",
"title": "Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum"
},
{
"docid": "5905280#22",
"text": "On 7 July 2006, Mícheál Ó Domhnaill died from a fall at his home. He was 54 years old. On 11 July, a wake was held at the home of his sister Maighread and the following day a requiem Mass was said for Mícheál at the Church of the Holy Cross in Dundrum. The funeral was attended by numerous musicians from across Ireland, including the remaining members of The Bothy Band, piper Liam O'Flynn, accordion player Tony MacMahon, and Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh. Mícheál Ó Domhnaill was buried in St. Colmcille's Cemetery in Kells, County Meath. Ireland's Minister for Arts, John O'Donoghue, in a press release said, \"Mícheál Ó Domhnaill was one of Ireland's most gifted and well loved musicians. His contribution to the world of traditional and folk music was enormous. His passing is a great loss and he will be sadly missed.\"",
"title": "Mícheál Ó Domhnaill"
},
{
"docid": "24219777#8",
"text": "Farah Swaleh Noor was 38 years old at the time of his death. He arrived in Ireland in December 1996, claiming to be a Somalian called \"Sheilila Salim\" whose family had been killed in Mogadishu during the Somali Civil War. Subsequent investigations revealed that he was in fact Kenyan and that his family was still alive. The Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform ordered that he be deported but he appealed and was granted Irish citizenship in March 1999 on grounds he became the father of an Irish-born child. He had four previous convictions for offences including intoxication, threatening and abusive behaviour and assault. In 1997, he raped a mentally disabled 16-year-old Chinese girl. She later gave birth to a son. Two other women had children by him and both described having been raped by him. Noor had faced eight charges of disorder and assault, one involving a sexual assault in which a knife was found at the scene by gardaí. He was convicted on three occasions but never served time in jail. Noor lived in a number of areas in Dublin, including Dún Laoghaire and Firhouse, as well as the inner city before moving in with Kathleen Mulhall. Gardaí described him as being particularly violent towards women.",
"title": "Scissor Sisters (convicted killers)"
}
] |
What is the Navy's military mascot?
|
[
{
"docid": "43080225#0",
"text": "Navy Bill is a sculpture of the United States Naval Academy's mascot, \"Bill the Goat\", a billy goat. It was designed by Clemente Spampinato in 1956, and presented to the Academy in 1957. Until 2010, the sculpture stood just inside Gate 1 to the Academy. Following a five-year refurbishment underwritten by the Class of 1965, the statue was returned to Gate 1. A second statue commissioned by the Class of 1965 was placed in the north end zone of Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium on 9 June 2015. It was rededicated 24 October 2015. \"Navy Bill\" has the alternate name of \"Goat Mascot\".",
"title": "Navy Bill"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "159908#18",
"text": "Mascots are also popular in military units. For example, the United States Marine Corps uses the English Bulldog as its mascot, while the United States Army uses the mule, the United States Navy uses the goat, and the United States Air Force uses the Gyrfalcon.",
"title": "Mascot"
},
{
"docid": "6301509#0",
"text": "Military mascot refers to a pet animal maintained by a military unit as a mascot for ceremonial purposes or as an emblem of that unit.",
"title": "Military mascot"
},
{
"docid": "6301509#68",
"text": "Seaman Jenna was the canine mascot on USS Vandegrift (FFG-48) for five years while the ship was forward deployed to 7th Fleet. Acquired as a rescue dog by the ship after a home port shift in 1998, she was a morale booster for a crew far from home and families. She improved morale every day, bringing a sense of home and making her shipmates feel different than the other sailors in the Navy. She created a bond amongst the crew that still exists today.",
"title": "Military mascot"
},
{
"docid": "6301509#24",
"text": "The pony mascots travel round the country (United Kingdom), leading parades and marching in front of veterans and the Regiment. They also travel to local shows to greet their public and even as far as France and the Netherlands each year for the military anniversaries. In winter, it is quieter for the ponies, but they are regularly exercised and lunged.There have been three Shetland pony mascots in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, all called Cruachan (IV). The pony and his mate are looked after by a \"Pony Major\" whose duties include their welfare and leading Cruachan during his many appearances at Highland games, fairs, military parades and annual Edinburgh Tattoo. The first, Cruachan I (1929 - 1939), formally became the Regimental Mascot in 1929 when he was presented to the 1st Battalion, The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders by Her Royal Highness Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll. The third Cruachan retired in 2012 and will be replaced by the fourth. After the Scottish regiments merged to become constituent battalions of the Royal Regiment of Scotland, Cruachan was adopted as the regimental mascot. The current mascot is Cruachan IV.",
"title": "Military mascot"
},
{
"docid": "6301509#35",
"text": "All the goats are called William (anglicised version of Gwylim) Windsor or Billy for short. Their primary duty is to march at the head of the battalion on all ceremonial event. The present goat mascot, Fusilier William Windsor, was chosen from a herd of goats living on the Great Orme in Llandudno on 13 June 2009. After his selection, months of work followed to get him used to his fellow soldiers and to make him learn what is expected of him. As the goat progressed, he was taught to get used to sounds and noises coming from marching soldiers.",
"title": "Military mascot"
},
{
"docid": "6301509#5",
"text": "British Army mascots are classified as either regimental pets or regimental mascots. The former are unofficial mascots since they are not recognized by the Army, while the latter are official mascots, having been recognized by the Army. Official British Army mascots are entitled to the services of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps, as well as quartering and food at public expense. It costs the Army roughly £40,000 a year for the upkeep of official mascots. There are also mascots whose upkeep are borne by the regiment or unit itself. They are unofficial mascots which are properly referred to as regimental pets.",
"title": "Military mascot"
},
{
"docid": "6301509#31",
"text": "On 26 July 1961, the wolfhound mascot was admitted to the select group of official Army mascots entitling him to the services of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps, as well as quartering and food at public expense. Originally, the mascot was in the care of a drummer boy, but is now looked after by one of the regiment's drummers and his family. However, new mascots spend their first six months at the home of the Regimental Adjutant so they can be gradually introduced to regimental life.",
"title": "Military mascot"
},
{
"docid": "6301509#71",
"text": "The current mascot is the 16th in a series of mascots named \"Chesty\" in honor of famed Marine Lieutenant General Lewis B. \"Chesty\" Puller Jr. This dog lives at the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., where he appears in weekly parades.",
"title": "Military mascot"
},
{
"docid": "7486413#4",
"text": "From his ship's mascot, Bamse became mascot of the Royal Norwegian Navy, and then of all the Free Norwegian Forces. An iconic photograph of him wearing a Norwegian sailor's cap was used on patriotic Easter cards and Christmas cards during the war. The PDSA made him an official Allied Forces Mascot.",
"title": "Bamse (St. Bernard)"
}
] |
How many permanent members of the United Nations Security Council are there?
|
[
{
"docid": "349284#8",
"text": "As of July 2011, there are currently 193 members of the United Nations and five permanent members of the Security Council. The other ten seats are assigned amongst the remaining 188 members. As a result, many members have never been on the Security Council. The following list is a summary of all countries, currently 68 modern nations and three historical ones, that have never been a member of the United Nations Security Council. The three historical UN members listed are Tanganyika, Zanzibar, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.",
"title": "List of members of the United Nations Security Council"
},
{
"docid": "31956#27",
"text": "Along with the five permanent members, the Security Council of the United Nations has temporary members that hold their seats on a rotating basis by geographic region. Non-permanent members may be involved in global security briefings. In its first two decades, the Security Council had six non-permanent members, the first of which were Australia, Brazil, Egypt, Mexico, the Netherlands, and Poland. In 1965, the number of non-permanent members was expanded to ten.",
"title": "United Nations Security Council"
},
{
"docid": "36480350#0",
"text": "The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five states which the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council: China (formerly the Republic of China), France, Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries were all allies in World War II, which they won. They are also all nuclear weapons states. A total of 15 UN member states serve on the UNSC, the remainder of which are elected. Any one of the five permanent members have the power of veto, which enables them to prevent the adoption of any \"substantive\" draft Council resolution, regardless of its level of international support.",
"title": "Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council"
},
{
"docid": "349284#0",
"text": "Membership of the United Nations Security Council is held by the five permanent members and ten elected, non-permanent members. Prior to 1966, there were six elected members, while the permanent members have in essence not changed since the creation of the United Nations in 1945, apart from the representation of China. Elected members hold their place on the Council for a two-year term, and half of these places are contested each year. To ensure geographical continuity, a certain number of members is allocated for each of the five UN regional groupings.In addition, one of the non-permanent members of the council is an Arab country, alternately from the African or Asia-Pacific groups. This rule was added to the system in 1967 for it to be applied beginning with 1968.",
"title": "List of members of the United Nations Security Council"
},
{
"docid": "31956#2",
"text": "The Security Council consists of fifteen members. The great powers that were the victors of World War II—the Soviet Union (now represented by Russia), the United Kingdom, France, China, and the United States—serve as the body's five permanent members. These permanent members can veto any substantive Security Council resolution, including those on the admission of new member states or candidates for Secretary-General. The Security Council also has 10 non-permanent members, elected on a regional basis to serve two-year terms. The body's presidency rotates monthly among its members.",
"title": "United Nations Security Council"
},
{
"docid": "31956#49",
"text": "Scholar Sudhir Chella Rajan argued in 2006 that the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, who are all nuclear powers, have created an exclusive nuclear club that predominately addresses the strategic interests and political motives of the permanent members—for example, protecting the oil-rich Kuwaitis in 1991 but poorly protecting resource-poor Rwandans in 1994. Since three of the five permanent members are also European, and four are predominantly white Western nations, the Security Council has been described as a pillar of global apartheid by Titus Alexander, former Chair of Westminster United Nations Association.",
"title": "United Nations Security Council"
},
{
"docid": "216034#6",
"text": "There are 15 members of the Security Council, consisting of five veto-wielding permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and 10 elected non-permanent members with two-year terms. This basic structure is set out in Chapter V of the UN Charter. Security Council members must always be present at UN headquarters in New York so that the Security Council can meet at any time.",
"title": "United Nations System"
},
{
"docid": "3205508#2",
"text": "Because Charter amendments require the consent of all five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—defined in Article 23 of the Charter as \"The Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States\"—it is impossible for other UN member states to force the permanent five to give up their Security Council 'veto power', by means of a Charter amendment. Many reformers have described this situation as a Catch-22. According to Global Policy Forum, \"the P-5 are content with the present arrangements and oppose any changes that might dilute or challenge their power or expand their 'club.' China has already announced it will block permanent membership for Japan, and the United States has suggested that it will only support Council reform that commands an implausibly 'broad consensus'\".",
"title": "Amendments to the United Nations Charter"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "88805#9",
"text": "1. The Security Council shall consist of fifteen Members of the United Nations. The Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America shall be permanent members of the Security Council. The General Assembly shall elect ten other Members of the United Nations to be non-permanent members of the Security Council, due regard being specially paid, in the first instance to the contribution of Members of the United Nations to the maintenance of international peace and security and to the other purposes of the Organization, and also to equitable geographical distribution.",
"title": "Charter of the United Nations"
},
{
"docid": "33417653#0",
"text": "The 2015 United Nations Security Council election was held on 15 October 2015 during the 70th session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The elections are for five non-permanent seats on the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 2016.\nIn accordance with the Security Council's rotation rules, whereby the ten non-permanent UNSC seats rotate among the various regional blocs into which UN member states traditionally divide themselves for voting and representation purposes, the five available seats are allocated as follows:The five members will serve on the Security Council for the 2016–17 period. The countries elected were Egypt, Senegal, Uruguay, Japan, and Ukraine. In each vote there were as many vacancies as there were candidates on the ballot.",
"title": "United Nations Security Council election, 2015"
}
] |
Who created the Gundam animated series?
|
[
{
"docid": "253053#6",
"text": "\"Mobile Fighter G Gundam\" was produced by Sunrise in association with advertising agencies Sotsu and Dentsu, and toy company Bandai. The series was created to commemorate the 15th anniversary of the \"Gundam\" franchise, created by Yoshiyuki Tomino in 1979. \"G Gundam\" was directed by Yasuhiro Imagawa, known for his work on the \"Giant Robo\" and \"Getter Robo Armageddon\" original video animations (OVAs). \"G Gundam\" was chiefly written and supervised by Fuyunori Gobu, a veteran screenwriter for various Sunrise properties such as \"Shippū! Iron Leaguer\" and \"The King of Braves GaoGaiGar\". Many of the principal production crew members for \"G Gundam\" were carried over the previous season's \"Mobile Suit Victory Gundam\", including character designer Hiroshi Ōsaka and mechanical designers Kunio Okawara and Hajime Katoki. Manga artist Kazuhiko Shimamoto collaborated on the show's character designs. Kimitoshi Yamane acted as a back-up mechanical designer and has since worked on Sunrise's acclaimed series \"Cowboy Bebop\" and \"The Vision of Escaflowne\". Hirotoshi Sano, previously credited for \"Tekkaman Blade\", was responsible for directing the mechanical animation in \"G Gundam\", but also produced much of show's promotional artwork seen on home media covers. The musical score for \"G Gundam\" was composed by Kohei Tanaka. The opening theme song \"Flying in the Sky\" performed by Hitofumi Ushima and the closing theme by Etsuko Sai are played for the first 25 episodes of the series. The opening theme \"Trust You Forever\" by Ushima and the closing theme by Takehide Inoue are played for the remaining episodes.",
"title": "Mobile Fighter G Gundam"
},
{
"docid": "24018020#0",
"text": "\"Mobile Suit Victory Gundam\" is a 1993 Japanese science fiction anime television series created and directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino and produced by Bandai Visual, Sotsu Agency, Sunrise, and TV Asahi with music production by Starchild Records and Apollon. Spanning 51 episodes, \"Mobile Suit Victory Gundam\" is the final television series following the Universal Century timeline in the Gundam franchise. The series premiered in Japan on TV Asahi on April 2, 1993 and concluded on March 25, 1994.",
"title": "List of Mobile Suit Victory Gundam episodes"
},
{
"docid": "304789#6",
"text": "\"Mobile Suit Gundam 0080: War in the Pocket\" was produced by animation studio Sunrise in association with toy company Bandai. Kenji Uchida was the former representative and Minoru Takanashi was the latter's producer. The series was created to commemorate the ten-year anniversary of the \"Gundam\" franchise, created by Yoshiyuki Tomino in 1979. \"War in the Pocket\" was directed by Fumihiko Takayama, known for his work on \"Orguss 02\" and \"\", marking the first time anyone other than Tomino directed a \"Gundam\" show. The screenplay was written by Hiroyuki Yamaga, with scenario by , while the character designer for this series was Haruhiko Mikimoto.",
"title": "Mobile Suit Gundam 0080: War in the Pocket"
},
{
"docid": "163481#6",
"text": "In 1979, Tomino directed and wrote \"Mobile Suit Gundam\", which was highly influential in transforming the Super Robot mecha genre into the Real Robot genre. Mark Simmons discusses the impact of \"Gundam\" in his book, \"Gundam Official Guide\":\nIn an interview published in \"Animerica\" magazine, Tomino discusses what he was trying to accomplish with \"Mobile Suit Gundam\":\nAlthough the last quarter of the show's original script was canceled and it had to be completed in 43 episodes, its popularity grew after three compilation movies were released in 1981 and 1982. \"Mobile Suit Gundam\" was followed by numerous sequels, spin-offs and merchandising franchises, becoming one of the longest-running and most influential, popular anime series in history, being chosen as No. 1 on TV Asahi's \"Top 100 Anime\" listing in 2005.",
"title": "Yoshiyuki Tomino"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1368809#0",
"text": "The \"Mobile Suit Gundam SEED\" anime series is animated by the Japanese anime studio Sunrise and directed by Mitsuo Fukuda. It aired from October 5, 2002 to September 27, 2003, with fifty episodes on TBS. As with other series from the Gundam franchise, \"Gundam SEED\" takes place in a parallel timeline, in this case the Cosmic Era, the first to do so. In this era, mankind has developed into two subspecies: Naturals, who reside on Earth and Coordinators, genetically-enhanced humans capable of withstanding the rigors of space who inhabit orbital colonies. The story revolves around a young Coordinator Kira Yamato who becomes involved in the war between the two races after a neutral space colony is invaded by the Coordinators.",
"title": "List of Mobile Suit Gundam SEED episodes"
},
{
"docid": "47242424#0",
"text": ", also known as Gundam IBO and and Tetsu oru (鉄オル), is a 2015 Japanese mecha anime series and the fourteenth installment in Sunrise's long-running \"Gundam\" franchise. It is directed by Tatsuyuki Nagai and written by Mari Okada, a team which previously collaborated on \"Toradora!\" and \"\". It aired in Japan on MBS and other JNN stations from October 4, 2015 to March 27, 2016, making this the first Gundam series to return to a Sunday late afternoon time slot since \"Mobile Suit Gundam AGE\". A second season premiered on October 2, 2016. The series follows the exploits of a group of juvenile soldiers who establish their own security company after rebelling against the adults who betrayed them on a futuristic, terraformed Mars.",
"title": "Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans"
},
{
"docid": "12449#0",
"text": "Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, also known in Japan as , is a 1995 Japanese mecha anime series directed by Masashi Ikeda and written by Katsuyuki Sumizawa. It is the sixth installment in the \"Gundam\" franchise, taking place in the \"After Colony\" timeline. As with the original series, the plot of \"Gundam Wing\" centers on a war in the future (specifically the 2220s) between Earth and its orbital colonies in the Earth-Moon system.",
"title": "Mobile Suit Gundam Wing"
},
{
"docid": "253056#7",
"text": "\"Mobile Suit Gundam SEED\" was directed by Mitsuo Fukuda (\"Future GPX Cyber Formula\" and \"Gear Fighter Dendoh\") with music by Toshihiko Sahashi. The series was first announced in June 2002, while a trailer was available in September on the series' official website. A total of eight writers were in charge of the series. The characters were designed by Hisashi Hirai, while the mechanical designs were made by Kunio Okawara and Kimitoshi Yamane. \"Mobile Suit Gundam\" planning manager Koichi Inoue stated that the staff making \"Gundam SEED\" was a new and young team that would continue working with following Gundam series. Inoue, however, would work with anime based on the original Gundam series. Fukuda stated that \"Gundam SEED\" was initially told from Kira's point of view, but deeper into the series the point of view would shift to other characters. His main focus with the series was to entertain the audience, pointing out that the drama would develop through the series in a similar vein to previous Gundam series. The first part worked on was the plot followed by action sequences, stating that the human characters were more important than the combat sequences. In retrospect, Fukuda said that Kira's wish to fight was forced upon him stemming from his desire to protect his friends. Moreover, he considered these actions as being based on Japanese thoughts.",
"title": "Mobile Suit Gundam SEED"
},
{
"docid": "253053#0",
"text": "Mobile Fighter G Gundam, also known in Japan as , is a 1994 Japanese animated television series produced by Sunrise and the fifth installment in the long running \"Gundam\" franchise. The series is set in the \"Future Century\", where space colonies representing countries have agreed to hold an organized fighting tournament known as the \"Gundam Fight\" every four years to settle their political differences in place of war. Each colony sends a representative fighter piloting a giant, humanoid mecha called a Gundam to battle on Earth until only one is left, and the winning nation earns the right to govern over all the colonies until the next tournament. The events of \"G Gundam\" follow Domon Kasshu, the pilot of Neo Japan's Shining Gundam during the 13th Gundam Fight. Domon's mission is to both win the tournament and to track down his older brother, who is believed to have stolen the mysterious Devil Gundam (AKA the Dark Gundam outside of Japan/Asia) from the Neo Japan government.",
"title": "Mobile Fighter G Gundam"
},
{
"docid": "50709#0",
"text": ", also known as the , is a science fiction media franchise created by Sunrise that features giant robots (mecha) with the name \"Gundam\" (after the original titular mecha). The franchise began on April 7, 1979 with \"Mobile Suit Gundam\", a TV series that defined the \"real robot\" mecha anime genre by featuring giant robots called mobile suits in a militaristic setting. The popularity of the series and its merchandise spawned a franchise that includes television series, OVAs, films, manga, novels and video games, as well as a whole industry of model robots known as Gunpla (plastic Gundam model).",
"title": "Gundam"
}
] |
Are steam locomotives more powerful than diesel?
|
[
{
"docid": "2802175#6",
"text": "Dieselisation took place largely because of the tremendous reduction in operating costs it allowed. Steam locomotives require large pools of labour to clean, load, maintain and run. They also require extensive service, coaling and watering facilities. This was their biggest inferior measure as compared to the diesel locomotive in the number of ton-miles or passenger traffic miles either could run. Diesels could and did have a significantly higher initial price per unit-horsepower delivered. However, their far greater range between fueling stops, the absence of water stops, and the much higher unit availability between inspection repair and maintenance stops, were far better than steam. Diesels simply required significantly less time and labour to operate and maintain. Diesel power was also more scalable to power requirements, owing to the control systems that allowed multiple units to be controlled by one operator. \"Double header\" steam power required a crew for each locomotive. Initially, diesel locomotives were less powerful than the typical steam locomotives. Between the late 1930s and the late 1950s the power available with diesel locomotive engines roughly doubled, although the most powerful steam locomotives ever built still exceeded the power of the most powerful diesel locomotives from the late Twentieth Century.",
"title": "Dieselisation"
},
{
"docid": "2802175#13",
"text": "Weighing against the cost of, and inertia against, replacing the large investment that railroads had in existing steam power were the dramatic increases in flexibility and efficiency with diesel. The fastest and most powerful steam locomotives were faster and more powerful than diesels; however, their range of efficient operation was severely limited. Diesels pro-rate their fuel usage to the length of trains, which a steam engine cannot do. Multiple-unit diesel power is scalable to power requirements with one locomotive crew; steam power is not. A high speed Hudson steam locomotive is good for only one situation, high speeds on level grades. The diesel locomotive can be operated by a single person, with no need of a fireman to run the boiler (two person cab crews may be required for other reasons). Also, diesels use much less fuel and no manpower when idling, something locomotives often do. Diesels can be parked running for days unattended, whereas steam engines must be constantly tended to if not completely shut down. Bringing a steam engine boiler up to operating temperature is often regarded as both an art and science, requiring much training and experience. A diesel is much simpler to start and shut down.",
"title": "Dieselisation"
},
{
"docid": "389950#103",
"text": "Diesel locomotives offer significant operating advantages over steam locomotives. They can safely be operated by one person, making them ideal for switching/shunting duties in yards (although for safety reasons many main-line diesel locomotives continue to have 2-man crews: an engineer and a conductor/switchman) and the operating environment is much more attractive, being quieter, fully weatherproof and without the dirt and heat that is an inevitable part of operating a steam locomotive. Diesel locomotives can be worked in multiple with a single crew controlling multiple locomotives in a single train — something not practical with steam locomotives. This brought greater efficiencies to the operator, as individual locomotives could be relatively low-powered for use as a single unit on light duties but marshaled together to provide the power needed on a heavy train. With steam traction a single very powerful and expensive locomotive was required for the heaviest trains or the operator resorted to double heading with multiple locomotives and crews, a method which was also expensive and brought with it its own operating difficulties.",
"title": "Diesel locomotive"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "389950#102",
"text": "As diesel locomotives advanced, the cost of manufacturing and operating them dropped, and they became cheaper to own and operate than steam locomotives. In North America, steam locomotives were custom-made for specific railway routes, so economies of scale were difficult to achieve. Though more complex to produce with exacting manufacturing tolerances ( for diesel, compared with for steam), diesel locomotive parts were easier to mass produce. Baldwin Locomotive Works offered almost five hundred steam models in its heyday, while EMD offered fewer than ten diesel varieties.. In the United Kingdom, British Railways built steam locomotives to standard designs from 1951 onwards. These included standard, interchangeable parts, and were cheaper to produce than the diesel locomotives then available. The capital cost per drawbar horse power was £13 6s (steam), £65 (diesel), £69 7s (turbine) and £17 13s (electric).",
"title": "Diesel locomotive"
},
{
"docid": "17717#43",
"text": "In comparison to the principal alternative, the diesel engine, electric railways offer substantially better energy efficiency, lower emissions and lower operating costs. Electric locomotives are also usually quieter, more powerful, and more responsive and reliable than diesels. \nThey have no local emissions, an important advantage in tunnels and urban areas. Some electric traction systems provide regenerative braking that turns the train's kinetic energy back into electricity and returns it to the supply system to be used by other trains or the general utility grid. While diesel locomotives burn petroleum, electricity can be generated from diverse sources including renewable energy.Steam-diesel hybrid locomotives can use steam generated from a boiler or diesel to power a piston engine. The \"Cristiani Compressed Steam System\" used a diesel engine to power a compressor to drive and recirculate steam produced by a boiler; effectively using steam as the power transmission medium, with the diesel engine being the prime mover",
"title": "Locomotive"
},
{
"docid": "30598#16",
"text": "The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered or pulled by horses, but from the early 19th century almost all trains were powered by steam locomotives. From the 1910s onwards, steam locomotives began to be replaced with less labor-intensive (and cleaner) diesel and electric locomotives, although these new forms of propulsion were far more complex and expensive than steam power. At about the same time, self-propelled multiple unit vehicles (both diesel and electric) became much more widely used in passenger service. Dieselisation of locomotives in day-to-day use was completed in most countries by the 1970s. Steam locomotives are still used in heritage railways which are operated in many countries for the leisure and enthusiast market.",
"title": "Train"
},
{
"docid": "51600042#3",
"text": "The diesel-electric locomotive assaulted the primacy of the coal/oil fired steam locomotive from every angle. First, it had a much higher duty cycle than any steam locomotive could match. Famously, the use of steam locomotives to attempt the achievement of the schedules for the crack passenger trains between Chicago and the West Coast, required no less than nine (9) complete changes of engine and tender between Chicago and Los Angeles/San Francisco. With no steam engine/tender set travelling more than 250 miles. Diesels would complete these long distance runs with the same motive power units. And the diesel units would only receive fuel and water at limited operating stops. So the number of in-cab crews necessary to operate any schedule would be dramatically reduced by the introduction of diesels",
"title": "Steele v. Louisville & Nashville Railway Co."
},
{
"docid": "454911#23",
"text": "With power and reliability of new Diesel units improved with the 2000 hp GM 567 powered E3 model in 1938, the advantages of Diesel became compelling enough for a growing number of rail lines to select Diesel over steam for new passenger equipment. The power and top speed advantages of state-of-the-art steam locomotives were more than offset by Diesel's advantages in service flexibility, downtime, maintenance costs, and economic efficiency for most operators. The American Locomotive Company (ALCO), builder of the Hiawatha speedsters, saw Diesel as the future of passenger service and introduced streamlined locomotives influenced by the design of the E units in 1939. The replacement of steam with Diesel power was interrupted by the US entry into World War II, with a military premium on Diesel technology that stopped all production of Diesel locomotives for passenger service between September 1942 and January 1945.",
"title": "Streamliner"
},
{
"docid": "389950#96",
"text": "Although diesel locomotives generally emit less sulphur dioxide, a major pollutant to the environment, and greenhouse gases than steam locomotives, they are not completely clean in that respect. Furthermore, like other diesel powered vehicles, they emit nitrogen oxides and fine particles, which are a risk to public health. In fact, in this last respect diesel locomotives may perform worse than steam locomotives.",
"title": "Diesel locomotive"
},
{
"docid": "17717#5",
"text": "The steam locomotive remained by far the most common type of locomotive until after World War II. \nSteam locomotives are less efficient than modern diesel and electric locomotives, and a significantly larger workforce is required to operate and service them. British Rail figures showed that the cost of crewing and fuelling a steam locomotive was about two and a half times larger than the cost of supporting an equivalent diesel locomotive, and the daily mileage they could run was lower.. Between about 1950 and 1970, the majority of steam locomotives were retired from commercial service and replaced with electric and diesel-electric locomotives. While North America transitioned from steam during the 1950s, and continental Europe by the 1970s, in other parts of the world, the transition happened later. Steam was a familiar technology that used widely-available fuels and in low-wage economies did not suffer as wide a cost disparity. It continued to be used in many countries until the end of the 20th century. By the end of the 20th century, almost the only steam power remaining in regular use around the world was on heritage railways.",
"title": "Locomotive"
}
] |
When was special relativity developed?
|
[
{
"docid": "26962#0",
"text": "In physics, special relativity (SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the generally accepted and experimentally well-confirmed physical theory regarding the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's original pedagogical treatment, it is based on two postulates:It was originally proposed by Albert Einstein in a paper published 26 September 1905 titled \"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\". The inconsistency of Newtonian mechanics with Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism and the lack of experimental confirmation for a hypothesized luminiferous aether led to the development of special relativity, which corrects mechanics to handle situations involving motions at a significant fraction of the speed of light (known as \"\"). As of today, special relativity is the most accurate model of motion at any speed when gravitational effects are negligible. Even so, the Newtonian mechanics model is still useful as an approximation at small velocities relative to the speed of light, due to its simplicity and high accuracy within its scope.",
"title": "Special relativity"
},
{
"docid": "20069953#9",
"text": "Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré developed their version of special relativity in a series of papers from about 1900 to 1905. They used Maxwell's equations and the principle of relativity to deduce a theory that is mathematically equivalent to the theory later developed by Einstein.",
"title": "Special relativity (alternative formulations)"
},
{
"docid": "14909#22",
"text": "Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity, as proposed in his 1905 paper entitled \"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\" was built on the understanding of inertia and inertial reference frames developed by Galileo and Newton. While this revolutionary theory did significantly change the meaning of many Newtonian concepts such as mass, energy, and distance, Einstein's concept of inertia remained unchanged from Newton's original meaning (in fact, the entire theory was based on Newton's definition of inertia). However, this resulted in a limitation inherent in special relativity: the principle of relativity could only apply to reference frames that were \"inertial\" in nature (meaning when no acceleration was present). In an attempt to address this limitation, Einstein proceeded to develop his general theory of relativity (\"The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity,\" 1916), which ultimately provided a unified theory for both \"inertial\" and \"noninertial\" (accelerated) reference frames. However, in order to accomplish this, in general relativity, Einstein found it necessary to redefine several fundamental concepts (such as gravity) in terms of a new concept of \"curvature\" of space-time, instead of the more traditional system of forces understood by Newton.",
"title": "Inertia"
},
{
"docid": "198507#26",
"text": "In 1905, Albert Einstein published the principle of special relativity, which soon became a theory. Special relativity predicted the alignment of the Newtonian principle of Galilean invariance, also termed \"Galilean relativity\", with the electromagnetic field. By omitting from special relativity the luminiferous aether, Einstein stated that time dilation and length contraction measured in an object in relative motion is inertial—that is, the object exhibits constant velocity, which is speed with direction, when measured by its observer. He thereby duplicated the Lorentz transformation and the Lorentz contraction that had been hypothesized to resolve experimental riddles and inserted into electrodynamic theory as dynamical consequences of the aether's properties. An elegant theory, special relativity yielded its own consequences, such as the equivalence of mass and energy transforming into one another and the resolution of the paradox that an excitation of the electromagnetic field could be viewed in one reference frame as electricity, but in another as magnetism.",
"title": "Scientific theory"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "30001#10",
"text": "General relativity is a theory of gravitation developed by Einstein in the years 1907–1915. The development of general relativity began with the equivalence principle, under which the states of accelerated motion and being at rest in a gravitational field (for example, when standing on the surface of the Earth) are physically identical. The upshot of this is that free fall is inertial motion: an object in free fall is falling because that is how objects move when there is no force being exerted on them, instead of this being due to the force of gravity as is the case in classical mechanics. This is incompatible with classical mechanics and special relativity because in those theories inertially moving objects cannot accelerate with respect to each other, but objects in free fall do so. To resolve this difficulty Einstein first proposed that spacetime is curved. In 1915, he devised the Einstein field equations which relate the curvature of spacetime with the mass, energy, and any momentum within it.",
"title": "Theory of relativity"
},
{
"docid": "1790788#51",
"text": "Planck, in 1909, compared the implications of the modern relativity principle — he particularly referred to the relativity of time – with the revolution by the Copernican system. An important factor in the adoption of special relativity by physicists was its development by Minkowski into a spacetime theory. Consequently, by about 1911, most theoretical physicists accepted special relativity. In 1912 Wilhelm Wien recommended both Lorentz (for the mathematical framework) and Einstein (for reducing it to a simple principle) for the Nobel Prize in Physics – although it was decided by the Nobel committee not to award the prize for special relativity. Only a minority of theoretical physicists such as Abraham, Lorentz, Poincaré, or Langevin still believed in the existence of an aether. Einstein later (1918–1920) qualified his position by arguing that one can speak about a relativistic aether, but the \"idea of motion\" cannot be applied to it. Lorentz and Poincaré had always argued that motion through the aether was undetectable. Einstein used the expression \"special theory of relativity\" in 1915, to distinguish it from general relativity.",
"title": "History of special relativity"
},
{
"docid": "736#80",
"text": "As Einstein later said, the reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of inertial motions within special relativity was unsatisfactory, while a theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion (even accelerated ones) should appear more satisfactory. Consequently, in 1907 he published an article on acceleration under special relativity. In that article titled \"On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It\", he argued that free fall is really inertial motion, and that for a free-falling observer the rules of special relativity must apply. This argument is called the equivalence principle. In the same article, Einstein also predicted the phenomena of gravitational time dilation, gravitational red shift and deflection of light.",
"title": "Albert Einstein"
},
{
"docid": "1790788#2",
"text": "The failure of any known experiment to detect motion through the aether led Hendrik Lorentz, starting in 1892, to develop a theory of electrodynamics based on an immobile luminiferous aether (about whose material constitution Lorentz didn't speculate), physical length contraction, and a \"local time\" in which Maxwell's equations retain their form in all inertial frames of reference. Working with Lorentz's aether theory, Henri Poincaré, having earlier proposed the \"relativity principle\" as a general law of nature (including electrodynamics and gravitation), used this principle in 1905 to correct Lorentz's preliminary transformation formulas, resulting in an exact set of equations that are now called the Lorentz transformations. A little later in the same year Albert Einstein published his original paper on special relativity in which, again based on the relativity principle, he independently derived and radically reinterpreted the Lorentz transformations by changing the fundamental definitions of space and time intervals, while abandoning the absolute simultaneity of Galilean kinematics, thus avoiding the need for any reference to a luminiferous aether in classical electrodynamics. Subsequent work of Hermann Minkowski, in which he introduced a 4-dimensional geometric \"spacetime\" model for Einstein's version of special relativity, paved the way for Einstein's later development of his general theory of relativity and laid the foundations of relativistic field theories.",
"title": "History of special relativity"
},
{
"docid": "74327#18",
"text": "General relativity was developed by Einstein in the years 1907 - 1915. General relativity postulates that the global Lorentz covariance of special relativity becomes a local Lorentz covariance in the presence of matter. The presence of matter \"curves\" spacetime, and this curvature affects the path of free particles (and even the path of light). General relativity uses the mathematics of differential geometry and tensors in order to describe gravitation as an effect of the geometry of spacetime. Einstein based this new theory on the general principle of relativity, and he named the theory after the underlying principle.See the special relativity references and the general relativity references.",
"title": "Principle of relativity"
},
{
"docid": "1790788#49",
"text": "Nearly simultaneously with Einstein, also Minkowski (1908) considered the special case of uniform accelerations within the framework of his space-time formalism. He recognized that the world-line of such an accelerated body corresponds to a hyperbola. This notion was further developed by Born (1909) and Sommerfeld (1910), with Born introducing the expression \"hyperbolic motion\". He noted that uniform acceleration can be used as an approximation for any form of acceleration within special relativity. In addition, Harry Bateman and Ebenezer Cunningham (1910) showed that Maxwell's equations are invariant under a much wider group of transformation than the Lorentz-group, i.e., the spherical wave transformations, being a form of conformal transformations. Under those transformations the equations preserve their form for some types of accelerated motions. A general covariant formulation of electrodynamics in Minkowski space was eventually given by Friedrich Kottler (1912), whereby his formulation is also valid for general relativity. Concerning the further development of the description of accelerated motion in special relativity, the works by Langevin and others for rotating frames (Born coordinates), and by Wolfgang Rindler and others for uniform accelerated frames (Rindler coordinates) must be mentioned.",
"title": "History of special relativity"
}
] |
Why do witches have pointed hats?
|
[
{
"docid": "19069450#0",
"text": "A witch hat (), in popular culture, is the style of hat characterized by a conical crown and a wide brim (like akubras and gats).\nThe origins of the witch hat as displayed today is disputed. A common theory is that it is an exaggeration of the edgeless hats associated with the Welsh and later the Puritans, or an exaggeration of the conical hats believed to stimulate the brain of the wearer. These \"thinking caps\" are the precursors to the modern dunce cap. Church despised pointy hats given that the points were often related to those of the devil's horns. The witch hat is a more brimmed version of the cone-shaped hats commonly worn by male-gendered wizards and magicians, as the hat was more brimmed for it to be female-appropriate. As of the Victorian era, fairy tales began depicting black-colored conical hats and crones as symbols of wickedness in their illustrations. Another possibility is that in Luna, a town of the Etruscan civilization, there were coins on one side depicting a goddess commonly associated with witches, named Diana, wearing a brimless, cone-shaped hat.",
"title": "Witch hat"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "495809#43",
"text": "Perspicacia Tick is a \"\"Witch Finder\"\", a travelling witch with the responsibility of finding young girls who have the potential to be witches. She makes a living as a teacher, a role which has given her a habit of correcting spelling, grammar and punctuation. Since she often finds herself in areas where witches are unwelcome, she has a spring-operated hat that only grows a point when she wants it to, although her name still provides a fairly obvious clue as to her real profession (\"Miss Tick\" = \"Mystic\").",
"title": "Witches (Discworld)"
},
{
"docid": "2414371#17",
"text": "Classical pointed hats are worn by the dwarfs, witches and wizards of European Folklore.",
"title": "Pointed hat"
},
{
"docid": "19069450#1",
"text": "Many woodcuts made during the Middle Ages show witches wearing a variety of different hats, such as headscarves, or witches not even having any head-wear at all and instead showing their hair being windblown. In a lot of modern art, witches are often seen bareheaded or wearing headbands with religious symbols printed on them, such as crescent moons. In religious art, priestesses of the highest power wear a headband as their crown, while the highest-power male priests wear helmets with horns or antlers.",
"title": "Witch hat"
},
{
"docid": "19069450#3",
"text": "How did the conical hat go from being associated with high status, religious or learned women to being a symbol of scorn or evil? By the late Middle Ages, centuries of war and feudalism began to take their toll on societies. With economic and political unrest, social unrest followed. Fearful of what a disaffected peasantry could do to challenge their power, the Catholic Church along with the Noble families of Europe found convenient scapegoats for the ills of society in their pursuit of witches. It also proved quite profitable. It was during the Inquisition that the conical hat first became associated with something shameful. Those who were accused of heresy, teachings that went against church doctrine, were made to wear the capirote to humiliate them. It is thought very likely by many scholars that the Church deliberately chose this symbol in order to undermine the authority of those in European society who were respected for their knowledge when that knowledge came from any source other than the Catholic Church. Women, particularly, made easy targets. High born women were then attacked for their vanity and sinfulness. Those who made dresses too ornate were punished, and the conical hats quickly disappeared from fashion as being sinful indulgences. Having already successfully reduced an ancient symbol of wisdom to one of vanity and then to shame, it was not such a far step for the Church to further turn it into a symbol of evil and magic. \nThis hat has been worn by the following fictional characters:Depending upon the material in which the hat is made, the crown may regularly be observed in a flexed, bent or crumpled condition.",
"title": "Witch hat"
},
{
"docid": "2846041#1",
"text": "It has one of the more colourful names of any British mountain, translating as \"slippery peak of the witch\", perhaps in reference to the boggy conditions underfoot, or because of the resemblance of its pointed profile to an archetypal witch's hat.",
"title": "Pen Llithrig y Wrach"
},
{
"docid": "564239#24",
"text": "White is the traditional color of witches in Oz. The Good Witch of the North wears a pointed white hat and a white gown decorated with stars, while Glinda, the Good Witch of the South (called a \"sorceress\" in later books), wears a pure white dress. Dorothy is taken for a witch not only because she had killed the Wicked Witch of the East, but because her dress is blue and white checked.",
"title": "Land of Oz"
},
{
"docid": "622069#6",
"text": "Granny Weatherwax gives Tiffany her hat but she returns it because she wants to make her own. The novel ends on Tiffany returning \nto the chalk to take the place of her dead grandmother as the witch of the land. She decides to make her hat out of the sky.\n\"A Hat Full of Sky\" has been described as \"compelling and hilarious,\" as well as \"finely tuned\" by Audiofile. Terry Pratchett \"gives a clear nuance to characters\" This book is a piece of \"top notch writing,\" and it is \"definitely worth your attention.\" The Wee Free Men have been received as \"brave, loyal, strong and funny.\" Mr. Pratchett \"isn't afraid to detour into biting satire,\" and his writing is \"achingly beautiful.\"\nThe storyline is \"believable and convincing [by] bringing [the story] down to the grass roots level.\" The book has been described as an \"art form\" and there is \"seldom anything that can beat it.\" \nAlthough the majority of critics receive this book positively, the Washington Post says that this book is \"frustratingly sloppy.\" They go on to say \"it doesn't feel as if Tiffany has earned her victory, or as if Pratchett is doing justice to his inquisitive young heroine.\"",
"title": "A Hat Full of Sky"
},
{
"docid": "53731912#0",
"text": "The madhalla is a traditional hat used in Yemen worn by women. The hats have a wide circular brim and a peaked top. The straw hats are peaked to keep the wearer cool in hot temperatures. Being almost two feet tall, the design promotes air circulation within the hat. They have been noted to resemble witch hats. It is made from plaited strips of date palm (\"nakhl\", ) leaves. They are often worn in Hadhramaut by female herders and field workers who also wear black abayas. The hat can be obtained at some souqs.",
"title": "Madhalla"
},
{
"docid": "38068881#2",
"text": "Witch hazel works as an astringent, a substance that causes the constriction of body tissues. The tannins and flavonoids found in witch hazel have astringent and antioxidant properties, respectively, which are thought to contract and protect blood vessels, thereby reducing inflammation. However, modern witch hazel extracts are often distilled and do not contain tannins due to health concerns.\nWillow bark contains salicin, a compound similar to aspirin that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic properties. The following table examines why various tribes use willow.",
"title": "Native American ethnobotany"
}
] |
Who was the last Han Dynasty Emperor?
|
[
{
"docid": "15095694#3",
"text": "Emperor Xian, the last emperor of the Han dynasty, was a descendant of the first emperor Liu Bang. Lasting for over 400 years (the first to last for more than a century), the Han Dynasty is regarded as one of the golden ages of Chinese history. The Han Dynasty was interrupted by the reign of the usurper Wang Mang, who declared the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD); on this basis, the Han Dynasty is generally divided into the Western Han (206 BC – 9 AD and 23–25 AD) and the Eastern Han (25–220 AD). The rulers of the Shu Han, one of the three successor states to the Han Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period, were descended from the Han imperial family, and considered themselves a continuation of the Han Dynasty; they are included below.",
"title": "Chinese emperors family tree (early)"
},
{
"docid": "1380643#1",
"text": "The Han dynasty was founded by the peasant rebel leader (Liu Bang), known posthumously as Emperor Gao (\"r\". 202 –195 BC) or Gaodi. The longest reigning emperor of the dynasty was Emperor Wu (\"r\". 141–87 BC), or Wudi, who reigned for 54 years. The dynasty was briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty of the former regent Wang Mang, but he was overthrown in 23 AD and the Han dynasty was reestablished by Liu Xiu, known posthumously as Emperor Guangwu (r. 25–57 AD), or Guangwu Di. The last Han emperor, Emperor Xian (\"r\". 189–220 AD), was a puppet monarch of Chancellor Cao Cao (155–220 AD), who dominated the court and was made King of Wei. In 220 AD, Cao's son Pi usurped the throne as Emperor Wen of Wei (\"r\". 220–226 AD) and ended the Han dynasty.",
"title": "List of emperors of the Han dynasty"
},
{
"docid": "343207#0",
"text": "Ruzi Ying (; 5 – 25), also known as Emperor Ruzi of Han and the personal name of Liu Ying (劉嬰), was the last emperor of the Chinese Western Han Dynasty from 6 CE to 9 CE. After Emperor Ai of Han and Emperor Ping died without heirs, Wang Mang chose the youngest of the available successors in order to maintain his power in the government. The child Ying was soon deposed by Wang Mang who declared the Xin Dynasty in place of the Han. During Xin Dynasty, Ying was under effective house arrest—so much so that as an adult, he did not even know the names of common animals. Before and after the Xin Dynasty was overthrown in 23 CE, many ambitious people claimed to be restoring the Han dynasty. In 25 CE, a rebellion against the temporary Gengshi Emperor used the former Emperor Ruzi as a focus, and when the rebellion was defeated, he was killed. He is often viewed as an innocent child who was the victim of tragic circumstances. (The expression \"Emperor Ruzi\" is a misnomer, as he never assumed the throne and was only named crown prince. Nevertheless, he is commonly referred to as such.)",
"title": "Ruzi Ying"
},
{
"docid": "3034202#0",
"text": "The end of the Han dynasty refers to the period of Chinese history from 189 to 220 AD, which roughly coincides with the tumultuous reign of the Han dynasty's last ruler, Emperor Xian. During this period, the country was thrown into turmoil by the Yellow Turban Rebellion (184–205). Meanwhile, the Han Empire's institutions were destroyed by the warlord Dong Zhuo, and fractured into regional regimes ruled by various warlords, some of whom were nobles and officials of the Han imperial court. Eventually, one of those warlords, Cao Cao, was able to gradually reunify the empire, ostensibly under Emperor Xian's rule, but the empire was actually controlled by Cao Cao himself. Cao Cao's efforts to completely reunite the Han empire were rebuffed at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 / 209, when his armies were defeated by the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei. The Han dynasty formally ended in 220 when Cao Cao's son and heir, Cao Pi, pressured Emperor Xian into abdicating in his favour. Cao Pi became the emperor of a new state, Cao Wei. A year later, in response to Cao Pi's usurpation of the Han throne, Liu Bei declared himself emperor of Shu Han; and in 229, Sun Quan followed suit, declaring himself emperor of Eastern Wu. The period from Emperor Xian's abdication in 220 to the partial reunification of China under the Jin dynasty in 265 was known as the Three Kingdoms era in Chinese history.",
"title": "End of the Han dynasty"
},
{
"docid": "343618#16",
"text": "Cao Cao died on 15 March 220. His son and successor, Cao Pi, soon forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne in favour of himself, ending the Han dynasty. Cao Pi established a new state known as Cao Wei (sometimes known inaccurately as the Kingdom of Wei), and he granted Emperor Xian a noble title – Duke of Shanyang (山陽公). The former Emperor Xian died in 234 and was buried with honours befitting an emperor, using Han ceremonies, and the then emperor of Wei, Cao Rui, was one of the mourners. As Emperor Xian's crown prince was already dead, his grandson Liu Kang (劉康) inherited his dukedom, which lasted for 75 more years and two more dukes, Liu Jin (劉瑾) and Liu Qiu (劉秋), until the line was exterminated by invading Xiongnu tribes in about 309, during the Jin dynasty. This practice of an emperor conferring hereditary nobility on his predecessor, from whom he usurped the throne, was known as \"er wang san ke\" (二王三恪).",
"title": "Emperor Xian of Han"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "81262#7",
"text": "The later Zhou, the last dynasty of the Five Dynasties period was founded by Guo Wei, a Han Chinese, who served as the Assistant Military Commissioner at the court of the Later Han which was ruled by Shatuo Turks. He founded his dynasty by launching a military coup against the Turkic Later Han Emperor, however his newly established dynasty was short lived and was conquered by the Song Dynasty in 960.\nIn the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127), the sixteen ceded prefectures continued to be an area of contention between Song China and the Liao Dynasty. Later the Southern Song Dynasty abandoned all of North China, including Shanxi, to the Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in 1127 after the Jingkang Incident of the Jin-Song wars.",
"title": "Shanxi"
},
{
"docid": "277563#3",
"text": "Cao Cao died in 220 and was succeeded by his son, Cao Pi, who forced the last Han ruler, Emperor Xian, to abdicate the throne in his favour. Cao Pi then established the state of Cao Wei and declared himself emperor. Liu Bei contested Cao Pi's claim to the throne and proclaimed himself \"Emperor of Shu Han\" in 221. Although Liu Bei is widely seen as the founder of Shu, he never claimed to be the founder of a new dynasty; rather, he viewed Shu as a continuation of the fallen Han dynasty.",
"title": "Shu Han"
},
{
"docid": "343588#2",
"text": "Emperor Ling's reign left the Eastern Han dynasty weak and on the verge of collapse. After his death, the Han Empire disintegrated in chaos for the subsequent decades as various regional warlords fought for power and dominance. (See End of the Han dynasty.) The Han dynasty ended in 220 when Emperor Ling's son, Emperor Xian, abdicated his throne – an event leading to the start of the Three Kingdoms period in China.",
"title": "Emperor Ling of Han"
},
{
"docid": "1679212#3",
"text": "Although nominally under the rule of the Han, these kings were \"de facto\" independent and held considerable power within their territories, which could span several prefectures. As these kingdoms proved unruly, Liu Bang gradually subdued them through conspiracies, wars, and political maneuvering. Many were thus deposed and their kingdoms annexed by Han. As he was dying, the emperor ordered his ministers to swear an oath that only members of the royal house of Liu would be created as kings thenceforth. This injunction was violated by his widow, Empress Dowager Lü, who established several kingdoms with her own relatives as kings. They were destroyed after her death. The last king of the Western Han was Wu Zhu, King Jing of Changsha, who died without an heir in 157 BC. After that, there were no kings outside the royal clan until the end of the Han dynasty, when Cao Cao styled himself King of Wei in AD 216.",
"title": "Kings of the Han dynasty"
},
{
"docid": "343339#1",
"text": "Emperor He was the son of Emperor Zhang. He ascended the throne at the age of nine and reigned for 17 years. It was during Emperor He's reign that the Eastern Han began its decline. Strife between consort clans and eunuchs began when the Empress Dowager Dou (Emperor He's adoptive mother) made her own family members important government officials. Her family was corrupt and intolerant of dissension. In 92, Emperor He was able to remedy the situation by removing the empress dowager's brothers with the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong and his brother Liu Qing the Prince of Qinghe. This in turn created a precedent for eunuchs to be involved in important affairs of state. These trend would continue to escalate for the next century contributing to the fall of the Han dynasty. Further, while Qiang revolts, spurred by corrupt and/or oppressive Han officials, started during his father Emperor Zhang's reign, they began to create major problems for the Han during Emperor He's reign and would last until the reign of Emperor Ling.",
"title": "Emperor He of Han"
}
] |
When was the first web page released?
|
[
{
"docid": "33139#6",
"text": "The first web page may be lost, but Paul Jones of UNC-Chapel Hill in North Carolina announced in May 2013 that Berners-Lee gave him what he says is the oldest known web page during a 1991 visit to UNC. Jones stored it on a magneto-optical drive and on his NeXT computer. On 6 August 1991, Berners-Lee published a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the newsgroup \"alt.hypertext\". This date is sometimes confused with the public availability of the first web servers, which had occurred months earlier. As another example of such confusion, several news media reported that the first photo on the Web was published by Berners-Lee in 1992, an image of the CERN house band Les Horribles Cernettes taken by Silvano de Gennaro; Gennaro has disclaimed this story, writing that media were \"totally distorting our words for the sake of cheap sensationalism.\"",
"title": "World Wide Web"
},
{
"docid": "17885119#54",
"text": "Nicola Pellow, one of the nineteen members of the \"WWW Project\" at CERN working with Tim Berners-Lee, is recognized for developing the first cross-platform internet browser, Line Mode Browser, that displayed web-pages on dumb terminals and was released in May 1991. She joined the project in November 1990, while an undergraduate math student enrolled in a sandwich course at Leicester Polytechnic (now De Montfort University). She left CERN at the end of August 1991, but returned after graduating in 1992, and worked with Robert Cailliau on MacWWW, the first web browser for the classic Mac OS.",
"title": "List of Internet pioneers"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2635512#1",
"text": "The structure and appearance of a web page is described by a combination of two standardized languages:\nHowever, most older web browsers either did not fully implement the specifications for these languages or were developed prior to the finalization of the specifications (Microsoft Internet Explorer version 5.0 for the Macintosh platform, released in 2000, was the first major web browser with full support for CSS Level 1, for example). As a result, many older web pages were constructed to rely upon the older browsers' incomplete or incorrect implementations, and will only render as intended when handled by such a browser.",
"title": "Quirks mode"
},
{
"docid": "4059023#5",
"text": "In the summer of 1993, no search engine existed for the web, though numerous specialized catalogues were maintained by hand. Oscar Nierstrasz at the University of Geneva wrote a series of Perl scripts that periodically mirrored these pages and rewrote them into a standard format. This formed the basis for W3Catalog, the web's first primitive search engine, released on September 2, 1993.",
"title": "Web search engine"
},
{
"docid": "17530988#2",
"text": "The explosion in popularity of the Web was triggered in September 1993 by NCSA Mosaic, a graphical browser which eventually ran on several popular office and home computers. This was the first web browser aiming to bring multimedia content to non-technical users, and therefore included images and text on the same page, unlike previous browser designs; its founder, Marc Andreessen, also established the company that in 1994, released Netscape Navigator, which resulted in one of the early browser wars, when it ended up in a competition for dominance (which it lost) with Microsoft's Internet Explorer (for Windows).",
"title": "History of the web browser"
},
{
"docid": "1599174#6",
"text": "Microsoft publicly released the initial version of the font on November 1, 1996 as part of the core fonts for the Web collection, and later bundled it with the Internet Explorer 4.0 supplemental font pack: these releases made it available for installation on both Windows and Macintosh computers. This made it a popular choice for web designers, as pages specifying Georgia as a font choice would display identically on both types if users installed the core fonts package (or later Internet Explorer), simplifying development and testing. Its creators also produced at the same time Verdana, the first Microsoft sans serif screen font, for the same purposes. Some early public releases of Georgia included number designs between upper and lower-case, similar to those later released with Miller. Carter was asked by Robert Norton, Microsoft's type director, to change these to text, a decision Carter later considered an improvement.",
"title": "Georgia (typeface)"
},
{
"docid": "14539#30",
"text": "When the Web developed in the 1990s, a typical web page was stored in completed form on a web server, formatted in HTML, complete for transmission to a web browser in response to a request. Over time, the process of creating and serving web pages has become dynamic, creating a flexible design, layout, and content. Websites are often created using content management software with, initially, very little content. Contributors to these systems, who may be paid staff, members of an organization or the public, fill underlying databases with content using editing pages designed for that purpose while casual visitors view and read this content in HTML form. There may or may not be editorial, approval and security systems built into the process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target visitors.",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"docid": "7645630#4",
"text": "Among the first to place their listings on the Web was Pacific Bell's now-defunct “At Hand” online yellow pages that was officially launched on August 30, 1996. At Hand debuted with approximately 1.2 million merchant listings from across California. At the time, the service was competing with BigBook.com, a nationwide Web directory that was since absorbed by SuperPages.",
"title": "Electronic Yellow Pages"
},
{
"docid": "13692#112",
"text": "As the Web grew, search engines and Web directories were created to track pages on the Web and allow people to find things. The first full-text Web search engine was WebCrawler in 1994. Before WebCrawler, only Web page titles were searched. Another early search engine, Lycos, was created in 1993 as a university project, and was the first to achieve commercial success. During the late 1990s, both Web directories and Web search engines were popular—Yahoo! (founded 1994) and Altavista (founded 1995) were the respective industry leaders. By August 2001, the directory model had begun to give way to search engines, tracking the rise of Google (founded 1998), which had developed new approaches to relevancy ranking. Directory features, while still commonly available, became after-thoughts to search engines.",
"title": "History of the Internet"
},
{
"docid": "312133#15",
"text": "Ty, Inc. was the first business to produce a business to consumer Website designed to engage their market. This is a major contributing factor to the early and rapidly growing popularity of Beanie Babies. By the time the first iteration of the Ty Web site was published in late 1995, only 1.4% of Americans were using the Internet. In tandem with the launch of the Ty Website, all Beanie Baby hangtags had the Ty Website URL and a call to action printed underneath the poems and birthdays that commanded audiences to visit the company Web site with text that read: \"Visit our web page!!!\" As a result, hordes of consumers were visiting the Ty Web site by the thousands to gain information about Beanie Babies which was completely unprecedented at that time. Ty is the first business to leverage their Web site to connect and engage with consumers of their products. This effort evolved into the world's first Internet sensation.",
"title": "Beanie Babies"
}
] |
When did Iain M. Banks create The Culture?
|
[
{
"docid": "27094539#0",
"text": "\"A Gift from the Culture\", published in 1987, is a short work of space opera, by the Scottish science fiction author Iain M. Banks. The story is an early venture into the \"complex and unusual and very distant\" setting of the Culture, which Banks would further develop through various of full length novels, stories, and his essay \"A Few Notes on the Culture\".",
"title": "A Gift from the Culture"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "14858#6",
"text": "Banks published work under two names. His parents had intended to name him \"Iain Menzies Banks\", but his father made a mistake when registering the birth and \"Iain Banks\" became the officially registered name. Despite this error, Banks used the middle name and submitted \"The Wasp Factory\" for publication as \"Iain M. Banks\". Banks's editor inquired about the possibility of omitting the 'M' as it appeared \"too fussy\" and the potential existed for confusion with Rosie M. Banks, a romantic novelist in the Jeeves novels by P.G. Wodehouse; Banks agreed to the omission. After three mainstream novels, Banks's publishers agreed to publish his first science fiction (SF) novel \"Consider Phlebas\". To create a distinction between the mainstream and SF novels, Banks suggested the return of the 'M' to his name, and it was used in all of his science fiction works.\nBy his death in June 2013 Banks had published 26 novels. His twenty-seventh novel \"The Quarry\" was published posthumously. His final work, a collection of poetry, was released in February 2015. In an interview January 2013, he also mentioned he had the plot idea for another novel in the Culture series, which would most likely be his next book and planned for publication in 2014.",
"title": "Iain Banks"
},
{
"docid": "58623#0",
"text": "The Culture is a fictional interstellar post-scarcity civilization or society created by the Scottish writer Iain M. Banks and features in a number of his space opera novels and works of short fiction, collectively called the Culture series.",
"title": "The Culture"
},
{
"docid": "68851#0",
"text": "The State of the Art is a short story collection by Scottish writer Iain M. Banks, first published in 1991. The collection includes some stories originally published under his other byline, Iain Banks as well as the title novella and others set in Banks' Culture fictional universe.",
"title": "The State of the Art"
},
{
"docid": "68870#0",
"text": "Look to Windward is a science fiction novel by Scottish writer Iain M. Banks, first published in 2000. It is Banks' sixth published novel to feature the Culture. The book's dedication reads: \"For the Gulf War Veterans\".\nThe novel takes its title from a line in T. S. Eliot's poem \"The Waste Land\". It is loosely a sequel to \"Consider Phlebas\", Banks's first published Culture novel. \"Consider Phlebas\" took its name from the following line in the poem and dealt with the events of the Idiran-Culture War; \"Look to Windward\" deals with the results of the war on those who lived through it.",
"title": "Look to Windward"
},
{
"docid": "38443689#17",
"text": "\"The Culture\" novels by Iain M Banks are centered on a communist post-scarcity economy where technology is advanced to such a degree that all production is automated, and there is no use for money or property (aside from personal possessions with sentimental value). Humans in the Culture are free to pursue their own interests in an open and socially-permissive society. The society has been described by some commentators as \"communist-bloc\" or \"anarcho-communist\". Banks' close friend and fellow science fiction writer Ken MacLeod has said that The Culture can be seen as a realization of Marx's communism, but adds that \"however friendly he was to the radical left, Iain had little interest in relating the long-range possibility of utopia to radical politics in the here and now. As he saw it, what mattered was to keep the utopian possibility open by continuing technological progress, especially space development, and in the meantime to support whatever policies and politics in the real world were rational and humane.\"",
"title": "Communist society"
},
{
"docid": "35044216#0",
"text": "The Hydrogen Sonata is a science fiction novel by Scottish author Iain M. Banks, set in his techno-utopian Culture universe. The hardcover edition was released on 4 October 2012 in the United Kingdom, and on 9 October in the United States. The book's release marked 25 years since the publication of Banks' first Culture novel. A paperback edition of the book was released on 5 September 2013 in the United Kingdom, and on 10 September in the United States. \"The Hydrogen Sonata\" was Banks' last science fiction novel, as he died of gall bladder cancer in June 2013.",
"title": "The Hydrogen Sonata"
},
{
"docid": "21548766#0",
"text": "The \"Culture\" series is a science fiction series written by Scottish author Iain M. Banks. The stories centre on the Culture, a utopian, post-scarcity space society of humanoids, aliens, and very advanced artificial intelligences living in socialist habitats spread across the Milky Way galaxy. The main theme of the novels is the dilemmas that an idealistic hyperpower faces in dealing with civilizations that do not share its ideals, and whose behaviour it sometimes finds repulsive. In some of the stories, action takes place mainly in non-Culture environments, and the leading characters are often on the fringes of (or non-members of) the Culture, sometimes acting as agents of Culture (knowing and unknowing) in its plans to civilize the galaxy.",
"title": "The Culture (series)"
},
{
"docid": "14858#28",
"text": "Iain Banks received the following literary awards and nominations:Banks' non-SF work comprises fourteen novels and one non-fiction book. Many of his novels contain elements of autobiography, and feature various locations in his native Scotland. \"Raw Spirit\" (subtitled \"In Search of the Perfect Dram\") is a travel book of Banks' visits to the distilleries of Scotland in search of the finest whisky, including his musings on other subjects such as cars and politics.\nBanks wrote thirteen SF novels, nine of which were part of the Culture series; and a short story collection called \"The State of the Art\" (1991) includes some stories set in the same universe. These works focus upon characters that are usually on the margins of the Culture, a post-scarcity anarchist utopia; in the same universe are other civilizations, with which the Culture sometimes enters into conflict, and sentient artificial intelligences.",
"title": "Iain Banks"
},
{
"docid": "14858#5",
"text": "His second novel \"Walking on Glass\" was published in 1985. \"The Bridge\" followed in 1986, and \"Espedair Street\", published in 1987, was later broadcast as a series on BBC Radio 4. His first published science fiction book \"Consider Phlebas\" was released in 1987 and was the first of several novels of the acclaimed Culture series. Banks cited Robert A. Heinlein, Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke, Brian Aldiss, M. John Harrison and Dan Simmons as literary influences. \"The Crow Road\", published in 1992, was adapted as a BBC television series. Banks continued to write both science fiction and mainstream novels, with his final novel \"The Quarry\" published in June 2013, the month of his death.",
"title": "Iain Banks"
}
] |
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