id
stringlengths 36
36
| url
stringlengths 0
422
| year
int64 -1
2.03k
| keywords
listlengths 0
27.8k
| source
stringclasses 47
values | text
stringlengths 0
53.4k
| doc_id
stringlengths 36
36
| chunk_num
int64 0
503
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
000648a7-d91a-492a-87bc-2ede764fd5c4
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2021/decarbonising-transport-a-better-greener-britain_0e5fa97fb3d78e19b69ccf8f78fdd0cc.pdf
| 2,021
|
[
"Transport",
"Co-benefits",
"Cycling",
"Climate Finance",
"Public Transport",
"Freight",
"EVs",
"Shipping",
"Aviation",
"Walking",
"transport",
"zero",
"emissions",
"emission",
"carbon"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
Through regulation by Ofgem, network operators must ensure that they provide connecting customers with the cheapest option that meets their requirements. Ofgem is currently reviewing the ways charges are allocated and has recently published a consultation proposing that all network reinforcement costs should be socialised across electricity bill payers, rather than falling on the individual connecting customer.
|
b1244f11-6485-47b2-ba2a-c8a54f51cd77
| 218
|
000afe68-42ae-4084-99f8-ead8da9e9cfa
|
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32015L1513
| 2,015
|
[
"Transport",
"Electricity and heat",
"Industry",
"Renewables",
"Renewables"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
Therefore this Directive does not affect the legitimate expectations of the operators of such installations. (21)
The provisional mean values of estimated indirect land-use change emissions should be included in the reporting by fuel suppliers and the Commission of greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels under Directive 98/70/EC, as well as in the reporting by the Commission of greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels and bioliquids under Directive 2009/28/EC. Biofuels made from feedstocks that do not lead to additional demand for land, such as those from waste feedstocks, should be assigned a zero emissions factor. (22)
Indirect land-use change risks can occur if dedicated non-food crops, grown primarily for energy purposes, are grown on existing agricultural land which is used for the production of food and feed. Nonetheless, compared to food and feed crops, such dedicated crops grown primarily for energy purposes can have higher yields and the potential to contribute to the restoration of severely degraded and heavily contaminated land. However, information on the production of biofuels and bioliquids from such dedicated crops and their actual land-use change impact is limited. Therefore, the Commission should also monitor and regularly report on the state of production and consumption in the Union of biofuels and bioliquids produced from such dedicated crops as well as monitor and report on the associated impacts. Existing projects in the Union should be identified and used for improvement of the information basis for a more in-depth analysis of both risks and benefits related to environmental sustainability. (23)
Yield increases in agricultural sectors through intensified research, technological development and knowledge transfer beyond levels which would have prevailed in the absence of productivity-promoting schemes for food and feed crop-based biofuels, as well as the cultivation of a second annual crop on areas which were previously not used for growing a second annual crop, can contribute to mitigating indirect land-use change.
|
4fe696dc-952d-4f2f-9b63-404e8a63dbc7
| 6
|
000c2d2c-c6f1-48c3-95ea-63935b546f01
|
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/644a2dfdc33b460012f5e2fb/uk-net-zero-research-innovation-framework-delivery-plan-2022-2025.pdf
| -1
|
[
"government",
"zero",
"research",
"innovation"
] |
www.gov.uk
|
These are Local Authority (LA) led public- private-academic partnerships to trial innovations which decarbonise emissions from local roads construction, operation, maintenance and DfT’s Transport Research Innovation Grants (TRIG), in partnership with Connected Places Catapult, has run a Local Transport Decarbonisation Funding Call in 2022, £0.65m – this will support innovative proof of concept projects aimed at finding innovative solutions to accelerate decarbonisation of transport in local areas. DfT Zero Emission Road Freight Demonstrator (ZERFD) Programme, £200m, will support industry to demonstrate multiple zero emission HGV technologies. This will kick-start at-scale deployment of long haul zero emission HGVs and their supporting infrastructure across the UK. Consortia of fleet operators, vehicle manufacturers, energy, charge point and refuelling providers will operate large scale demonstrations of the zero emission technologies in real world UK operations to gather evidence on their benefits and disbenefits. It will also develop the UK’s supply chains in each technology. The programme will break down the barriers to technology adoption, spotlighting the best technology, or combination of technologies, to replace diesel HGVs. UKRI’s ISCF Faraday Battery Challenge (FBC), £215.2m, (£541m overall) – is investing in research and innovation projects and facilities to drive the growth of a leading battery industry in the UK. Phase 1 aims to develop battery technologies that are cost-effective, high performing, longer range, faster charging, long-lasting, safe & recyclable. Phase 2 has two overarching • To ensure the UK meets its climate commitments in the required timescale, through supporting the decarbonisation of transport • Taking action to develop a world-class intellectual and physical supply chain for batteries in the UK and secure the future of the
UK Net Zero Research and Innovation Delivery Plan | 73 Challenge Current Programme Summary Government R&D on rail decarbonisation will focus on reducing the cost of rail electrification, developing solutions for discontinuous electrification and improving capability of battery and hydrogen trains and associated infrastructure. It will be delivered as an element of Network Rail’s and the Rail Safety and Standards Board’s on-going R&D Programmes, £24m. The DfT-funded Rail Innovation Programme First of a Kind, £10.7m, currently includes a focus on The DBT funded Advanced Propulsion Centre (APC), £225m, runs targeted, late stage, collaborative R&D competitions to accelerate the UK’s development and commercialisation of low carbon and zero emission vehicle technologies. This will be delivered in partnership Delivered in partnership with the APC and funded by DBT, the Automotive Transformation Fund (ATF), £75m (R&D element) – supports capital investment and late-stage R&D to build an internationally competitive electric vehicle supply chain in the UK. This includes unlocking private investment in giga factories, battery material supply chains, motors, power electronics and fuel cell systems. The ATF will create and safeguard UK jobs, building an end-to-end supply chain for batteries and components, and anchoring investment in UK manufacturing. DfT’s Zero emission Powered Light Vehicles (PLV) Feasibility Study, £0.35m, will be delivered by the Niche Vehicle Network and provide grant funding to projects to undertake R&I aimed at supporting the accelerated development of innovative zero emission vehicle technologies applicable to road going PLV. This delivers on the Motorcycle Industry Association and Zemo Partnership’s Action Plan for Zero Emission Powered Light Vehicles, which recommends activity on delivering the product (creating supply) and stimulating
74 | UK Net Zero Research and Innovation Delivery Plan Challenge Current Programme Summary UKRI’s ISCF Driving the Electric Revolution Challenge, £33.8m, (£80m overall) – supports R&I developing products and supply chain for the drivetrain for almost all zero carbon land transport options. Including electric and hydrogen, this aims to deliver a resilient supply chain for Power Electronics, Machines and Drives. See main reference in Whole Systems section (Challenge 10.3). UKRI Net Zero Powertrains and Digital Transport Programme, £15m, aims to accelerate the move to electrification including batteries, power electronics, machines and drives, hydrogen fuel cells and other alternatives like liquid hydrogen and ammonia. As well as digital transport through the exploration and pilot investments in applications of vehicle connectivity and data DfT support for the Tees Valley Multi-modal Hydrogen Transport Hub, £24m, is deploying refuelling infrastructure and vehicles in Tees Valley to explore how hydrogen works across transport modes. This will be complemented with support for relevant skills (e.g. hydrogen- specific college courses) in the area. Core funding has been allocated to the Hydrogen Hub with opportunities to align with other modal-specific programmes of work. UKRI supports a network on hydrogen-fuelled transportation (Network-H2), £0.4m SR22-25, (£1m overall). This multi-disciplinary network cuts across technology, socioeconomics, behavioural science and policy, and covers all modes of transport and
UK Net Zero Research and Innovation Delivery Plan | 75 Challenge Current Programme Summary The Government’s Jet Zero Strategy, published in July 2022, sets out our approach to decarbonising the aviation sector by 2050. The Jet Zero Council, established in July 2020, plays a key role in ensuring the strategy is delivered in partnership with industry, with the aim of delivering at least 10% sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in the UK fuel mix by 2030, and zero emission transatlantic flight within a generation. DBT is supporting innovation into low, zero carbon emission and cross cutting aircraft technology through the Aerospace Technology Institute (ATI) Programme, £685m. Funds will be used to support the development of zero-carbon and ultra-low-emission aircraft technology, cementing the UK’s place at the forefront of advancing new green technology whilst supporting tens of thousands of jobs. The ATI has also published the reports from the £15m Government funded FlyZero project which highlights the opportunities of Zero Emission Flight Infrastructure. In 2022/23 the Government is providing a second year of funding to the Zero Emission Flight Infrastructure project, £1.2m, providing funding for research into the ground handling of future hydrogen aircraft. Wider non-R&I funding is being provided by DfT to support the development of a UK Sustainable Aviation Fuel industry, to build on progress made through previous advanced fuels competitions.
|
bdc9cb31-994d-41fe-82b1-774692453063
| 16
|
000d0aa7-d7b8-41a5-8559-cc95281aefd1
|
http://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.01149v1
| 2,025
|
[
"Forest-savanna bistability",
"ecological modeling",
"climate change",
"Markov jump process",
"savanna fires",
"fire spread",
"vegetation regrowth",
"seed dispersal",
"vegetation flammability",
"spatial model",
"stochastic model",
"fire dynamics",
"vegetation models",
"timescale separation",
"ecosystem structure",
"ecosystem resilience",
"bistability",
"mean-field approximation",
"transient dynamics",
"tropical ecology."
] |
arxiv.org
|
−φ − ( φ + β F ) d [˜] 1
~~′~~ To understand the origin of the elbow at F ≈ 0 . 6 we note that B ( F ) is undefined when the discriminant c 1 ( F ) − 4 c 0 ( F ) c 2 ( F ) vanishes. To zeroth order in f 0 and g 0 we then find ~~′~~ that B ( F ) is undefined when
F [∗] = [q][ −] [β] [G] . β G − β F
Furthermore, to zeroth order in f 0 and g 0
~~′~~ B ( F ) =
0 F > F [∗]
−q φ + qβ G+( β F −β G )( γ + F φ ) + qβ F
F < F [∗]
� β G ( q + γ + Fφ )
−q φ + qβ G+( β F −β G )( γ + F φ ) + qβ F
F − G FF < F [∗] . β G ( q + γ + Fφ )
~~′~~ Note that all F -dependent terms are suppressed since q ≫ γ ≫ φ so B ( F ) is approximately constant in its two regimes, so B ( F ) is approximately linear.
|
681da57a-450b-4ada-8272-f10af5468626
| 27
|
000d6fad-793a-491e-bd3d-dddcf5372c9d
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/united-kingdom-national-inventory-report-nir-2023_e2ed2f6c199088dc30a95fddf6e84c72.pdf
| 2,023
|
[
"emissions",
"data",
"inventory",
"energy",
"emission"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
from the combustion of most fossil fuels). However, it is believed that atmospheric concentrations of water vapour are pri marily driven by temperature (warmer air can maintain higher humidity, and warmer water evaporates at a greater rate) 32, and anthropogenic emissions do not contribute significantly 33.
|
70afacf8-8641-4466-819d-f4db8cad9d69
| 206
|
001928ba-f353-43ea-94ce-ab3cfcd6aaa1
|
https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/49014/documents/257582/default/
| 2,025
|
[
"committee",
"business",
"trade",
"department",
"energy"
] |
parliament.uk
|
House of Commons, London SW1A 0AA 020 7219 4494 - [email protected] - - @CommonsBTC The Rt Hon Jonathan Reynolds MP Secretary of State for Business and Trade Department for Business and Trade Old Admiralty Building, Admiralty Place On 8 January 2025, Emma Pinchbeck, Chief Executive Officer, Climate Change Committee told the Energy Security and Net Zero Committee that she had written to Secretaries of State for Departments involved in the delivery of Net Zero to offer briefings on the then forthcoming Seventh Carbon Budget advice. On 7 April, she confirmed to the Environmental Audit Committee that this invitation was sent to eight Departments, including the Department for Business and Trade. Subsequent correspondence to the Environmental Audit Committee has outlined that the Department for Business and Trade was one of only two Departments not to have a Given the Government’s mission to make Britain a clean energy superpower, and the choice of the Clean Energy Sector as one of the eight growth driving sectors at the heart of the forthcoming industrial strategy, please can you outline why your Department chose not to take up this invitation? I am copying this letter to the Chair of the Environmental Audit Committee and the Chair of the Energy Security and Net Zero Committee. Chair of the Business and Trade Committee
|
f86d6e47-a3e4-48a9-b743-8a5d2460b0f0
| 0
|
001b11f9-c54f-4d10-9575-f0d5418fd054
|
https://civitas.eu/sites/default/files/civitas_guide_for_the_urban_transport_professional.pdf
| 2,001
|
[
"Transport",
"Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency",
"Energy efficiency",
"Renewables",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch"
] |
civitas.eu
|
It is clear that the resulting pricing or regulation
3. Institutional barriers
scheme may be too complex to be understood by car
Various types of institutional barriers can be distin-
drivers and may require more sophisticated monitoring
guished. One category of institutional barriers arises
technologies than currently available. For instance, for
when the organisation of government bodies is such
realistic road pricing schemes, one would expect dif-
that there is no single regulator that can set all transport
ferentiation over user classes to be possible only for a
related prices and regulations. An example is where a
crude distinction into passenger cars, vans and trucks
local or regional government can either not affect some
over time up to the level of a few steps during the peak
transport charges that are set by a higher level govern-
and one level outside it, at a maximum and tolls to be
ment e.g. fuel taxes, or has to accept lower andor
charged on a few key-roads e.g. main highways in the
upper limits on charges allowed, set by a higher level
network, only. Different studies show that all kinds of
government. Another example is when the government
technologies are available however, it may take some
in one jurisdiction cannot affect the policies of a neigh-
additional time to test the reliability even of a relatively
bouring jurisdiction, while trans-boundary traffic andor
simple system that only determines the time and loca-
externalities are relatively important. The two govern-
tion of the vehicle. ments may then end up in some form of policy com-
In some sense, technological barriers as sketched
petition. above can of course be interpreted as financial barri-
ers the required technologies may exist, but may as yet
Comparable problems may arise when public transport
be too expensive to offer attractive possibilities. is operated by a private party which is relatively free in
choosing prices and service levels, but does so in a so-
2. Acceptability issues
cially non-optimal way, or when private toll roads exist in
It is broadly believed that probably the greatest barrier
an otherwise publicly controlled road network. to implementation of demand management strategies
One may finally distinguish legal barriers as a spe-
is public, and linked to this political acceptability. In
cific type of institutional barriers. It may not always be
brief, public attitude surveys have identified a wide range
possible to implement the best demand management
of concerns about proposals to implement demand
strategy. For instance, suppose that the law implies that
management strategies instead of the current system. the level of taxes should be predictable to the tax pay-
Drivers find it for instance difficult to accept that they
er. A flexible pricing system based on the actual traffic
should pay for congestion. Furthermore, the public often
situation is then not possible, and differentiating parking
thinks that these strategies are not needed, unfair and
schemes based on the environmental burden of a vehi-
not effective.
|
a20264eb-0ca9-4fb5-983a-e64bfbff96ce
| 51
|
00217d6d-5bcd-4540-bcc4-ec9b1aaf585f
|
https://www.gov.uk//guidance/hydrogen-production-with-carbon-capture-emerging-techniques
| 2,023
|
[
"CO2 capture",
"Hydrogen production",
"Emissions monitoring",
"Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR)",
"Noise control",
"Odour control",
"Waste management",
"Energy efficiency",
"Process performance monitoring",
"UK ETS",
"MCERTS",
"Amine system monitoring",
"Fugitive emissions",
"Accidental releases",
"Air quality",
"Water quality",
"Catalyst management",
"Adsorbent management",
"Solvent emissions",
"Corrosion products",
"Amine degradation products",
"Ammonia emissions",
"NOx emissions",
"SO2 emissions",
"Methane emissions",
"Hydrogen emissions",
"CO emissions",
"CO2 capture efficiency",
"Hydrogen product quality",
"Process optimization",
"Monitoring plan",
"Standards",
"Accreditations",
"Risk assessment",
"Mitigation",
"Odour management plan"
] |
gov.uk
|
You should also refer to the JRC Reference Report on Monitoring for IED Installations. 7.4 Monitoring CO2 capture performance
You should clearly identify how you will monitor the CO2 capture performance of the plant. The regulators expect you to monitor CO2 capture performance according to standards that are recognised under the UK ETS. Measurements required to monitor CO2 emissions to atmosphere may, for example, include directly measuring the flow and composition of fuel gas to combustion systems. This, together with measuring the following, will allow monitoring of the CO2 capture rate and CO2 quality considering any impurities that could impact downstream systems
flow and composition of feed gas
hydrogen product including methane content where applicable
CO2 product streams
You will need to include
CO2 equivalent mass balance
CO2 equivalent in feed gas
total capture efficiency CO2 equivalent captured as a mass percentage of CO2 equivalent in feed gas
CO2 equivalent released to the environment
CO2 quality
7.5 Monitoring process performance
You should identify the main requirements for monitoring process operations where these ultimately impact on environmental performance, including, for example, for the CO2 capture system
amine system performance, including monitoring of amine solvent quality such as amine concentration
pH and presence of degradation or corrosion products
amine temperatures
amine and wash water circulation rates
rich and lean amine CO2 loading
stripper reboiler steam rates
You should monitor energy efficiency in the hydrogen production and CO2 capture processes by measuring feed and product gas flows and electrical power consumption to calculate overall energy consumption. You should monitor the quality of the hydrogen product to ensure it is fit for purpose. Requirements for process performance monitoring, either online or offline, will also be a condition of the permit.
|
424578d1-cc78-4840-9b10-8521d004913f
| 12
|
0021fa17-074f-46d0-81f5-cccb356feb40
|
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:199:0001:0136:EN:PDF
| 2,008
|
[
"Transport",
"Light-duty vehicles",
"Energy efficiency"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
2. For the purposes of paragraph 1, the approval authority
shall issue an EC type-approval certificate established in accor-
dance with the model set out in Appendix 2 to Annex XIII. If the vehicle OBD and vehicle repair and maintenance
5. information is not available, or does not conform to Article 6
and 7 of Regulation EC No 7152007 and Annex XIV of this
Regulation, when the application for type-approval is made, the
manufacturer shall provide that information within six months of
the relevant date set out in paragraph 2 of Article 10 of Regula-
tion EC No 7152007 or within six months of the date of type-
approval, whichever date is later. 6. The obligations to provide information within the dates
specified in paragraph 5 shall apply only if, following type-
approval, the vehicle is placed on the market. When the vehicle is placed on the market more than six months
after type-approval, the information shall be provided on the date
on which the vehicle is placed on the market. 7. The approval authority may presume that the manufacturer
has put in place satisfactory arrangements and procedures with
regard to access to vehicle OBD and vehicle repair and mainte-
nance information, on the basis of a completed Certificate on
Access to Vehicle OBD and Vehicle Repair and Maintenance
Information, providing that no complaint was made, and that the
manufacturer provides thise information within the period set out
in paragraph 5.
|
d3fc6859-41cb-4ee2-997b-90ebc4f9b481
| 27
|
0024b91d-38c6-41e5-986b-b327505eb308
| 2,025
|
[
"gross final energy consumption",
"renewable energy sources",
"gross final domestic consumption",
"% share",
"transports"
] |
HF-national-climate-targets-dataset
|
ensuring a 10% share of annual production of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2020; incentivizing the use of energy produced from renewable energy sources in relation to gross final domestic consumption. In this respect, it is planned to achieve a share of at least 17% of renewable energy in the gross final energy consumption in 2020; achieving a share of at least 10% of energy from renewable energy sources in the final energy consumption in transports by year 2020.
|
e4ddcfd1-96ec-4a1c-b924-04cf6dc8de50
| 0
|
|
002cbcc5-40be-4974-bb83-f1a8d3b57bb1
|
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-framework-for-water-resources-2025-water-for-growth-nature-and-a-resilient-future/7-taking-action-on-water-for-energy-national-framework-for-water-resources-2025
| 2,025
|
[
"future energy water use",
"final coal power station",
"green hydrogen production",
"cross - sector planning",
"gigawatt scale reactors"
] |
GOV.UK Environment Agency
|
A key output of the report was a roadmap indicating the timescales, order and owners for the proposed options and recommendations. In consultation with around 30 stakeholders representing the energy sector and water sector, 26 key barriers to collaboration were identified. They were categorised to show whether they related to policy and regulation, financial, organisational or technical barriers. The most critical barriers, which may potentially prevent planning and solution development were then identified. Policy and regulation barriers Lack of best value planning framework for water and energy collectively as this has been limited to the appraisal of public water supply deficits and there is no equivalent planning framework that currently interfaces with the regional or water company water resources planning process. Uncertainty in future abstraction licence availability and allocation mechanism due to constraints in water availability to comply with environmental objectives and legislation. Lack of clear role definitions and remits in government and regulators which can lead to delays, indecision and uncertainty. The energy sector and water sector, in the round, are unclear as to who should be leading on this issue. Lack of incentive to engage on water availability before submission on energy planning application stage and competition law restricting the ability for the energy sector to share proposals before they are in the public domain increase the difficulty in planning for water resource needs. Highly dynamic, evolving new energy technology areas with Financial barriers Competition prohibiting transparency of energy sector plans disincentivises energy companies from sharing potential site or regional energy development locations and limits the development of spatially specific forecasts of future energy water use. Technical barriers Competing strategic water demands to reconcile which could become a more significant issue over time as demands for water increase. Lack of suitable locational or catchment level forecasts for energy production which does not provide the sufficient detail needed to inform water planning at a spatial scale. Lack of visibility of water company constraints and potential costs (options) to supply water resulting in a lack of spatial steers early in the planning process. Organisational barriers Depth of cross sector engagement and shared understanding (data and communication) resulting in a lack of engagement and a shared understanding of key issues. Dynamic and variable nature of the energy sector resulting in piecemeal engagement and further challenges in moving from a centralised to decentralised system. Priority recommendations The report also highlighted 6 priority recommendations. The need to consolidate and increase the visibility of water availability and water supply constraints, for example in an accessible map-based dashboard or platform. Strengthening the role of government and regulators to enable cross-sector planning, to help to address issues with inconsistent planning timescales and facilitate planning. Clarification from government and regulators on the role in planning water resources for the energy sector to set out clear expectations of the water and energy sector. 'No regrets' studies for energy clusters to mitigate competition barriers and help to develop solutions. Clarity on future abstraction licence allocation to assist understanding of future changes to licences. Levering the strategic remit of NESO to ensure that water availability and constraints are considered when planning future energy developments. Overall, the work identified 39 solutions to help dismantle and remove barriers to effective collaboration between the energy and water sectors. The Environment Agency is working with stakeholders to develop an action plan of prioritised solutions for implementation and a delivery plan for the years ahead. Early work involved identifying stakeholders' top priorities and gathering information of any ongoing work that will contribute to achieving the solutions. To effectively remove these barriers we will require action, active involvement and ownership from a wide variety of sectors alongside government engagement to make rapid progress and support the delivery of Net Zero. Next: 8. Taking action on water for food
|
7ddfd4be-4e72-43a9-8126-1821317c9b6c
| 1
|
003467f8-26d7-4e87-b476-0832e5576ba4
|
https://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/archives/MURE-Overall-Policy-Brochure.pdf
| 2,001
|
[
"Buildings",
"Energy efficiency"
] |
www.odyssee-mure.eu
|
This has the advantage that markets are developed
for energy services and that the energy consumer is in principle not charged
additionally and may even get a small reduction in energy cost during the phase
when the investment is paid off. At present, mainly energy conversion options or
options that pay off rapidly are financed in such a way boilers, HVAC systems,
building control systems etc. while deep renovations including the building envelope
are rather rare due to the long payback time. An option may be to subsidise the
payback to a rate interesting for the energy service companies. Also risk mitigation is
an important aspect where the state generally plays a role. Financing through a levy on energy consumption Feed-in tariff for energy
efficiency this is in principle similar to the promotion of renewable through feed-in
tariffs while energy saving obligations are the equivalent to quote systems for
renewable - and has the substantial advantage of financing stability and risk-lowering. On the other hand, given the fact that renewable already charge heavily especially
electricity prices in some countries, it may be difficult to levy in the same way the
large investments for refurbishing existing buildings. However, in difference to
renewable, where first the costs are positive and serve to pay their cost down along
the cost degression curve, energy efficiency options provide after some time, benefits
to the consumers due to lower energy bills. Also the energy consumption on which
the costs for energy efficiency investments are charged should cover a much larger
range than just electricity consumption but also fossil fuel use. Combining different sources in an Energy Efficiency Fund one important
possibility of generating the funds necessary for the large investments is combining
different sources discussed in the previous point in a general energy efficiency funds,
such as the EU Energy Efficiency fund but at a much larger level of volumes. Combining the sources would have the advantage of taking the largest basis
possible, though, in most cases, the final consumer would carry the charges in some
innovative
flexibility
way. Energy efficiency
technologies and solutions than other financing sources. funds offer more
in promoting
This discussion of pros and cons shows that in order to deal with the challenge of a large
reduction in energy consumption of buildings a combination of financing instruments is
necessary otherwise the large investment needs could not be levied. 25
Energy Efficiency Policies in the European Union
3.5.2 Financing energy efficiency in the public sector
Tight public budgets raise the question on how energy efficiency could be improved in the
public sector and what role financing plays in that context. On the other hand, there could be
at present an enormous push to building refurbishment exactly as a consequence of the
economic crisis first of all, as public money gets rare, public buildings could save large
amounts on the budget. Second, through investments in buildings, based on public or private
sources, the presently low running European economies could get a push that helps to
emerge from the crisis. Article 5 of the Energy Efficiency Directive EED advocates an exemplary role of public
bodies buildings By 1 January 2014, 3 of the total floor area of heated andor cooled
buildings owned and occupied by central governments is to be renovated each year to meet
at least the minimum energy performance requirements that are set up in application of
Article 4 of the EPBD Directive 201031EU. This exemplary role of the public sector requested by the EED need to be fulfilled by a
combination of instruments, including financial instruments. Many of these examples imply
public budgets to provide grants for investments. An extended discussion of these aspects in
the main report on buildings makes appear three aspects
the large scope for low-cost measures in the public buildings and their large potential
which is well-illustrated with the case of Ireland and the activities of the Office for
Public Works in Ireland. the limits of the approach when it comes to investments, and in particular investments
into the building envelope with comparatively large sums and longer periods of return,
also illustrated with the example of Ireland. The emerging role of Energy Service Companies ESCOs to build the bridge beyond
the public budgets but not without difficulties, especially when it comes to finance
deep renovations including the building envelope with its long payback periods. 3.5.3 Social impact of policy measures in the building sector
Rising energy prices threaten the poorest households, and subsidizing the price increase, as
done in some EU Member States in the past14, is not a long-term option as public budgets
will not allow for such subsidies at a large scale. Energy efficiency improvement is an important long-term means to combat fuel poverty. Energy efficiency measures will finally pay off for the individual consumer, as well as for the
whole economy. However, mobilising the upfront-investments has strong distributional
aspects and may impact on the poorest part of the population. Energy efficiency policies
have therefore to be designed to allow the poorest households to undertake the necessary
investments or put the burden on stronger investors. This is the rational for policies like
energy saving obligations with a special target for fuel pour households or the Green Deal in
the UK. For poor households the terms fuel povertyenergy poverty have become common. In the
definition used by the UK, a household is said to be fuel poor if it spends more than 10 per
cent of its income on fuel to maintain an adequate level of warmth. Although the emphasis in
the definition is on heating the home, modelled fuel costs in the definition of fuel poverty also
include spending on heating water, lights and appliance usage and cooking costs.
|
122a6704-bce7-4e62-9bc9-5e1516956bc0
| 39
|
0041e7b7-e3ab-41e6-855e-4f7c1c4c9020
| 2,025
|
[
"water resources management mechanisms",
"construction industry",
"new technologies",
"international transport corridors",
"annual electricity consumption"
] |
HF-national-climate-targets-dataset
|
production of high-quality, innovative, import-substituting and EE building materials and
meeds of the construction industry and an increase in the export of products. =:
troduction of innovative technologies, an increase in the production of export-oriented and
tituting building materials with high added value, as well as the EE types of wall materials;
nt of construction norms and rules, taking into account the introduction of new technologies
of innovative and energy-saving building materials,
of modular construction technologies, allowing to reduce construction time and improve the
stallation work. tive management and use of water resources, reclamation of irrigated lands, achieving water and
the context of an increasing shortage of water resources, as well as global climate change. :
of market principles, improvement of financing of water management;
nt of water policy and water resources management mechanisms;
on of infrastructure and development of the water sector services;
mt of human resources, scientific and innovative potential of water management. t of an integrated and unified transport system in Uzbekistan, ensuring conditions for
ic growth and satisfying the population's demand for quality transport services. #
he efficiency of institutions that form and implement a single national transport policy;
quality and availability of transport services in the field of freight transportation to ensure the
modernization of the economy,
he quality and availability of transport services for the population;
of transport and transit potential through advanced development of efficient transport and
astructure, active entry into international transport corridors;
migh level of security of the transport system;
vironmental friendliness of transport, creating conditions for the development of "green"
he innovativeness of the transport system, accelerated digitalization of the transport sector. reducing the consumption of heat and power
resources in the production of building
materials;
by 2022, to bring the capacity of the "dry"
method of cement production to 100% of the
total capacity,
gradual reduction in the use of baked bricks, and
an increase in the use of EE types of materials. By 2030
reduction of the annual electricity consumption
of pumping stations by 2 billion kWh;
reduction of the total area of saline lands
|
b71ae863-93df-40b4-9b78-4bac90298372
| 0
|
|
0043a666-18d2-4f5c-b65c-e7a6a6513dde
| 2,025
|
[
"wind power generation",
"regional climate model",
"photovoltaic power generation",
"coastal part",
"possible scenarios"
] |
HF-national-climate-targets-dataset
|
Research done so far mostly relates to the impact of climate change on electricity production from renewable sources by exploring the impact of meteorological parameters on production potential and analysing possible scenarios for future periods. For example, in 2013, two studies were carried out, one related to wind power plants (the impact of climate change on wind power generation, in particular the impact of wind speed change on production), the other to hydroelectric power plants (research that most meteorological parameters have on electricity generation from the meteorological parameters to assess the need for electricity generation from hydro power plants with the aim of planning the production and management of the system, as well as determining the potential output) [51] [52]. The paper exploring the possible impact of climate change on the energy generation from renewable energy sources in the Republic of Croatia, such as photovoltaic and wind power plants, as well as hydropower, was carried out in 2012 [53]. The climatic data used in the research are retrieved from the global climate model ECHAMS-MPIOM, and the data are dynamically adjusted to the RegCM regional climate model in DHMZ. The results based on the IPCC A2 scenario for the two future periods, 2011-2040 and 20412070, were analysed. It was concluded that climate change could have the greatest impact on renewable energy sources in the coastal part of the country, and an increase in production is expected due to the increase in wind speed, but also reduction of production from hydro power plants. Significant changes in photovoltaic power generation are not expected.
|
f810c296-66d3-4496-91db-6b5016274fdc
| 0
|
|
00451733-88d2-497d-a699-7447e4423496
| 2,025
|
[
"digital transformation",
"specific objectives",
"digital skills",
"enterprises",
"public administrations"
] |
HF-national-climate-targets-dataset
|
In order to achieve the above objective, the following Specific Objectives have been defined: Raising digital skills. Further promoting the digital transformation of enterprises and public administrations. the following Main Objective for the Component was formulated:
|
6a714d0b-c8f5-4de2-8cbe-ef908ae5b8d7
| 0
|
|
004a8db1-1e3c-4f77-b10c-b5e58a1d32e2
|
http://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.03722v2
| 2,021
|
[
"adaptation",
"technologies",
"patents",
"mitigation",
"climate"
] |
arxiv.org
|
Agriculture, health, and indirect adaptation technologies are highly science-intensive, while adaptation for coastal defense, infrastructure, and water is rather engineering-based. Analyzing the scientific base of adaptation, we have further discussed that scienceintensive CCATs rely more heavily on basic rather than applied sciences.
|
e7c5ec21-08e6-4ef3-84cf-6a259e7f7c53
| 100
|
004c764b-a4ee-4598-9752-03a50594400b
|
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/871799/Budget_2020_Web_Accessible_Complete.pdf
| 2,020
|
[
"government",
"budget",
"support",
"million",
"public"
] |
assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
|
25 5 year NHS funding plan, Department of Health and Social Care, Her Majesty’s Treasury, June 2018 26 Spending Round 2019, Her Majesty’s Treasury, September 2019 27 Health Infrastructure Plan, Department of Health and Social Care, September 2019
Supporting schools and young people 1.112 At Spending Round 2019, the government committed to a £7.1 billion cash increase in funding for schools in England by 2022-23, compared to 2019-20 budgets. This funding settlement included an increase to minimum per-pupil funding levels, a commitment now enshrined in law.28 The minimum per pupil amount will increase to £3,750 for primary schools and £5,000 for secondary schools in 2020-21, with the primary schools minimum then rising to £4,000 in 2021-22.29 The settlement also provides for £780 million extra in 2020-21 to support children and young people with special educational needs, to ensure all can reach 1.113 On average, schools will see an increase of over 4% in funding per pupil compared to 2019-20 budgets.30 The three-year settlement will also allow the government to raise starting salaries for teachers to £30,000 by September 2022. 1.114 This funding settlement reflects the government’s commitment to high quality education for all school children. The Budget sets out new steps the government is taking to support children to have the opportunity of an active and enriching school experience. 1.115 To ensure that children get an active start in life, the government will bring forward an updated School Sport and Activity Action Plan following the Comprehensive Spending Review. Ahead of that, the Budget provides £29 million a year by 2023-24 to support primary school PE teaching and help schools make best use of their sports facilities. The funding will support high quality teacher training and professional development for PE, informed by best practice PE teaching. 1.116 The government also believes in the benefits of participating in the arts and the essential role it plays in all children’s education. The Budget provides £90 million a year to introduce an Arts Premium from September 2021, averaging out as an extra £25,000 a year per secondary school for three years.31 The funding will help schools to provide high quality arts programmes and extracurricular activities for pupils, including those delivered in partnership with arts organisations, as well as supporting teachers to deliver engaging and creative lessons Ensuring people’s safety and security 1.117 Protecting people and keeping them safe from crime and other threats is a principal responsibility of any government. The government announced an extra £750 million of funding at the 2019 Spending Round to begin the recruitment of 20,000 additional police officers, with the first 6,000 officers to be recruited by March 2021. The Budget makes further important investments in the police, security services and justice system. 1.118 In addition, the Budget will include £114 million in 2020-21 for counter-terrorism, to maintain capability and officer numbers in the face of a changing terrorist threat. This includes an extra £83 million for counter-terrorism policing, in addition to the government’s police recruitment commitment, and £31 million for the UK Intelligence Community. The government will also provide an additional £67 million for the UK Intelligence Community which will enable them to develop further their world-leading technological capabilities to protect the UK’s security and help keep the country safe. (9) 28 Minimum funding levels for schools, Department for Education, January 2020 29 National funding formula tables for schools and high 2020 to 2021, Department for Education, October 2019 31 Schools, pupils and their January 2019, Department for Education, June 2019
1.119 The government is committed to increasing support for victims of crime in their experience of the criminal justice system. The government will provide an additional £15 million to improve our offer to victims. This will boost the support available to victims of rape and create a new digital hub to make the criminal justice process in England and Wales easier to understand. The government will also provide an additional £5 million to begin a trial of domestic abuse courts in England and Wales, allowing criminal and family matters to be considered together. To protect victims of severe domestic abuse and their children and reduce the number of serial perpetrators, the government will provide £10 million for innovative new approaches to preventing domestic abuse, working with Police and Crime Commissioners to expand projects like the “Drive” prevention programme. 1.120 The Budget contains an additional £5 million for the Youth Endowment Fund to support the creation of a Centre of Excellence for Tackling Youth Violence. This will create a single evidence hub on what works to divert young people away from criminal activity and improve the effectiveness of our wider investments in crime reduction, including the work of the Youth Endowment Fund and violence reduction units. The Budget will also provide £68.5 million to toughen community sentences, including by increasing the number of offenders who are required to wear an electronic tag. 1.121 The government will also provide £20 million for Fire and Rescue Services to enable them to increase fire inspection and enforcement capability and to build capacity to respond to the Grenfell Tower Inquiry’s findings, by investing in training, equipment and a stronger strategic Improving local services and infrastructure 1.122 The government is committed to supporting the work of local authorities, in delivering high quality local services in communities across the country. The 2020-21 local government finance settlement enables a 6.3% nominal increase in councils’ Core Spending Power.32 1.123 Local authorities also invest billions of pounds of capital finance every year in their communities. The government supports this activity, in part, by offering low cost loans through the Public Works Loan Board (PWLB). However, in recent years a minority of councils have used this cheap finance to buy very significant amounts of commercial property for rental income, which reduces the availability of PWLB finance for core local authority activities. To address this the government will consult on revising the terms of PWLB lending to ensure LAs continue to invest in housing, infrastructure and front-line services.
|
b949ddd7-ed23-4181-af48-f39c5b360ff9
| 16
|
004f01a0-a790-469b-9bd1-550b0349e5df
|
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:199:0001:0136:EN:PDF
| 2,008
|
[
"Transport",
"Light-duty vehicles",
"Energy efficiency"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
2.5. Section 3.3.3.1 of Annex 11 to UNECE Regulation 83 shall be replaced by the following requirement
The OBD system shall monitor the reduction in the efficiency of the catalytic converter with respect to emissions of
THC and NOx. Manufacturers may monitor the front catalyst alone or in combination with the next catalysts down-
stream. Each monitored catalyst or catalyst combination shall be considered malfunctioning when the emissions
exceed the NMHC or NOx threshold limits provided for by section 2.3 of this Annex. By way of derogation the
requirement of monitoring the reduction in the efficiency of the catalytic converter with respect to NOx emissions
shall only apply as from the dates set out in Article 17. 2.6.
|
d3fc6859-41cb-4ee2-997b-90ebc4f9b481
| 318
|
0053f675-1166-4546-a20d-9baf897a73f1
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/united-kingdom-national-inventory-report-nir-2023_e2ed2f6c199088dc30a95fddf6e84c72.pdf
| 2,023
|
[
"emissions",
"data",
"inventory",
"energy",
"emission"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
Category Source Name 1990 2020 1990 2020 3.D.1.1 Direct N2O Emissions from Managed Inorganic N fertilisers 20.03 10.91 20.14 10.88 kt Improved methodology to estimate fertiliser application rates; Updates to the quantity of Di-Ammonium Phosphate applied to crops based on improved methodology; Update of provisional surveyed fertiliser rate for Northern Ireland in 2020; As Grassland plus revision of the uptake of ‘placed’ N fertiliser as a mitigation option and minor changes to 3.D.1.2.a Direct N2O Emissions from Managed Organic N Fertilisers – Animal 4.60 3.88 4.63 3.90 kt Emissions from spreading affected by the changes detailed for ‘Manure Nitrous Oxide emissions’ plus spreading mitigation uptake for cattle and pig slurry updated; Introduced NI-specific data for proportion of cattle slurry and FYM applied to 3.D.1.2.c Direct N2O Emissions from Managed Organic N Fertilisers - Other Organic Fertilisers Applied to Soils 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.07 kt Updated amounts of manure and non-manure based digestate 3.D.1.3 Direct N2O Emissions from Managed Urine and Dung Deposited by 2.948 2.374 2.952 2.379 kt Emissions from urine and dung affected by the changes detailed for ‘Manure Nitrous Oxide emissions’ affecting N
UK NIR 2023 (Issue 1) Ricardo Energy & Environment Page 375 Category Source Name 1990 2020 1990 2020 3.D.1.4 Direct N2O Emissions from Managed 5.19 5.47 5.34 5.10 kt Updates to crop yield estimates and fertiliser N activity data used 3.D.1.5 Mineralisation/Immobilization Associated with Loss/Gain of Soil Organic Matter 0.61115 1.30359 0.61116 1.30387 kt Minor changes to the area of cropland on organic soil 3.D.1.6 Direct N2O Emissions from Managed Cultivation of Organic Soils 5.68 5.37 7.31 6.93 kt Minor changes to organic soil areas and adjustment to peatland restoration data for intensive grassland in England; Emission factors applied to cropland and intensive grassland have been 3.D.2.1 Indirect N2O Emissions From Managed Soils – Atmospheric Deposition 3.14 2.56 3.01 2.59 kt As ‘Direct N2O Emissions from Managed Soils’ plus revisions to NOx ratios for the poultry sector 3.D.2.2 Indirect N2O Emissions From Managed Soils - Nitrogen Leaching and Run-off 6.34 5.32 6.38 5.19 kt As ‘Direct N2O Emissions from Managed Soils’ plus adjustment to the FracLeach value for goats, deer and horses to ensure consistency across all sectors
UK NIR 2023 (Issue 1) Ricardo Energy & Environment Page 376 Category Source Name 1990 2020 1990 2020 Units Comment/Justification 3.D.1.1 Direct N2O Emissions from Managed Inorganic N fertilisers 0.00810 0.00730 0.00815 0.00731 kg N2O- 3.D.1.2.a Direct N2O Emissions from Managed Organic N Fertilisers – Animal 0.00609 0.00606 0.00610 0.00607 kg N2O- 3.D.1.2.c Direct N2O Emissions from Managed Organic N Fertilisers - Other Organic Fertilisers Applied to Soils 0 0.0094 0.0075 0.0093 kg N2O- 3.D.1.3 Direct N2O Emissions from Managed Urine and Dung Deposited by 0.003331 0.003299 0.003332 0.003301 kg N2O- 3.D.1.6 Direct N2O Emissions from Managed Cultivation of Organic Soils
UK NIR 2023 (Issue 1) Ricardo Energy & Environment Page 377 This source is not relevant in the UK. Source included Method Emission Gases Reported CH4, N2O, NOx, CO, NMVOC, SO2 Key Categories None identified Completeness No known omissions. A general assessment of completeness for the inventory is The National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory reports emissions from field burning under the category agricultural incineration. The estimates are derived from emission factors calculated according to IPCC (1997) and from USEPA (1997). The estimates of the masses of residue burnt of barley, oats, wheat and linseed are based on crop production data from DEFRA (England & Wales), The Scottish Government (Scotland) and DAERA (Northern Ireland), a UK -specific harvest index approach to derive residue amounts (Williams and Goglio, 2017) and data on the fraction of crop residues burnt ( MAFF, 1995; ADAS, 1995). Field burning ceased in 1993 in England and Wales. Burning in Scotland and Northern Ireland is considered negligible, so no estimates are reported from 1993 onwards. The carbon dioxide emissions are not estimated because these are part of the annual Uncertainties and time-series consistency The uncertainty analysis in Annex 2 provides estimates of uncertainty per IPCC source category. The UK inventory uncertainty calculations have been reviewed and updated by the
UK NIR 2023 (Issue 1) Ricardo Energy & Environment Page 378 UK sector experts within the 2023 submission; t he analysis is now fully consistent with the methods applied in the UK inventory and uncertainty parameters will be kept under review for Field burning ceased in 1993, and emissions are reported as NO after this date. Source-specific QA/QC and verification This source category is covered by the general QA/QC procedures, which are discussed in Source-specific recalculations No recalculations were carried out in this sector. Source-specific planned improvements Emissions sources Source included Method Emission Key Categories None identified Completeness A general assessment of completeness for the inventory is Adjustment to the liming areas and rates for NI and introduction of 3-year rolling average for all DAs 5.8.1.1 Source category significance, trends and drivers Total CO2 emissions from liming in 2021 were 1175 kt CO 2. Emissions in 2021 were 15.6% CO2 emissions due to the application of lime and related compounds are estimated using the Tier 1 IPCC (2006) methodology. For calcium carbonate (limestone, chalk and sugar beet lime - LimeX) an emission factor of 120 tC/kt applied is used, and for dolomite application, 130 tC/kt. UK NIR 2023 (Issue 1) Ricardo Energy & Environment Page 379 These factors are based on the stoichiometry of the CO2 loss from the carbonates and assume pure limestone/chalk and dolomite. Liming activity data (% area limed and application rate to three land use ‘all tillage’, 1990 and 1991 were assumed to be the same as for 1992. The % area limed and application rate of lime in Northern Ireland was assumed to be the same as that for Scotland by land use type.
|
70afacf8-8641-4466-819d-f4db8cad9d69
| 367
|
005666ee-76ff-4328-a541-6498341628a9
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2024/united-kingdom-biennial-transparency-report-btr1_0e77f9e4d928e6e9d64ea26cd95945e1.pdf
| 2,024
|
[
"climate",
"change",
"emissions",
"energy",
"government"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
Increases are also projected in an indicator of the energy available for plant growth over a year (growing degree days) of 19% to 60%. Occurrences of tropical nights, when the temperature falls no lower than 20°C, are rare in the current climate but become more frequent in a warmer climate, particularly in southeast England and in Conversely, the projections show a reduction in the number of frost days (below 0°C) of between 10 and 49 days per year.
|
2ae0b548-ef04-451f-aba3-617d0f3c41f8
| 93
|
00585f86-d207-4e4e-86b7-8c7e2144a855
|
http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.13568v1
| 2,025
|
[
"Joint species distribution models",
"Deep latent variable models",
"Explainable AI",
"Earthworms",
"Soil biodiversity"
] |
ArXiv
|
The optimization objective is to minimize the total cost J reg , which includes the reconstruction loss (measuring the difference between the predicted and actual species presence), the KL divergence loss (penalizing the divergence between the approximate and true posterior distributions of latent factors), and a regularization term (preventing overfitting by controlling model complexity). In the context of this paper, the reconstruction loss is the balanced binary crossentropy loss as the reconstruction loss, whereas we use Elasticnet regularization loss for the parameter regularization term. We define the following posterior statistics over the latent factors H, assuming the dimension of the latent space is L and the number of data samples is N From there, the species-by-species residual covariance matrix can be formulated as: We use the Graphical lasso 2 algorithm to estimate a sparse inverse for the posterior residual covariance matrix r = r 1 with a sample size of N. This corresponds to the precision matrix which encodes conditional dependencies between species in the latent space. Gaussian Random Field that we refer to as the species association network. It is an undirected graphical model in which the absence of a link represents pairwise independence conditional to other species. An environmental feature encoder: a fully connected neural network with parameters (weights and biases) which takes as input the raw environmental covariates and transforms them to extract a shared embedding with relevant features for all species. We use category embedding layers for categorical features and dense layers for numerical features. A multi-task decoder: a fully connected neural network that predicts multispecies probabilities of presences as a function of the shared environmental embedding and the latent factors. The latter are sampled from the posterior distribution during training on known communities and from the prior distribution on new sites. We fitted MTEC to our dataset of earthworm communities and environmental covariates across training sampling sites. We used a probit link g = to accommodate the binary presence/absences. Given the limited size of the calibration dataset, we used a single layer in the probabilistic encoder and fixed the number of latent factors to 3 to facilitate the visualization. Furthermore, we applied a combined ridge and lasso (elastic net) regularization to the generative and variational parameters to control model complexity. We experimented with different settings to process environmental features both at the data preprocessing stage (dimensionality reduction) and within the feature encoder (architecture complexity). (3) preprocessing via principal component analysis. To find the optimal configuration of network complexity and transferability amongst prediction tasks, we varied the shared feature encoder network depth, and the width (number of neurons) of each layer. Combining learning architectures with the preprocessing modes yielded 6 configurations. We trained all 6 models on the full calibration dataset while varying the regularization strength in the range {1,2,5,10} 104. We used a 5x2 cross-validation on the calibration dataset coupled with a paired t-test (Dietterich, 1998) to compare models in pairs. We report average performances on the calibration dataset (ROC-AUC) and the evaluation dataset (recall) as well as optimal regularization settings for each configuration in We fit the model using the Adam optimization algorithm for at most 400 iterations (epochs), using a batch size of 32. To prevent overfitting, we used early stopping to stop the training whenever the objective function of the validation set stopped improving after more than 10 epochs. Like most species' occurrence data, the earthworm dataset used in this study exhibits a long-tailed species prevalence distribution where a vast majority of species occur in less than 10% of the community samples while. In this section, we report species-wise predictive performances both on the calibration dataset (cross-validation) and on the evaluation dataset. Here, we examine how the cross-validation predictive performances in the calibration dataset vary along a gradient of species prevalences from rarest to most prevalent. We find that both MTEC and machine learning based SDMs exhibit generally decreasing ROC-AUC with prevalence , except GLMs. Furthermore, MTEC obtained better scores for rare species, likely due to imbalance correction strategies during training. Additionally, single-species SDM models struggled to converge for some species with very low prevalence (fewer than 10 records). For more prevalent species, performances were variable, and this can potentially be attributed to the difference in niche complexity between species. In section A1.4, we described the process to infer the earthworm association network from the latent factor estimation. Figure 6 shows the resulting association network. This network illustrates associations between earthworm taxa that are not accounted for by their shared responses to environmental variables. Instead, these associations are structured by latent factors, which may reflect unmeasured environmental influences (e.g., microhabitat conditions) or biotic interactions (e.g., microbial activity). (epigeic, endogeic, anecic). Edges between two taxa nodes represent significant associations. Association strength (partial correlation) normalized between -1 and 1, is shown on each node in red (resp. blue) for positive (resp.negative) associations. The applied method identified 31 significant pairwise associations, resulting in a network density of 0.015. These associations involved only 31 of the 77 modeled taxa, and the network visualization was accordingly restricted to these taxa. Notably, the partial correlations-representing the strength of associations and visualized as edge attributes-were relatively weak and uniform, ranging from 0.14 to 0.22 in absolute value. This suggests that, overall, earthworm distributions are primarily governed by abiotic factors. The resulting network comprised three connected components. The largest component encompassed 80% of the nodes and 87% of the edges, and featured a hub formed by four of the most prevalent taxa: Lumbricus castaneus, Satchellius mammalis, and two subspecies of Aporrectodea caliginosa-A. caliginosa caliginosa, which is widespread, and A. caliginosa meridionalis, which is restricted to southern regions. These two subspecies were rarely co-occurring, as evidenced by their negative association. Additionally, a positive ternary association was observed among Lumbricus rubellus, Aporrectodea longa ripicola, and Dendrobaena rubidus rubidus-three epigeic to epianecic species predominantly found in northern areas. Most species represented in the network were classified as epigeic, epi-endogeic, or epi-anecic.
|
2863e874-af6b-4103-a05f-5735aac5c71c
| 5
|
006275e1-c95a-420d-b4fa-91fa7cfa7931
|
http://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.18270v1
| 2,025
|
[
"Rapid urbanization",
"climate change",
"disasters",
"displacement",
"mobility data",
"social factors",
"homophily",
"evacuation",
"destination choice",
"social connections",
"GPS traces",
"online social networks",
"Marshall Fires",
"Colorado",
"behavioral characteristics",
"socio-demographic homophily",
"policy implications",
"disaster impacts",
"return decisions",
"predictive modeling",
"spatial exposure",
"White populations",
"educated populations",
"low-income populations",
"Black populations",
"Asian populations",
"long-term displacement."
] |
arxiv.org
|
Figure 1c maps the percentages of individuals evacuated to each census block group. We find that, by plotting the histogram of evacuation distances in Figure 1d, that the majority of evacuees move to areas between 20 and 60 km from the epicenter of the fire, indicating a preference to stay relatively close to their home location. To understand the factors associated with the individuals’ evacuation distances r u, we tested a simple linear regression model with the specification: log 10 (r u ) ∼ G u + SD u + Bu, where r u indicates the user u ’s evacuation distance, and G u, SD u, and Bu, are groups of geographical, sociodemographic, and behavioral characteristics, respectively, similar to the previous logistic regression in Figure 1b. By comparing the incremental increase in R-squared with the inclusion of independent variable groups G u, SD u, and Bu, we find that the inclusion of pre-disaster mobility behavior Bu substantially increases the model’s predictability, by more than five-fold. The coefficient of the radius of gyration is highly significant and positive, suggesting that evacuees with a higher radius of gyration tend to travel further distances when evacuating. The full regression tables are shown in Supplementary Tables S6, S7 & S8. These results suggest that the behavioral factors of individuals are strong determinants of evacuation decisions. Social homophily between home and evacuation destinations
The results on evacuation behavior so far indicate that the evacuation behavior of individuals is strongly associated with the individuals’ pre-disaster behavioral traits. Similarly, studies suggest that the individuals’ preferences and social ties are important in evacuation destination choice[,][,][,][,] . Here, we leverage the high granularity of the mobility data to assess the effects of social homophily on destination choice. More specifically, we analyze the effect of social homophily on evacuation destination choice by measuring i) sociodemographic similarity (“Social Similarity” Si j ) and ii) the number of friendship connections (“Social Connectedness” Ci j ) between the destination j and the home location (origin) i, as shown in Figure 2a. The similarity index Si j is computed as the cosine similarity between the vectors of sociodemographic characteristics of the origin and destination CBGs. Sociodemographic characteristics include population density, race proportions, level of education, unemployment rates, and the median income of the CBG. Supplementary Note 3.1 - 3.4 contains the robustness checks on the selection of the sociodemographic characteristics. The social connectedness Ci j is measured using Facebook’s Social Connectedness Index (SCI), which measures the probability of a friendship connection on Facebook between two locations (zipcode). Compared with the physical distance d i j between CBGs i and j, we find that both the similarity and connectedness metrics decay with distance, as shown in Figure 2b. This suggests that individuals who evacuate longer distances are more likely to stay in less similar and connected neighborhoods, which could lead to fewer social connections and support, which are suggested in the literature to be essential ingredients for effective disaster response and recovery . Studies have used the gravity model as the standard model to characterize and model evacuation patterns after disasters[,] . However, behavioral preferences and the characteristics of the destination could also play a crucial role in evacuation patterns. Despite the availability of large scale mobility datasets, such dynamics have been rarely quantified. To investigate the significance of behavioral preferences, we construct a null model to simulate evacuation destinations for each individual . In the null model, illustrated in Figure 2c, counterfactual destinations j [′] are randomly simulated for each individual with probabilities proportional to the gravity model pi j = M j /d i j [, which ignores any social and behavioral preferences. The randomly] simulated counterfactual destinations j [′] consider the spatial configurations of surrounding cities and communities and their sizes, allowing us to quantify the level of social similarity and connectedness to which individuals are spatially exposed. Figure 2d shows the distribution of social similarity Si j ′ and social connectedness Ci j ′ for actual and simulated destinations. The distribution of the similarity and connectedness measures of the actual destinations is skewed towards higher values, compared to the simulated destinations using the null model.
|
e07b3e5a-d209-4e84-afc8-57bf8c38fb2f
| 7
|
0069230e-aba1-428f-b663-72788a54d7c6
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2021/carbon-budget-delivery-plan_19fa3072ff04d7abab9199e50abfb92c.pdf
| 2,023
|
[
"Economy-wide",
"policy",
"carbon",
"emissions",
"energy",
"support"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
Explore the use of product labelling to show the durability, repairability and recyclability of products, as well as their environmental footprint, with a view to stimulating demand for better quality items. We have committed to developing a mandatory methodology for the voluntary eco-labelling of food and drink products. This will be for participating companies to consistently follow, providing a common standard where eco-information is voluntarily used Environmental labelling and eco-labelling can be used to indicate products and services with lower embodied carbon emissions, enabling more informed choices. Company reporting will incentivise companies to improve the environmental performance of their products and drive increased traceability in supply chains. No. Sector Policy name and description How the policy supports delivery/ should they choose to include such information on their products. Through the Food Data Transparency Partnership, Defra will also develop defined and consistent methodologies for the food and drink sector to consistently measure and report scope 3 GHG emissions. professional body for the farming industry. Between 2021 and 2027, Defra will gradually reduce and then stop untargeted Direct Payments. Farmers will instead receive public money for improving the environment, improving animal health and welfare and reducing carbon emissions. To achieve this, farmers will need new skillsets. The government is contributing towards the establishment of a new professional body for the farming industry; The Institute for Agriculture and Horticulture (TIAH). TIAH is aimed at removing the fragmentation that exists within current learning and skills landscape for farming businesses. TIAH will drive improvements in industry capability – which will cover the skillsets required to deliver future Environmental Land Management objectives; including water and air quality, soil husbandry, This is in an industry initiative that won’t directly deliver any additional carbon savings but will enable the delivery of agricultural transition policies that aim to deliver net zero. No. Sector Policy name and description How the policy supports delivery/ woodland restoration and management, agroforestry and biodiversity. Alongside TIAH’s work, we are also looking at the new skills and knowledge advisers may need to support farmers and land managers towards these goals. Action is already being taken by the sector. For example, the Chartered Institute for Ecology and Environmental Management (CIEEM) has developed a competency framework and BASIS has recently launched an environmental adviser Green Jobs and Forestry Training Fund. To meet afforestation targets, the Forestry Training Fund launched in. February 2023 to provide practical training courses for new entrants and upskilling the existing workforce. With Forestry England, we are increasing the number of available apprenticeships including the launch of the Level 6 Started and ongoing. The initiatives won’t directly deliver any additional carbon savings but will enable the delivery of forestry policies that aim to deliver net zero, such as the afforestation targets
No. Sector Policy name and description How the policy supports delivery/ Consider the role of decarbonisation. Assess the role and efficacy of introducing agriculture specific emissions targets, such as targets split between individual greenhouse gases to drive decarbonisation across the agriculture and land use sectors. Emissions targets, or targets split between individual greenhouse gases, could help us reduce emissions in the agricultural sector. This is an early-stage proposal and next steps have not yet been determined. The potential emissions reductions are contingent on further research. agroecological farming systems and the potential of regenerative systems. We are seeing farmers undertake such practices and are monitoring efficacy across farming. Defra’s evidence programme encompasses R&D on the productivity, sustainability and wider trade-offs of agroecological farming systems including extensive livestock systems, which will inform future development. Many of the pathway measures delivered through the schemes align with agroecological practices, for example introducing cover This is an early-stage proposal, with next steps yet to be determined. Agroecological farming systems may promote farming practices that reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, such as reducing Nitrogen application and introducing clover into pasture, supporting delivery of the pathway. Although regenerative measures are considered within the pathway and delivered through the Environmental Land Management Schemes, there is scope for additional emissions reductions from farming practices promoted under agroecological farming systems once they are better
No. Sector Policy name and description How the policy supports delivery/ Increase the use of robust Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of GHG emissions (MRV). We will explore policies to increase the use of MRV across farm businesses as a mechanism to support improved understanding and behaviour change for decarbonisation. This will build on the recent UK ETS consultation call for evidence chapter which explored the use and application of MRV for the agriculture sector and ongoing research projects to examine opportunities to better harmonise and improve the robustness of emission reporting across farm, food, and drink businesses. We will develop a harmonised approach for measuring carbon emissions from farms and by 2024 will set out how farmers will be supported to understand their emission sources through carbon audits and take further actions to decarbonise their This is an enabling policy that could support the delivery of carbon savings within existing net zero agriculture measures by improving sector level understanding of the source and scale of emissions on farms, and empowering farmers to deliver existing measures in order to decarbonise. This is an early-stage proposal and next steps have not yet been determined. The potential emissions reductions are contingent on further research. Further incentives to encourage nutrient use efficiency. Continue to monitor the effectiveness of current nutrient efficiency measures and market forces and consider development of policy levers to further enhance or strengthen delivery if needed e.g., This is an enabling policy which could support emissions reductions by encouraging a more efficient use of nutrients. This is an early-stage proposal and next steps have not yet been determined. The potential emissions reductions are contingent on further research. No. Sector Policy name and description How the policy supports delivery/ Explore the role of carbon pricing strategies and trading markets as a mechanism to drive decarbonisation.
|
f1206e39-e30b-4828-a2d4-296506ac6fd1
| 37
|
0069368c-9675-4c7c-8c34-e975938f05ec
|
http://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.12331v2
| 2,025
|
[
"Canada",
"boreal forest",
"afforestation",
"climate change mitigation",
"carbon removal",
"carbon sequestration",
"Monte Carlo",
"carbon budget model",
"satellite inventory",
"fire regime",
"ecosystem carbon",
"greenhouse gas emissions",
"net-zero",
"Taiga Shield",
"permafrost",
"surface albedo",
"forest migration",
"planting mortality",
"land classes",
"climate variables",
"ecosystem modeling",
"2025-2100",
"spatial modeling",
"ecological forecasting."
] |
arxiv.org
|
Our region of interest spans multiple provinces and ecoregions, and as these yield curves have been fitted to diverse climates across Canada, they are appropriate for an exploratory study such as this. The general form of the equation is as given in Eq. 2. The species are assigned to species groups as in Box. 6e. The coefficients for the yield equations for different species groups are as given in Box. 6f. The MAT and PCP values used are averages for the eco-zones. The second set of yield curves were obtained by contacting the forestry department of the government of northwest territories (GNWT). The yield curves shared by GNWT are the ones used in the forest management agreement and 25 year strategic plan document prepared by Timberworks Inc in support of their land use permit application. These yield curves are meant to be used in the province of Northwest Territories, and comprise of 5 species types (Deciduous, Black Spruce, White Spruce, Mixed Wood, Pine), 2 density configurations (High, Low), and 3 site qualities (Good, Medium, Poor). In subsequent phases, province specific yield curves will be explored. Both these yield curves, other data, and project code can be found under the data folder in the GitHub Repository. It is important to note that GCBM does not dynamically model the full hydrology and energy fluxes of the forest ecosystem. Therefore, using MAT and PCP as inputs for yield curves serves as a surrogate for the complex water-energy nexus that truly governs tree growth and mortality. To get a more accurate estimation of these interactions, combined or coupled modeling approaches are necessary. Future research could involve integrating GCBM's detailed carbon budget accounting with other specialized models, such as a dedicated hydrological model to better simulate soil moisture and water stress, or a land surface model to explicitly calculate energy fluxes and albedo feedbacks. This integrated approach would provide a more holistic understanding of how afforestation impacts, and is impacted by, the complete water and energy balance of the region. Research Framework and Simulation Workflow
Box 7: Research Framework and Simulation Workflow. Outlines the research framework used to estimate the carbon removal capacity of Taiga afforestation. The workflow is divided into four main phases: Data Acquisition and Pre-processing, Monte Carlo Simulation Setup, GCBM Carbon Budget Modeling, and Analysis and Scenario Evaluation. To provide a clear and logical overview of our study, this section outlines the research framework used to estimate the carbon removal capacity of taiga afforestation. The workflow is divided into four main phases: Data Acquisition and Pre-processing, Monte Carlo Simulation Setup, GCBM Carbon Budget Modeling, and Analysis and Scenario Evaluation. The process is designed to integrate spatially explicit inventory data, probabilistic disturbance regimes, and climatic scenarios to generate robust estimates of carbon dynamics. The logical flow of this framework is illustrated in the flowchart given in Box 7. Phase 1: Data Acquisition & Pre-processing
The initial phase focused on gathering and preparing the necessary spatial and tabular data. We selected the north-western edge of Canada's boreal forest as our region of interest from the NTEMS-SBFI. This region spans the Taiga Plains (TP) and Taiga Shield West (TSW) ecozones. The raw polygon data from NTEMS-SBFI was gridded to a 0.06 x 0.06 degree resolution. For each grid cell, key attributes such as tree species percentages, forest age, and historical fire data were aggregated and averaged. Climate data, specifically mean annual temperature (MAT) and total annual precipitation (PCP), were downloaded from ClimateDataCA and assigned to the corresponding grid cells. Finally, the grid was filtered to retain cells with greater than 35% \"free area\" available for potential afforestation, creating a baseline inventory for our simulations.
|
e05d25b6-82b4-4c40-bf8b-a5bd61ef0f97
| 20
|
006a74e7-5ac3-4401-9fa9-cc1ae242c8bc
|
https://civitas.eu/sites/default/files/civitas_guide_for_the_urban_transport_professional.pdf
| 2,001
|
[
"Transport",
"Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency",
"Energy efficiency",
"Renewables",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch"
] |
civitas.eu
|
Improved deliv-
ery of goods the impact can be even higher. 40
CIVITAS GuI de for T he u rbA n TrAnS po rT p ro feSSIonAl
3.2 URBAN fREIghT
3. Using information and communication technol-
The complexity of city logistics requires close and
ogies as supporting or facilitating tools. The lo-
trustful co-operation between trade, commerce and
gistics industry has already embraced a wide range
industry, freight companies and local authorities. Good
of technologies and applications and reaped major
examples are freight consolidation schemes, where
efficiency gains as a result. This is almost certainly
wholesalers and retailers have changed their delivery
an area with great win-win potential, i.e. where ef-
patterns. Instead of delivering goods to individual re-
ficiency gains go hand in hand with environmental
tailers, various wholesalers deliver their goods to an
benefit through reduced travel distances, fewer
out-of-town logistic centre, from where goods are
vehicle movements, better matching of vehicles to
loaded into a single truck and delivered to the retailers. work and improved levels of load consolidation.
|
a20264eb-0ca9-4fb5-983a-e64bfbff96ce
| 33
|
006ac25f-f2ec-4d1f-bbf1-6a16a4fa60b0
|
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/natres/pdf/final_report_wg1.pdf
| 2,000
|
[
"General",
"Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency",
"Energy efficiency",
"Renewables",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch",
"Non-energy use"
] |
ec.europa.eu
|
Thanks too to Marianne Klingbeil, Head of the Unit, and Klaus Koegler, Deputy Head of
Unit, for their active support. Special thanks go to the two Co-Chairs, Mrs. Maria Buitenkamp and Ute Seeling, who
provided much support during the meetings and in between, through their support for the
preparation of this report. Many thanks too to the participating stakeholders, many of
them having invested much efforts in participating to meetings, replying to questionnaires
and providing background material inputs to this report.
|
a5fe6535-9c80-4d16-a22c-92e1e4ed7d30
| 29
|
006acdec-fc2c-4a36-bc12-c613c42a9c10
|
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.01986v2
| 2,019
|
[
"class",
"household",
"travel",
"individual",
"choice"
] |
arxiv.org
|
However, unlike some of the studies cited in previous paragraphs that have been very detailed in their representation of the dynamics underlying group decision-making, we won't be as explicit. That being said, we will be relying on findings from these studies to develop a simpler framework that captures the reciprocal influence of individual and household modality styles on each other and concurrently on different dimensions of observable travel and activity behavior. Existing travel demand modelling practice relies on sequentially nested logit models for a hierarchical representation of different choice dimensions. Lower dimensions, such as travel mode choice, are conditioned on purportedly higher dimensions, such as residential location, creating a vertical chain of inter-connected nests that in their totality represent an individual's travel and activity behaviour. While such a representation is convenient from the standpoint of estimation, it overlooks the concurrent influence of individual and household modality styles on all dimensions of an individual's travel and activity behaviour. In developing a framework that captures the concurrent influence of lifestyles and modality styles on both household-level decisions, such as neighbourhood location, and individuallevel decisions, such as travel mode choices, we propose using the hierarchical Latent Class Choice Model (LCCM) illustrated in Figure 1. Latent classes at the higher level represent household modality styles and latent classes at the lower level represent individual modality styles. We argue that households may be decomposed into discrete segments that differ in their predisposition towards different neighbourhood types and their sensitivity to different neighbourhood attributes. Similarly, household members may be decomposed into discrete segments themselves that differ in their awareness of and proclivity towards different travel modes, and their sensitivity, or lack thereof, to different level-of-service attributes of the transportation system. These differences are indicative of overarching differences in and (4) travel mode choice models. We begin by describing the household class membership model, which predicts the probability that household h belongs to household modality styler, and is formulated as a multinomial logit model:
, where q hr equals one if household h belongs to modality style r, and zero otherwise; 𝐳𝐳 𝐡𝐡 is a vector of characteristics of household h, such as income and household structure; 𝛂𝛂 𝐫𝐫 is a vector of parameters associated with the household's characteristics; and R denotes the number of household modality styles in the sample population. Note that R must be determined exogenously, by estimating models with different numbers of classes and comparing estimation results in terms of both model fit and behavioural interpretation. Residential location is subsequently conditioned on the household's modality style. Let u hj|r be the utility of neighbourhood j for household h, given that the household belongs to latent class r:
, where 𝐱𝐱 𝐣𝐣 is a vector of attributes of neighbourhood j; 𝛃𝛃 𝐫𝐫 is a vector of class-specific parameters denoting sensitivities to each of these attributes; and ε hj|r is the stochastic component of the utility specification, assumed to be i.i.d. Extreme Value across households, neighbourhood s and classes with location zero and scale one. Assuming that all individuals are utility maximizers, the class-specific neighbourhood choice model may be formulated as follows:
, where y hj equals one if household h resides in neighbourhood j, and zero otherwise; and 𝐉𝐉 𝐫𝐫 denotes the set of all neighbourhood s considered by households belonging to class r.
Heterogeneity in the decision-making process is captured by allowing both the taste parameters 𝛃𝛃 𝐫𝐫 and the consideration set 𝐉𝐉 𝐫𝐫 to vary across modality styles. For example, some classes might be more sensitive to land use variables, such as density and diversity, and others might base their decision on other variables, such as quality of schooling or crime rate. Equation (3) may be combined iteratively over all neighbourhood s in the set 𝐉𝐉 𝐫𝐫 to yield the following conditional probability of observing the vector of neighbourhood location choices 𝐲𝐲 𝐡𝐡 for household h:
Moving on to the individual modality styles construct, the probability that individual n from household h has modality style s, conditional on the household belonging to modality style r, is assumed to be multinomial logit, and can be expressed as:
, where g hns equals one if individual n from household h belongs to modality style s, and zero
, where m hndtk equals one if individual n from household h chooses travel mode k over tour Equation ( 7) may be combined iteratively over travel modes, tours and tour purposes to yield the following conditional probability of observing the vector of choices 𝐦𝐦 𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡 :
, where D denotes the number of tour purposes, two in our case; and T hnd denotes the number of observed tours for individual n from household h for tour purpose d. Equation ( 8) may be marginalized over the distribution of individual modality styles to yield the probability function of observing the vector of choices 𝐦𝐦 𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡 , conditional on the household's modality style. This may subsequently be combined iteratively over all individuals belonging to the household, multiplied by equation ( 4), marginalized over the distribution of household modality styles, and iteratively combined over all households in the sample population to yield the following likelihood function:
, where H denotes the number of households in the sample population; and N h denotes the number of individuals that belong to household h. The unknown model parameters 𝛂𝛂, 𝛃𝛃, 𝛄𝛄 and 𝛌𝛌 may be estimated by maximizing the likelihood function given by equation ( 9). However, simultaneous estimation of the full model proved to be computationally The modelling approach is exploratory in that both the number of household and individual modality styles and the behaviour of each modality style emerge naturally from the process of testing different model specifications.
|
2e94d641-5b2d-4dea-bd5e-78fc70344ca5
| 3
|
006e174e-d4a9-4410-a5cd-0a477f198b96
|
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/powering-up-britain/powering-up-britain-net-zero-growth-plan
| 2,023
|
[
"zero",
"energy",
"carbon",
"government",
"emissions"
] |
www.gov.uk
|
Whilst the indicative pathway set out in the NZS remains our view of the most economically advantageous way to meet the Carbon Budgets, and we therefore continue to use it as a means of developing and testing policy, the pathway plays no role in our conclusion that that Carbon Budgets will be met. HMT
(2021), ‘
’
BEIS
(2022), ‘
’
BEIS
(2023), ‘
’
BEIS
(2021), ‘
’
National Grid
ESO
, ‘
’
BEIS
(2022), ‘
’
BEIS
(2023),
July and December 2022 ‘Hydrogen Strategy update to the market’
NSTA
(2022),
Please see the Carbon Budget Delivery Plan for details of our policies and proposals for meeting the carbon budgets. The ‘Meeting carbon budgets’ section of the Carbon Budget Delivery Plan makes clear how we have reached the conclusion that Carbon Budgets will be met. Whilst the indicative pathway set out in the NZS remains our view of the most economically advantageous way to meet the Carbon Budgets, and we therefore continue to use it as a means of developing and testing policy, the pathway plays no role in our conclusion that that Carbon Budgets will be met. This figure has been updated since the NZS publication. DESNZ
analysis (2023), ‘
’. For further details see Sector Modelling in Technical Annex. DESNZ
analysis (2023), ‘
’
DESNZ
analysis (2023), ‘
’. For further details see Sector Modelling in
. Please see the ‘Carbon Budget Delivery Plan’ for details of our policies and proposals for meeting the carbon budgets. The ‘Meeting carbon budgets’ section of the Carbon Budget Delivery Plan makes clear how we have reached the conclusion that Carbon Budgets will be met. Whilst the indicative pathway set out in the NZS remains our view of the most economically advantageous way to meet the Carbon Budgets, and we therefore continue to use it as a means of developing and testing policy, the pathway plays no role in our conclusion that that Carbon Budgets will be met. DLUCH (2022), ‘
’
BEIS
(2021), ‘
’
DESNZ
internal analysis
Heat Networks Industry Council
BEIS
(2021), ‘
’. Includes IA&S in total emissions. Consistent with CB6/NZS analysis. Source:
BEIS
, Energy Consumption in the UK 2021, table U2
Please see the ‘Carbon Budget Delivery Plan’ for details of our policies and proposals for meeting the carbon budgets. The ‘Meeting carbon budgets’ section of the ‘Carbon Budget Delivery Plan’ makes clear how we have reached the conclusion that Carbon Budgets will be met. Whilst the indicative pathway set out in the NZS remains our view of the most economically advantageous way to meet the Carbon Budgets, and we therefore continue to use it as a means of developing and testing policy, the pathway plays no role in our conclusion that that Carbon Budgets will be met. Sustainable Aviation forecasts based on independent analysis conducted by
ICF
consulting firm. Analysis assumes UK
SAF
production costs match or are lower than wider global
SAF
production costs. CCC
(2022), ‘
’,
SMMT
, ‘
’. December saw battery electric vehicles (
BEVs
) claim their largest ever monthly market share, of 32.9%, while for 2022 as a whole they comprised 16.6% of registrations, surpassing diesel for the first time to become the second most popular powertrain after petrol. Please see the Carbon Budget Delivery Plan for details of our policies and proposals for meeting the carbon budgets. The ‘Meeting carbon budgets’ section of the Carbon Budget Delivery Plan makes clear how we have reached the conclusion that Carbon Budgets will be met. Whilst the indicative pathway set out in the NZS remains our view of the most economically advantageous way to meet the Carbon Budgets, and we therefore continue to use it as a means of developing and testing policy, the pathway plays no role in our conclusion that that Carbon Budgets will be met. BEIS
(2021), ‘
’
Please see the ‘Carbon Budget Delivery Plan’ for details of our policies and proposals for meeting the carbon budgets. The ‘Meeting carbon budgets’ section of the Carbon Budget Delivery Plan makes clear how we have reached the conclusion that Carbon Budgets will be met. Whilst the indicative pathway set out in the NZS remains our view of the most economically advantageous way to meet the Carbon Budgets, and we therefore continue to use it as a means of developing and testing policy, the pathway plays no role in our conclusion that that Carbon Budgets will be met. Internal
DESNZ
analysis based on ‘
’. Note this data is based on 80% emission reduction target by 2050, not the current net zero (100% reduction) target, hence likely to be an underestimate. BEIS
(2021), ‘
’
Yes
this page is useful
No
this page is not useful
Report a problem with this page
To help us improve GOV.UK, we’d like to know more about your visit today. . Cancel
|
4f56c9d4-84cd-4537-b5e3-427cac0a5852
| 29
|
007014e3-bcc2-44c9-bc00-b0580237fdb0
|
http://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.03650v1
| 2,023
|
[
"equilibrium",
"quota",
"emission",
"firm",
"production"
] |
arxiv.org
|
In the presence of externalities, the social cost of a production or consumption activity does not equal the private cost faced by a firm or agent, and hence the equilibrium need not satisfy the first order conditions for Pareto Optimality. Pigou (1920) proposed levying an add-on tax equal to the difference between the social and private costs, in order to restore the first order conditions. There is a considerable literature on Pigouvian taxation through partial equilibrium analysis. We simply note that the act of levying a tax results in a new equilibrium with different prices, productions and consumptions, and these changes occur throughout the economy, not just in the sector(s) in which the tax is levied. At the new equilibrium, the marginal costs and benefits are different, and while the partial equilibrium analysis suggests that the tax ought to improve outcomes, there is no reason to think that the same tax will restore the first order conditions for Pareto optimality at the new equilibrium.5 Sandmo (1975) initiates a line of research on optimal taxation with externalities through general equilibrium analysis. Subsequent literature applies Sandmo (1975)'s framework to environmental policy, see e.g. Bovenberg and van der Ploeg (1994), Bovenberg and Mooij (1994), Bovenberg and Goulder (1996), Goulder and Williams III (2003), Metcalf (2003), Golosov et al. (2014), Goulder, Hafstead, and Williams (2016), and Goulder et al. (2019). Sandmo (1975) and the subsequent authors6 consider a representative agent model with a single producer with linear technology;
(1) The first-order conditions for Pareto optimal allocations and competitive equilibria are computed separately through solving the Lagrangian. 7 Sandmo (1975) then equates these first-order conditions to determine when a competitive equilibrium allocation is Pareto optimal. The resulting tax rate is called the optimal Pigouvian tax rate. However, due to multiplicity of equilibria, setting the tax rate equal to the optimal Pigouvian tax rate does not necessarily result in Pareto optimal equilibrium, as shown in Example 2. (2) Sandmo (1975) and subsequent authors do not prove the existence of equilibrium at the optimal Pigouvian tax rate. They do not study the welfare properties of equilibria with varying tax rates. In our model, the government may generate revenue by selling the quota it assigns to itself in the quota model, while the government generates tax revenue in the emissions and fuel tax models. In all three models, the government sets a rebate scheme that specifies how its revenues will be distributed to consumers. The government first specifies a quota (along with its allocation between the private firms and the government firm) or a tax rate, and a rebate scheme. At that point, it abstains from further action, allowing market forces (i.e., the Walrasian auctioneer) to determine a price that equilibrates supply and demand. Here is a comparison of our model to the partial equilibrium formulation, and to Pigouvian taxation:
(1) We show in Theorem 1 that, under mild assumptions, given any quota that is consistent with a consumption-production pair, there is an associated quota equilibrium at which the total net pollution emission equals the given quota. The existence is proven by shifting firms' production sets by their prespecified quotas, invoking Proposition 3.2.3 in Florenzano (2003), and showing that the equilibrium in the derived Florenzano's economy is a quota equilibrium in our model. Quota equilibrium allows considerable flexibility in the allocation of emission property rights, ranging from cap and trade equilibrium, in which all emission property rights are vested in private firms, to global quota equilibrium, in which all emission property rights are vested in the government. Example 1 demonstrates that the quota property rights have a major impact on the distribution of welfare among agents;
(2) The desire to regulate pollution emission is driven by an important externality, that a given amount of total emissions results in a corresponding increase in the average global temperature. If there are no other externalities in the economy, then a version of the First Welfare Theorem holds: taking the specified emissions as given, then for any distribution scheme, the resulting equilibrium consumptionproduction pair is constrained Pareto optimal, i.e., Pareto Optimal among the set of all quota-compliant consumption-production pairs with the same total net emissions of regulated commodities, see Theorem 2 and Corollary 1. For a fixed distribution scheme, changing the quota alters the consumers' welfare, and it is possible that the equilibrium consumption-production pair for one quota may Pareto dominate the equilibrium consumption-production plan for a different quota, see Example 1. But once the government has established the quota, no further government intervention is required to achieve constrained Pareto optimality. In particular, changing the rebate scheme may benefit some consumers and disadvantage others, but it cannot result in a Pareto improvement. Although our terminology, discussion and examples in this paper are heavily focused on CO 2 emissions and climate change, our model allows for very general externalities in agents' preferences. In particular, our main existence result (Theorem 1) applies to a wide variety of externalities, including the regulation of other forms of pollution. By essentially the same proof, a generalization of Theorem 2 shows that every quota equilibrium consumption-production pair is Pareto optimal among all quota-compliant consumption-productions pairs that generate the same externality;8
(3) In the quota equilibrium model, the government refrains from further intervention after setting the quota (along with its allocation) and the shareholdings of the government firm. Thus, the equilibrium price for the quota is determined through market forces. Similarly, the equilibrium total net emissions of regulated commodities in the emission tax equilibrium model is determined endogenously through market forces, after the government has set the tax rate and its rebate share to agents;
(4) We show under mild assumptions that every quota equilibrium is an emission tax equilibrium for a carefully chosen government rebate scheme that captures the property rights assignment embedded in the quota. Moreover, every emissions tax equilibrium is a global quota equilibrium, i.e.
|
0901807a-312d-4843-937c-305b53696990
| 1
|
00718c33-8e3a-467f-b63f-6ac76adce5fc
|
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:199:0001:0136:EN:PDF
| 2,008
|
[
"Transport",
"Light-duty vehicles",
"Energy efficiency"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
. Eighth gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth gear
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overdrive
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fifth gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13.4. Final drive ratio
1.14. Tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
|
d3fc6859-41cb-4ee2-997b-90ebc4f9b481
| 202
|
0076859b-3d22-4386-8b9e-c3c45b707eeb
|
http://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.20620v1
| 2,025
|
[
"Climate change",
"ocean conditions",
"sea level",
"Bay of Bengal",
"monsoon precipitation",
"marine productivity",
"Indian economy",
"Global Climate Models (GCMs)",
"shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs)",
"climate projections",
"reanalysis data",
"root mean square error (RMSE)",
"sea surface temperature (SST)",
"dynamic sea level (DSL)",
"deep learning",
"bias correction",
"EquiDistant Cumulative Distribution Function (EDCDF)",
"climate model",
"historical data",
"future projections",
"2015-2024",
"2021-2023",
"variability",
"dynamics",
"projections",
"2100."
] |
arxiv.org
|
5 [◦] C with upwelling signatures, while the UNet-corrected projections show temperatures of ≈ 29 . 5 − 30 [◦] C, potentially affecting upwelling patterns and coastal productivity. Further warming is observed on the eastern coast, with temperatures reaching 30 [◦] C, creating two distinct warming zones in the western and eastern bays. Mode 1 of the raw CNRM-CM6 SST for JJAS explains 93.2% of the total variance and shows the lowest variability in the central bay during the strong influence of monsoon processes). However, the UNet-corrected mode 1 explains only 88.8% of the variance, showing increased variability in the eastern and western regions, suggesting more complex interactions between monsoon and coastal upwelling processes). Like DJF and MAM, PC 1 of JJAS of the raw and UNet-corrected CNRM-CM6 projections show similar variability). In the near-future projections, the raw SST projections show monsoon-induced cooling patterns in the region. The mid-future projections reveal basin-wide warming, where the mid-future SSP2-4.5 shows temperatures 1 [◦] C higher than the near-future raw SSP2-4.5. The far-future reveals the most intense warming changes, with the far-future SSP2-4.5 showing temperatures 2 [◦] C higher than the near-future raw SSP2-4.5. Spatial patterns show significantly weakened monsoon cooling effects, particularly in the northern and central bays. Similarly, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 also show a further warming during the monsoon season. Dynamics implication These changes have profound implications for monsoon dynamics and regional circulation patterns. The warm front of the coastal BoB SST is crucial for the rainfall in central India. This feature is absent in the raw CNRM-CM6). The distribution and magnitude of the warm coastal SST front are increasing in the UNet-corrected monsoon SST, which requires a more detailed analysis of their impact on Indian summer monsoon. The monsoon cooling effect, traditionally strongest in the northern bay, appears substantially weakened, potentially impacting the monsoon progression as the north-south temperature gradient that typically drives the monsoon circulation becomes more pronounced. The increase in basin-wide temperatures could modify atmospheric moisture content and convection patterns, potentially leading to more intense but spatially irregular rainfall). The warming pattern in the eastern bay could affect the formation and propagation of monsoon depressions, while the reduced temperature gradients along the western boundary could affect coastal upwelling and associated biological productivity. These changes suggest a fundamental modification of the monsoon system, with potential implications for regional climate and marine ecosystems. The JJAS SST projections suggest significant changes in the SST pattern that affect SMC. The near-future SST projections) show an amplified warming in the region 8 [◦] N-12 [◦] N, where the SMC typically manifests the strongest.
|
cb237f9d-c52c-449c-8a9f-c1b42185806d
| 18
|
007dddea-b6ac-484d-99c1-2f52b1c86814
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/energy-act-2023_87896593a3bea76cf3ac89af17aba308.pdf
| 2,023
|
[
"Energy",
"Carbon Capture and Storage",
"section",
"regulations",
"person",
"force",
"document"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
(7) ESOS regulations may make provision enabling a list or register of persons who may, or who may not, be appointed as an assessor for the purposes of subsection (2) to be (8) ESOS regulations may confer functions or impose requirements on a person responsible for maintaining a designated list or register and may in particular include (a) about the process for including a person in a list or register; (b) about the details to be included in a list or register; (c) for ensuring those details remain up to date; (d) about the publication of a list or register; (e) for the purpose of ensuring that a person included in a list or register continues to meet the criteria for appointment as an assessor; (f) for the purpose of ensuring the quality of ESOS assessments; (g) about the temporary or permanent removal of a person from a list or register (9) The regulations may make provision authorising a scheme administrator to share reports, notices or other information relating to an energy savings opportunity scheme with a designated body for the purposes referred to in subsection (8)(e) or (f). Part 11 – Energy Savings Opportunity Schemes Chapter 3 – Licensing of load control Document 2024-10-14 This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective. Changes to There are currently no known outstanding effects for the Energy Act 2023. (See end of Document for details) (10) ESOS regulations may make provision— (a) enabling the Secretary of State or a scheme administrator to give a direction relating to the maintenance of a list or register; (b) requiring a person responsible for maintaining a list or register to comply with I320 S. 257 in force at Royal Assent, see s. 334(2)(m) (1) ESOS regulations may require participants to produce ESOS action plans. (2) An “ESOS action plan” is a written statement of— (a) any action a participant proposes to take for the purpose of achieving energy savings or emissions reductions; (b) any energy savings or emissions reductions targets a participant intends to (3) Where an ESOS action plan does not include any proposals for taking such action or any such targets, provision made by virtue of subsection (1) may require that a participant include an explanation in the plan. (4) ESOS regulations may make provision about the production of ESOS action plans, including in particular provision about— (a) when a participant must produce a plan; (b) the period to which a plan must relate; (c) the form and content of a plan; (d) the matters that must be taken into account in producing a plan. (5) ESOS regulations may make provision about the publication of ESOS action plans. I321 S. 258 in force at Royal Assent, see s. 334(2)(m) 259 Action to achieve energy savings or emissions reductions (1) ESOS regulations may make provision— (a) imposing requirements (other than the requirements referred to in paragraph (b)) on participants so as to encourage them to— (i) take specified action for the purpose of achieving energy savings or (ii) achieve specified energy savings or emissions reductions, or (b) requiring participants to— (i) take specified action for the purpose of achieving energy savings or (ii) achieve specified energy savings or emissions reductions. Part 11 – Energy Savings Opportunity Schemes Chapter 3 – Licensing of load control Document 2024-10-14 This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective. Changes to There are currently no known outstanding effects for the Energy Act 2023. (See end of Document for details) (2) The kinds of action that may be specified for the purposes of subsection (1) are— (a) taking action in accordance with a recommendation made in an ESOS (b) taking action in accordance with an ESOS action plan; (c) taking any other action of a specified kind; (d) taking action to achieve a target included in an ESOS action plan; (e) taking action to achieve any other specified outcome; (f) adopting processes, practices or systems of a specified kind; (g) conforming to specified standards. (3) The provision that may be made by virtue of subsection (1)(a) includes in particular— (a) provision requiring a participant to report— (i) on whether the participant has taken the specified action, or on the steps taken by the participant towards doing so, or (ii) on whether the participant has achieved the specified energy savings or emissions reductions, or on the progress made by the participant (b) provision requiring a participant to provide an explanation for any of the matters mentioned in paragraph (a). (4) Provision made by virtue of subsection (1) (b) may include a requirement for a participant to report on action taken or energy savings or emissions reductions (5) Regulations made by virtue of subsection (1) may make provision— (a) requiring participants to produce and retain evidence; (b) about the verification of matters about which the participant has reported; (c) about the publication of reports. (a) specify the requirements imposed on a participant by virtue of subsection (1) by reference to a cost-benefit analysis; (b) specify circumstances in which a participant is required to take action; (c) impose a requirement to take a specified action on all participants in an energy savings opportunity scheme, or on all participants of a specified description. I322 S. 259 in force at Royal Assent, see s. 334(2)(m) Administration, enforcement and appeals (1) ESOS regulations may appoint one or more public authorities to carry out functions (a) administering an energy savings opportunity scheme; (b) monitoring compliance with, and enforcing requirements imposed by, the
Part 11 – Energy Savings Opportunity Schemes Chapter 3 – Licensing of load control Document 2024-10-14 This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective. Changes to There are currently no known outstanding effects for the Energy Act 2023.
|
4808927e-67c0-4e83-803d-e07fd0d4a019
| 95
|
007ec7e0-d637-479d-b038-5dfb4adc55dd
|
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31991L0676
| 1,991
|
[
"Agriculture and forestry",
"Agricultural N2O",
"Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency",
"Non-energy use"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
Article 10
1. Member States shall, in respect of the four-year period following the notification of this Directive and in respect of each subsequent four-year period, submit a report to the Commission containing the information outlined in Annex V. 2. A report pursuant to this Article shall be submitted to the Commission within six months of the end of the period to which it relates. Article 11
On the basis of the information received pursuant to Article 10, the Commission shall publish summary reports within six months of receiving the reports from Member States and shall communicate them to the European Parliament and to the Council. In the light of the implementation of the Directive, and in particular the provisions of Annex III, the Commission shall submit to the Council by 1 January 1998 a report accompanied where appropriate by proposals for revision of this Directive. Article 12
1. The Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive within two years of its notification (1). They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof. 2. When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such a reference shall be laid down by the Member States. 3. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive. Article 13
This Directive is addressed to the Member States.
|
3bfb3caf-f010-48ac-a6b2-affa1aa11973
| 18
|
007fd107-8a75-47a2-9f1a-0a97f3f357ea
|
https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-01/UK%27s%202035%20NDC%20ICTU.pdf
| 2,025
|
[
"climate",
"change",
"emissions",
"government",
"carbon"
] |
unfccc.int
|
The Department for the Economy (DfE) has worked in collaboration across both the public and private sector, including a cross-departmental steering group and a Circular Economy Coalition (an advisory panel established in 2021) to drive forward progress on a Circular Economy Strategy. The draft Circular Economy Strategy for Northern Ireland was published for consultation in January 2023. The Strategy which requires Ministerial and NI Executive approval is expected to be finalised and approved later in 2025. It sets out a vision to create an innovative, sustainable and regionally balanced economy focused on People, Planet and Prosperity, where responsible production and consumption is at its core. Scotland’s Circular Economy Act 2024141 passed unanimously by the Scottish Parliament establishes a legislative framework to support Scotland’s transition to a zero waste and circular economy, significantly increase reuse and recycling rates, and modernise and improve waste and recycling services. The Act requires that Scottish Ministers publish a statutory circular economy strategy and make regulations to set circular economy targets, which will build on Scotland’s earlier Making Things Last strategy.142 The Welsh Government has consulted on a new Circular Economy Strategy143. This proposed a range of actions which seek to keep resources in use for longer and avoid waste. The final Strategy will be published in the coming months. The Welsh Government is also stimulating innovation through its Circular Economy Funds, awarding around £40m to businesses and publicly funded bodies to date. 140 Northern Waste Prevention Programme Stopping Waste in its tracks 141 Circular Economy (Scotland) Act 2024 142 Making Things a circular economy strategy for Scotland (2016) 143 Circular Economy Strategy
UK’s 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution Jersey’s Carbon Neutral Roadmap makes a commitment to behavioural change campaigns to consider and reduce all emissions associated with Islanders’ lives. Jersey-specific carbon literacy training has been developed, one specific focus of work is the plan for zero avoidable waste in construction. Biosphere Isle of Man run sessions for schools on all aspects of sustainability throughout the year and offer support in the formation of student-led eco-councils and sustainability initiatives. The Biosphere IOM Partner programme encourages businesses and other organisations to pledge their commitment to Biosphere objectives – conservation of biodiversity and culture, sustainable human and economic development, and research and learning – aiming to create a ripple effect with those organisations’ employees and clients. Biosphere IOM also oversees the Sustainable Mann initiative, which includes an annual series of workshops covering various aspects of sustainability (e.g. waste and recycling, biodiversity, emissions reduction) and the freely available Sustainable Mann toolkit144 to support organisations on their sustainability journey. Both programmes are provided for free. Gibraltar is committed to delivering deliver a Materials Sorting Facility to maximize separation and recycling of waste and contribute to the circular economy. The 25 Year Environment Plan,145 which is currently out for public consultation, includes a chapter on healthy and sustainable cities, focusing on active travel and sustainable development. The UK government will introduce a comprehensive Clean Air Strategy to deliver existing statutory targets including a series of interventions to reduce emissions, which supports promotion of the right to health, as referenced in the Paris Agreement. 144 Isle of Sustainable Mann toolkit 145 Gibraltar 25 Year Environment Plan
UK’s 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution The UK government’s work to decarbonise transport as set out in section 4a(i) will deliver significant reductions in air pollution and improve people’s health. The UK government continues to work with local authorities to deliver air quality measures to meet legal limits for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and improve the In relation to emissions from industrial installations, the UK government will continue to use the mechanism of UK Best Available Techniques (BAT)146, to prevent and reduce emissions to air, water and land. The BAT approach ensures pollution, including by greenhouse gases, is reduced over time by defining the available techniques which are the best for preventing or minimising emissions and impacts on the environment which then shape environmental permits for industry. DAERA launched a consultation on a Discussion Document on a Clean Air Strategy for Northern Ireland147 in November 2020 and published the synopsis of responses148 in June 2022. Work is ongoing to develop Northern Ireland’s first Clean Air Strategy taking into account the consultation responses. The Scottish Government published its Cleaner Air for Scotland strategy149 in 2015 setting out a series of actions for improving air quality across a wide range of policy areas. Following an independent review of the strategy in 2019150, which made recommendations for additional action on air pollution, a new strategy, Cleaner Air for Scotland 2: Towards a Better Place for Everyone, was published in July 2021151 which sets out Scotland’s air quality policy framework for the period 2021 to 2026 with a continued focus on delivery of co-benefits for air pollutant and greenhouse gas reductions. 146 UK Best Available Techniques (BAT) 147 Northern Clean Air Strategy 148 Northern Public Synopsis of Responses to the Clean Air Strategy 149 Cleaner air for the road to a healthier future (2015) 150 Cleaner Air Strategy Independent Review 151 Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 - Towards a Better Place for Everyone
UK’s 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution The Clean Air Plan for Healthy Air, Healthy Wales sets the Welsh Government’s commitment and long-term ambition to improve air quality, and the steps it will take to deliver this152. A long-term vision for Jersey was produced in 2017 through the ‘Island Outcome Indicators’153 and includes clean air within its statement. In 2019, Guernsey’s Environmental Pollution (Air Pollution) Ordinance154 was enacted, which sets local ambient air quality standards and allows greater environmental regulation of point source emitters including, but not limited to, through licensing prescribed operations, placing limits on the sulphur content of fuels and restricting burning in the open air. Isle of Man’s air quality monitoring increased to include NO2 and SO2 at over 60 sites around the Island, with data published monthly.
|
59308dea-73bb-46e4-bcf3-dbb7b15f9dca
| 13
|
007ff9d0-1501-4334-972c-14faa2a2add9
|
https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/departments-transfer-of-functions-order-northern-ireland-2016-si-no-76-of-2016-lex-faoc153371/?type=legislation&xsubjects=Mineral+resources&page=686
| 2,016
|
[
"energy",
"development",
"article",
"management",
"protection",
"water",
"measure",
"environment",
"consist",
"resource"
] |
ecolex.org
|
Certain functionsalso transferred from the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure and the Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister to the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. legislation involved includes: the Planning Act (Northern Ireland) 2011, the Water and Sewerage Services (Northern Ireland) Order 2006, the Reservoirs Act (Northern Ireland) 2015, Water (Northern Ireland) Order 1999, the Fisheries Act (Northern Ireland) 1966, and the Land Acquisition and Compensation (Northern Ireland) Order.
|
4cd499bb-8d21-4172-a9d1-54371dafd640
| 1
|
008140a9-2d7c-4b63-a78b-3133a559d0d9
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/1900/united-kingdom-national-communication-nc-nc-8-biennial-reports-br-br-5_288d5f885869447df3e9910829b567a3.pdf
| 2,022
|
[
"climate",
"energy",
"support",
"emissions",
"carbon"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
Since parties to the UNFCCC committed to providing new and additional fast-start finance from 2010, the scale up in climate finance has been accompanied by a significant scale up in UK ODA from £7.3 billion in 2009 to £15.2 billion in 2019. UK Climate Finance committments therefore represents a new, dedicated climate commitment which is additional to historic ODA levels. We have furthered this commitment through an announcement made in 2019 of £11.6bn in ICF from 2021-2025. The UK has categorised spend to multilaterals and bilaterals as ‘committed’. The reported finance is the amount recorded as spent for UK Government budgetary purposes. Therefore we do not account for spend that has been pledged or committed for future years, but we do account for spend using promissory notes. These represent a legal promise for the UK to provide to total value of the promissory note, to the note’s recipient. 4: Funding source The UK has reported annual spend from its ODA budget that it has assessed as having clear climate change objectives. 5: Financial instrument The UK has provided the majority of it's climate finance via grants. The exceptions to this are five bilateral contributions that are marked as equity, one bilateral contribution marked as equity/grant and one bilateral contribution marked as a loan. The spend for these instruments is accounted for in accordance with OECD-DAC requirements. 6: Type of support All of reported UK climate finance is ODA. As part of our return, the UK has reported reflows of climate finance for example due to programmes closing down or no longer requiring UK finance. These reflows count as negative ODA and therefore affect the overall spend totals. We have grouped these reflows under the appropriate thematic area in order to properly account for their impact on the 7: Sector The UK has reported the same sector for each programme as per its overall ODA reporting to the OECD-DAC that took place earlier in the year. Provision of public financial summary information in 2020 2020 Domestic currency (£m) USD ($m) Allocation channels Core/general Climate-specific Core/general Climate-specific Other Mitigation Adaptation Cross-cutting Other Total contributions through multilateral Multilateral climate change funds 62.5 243.75 243.75 80.12820513 312.5 312.5 0 Other multilateral climate change funds 33.5 1 42.94871795 1.28 Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks 1,242.38 1,592.79 Specialised United Nations bodies 87.84 2.81 112.62 3.602564103 Total contributions through bilateral, regional and other channels 424.30 379.52 543.974359 486.56 Total climate specific by funding type (total for mitigation, adaptation, crosscutting, other) 701.55 623.27 3.81 899.42 799.06 4.88 Total climate specific finance 1328.63 1703.37 2020 Exchange rate $1 = £0.780 (source: Annual exchange rates for DAC donor countries) Provision of information on definitions or methodologies used for reporting information in the following reporting 1: Core/general The UK has reported the core contributions it has made to the listed multilaterals, plus some other contributions. These contributions are to the core budget and the UK cannot specify these as 2: Climate-specific The UK has reported climate specific contributions through multilateral channels. For the Green Climate Fund, we have counted 100% of our contribution as climate specific. For the Global Environment Facility, this has a wider remit than climate and therefore have accounted for this in the amount scored as climate specific. For the purposes of reporting we have scored these climate specific contributions as split 50% adaption and 50% mitigation. Our contributions through other channels are identfied as climate specific as they are assessed as having clear climate change objectives. Building on the provision of £3.87 billion in International Climate Finance (ICF) between 2011/12- 2015/16, the UK committed to further scale up climate finance to at least £5.8 billion between 2016/17-2020/21. We have furthered this commitment through an announcement made in 2019 of £11.6bn in ICF from 2021-2025. The UK has categorised spend to multilaterals and bilaterals as ‘committed’. The reported finance is the amount recorded as spent for UK Government budgetary purposes. Therefore we do not account for spend that has been pledged or committed for future years, but we do account for spend using promissory notes. These represent a legal promise for the UK to provide to total value of the promissory note, to the note’s recipient. 4: Funding source The UK has reported annual spend from its ODA budget that it has assessed as having clear climate change objectives. 5: Financial instrument The UK has provided the majority of it's climate finance via grants. The exceptions to this are two bilateral contributions that are marked as equity, one bilateral contribution marked as equity/grant and one bilateral contribution marked as a loan. The spend for these instruments is accounted for in accordance with OECD-DAC requirements. 6: Type of support All of reported UK climate finance is ODA. As part of our return, the UK has reported reflows of climate finance for example due to programmes closing down or no longer requiring UK finance. These reflows count as negative ODA and therefore affect the overall spend totals. We have grouped these reflows under the appropriate thematic area in order to properly account for their impact on the 7: Sector The UK has reported the same sector for each programme as per its overall ODA reporting to the OECD-DAC that took place earlier in the year. Provision of public financial contribution through multilateral channels in 2019 Donor funding Total amount Status Funding source Financial Core/general Climate specific Provided, Multilateral climate change funds 1. Global Environment Facility 25.00 31.93 12.38 15.81 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Unspecified 2. Least Developed Countries Fund 12.38 15.81 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Unspecified 3. Special Climate Change Fund 6. UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities 7. Other multilateral climate change funds i) Global Green Growth Insitute 4.79 6.11 Committed ODA Grant Cross-cutting Unspecified ii) Climate Investment Funds- Clean Technology Fund 166.50 212.64 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Unspecified Sub-total 25.00 31.93 196.05 250.38 Multilateral financial institutions, including regional 1. World Bank 959.43 1,225.32 Committed ODA Grant Unspecified 2. International Finance Corporation 3.
|
e6994b55-18ee-49c8-92db-2261135aea96
| 247
|
00888121-b427-4e97-8db2-88268cdefc14
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/1900/uk-net-zero-strategy-build-back-greener_807a7bbb4df0326606e1552618bffc6f.pdf
| 2,021
|
[
"zero",
"carbon",
"emissions",
"energy",
"government"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
Wastewater emissions will decrease due to improved treatment processes and expected data improvements. Water company research and investment into reducing process emissions from wastewater treatment plants will result in reductions in municipal process emissions via alternative treatment processes such as anaerobic treatment, membrane activated biofilm reactors, alternative ammonia removal processes and nature-based solutions. Improvements in the way companies, and government, report on industrial emissions, and the way they are calculated, are also likely to result in reductions Net Zero Build Back Greener
50. Government will continue to impose the requirements of the F-gas Regulation, which covers England, Wales and Scotland. The regulation requires a range of measures to reduce emissions, including controls on gas placed on the market, product bans, leak checks and mandatory certification for handlers of F-gases. These actions will help us to meet the Kigali Amendment target of reducing HFC consumption by 85% by 2036, as well as the F-gas Regulation’s target of a 51. A review of the F-gas Regulation has commenced and is due to complete no later than 2022. This will be used to assess whether we can go further than the current requirements and international commitments, including by looking at what additional reductions in F-gas use can be made to help Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy
Working together across the UK Examples of policy action by the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive UK Government is working across all levels of government and with Devolved Administrations to ensure consistent action to reduce emissions across the Natural Resources, Waste and F-Gases sectors, and In November 2020, the Welsh Government published its National Peatland Action Programme to target peatland bodies most in need of restoration, with the aim of delivering 600-800 ha of restoration per year. also safeguard those in good and recovering condition. Activity will be delivered by Natural Resources Wales and partners across a range of land uses on both private and public land. When the Senedd first sat in 1999, Wales recycled less than 5% of its municipal waste. In 2020, Wales highest ever recycling rate of over 65% put it third in the world, with This success is due to a truly collective effort by local authorities, communities and households, while the Welsh Government has set targets and funded infrastructure. Food waste is collected from every household and recycling centres are evolving into modern eco-parks where businesses and enterprises capture the value in materials and keep The Scottish Government has set ambitious targets to restore 250,000 ha of peatland by 2030 and for 18,000 ha of new woodlands to be created annually by 2024/25, with woodland cover increased from around 19% to 21% of the total area of Scotland by 2032. Scottish Forestry and Forestry and Land Scotland will work with investors, carbon buyers, landowners, and market intermediaries to increase private investment in new woodlands to increase the woodland carbon market by at least 50% by 2025. I n its recent Programme for Government, the Scottish Government allocated an additional £150 million for forestry and woodland Scottish Forestry will use £100 million of this to support new tree planting; and Forestry and Land Scotland will use £30 million to expand Scotland’s national forests and land, and £20 million to invest in modernising nursery facilities to increase tree A new Scottish Agriculture Bill will be brought forward in 2023 to replace the EU Common Agricultural Policy. Co-development and co-design with rural partners will be central to the development of future support structures and delivery. The Agriculture Reform Implementation Oversight Board (ARIOB) will be asked to incorporate recommendations from farmer-led groups, into the work implementing policy reform. These groups were established to develop proposals to cut emissions across agriculture, support sustainable and high quality food production, and design a new support system. A preliminary package of funded measures will be agreed COP26, and the ARIOB will also consider responses to the public consultation launched in August on the same themes. Net Zero Build Back Greener
The Forests for our Future Programme aims to plant 18 million trees by 2030 to create 9,000 ha of new woodland. The programme will improve the resilience of Northern Ireland’s forests and woodlands and increase their contribution to a sustainable, healthy environment; increase the contribution of forests and woodlands to Northern Ireland’s sustainable and inclusive economic growth; and increase the use of Northern Ireland’s forest resources to enable more people to improve their health, wellbeing, and Legislative provisions to help to limit emissions from F-gases (which have a high greenhouse warming potential) and ozone depleting substances have also been brought into operation in Northern Ireland. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy
Balancing residual emissions to achieve net zero • Set the ambition of deploying at least 5 MtCO2/year of engineered removals by 2030, in line with CCC85 and National Infrastructure Commission assessments.86 • Deliver £100 million innovation funding for Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage • Develop markets and incentives for investment in greenhouse gas removal methods, by consulting on our preferred business models to incentivise early • Working in partnership with the devolved administrations, we will aim to launch a call for evidence in the coming months exploring the role of the UK ETS as a potential long-term market for GGRs, as part of our upcoming consultation on the UK ETS. • Explore options for regulatory oversight to provide robust monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of GGRs, following the recommendations of the BEIS-led MRV Task & Finish Group involving experts from industry and academia. • Seek an amendment to the Climate Change Act to enable engineered removals to contribute to UK carbon budgets. 1. The primary method of achieving net zero is to take ambitious decarbonisation measures across society. However, we must also acknowledge that sectors such as industry, agriculture and aviation will be difficult to decarbonise completely by 2050.
|
23d06bea-fd9c-4b53-9b9a-c35258d49ad9
| 57
|
009056e4-861e-46ba-8011-1c1ad162f873
|
http://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.12199v3
| 2,022
|
[
"climate",
"impact",
"change",
"economic",
"growth"
] |
arxiv.org
|
curve shown is the Bayesian model average, that is, the seven impact functions are weighted according to their fit to the primary estimates. The 90% confidence interval shown is based on the uncertainty reported in 14 of the primary estimates, following Tol (2018, see also Tol (2012, 2015)). The lower and upper bound is estimated separately as a linear function of the temperature increase, using weighted least squares as above. Compared to my previous meta-analysis based on the same methods (Tol, 2019a), Figure 1 shows a very different picture. The number of estimates has more than doubled. The number of estimates beyond 3.2℃ of warming has increased tenfold. As there is a nonnegligible chance of large warming, the previous paucity of evidence allowed for speculation about the expected impact of climate change (Weitzman, 2009, Anthoff andTol, 2022). The central estimate of the impact of global warming is always negative, but the confidence interval is too wide to put much confidence in that. The wider confidence interval, compared to Tol (2019a), is mostly due to the range of uncertainties reported by Howard andSylvan (2020-09, 2021-07). The central estimate is higher because of the positive impacts reported by Desmet and Rossi-Hansberg (2015) and Newell et al. (2021) for substantial global warming. Enumerative studies report positive impacts of climate change due to reduced costs of heating in winter, lower cold-related mortality, and carbon dioxide fertilization. In Desmet and Rossi-Hansberg (2015), the positive impacts are in manufacturing. 4 There is no sectoral breakdown in Newell et al. (2021); the positive impacts are in specifications that relate economic growth to the temperature level (see below). Researchers disagree on the sign of the net impact, but agree on the order of magnitude: The welfare loss (or gain) caused by climate change is equivalent to the welfare loss caused by an income drop of at most ten percent-a century of climate change is not worse than losing a decade of economic growth. The uncertainty is large and right-skewed. For every degree warming, the positive standard deviation increases by 1.02% GDP while the negative standard deviation increases by 1.43% GDP. That is, negative surprises are larger than positive surprises of equal probability. Figure 1 suggests that different methods yield different results. Figure B2 shows the curve fitted separately by method used for the primary impact estimate. Instead of using the Bayesian average, the curve with the best fit is shown because there are not enough observations to estimate so many parameters if the sample is split into four. The elicitation studies are most pessimistic, the econometric studies most optimistic about the impacts of climate change. The enumerative and general equilibrium papers lie in between, with the former more pessimistic for moderate warming and less pessimistic for more profound warming. Although the central estimates are different, the uncertainty is so large that differences do not become statistically significant from zero before 4℃ of warming. Eight studies show sectoral impacts in tabular format. 5 The results are shown in Table 3 for 2.5℃ global warming. The estimates by Sartori and Roson (2016) and Kompas et al. (2018) are scaled using the function shown in Figure 1. The different studies have different sectoral cover, which I mapped to the sectors shown in Table 3. Following Tol (2019c), where a particular study omits a certain sector, I impute its value with the average of the studies that do include this impact. The following results emerge. "Other markets" is the biggest impact. Although recorded in an obscure way, this is primarily the impact of heat on labour productivity. Health impacts come second, followed by amenity, extreme weather, and agriculture. Only the impact of climate change on time use is positive. Overall, market impacts make up 55% of the total, while the remaining 45% directly affect welfare. On average, imputation of missing impacts increases the total impact estimate by 63%. The study by Tol (1995) is most complete, Sartori and Roson (2016) least. The estimates in Figure 1 therefore appear to be underestimates of the true impact. Figure 1 shows the global average impact of climate change. 18 of the 33 studies include estimates of the regional impacts of climate change or national impact estimates. Following ?, I regress the estimated regional impact on per capita income and average annual temperature, with dummies α s for the studies. This yields
where I c is the impact in country c (in %GDP), y c is its average income (in 2010 market exchange dollars per person per year), and T c is the average annual temperature (in degrees Celsius); the bracketed numbers are standard errors. Hotter countries have more negative impacts. Richer countries have relatively less negative impacts. 6 For each of the studies, this equation is used to impute national impacts, making sure that the regional or global totals match those in the original estimates. The function shown in Figure 1 is then used to shift all impacts to 2.5℃warming. 7 For each country, the average and standard deviation across studies is taken. Figure 5 shows results for individual countries for 2.5℃ warming. Hotter countries, poorer countries see more negative impacts. In fact, the majority of countries show a larger damage than the global average of 1.7%. This is because the world economy is concentrated in a few, rich countries. The world average economic impact counts dollars, rather than countries, let alone people. Poorer countries are more vulnerable to climate change for three reasons. First, poorer countries have a higher share of their economic activity in sectors, such as agriculture, that are directly exposed to the vagaries of weather. Second, poorer countries tend to be in hotter places. This makes adaptation more difficult as there are no analogues for human behaviour and technology. Cities in temperate climates need to look at subtropical cities to discover how to cope in a warmer climate, and subtropical cities at tropical ones. The hottest cities will need to invent, from scratch, how to deal with greater heat.
|
4c1b9656-c0c3-4a15-bdab-56744f21c180
| 1
|
0096d85b-9e47-4f22-a945-19da628cf6c5
|
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1009448/decarbonising-transport-a-better-greener-britain.pdf
| 2,021
|
[
"transport",
"zero",
"emissions",
"emission",
"carbon"
] |
assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
|
Buses are the easiest, quickest, and cheapest way to improve public transport. Our National Bus Strategy, this March, charted a new path lower, simpler fares, more frequent buses, services which are easier to understand and use, more bus priority lanes and thousands more zero emission buses.
|
8f0273a5-decd-4a43-ab49-4f3473699e66
| 56
|
0097843d-988c-4da7-862d-48ebac80f6db
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2024/united-kingdom-biennial-transparency-report-btr1_0e77f9e4d928e6e9d64ea26cd95945e1.pdf
| 2,024
|
[
"climate",
"change",
"emissions",
"energy",
"government"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
In turn, this will help accelerate global climate action in line with the Paris Agreement, and progress on the Sustainable Development Goals In November 2023, a £40m scale-up of the Transforming Energy Access (TEA) platform was included in the UK announcement476 at COP28 in Dubai, to facilitate clean energy demonstrators funded by FCDO Country Posts and to scale-up work on sustainable cooling and energy efficiency. So far, new demonstrators have been agreed in Tanzania, the Pacific and Indonesia, with additional demonstrators currently in design in Zambia, Somalia, and Rwanda, showing strong uptake on the This financial year 2023/24, £9.1m was awarded to 16 innovation projects via Energy Catalyst Round 10477, that started from April 2024, and to improve clean 465 Our strategic partnerships - Shell Foundation 466 Acumen's investment portfolio 467 GSMA Innovation Fund | Mobile for Development 468 Global Innovation Fund | Improving lives through social innovation 469 Industrial Decarbonization | Program Profile | ESMAP 470 Building Impactful The role of Institutional Support - Shell Foundation 471 Mirova announces first closing of Mirova Gigaton strategy 472 Access Financing for Your Next Project | Odyssey Energy Solutions 473 Cavex | Climate finance with impact 474 Home - The Global Distributors Collective 475 Crowdfunding energy access- State of the market report 2022 476 PM to call for ‘era of action’ at COP28 climate summit - GOV.UK 477 Round 10 - Energy Catalyst
energy access in 11 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the Indo- Pacific (including Fiji, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia). This is part of a broader UK government investment of £40.3m in 67 innovation projects to be funded by the FCDO and the UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology. It includes 4 projects funded by the Tanzania British High Commission via the new TEA In November 2023, a £15m scale-up of the UK’s Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS) programme was included in the UK’s Ayrton Fund announcement478 at COP28 in Dubai, to facilitate clean energy demonstrators funded by FCDO Country Posts. So far, new demonstrators have been agreed in Tanzania and Uganda to scale-up and demonstrate eCooking from April 2024. 4.5.9 Support for the development and enhancement of endogenous capacities and technologies of developing Through the UK’s Ayrton Fund programming, the UK has been supporting the endogenous capacities of developing The UK’s Clean Climate Growth (CCG) Fund launched a new partnership with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on their Affordable and Sustainable Energy System for Sub-Saharan Africa programme479, which provides support to selected countries to improve their data management and long-term planning to facilitate development of low-carbon energy systems. CCG will provide training in its modelling tools to government officials in target countries such as Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, etc. BRILHO is a country programme that catalyses private sector investment and innovation, and government support in Mozambique, to increase energy access through supply of household solar, mini-grids and improved cooking • The programme has provided technical support to the government of Mozambique in drafting the regulatory framework for off-grid areas, making Mozambique a more attractive market for investors in the renewable energy • In 2023/24, BRILHO held workshops480 with government and industry representatives in the areas of leadership, gender equality and social inclusion, and women's empowerment. These sought to strengthen the capacity of institutions in the energy sector to create a gender-sensitive, inclusive, and conducive environment for the implementation of business 478 PM to call for ‘era of action’ at COP28 climate summit - GOV.UK 479 Energy Sub-Saharan Africa – Programmes - IEA
models that tackle the needs of vulnerable people and increase the representation of women in the energy sector value chain. UK support to Mission Efficiency funded the development of three innovation roadmaps under the Ayrton Fund’s Industrial Decarbonisation challenge in Brazil, Kenya, and Vietnam. It also funded a publicly accessible toolkit481 that facilitates more integrated support on energy efficiency by identifying priority sectors by country and leveraging existing tools from partner programs and platforms, as well as other leading institutions around the world. 4.5.10 Efforts to encourage private sector activities related to technology development and transfer and how such efforts support developing country Parties Our ICF programmes are having a global impact, as set out in our published annual International Climate Finance (ICF) results482. Since 2011 UK ICF has leveraged £7.8 billion of private finance for climate change. Examples of UK efforts to encourage private sector activity through Ayrton Fund 4.5.10.1Transforming Energy Access (TEA) platform • Between 2016 and 2024, the £265m FCDO Transforming Energy Access483 (TEA) platform, which invests in early-stage testing and scale-up of new clean energy technologies and business models for developing countries, leveraged £1.5 billion in additional investment into clean energy research, innovation and scale-up from both public and private sources. • TEA-supported innovators have gone on to raise significant investment capital, including for example Sheffield-based Mobile Power484 who developed an innovative battery swapping and distribution system in use in Sierra Leone, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Uganda, Zambia, Gambia and Nigeria and have raised over £5m in follow on investment. Mobile Power have rented their portable batteries over 16 million times to date and have 55,000 active customers who use these batteries to power electric motorbikes, for phone charging, lightening, and for powering small DC appliances such as • Another example of a TEA-supported innovator is Wales-based SureChill485 who developed a unique cooling technology approved by the World Health Organisation that ensures a refrigerator remains perfectly cool during any power outage, and who raised over £7 million in follow on investment. 481 Toolkit - Mission Efficiency 482 UK International Climate Finance results 2024 483 Transforming Energy Access (TEA) - supporting renewable energy projects, energy access and green technologies in Africa and Asia. 484 MOPO — Redefining energy and transport in Africa 485
SureChill refrigerators are used in several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa including Kenya, Senegal, Nigeria, Zambia, and Mali.
|
2ae0b548-ef04-451f-aba3-617d0f3c41f8
| 230
|
00a359ed-dec2-40f9-9f56-e5231223e3c0
|
https://www.gov.uk//government/publications/industrial-energy-transformation-fund-ietf-phase-3-spring-2024
| 2,024
|
[
"IETF",
"Phase 3",
"Spring 2024",
"competition",
"grant funding",
"eligibility",
"application",
"businesses",
"SIC codes",
"energy efficiency",
"decarbonisation",
"engineering studies",
"feasibility studies",
"data centre",
"mining",
"manufacturing",
"recycling",
"industrial laundries",
"controlled environment horticulture",
"government",
"funding rules",
"application process",
"minimum thresholds",
"maximum thresholds",
"DESNZ",
"ietfenergysecurity.gov.uk",
"Scottish Government",
"Coмпаnies House",
"virtual farms",
"greenhouses",
"vertical farms",
"indoor agriculture",
"energy security"
] |
gov.uk
|
Changes in IETF Phase 3 from previous phases include
The government response to the recent IETF Phase 3 consultation provides more detail of changes to the IETF. Eligible lead applicants
Your business must operate an existing site which falls into one of the following SIC codes
Eligible industrial processes SICcodes
Mining and quarrying 1 07100 through to 08990 and 09900
Manufacturing 10000 through to 33200
Recovery and recycling of materials 383208 2
Data centre 63110
Industrial Laundries 3 96010
Controlled Environment Horticulture CEH 4 1110, 1130, 1190, 1240, 1250, 1280, 1290, 1300, 1610
Notes
1 This excludes activities related to the extraction of gas or petroleum. This also excludes coal and lignite mining operations. 2 Activities associated with producing energy from waste are not eligible. Further details are provided in the technical eligibility section. 3 This excludes laundrettes and other domestic-focused activities. 4 Activities supporting crops for human food consumption, where these are grown in indoor production systems with the technology to precisely control multiple environmental parameters such as greenhouses, vertical farms plant factories. Wider agricultural or ornamental horticulture activities such as forestry, fishing, flower production, growing of medicinal plants, pastoral farming and arable farming outside of controlled indoor environments, and low-tech protected environment horticulture for example polytunnels are not eligible for support from the IETF. Please check the SIC code you were allocated at the time of registering at Companies House. If the parent company SIC Code does not reflect the activity carried out at your site, for example where a data centre is owned by a telecoms company, you may still be eligible. The guidance document provides more detail on the eligibility criteria. You can also contact us about eligibility at ietfenergysecurity.gov.uk type Eligibility screening assessment request as the subject line of the email. We offer a free eligibility screening service and can provide answers to questions about the application process. Minimum and maximum thresholds
The funding will be awarded as grants towards the total costs of successful proposals. Your proposal must fall within the stated minimum and maximum award thresholds in this table. Unless otherwise specified, thresholds refer to the minimum and maximum grant that you can apply for.
|
581bf1a5-6558-4d4a-9e40-fd1a3baaa902
| 1
|
00a6078b-4900-48fb-956e-188fdecbc22c
|
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/schedule/7/paragraph/2
| 2,008
|
[
"northern ireland legislation",
"affirmative resolution procedure",
"u.k.",
"sustainable development",
"transport fuel supplier"
] |
legislation.gov.uk
|
2 U.K. For section 125 (the Administrator) substitute- " 125 Appointment of the Administrator (1) For the purposes of provision made by or under this Chapter, an RTF order may- (a) establish a body corporate, and (b) appoint that body as the Administrator. (2) An RTF order may- (a) make provision for the appointment of members of the body; (b) make provision in relation to the staffing of the body; (c) make provision in relation to the expenditure of the body; (d) make provision regulating the procedure of the body; (e) make any other provision that the Secretary of State considers appropriate for purposes connected with the establishment and maintenance of the body. (3) The provision that may be made by an RTF order by virtue of this section includes, in particular, provision conferring discretions on- (a) the Secretary of State; (b) the body itself; or (c) members or staff of the body. 125A General functions of the Administrator (1) An RTF order may- (a) confer or impose powers and duties on the Administrator for purposes connected with the implementation of provision made by or under this Chapter; (b) confer discretions on the Administrator in relation to the making of determinations under such an order and otherwise in relation to the Administrator's powers and duties; and (c) impose duties on transport fuel suppliers for purposes connected with the Administrator's powers and duties (including, in particular, duties framed by reference to determinations made by the Administrator). (2) It is the duty of the Administrator to promote the supply of renewable transport fuel whose production, supply or use- (a) causes or contributes to the reduction of carbon emissions, and (b) contributes to sustainable development or the protection or enhancement of the environment generally. 125B Functions of the Administrator: supplementary (1) The powers that may be conferred on the Administrator by virtue of section 125A(1) include, in particular- (a) power to require a transport fuel supplier to provide the Administrator with such information as the Administrator may require for purposes connected with the carrying out of the Administrator's functions; (b) power to impose requirements as to the form in which such information must be provided and as to the period within which it must be provided; (c) power to imposes charges of specified amounts on transport fuel suppliers. (2) The Secretary of State may give written directions to the Administrator about the exercise of any power conferred on the Administrator by virtue of subsection (1)(a) or (b). (3) The power to give directions under subsection (2) includes power to vary or revoke the directions. (4) The Administrator must comply with any directions given under that subsection. (5) Sums to apply to the transfer. (7) Subject to subsection (8), an order under this section is subject to the negative resolution procedure. (8) The power to make an order under this section is subject to the affirmative resolution procedure if the order- (a) contains provision by virtue of subsection (2)(c), or (b) makes any modification of an enactment contained in- (i) an Act of Parliament, (ii) an Act of the Scottish Parliament, (iii) a Measure or Act of the National Assembly for Wales, or (iv) Northern Ireland legislation. " .
|
eed13d55-9556-41aa-a698-5aa7023cb9fe
| 0
|
00a8722d-d423-4607-ad83-f03c1a12eae2
|
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0080:EN:HTML
| 2,001
|
[
"Industry",
"Electricity and heat",
"Non-energy use"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
reheating furnaces, furnaces for heat treatment;
(b) post-combustion plants i.e. any technical apparatus designed to purify the waste gases by combustion which is not operated as an independent combustion plant;
(c) facilities for the regeneration of catalytic cracking catalysts;
(d) facilities for the conversion of hydrogen sulphide into sulphur;
(e) reactors used in the chemical industry;
(f) coke battery furnaces;
(g) cowpers;
(h) any technical apparatus used in the propulsion of a vehicle, ship or aircraft;
(i) gas turbines used on offshore platforms;
(j) gas turbines licensed before 27 November 2002 or which in the view of the competent authority are the subject of a full request for a licence before 27 November 2002 provided that the plant is put into operation no later than 27 November 2003 without prejudice to Article 7(1) and Annex VIII(A) and (B);
Plants powered by diesel, petrol and gas engines shall not be covered by this Directive.
|
b1740270-b985-4879-9e7d-fe1209ab0db3
| 19
|
00b4507e-aa18-4452-9fc7-6cd8e00f42e6
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/united-kingdom-national-inventory-report-nir-2023_e2ed2f6c199088dc30a95fddf6e84c72.pdf
| 2,023
|
[
"emissions",
"data",
"inventory",
"energy",
"emission"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
power station s, refineries, cement kilns, iron and steel works) for priority pollutants (e.g. CO 2, f. Other activity data checks (e.g.
|
70afacf8-8641-4466-819d-f4db8cad9d69
| 92
|
00b81609-7d22-4980-bb27-ce108e5ba747
|
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-framework-for-water-resources-2025-water-for-growth-nature-and-a-resilient-future/9-taking-action-on-other-significant-water-using-sectors-and-emerging-demands-national-framework-for-water-resources-2025
| 2,025
|
[
"water company mains",
"non - household sectors",
"construction industry",
"horticulture sector",
"significant operational cost"
] |
GOV.UK Environment Agency
|
It is therefore critical that water availability is considered early in the planning stage, not just for data centre cooling but also to provide water for potential power sources such as Small Modular Reactors ( SMRs ). 9.5 Water for health and wellbeing Water for health and wellbeing includes leisure uses for golf courses, horse racing and sports fields. This is an important sector of water use that supports a significant part of the economy and enhances people's mental and physical health. Water supplies for this sector come from a mixture of sources; sometimes from small scale abstraction below the thresholds for abstraction licences; sometimes from the water environment where a licence is required; and sometimes from water company mains. The leisure sector is facing similar pressures as other sectors in that the availability of water resources for direct abstraction from the environment will be impacted by climate change. The demand for irrigation may increase due to hotter, drier summers and there will be changes needed to some abstraction licences to ensure they are sustainable. Opportunities may exist for the sector to switch from mains supplies to direct abstraction from the environment or water cycling, which could help secure a better use of water resources. Water other than for domestic use in this sector does not depend on the same high-quality potable drinking water as that required for public water supply. Some water companies are already driving such change by removing guarantees to reliable supplies from mains connections as pressure on their networks grow. Where sustainability changes are needed to abstraction licences, there is a risk that water from the environment may not be available or reliable unless it involves the capture and storage of water from sources such as high flows, , drainage, or if there is access to non-rainfall-dependent supplies like treated wastewater. We will continue to work with the leisure sector to increase awareness of the growing risks and pressures on water supplies. We also want to help with assessment of local options available to improve water supply resilience, particularly where this is associated with reducing reliance on the use of public water supplies. To do this, we believe that the approach used in the agriculture and horticulture sector is transferable to the leisure sector. This would involve a move towards involvement in Water Abstractor Groups, representing multiple sectors of use, and assessments of local resource options, including opportunities to share water and to trade water rights. We see a role for regional water resources groups to help to facilitate this work by helping businesses in the sector assess their risks and spot opportunities, and by advising on potential options and the implementation of solutions. As part of this, we want the sector to consider how it may help support the delivery of wider benefits to water and the environment. For instance, making use of opportunities to utilise land to deliver nature-based solutions and wider benefits to water quality and flood risk management as part of the solution to improving water supply resilience. We also want to work with the sector to help it continue to develop and adopt best practice in water resources management, improving demand management, irrigation scheduling and how smart data can optimise use. 9.6 Water supply for flood alleviation The use of reservoirs for multiple purposes has been around for decades, if not centuries. Whilst each reservoir will have a primary purpose, we want to ensure that, where possible, integrated decision-making leads to multiple benefits and aligns with adaptive planning principles. We want to make sure that careful consideration is given to opportunities to deliver those benefits and that we are not introducing adverse outcomes, such as unacceptably reducing the security of water supplies. We have produced a decision-making framework to enable consistent local choices when considering proposals, where the 'integrated' management of reservoirs for flood risk and water supply purposes presents a combined opportunity without impacting on water supply resilience and levels of service. The decision-making framework helps the alignment between water resources planning and flood risk appraisal principles, so outcomes are practical, deliverable, legally compliant, meet environmental objectives and obligations, and can support clear communication with local stakeholders and interested parties, whilst reflecting wider challenges such as the impacts of climate change and the need to manage water dynamically. We will continue to explore opportunities so that they are considered within a strategic, catchment context, and so that priorities align with water resources plans and flood risk plans. Next: 10. Water resources planning and abstraction licensing
|
ed12510d-399f-4da5-bb85-b4d94f004d33
| 2
|
00ba029a-dd5a-49a6-9d48-5428d417f569
|
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/system/files/2021-11/COM_2021_706_1_EN_ACT_part1_v6.pdf
| -1
|
[
"Agriculture and forestry",
"Forestry",
"Non-energy use"
] |
ec.europa.eu
|
These findings were corroborated by the outcome of the Open Public
Consultation, where the overwhelming majority of stakeholders businesses associations
and NGOs supported a mandatory due diligence regime. Choice of the instrument
The proposed instrument is a Regulation because it is necessary to ensure the highest level
of harmonization to avoid the coexistence of different standards between Member States,
which would undermine the fundamental principle of free movement of goods. A Regulation
will set direct requirements for all operators, thus providing the necessary legal certainty
and enforcement possibility of a fully integrated market across the EU. A Regulation also
ensures that the obligations are implemented at the same time and in the same way in all
27 Member States. The Regulation will also reduce uncertainties over timelines during the
transposition process typically associated with a Directive in an area where time and legal
certainty are critically important due to forecasted increases in market size and changes in
market dynamics more generally. The instrument has also been designed as a future-proof dynamic system to be able to adapt
to market developments and new data and scientific evidence. For this purpose, a number
of empowerments are foreseen for the Commission, which will allow the development of
implementing measures, among others to publish the result of the country benchmarking and
to revise the commodities in scope of the Regulation. 3. RESULTS
CONSULTATIONS AND IMPACT ASSESSMENTS
EX-POST
EVALUATIONS,
OF
STAKEHOLDER
Ex-post evaluationsfitness checks of existing legislation
The present initiative builds on the findings of the Fitness Check of the EUTR and FLEGT
Regulations, which has been carried out concomitantly to the Impact Assessment for this
Regulation. With regard to the EUTR, the Fitness check has shown that the EUTR resulted in an improved
situation in third countries, including in countries that have chosen not to engage in VPA
processes. Main EU trade partners have taken steps to strengthen their forest governance
systems and reduce illegal logging to meet the requirements of the EUTR. The EUTR even
if hampered by a number of weaknesses in its design and enforcement challenges has shown
some positive results in terms of both effectiveness and efficiency. Its worldwide coverage
has provided the EU with a basis to work closely together with other consumer countries. Other consumer countries and trade partners worldwide have adopted legislative approaches
similar to the EUTR In the broader deforestation context, this is particularly important to bear
in mind, as it shows that the EU, even with a decreasing market share, can have an impact and
lead the way globally. Despite the challenges experienced in its implementation, the findings of the Fitness Check
show that the approach adopted for the EUTR due diligence allows flexibility to respond
to new and emerging challenges linked to illegal logging and illegal land use change. The
general requirement due diligence placed on all EU based operators also allows the
Regulation to be flexible to changes in trade patterns and changes in country risk profiles. The
EN
6
EN
proposed option will integrate and improve upon the framework set up with the EUTR, which
would therefore be repealed.
|
fdc8afd5-2a2d-4946-a4da-be36ebf11749
| 7
|
00be529a-625e-4bf1-a125-b0eaf66d7cc3
|
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.01398v1
| 2,019
|
[
"economy",
"business",
"world",
"people",
"social"
] |
arxiv.org
|
Combined with a shorter average working week of 15 to 25 hours688 , the NFP World offers enough work for full-time employment and adequate incomes689 , but not so much that work proves overwhelming. With wealth staying in local communities, jobs are more local. There is less travel time and less migration (due to less of a need to move for work), and thus less pressure that work-related travel puts on services and infrastructure. Importantly, people want to work longer into their lives (rather than retire as early as possible) because they derive a sense of purpose from their work as almost all work supports a social mission. Also because the working week is shorter and they've had more leisure time throughout their career (as compared to now), there's a more balanced approach to work throughout one's lifetime (rather than having to front-load one's life with too much work and retire from work all together later in life). In essence, people no longer feel burnt out by paid employment by the time they reach 65 years of age. Furthermore, because they've been living in a society that ensures optimal health, people tend to be in better physical and psychological shape in the later years of life, as compared to what is currently the norm in for-profit societies. With less work needing to be done, the elusive goal of greater leisure is finally reached. The quality and amount of leisure increases because the NFP World creates the space needed for human flourishing. Working less gives us the freedom to be and to do. Given the chance, and when basic needs have been met, people embrace this freedom, prioritizing quality time with family, friends and oneself over buying more stuff, and working more. 690 As the Peckham experiment shows, when we are stress-free, we have no shortage of crafts, hobbies and sports with which we enjoy engaging. There is time to explore healthy ways of meeting needs, outside the market, thereby reducing the need for work. We also have more time to connect with nature, with the NFP World allowing us to truly appreciate the incredible gift of life and biodiversity on this amazing planet. With less work, we have more time in our lives for self-reflective processes. We have time to think about what is really important to us, what we value, what we prioritize, dream about, desire and need, and how we can best manage these considerations. Less work gives the space for us to learn and to follow our hopes, aspirations and passions. This raises the chances of finding meaningful work. And as experiments that provide all members of society with a basic income have shown691 , people still choose to work even when they don't have to, given the intrinsic rewards associated with contributing to something greater than yourself and the extrinsic rewards when that value is publicly acknowledged and celebrated. Income still serves as a motivator of work, but it's not at all the only source of motivation. Overall, we see a more satisfied and insightful population, which drives productivity gains both in the workplace and in communities. There is also more time to be creative. Being an artist isn't restricted to just those who can find some way of making money from their creativity. Rather everyone has the time to undertake creative endeavors, such as writing, drawing, painting, sculpting, woodwork, designing, dancing, playing music, and acting. These are all important forms of expression that contribute to higher levels of mental health. Less work also creates space for us to connect, collaborate, help each other and understand our interdependence more deeply. As there is a lot less fear of being dominated, people experience and explore human connections more richly. We have more time to share our daily struggles with each other, and to receive the support we need to enable our ongoing personal growth. Importantly, we have more time for our loved ones. More time, energy and financial security exists to raise children and provide care for family members, accompanied by greater community support and the assistance of friends and extended family. In the NFP World, the community ensures that babies are fed, held and loved, and elders are honored, respected and cherished. And with people having more free time and the purpose-driven culture encouraging them to contribute to the greater good, the NFP World has higher rates of volunteerism, which loops back to relieve pressure on the market. The better balance between work, rest and play creates improved physical, emotional and spiritual wellbeing 692 . But the reverse is also true: greater wellbeing improves the quality of our work, leisure and rest. When the for-profit pressures fade and the NFP era flourishes, most people will feel relatively deeper levels of life-satisfaction, joy, selfconfidence, empathy, compassion, security, autonomy, connection, purpose, gratitude, and empowerment -in essence, a zest for life! With improved physical and emotional wellbeing, we relate more positively to others, making work and leisure more enjoyable for us all. We are more able to act in cooperative, empathic, mindful, and creative ways that contribute to the whole. But greater wellbeing also reduces the amount of work needing to be done in the first place. Combined with financial equality, greater physical, emotional and spiritual wellbeing minimizes homelessness, mental and physical illness, addiction, violence, crime and incarceration 693 . This reduces the burdens on society, such as the costs associated with running rehabilitation and correctional facilities as well as homeless shelters and safe houses, and therein the amount of work that needs to be done. At the same time, having greater widespread health and wellbeing increases the available labor force, ensuring even less work per citizen, to achieve desired social outcomes. Greater wellbeing reinforces contentment, based on an ethos of 'enough', allowing us to feel more deeply fulfilled. As we'll soon explore, this reduces our levels of consumption and, therein, the amount of work needing to be done to match market demand.
|
7aa7f968-38f8-4177-8669-ac6d65db7e5a
| 78
|
00c037e0-9b85-4d44-9394-01194be92dda
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2017/clean-growth-strategy_dbc3cb715f5549eb5b10b721c5c48304.pdf
| 2,017
|
[
"Economy-wide",
"Energy",
"Health",
"Industry",
"LULUCF",
"Transport",
"Waste",
"Adaptation",
"Institutions / Administrative Arrangements",
"Research And Development",
"Energy Supply",
"Energy Demand",
"energy",
"carbon",
"emissions",
"government",
"million"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
Many local authorities have introduced separate collection of food waste and we will work to support more so that the amount of food waste sent to landfill continues to decline. 18. We will set out a new Resources and Waste strategy which seeks to maximise resource productivity, reduce waste in our energy and resource systems, promote well- functioning markets for secondary materials and incentivise producers to design better products. The strategy will focus on three • Maximising resource productivity - through more efficient manufacturing • Maximising the value we get from resources throughout their lifetimes - by designing products more smartly to increase longevity and enable recyclability • Managing materials at end of life – by targeting environmental impacts 277 Defra press release (2017) New £10 million fund to restore peatland
19. We will explore how data can support the development of a network of resource efficiency clusters led by Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs), whereby LEPs would develop local level strategies to drive greater resource efficiency, supporting processes such as industrial symbiosis and the development of new disruptive business models that challenge inefficient practice. 20. We will explore how we can better incentivise producers to manage resources more efficiently through producer responsibility 21. We will take action through the Courtauld 2025 Agreement to reduce the amount of food that is wasted in the UK. This could deliver up to £20 billion worth of savings to the UK economy more food from landfill to support resource productivity and avoid further emissions. 22. We will explore new and innovative ways to manage emissions from landfill, undertaking research and analysis to support new approaches such as optimising surface methane oxidation. We will also investigate accelerating the breakdown of waste in landfill to improve the quantity and quality of landfill gas captured. This research should identify innovation to bring down the costs of low carbon technologies and lay the groundwork for future decisions. Government Innovation Investment The Government expects to invest £99 million out to 2021 on innovation in natural resources. The Government wants the UK to be at the forefront of land-based innovation – ensuring our industry remains at the cutting edge of agricultural and bio-based technology development through the forthcoming bioeconomy strategy and through the existing £160 million Agri-Tech Strategy 278 WRAP (2016) The Courtauld Commitment 2025 to transform UK food and drink courtauld-commitment-2025-transform-uk-food-and-drink 279 Defra (2015) Agricultural technologies (agri-tech) strategy Recycling Technologies, based in Swindon, has developed a new process that can recycle mixed plastic waste, which normally goes to landfill or is incinerated, into a clean fuel. With the support of an Energy Entrepreneurs Fund grant of around £700,000, testing has shown that this product can be used in industrial burners or marine engines. As an alternative, the product could be distilled and used as feedstock to make more new plastics, paints, polishes or lubricants. Recycling Technologies recently raised £5 million in private investment and are now actively on the lookout for further
• Innovative The Government has supported research on innovative technologies in agriculture via the Agri-Tech Catalyst, to accelerate the translation of research into practical solutions to improve agricultural productivity, whilst reducing the environmental impact of agricultural production, some of which has additional • Centres for Agri-tech Four centres have been funded in partnership with industry, academia and • Agrimetrics - £11.8 million for a ‘big- data’ centre of excellence for Agri- metrics to utilise data science and modelling to build a more productive, sustainable and efficient food system. • Agricultural Engineering Precision Innovation Centre (Agri-EPI) - £17.7 million on precision agriculture to help the UK’s agri-food sector develop more productive and sustainable UK agriculture and export markets. • Centre for Crop Health and Protection (CHAP) - £21.3 million to revolutionise how farmers manage crop threats including pests and disease, both in the • Centre for Innovation Excellence in Livestock (CIEL) - £29.1 million to create new livestock technology and products to boost the profitability and productivity To complement this early action on innovation, the Government believes there are further opportunities for innovation linked to natural resources. In determining these we have focused where the Government can add the most value and develop UK opportunities. The main innovation challenges that could be unlocked are below, with detail on opportunities Improving productivity and management skills on farms, coupled with technological innovation, will provide the tools for achieving a step change in the level of carbon savings. • We will develop affordable low carbon fertiliser products to reduce and replace fertilisers; explore the potential for bio-stimulants to improve nutrient use efficiency; and explore the viability of fertiliser production by recovering nutrients from wastes and other organic materials. • Soil We will aim to target new sustainable land management techniques to overcome the decline in soil quality in the UK and the impact on productivity. We are already funding UK research into soils to deliver greenhouse gas removals (GGR) and abatement technologies as part of the • Crops and livestock We will explore the mitigation potential of new breeding technologies and any barriers to their deployment to improve agricultural and forestry productivity and resilience. 280 The National Environment Research Council (2017) £8.6 million UK research programme on greenhouse gas removal releases/2017/09-greenhousegas/
• Low emission farming We will reduce the costs of resource use in crop and livestock production improving our understanding of crop soil interactions; explore the potential of robotics and the latest sensor technologies; precision farming technologies more viable on smaller scale farms, investigate the potential of improving soil health and carbon stocks. • Forestry We need to improve the resilience and productivity of our forests such as through greater understanding of how tree genetics can contribute to GGRs, especially as we approach 2050. Innovate UK will also ensure that future rounds of its health and life science calls encourage bids which directly or indirectly support practices that may have a positive impact on • Anaerobic Digestion.
|
97a59d0e-1bf2-4781-843d-e8366a799456
| 34
|
00c61c05-093b-4cdc-8a95-8e4ad73cf05e
|
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/system/files/2021-11/COM_2021_706_1_EN_ACT_part1_v6.pdf
| -1
|
[
"Agriculture and forestry",
"Forestry",
"Non-energy use"
] |
ec.europa.eu
|
Grounds for the proposalinitiative
1.5.1. Requirements to be met in the short or long term including a detailed timeline for
roll-out of the implementation of the initiative
The proposed regulation will be directly applicable from the day of its entry into
force. A series of implementingdelegated acts, as well as administrative tasks, will
be deployed in a time-horizon of 5 years from the date established in Article 36 1. A detailed list of these envisaged actions is provided below
1. Before the date established in Article 362
a A public bid or administrative arrangement for a contract to develop the country
benchmarking system according to the criteria specified in the regulation. b A public bid for an impact assessment on the covering further commodities and
products as well as other vulnerable ecosystems. c A public bid for a contract to support the Commission in the tasks mandated in the
regulation. d A contract or administrative arrangement to develop the information system to
store and exchange data on operators and self-declarations.
|
fdc8afd5-2a2d-4946-a4da-be36ebf11749
| 76
|
00c7cd56-f9e5-4373-943d-829df94444e3
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/1900/united-kingdom-national-communication-nc-nc-8-biennial-reports-br-br-5_288d5f885869447df3e9910829b567a3.pdf
| 2,022
|
[
"climate",
"energy",
"support",
"emissions",
"carbon"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
UK support will improve the design and quality of infrastructure built, increase the capacity of the government to deliver its own programmes and influence the policies of the largest programme of this
Project ID Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Recipient country/region/project/ 203232 203232 Core Support -5.83 - 7.47 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Energy Increased responsible private sector participation in sustainable infrastructure including renewable energy in poorer developing countries through increased flows of private capital & expertise.This will benefit an additional 105.1 million people by the end of 2015. 203232 203232 Core Support -0.65 - 0.83 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Energy Increased responsible private sector participation in sustainable infrastructure including renewable energy in poorer developing countries through increased flows of private capital & expertise.This will benefit an additional 105.1 million people by the end of 2015. 300683 300683 Strengthening Ethiopia’s 28 35.90 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Other Social Ethiopia’s rural safety net provides predictable cash and or food transfers to 8 million extremely poor people in chronically food insecure woredas (districts) in rural Ethiopia. Clients are selected for the program through a community-based targeting process. Households with able-bodied adult members are asked to work on community-planned public works in exchange for their transfers. These public works are activities like rehabilitate the natural resource base, build health posts and schoolrooms, construct and rehabilitate roads, and build other public infrastructure as prioritised by the community. Women are exempt from PW during pregnancy and 2 years postpartum. Labor-constrained households receive unconditional transfers (PDS) and are linked with complementary social services where possible. The safety net also provides livelihoods support in the form of skills training, business planning, savings promotion, credit facilitation, and, where appropriate,
Project ID Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Recipient country/region/project/ 300755 300755 Securing global wheat crops for food and nutritional security - in partnership with 3.94 5.05 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Agriculture Working in partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation on two major co-investments in wheat crop improvement, DFID’s funding will increase the nutritional quality and disease resistance of wheat crops, building the resilience of smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, and contributing to global food security in the face of climate change, and emerging plant disease and pest threats. Securing global wheat crops through wheat breeding includes improving heat tolerance and increasing climate resilience in the crop varieties. 2.06 2.64 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Other Social The Exiting Poverty in Rwanda Programme will provide support to the Government of Rwanda to help create and scale up a more sustainable, self-financed and inclusive system for supporting the most vulnerable, helping the poor manage shocks and enabling more people to sustainably exit poverty. The programme will provide financial aid to the Government of Rwanda to scale up provision of Social Protection to the poorest. It will put a stronger emphasis on sustainability and on working towards a clear exit strategy from the Social Protection Sector in the future. The focus of the programme therefore is strengthening government systems to build effectiveness, government ownership and long-term sustainability of the programme. This phase of support is expected to deliver the impact of extreme poverty eradicated, and poverty levels reduced, with an outcome of the resilience of vulnerable men, women and children and of the Social Protection systems that help sustain them enhanced. Project ID Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Recipient country/region/project/ 205118 205118 Commercial Agriculture 1.71 2.19 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Agriculture To increase the opportunities and climate resilience of smallholder farmers through the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices which raise incomes and support biodiversity. The programme will also support sustainable and inclusive agribusiness models, particularly those which trade with smallholders, to access investment and improve the sustainability of 203852 203852 Pathways to Prosperity 0.8 1.03 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Health, General Enable 1 million people to exit extreme poverty and access a sustained pathway to prosperity, while actively promoting public and private provision of the core services required to eradicate extreme poverty. 203852 203852 Pathways to Prosperity 0.2 0.26 Committed ODA Grant Mitigation Health, General Enable 1 million people to exit extreme poverty and access a sustained pathway to prosperity, while actively promoting public and private provision of the core services required to eradicate extreme poverty. 300147 300147 Reducing Insecurity and Violent Extremism in the Northern 0.4 0.51 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Conflict, Peace & To improve safety and security institutions at national level and in 6 counties that provide more effective, accountable and responsive services to a public that is actively engaged in improving safety and
Project ID Total amount Status Funding Type of support Sector Additional Information Recipient country/region/project/ 202762 202762 Supporting Indian Trade 0.38 0.49 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation Trade Policies & This project will support increased African exports to the large and growing emerging market of India. It will also help African businesses to strengthen their productive capacity and competitiveness, thereby moving away from unprocessed primary commodities, which don’t earn much. The project will operate in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda. Together with African and Indian businesses, the implementer International Trade Centre (ITC) will carefully select a number of labour-intensive goods – for example leather, textiles, cotton, pulses – and tackle the problems that are holding back these goods from being sold in the Indian market. The project will be flexible and address the problems that are holding back exports to for example, it will provide market information, technical support, skills training, branding and investment. The project will tap into the large pool of Indian technical expertise and transfer some of this expertise to Africa. cooperation and avoiding conflict 0.29 0.37 Committed ODA Grant Adaptation General The aim of this project is to maximise benefits to poor people from international climate change finance.
|
e6994b55-18ee-49c8-92db-2261135aea96
| 281
|
00d023b6-a9bf-46b8-b895-de37c6363708
|
http://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.03722v2
| 2,021
|
[
"adaptation",
"technologies",
"patents",
"mitigation",
"climate"
] |
arxiv.org
|
This contributes to the relatively higher reliance on public support of adaptation technologies (but also of science-reliant CCS), but the time trends suggest that this is not sufficient to explain this pattern. For example, for both clean energy and green ICT, the science reliance increased over time, but we observe a decreasing reliance on public support.
|
e7c5ec21-08e6-4ef3-84cf-6a259e7f7c53
| 27
|
00d6bf28-4619-40d2-ac0b-d675958dbfeb
| 2,025
|
[
"carbon neutrality",
"portuguese economy",
"services sector",
"narrative",
"figure"
] |
HF-national-climate-targets-dataset
|
Narrative of carbon neutrality of the FIGURE 22 Narrative of carbon neutrality of the services sector until 2050 NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050
|
dfe5311c-399b-4676-acf6-ba1d18a1d588
| 0
|
|
00e48844-5e32-45b1-8ab5-bf347a61eb94
|
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1009448/decarbonising-transport-a-better-greener-britain.pdf
| 2,021
|
[
"transport",
"zero",
"emissions",
"emission",
"carbon"
] |
assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
|
Starting with bus fares outside London we want simpler, cheaper flat fares that you can pay with a contactless card, with daily and weekly price capping across operators. Affordable fares and season ticket caps will continue to be protected on the railways.
|
8f0273a5-decd-4a43-ab49-4f3473699e66
| 75
|
00e57d6b-8db7-4046-a5d8-19200327d0a0
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/1900/united-kingdom-biennial-report-br-br-4_3ed9930a9ceb3d956a389f73b35d0ba4.pdf
| 2,021
|
[
"climate",
"energy",
"committed",
"emissions",
"grant"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
These included low and high fossil fuel prices and low and high UK GDP rates as variant scenarios
Crude oil (Brent 1 month), $/bbl 56.03 49.81 54.79 59.77 59.77 Gas (NBP), p/therm 45.59 35.00 36.00 36.00 36.00 Coal (CIF ARA), $/tonne 85.58 57.78 61.76 65.75 65.75 Crude oil (Brent 1 month), $/bbl 56.03 93.64 106.59 119.54 119.54 Gas (NBP), p/therm 45.59 72.00 75.00 78.00 78.00 Coal (CIF ARA), $/tonne 85.58 112.57 114.56 116.55 116.55 The EEP team produced these scenarios following a fundamental analysis of the drivers of the wholesale prices of the main fossil fuel prices available to the UK within the European energy market. They are not sensitivities to the overall level of fossil fuel prices and do not maintain To investigate the impact of different economic growth rates, the EEP includes scenarios where the economy performs at 25 basis points per annum above or below the reference Scenario 2017 2020 2025 2030 2035 High UK GDP Growth 1.7 1.5 2.3 2.6 2.6 Low UK GDP Growth 1.7 1.0 1.8 2.1 2.1 Taking the combinations of the different fossil fuel and GDP variants gives 4 different
72 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report MtCO2e (WAM policy accounting for various scenarios, UK coverage 1). Scenario 2017 2020 2025 2030 2035 Reference scenario 448 398 371 361 350 Low Fossil Fuel Prices 448 404 377 378 361 High Fossil Fuel Prices 448 398 364 349 342 Low UK GDP Growth 448 397 368 357 346 High UK GDP Growth 448 399 372 364 353 The future values of key variables such as fossil fuel prices, the impacts of policy and demographic/economic growth cannot be known with certainty. However, these variables underpin EEP forecasts. Understanding the impact of this uncertainty is important in the context of the UK’s aim to reduce emissions through policy intervention, and so it is regularly investigated in EEP publications. This is based on the most influential drivers of energy use and emissions, previously identified through sensitivity analysis. The EEP team carries out a Monte Carlo simulation to vary the values of these drivers, firstly obtaining historical distributions of input values then running the projections model on samples from these distributions. The approach records the outputs from 10,000 simulations. upper and lower boundaries represent the projected emissions corresponding to the lower 2.5% and upper 97.5% percentiles of the simulations respectively. The uncertainty analysis excludes the electricity supply industry and possible “structural breaks” in society or the economy which might significantly affect emissions. For example, societal and behavioural step changes or breakthrough technologies like improved storage could have profound impacts on the UK’s energy mix and emissions but are hard to anticipate. 1 The UK’s Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories are not included in this sensitivity analysis . Uncertainty, MtCO2e 2020 2025 2030 Upper 95% confidence interval 418 394 392 2018 Reference case 398 371 361 Lower 95% confidence interval 380 350 341 Upper 95% confidence interval, difference from reference 5 6 9 Lower 95% confidence interval, difference from reference -4 -6 -6 Upper 95% confidence interval, change on 1990 values -47 -50 -51 Reference, change on 1990 values -50 -53 -55 Lower 95% confidence interval, change on 1990 values -52 -56 -57 The methodology only looks at future uncertainty and does not examine uncertainty in historical inputs or emission estimates, such as those before 2018. Uncertainty is higher for later years, reflecting the reduced confidence in modelled projections further into the future. By 2020, the UK projects GHG emissions will be between 47% and 52% below 1990 levels, with the reference case (WAM) estimate 50% below. Annual total territorial emissions, MtCO2e
74 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report 5 . 9 Differences from the last Biennial Report Report86, which was based on projections produced in 2017. The main differences between the two projections include additional implemented and adopted polices, some re-estimations of the impact of policies, improved modelling, revised fossil fuel price and economic growth assumptions. The EEP team has also updated the projections to take account of improvements to the historical inventory and other improvements to methods, emission factors and activity data. The net effect of these changes is to reduce projected emissions in 2020 from 48% below 1990 levels in the Third Biennial Report to 50% below 1990 levels in the Fourth Biennial Report. The projected GHG reduction of 12 MtCO2e between the two projections is mostly because the Fourth Biennial Report projects fewer CO2 there are minimal changes in the projections of the other gases. Third Biennial Report Fourth Biennial Report Carbon dioxide 599 334 -44 599 322 -46 Methane 135 47 -65 133 47 -64 Nitrous oxide 51 22 -57 48 21 -57 Hydrofluorocarbons 14 11 -23 14 11 -22 Perfluorocarbons 2 <0.5 -84 2 <0.5 -79 Sulphur Hexafluoride 1 <0.5 -70 1 <0.5 -65 Total GHG 803 414 -48 798 402 -50 Primary EEP, uplifted to UNFCCC coverage 86 The UK’s Third Biennial Report was published in Annex 1 of the UK’s Seventh National Communication convention/national-communications-and-biennial-reports-annex-i-parties/third-biennial-reports-annex-i
6. Provision of financial, technological and capacity-building support to developing The UK remains committed to the collective goal to mobilise $100 billion per year in climate finance from a range of sources by 2020. The UK continues to work towards its 2015 pledge to provide £5.8 billion in international climate finance (ICF) between 2016/17 and 2020/21. At the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit, the UK committed to doubling provision of UK climate finance to £11.6 billion for the period between 2021/22 and 2025/26. The UK’s ICF helps developing countries mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change, promote jobs and livelihoods, reduce poverty and support cleaner economic growth. UK ICF focuses on achieving transformational change, recognising the need to align all finance flows with a pathway towards climate resilient, low-emission development.
|
025a518f-ffd4-4f95-b5a2-b6052b167c0d
| 23
|
00e88dfd-1abc-4f8b-9559-de3bf432416f
|
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52000PC0884
| 2,000
|
[
"Electricity and heat",
"Renewables",
"Renewables"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
A supplementary Directive concerning renewable energy sources and attaching equal weight to the environmental aspects of the Treaty is therefore needed. [4] OJ L 27, 30.1.1997, p. 20. (4) Given that the Member States provide direct and indirect support for nuclear and fossil fuels without taking account of external consequential costs, the electricity market is distorted in favour of those energy sources. Article 3 of Directive 96/92/EC allows measures in the general economic interest which may relate to environmental protection, and Article 8(3) and 11(3) thereof allow priority to be given to electricity from renewable energy sources. (5) Article 6 of the Treaty requires environmental protection requirements to be integrated into the definition and implementation of the Community policies and actions. (6) The promotion of electricity from renewable sources of energy is a high Community priority as outlined in the White Paper on Renewable Energy Sources (\"the White Paper\") [5] for reasons of security and diversification of energy supply, for reasons of environmental protection and for reasons of social and economic cohesion. That was endorsed by the Council in its Resolution of 8 June 1998 on renewable sources of energy [6], and by the European Parliament in its Resolution on the White Paper [7]. [5] COM(97) 599 final. [6] OJ C 198, 24.6.1998, p. 1.
|
76cac7ac-830b-4291-a089-18321583a698
| 16
|
00ec4106-b196-413c-a7b4-9c5ecd43d1a1
|
http://arxiv.org/pdf/2209.05767v1
| 2,022
|
[
"model",
"data",
"bayesian",
"time",
"iams"
] |
arxiv.org
|
Of course computing the posterior probability that β k (t) = 0 is pointless because β k (t) has a continuous posterior distribution. Kruschke and Liddell (2018) proposed the use of a region of practical equivalence (ROPE) around the interested value (in this case 0). In this way every time a value falls inside such interval, it can be considered equal to the value on which the interval is centered. For the purposes of this work, we consider, for each t and k = 0, 1, ..., p, an arbitrarily small interval centered around 0 such as (0δ k (t), 0 + δ k (t)), with δ k (t) equal to the posterior variance of β k (t). Because of (??) from the main manuscript we have: for k = 0, 1, ..., p. Following the ROPE principle, the computation of this probability is practically equivalent to the probability of the coefficients of being different from zero. The black dotted line at level 0.9 denotes the threshold set to assess the significance of the variables. Coherently with the conclusion drawn from Figure ? ? of the manuscript we see that GDPPC and END are the variables that have the longest influence on the output of the model. They have similar behaviour, confirmed by the corresponding π 0,k (t), with opposite effects as we have shown (respectively negative and positive). The first one surpass 0.9 about in 2040 while the second does it almost immediately after 2020. Concerning FF, it is not as fast as the first two in exceeding 0.5 and it surpass 0.9 around 2050. Although β F F (t) does not deviate from zero as much as GDPPC and END, it is clearly different from zero after 2050. These considerations on SSP variables are, somehow, analogous to those obtained in a frequentist framework by Fontana et al. (2019).
|
fb2cf143-cc5e-4887-aa4d-e7c043bedeb3
| 44
|
00ed1e08-682b-4cf8-8e8e-18d39d259db8
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/1900/united-kingdom-national-communication-nc-nc-8-biennial-reports-br-br-5_288d5f885869447df3e9910829b567a3.pdf
| 2,022
|
[
"climate",
"energy",
"support",
"emissions",
"carbon"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
The programme will unlock an additional investment for emissions-reducing infrastructure to support Scotland’s transition, with outcomes focussed on carbon emissions reductions, unlocking net zero and just transition, while targeting growth in green jobs. The net zero challenge will be at the heart of a new Welsh Government Innovation Strategy, which is expected to launch in 2022. This will sit alongside and complement the UK Government’s innovation strategy launched in July 2021, which focuses on prosperity 3.15.8 Northern Ireland Executive The10x Economic Vision highlights a real opportunity to make a difference over the next decade, but can be achieved by adopting a partnership approach to delivery. Co-design and collaboration across government, businesses and academia will be vital to achieving a culture of innovation that benefits everyone. 228 8th National Communication Taking full advantage of the decade of innovation will increase incomes, create jobs, improve productivity levels, provide opportunities for all, revitalise places, realise a net-zero economy Bringing together motivations of innovation, life chances and wellbeing the vision is structured in a way to drive growth, tackle the concentration of impacts on those groups least able to absorb the shocks, increase wider societal wellbeing and contribute towards our response to climate change in facing the environmental and economic challenges of the time. Queens University Belfast – Sustainable Energy Research Centre This Pioneering Research Project (PRP) has provided for the formation of interdisciplinary teams of academics, and supported collaborative projects through the provision of equipment, studentships and other resources. The centre has focused on the interlinking areas of marine and bio-energy generation, future vehicle technologies including biofuels, after treatment solutions and batteries, and low-carbon chemical manufacturing. The centre brings together research projects from Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Maths and Physics, and the School of Natural and Built Environment. The Centre for Advanced Sustainable Energy (CASE) CASE is an industry-led, multi-partner sustainable energy research centre based at Queen’s University Belfast. Through the Invest Northern Ireland Competence Centre programme, CASE funds collaborative Research and Development in sustainable energy, and bridges the gap between industry research needs and academic research offerings. The three strategic areas on which CASE concentrates are Bio-Energy; Marine Renewable energy; and Energy Systems (management and storage of clean energy). The Centre has funded over 30 projects in areas from floating solar to tidal turbines, developing technologies capable of delivering environmentally sensitive clean power, and has just been selected to manage the Green Innovation Challenge Fund (GICF) on behalf of the Department for the Economy NI. This new £4.5 million award will be instrumental in finding the Path to Net Zero Energy as outlined in the NI Energy Strategy 2021. Closely related to CASE, the Bryden Centre for Advanced Marine and Bio-Energy Research (The Bryden Centre), led by Queen’s University, constitutes a ‘virtual centre of competence’ that supports research into biomass and marine-based renewable energy sources, taking an all-island (Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland) approach. The Bryden Centre’s research covers tidal and wave power, gas, liquid and biofuels, and includes a component dedicated to assuring that the energy systems are designed to support the environment. The team also works with over a dozen industrial partners. Queen’s University’s research programme includes projects developing advanced sustainable materials. The Polymer Processing Research Centre (PPRC) undertakes leading edge, industrially exploitable, fundamental and applied R&D to demonstrably improve industrial competitiveness, feeding into the theme of ‘future focussed manufacturing’ in the Belfast The Advanced Composites Research Group, within the School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, brings together a multidisciplinary team of researchers, focussing on the science and engineering of composite materials and structures. The team works with partners, such as Bombardier and Bamford’s among others, on Advanced Computational Modelling; Nano-enhanced Multifunctional Composites; Material Characterisation; and
Chapter 3 Policies and Measures 229 The Gibson Institute for Land Food and Environment, based at Queens University Belfast, is involved in major research projects funded by UK Research Councils (ESRC, NERC and MRC), EU Framework Programs, and works on areas including the Economics of Renewable Energy Production and Consumption. The Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities recently awarded Queen’s researchers funding to look at the development of Zero-Carbon Co-operatives with business partners across NI, and to set up a Net-Zero Providing Vital Research Leadership Ulster University’s research community has developed significant strength in depth across key climate and sustainability projects most notably through the Centre for Sustainable Technologies (CST), the Centre for Engineering and Renewable Energies (CERE), and the Centre for Hydrogen Safety Research (HySAFER) as well as other key areas including Architects of Change, tourism, accounting, pharmacy and communication. All of Ulster University’s research outputs are cross-referenced via PURE to highlight relevant UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). e Bank (UKIB) to crowd in private finance, support more than £40 billion of investment, and pull through low carbon technologies and sectors to maturity and scale. een gilts following the success of the UK’s debut sovereign green bond in 2021, which raised £16 billion, and build on the issuance of the world’s first National Savings and Investment Green Retail Savings Product. Support the British Business Bank’ s new objective to incorporate net zero and wider environmental, social and governance strategy across all activity, as well as the updated FCA and Bank of England remits to reflect the importance of environmental sustainability and the transition towards net zero. oducing new Sustainability Disclosures Requirements as set out in Greening A Roadmap to Sustainable Investing, building on the steps the UK has taken to become the first G20 country to make disclosures aligned to the Taskforce for Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) mandatory across een Taxonomy and supporting the Green Technical Advisory Group to advise on greenwashing and how to implement the taxonomy Publishing a second iteration of the Green Finance Strategy for the UK, which will outline the pathway to net zero for finance in the UK. ork with external partners and data providers to better track private investment into the net zero economy going forward.
|
e6994b55-18ee-49c8-92db-2261135aea96
| 94
|
00eeef1a-b3ab-4e86-9c2a-fa0c2341eac5
|
http://arxiv.org/abs/2205.00133v2
| 2,022
|
[
"Great Filter",
"Climate Change",
"Earth",
"Humanity"
] |
ArXiv
|
Fourth, technological advancements should be supported. This refers to all types of technology for combating climate change efforts including the development of new, more efficient NETs and improvement of current methods. Fourth, the US government needs to match and aid in efforts by non-governmental organizations already involved in research and investment. The budget would come from either revenue generated by the cap-and-trade system recommended above and/or cuts in Finally, the government ultimately needs to interact with other countries through foreign policies. For instance, cooperation, discourse, economic pressure, and potentially political pressure are most of the time necessary for America to initiate a chain of desired actions. Drafting wellintentioned treaties, although commendable, ultimately will result in a lack of legitimate action if administered with poor oversight or supervision. Stepping beyond the stage of only discourse and into concrete actions is now needed to move forward on improved efforts for cooperation and results on a global scale. Consequently, governments are encouraged to allocate a considerable portion of their total budgets for climate change mitigation and adaptation technology research and development purposes (e.g., ~5% of total spending), this redirected from overall growth of revenue and otherwise continuously escalating military budgets. With better utilization of capital resources, countries increase the likelihood to fund critical technologies to combat climate change, resulting in more realistic goals and achievements that can reduce climate change damage and threats far more effectively. As shown in Figure 3, the above actions serve as a synergistic economic and political support system for the implementation of technological mitigation and adaptation technologies. Thus, the technologies most suitable to be in the optimal combination for maximizing positive impact in combating climate change are bioengineering of crops, afforestation/reforestation, and ocean alkalinity enhancement. In the case where no action is conducted in response to climate change, the global environment will be largely degrading worldwide, punctuated by declining condition of soils (e.g., salinification and desertification) and habitats (e.g., increase of temperature, water shortage, and loss of habitats in general) causing and exacerbating many problems within individual nations and society in general (e.g., food insecurity, economic inequalities, etc.) In response to this concern, bioengineering of crops serves to upgrade their adaptability and creates more crops with desired characteristic for their growing conditions. Subsequently, this allows for more crops to be produced within a more compact land area which reduces food insecurities and excessive water usages by keeping pace with the demands for food production and storage to feed rapidly growing populations. In areas that previously proved inefficient to support large quantities of agricultural plants to be grown and harvested, crop bioengineering allows local and regional farmers to select appropriate crops that are genetically modified to withstand the prevailing harsh environment, therefore making use of many wastelands or empty spaces that would otherwise not be usable. By maintaining a steady production of food, the impact of climate change on people's lives will be substantially diminished, enabling society a longer period to counter climate change while minimizing serious consequences such as famine and conflicts over resources. By implementing technologies through acceleration of natural mitigation processes found in forests (i.e., afforestation/reforestation) and oceans (i.e., alkalinity enhancement), the negative environmental effects are reduced to a manageable, controlled rate with benefits that are much more predictable. Given that Earth's soil and ocean carbon storage capacity well exceeds many other methods and the processes required demand much less economic investment than many other more technologically challenged approaches, these can be conducted to scale over a long period of time to mitigate the desired amount of CO2 from the atmosphere with little concern of reaching carbon storage capacity or economic limitations, as shown below in The content of this paper could essentially be separated into two parts. The first consists of a detailed analysis and breakdown of almost twenty-five different climate change combating solutions, ranging from a cap-and-trade system to stratospheric aerosol injection. These proposals include both mitigation solutions, referring to those that directly decrease greenhouse gas emissions per year or total quantity in the atmosphere, and adaptation solutions, which are those that prepare vulnerable communities to better face the consequences of climate change. Arranged into seven categories, the approaches listed are classified as energy (i.e., nuclear & renewable), economic and political (i.e., carbon tax, cap-and-trade, research & investment, government subsidies, and direct/indirect aid to other countries), agricultural and agroforestry (i.e., afforestation, reforestation, bioenergy carbon capture and storage [BECCS], bioengineering [BE] of crops/genetically modified organisms [GMOs], and irrigation systems), atmospheric and astronomical (i.e., carbon capture, utilization & storage, stratospheric aerosol injection, marine sky brightening, and space-based mirrors), geological (i.e., geologic reservoir sequestration and soil carbon sequestration), coastal and oceanic (i.e., ocean alkalinity enhancement, ocean fertilization [OF], and artificial sand dunes and dune rehabilitation), or social (i.e., raising public awareness, youth education, and domestic The analysis of each solution includes a detailed description of its functions, advantages and disadvantages, numeric data, and/or any historic implementations. Since it is impractical for governments to attempt to utilize all twenty-three at once, only a selected few should be chosen for implementation. The second part of the paper provides the most optimal combination, considering the perspective of the U.S. government at the present time, to achieve maximum potential positive outcomes. It is important to note that combining certain solutions together can provide unique benefits that would not exist if any one of them were to be implemented individually. In this section, the paper explains the reasoning for the selection of every solution in the optimized combination and why those would outperform other solutions in their respective categories, along with how these chosen solution components can enhance the effectiveness of other component solutions contained in the optimized group. The final combination includes the implementation of a cap-and-trade system, an energy industry reformation plan, recommended actions to be taken by the U.S. government (i.e., education, research, foreign aid), negative emissions mitigation solutions (i.e., afforestation, ocean alkalinity enhancement), and an adaption solution by way of cautious bioengineering.
|
d25fea62-8af9-4da1-a686-b2c4ae9b1f46
| 16
|
00f10405-0f2c-403c-b183-d9034120499c
|
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ET/TXT/?uri=CELEX:51999PC0296
| 2,000
|
[
"Buildings",
"Appliances",
"Energy efficiency"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
A conformity assessment procedure based on self assessment is therefore proposed. This procedure is also required for conformity assessments for other Directives which cover ballasts, namely the \"Low Voltage Directive\" (27) and the \"Electro-magnetic Compatibility Directive\" (28).(27) OJ L 077 of 26.03.1973, p. 29.(28) OJ L 139 of 23.5.1989, p. 19 as amended by OJ L 126 of 12.5.1992, p. 11.Under the self assessment module, manufacturers are required to draw up technical documentation and accompanying test reports in support of the declaration of conformity they are also required to make. All these documents must be kept available for inspection by the public authorities at any time, and in particular if doubts arise about the conformity of a particular model of appliance. These are formal procedures which must be followed before the CE marking can legitimately be affixed by the manufacturer, allowing the product to be placed, and to circulate freely, on the Community market. Some commentators have expressed doubts about the effectiveness of a self-assessment procedure, but under the circumstances as described above, it is felt to be sufficient, all the more so when account is taken of the threat of prosecution under the appropriate trades description legislation in a country and the very negative publicity which could accompany a false claim on energy efficiency. In any event, it is proposed that in the report to be drawn up on the operation of the Directive, in line with the guidelines developed for Community conformity assessment procedures, the effectiveness and efficiency of the conformity procedures shall be given particular attention. In addition, the Commission services are investigating possible actions to strengthen market surveillance, to be carried out either by the Commission services, the national surveillance authorities or third parties.6. Scope of the Proposed Directive and Results Expected from the Proposed DirectiveThe purpose of the proposed Directive is to achieve cost-effective energy savings in fluorescent lighting, which would not otherwise be achieved with other measures. The proposed Directive covers only newly produced ballasts, which are responsible for large electricity consumption and present a large potential for energy savings.The average life of a fluorescent lighting installation is about 20 years and the average life of a ballast is about 15 years or more depending upon the annual hours of use. Since only a percentage of ballasts are replaced (29) each year on average, the impact of standards on electricity consumption will be relatively slow, though continually increasing over time. It has been estimated that the efficiency requirements envisaged under this Directive could give the following electricity and consequent CO2 (30) emission reductions :(29) In addition, new ballasts will be installed in the new commercial buildings constructed after the entry into force date.(30) Based on the Community electricity generation mix forecast for the period in question.Estimated Reductions in Electricity Use and onsequent CO2 Reductions from Electricity Generation or the Community from Ballast Efficiency Requirements (adoption on 1 January 2001)>TABLE>The absolute savings become very substantial in time, reaching 12 TWh/y by the year 2020, when the full installed park has been replaced, worth about 1000 M? per year to commercial and industrial users (the cumulative saving up to year 2020 are worth 9000 M?). This corresponds to a reduction of about 10 % of the electricity consumption of fluorescent lighting. It is in the nature of measures to improve energy efficiency that they must be applied to the very many and diverse uses of energy in our modern economies. According to the Commission estimate, the market transformation process for major electric end-use equipment (31), starting with the Domestic Refrigerators Directive, by adding individual savings to the year 2010, will result in an electricity savings of at least 10% of total electricity consumption or 220 TWh/y.(31) This includes the major domestic appliances (refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, dishwashers, etc.), water heaters, lighting components, electric motors, air conditioners, pumps, compressors, etc.In the light of the relatively slow though steady impact of standards on the stock of ballasts, Commission plans to introduce measures to enhance and accelerate the appliance renewal process. This will be achieved through the promotion of greater awareness of the energy efficiency aspects of lighting equipment, by supporting demonstration of innovative technologies, information activities, technology procurement and demand side actions. The soon to be launched \"EU Green Light\" Programme will have a key role in fostering this market transformation.7. Conclusions The proposal is part of the Commission's strategy to improve efficiency of end-use electrical equipment, as indicated in the recent Commission Communication on \"Energy Efficiency in the European Community - Towards a Strategy for the Rational Use of Energy\". It follows the same approach of the \"Refrigerator\" Directive, and of the negotiated agreements for TVs and VCRs and washing machines. Other equipment (e.g. electric motors, electric water heaters, etc.) will be the subject of future initiatives. Minimum efficiency requirements for ballasts are essential to improve efficiency of fluorescent lighting; as previously indicated, a classification/labelling scheme would have only a limited impact. Ballasts manufacturers were not able to offer a negotiated self-commitment, and they agreed on the introduction of minimum efficiency requirements; as demonstrated, the proposed minimum efficiency requirements are a very cost-effective measure. The proposed levels would have a minor impact on industry given the long adaptation period, with a large positive impact on all users of fluorescent lighting.
|
32052901-ad2a-47ed-b5cf-9f7be7d4370f
| 11
|
00f2826e-c355-472f-aba1-f7d42a02f60c
|
https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/UK%20Net%20Zero%20Strategy%20-%20Build%20Back%20Greener.pdf
| 2,021
|
[
"zero",
"carbon",
"emissions",
"energy",
"government"
] |
unfccc.int
|
We know that public concern about climate change is high – with 80% in the UK either concerned or very concerned.46 We also know that people and businesses recognise that change must happen – 80% of respondents in a recent survey believe the way we live our lives will need to change to address climate 47 Equally, however we know that the public is unsure of what net zero will mean in practice, what steps they can take, or they face barriers that stop them from acting. This chapter sets out how government will support individuals and businesses to make green choices – an act of choosing the more, or most, sustainable option from a range of possibilities, such as using an electric vehicle instead of a petrol or diesel vehicle when it is time to change your family car, replacing an old gas boiler with a heat pump, or switching to innovative green financial products.
|
44870195-36a9-4258-b046-ac522bc94ef6
| 87
|
00fcc964-af31-4b55-b801-a4b110cf73ff
|
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ%3AL_202401781
| 2,024
|
[
"General",
"Energy efficiency",
"Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency",
"Non-energy use",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch",
"Renewables"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
If the national measure is considered justified, all Member States shall take the measures necessary to ensure that the
2. non-compliant product is withdrawn from their market, and shall inform the Commission accordingly. If the national measure is considered unjustified, the Member State concerned shall withdraw the measure. 3. Where the national measure is considered justified and the non-compliance of the product is attributed to
shortcomings in the harmonised standards referred to in Article 41 of this Regulation, the Commission shall apply the
procedure provided for in Article 11 of Regulation EU No 10252012. 4. Where the national measure is considered justified and the non-compliance of the product is attributed to
shortcomings in the common specifications referred to in Article 42, the Commission shall, without delay, adopt
implementing acts amending or repealing the common specifications concerned.
|
a753c674-997e-439a-b7e9-1f2dc3546402
| 107
|
0104d13c-9807-44c7-86d3-33fc13bc1ff6
|
https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/antarctic-act-1994-guernsey-amendment-order-2018-si-no-1073-of-2018-lex-faoc180245/?type=legislation&xsubjects=Mineral+resources&page=300
| 2,018
|
[
"energy",
"development",
"article",
"management",
"protection",
"water",
"measure",
"environment",
"consist",
"resource"
] |
ecolex.org
|
This Order amends the Antarctic Act 1994 (Guernsey) Order 1995 (S.I. 1995/1033), which extended the Antarctic Act 1994 (c. 15) to the Bailiwick of Guernsey with certain modifications, to extend to the Bailiwick of Guernsey the amendments made to that Act by Part 2 of the Antarctic Act 2013 (c. 15). Those amendments concern the application of provisions of the principal Act to any non-national on a British expedition and the protection of fauna and flora in the Antarctic. New provisions are inserted by the 2013 Act on the introduction of microscopic organisms and the introduction of non-sterile soil.
|
d5ae72e5-7618-42fe-a5f4-0ef4df434d03
| 0
|
0104d2b9-eeba-4d1d-bf9c-f715d7a10486
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/1900/united-kingdom-biennial-reports-br-br-3-national-communication-nc-nc-7_dabcc5bcde8c5a69cb06295558ac6b22.pdf
| 2,017
|
[
"climate",
"energy",
"emissions",
"change",
"government"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
Resource efficiency and energy audits provided through the programme are only available for diversified activities of a farm operation, such as processing activities for retail ready produce, as well as farm shops, cafés and a farm visitor centre. The Environment Act (Wales) 2016 gives a clear legislative framework in which to set policy. The principles of Sustainable Natural Resource Management Policy are at the core of all future policy making and schemes implementation to ensure it achieves multiple benefits and delivers an array of public goods and services which is not at the expense of food production. Following the review of the Land Use and Climate Change report 2013, the Welsh Government has actively been working with the industry to develop a robust evidence based action plan
Chapter 3 – Policies and Measures 141 which sets the pathway for agriculture to mitigate greenhouses gases and also adapt to the opportunities and challenges of tackling climate change. The focus on reducing carbon intensity in the livestock sector, Animal Health and Welfare and improving Soil Health are central to this 3.9.4 Agriculture in Northern Ireland The Department of Agriculture Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA), working in partnership with key environmental, agri-food, forestry and governmental stakeholders through a Greenhouse Gas Implementation Partnership, launched Phase 2 of the ‘Efficient Farming Cuts Greenhouse Gases Implementation Plan 2016 – 2020’ 117 in September 2016. Building on Phase 1 (launched 2011), this plan focuses on supporting and promoting on-farm implementation of efficient technologies, best practice measures and knowledge transfer programmes that help reduce the carbon intensity of food production in Northern Ireland. The Northern Ireland Rural Development Programme 2014–2020, through a range of schemes, provides financial and business development supports to incentivise on-farm adoption of measures that increase efficiency and build resilience to climate change. Key among these Farm Business Improvement Scheme - Capital, supporting investments in efficient and emission reducing technologies; Environmental Farming Scheme, supporting environmentally beneficial farming practices including carbon conservation and sequestration; and DAERA Forestry Schemes, supporting establishment of new woodlands and sustaining existing woodlands. 3.9.5 Reducing nitrous oxide emissions The use of inorganic nitrogen as a fertiliser is a major source of nitrous oxide, which can also arise from manures during storage and application. Defra has invested significant resources to reduce the uncertainties attendant on estimating emissions from soils. Our new inventory model will become operational this year (2017) and will improve the characterisation of this important emissions source. Although some loss of nitrogen from agriculture is inevitable, such losses represent missed opportunities for food production and contribute to the costs of production. The practices needed to reduce these emissions are, in many cases, similar to those required to address other negative impacts of the use of nutrients. Measures aimed at protecting soils, water quality and biodiversity such as Soils for Profit, Catchment Sensitive Farming and Environmental Stewardship can therefore provide co-benefits for GHG mitigation. The UK government is improving the advice it gives concerning nutrient management planning and the efficient use of fertiliser and manures. In January 2009 under the revised Nitrates Action Programme it published Protecting our Water, Soil and A Code of Good Agricultural Practice for farmers, growers and land managers (the CoGAP) which offers advice on minimising risk to pollution while protecting natural resources and allowing economic agriculture to continue. The AHDB has also recently updated the Fertiliser Manual (RB209) which will act as a key point of reference in support of a range of policies aimed at improving nutrient management on farms. It is the Government’s stated intention to ensure that mitigation and adaptation to climate change are key features of future agriculture policy. As part of this approach, the potential and viability of new technologies to improve nutrient use efficiency will be explored. 3.9.6 Reducing methane emissions 4 result from diffuse sources and through variable biological processes. Major sources include landfill, enteric (digestive) emissions from ruminant livestock, and agricultural 117
142 7th National Communication manure management. Research funded by the UK government is examining a range of options for decreasing emissions from livestock. Areas currently being researched include ruminant nutrition regimes to reduce enteric CH4 and nitrogen emissions from livestock, research to improve the productivity of livestock systems, and research on beef and sheep breeding for better economic and environmental outcomes. This work is all part of our broader aim of achieving a thriving farming and food sector with an improving net environmental contribution. 3.9.7 Anaerobic Digestion and Action Plan The UK Government recognises that Anaerobic Digestion (AD) can play a role in contributing to the UK’s 2050 carbon reduction targets, as well as in the management of certain forms of To date, the focus of Government policy in relation to AD has been on the development of the technology as a distributed energy source. The UK produces about 100 million tonnes of food and farm waste per year that is suitable for treatment by anaerobic digestion. On that basis the majority of development has been at a sub 1MW scale, with a focus on “on-farm” AD. More recently larger facilities for treatment of industrial and municipal food waste have been developed, however the UK Government discourages the use of dedicated biofuel crops for AD, as the primary purpose of agricultural land is for food. Building on the conclusions of the Anaerobic Digestion Strategy and Action Plan (2011), which estimated that AD has potential to deliver between 3 and 5 TWh of electricity by 2020, the Government has included AD within the various UK renewable and low carbon energy financial incentive schemes (i.e. the Feed in Tariff, the Renewables Obligation and Contracts for The UK Feed-In-Tariff is the principal means of support for AD projects under 5MW and has helped the sector to continue development.
|
c6207828-d0f1-4adb-9ed1-c6b8e81a528f
| 53
|
010cdd0d-db55-4d78-9191-1c987d7d4685
|
http://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.17157v1
| 2,023
|
[
"rates",
"rate",
"time",
"interest",
"real"
] |
arxiv.org
|
Let us note that because of the scarcity of the data available uncertainties are substantial, with standard deviations of roughly 0.45 % in both cases. The real data are heavier tailed, but the agreement is otherwise reasonably good. Climate change and climate action are widely studied from a variety of perspectives [40]. However, researchers in financial economics have only recently turned their attention to climate change and climate finance is currently a quickly growing research field [41]. Finance academics participating in a recent survey have identified discount as a key topic to reduce climate risks [42]. With this paper, we have taken a muldisciplinary perspective from complex systems science and their related methods to study historical bond prices [43] with the aim to contribute to the need of new approaches to evaluate the climate action urgency [44,45]. More specifically, we have wanted to infer that long term discount rates is not just a trivial matter of extrapolating mean interest rates, but rather one must take several non-trivial factors into account. To begin with, because real interest rates are so often substantially negative, one should use a model that permits negative rates. This leads us to the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model. While the presence of negative rates in this model may be viewed as a liability for describing nominal rates, for real rates this becomes a virtue. Another factor that should be considered is the market price of risk, which tends to raise longer term rates. Finally one should properly take into account the uncertainty and persistence of interest rates, which tends to lower the long-term discount rate. The use of the OU model accommodates all of these factors. When we estimate the OU model and compare it with real data, we see a good agreement on several essential properties, such as the frequencies of negative rates and yield curve inversions. Our results indicate that the long term interest rate used by Stern [3] is supported by historical data. His value of 1.4 % is less than a standard deviation below the estimated long term rate for the UK of 1.69 %, and just under two standard deviations of the US long term rate of 2.21 %. More recent estimates by Stern indeed pose an scenario with a value below 1 % [44]. In contrast, higher long run rates -see, for instance, [4,5]-seem not to be supported, as they are well above the 95 % confidence intervals of 2.63 for the UK and 3.07 for the US. Our estimates of 1.69 % (UK) and 2.2 % (US) are compatible with the rates recently estimated by ) which use data from UK housing markets during 2004-2013 and Singapore during 1995-2013 to estimate an annual discount rate of 2.6 % for payments more than 100 years in the future. Our results could potentially be improved on in several ways. One would be to acquire more data. This could include data for more countries -as we did recently but without considering market price of risk in a recent publication [27]-as well as longer term bonds or inflation-indexed bonds. Another possible improvement would be to extend the model to better capture the nonstationarity and/or heavy tailed behavior observed in the data [31]. In this regard we suspect that had we were able to take the observed nonstationarity [44] and/or heavy tails into account, mean values would have decreased because of the boosting of the uncertainty/persistence effect. This possibility is under present investigation. In a broader level, both Stern and Stiglitz have recently provided new methods and models which could be further studied from a complex systems science perspective [45]. Stern [44] has indeed put the accent in incorporating stronger multidisciplinary perspective to consider social and behavioral dimensions [46][47][48]. The same author [3] also mentions a definition of social discounts that might include inputs from social dilemmas and predefined behavioral experiments [49]. To conclude, we have demonstrated that historical data indicates that the long-term discount rate is probably not very large. While the error bars remain large, a value of 2 % or less seems plausible, corresponding to a present value of about 14 % for a payment received 100 years in the future. Other higher values do not seem to be fully consistent with the historical data. The need for immediate and substantial spending to combat climate change is thus sustained. We have seen in the main text that when rates are described by the OU process the joint characteristic function p(ω 1 , ω 2 , t|r 0 ) obeys the first-order partial differential equation (cf Eq (17))
with initial condition (t 0 = 0)
Due to the linearity of the OU process and the Gaussian character of the input noise, we may look for a solution of the initial value problem ( 27)- (28) in the form of a Gaussian density:
where A(ω 1 , t), B(ω 1 , t), and C(ω 1 , t) are unknown functions to be consistently determined. Substituting Eq (29) into Eq (27), identifying like powers in ω 2 and taking into account Eq (28), we find that these functions satisfy the following set of differential equations
Equation ( 30) is a first-order linear differential equation that can be readily solved giving
substituting this expression for A(ω 1 , t) into Eq (31) results in another first-order equation for B(ω 1 , t), whose solution reads
Finally, the direct integration of Eq (32) yields the expression for C(ω 1 , t)
From Eq (19) we see that the effective discount is given by the characteristic function, p(ω 1 , ω 2 , t|r 0 ), evaluated at the points ω 1 = -i and ω 2 = 0. Thus from Eqs ( 29) and ( 35) we obtain ln
which, with the change of notation regarding time as explained in the main text, agrees with Eq (20).
|
1321cabe-8ef8-492a-92f8-4eeac924b964
| 6
|
0111d725-bbdf-46c3-93ae-da09df69a4ac
|
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2018.156.01.0075.01.ENG
| 2,018
|
[
"Buildings",
"Construction",
"Energy efficiency"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
;\"
(d)
the following point is added:
20. micro isolated system means micro isolated system as defined in point 27 of Article 2 of Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (*2). (*2) Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC (OJ L 211, 14.8.2009, p. 55). .\"
(2)
The following Article is inserted:
Article 2a
Long-term renovation strategy
1. Each Member State shall establish a long-term renovation strategy to support the renovation of the national stock of residential and non-residential buildings, both public and private, into a highly energy efficient and decarbonised building stock by 2050, facilitating the cost-effective transformation of existing buildings into nearly zero-energy buildings. Each long-term renovation strategy shall be submitted in accordance with the applicable planning and reporting obligations and shall encompass:
(a)
an overview of the national building stock, based, as appropriate, on statistical sampling and expected share of renovated buildings in 2020;
(b)
the identification of cost-effective approaches to renovation relevant to the building type and climatic zone, considering potential relevant trigger points, where applicable, in the life-cycle of the building;
(c)
policies and actions to stimulate cost-effective deep renovation of buildings, including staged deep renovation, and to support targeted cost-effective measures and renovation for example by introducing an optional scheme for building renovation passports;
(d)
an overview of policies and actions to target the worst performing segments of the national building stock, split-incentive dilemmas and market failures, and an outline of relevant national actions that contribute to the alleviation of energy poverty;
(e)
policies and actions to target all public buildings;
(f)
an overview of national initiatives to promote smart technologies and well-connected buildings and communities, as well as skills and education in the construction and energy efficiency sectors; and
(g)
an evidence-based estimate of expected energy savings and wider benefits, such as those related to health, safety and air quality. 2. In its long-term renovation strategy, each Member State shall set out a roadmap with measures and domestically established measurable progress indicators, with a view to the long-term 2050 goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the Union by 80-95Â % compared to 1990, in order to ensure a highly energy efficient and decarbonised national building stock and in order to facilitate the cost-effective transformation of existing buildings into nearly zero-energy buildings. The roadmap shall include indicative milestones for 2030, 2040 and 2050, and specify how they contribute to achieving the Union s energy efficiency targets in accordance with Directive 2012/27/EU.
|
fc9520d4-4057-4987-b1d3-74e3bfe86a3f
| 10
|
0115c4cc-1cff-467a-8ecc-c956783cfe45
|
https://civitas.eu/sites/default/files/civitas_guide_for_the_urban_transport_professional.pdf
| 2,001
|
[
"Transport",
"Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency",
"Energy efficiency",
"Renewables",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch"
] |
civitas.eu
|
A measure must be the right
solution for a pressing problem. Inclusive management is the strategy to involve all relevant
stakeholders in the policy and implementation process,
each in their own right. Good inclusive management leads
to legitimisation of the policy and support for it and thus
contributes to success. An integrated approach
Supporting measures, inclusion in
global master planurban mobility
plan
Measures do not stand alone. When fitted into a larger
scheme, within a broader policy base, there is more
chance of continuity, of financing, of political support and
of success. Funding
Government responsibility,
market stimulation for start-up
A sound financial basis is a condition sine qua non for any
policy measure, as by definition in free market societies,
government funds because the market fails to do so. Public and political support
Awareness, media strategy, political
commitment, legislative support
Public support is regarded as support outside the group of
people directly affected. Public support is indirectly impor-
tant for the success of a measure, its working is indirect. Table 9 Ingredients for success
96
CIVITAS GuI de for Th e urbAn TrA nSp orT p rof eS SIon Al
4.1 qU AL ITY
4.1 Quality
The ingredient quality refers to the actual content of the measure only good measures
promise good results. This is something that can in general be influenced by the meas-
ure leaders, but not always. TEChNICALLY SOUND
APPARENT BENEfITS
Measures must work, in technical terms. In process
Many of the successful measures report that success
evaluations carried out by CIVITAS METEOR51 and
creates support and consequently more success. CIVITAS CATALIST52, Technology is reported as an
Tangible evidence of benefits may convince initially
important driver for success or failure. Technology
doubtful opponents, for example. The case of Gothen-
plays a crucial role in measures related to clean vehi-
burgs inner city freight distribution chapter 3.2 dem-
cles and where ICT is involved. It must not fail, other-
onstrates this phenomenon the apparent success of
wise the whole measure will lack success. This means
the scheme and clear benefits to companies convinced
that serious measures must be beyond experimenta-
initially hesitating companies to participate. This proc-
tion proven technology is preferred. ess may work in any type of measure. It stresses the
point of monitoring and evaluation evidence must be
MARkET RESEARCh
collected. Measures must work, in market terms. Market re-
search is the instrument to make an adequate ex-ante
estimation of success. More specifically, before taking
measures that involve behavioural change i.e. modal
shift, questions on market potential and market share
must be asked. This market research may not only give
knowledge on scale and success rate to be expected,
but also on the details that are important in the final
design of the measure. 51 CIVITAS METEOR Deliverable D6 CIVITAS 1 Cross-Site Evaluation, 2008. 52 CIVITAS CATALIST Deliverable D5.1 CIVITAS Long-Term Evaluation Report Part A Initial Overview, Appendix, 2008. CIVITAS GuI de f or T he u rbA n TrAn S po rT p rof eSSIonAl
97
4.2 RELEVAN CE
4.2 relevance
Measures must relate to stressing problems and fit the local situation. This touches upon
the subject of transferability measures successful in one city may not be successful in
another, for they are not appropriate for the local problem or situation. CULTURE AND LIfESTYLE
at all will be done about it. This stresses the point of
presenting a problem as an urgent problem, prefer-
Culture and lifestyle refer to the user end of meas-
ably across thematic fields. The air quality problem in
ures. The example of car-sharing works very well to
Dutch cities shows a fine example of this phenomenon. show how culture may work in favour of or against
Air pollution caused by traffic had been a problem for
the measure. Car-sharing requires a certain attitude of
years. Only after, due to European air quality norms,
end users, for instance willingness to share a car with
building plans were frozen because of excessive levels
others, low interest in car ownership. It is the attitude
of pollution, air quality became an urgent problem and
of people who regard a car only functionally, and not
serious measures against pollution were carried out in
so much emotionally. Apparently, this lifestyle attitude
several cities.
|
a20264eb-0ca9-4fb5-983a-e64bfbff96ce
| 99
|
0117c869-144a-4022-bd3a-9e0030c8e52d
|
http://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.20105v2
| 2,025
|
[
"temperature",
"growth",
"climate",
"provinces",
"effects"
] |
arxiv.org
|
(2012) by replacing year FE with region-by-year FE and poor-year FE; and in column 6, I replaced year FE with quadratic time trends. Column 7 estimated the baseline model using a balanced sample in which all provinces were present in the sample for the entire period. Column 8 estimated the baseline model plus one lag of the per capita growth rate to account for potential time-varying omitted variables (Burke et al., 2015). When not controlling for changes in precipitation, the point estimates in column 2 show that the temperature effects on growth are similar in magnitude to those in the baseline results. These results suggest that whether or not accounting for precipitation does not substantially affect temperature estimates. Notably, the I further investigated the alternative formulation of the growth-temperature response function h(T ) to understand the nonlinear response observed in Figure 2. Following Burke et al. (2015), I substituted temperature interacted with average temperature and temperature interacted with average GPP per capita for the quadratic temperature term in Equation 6. Appendix Table B3 presents these estimation results. In the absence of interaction with the province's average income, the results show strong evidence of a nonlinear and concave temperature response. However, when the temperature-income interaction was included, the results indicate that the growth-temperature responses are driven by differences in average temperature and are affected by differences in income. See Appendix B.2 for further details. The above results, as estimated from the pooled model where response functions were assumed to be the same across provinces, reject the null hypothesis that temperature has no effect on growth. Earlier studies at the global scale (Nordhaus, 2006;Dell et al., 2009Dell et al., , 2012;;Burke et al., 2015) suggested that hot countries tended to be poor and cold countries were rich. Dell et al. (2012) found that hot countries exhibited the larger (negative) temperature effect than that of the cold countries, but being poor was a critical factor that determined this relationship. However, Burke et al. (2015) found limited evidence of heterogeneity in temperature response between rich and poor countries. This section further investigates by allowing high-and low-income provinces to respond differently to temperature changes. To uncover the differential growth-temperature response functions across provinces, the temperature was interacted with a dummy for a province having low income, defined as a province having below-median average inflation-adjusted GPP per capita across the sample period. Each column in Figure 3 presents the estimation results for each alternative functional form assumption. The graphs display temperature response functions for both low-income (Panels D, E, and F) and high-income (Panels A, B, and C) provinces at each 24-hour average temperature. The point estimates can be interpreted as the effect of a single day at each 24-hour average temperature on the growth rate of output per capita, relative to a day with an average reference temperature. Both high-and low-income provinces broadly exhibit an inverted-U pattern in the data, except for the flatter response function in the high-income subsample in the binned regression (Panel B). The point estimates between the high-and low-income subsamples in the polynomial and degree days functional forms are broadly similar in magnitude, especially at high temperatures. However, these estimates between the high-and low-income subsamples are substantially different in the binned regression. Because the data are broken into subsamples and binned regression is a method that is demanding of the data, these results are not unexpected. In no case are the response functions in both high-and low-income provinces statistically different from the point estimates of the benchmark model, as estimated assuming a common response across high-and low-income provinces to temperature changes. These results
suggest that we cannot reject the hypothesis that high-and low-income provinces have the same response functions to temperature changes. To facilitate the comparison of the estimation results, columns 1-2 in Table 3 detail the estimates of the temperature response functions at specific temperatures, relative to a day with the respective reference temperature in each functional form for both high-and low-income provinces. The results in the polynomial (Panel A) and degree days (Panel C) functional forms show that the temperature responses of both high-and low-income provinces are negative and statistically significant at high temperatures. The estimates in the binned regression (Panel B) are consistent in sign but not always statistically significant. These results suggest that we cannot reject the hypothesis that the growth-temperature responses of either low-or high-income provinces are zero at all points in the temperature distribution. Robustness checks. Appendix Table B4 reports the results of estimating the baseline specification (column 1) and a variety of robustness checks (columns 2-8) for differential growth-temperature response functions. All alternative specification checks are analogous to those in Appendix Table B2 (see Section 3.3.1 for details). Regardless of statistical significance, the estimated parameters in the baseline specification (column 1) of all three alternative functional forms exhibit a nonlinear and concave structure of the growth-temperature response function h(T ) in both low-and highincome provinces. No interaction terms in the baseline specification of the polynomial (Panel A) and the degree days (Panel C) functional forms are statistically significant, but the interaction terms of the binned functional form (Panel B) are only statistically significant in the two highest temperature bins ([33, 38) • C and > 38 • C bins). These results suggest, at least for the polynomial and the degree days functional forms, that we cannot reject the hypothesis that highand low-income provinces respond identically to changes in temperature. The above sections discuss the results of estimating simple models with no lags. This section investigates further by considering more flexible models with up to five lags of temperature to test whether temperature affects the growth or level of GPP per capita to better understand the dynamics of these temperature effects (Dell et al., 2012(Dell et al., , 2014)). I followed Dell et al. (2012) and estimated the generalized forms of Equations 6, 7, and 8 discussed previously by adding lags of temperature and precipitation.
|
4408d360-ca63-40ba-8dff-2537ab627fe1
| 6
|
011ac518-c997-41e9-8388-bc602a532a9f
|
http://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.03722v2
| 2,021
|
[
"adaptation",
"technologies",
"patents",
"mitigation",
"climate"
] |
arxiv.org
|
Economically, the existence of positive knowledge spillovers is a justification for higher levels of public support, as the social returns of these investments exceed those from investments in technologies that show a lower spillover potential (Aldieri et al., 2019). Despite the urgency of climate change and the substantial long-term economic benefits of adaptation (Tall et al., 2021), the study of innovation in adaptation has attracted relatively little scholarly attention (Dechezlepretre et al., 2020;Popp, 2019) and markets for adaptation technologies seem underdeveloped given their benefits (Dechezlepretre et al., 2020).
|
e7c5ec21-08e6-4ef3-84cf-6a259e7f7c53
| 92
|
011c14b0-8a2c-465b-98d3-d8f0fa066367
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/powering-up-britain-overview_e6217f95ecd1683d5b37602d55be80f1.pdf
| 2,023
|
[
"Energy",
"Economy-wide",
"energy",
"zero",
"investment",
"government",
"security"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
From the coalfields that powered our Industrial Revolution, to the North Sea oil that helped fuel our growth during the final quarter of the 20th century, Britain has profited from access Yet a global pandemic, Putin’s brutal war in Ukraine, and Britain’s continued reliance on imported oil and gas have pushed up energy prices to unprecedented levels over the past year. The Government has stepped in this winter to pay half of the typical household’s bills over winter and around half of wholesale energy costs for some businesses. And we’ve radically increased electricity generation from renewables like wind and solar. But much bigger challenges remain. How do we secure the reliable, affordable energy that we need to power Britain’s future? How do we wean ourselves off the polluting sources of energy that are destroying our planet? And how do we make sure that families in this country can never be held hostage again by someone like Putin who uses energy We certainly won’t find the answers to those questions by looking backwards. Russian gas, just like Vladimir Putin himself, belongs in the past. Instead, this is the moment we commit to a different future. One that breaks with the fossil fuels that powered our past two centuries. One that will meet Britain’s long-term energy needs. One that will get bills down so they stay down, and deliver among the cheapest wholesale energy prices in Europe by 2035. One that will help us become a net zero economy by 2050, ending our contribution to global warming. And one that will boost economic growth, using Britain’s unique assets and talents to drive the energy transition. This document – Powering Up Britain – is the Government’s blueprint for the future of energy in this country. By bringing together our Energy Security Plan, and Net Zero Growth Plan, it explains how we will diversify, decarbonise and domesticate energy production by investing in renewables and nuclear, to power Britain from Britain. It sets out the extraordinary opportunities opening up in technologies like Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage, Floating Offshore Wind Manufacturing, and hydrogen, which will not only help us reach net zero, but also consolidate Britain’s position as a global leader in green energy. And it details how we will use that leadership to influence energy decarbonisation
The creation of a new Department for Energy Security and Net Zero in February was a clear statement of intent by this Prime Minister and this Government. Today, I am proud to be publishing the new Department’s manifesto for the future. By setting Britain on course to greater energy independence, it will deliver energy security. By bringing down bills and keeping them down, it will deliver consumer security. By embracing renewables and nuclear power, it will deliver climate security. And by creating new green industries, it will Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero
One of the foundation stones of thriving economies is access to cheap, abundant and reliable energy. We rely on it to power our homes, our infrastructure, and industry. Affordable and plentiful energy also makes businesses more competitive, generating growth, jobs and prosperity. And it keeps the cost of living down. When Putin invaded Ukraine in February 2022, it exposed mainland Europe’s over- dependence on Russian gas. Despite the UK having very little direct exposure to Russian gas, we have all seen the consequence of his war in our bills. Since the end of February 2022, average wholesale gas and electricity prices have been over three times higher than their average over the preceding four years. Economies have slowed or contracted, inflation has risen, and household energy bills have soared across much of the As a nation we have stood firmly by the side of Ukraine and will continue to do so. We also stood firmly on the side of families across the UK paying around half of the average household’s energy bills over winter and around half of wholesale energy costs for some businesses. However, our collective battle against Putin relies on us transitioning ourselves away from his expensive oil and gas and providing British energy for British That is why energy security is one of this Government’s greatest priorities – and why the Prime Minister created the new Department for Energy Security and Net After decades of reliance on imported fossil fuels, the new department’s mission is to replace them with cheaper, cleaner, domestic sources of energy. We will be powered by renewables including wind and solar, hydrogen, power with carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS) and new nuclear plants - while recognising the vital role that UK oil and gas will play in the transition. This will make us much more energy independent, to protect us from volatile international energy markets, while underpinning our clean energy transition, so the UK becomes a net zero economy by 2050. It will also help us make sure the UK has among the cheapest wholesale electricity prices in Europe Energy security and net zero are two sides of the same coin. We already have the right strategic approach, and we need to double down on delivery. The energy transition in line with net zero is one of the greatest economic opportunities for this country and we are committed to ensuring that the UK takes advantage of its early mover status. Rapid deployment of low carbon electricity will enable a systemic transformation across the economy working with technologies across the system to deliver cheaper, more secure energy. Further, global action to mitigate climate change is essential to long term
prosperity – the overall costs and risks of global warming are estimated to be equivalent to losing between 5% and 20% of global GDP each year.1 The Government has set out a clear and consistent set of strategic objectives and a long-term policy framework. From the Energy White Paper in 2020 through the Net Zero Strategy in 2021 and in last year’s British Energy Security Strategy.
|
f705f95c-8475-45e1-aaa2-e97e10f4a709
| 0
|
011f5039-c690-4b0b-a282-2cde4b0dcee6
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/environmental-improvement-plan-2023_b63089e656c9dc7d7685d25d071d24a1.pdf
| 2,023
|
[
"Coastal zones",
"Environment",
"water",
"nature",
"support",
"environment",
"climate"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
We are working to support safe disposal of waste electrical and electronic devices Having worked with others to investigate the extent of the problem, including supporting a study by the Industry Council for Electronic Equipment Recycling;
Supporting businesses to comply by publishing guidance to help business understand how to manage this waste, informing them of their obligations in managing electrical waste, and using existing sector networks and an additional support forum to help Taking an intelligence-led and risk-based approach to enforcement by dedicated chemical inspectors. As a result, around 44.3 tonnes of the POP Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) in plastic is now being separated from WEEE and successfully destroyed each year , compared to a baseline where there was no intentional destruction of POPs. Prior to this work, these materials were all being landfilled or were contaminating recycled materials. Due to the cooperation between government, the regulator and industry, we have reduced the amount of new POPs entering the environment. This has reduced the risks of them becoming widely distributed geographically, accumulating in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife. This work has also provided a template for subsequent cooperative work on other Eliminate the use of polychlorinated biphenyls The use of PCBs in production has been illegal in the UK since 1987 . They still exist, however , within some older equipment, predominantly within our national energy Concentrations also remain high in the marine environment, with evidence that cetaceans such as whales, dolphins and porpoises are suffering population level effects from PCBs which impair the animals’ reproductive functions and immune systems, so we must continue our work to eliminate them. We are working to ensure all items of equipment that contain PCBs are registered and removed from use by 2025. Reduce land-based emissions of mercury to air Through our plans to remove unabated coal from the UK’s energy mix by 2024, we have already seen a significant decrease in mercury emissions, which is released to the atmosphere when coal is burned. Coal now accounts for only 1.8% of the UK’s electricity mix, compared with 40% As a result of these reductions in mercury emissions from UK power generation, and the decommissioning of the UK’s only mercury chlor-alkali facility, emissions from crematoria now represent a larger proportion of remaining total We are working with industry to increase the uptake of abatement technology in crematoria through the review of the statutory guidance for the sector . Publish a Chemicals Strategy in 2023 The UK has responsibility for chemicals policy and Given the importance of chemicals and their benefits to society, we want to promote a thriving UK chemicals sector . At the same time, chemicals are ubiquitous, can cause harm to human health and the environment and need to be safely used and managed throughout their life-cycle. Through a Chemicals Strategy we • Set out our approach to managing priority and emerging chemicals of concern, such as Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS), a large group of persistent chemicals which are used in a wide range of products, including stain repellents and fire-fighting foams; Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), substances that affect how hormones function; and the combination effects that different chemicals can • Set out an approach to regulation that is risk-based, while also adhering to the environmental principles policy statement enshrined in the Environment Act. • Set out how we will continue to use UK REACH to evaluate and manage the risks of chemicals as well as consider improvements to UK REACH. Current work under UK REACH is set out in the annual UK REACH Work Programme, published by the Health and Safety • Set out how we will complete the transition to UK REACH through development of a new UK REACH Alternative Transitional Registration model; an innovative approach focusing on improving our understanding of the uses and exposures of chemicals • Improve our understanding of chemicals in the environment, continuing to develop monitoring methods to allow water bodies and other environments to be scanned for a broader range of chemicals beyond • Use our Prioritisation and Early Warning System to inform decision-making and regulation. • Promote innovation to support the circular economy, drive the use of safer and sustainable chemicals and reduce the risks to human health and the environment caused by hazardous chemicals in waste. • Develop new testing methods based on scientific advances, which work towards increased efficiency of chemical hazard assessment and can also reduce the A pesticide may only be placed on the market following a thorough scientific risk assessment that concludes all safety standards are met. Pesticides that pose unacceptable risks are not authorised. Decisions on the use of pesticides will continue to be based on careful scientific assessment of the risks, with the aim of achieving a high level of protection for people and the environment, while improving agricultural
The number of approved active substances used in pesticides has declined and is expected to continue to decline. There are increasing resistance issues where some pesticides are no longer effective methods of control and it is likely there will be additional pest control challenges resulting from climate change in future years. The link between pesticide use and biodiversity loss is complex, but there is growing evidence that pesticides have the potential to impact non-target species such as pollinators and soil-dwelling invertebrates, which provide essential services to farmers and growers and are crucial for a thriving We want to encourage sustainable pest management practices through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to reduce our reliance on pesticides, and where they are needed, to deploy them in a more targeted way. IPM aims to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides by making use of a wider variety of crop protection methods, including lower risk alternatives and promoting natural processes. For example, creating habitats for natural predators of plant pests, or using crop rotations to break pest, weed and disease cycles.
|
5fca7948-556a-402c-afe1-93234c8be5cb
| 32
|
0129a2b3-4183-494a-ad5d-0d49e0c3d379
|
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009L0033
| 2,009
|
[
"Transport",
"Light-duty vehicles",
"Energy efficiency",
"Renewables",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
(23)
This Directive should define a range for the costs of CO2 and pollutant emissions which, on the one hand, enables flexibility for contracting authorities, contracting entities and operators to take account of their local situation, and, on the other hand, ensures an appropriate degree of harmonisation. (24)
Mandatory application of criteria for the procurement of clean and energy-efficient vehicles does not preclude the inclusion of other relevant award criteria. It also does not prevent the choice of retro-fitted vehicles upgraded for higher environmental performance. Such other relevant award criteria may also be included in procurements subject to Directives 2004/17/EC or 2004/18/EC, provided they are linked to the subject-matter of the contract, do not confer an unrestricted freedom of choice on the contracting authority or contracting entity, are expressly mentioned and comply with the fundamental principles of the Treaty. (25)
The method of calculating operational lifetime costs for pollutant emissions for the purpose of vehicle procurement decisions, including the numerical values defined in this Directive, does not prejudge other Community legislation addressing external costs. (26)
Reviews and revisions of the calculation method defined in this Directive should consider relevant related Community legislative measures and should aim for consistency with them. (27)
The energy and environmental award criteria should be among the various award criteria taken into consideration by contracting authorities or contracting entities when they are called upon to take a decision on the procurement of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles. (28)
This Directive should not prevent contracting authorities and contracting entities from giving preference to the latest Euro Norms in the purchase of vehicles for public transport services before those standards become obligatory.
|
a45da4ad-9f00-43ab-9c9d-05da2292addf
| 3
|
012b0b27-ca58-4e41-8247-c335a329ad79
|
http://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.18837v3
| 2,025
|
[
"Climate change",
"extreme weather",
"wildfires",
"floods",
"heatwaves",
"social media",
"sentiment analysis",
"public perception",
"policy decisions",
"emergency response",
"real-time analysis",
"large language models (LLMs)",
"data collection",
"annotation",
"weak supervision",
"misinformation detection",
"multimodal sentiment",
"ethical considerations",
"climate crisis",
"taxonomy",
"machine learning."
] |
arxiv.org
|
Their outputs often require human oversight, especially in sensitive or high-stakes domains such as climate misinformation or disaster response. The methodological landscape for sentiment analysis in climate discourse has evolved significantly over the last decade. The choice of method depends on the nature of the task, the quality and size of available data, the urgency of analysis, and the interpretability or ethical constraints of the application. In the following sections, we delve into the practical deployment of these models, supported by case studies and performance benchmarks. 5 Event-Centric Case Studies
Event-centric analysis is a powerful lens through which we can understand how sentiment evolves in real time and across different phases of a climate-related disaster. By focusing on specific high-impact events, researchers can study the temporal dynamics of emotional expression, the emergence of misinformation, the role of political and geographic factors, and the broader socio-cultural implications of public discourse. Especially, while earlier climate disasters were shaped by organic information flows and traditional media narratives, the 2025 Los Angeles (LA) forest fires unfolded in an era where both AI-generated text and synthetic images played an active role in manipulating public perception. This dual use of AI—both for analyzing sentiment and for fabricating emotionally charged misinformation—marks a turning point in climate discourse.
|
91b2dec7-5189-49a8-8121-8f787cee90eb
| 14
|
012c4411-df62-42bd-8134-2b668e90af89
|
http://arxiv.org/abs/2407.04119v1
| 2,024
|
[
"SMAP Satellite",
"deep learning",
"Convolutional autoencoders",
"Soil Freeze and Thaw",
"Snow",
"Snow wetness",
"Lband microwaves",
"Soil Remote Sensing"
] |
ArXiv
|
Estimating the landscape and soil freeze-thaw (FT) dynamics in the Northern Hemisphere is crucial for understanding permafrost response to global warming and changes in regional and global carbon budgets. A new framework is presented for surface FT-cycle retrievals using L-band microwave radiometry based on a deep convolutional autoencoder neural network. This framework defines the landscape FT-cycle retrieval as a time series anomaly detection problem considering the frozen states as normal and thawed states as anomalies. The autoencoder retrieves the FT-cycle probabilistically through supervised reconstruction of the brightness temperature (TB) time series using a contrastive loss function that minimizes (maximizes) the reconstruction error for the peak winter (summer). Using the data provided by the (SMAP) satellite, it is demonstrated that the framework learns to isolate the landscape FT states over different land surface types with varying complexities related to the radiometric characteristics of snow cover, lake-ice phenology, and vegetation canopy. The consistency of the retrievals is evaluated over Alaska, against in situ ground-based observations, showing reduced uncertainties compared to the traditional methods that use thresholding of the normalized polarization ratio. F REEZ-thaw (FT) seasonal cycles occur over more than 50% of terrestrial landscapes in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) [1] and exhibit high spatial and temporal variabilityaffecting the energy, water, and carbon balance and the downstream biogeochemical [2], ecological [3], and hydrological processes [4]. The ground's FT cycle is closely related to the soil's physical properties, vegetation, and snow cover. The timing and duration of the soil FT cycle affect infiltration of rainfall and snowmelt [5] and thus control the dynamics of nutrient availability and plant growth. As the Arctic and its boreal forests continue to warm, evidence suggests that the frequency of the FT cycle will change, making it a critical variable for predicting the impacts to the soil and vegetation carbon exchange with the atmosphere in a warming climate [6], [7]. The capacity to perform direct sampling and on-site groundbased observations of the FT cycle is presently restricted D. Kumawat, and A. Ebtehaj are with the Department of Civil Environmental and Geo-Engineering and the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. e-mail: (). X.Xu and A.Colliander are with the NASA of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. V.Kumar is with the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and logistically constrained globally, especially in the high latitudes. Satellite microwave radiometry offers a cost-effective alternative [8] in all weather conditions with no limitations concerning seasonal high-latitude darkness. This is attributed to the pronounced sensitivity of the landscape emissivity to the presence or absence of liquid water. The reason is that the relative permittivity of ice (i.e., 3.15) and freshwater (i.e., 100 10) are markedly different in microwave frequencies 1-50 GHz. When the landscape freezes up, the surface emissivity and the observed microwave brightness temperatures (TB) increase significantly during the winter. However, the emissivity drops rapidly during the thaw period, giving rise to colder radiometric temperatures that can vary appreciably over summer due to changes in soil moisture and vegetation water content. Currently, key satellites that can provide all-weather observations of surface emission under moderate vegetation water content include the L-band (1.4 GHz) NASA (SMAP) [9] and the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) [10] mission. The current SMAP FT product uses the seasonal thresholding of the departure of the normalized polarization ratio (NPR) [11], [12] from its reference FT values. The NPR is the ratio of the difference between TBs at horizontal and vertical polarization to their summation [13], [14]. After thresholding the NPR, two additional steps are taken to reduce false characterization of the FT cycle. Firstly, if the TBs at both polarization values exceed 273 K, the pixel is marked as thawed regardless of the retrieval outcome. Second, "never frozen" and "never thawed" masks were used based on a long-term (2002-2019) daily FT cycle data set [15], produced from observations by the (AMSR) and the simulated surface temperatures by the NASA's Goddard Modeling and Assimilation Office [16]. The NPR algorithm is sensitive to the inherent variability of TB time series not only in response to changes in soil permittivity but also to the presence of water in snow, vegetation, and sub-grid lakes. Consequently, the optimal selection of reference NPR values and the thresholds remain a major source of uncertainty in the produced FT cycle data [17]. For instance, it is found that establishing the reference values requires relatively stable frozen or thawed conditions with a minimum duration of 20 days [11]. This requirement is often a limiting factor for capturing high-frequency FT cycles. It is also shown that adopting a fixed global threshold seems insufficient to accommodate the diverse signals from structurally [cs.LG] 4 Jul 2024 and radiometrically complex land surfaces -characterized by varying soil textures, snow dynamics, and vegetation phenology [18]. As is well understood, satellite observations of the upwelling brightness intensity respond to the presence or absence of liquid water in the field of view (FOV). When snow falls on the ground, the soil remains wet for an extended time depending on the air temperature, depth of the snowpack, and soil mineralogy [19]- [25]. On the other hand, when the snowpack melts, the TBs respond to snow wetness and not necessarily the thawing soil [16], [26]. Moreover, there is often a time lag between the freeze-up and break-up times of the lake ice and the FT cycle of the surrounding landscape [27], which can affect the NPR and the optimal thresholding approach in unknown ways. The impacts of the sub-grid lake water fraction on the TBs and NPR are not yet well understood and can be an important factor over the Arctic, where a large fraction of the FOV is populated with lakes of different sizes. Therefore, with these sources of uncertainties, it seems more realistic to characterize the FT cycle of the landscape probabilistically through a generalized machine-learning mechanism rather than empirical thresholding.
|
6be4fc81-8e86-4e18-8255-ab211eee1f72
| 0
|
012cd12b-d670-4249-ac6d-0669da35c587
|
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/schedule/2/part/1/crossheading/use-of-allowances
| 2,008
|
[
"allowances u.k.",
"enough allowances",
"trading scheme",
"expiry",
"offsetting"
] |
legislation.gov.uk
|
Use of allowances U.K. 6 (1) The regulations may require each participant to have or acquire enough allowances to match the participant's activities in a trading period, subject to any offsetting in accordance with provision made under paragraph 7. U.K. (2) The regulations- (a) may permit allowances held by a participant at the end of a trading period in excess of the participant's activities in the period to be used to cover the participant's activities in a later trading period, (b) may permit allowances allocated to a participant for a trading period to be used to cover the participant's activities in an earlier trading period, and (c) may in either case provide for such use of allowances to be subject to such conditions and limitations as may be specified in or determined in accordance with the regulations. (3) The regulations must contain provision for ensuring that allowances used by a participant for the purposes of a trading scheme cannot be used by the participant for any other purpose. (4) The regulations- (a) may provide for the expiry of allowances after such period as may be specified in or determined in accordance with the regulations; (b) may enable allowances to be cancelled by a person by whom they are held instead of being used for the purposes of a trading scheme.
|
3df0bfd6-8269-42e4-b835-540d349df04f
| 0
|
01341386-726e-46ab-8ce8-05f69e99321e
|
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32008L0050
| 2,008
|
[
"General",
"Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency",
"Energy efficiency",
"Renewables",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch",
"Non-energy use"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
This could serve as a basis for calculating the collective exposure of the population living in the area. (7)
In order to ensure that the information collected on air pollution is sufficiently representative and comparable across the Community, it is important that standardised measurement techniques and common criteria for the number and location of measuring stations are used for the assessment of ambient air quality. Techniques other than measurements can be used to assess ambient air quality and it is therefore necessary to define criteria for the use and required accuracy of such techniques. (8)
Detailed measurements of fine particulate matter at rural background locations should be made in order to understand better the impacts of this pollutant and to develop appropriate policies. Such measurements should be made in a manner consistent with those of the cooperative programme for monitoring and evaluation of the long range transmission of air pollutants in Europe (EMEP) set up under the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution approved by Council Decision 81/462/EEC of 11Â June 1981Â (11). (9)
Air quality status should be maintained where it is already good, or improved.
|
124a1686-01af-40ad-bbdc-ec8b802ec514
| 1
|
01368ebb-4e92-47ad-b020-2a2d44c5d1b1
|
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32023R2405
| 2,023
|
[
"Transport",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
5. The competent authority or authorities shall take a decision on that request without undue delay at the latest one month before the date of application of the envisaged exemption. Where the competent authority or authorities ask for additional information pursuant to paragraph 4, the deadline for the competent authority or authorities to take a decision shall be suspended until complete information is provided by the aircraft operator. The exemption granted shall have a limited period of validity, not exceeding one year, after which it shall be reviewed upon request of the aircraft operator. 6. The competent authority or authorities shall take a decision to accept or reject any first request for exemption submitted pursuant to paragraph 3. Failure to adopt such a decision within the time limit laid down in paragraph 5 shall not be considered to be a decision authorising the requested exemption. Failure to adopt a decision relating to a request for the renewal of an existing exemption, provided that such request is supported by a detailed and adequate justification, at the latest one month before the date of the envisaged renewal shall be considered to be a decision of authorisation to continue applying the requested exemption. 7. The aircraft operator shall have the right to appeal a decision of the competent authority or authorities that reject a request for exemption. 8. The competent authority or authorities shall notify the list of authorised and rejected exemptions to the Commission, giving the justification for its decision and the assessment upon which it is based. The Commission shall publish the list of authorised exemptions and update that list at least once a year. 9. Following a written complaint submitted by a Member State, an aircraft operator, the managing body of the Union airport concerned, or an aviation fuel supplier, or on its own initiative, the Commission may, after assessing the justification provided for the exemption granted pursuant to paragraph 5 of this Article in the light of the criteria set out in of paragraph 3 of this Article, adopt implementing acts requesting the competent authority or authorities to adopt a decision repealing that exemption from the beginning of the next scheduling period within the meaning of Article 2, point (d), of Council Regulation (EEC) No 95/93 (15). When that scheduling period starts less than two months after the publication of the decision, the decision repealing the exemption shall start applying from the beginning of the following scheduling period. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the advisory procedure referred to in Article 16(2).
|
e24fd56a-133a-418d-a758-49d3fefcce80
| 24
|
013fae5c-c1fc-47fe-872a-6f94b14a75ea
|
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32000R1980
| 2,000
|
[
"Buildings",
"Appliances",
"Energy efficiency"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
Member States shall ensure that:
(a) the composition of the competent bodies is such as to guarantee their independence and neutrality;
(b) the rules of procedure of the competent bodies ensure, at national level, the active involvement of all interested parties and an appropriate level of transparency;
(c) the competent bodies shall apply correctly the provisions of this Regulation. Article 15
Consultation forum
The Commission shall ensure that in the conduct of its activities the EUEB observes, in respect of each product group, a balanced participation of all relevant interested parties concerned with that product group such as industry and service providers, including SMEs, crafts and their business organisations, trade unions, traders, retailers, importers, environmental protection groups and consumer organisations. These parties shall meet in a consultation forum.
|
314479ac-5956-4a00-8a10-c21910b1bead
| 18
|
01470004-12b5-496c-a5e1-cf2a65c8b488
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2021/decarbonising-transport-a-better-greener-britain_0e5fa97fb3d78e19b69ccf8f78fdd0cc.pdf
| 2,021
|
[
"Transport",
"Co-benefits",
"Cycling",
"Climate Finance",
"Public Transport",
"Freight",
"EVs",
"Shipping",
"Aviation",
"Walking",
"transport",
"zero",
"emissions",
"emission",
"carbon"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
That is why the Office for Zero Emission Vehicles (OZEV) has invested £400 million in a series of R&D competitions supporting innovation and developing vehicle and charging ur £40 million On-Street, Wireless and Catalysing Green Innovation Programmes include £5.4 million (£7 .5 million total project cost) support for the UK’s first Electric Forecourt in Braintree, Essex. a-kind demonstrator makes electric vehicle charging as easy as using a petrol station and could pave the way for a national network, helping address concerns around electric vehicle (EV) charging.
|
b1244f11-6485-47b2-ba2a-c8a54f51cd77
| 241
|
01496618-8ed2-47b2-a0d1-31c6c2238cd0
|
https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/30146/documents/174873/default/
| 2,022
|
[
"change",
"government",
"climate",
"behaviour",
"evidence"
] |
parliament.uk
|
Much of the debate within the Committee has been about whether to highlight how small is the contribution from life-style changes required by the CCC. Instead, we have broadened our definition of behaviour change from meaning just life-style changes (as in our Call for Evidence) to a) the adoption of new technologies (electric cars and heat pumps) and b) improved energy efficiency (insulation), as well as c) lifestyle changes.
|
97670d98-0334-481c-acbc-cc321a917f87
| 104
|
014ee56d-c4e9-4d27-84a0-29b4ec51b0db
|
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/natres/pdf/final_report_wg1.pdf
| 2,000
|
[
"General",
"Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency",
"Energy efficiency",
"Renewables",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch",
"Non-energy use"
] |
ec.europa.eu
|
In this context social and
environmental externalities are still likely to be disregarded by some companies. It may
23
24
25
all data about share of world production from GRI reporters has been compiled from the Raw Materials
Database, a commercial mine production database from Raw Materials Group, Sweden controlling
companies by commodity and from the GRI database accessed on the Internet. Available here httpwww.globalreporting.orgguidelinessectorsMining.pdf. www.pefc.org
Page 33
also prove difficult for many small-scale enterprises difficult to address complex long-
term sustainability issues. The delicate question of balance between short-term returns and long-term integration of
sustainability ethics in global business and industry is of great importance for the future
of the EU, since it can be argued on one hand that without a healthy, competitive,
economy the EU will not be in a position to allocate the resources necessary for
environmental improvements, sufficient jobs to foster social cohesion and development
and also to help developing countries to face a better future. On the other hand, its future
will much depend on the availability of fertile soils, of the good quality water resources
much depending on the end-uses, of clean air to breath and of a series of social
factors. The EU also has itself committed to contribute to sustainable development in the rest of
the world, which in practical terms means for example making sure that imports and
exports of resources contribute to that end, and that developing countries are assisted
with resource efficiency technology and capacity building. Good development
cooperation and fair trade will also contribute to international stability and safety. Sustainable development does not develop by the sole virtue of its merits, it is an
objective which needs long-term commitment from all stakeholders to be attained. Moreover, a sustainable European Union can only exit for any lasting period in a
sustainable world. Sustainable development is definitively a global issue. How can the future EU Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources
address this, rewarding the good performance while addressing the sustainability issues
caused by poorer performers, some of which are based in non-EU countries, or
registered in tax havens or not listed on any major Western stock market? How can it
avoid the possible risks of a possible race to the social and environmental bottom
related to international competition? How to achieve sustainable development knowing
that many customers demand more products for a lesser price and that many in this
world remain deprived of access to natural resources and even the most basic services?
|
a5fe6535-9c80-4d16-a22c-92e1e4ed7d30
| 45
|
01523019-9635-449e-bd62-da14669042f8
|
https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/strategy-plan/2020/12/securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero-update-climate-change-plan-20182032/documents/update-climate-change-plan-2018-2032-securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero/update-climate-change-plan-2018-2032-securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero/govscot%3Adocument/update-climate-change-plan-2018-2032-securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero.pdf
| 2,019
|
[
"scotland",
"climate",
"change",
"plan",
"emissions"
] |
www.gov.scot
|
76 Update to the Climate Change Plan | Electricity 3.1.3 The decarbonisation of Scotland’s electricity sector has been driven by our rich natural resources, planning, a drive to involve local affect them, supportive market frameworks, and rapidly declining prices of renewable technology globally - with wind and solar now the lowest cost forms of new 3.1.4 As Scotland transitions to net zero, a growing and increasingly decarbonised electricity sector is critical to enabling other parts of our economy to decarbonise – notably transport, buildings and 3.1.5 We also want Scotland to continue to export large amounts of clean electricity to England, Northern beyond, and maintaining Scotland’s 3.1.6 Our climate change targets mean progress, and move from a low to a zero carbon electricity system, with the potential for Negative Emission Technologies (NETs – see Chapter 8) to deliver negative emissions from our electricity sector, for example through the use of bioenergy for electricity generation combined with carbon 32 Electricity Generation Costs 2020 (UK Government) - uploads/attachment_data/file/911817/electricity-generation-cost-report-2020.pdf 3.1.7 In further decarbonising our electricity system, we also need to address the substantial challenges of maintaining security of supply and a resilient electricity system. Operating a zero carbon electricity system will mean finding new ways to provide a range of technical services and qualities currently provided by fossil fuel and nuclear generation. These include inertia, frequency response and voltage support services, which help keep the system stable. Pumped storage also has an important role to play, as it can release stored electricity the system needs it most (e.g. when there is less wind energy
Update to the Climate Change Plan | Electricity 77 Dersalloch Black Start Trial33 33 Photo of Dersalloch Wind Farm courtesy of Scottish Power Renewables. While there has never been a total black-out across the whole country, and the chances of one happening are small, its impact would be substantial. “Black start” services across Britain still rely heavily on fossil fuel power stations, along with some hydro and pumped storage capacity. The Scottish Government provided £550,000 to support a demonstration project delivered by Scottish Power Renewables at its Dersalloch Wind Farm looking at the potential for delivering black start from wind. The project delivered a global first during a test in October 2020 by delivering black start capability from wind power to re-start part of the electricity system. The project used “virtual synchronous machines” (VSM) to regulate the frequency and voltage of the power from the wind turbines to keep the local electricity system stable and balanced, throughout the process of restoring the part of the system that had been blacked out. This project shows that Scotland is developing expertise that will be critical to net zero both here and around the world. The Scottish Government will continue to support the development of technologies that can support sustainable security of supply, with renewable generation delivering technical services that currently depend on fossil fuel power stations. 78 Update to the Climate Change Plan | Electricity 3.1.8 Planning has been, and will rapid renewables deployment in Scotland. The position statement on our fourth National Planning Framework (NPF4), published in November, makes clear the Scottish Government’s intention to actively facilitate decarbonised electricity generation and distribution34. 3.1.9 Key energy infrastructure, including electricity generation, large scale storage such as pumped of the high voltage electricity transmission networks, and a CCS BECCS are all being considered in the preparation of the fourth 3.1.10 However, two of the key levers further renewable energy potential – electricity policy and regulation – are reserved. This means that achieving our targets critically taking the right decisions and 3.1.11 The electricity sector has continued and secure supply of electricity 3.1.12 Meanwhile, the need to invest in renewable generation, networks reduce greenhouse gas emissions is also critical to creating good, green jobs as part of our green recovery and longer term energy transition 34 35 zero/net zero-energy-workforce 36 Green recovery and just transition 3.1.13 A number of stakeholders and advisory bodies, including the Just Transition Commission, the provide a range of opportunities 3.1.14 In 2018, the low carbon electricity sector directly supported 7,800 full time equivalent jobs across Scotland, and contributed more than £3.6 billion to the Scottish 50,000 jobs in Scotland will be required in the Net Zero Energy 3.1.15 The economic opportunities are huge and wide ranging. Our Offshore Wind Policy Statement36, published in October 2020, sets out our assessment of Scotland’s offshore wind capacity to 2030 and, together with the Sectoral Marine Plan and ScotWind leasing rounds, provides the market with an understanding of the available 3.1.16 Floating wind is an emerging technology, and, with the first large scale floating wind farm off the coast of Peterhead, and Scotland’s huge resource potential, there are significant opportunities here, for both development and innovation
Update to the Climate Change Plan | Electricity 79 in installation and maintenance. The Carbon Trust’s Floating Wind Joint Industry Project, which the Scottish Government has helped fund, published a report37 this much as 70 GW of floating wind 3.1.17 Offshore wind has an important role to play in supporting the transition from oil and gas to low and zero carbon renewables. Scotland’s decades long experience across the oil and gas industry, developed, can be brought to bear in the development of offshore and storage. It is also evident that many of the skills, expertise and technologies held within the oil and gas industry will be crucial in the development of net zero solutions at scale. The Scottish Government’s £62 million Energy summer 2020, will aid this process. 3.1.18 Approximately £1 billion is spent developing electricity networks, leading to substantial work for local supply chains.
|
9e89f3e7-5608-4a69-bc95-89195cd33085
| 22
|
0157f665-b341-4e6b-9464-50f8a0c2cf12
|
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32021R2116
| 2,013
|
[
"Agriculture and forestry",
"Non-energy use"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
159). (22)
OJ L 123, 12.5.2016, p. 1. (23) Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 October 2013 laying down the Union Customs Code (OJ L 269, 10.10.2013, p. 1). (24) Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 laying down the rules and general principles concerning mechanisms for control by Member States of the Commission s exercise of implementing powers (OJ L 55, 28.2.2011, p. 13). (25) Directive 2014/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on public procurement and repealing Directive 2004/18/EC (OJ L 94, 28.3.2014, p.
|
8f9bf1c1-a150-4ba5-bf0e-b248d1eace93
| 95
|
015f2a6b-1bc4-4439-9914-db5aabf25095
|
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32003L0030
| 2,003
|
[
"Transport",
"Renewables"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
It is noted that in the case of biodiesel for diesel engines, where the processing option is esterification, the standard prEN 14214 of the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) on fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) could be applied. Accordingly, the CEN should establish appropriate standards for other transport biofuel products in the European Union.(15) Promoting the use of biofuels in keeping with sustainable farming and forestry practices laid down in the rules governing the common agricultural policy could create new opportunities for sustainable rural development in a more market-orientated common agriculture policy geared more to the European market and to respect for flourishing country life and multifunctional agriculture, and could open a new market for innovative agricultural products with regard to present and future Member States.(16) In its resolution of 8 June 1998(5), the Council endorsed the Commission's strategy and action plan for renewable energy sources and requested specific measures in the biofuels sector.(17) The Commission Green Paper \"Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply\" sets the objective of 20 % substitution of conventional fuels by alternative fuels in the road transport sector by the year 2020.(18) Alternative fuels will only be able to achieve market penetration if they are widely available and competitive.(19) In its resolution of 18 June 1998(6), the European Parliament called for an increase in the market share of biofuels to 2 % over five years through a package of measures, including tax exemption, financial assistance for the processing industry and the establishment of a compulsory rate of biofuels for oil companies.(20) The optimum method for increasing the share of biofuels in the national and Community markets depends on the availability of resources and raw materials, on national and Community policies to promote biofuels and on tax arrangements, and on the appropriate involvement of all stakeholders/parties.(21) National policies to promote the use of biofuels should not lead to prohibition of the free movement of fuels that meet the harmonised environmental specifications as laid down in Community legislation.(22) Promotion of the production and use of biofuels could contribute to a reduction in energy import dependency and in emissions of greenhouse gases.
|
5a0b04f1-f31e-429b-94ea-3fa408a008e9
| 1
|
01614615-4d4b-4015-a3f7-c2571ff0fec7
|
http://arxiv.org/abs/1609.05878v3
| 2,016
|
[
"climate change",
"carbon budget",
"intergenerational justice"
] |
ArXiv
|
It is readily apparent that these climate cycles are due to small changes in Earth's orbit and the tilt of its spin axis, which alter the geographical and seasonal distribution of sunlight striking Earth. The large climate response is a result of two amplifying feedbacks: (1) atmospheric GHGs (mainly CO 2 but accompanied by CH 4 and N 2 O), which increase as Earth warms and decrease as it cools (Ciais et al., 2013), thus amplifying the temperature change, and (2) the size of ice sheets, which shrink as Earth warms and grow as it cools, thus changing the amount of absorbed sunlight in the sense that also amplifies the climate change. For example, 20,000 years ago most of Canada and parts of the United States were covered by an ice sheet, and sea level was about 130 m (~400 feet) lower than today. Global warming of ~5 deg C between the last glacial maximum and the Holocene (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2013) is accounted for almost entirely by radiative forcing caused by decrease in ice sheet area and increase of GHGs (Lorius et al., 1990;Hansen et al., 2007). The glacial-interglacial time scale is set by the time scale of the weak orbital forcings. Before addressing the crucial issue of the inherent time scale of slow feedbacks, we need to say more about the two dominant slow feedbacks, described above as ice sheets and GHGs. The ice sheet feedback works mainly via the albedo (reflectivity) effect. A shrinking ice sheet exposes darker ground and warming darkens the ice surface by increasing the area and period with wet ice, thus increasing the ice grain size and increasing the surface concentration of 9 The IPCC (2013; of Technical Summary) estimate of warming for 1880-2012 is 0.85 deg C [range 0.65 to 1.06 deg C]. While within that range, our value is higher because (1) use of 4-year longer period, (2) warming in the past few years eliminates the effect on the 1970-present trend from a seeming 1998-2012 warming hiatus, (3) the GISTEMP analysis has greater coverage of the large Arctic warming than the other analyses [Fig. TS.2, of IPCC (2013)]. light-absorbing impurities (Tedesco et al., 2016). The ice albedo effect is supplemented by a change of surface albedo in ice-free regions due to vegetation changes. This vegetation albedo effect provides a significant amplification of warming as Earth's temperature increases from its present climate state, because dark forests tend to replace tundra or sparse low-level vegetation in large areas of Eurasia and North America (Lunt et al., 2010). The GHG feedback on glacial-interglacial time scales is 75-80 percent from CO 2 change; N 2 O and CH 4 account for 20-25 percent (Lorius et al., 1990, Hansen et al., 2007, Masson-Delmotte et al., 2013). In simple terms, the ocean and land release more of these gases as the planet becomes warmer. Mechanisms that control GHG release as Earth warms, and GHG drawdown as Earth cools, are complex, including many processes that affect the distribution of carbon, among the ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere (Yu et al., 2016;Ciais et al., 2013 and references therein). Release of carbon from methane hydrates and permafrost contributed to climate change in past warm periods (Zachos et al., 2008;DeConto et al., 2012) and potentially could have a significant effect in the future (O'Connor et al., 2010;Schadel et al., 2016). Paleoclimate data help assess the possible time scale for ice sheet change. Ice sheet size, judged from sea level, varies almost synchronously with temperature for the temporal resolution available in paleoclimate records, but (2012) find that sea level change lags temperature change by 1-4 centuries. Paleoclimate forcing, however, is both weak and very slow, changing on millennial time scales. Hansen (2005Hansen ( , 2007) ) argues on heuristic grounds that the much faster and stronger human-made climate forcing projected this century with continued high fossil fuel emissions, equivalent to doubling atmospheric CO 2 , would likely lead to substantial ice sheet collapse and multi-meter sea level rise on the time scale of a century. Modeling supports this conclusion, as Pollard et al. (2015) found that addition of hydrofracturing and cliff failure to their ice sheet model not only increased simulated sea level rise from 2 m to 17 m in response to 2 deg C ocean warming, it also accelerated the time for multi-meter change from several centuries to several decades. Ice sheet modeling of Applegate et al. (2015) explicitly shows that the time scale for large ice sheet melt decreases dramatically as the magnitude of warming increases. Hansen et al. (2016), based on a combination of climate modeling, paleo data, and modern observations, conclude that continued high GHG emissions would likely cause multi-meter sea level rise within 50-150 years. The GHG feedback plays a leading role in determining the magnitude of paleoclimate change and there is reason to suspect that it may already be important in modern climate. Rising temperatures increase the rate of CO 2 and CH 4 release from drying soils, thawing permafrost (Schadel et al., 2016;Schuur et al., 2015) and warming continental shelves (Kvenvolden, 1993;Judd et al., 2002), and affect the ocean carbon cycle as noted above. Crowther et al. (2016) synthesize results of 49 field experiments across North America, Europe and Asia, inferring that every 1 deg C global mean soil surface warming can cause a 30 PgC soil carbon loss and suggesting that continued high fossil fuel emissions might drive 2 deg C soil warming and a 55 PgC soil carbon loss by 2050. Although this analysis admits large uncertainty, such large soil carbon loss could wreak havoc with efforts to achieve the net soil and biospheric carbon storage that is likely necessary for climate stabilization, as we discuss in subsequent sections. Recent changes of GHGs result mainly from industrial and agricultural emissions, but they also include any existing climate feedback effects. CO 2 and CH 4 are the largest forcings , so it is especially important to examine their ongoing changes.
|
46f0f077-7b8a-4605-ac51-40cbeda0f25d
| 5
|
0165053f-d7fd-474e-ad5b-ce8235cc6ea2
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2021/carbon-budget-delivery-plan_19fa3072ff04d7abab9199e50abfb92c.pdf
| 2,023
|
[
"Economy-wide",
"policy",
"carbon",
"emissions",
"energy",
"support"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
Sector Deployment assumption Unit 2021 2025 2030 2035 Electricity generation TWh 307 315 percentage of total projected generation Low carbon fuels a consumption as a percentage of final energy consumption Resource and energy efficiency savings MtCO2e See policy savings tables for resource and energy efficiency Industry demand for Industrial CCUS
Low carbon hydrogen production TWh 0 10*** Electrical power demand from offshore oil and gas installations as a percentage of Cumulative heat pumps installed Cumulative homes converted to 100% Yearly homes treated by new domestic Low carbon fuels a consumption as a percentage of total fuel consumption in commercial buildings (excluding heat Yearly heat supplied via heat networks TWh 15 17 Yearly biomethane injected into the grid TWh 4 7 Yearly area of peatland under restoration Yearly area of afforestation in the UK Ha 13,300 7,500 Yearly additional area of perennial energy crop and short rotation forestry
Farmers engaging with low carbon farming practices as a percentage of total Level of HFC consumption relative to a 2015 baseline level (percentage of bulk Removals BECCS and DACCS MtCO2e 0 0 ZEVs as a percentage of total car fleet % 0.9% 7% ZEVs as a percentage of total van fleet % 0.5% 3% ZEVs as a percentage of total HGV fleet % 0.1% 0.4% ZEVs as a percentage of total bus and Low carbon fuels a used in road transport as a percentage of total fuel use (in litres) Proportion of short journeys (less than 5 miles) in towns and cities that are walked SAF use in domestic aviation as a percentage of total fuel use (in tonnes) Low carbon fuels a use in domestic shipping as a percentage of total fuel use IAS SAF use in international aviation as a percentage of total fuel use (in tonnes)
Low carbon fuels use a in international shipping as a percentage of total fuel use *Reflects demand in the high hydrogen pathway. **This metric has been changed from "Low carbon fuel switching" published in the Net Zero Strategy due to methodological issues. Figures for low carbon fuel switching, including BECCS, are 122TWh for 2021, 115TWh for 2025, 120TWh for 2030, and 160TWh for 2035. ****Energy crop and short rotation forestry area figures are indicative and may vary, for example, based on precise mix of crop varieties. the electricity, biofuels, solid biomass, hydrogen, ammonia and methanol. All of these deployment assumptions include electricity and hydrogen both in the numerator and denominator, with the exception of low-carbon fuels used in road transport (from which electricity and hydrogen are completely excluded). The metric ‘Single track kilometres electrified per year’ has been removed while we develop an appropriate metric to reflect the policy on rail
Appendix Sectoral summaries of 1. Delivery confidence for all proposals and policies- but particularly those delivering in later carbon budget periods- will be impacted by technological developments, societal changes and future spending arrangements. Below we set out further detail for each sector. 2. Delivering deep decarbonisation of power is key both to delivering sector carbon savings and unlocking the path to net zero across transport, industry, and heating buildings. Meeting growing demand while achieving the goal of decarbonising the power system by 2035 subject to security of supply needs substantial expansion of renewable low carbon generation. This will require appropriate planning arrangements, expansion of electricity networks and grid connections, strong supply chains, deploying sufficient flexible capacity capable of replicating the role of unabated gas on the electricity system and the delivery of new nuclear capacity. We must catalyse private investment in low carbon infrastructure to deliver the level, pace and scale of ambitions. Given the scale and pace at which the power sector will need to deliver generating infrastructure, to meet demand, and the risks to delivery and deployment, power must retain optionality on which generating technologies deploy to deliver lower cost 3. The Energy White Paper, Net Zero Strategy, British Energy Security Strategy, and the Energy Security Plan set out our strategy for decarbonising the power sector, including how we are developing and delivering a portfolio approach to mitigate the delivery risk of any individual project or technology. 4. An efficient planning system for nationally significant infrastructure is essential for the deployment of large scale low carbon electricity generation technologies like offshore wind, nuclear power and power-CCUS at the pace and scale we need to meet Carbon Budget 6. The government is undertaking several actions to review planning and consents, such as the Action Plan for reform published in February, making the system faster, fairer and more effective, as well as changes to Permitted Development Rights to simplify obtaining planning consent
for solar installations. The government has also issued a Call for Evidence on Land Rights and Consenting for electricity networks. The government is also updating the National Policy Statements to ensure that we have a planning policy framework to support infrastructure required for net zero and has set up taskforces to support the development and deployment of infrastructure. 5. The electricity network will need to be expanded so that the new generating capacity can connect to the grid. The electricity network will need to be able to manage an additional capacity required on the electricity system for Carbon Budget 6. We are developing proposals and policies to meet this onshore and offshore, including delivering the Electricity Networks Strategic Framework, focused on how government and Ofgem would enable the transformation of the network at the scale and pace required; and delivering the Centralised Strategic Network Plan with Ofgem and National Grid ESO; and Holistic Network Design 6. Nuclear capacity is a key technology in the decarbonisation of the power sector, and faces legislative, planning, policy and financing challenges.
|
f1206e39-e30b-4828-a2d4-296506ac6fd1
| 43
|
01685358-e873-4042-b595-90550401f5d4
|
http://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.08342v5
| 2,021
|
[
"energy",
"investments",
"carbon",
"climate",
"paris"
] |
arxiv.org
|
A rocky road is ahead: substantial, broad, and sustained engagements will be needed for achieving the Paris Agreement long-term targets (Grundmann 2016;
Hulme 2020), far beyond the short-term emission drop and rebound associated with the COVID-19 pandemic (Liu et al. 2020;Friedlingstein et al. 2021). "Paris Agreement requires substantial, broad, and sustained engagements beyond COVID-19 public stimulus packages" Katsumasa Tanaka, Christian Azar, Olivier Boucher, Philippe Ciais, Yann Gaucher, Daniel J. A. Johansson arXiv:2104.08342v5 (11 February 2022)
appropriate for IAMs to model several classes of investments according to their origin, destination, risk level, and/or expected return rate. "
|
7cd4e899-fe2f-4342-adf8-b63ac86051a4
| 2
|
016fa7cf-83e6-47fe-a56a-7e6634abeb18
|
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32010L0031
| 2,010
|
[
"Buildings",
"Heating and cooling",
"Appliances",
"Hot water and cooking",
"Construction",
"Energy efficiency"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
The inspection report shall be handed over to the owner or tenant of the building. Article 17
Independent experts
Member States shall ensure that the energy performance certification of buildings and the inspection of heating systems and air-conditioning systems are carried out in an independent manner by qualified and/or accredited experts, whether operating in a self-employed capacity or employed by public bodies or private enterprises. Experts shall be accredited taking into account their competence. Member States shall make available to the public information on training and accreditations. Member States shall ensure that either regularly updated lists of qualified and/or accredited experts or regularly updated lists of accredited companies which offer the services of such experts are made available to the public. Article 18
Independent control system
1. Member States shall ensure that independent control systems for energy performance certificates and reports on the inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems are established in accordance with Annex II. Member States may establish separate systems for the control of energy performance certificates and for the control of reports on the inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems. 2. The Member States may delegate the responsibilities for implementing the independent control systems. Where the Member States decide to do so, they shall ensure that the independent control systems are implemented in compliance with Annex II.
|
43a5b649-dcce-4802-9a15-6d0c9a09ff0b
| 21
|
0173e673-cc35-4db3-8ade-4d7d1686e1e5
|
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/natres/pdf/final_report_wg1.pdf
| 2,000
|
[
"General",
"Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency",
"Energy efficiency",
"Renewables",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch",
"Non-energy use"
] |
ec.europa.eu
|
It would require multi-
disciplinary expertise to assess the existing work for relevance and quality and identify
possible shortcomings. It is recommended to engage such work during the inception
phase of the future Thematic Strategy see Timeline p. . 1.3 - Scope of the Resources Strategy
According to the remit given, the Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural
Resources shall cover all natural resources as defined in the Communication. Several
natural resources air, biodiversity, soils, water are already, or will soon wholly or
partially be the subject of new EU policies andor regulations see partial list p. 117 ff. aiming at reducing the pressures and the impacts affecting these resources. The
evaluation of the effectiveness of this new framework, in view of the security of supplies
and decoupling objectives of the Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural
Resources, should be done periodically, together with the evaluations of the strategy.
|
a5fe6535-9c80-4d16-a22c-92e1e4ed7d30
| 24
|
017b60e9-5641-4c49-b879-900e538027e9
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/1900/united-kingdom-national-communication-nc-nc-8-biennial-reports-br-br-5_288d5f885869447df3e9910829b567a3.pdf
| 2,022
|
[
"climate",
"energy",
"support",
"emissions",
"carbon"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
34 UK_Energy_in_Brief_2021_dataset.xlsx
Chapter 1 National Circumstances 43 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Wind & solar Other renewable Gas Coal Other & net imports Nuclear UK Energy in Brief, BEIS energy consumption fell 24% to 163 mtoe, this was driven by a 92% (61 mtoe) fall in coal consumption and a 34% (25 mtoe) reduction in petroleum consumption35. However, a large share of the reduction in petroleum consumption can be attributed to travel restrictions imposed as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. Petroleum consumption in 2019 was 13% below 1990 levels. The average temperature in 2020 was 0.3 degrees Celsius warmer than in 2019; on a temperature corrected basis, primary energy consumption was 10% Fuel 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Coal 66.9 48.9 38.5 39.9 32.6 25.1 5.6 Oil 77.2 75.4 76.7 78.2 70.2 67.4 50.9 Gas 51.2 69.2 95.9 94.3 93.5 68.1 68.4 Primary electricity 17.7 23.1 21.4 19.8 15.4 21.9 20.5 Bioenergy & waste 0.7 1.7 2.3 4.2 7.6 12.5 18.0 Total 213.6 218.4 234.8 236.3 219.3 195.1 163.3 UK Energy in Brief, BEIS 35 UK_Energy_in_Brief_2021_dataset.xlsx
44 8th National Communication Between 1990 and 2019, final energy consumption in the UK decreased by 6%, from 147 mtoe to 139 mtoe. In 2020 final energy consumption was 18% below 1990 levels at 121 mtoe though this is well below trend, reflecting the impact of Covid restrictions in place. From 2005, a general declining trend in final energy consumption was driven by improvements in energy efficiency. In 1990 final consumption from petroleum was 43% of total final energy consumption in the UK. By 2019 this had risen to 45% though 2020 saw a reduction to 39% owing to temporary travel restrictions. The share of final consumption met by electricity increased was 16% in 1990 increasing to 20% by 2020. Natural gas increased from 31% to 34%. Increases in the contribution from bioenergy and waste have been steep over the last 15 years from 0.5% in 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 million tonnes of oil equivalent Natural gas Petroleum Electricity Coal and other solid Heat Bioenergy and waste Energy Consumption in the UK 2021 – Consumption Tables, BEIS in the UK by sector37. In 1990 the transport sector was responsible for 33% of final energy consumption, the domestic sector a further 28% with industry responsible for 26% and 13% coming from services. By 2019 the share of final demand attributable to transport was 41% and industry was down to 16%. In 2020 the share attributed to transport reduced to 33%, reflecting restrictions in place to curb the Covid-19 pandemic. 36 37
Chapter 1 National Circumstances 45 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 million tonnes of oil equivalent Industry Services Domestic Transport Energy Consumption in the UK 2021 – Consumption Tables, BEIS The relationship between energy consumption and economic activity at the aggregate level can be gauged by comparing a country’s temperature corrected inland primary energy consumption with its gross domestic product (GDP). The energy ratio is calculated by dividing temperature corrected primary energy consumption by GDP at constant prices. The carbon ratio is calculated similarly by dividing carbon dioxide emissions by GDP . Both ratios have fallen steadily, with the energy ratio declining by around 2.5% per year and The downward trends are due to a number of factors, with improvements in energy efficiency and the decline in the relative importance of energy intensive industries affecting both ratios. The carbon ratio has been improved further by the increased use of more carbon efficient The reduction in the carbon ratio in 2020 is primarily due to the large reduction in the use of road transport during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns, with CO2 emissions from transport 38 UK_Energy_in_Brief_2021_dataset.xlsx
46 8th National Communication 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 UK Energy in Brief, BEIS Latest International Energy Agency data for 2019 shows that the energy ratio is falling in all G7 countries. The UK is estimated to have the lowest energy ratio in the G739. UK energy prices are influenced by a number of factors, both local and global. Prices of primary fuels (gas, coal, oil) will obviously affect the price of secondary fuels (electricity, road fuels), but can also themselves be affected by the price of the other primary fuels. consumer price index (CPI) to rebase nominal prices. There were peaks in oil prices in 2008 and 2012 but in 2020 prices dropped to 41.84 USD/bbl compared to a 1990 price of 46.98 USD/bbl40 as the Covid-19 pandemic reduced demand. 39 Based on data from the IEA World Energy Balances 40 review/bp-stats-review-2021-all-data.xlsx
Chapter 1 National Circumstances 47 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 * 2020USD (deflated using the Consumer Price Index for the US) BP Statistical Review of World Energy 1965 – 2020 Domestic transport accounted for 24% of all UK greenhouse gas emissions in 2020, almost entirely through carbon dioxide emissions. The main source of emissions comes from the use of petrol and diesel fuels in road transport. Between 2019 and 2020, transport emissions fell by 19%, attributable to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic as people were instructed to stay at home for large periods of time Road transport makes up the largest proportion of domestic transport emissions at contributing 19%. Provisional estimates of carbon dioxide emissions from domestic transport in 2021 have risen, primarily due to the increase in the use of road transport as nationwide Demand for transport continued to increase steadily across many modes until 2019, before a steep decline in 2020 and 2021 due to restrictions introduced during the pandemic. For example, passenger kilometres travelled by cars, vans and taxis rose from 139 billion in 1960 to 738 billion in 2019. Distance travelled by rail rose from 40 billion passenger kilometres in 1960 to its all-time peak of 82 million passenger kilometres in 2018. However, distance travelled on buses and coaches has seen a long-term decline.
|
e6994b55-18ee-49c8-92db-2261135aea96
| 11
|
017e5f94-d389-4795-b6ff-768ea5fc422d
|
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1062708/Spring_Statement_2022_Print.pdf
| 2,022
|
[
"energy",
"development",
"article",
"management",
"protection",
"water",
"measure",
"environment",
"consist",
"resource"
] |
assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
|
In March 2022, the UK government implemented a series of additional measures meant to cushion domestic consumers from the effects of the global energy crisis, notably a temporary 12-month cut to duty on petrol and diesel of GBP 0.05 per litre, an extension of the VAT relief available for the installation of energy saving materials (ESMs), and an increase to the Household Support Fund.
|
028e9d4d-f86b-4a78-b352-d887efcd69f4
| 0
|
017f673c-9370-4815-aba1-6edba9dea4b8
|
http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/08/st03/st03740-re01.en08.pdf
| 2,009
|
[
"Transport",
"Renewables"
] |
register.consilium.europa.eu
|
44
Since the objectives of this Directive, namely ensuring a single market for fuel for road
transport and non-road mobile machinery and ensuring respect for minimal levels of
environmental protection from use of this fuel cannot be sufficiently achieved by the
Member States and can therefore, be better achieved at Community level, the Community
may adopt measures, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article 5
of the Treaty. In accordance with the principle of proportionality, as set out in that Article,
this Directive does not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve those objectives,
HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE
1
OJ L 74, 27.3.1993, p. 81. PE-CONS 3740108 REV 1
PAWfc
DG I
17
EN
Article 1
Amendments to Directive 9870EC
Directive 9870EC is hereby amended as follows
1
Article 1 shall be replaced by the following
Article 1
Scope
This Directive sets, in respect of road vehicles, and non-road mobile machinery including
inland waterway vessels when not at sea, agricultural and forestry tractors, and
recreational craft when not at sea
a
technical specifications on health and environmental grounds for fuels to be used
with positive ignition and compression-ignition engines, taking account of the
technical requirements of those engines and
b
a target for the reduction of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions.
|
2fa2bb5b-29b7-44c6-b6e0-944c288ed7be
| 11
|
018412ba-ba38-4769-a321-7158d606858c
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/1900/the-clean-growth-strategy_af15f03cfcd3b9529c696ef513762900.pdf
| 2,018
|
[
"energy",
"carbon",
"emissions",
"government",
"million"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
2018 BEIS Reform the RHI to focus the scheme towards long-term decarbonisation through greater uptake of technologies such as heat pumps and bio methane (biogas to grid). 2017 BEIS Continue to work with suppliers to ensure that people are provided with tailored advice when a smart meter is installed. 2017 Alongside this Strategy, the Government has published Boiler Plus, improving standards for the 1.2 million new boilers installed in England every year and ensuring control devices are included with every installation so people can control comfort in their own homes for less from April 2018. Replace the existing, telephone-only Energy Saving Advice Service with a digitally led- service working closely with the Each Home Counts implementation, offering tailored advice on improving the energy performance of people’s homes. Issue a Call for Evidence seeking views on further triggers points for Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) to be updated, as well as wider views on how EPCs could be further improved, in light of new sources of data and capabilities
Lead department Description Timing The Government will look at a long term trajectory for energy performance standards across the private rented sector, with the aim of as many private rented homes as possible being upgraded to EPC C by 2030 where practical, cost-effective The Government will also look at introducing similar energy performance standards across the social housing sector, where practical, cost-effective and affordable. This will need to take account of the findings of the independent public inquiry into the fire at Grenfell Tower and the Government’s separate work looking at wider social housing Following recommendations from the review of Building Regulations and fire safety currently underway explore innovative solutions to energy performance improvements not performing as well as predicted, including potential actions on compliance and enforcement of energy performance. BEIS Continue smart meter roll out. Roll out complete by BEIS Funding allocated in the Spending Review 2015 to grow the UK’s heat networks market. By 2021 Beyond support through the RHI, ambition to phase out high fossil fuel heating in homes off the gas grid during the 2020s. Consumers and industry will be involved in Accelerating the Shift to Low Carbon Transport DfT Series of consultation papers setting out the Government’s strategic approach to avia- tion, including how to support growth whilst tackling environmental impacts. 2017-2018 DfT Regulation to improve EV charge point provision and consumer access under the Automated and Electric Vehicle Bill. 2017 DfT Deployment of £80 million ULEV infrastructure funding announced in Autumn DfT Consider outcome and next steps in light of SME HGV fleet review pilot. 2017 DfT Pathway to Zero Emission Road Transport Strategy Document. By early March 2018 DfT/Defra Updating Government vehicle buying standards. End 2018 DfT EU HGV CO2 emission reporting and monitoring starts. January 2019 HMT Decision(s) on future fiscal support/tax incentives for ULEVs. Ongoing Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy
Lead department Description Timing DfT Report from Low Emission Freight and Logistics Trial. 2019 DfT Decision on domestic regulatory regime for car/van CO2 regulations in context of HMT Decisions on support for cycling and walking following end of current funding period DfT Decision on next steps in light of platooning and longer semi-trailer trials. 2020 onwards DfT Decision on domestic regulatory regime for freight CO2 regulations in context of DfT Active participation in the IMO to address GHG emissions from shipping. Ongoing BEIS Publish a full response to the consultation on ending unabated coal generation in BEIS Publish independent Cost of Energy Review, undertaken by Professor Dieter Helm CBE. Autumn 2017 HMT Set out further details on carbon prices beyond 2020/21. Autumn 2017 BEIS Work with industry to develop a nuclear Sector Deal as part of the Industrial Strategy, looking at boosting competitiveness and skills across the sector. Autumn 2017 BEIS/HMT Set out new controls to replace the Levy Control Framework beyond 2020/21. End 2017 BEIS Provide an update on our approach for small scale low carbon generation beyond 2019. End 2017 Ofgem Introduce a modified generation license for storage to improve regulatory clarity. Summer 2018 BEIS Continue to work with nuclear developers on their new build proposals, including on Grid Create a legally separate system operator. April 2019 BEIS Planned Pot 2 Contract for Difference auction. Spring 2019 BEIS Continue to work with Ofgem and industry to implement the 29 actions in the Smart Systems and Flexibility Plan. 2020
Lead department Description Timing Enhancing the Benefits and Value of our Natural Resources Set out approach to bring together biological industries, academia and innovators, linking up farmers and land managers with high tech industries to make the most of existing resources and develop advance feed stocks that are essential for the future BEIS New Bioeconomy Strategy. By end of 2017 Set up a stronger and more attractive domestic carbon offset market that will encourage more businesses to support cost-effective emissions reductions such as through planting trees. We will also explore how we could extend this market to include Defra Establish forestry investment zones. 2017 onwards Defra Set out 25 Year Environment Plan. 2017 onwards Defra Government to publish a new Resources and Waste Strategy. 2018 Defra Publish a Clean Air Strategy. 2018 Defra £10 million capital grant scheme for peat restoration. Funds available from Continue working with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on their project to improve the modelling of macroeconomic effects of the transition to a circular economy. Defra Commit to make available up to £200 million to support rural communities over the next two years and set out agroforestry decisions. By end of 2019 Defra Allocated funding to woodland planting to plant 11 million trees. 2020 Defra EU target of at least 50% of household waste being recycled by 2020. 2020 Defra Woodland Carbon £19.2 million to fund larger-scale woodland and forest creation. By 2021 Defra Work with industry to encourage the use of low-emissions fertiliser, and review the levels of take up using data from the British Fertiliser Practice Survey.
|
fa606d5e-1f24-4c2d-a92a-646f5ee9e9b7
| 43
|
018bb26a-f1f3-4986-8689-800eafa57516
|
https://www.gov.uk//guidance/future-electricity-networks
| 2,015
|
[
"Electricity network",
"Smart grid",
"Energy security",
"Energy policy",
"Climate change",
"Investment",
"Innovation",
"Low carbon generation",
"Grid modernization",
"UK energy",
"DECC",
"Ofgem",
"Grid planning",
"Information technology",
"Real-time information",
"Energy efficiency",
"Carbon budget",
"Grid evaluation framework",
"Smart Grid Forum",
"Privatisation",
"Reliability",
"Energy transition",
"Infrastructure investment",
"Consumer value",
"Electricity system assessment."
] |
gov.uk
|
The Department of Energy Climate Change DECC is responsible for setting the policy and legislative framework for the networks in Great Britain. Overall aims
Specific objectives for future electricity networks
We will achieve these objectives by
Building a smarter grid
The transition to a low-carbon economy will involve major changes to the way we supply and use energy. Transforming our electricity system is an important part of these changes. Integral to this transformation will be an electricity grid that is fitted with more information and communications technology over time. The result will be a smarter grid that
Smart grid policy in the UK
Building a smarter grid is an incremental process of applying information and communications technologies to the electricity system, enabling more dynamic real time flows of information on the network and more interaction between suppliers and consumers. Smart grids will make a key contribution to UK energy and climate goals. The UK is taking action now and investing in smart grid development and planning for the future
Smart Grid Forum
DECC and Ofgem set up a Smart Grid Forum to
A particular achievement has been the construction in 2012 of a Smart Grid Evaluation Framework, which can help assess the value of smart grid technologies. This uses analysis of likely penetration of low carbon technologies consistent with meeting the 4th Carbon Budget, and will inform network investment decisions. This framework showed that under a number of different scenarios savings could be shown as a result of delayed reinforcement. More information about the Smart Grids Forum.
|
7af5b9fa-2a59-494f-92ac-e26ab8cfebc5
| 1
|
018c8b10-cf1c-4115-a64b-fb45fcecd6f7
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2020/the-sixth-carbon-budget_2cb9fc7e21801940b0a9c50cbe4bc1ad.pdf
| 2,020
|
[
"Waste",
"Transport",
"Economy-wide",
"Energy",
"Adaptation",
"Carbon Pricing",
"Institutions / Administrative Arrangements",
"Energy Supply",
"Research And Development",
"Energy Demand",
"emissions",
"zero",
"carbon",
"budget",
"costs"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
The largest contribution is from
Chapter 2: The UK path to Net Zero 68
69 Sixth Carbon Budget – The path to Net Zero BEIS (2020) Provisional UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics 2019; CCC analysis. ‘Other low -carbon technology’ includes use of bioenergy and waste treatment measures. ‘Producing low- carbon energy’ requires the use of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in electricity generation. 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Low-carbon electrification Low-carbon hydrogen and other low-carbon technology Low-carbon CO₂ capture from fossil fuels and industry Offset emissions using land and greenhouse gas removals
Chapter 2: The UK path to Net Zero 70 The role of individuals in achieving the Sixth Carbon Budge t To date, much of the success in reducing UK emissions has been invisible to the public. Government policy has enabled emissions reductions to proceed in a way that has not required mass engagement, by reducing the 'supply ' of emissions into the economy. For example, low-carbon power now provides over 50% of the UK's electricity supply, with no change to the service that electricity provides. Reaching Net Zero will require more involvement from people in engaging with the e missions reductions required, an d reducing or adapting demand for energy -intensive • Over 40% of the abatement in our scenarios to 20 35 involves at least some degree of change from consumers (e.g. driving an electric car, or installing a heat pump instead • Over 15% of the abatement measures in our scenarios require consumer choices – both to reduce demand and improve efficiency. Shifting quickly towards healthier diets, reducing growth in aviation demand and choosing products that last longer and therefore improve resource efficiency are all key. In the Widespread Engagement scenario this is even higher, at 19%. There are many reasons to think that these changes, and potentially much larger changes, are feasible given suitable policy leadership. Alon gside this advice, we have published a note by Committee member Professor Nick Chater on the behavioural principles underpinning this view. 3 It will not be possible to get close to meeting a Net Zero target without engagi ng with people or by pursuing an approach that focuses only on supply -side changes. The recent Climate Assembly - which saw a representative sample of the UK’s population deliberate over how to achieve Net Zero - noted the importance of involving people in decision- making, not just persua ding them to change, as part of a national conversation on the options available for achieving Net Zero and how these options should be pursued. changes in the Balanced Net Zero Pathway
71 Sixth Carbon Budget – The path to Net Zero The dynamics of each sector, and the principle of minimising early scrappage, point to common timings on the phase-out of high-carbon assets on the path to • Boiler lifetimes of 15 years imply a phase-out date for the installation of fossil fuel boilers in advance of 2035, in order for uptake of low-carbon heat to be sufficient to decarbonise buildings by 2050. Our Balanced Pathway sees sales of oil boilers phased out by 2028, and gas boilers by 2033 in residential homes, with the exception of hydrogen-ready gas boilers in areas where the gas grid is set to convert to low-carbon hydrogen. • Sales of new fossil fuel cars, vans and motorbikes are phased out by 2032 in • Building on the phase-out of coal-fired power generation by 2024, no new unabated gas plants should be built after 2030, and the burning of unabated natural gas for electricity generation should be phased out entirely by 2035. Any gas plant built before 2030 should be made ready for a switch to CCS or hydrogen (i.e. this should be both technically feasible and the plant should be located in a part of the country that will be served by the necessary infrastructure). • Emissions from the UK’s growing fleet of energy-from-waste plants will need to be captured in order for energy-from-waste to be sufficiently low-carbon by 2050. Waste should be minimised, and any new plants should be built Phase-out dates of high-carbon activities under the Balanced Pathway Technology/behaviour Phase-out date (new sales) Backstop date (operation) 2032 (including plug-in hybrids) 2050 2030-33 (in commercial properties) Oil boilers 2028 (in residential homes) 2025-26 (in commercial properties) Gas power generation (unabated) 2030 (no new build of unabated gas plants HGVs 2040 (<1% of sales by 2 040) Beyond 2050 N/A 2025 ban on all municipal & From today, new plants and extensions should be built with CCS or CCS ready new high -carbon assets should
Chapter 2: The UK path to Net Zero 72 e) Energy, carbon capture and storage and land use requirements In our Balanced Net Zero Pathway, the economy becomes much more energy efficient as a whole, with total energy demand falling by around 33% in end-use The energy system moves almost entirely from the existing, high-carbon fuel • Fossil fuels largely phased out. Demand falls significantly to 2050 for oil (- 85%) and natural gas (-70%) as the energy system makes the transition to Net Zero. Petroleum use is mainly restricted to the aviation sector, while natural gas use is limited to combustion with CCS for power generation and industrial processes and phased out of use in buildings. Opportunities for high-efficiency electrification (e.g. moving to EVs and heat pumps that are three times the efficiency of conventional vehicles and boilers) mean that demand for oil and gas falls more rapidly than the increase in electricity • Low-carbon electricity becomes the dominant energy vector for the UK, with output increasing to more than double current levels by 2050. This rapid expansion in low-carbon electricity is used to transform other sectors. • Hydrogen. From the 2030s onwards a hydrogen economy develops from virtually zero use in the energy system today, to a scale that is comparable to existing electricity use by 2050.
|
083c769d-ace3-415a-9bbf-6c9f1540dcd7
| 21
|
0194e0ff-9dc6-4385-b3f6-03ba911dbff3
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/energy-act-2023_87896593a3bea76cf3ac89af17aba308.pdf
| 2,023
|
[
"Energy",
"Carbon Capture and Storage",
"section",
"regulations",
"person",
"force",
"document"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
(e) after the definition of “overseas territory” insert— ““the Paris Convention” means the Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy of 29 July 1960, as amended by the Additional Protocol of 28 January 1964, by the Protocol of 16 November 1982 and by the Protocol of 12 February 2004;”. (a) in the opening words, for “a relevant international agreement” substitute “the (i) for “relevant international agreement” (in each place it appears) (ii) for “agreement” (in the third place it appears) substitute (iii) for “agreement’s” substitute “Convention’s”; (c) in sub-paragraph (ii), for “relevant international agreement” substitute I910 Sch. 22 para. 8 comes into force in accordance with s. 334(4)
Document 2024-10-14 This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective. There are currently no known outstanding effects for the Energy Act 2023.
|
4808927e-67c0-4e83-803d-e07fd0d4a019
| 213
|
019928a7-6f18-4d91-b657-02857780bae2
|
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2015.123.01.0055.01.ENG
| 2,013
|
[
"Transport",
"Shipping",
"Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch",
"Non-energy use"
] |
eur-lex.europa.eu
|
2. When considering the verification of the emissions report and of the monitoring procedures applied by the company, the verifier shall assess the reliability, credibility and accuracy of the monitoring systems and of the reported data and information relating to CO2 emissions, in particular:
(a)
the attribution of fuel consumption to voyages;
(b)
the reported fuel consumption data and related measurements and calculations;
(c)
the choice and the employment of emission factors;
(d)
the calculations leading to the determination of the overall CO2 emissions;
(e)
the calculations leading to the determination of the energy efficiency. 3. The verifier shall only consider emissions reports submitted in accordance with Article 12 if reliable and credible data and information enable the CO2 emissions to be determined with a reasonable degree of certainty and provided that the following are ensured:
(a)
the reported data are coherent in relation to estimated data that are based on ship tracking data and characteristics such as the installed engine power;
(b)
the reported data are free of inconsistencies, in particular when comparing the total volume of fuel purchased annually by each ship and the aggregate fuel consumption during voyages;
(c)
the collection of the data has been carried out in accordance with the applicable rules; and
(d)
the relevant records of the ship are complete and consistent. Article 15
Verification procedures
1. The verifier shall identify potential risks related to the monitoring and reporting process by comparing reported CO2 emissions with estimated data based on ship tracking data and characteristics such as the installed engine power. Where significant deviations are found, the verifier shall carry out further analyses. 2. The verifier shall identify potential risks related to the different calculation steps by reviewing all data sources and methodologies used. 3. The verifier shall take into consideration any effective risk control methods applied by the company to reduce levels of uncertainty associated with the accuracy specific to the monitoring methods used. 4. The company shall provide the verifier with any additional information that enables it to carry out the verification procedures. The verifier may conduct spot-checks during the verification process to determine the reliability of reported data and information. 5. The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 23, in order to further specify the rules for the verification activities referred to in this Regulation. When adopting these acts, the Commission shall take into account the elements set out in Part A of Annex III. The rules specified in those delegated acts shall be based on the principles for verification provided for in Article 14 and on relevant internationally accepted standards. Article 16
Accreditation of verifiers
1. Verifiers that assess the monitoring plans and the emissions reports, and issue verification reports and documents of compliance referred to in this Regulation shall be accredited for activities under the scope of this Regulation by a national accreditation body pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 765/2008. 2. Where no specific provisions concerning the accreditation of verifiers are laid down in this Regulation, the relevant provisions of Regulation (EC) No 765/2008 shall apply. 3. The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 23, in order to further specify the methods of accreditation of verifiers. When adopting these acts, the Commission shall take into account the elements set out in Part B of Annex III. The methods specified in those delegated acts shall be based on the principles for verification provided for in Article 14 and on relevant internationally accepted standards. CHAPTER IV
COMPLIANCE AND PUBLICATION OF INFORMATION
Article 17
Document of compliance
1. Where the emissions report fulfils the requirements set out in Articles 11 to 15 and those in Annexes I and II, the verifier shall issue, on the basis of the verification report, a document of compliance for the ship concerned. 2. The document of compliance shall include the following information:
(a)
identity of the ship (name, IMO identification number and port of registry or home port);
(b)
name, address and principal place of business of the shipowner;
(c)
identity of the verifier;
(d)
date of issue of the document of compliance, its period of validity and the reporting period it refers to. 3. Documents of compliance shall be valid for the period of 18 months after the end of the reporting period. 4. The verifier shall inform the Commission and the authority of the flag State, without delay, of the issuance of any document of compliance. The verifier shall transmit the information referred to in paragraph 2 using automated systems and data exchange formats, including electronic templates. 5. The Commission shall determine, by means of implementing acts, technical rules for the data exchange formats, including the electronic templates.
|
ddcf543f-3f2a-42ae-9f10-8d5115581270
| 15
|
01a05637-9f2a-4c4e-82c7-6b215f618e48
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2023/united-kingdom-national-inventory-report-nir-2023_e2ed2f6c199088dc30a95fddf6e84c72.pdf
| 2,023
|
[
"emissions",
"data",
"inventory",
"energy",
"emission"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
Also, as there has been no production of natural gas at any of these sites, there is no activity data available to chapter of the IPCC 2006 Guidelines. Therefore the Inventory Agency has consulted with the regulatory agencies ( NSTA, EA) and obtained one -off reports, where available, from each unconventional gas well site. o The EA has confirmed that 12 wells were spudded during the period of August 2010 to January 2019 in England and that no extraction of products has occurred. It has been confirmed with the Regulator that all shale wells are now abandoned, and permits surren dered or suspended, with no foreseeable exploration and production activity67. o One report to the EA provides methane emission estimates during a nitrogen gas lift operation at one of the larger shale gas well sites; review of the other sites identified that several wells did not strike any hydrocarbon deposits. o Based on the limited data available, a conservative estimate of emissions for methane from the well exploration activities has been made and added to the UK GHGI; methane emissions are estimated to p eak at 60t CH 4 in 2010 and 2011, with well drilling emissions in 2014 of 20t CH4, and 25t CH4 in 2019. o Further information can be made available to an ERT, to access the NAEI research report which contains commercial in confidence details on a site -by- site basis (Thistlethwaite, Gorji and Passant, 2021). 66 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 1725-1739, 2018. 67 Personal communication with the Environment Agency, March 2021
UK NIR 2023 (Issue 1) Ricardo Energy & Environment Page 221 The source resolution in the UKOOA 2005 data reference is limited across the 1990 -1997 period, and a series of proxy datasets have been used to derive time -series estimates per source back to 1990. These are described in more detail in Annex 3.1.6. The resolution of data by source type within the EEMS dataset is such that fugitive emission sources are typically reported aggregated for each installation, without any further information on the specific source/unit. Further, the emissions reported from gas terminals are aggregated across all sources under the IED/PRTR reporting system. These national circumstances of data availability mean that the UK inventory data cannot be disaggregated to separate fugitive emissions from gas processing units, from other fugitives, such as tie -ins to transmission systems, acid gas removal units, other connectors, flanges and pipeline infrastructure. Hence the emissions from all of these sources are reported together under 1B2biii. The 2019 Refinement method has been applied as the better resolution of fugitive EFs in the 2019 Refinement enables the UK to address the emissions from the onshore gas production and gathering sector . UK production is a v ery small part of the upstream industry and predominantly takes place at small gas well sites that do not typically report emissions (e.g. of hydrocarbons) to UK regulatory mechanisms (e.g. to the Pollution Inventory of the Environment Agency). Therefore a pplying the 2019 Refinement method to the total UK onshore gas production AD ensures that the inventory is complete. Implementing mitigation practices / technologies is unlikely to be cost -effective at small gas well sites and so the Inventory Agency has applied the 2019 Refinement EFs for "activities occurring with higher - emitting technologies and practices". Noting that the 2019 Refinement is based on latest scientific research, this is considered to be the most representative approach to estimating UK We note that the emissions reported in 1B2b3 (natural gas processing) do not include any pollutant emissions that are also reported in 1B2b2, i.e. there is no double -counting of emissions. The 1B2b2 emissions are all associated with onshore production at well sites and the associated gathering systems. The 1B2b3 emissions are based on separate data streams of production and treatment at (i) offshore dry gas and associated gas platforms/FPSOs, and (ii) UK onshore gas terminals that process the gas from offshore sources and inject the gas to the National Transmission System. There have been minor recalculations to estimates in recent years with more significant recalculations due to the method improvement for the early part of the time series, as a result of the oil and gas improvement project. The most notable recalculations for CO2 and CH4 • 1B2a1 Upstream Oil Exploration Improvements (completed and planned) The oil and gas sector improvement project (Thistlethwaite et al , 2022) has assessed all available UK data to improve the quality of the UK GHGI submission across 1A1cii and 1B2, and is described in more detail in Annex 3.1.6. Emission factors and activity data remain under review. The Inventory Agency will maintain dialogue with regulators and industry experts in order to seek any new data on emissions from oil and gas well blowouts, and to follow -up on the reporting of well testing within the new EEMS system. UK NIR 2023 (Issue 1) Ricardo Energy & Environment Page 222 The Inventory Agency will also maintain a watching brief on the development of the shale gas industry, in order to ensure that if the industry does start to produce gas in the UK, that the Inventory Agency will have access to information to allow emission estimates to be derived for The EEMS dataset quality system is managed by the regulatory agency (BEIS OPRED) and developed in conjunction with the trade association , Offshore Energies UK (OEUK ). EEMS uses an online reporting system with controls over data entry, together with guidance notes provided to operators to provide estimation methodology options and emission factors for specific processes. The IED/PRTR system is similar to EEMS, but regulated by the onshore environment agencies (EA, NRW, SEPA); it also has operator guidance on emission estimation and reporting, and a system of annual checks on data submitted by operators, by a Site Inspector / Process Engineer assigned by the regulator to manage the performance and compliance assessments for each installation. The data reported under IED/PRTR however are installation-wide, rather than source-specific.
|
70afacf8-8641-4466-819d-f4db8cad9d69
| 299
|
01a34202-c2fe-4faf-a100-06c565c03bb8
|
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/643583fb877741001368d815/mobilising-green-investment-2023-green-finance-strategy.pdf
| 2,023
|
[
"strategy",
"green",
"finance",
"published"
] |
www.gov.uk
|
The U K ’s public finance institutions and U K ’s export credit agency, U K E xport Finance, play a key role in supporting sectors and technologies across to commercial maturity and i. The U K Infrastructure Bank (U K I B) is a U K g overnment-owned policy bank with £22 billion of financial capacity across its private and local authority lending arms. Its mission is to partner with the private sector and government to increase infrastructure investment to help to tackle climate change and promote economic growth across the U K . As of 27 March 2023, it has announced 12 deals, investing approximately £1.2 billion and unlocking over £5 billion of private capital. ii. The British Business Bank (B B B ) is a government-owned economic development bank established by the U K g overnment. B B B s upports access to finance for smaller businesses to drive sustainable growth and prosperity across the U K , and also to enable the transition to a net zero economy. Between 2014 and end of August 2022, B B B s upported £505 million of equity investment in clean technology companies. iii. U K Research and Innovation (U K R I) is a non-departmental public body of the U K g overnment that directs research, innovation and skills funding. It brings together seven disciplinary research councils, Research England which is focused on higher education institutions, and the U K ’s innovation agency, Innovate U K . Between 2015 and 2020 Innovate U K s upported 5,940 companies with £1.9 billion of net zero related grants. iv. The U K ’s export credit agency, U K Export Finance’s (U K E F) mission is to advance prosperity by ensuring no viable U K e xport fails for lack of finance or insurance, doing that sustainably and at no net cost to the taxpayer. Alongside this Strategy the Chancellor has announced an increase in U K E F ’s capacity from £50 billion to £60 billion to support U K e xporters and supply chains. U K E F i s committed to increasing its support in clean growth and b. We will also work with the Green Finance Institute to explore how blended finance models might be used to more strategically mobilise private finance to support our green objectives. This builds on the example we have set through the £30 million of seed capital we are investing into the Big Nature Impact Fund (B N I F ), which will leverage private sector investment in a range of nature projects in England. 19. We are supporting the creation and promotion of investment opportunities a. We will support local authorities to develop their ability to attract private investment through the work of the Local Net Zero Hubs and the promotion of programmes such as the Local Investment in Natural Capital programme and Investment Zones. This is alongside plans to promote net zero investment in the eight Freeports across England, two in Scotland and two in Wales. b. We have the joint most generous capital allowance regime in the O E C D w ith a policy of full expensing from 1 April 2023 to 31 March 2026. From April 2023 we announced a higher rate of R&D Expenditure Credit – which means that the U K ’s R&D tax relief for large companies has the joint highest uncapped headline rate in the G 7 – a nd an increased rate of relief for loss-making R&D intensive S M E s. c. We will establish a new partnership with business and finance leaders to support the delivery of our net zero target, forming a shared view of the actions needed through a new Net Zero Business & Investment Group. d. We will host the Global Investment Summit in September 2023. This will build on the Global Investment Summit held in 2021, at which government announced nearly £10 billion of new foreign direct investments in the U K . 20. We will provide the clarity that stakeholders have called for to unlock voluntary markets for carbon and nature whilst ensuring environmental integrity – creating innovative new markets for green a. We will consult on the specific steps and interventions needed to support the growth of high integrity voluntary markets and protect against greenwashing. This will position the U K t o serve as a global hub for voluntary carbon trading. b. We have published alongside this Strategy a new Nature Markets Framework, which sets out principles and priorities for the development of high-integrity markets to enable farmers and land managers to attract investment in natural capital, and our plans to develop a comprehensive suite of nature investment 21. Drawing lessons from our domestic leadership and expertise from our financial U K w ill support emerging and developing economies (E M D Es) to grow sustainably while creating opportunities for shared prosperity. Utilising a range of levers, including delivering on our commitment to provide £11.6 billion in International Climate Finance (I C F ) between 2021/22 and 2025/26, the U K w a. Deepen our country partnerships and build green finance capability, including by co-delivering the Just Energy Transition Partnerships in South Africa, Vietnam and Indonesia and supporting country plans to mobilise finance. b. Provide strategic investment and enhance the scale of investment including through British International Investment, the U K ’s development finance institution, which has invested over $1.7 billion of climate finance since 2018; and building on the £5.2 billion in private investment already mobilised through our I C F14. c. Develop innovative approaches to unlock private finance, such as through the new Climate Investment Funds Capital Market Mechanism, which is expected to issue green bonds in the region of $5-7 billion for climate projects in E M D E s using returns from previous U K i nvestments.
|
56ee4d88-2ab4-4059-810e-e3d833392a95
| 4
|
01adfb19-123f-4919-b35e-041632d44605
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2017/clean-growth-strategy_dbc3cb715f5549eb5b10b721c5c48304.pdf
| 2,017
|
[
"Economy-wide",
"Energy",
"Health",
"Industry",
"LULUCF",
"Transport",
"Waste",
"Adaptation",
"Institutions / Administrative Arrangements",
"Research And Development",
"Energy Supply",
"Energy Demand",
"energy",
"carbon",
"emissions",
"government",
"million"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
We have been working with the Research Councils, who launched a new £8.6 million research programme looking at all GGR technologies in April 2017. We will also develop robust estimates of sustainable biomass resource available to the UK, reporting during 2018, and consider Royal Society scientific views • The Government will consider the scope for removing barriers and strengthening incentives to support the deployment of GGR, to position the UK at the leading edge of GGR development. This includes, for example, considering options for developing a carbon offset market and exploring how UK timber could be used in construction. We are also considering how best to take forward CCUS, as set out in ’Improving Business and Industry Efficiency and Supporting Clean Growth’. We will conduct a study on how GGR activity can be incentivised, in the UK and in other countries, which will help us develop policy and accounting frameworks fit for the future. And we will also consider how legal, financial and regulatory frameworks could support the rollout of We will develop our strategic approach for GGR technologies, including consideration of whether to reprioritise existing innovation spend, in light of these pieces of work. As well as seeking to limit warming to well below 2 degrees, and to pursue 1.5 degrees, the Paris Agreement includes an aim of achieving net zero global greenhouse gas emissions in the second half of the century. Our obligations under the Climate Change Act only take us to 2050, and the Government agrees with the Committee on Climate Change that now is not the right time to set a post-2050 net zero goal. We need to understand more about the global path to net zero emissions, and believe that our focus should be on meeting our existing targets. However, the Government believes the UK will need to legislate for a net zero emissions target at an appropriate point in the future, to provide legal certainty on where the UK is heading. 154 Committee on Climate Change (2016) UK climate action following the Paris
The Emissions Intensity Ratio (EIR) This will measure the amount of greenhouse gases (tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent) produced for each unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) created. Currently the EIR is 270 tonnes/£ million and it was 720 tonnes/£ million in 1990. By 2032, we expect the EIR will need to be nearly as low as 100 tonnes/£ million to meet our ambitions. Measuring the Delivery of the Clean This Strategy sets out a comprehensive set of policies and proposals that will allow us to accelerate the pace of clean growth. We want to continue the UK’s strong economic growth while achieving that growth in a way that sees emissions fall. Between 1990 and 2016 emissions fell by 42 per cent whilst GDP grew by 67 per cent which meant that the “emissions intensity” of our economy – the amount of carbon emitted for each pound of national income generated - fell by four per cent per year on average. We want to build on this success and accelerate clean growth. To reach our targets, the emissions intensity will have to fall by an average five per cent per year to 2032. We will therefore introduce a new measure of progress, the Emissions Intensity Ratio (see below) and publish our performance against this intensity ratio on an annual basis. Emissions Intensity Ratio (tonnes per £ million)
To maintain cross-Government progress on clean growth, we will reinstate a regular Clean Growth Inter-Ministerial Group, which will be responsible for monitoring the implementation of this Strategy and driving ambitious clean The Government cannot achieve the changes needed to our economy by itself. Outside action on public sector emissions, the Government’s key role is to set the framework for action across the economy. Beyond that, clean growth has to be a shared endeavour between Government, business, civil society and the British people. Creating this supportive environment will help attract the domestic and international investment the UK wants. Therefore, from 2018, we will work with private partners and NGOs to introduce a Green Great Britain Week, to engage as many people as possible in the importance of tackling climate change and improving air quality. A week of high profile activity, this will be an opportunity to both celebrate UK leadership on climate change and look ahead to explore how we can continue to drive ambitious action in the future. This annual event will be an important moment to bring together all parts of society, from business through to the general public, to better understand the different ways the UK can further harness clean growth to boost economic performance, reduce emissions and • Focus on climate and air quality issues across the UK, demonstrating how all parts of the country and sectors of the economy are working towards a cleaner future. • Demonstrate our progress and successes by showcasing how taking action on climate change and air quality can provide opportunities for UK businesses • Share the latest climate science, providing a platform for the latest research on the impacts of climate change and the importance of taking ambitious action. • Promote UK leadership on tackling climate change and air quality across our economy, and how we are driving forward innovation to create economic opportunities from reducing emissions, especially to international investors. Since 1990, emissions from business and industry have almost halved, mainly due to efficiency gains and a shift in manufacturing to cleaner fuels, as well as changes to the industrial structure of the UK economy. Much of this reduction has taken place in the most energy intensive industries. For instance, each tonne of steel produced in the UK requires 40 per cent less energy to produce than 40 years ago In addition, we have also improved the energy efficiency of non-domestic buildings since 1990 with emissions 18 per cent lower in 2015 156.
|
97a59d0e-1bf2-4781-843d-e8366a799456
| 17
|
01b24382-e91c-4172-b6c2-9799d4cd648a
|
https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/GBR/2024/clean-power-2030-action-plan_9a166355c3212349aff192a8697f8558.pdf
| 2,024
|
[
"Energy",
"Energy Supply",
"National Energy And Climate Plans",
"Energy Storage",
"Energy Transition",
"clean",
"power",
"energy",
"government",
"system"
] |
cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
|
Tracking and supporting delivery of the system as a whole 131 Taking a data driven approach 132 An industry forum for system-level supply chain and workforce planning 132 The key role of the Devolved Governments 134 Role of power sector actors 135
A G R Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor B E C C S Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage C C U S Carbon Capture Usage and Storage C H P Combined Heat and Power D E S N Z Department for Energy Security and Net Zero D P A Dispatchable Power Agreement D N O s Distribution Network Operators E E P Energy and Emissions projections H2P B M Hydrogen to Power Business Model gCO2e/kWh Grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt-hour of electricity L A E S Liquid Air Energy Storage L D E S Long-duration Electricity Storage M H H S Market-wide Half Hourly Settlement NESO National Energy System Operator N S I P Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects N S T A North Sea Transition Authority O B R Office for Budget Responsibility Ofgem Office of Gas and Electricity Markets REMA Review of Electricity Market Arrangements S S E P Strategic Spatial Energy Plan T N U oS Transmission Network Use of System
We will usher in a new era of clean electricity for our country, with our plan to deliver the most ambitious reforms to our energy system in Since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Britain has experienced a devastating cost of living crisis caused by our exposure to volatile fossil fuel markets. Every family and business in the country has paid the price and we remain exposed to future energy shocks. In an increasingly unstable world, our dependence on fossil fuels leaves us deeply vulnerable as a country – and that is true no matter where But there is a by sprinting to clean, homegrown energy, we can take back control from the dictators and the petrostates. That is why the Prime Minister has put delivering clean power by 2030 at the heart of one of his five missions and The age of clean electricity is about harnessing the power of Britain’s natural resources so we can protect working people from the ravages of global energy markets. This plan will provide the foundation for the U K to build an energy system that can bring down bills for households and businesses for good. And it is also about creating the sort of country that we know people want to see - reindustrialising our heartlands with good jobs and tackling the climate crisis. This plan sets out how the government will work with the clean power sector, including industry, trade unions, investors, policy makers and others to achieve our clean power goal. 2030 is just six years away, and we are under no illusions
about the scale of the task ahead, but mission-driven government is about acting with urgency and determination to rise to the That is why, in my first week in office, I appointed Chris Stark as Head of Clean Power 2030 in my department, leading a new mission control to drive progress towards our target. As a first step we commissioned the National Energy System Operator (NESO) to provide independent, expert advice on delivering clean power by 2030. Their advice, published earlier this year, showed that we can achieve our goal, protecting consumers and delivering a more This plan builds on that advice, setting out the government’s view of the pathway to 2030 and the steps needed to get there. Ultimately, we need to move fast and build things to deliver the once-in-a-generation upgrade of our energy infrastructure Britain needs. In our first five months, we’ve already lifted the onshore wind ban, established Great British Energy, consented almost 2 GW of solar, delivered a record-breaking renewables auction, and kickstarted our carbon capture and hydrogen industries. This is the speed at which we will As the Prime Minister has made clear, clean power is an urgent priority for our country. The clean power sprint is the national security, economic security, and climate justice fight of our time - and this plan gives us the tools we need to win this fight for the Foreword by the Rt Hon Ed Miliband M P
Cleaning up our power system has long been understood as central to decarbonising the whole economy. With a clean electricity supply, the electrification of heat, transport and industry open up as routes to net zero. But the wider benefits of clean power have also become clearer. In Britain, we have pioneered policies to grow renewable industries, attract investment and deploy clean energy technologies at a scale that was once thought impossible. There is now a route to more stable energy bills for households and businesses, as they increasingly go electric. We have also experienced the harsh repercussions of Britain’s over-reliance on fossil fuels, which left us badly exposed to the cost of globally traded oil and gas in the wake of recent Achieving clean power is now a broader goal, key to a growing economy, our national security and improving our standards of living. We should be in a hurry to achieve it. This year, Britain closed its final coal-fired power station, completing a successful transition from the most polluting energy source. Clean power by 2030 is our next milestone, but it requires us to act with much greater urgency. Britain has some of the world’s greatest clean energy resources, but we have planning and consenting processes that are far too slow to build the infrastructure needed to exploit them. That must change. NESO’s recent analysis shows the pipeline of projects needed for clean power by 2030. Their pragmatic advice is that security of power supply can be provided if we maintain
Britain’s fleet of gas power stations but reduce their use to no more than 5% of total generation.
|
c4d6a055-40d9-4657-a94a-ea085d0eaf26
| 0
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.