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Question: Tell me a bio of John Forbes Nash Jr..
|
[
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": "<s>John Forbes Nash Jr. John Forbes Nash, Jr. (June 13, 1928 – May 23, 2015), known and published as John Nash, was an American mathematician who made fundamental contributions to game theory, real algebraic geometry, differential geometry, and partial differential equations. Nash and fellow game theorists John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten were awarded the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. In 2015, he and Louis Nirenberg were awarded the Abel Prize for their contributions to the field of partial differential equations. As a graduate student in the Mathematics Department at Princeton University, Nash introduced a number of concepts (including Nash equilibrium and the Nash bargaining solution) which are now considered central to game theory and its applications in various sciences. In the 1950s, Nash discovered and proved the Nash embedding theorems by solving a system of nonlinear partial differential equations arising in Riemannian geometry. This work, also introducing a preliminary form of the Nash–Moser theorem, was later recognized by the American Mathematical Society with the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research. Ennio De Giorgi and Nash found, with separate methods, a body of results paving the way for a systematic understanding of elliptic and parabolic"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": " partial differential equations. Their De Giorgi–Nash theorem on the smoothness of solutions of such equations resolved Hilbert's nineteenth problem on regularity in the calculus of variations, which had been a well-known open problem for almost sixty years. In 1959, Nash began showing clear signs of mental illness, and spent several years at psychiatric hospitals being treated for schizophrenia. After 1970, his condition slowly improved, allowing him to return to academic work by the mid-1980s. His struggles with his illness and his recovery became the basis for Sylvia Nasar's biographical book \"A Beautiful Mind\" in 1998, as well as a film of the same name directed by Ron Howard, in which Nash was portrayed by Russell Crowe.</s><s>Early life and education. John Forbes Nash Jr. was born on June 13, 1928, in Bluefield, West Virginia. His father and namesake, John Forbes Nash Sr., was an electrical engineer for the Appalachian Electric Power Company. His mother, Margaret Virginia (née Martin) Nash, had been a schoolteacher before she was married. He was baptized in the Episcopal Church. He had a younger sister, Martha (born November 16, 1930). Nash attended kindergarten and public school, and he learned from books provided by his parents"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": " and grandparents. Nash's parents pursued opportunities to supplement their son's education, and arranged for him to take advanced mathematics courses at a local community college during his final year of high school. He attended Carnegie Institute of Technology (which later became Carnegie Mellon University) through a full benefit of the George Westinghouse Scholarship, initially majoring in chemical engineering. He switched to a chemistry major and eventually, at the advice of his teacher John Lighton Synge, to mathematics. After graduating in 1948, with both a B.S. and M.S. in mathematics, Nash accepted a fellowship to Princeton University, where he pursued further graduate studies in mathematics and sciences. Nash's adviser and former Carnegie professor Richard Duffin wrote a letter of recommendation for Nash's entrance to Princeton stating, \"He is a mathematical genius\". Nash was also accepted at Harvard University. However, the chairman of the mathematics department at Princeton, Solomon Lefschetz, offered him the John S. Kennedy fellowship, convincing Nash that Princeton valued him more. Further, he considered Princeton more favorably because of its proximity to his family in Bluefield. At Princeton, he began work on his equilibrium theory, later known as the Nash equilibrium.</s><s>Research contributions. Nash did not publish extensively, although many of"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": " his papers are considered landmarks in their fields. As a graduate student at Princeton, he made foundational contributions to game theory and real algebraic geometry. As a postdoctoral fellow at MIT, Nash turned to differential geometry. Although the results of Nash's work on differential geometry are phrased in a geometrical language, the work is almost entirely to do with the mathematical analysis of partial differential equations. After proving his two isometric embedding theorems, Nash turned to research dealing directly with partial differential equations, where he discovered and proved the De Giorgi–Nash theorem, thereby resolving one form of Hilbert's nineteenth problem. In 2011, the National Security Agency declassified letters written by Nash in the 1950s, in which he had proposed a new encryption–decryption machine. The letters show that Nash had anticipated many concepts of modern cryptography, which are based on computational hardness.</s><s>Research contributions.:Game theory. Nash earned a PhD in 1950 with a 28-page dissertation on non-cooperative games. The thesis, written under the supervision of doctoral advisor Albert W. Tucker, contained the definition and properties of the Nash equilibrium, a crucial concept in non-cooperative games. A version of his thesis was published a year later in the Annals of Mathematics"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": ". In the early 1950s, Nash carried out research on a number of related concepts in game theory, including the theory of cooperative games. For his work, Nash was one of the recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1994.</s><s>Research contributions.:Real algebraic geometry. In 1949, while still a graduate student, Nash found a new result in the mathematical field of real algebraic geometry. He announced his theorem in a contributed paper at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1950, although he had not yet worked out the details of its proof. Nash's theorem was finalized by October 1951, when Nash submitted his work to the Annals of Mathematics. It had been well-known since the 1930s that every closed smooth manifold is diffeomorphic to the zero set of some collection of smooth functions on Euclidean space. In his work, Nash proved that those smooth functions can be taken to be polynomials. This was widely regarded as a surprising result, since the class of smooth functions and smooth manifolds is usually far more flexible than the class of polynomials. Nash's proof introduced the concepts now known as Nash function and Nash manifold, which have since been widely studied in real algebraic geometry. Nash's theorem itself was"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": " famously applied by Michael Artin and Barry Mazur to the study of dynamical systems, by combining Nash's polynomial approximation together with Bézout's theorem.</s><s>Research contributions.:Differential geometry. During his postdoctoral position at MIT, Nash was eager to find high-profile mathematical problems to study. From Warren Ambrose, a differential geometer, he learned about the conjecture that any Riemannian manifold is isometric to a submanifold of Euclidean space. Nash's results proving the conjecture are now known as the Nash embedding theorems, the second of which Mikhael Gromov has called \"one of the main achievements of mathematics of the twentieth century\". Nash's first embedding theorem was found in 1953. He found that any Riemannian manifold can be isometrically embedded in a Euclidean space by a continuously differentiable mapping. Nash's construction allows the codimension of the embedding to be very small, with the effect that in many cases it is logically impossible that a highly-differentiable isometric embedding exists. (Based on Nash's techniques, Nicolaas Kuiper soon found even smaller codimensions, with the improved result often known as the \"Nash–"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": "Kuiper theorem\".) As such, Nash's embeddings are limited to the setting of low differentiability. For this reason, Nash's result is somewhat outside the mainstream in the field of differential geometry, where high differentiability is significant in much of the usual analysis. However, the logic of Nash's work has been found to be useful in many other contexts in mathematical analysis. Starting with work of Camillo De Lellis and László Székelyhidi, the ideas of Nash's proof were applied for various constructions of turbulent solutions of the Euler equations in fluid mechanics. In the 1970s, Mikhael Gromov developed Nash's ideas into the general framework of \"convex integration\", which has been (among other uses) applied by Stefan Müller and Vladimír Šverák to construct counterexamples to generalized forms of Hilbert's nineteenth problem in the calculus of variations. Nash found the construction of smoothly differentiable isometric embeddings to be unexpectedly difficult. However, after around a year and a half of intensive work, his efforts succeeded, thereby proving the second Nash embedding theorem. The ideas involved in proving this second theorem are largely separate from those used in proving the first."
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": " The fundamental aspect of the proof is an implicit function theorem for isometric embeddings. The usual formulations of the implicit function theorem are inapplicable, for technical reasons related to the \"loss of regularity\" phenomena. Nash's resolution of this issue, given by deforming an isometric embedding by an ordinary differential equation along which extra regularity is continually injected, is regarded as a fundamentally novel technique in mathematical analysis. Nash's paper was awarded the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research in 1999, where his \"most original idea\" in the resolution of the \"loss of regularity\" issue was cited as \"one of the great achievements in mathematical analysis in this century\". According to Gromov: Due to Jürgen Moser's extension of Nash's ideas for application to other problems (notably in celestial mechanics), the resulting implicit function theorem is known as the Nash–Moser theorem. It has been extended and generalized by a number of other authors, among them Gromov, Richard Hamilton, Lars Hörmander, Jacob Schwartz, and Eduard Zehnder. Nash himself analyzed the problem in the context of analytic functions. Schwartz later commented that Nash's ideas were \"not just novel, but very mysterious"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": ",\" and that it was very hard to \"get to the bottom of it.\" According to Gromov:</s><s>Research contributions.:Partial differential equations. While spending time at the Courant Institute in New York City, Louis Nirenberg informed Nash of a well-known conjecture in the field of elliptic partial differential equations. In 1938, Charles Morrey had proved a fundamental elliptic regularity result for functions of two independent variables, but analogous results for functions of more than two variables had proved elusive. After extensive discussions with Nirenberg and Lars Hörmander, Nash was able to extend Morrey's results, not only to functions of more than two variables, but also to the context of parabolic partial differential equations. In his work, as in Morrey's, uniform control over the continuity of the solutions to such equations is achieved, without assuming any level of differentiability on the coefficients of the equation. The Nash inequality was a particular result found in the course of his work (the proof of which Nash attributed to Elias Stein), which has been found useful in other contexts. Soon after, Nash learned from Paul Garabedian, recently returned from Italy, that the then-unknown Ennio De Giorgi had found nearly identical results for"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": " elliptic partial differential equations. De Giorgi and Nash's methods had little to do with one another, although Nash's were somewhat more powerful in applying to both elliptic and parabolic equations. A few years later, inspired by De Giorgi's method, Jürgen Moser found a different approach to the same results, and the resulting body of work is now known as the De Giorgi–Nash theorem or the De Giorgi–Nash–Moser theory (which is distinct from the Nash–Moser theorem). De Giorgi and Moser's methods became particularly influential over the next several years, through their developments in the works of Olga Ladyzhenskaya, James Serrin, and Neil Trudinger, among others. Their work, based primarily on the judicious choice of test functions in the weak formulation of partial differential equations, is in strong contrast to Nash's work, which is based on analysis of the heat kernel. Nash's approach to the De Giorgi–Nash theory was later revisited by Eugene Fabes and Daniel Stroock, initiating the re-derivation and extension of the results originally obtained from De Giorgi and Moser's techniques. From the fact that minimizers to many"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": " functionals in the calculus of variations solve elliptic partial differential equations, Hilbert's nineteenth problem (on the smoothness of these minimizers), conjectured almost sixty years prior, was directly amenable to the De Giorgi–Nash theory. Nash received instant recognition for his work, with Peter Lax describing it as a \"stroke of genius\". Nash would later speculate that had it not been for De Giorgi's simultaneous discovery, he would have been a recipient of the prestigious Fields Medal in 1958. Although the medal committee's reasoning is not fully known, and was not purely based on questions of mathematical merit, archival research has shown that Nash placed third in the committee's vote for the medal, after the two mathematicians (Klaus Roth and René Thom) who were awarded the medal that year.</s><s>Mental illness. Although Nash's mental illness first began to manifest in the form of paranoia, his wife later described his behavior as erratic. Nash thought that all men who wore red ties were part of a communist conspiracy against him. He mailed letters to embassies in Washington, D.C., declaring that they were establishing a government. Nash's psychological issues crossed into his professional life when he gave an American Mathematical Society lecture at Columbia University in early"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": " 1959. Originally intended to present proof of the Riemann hypothesis, the lecture was incomprehensible. Colleagues in the audience immediately realized that something was wrong. In April 1959, Nash was admitted to McLean Hospital for one month. Based on his paranoid, persecutory delusions, hallucinations, and increasing asociality, he was diagnosed with schizophrenia. In 1961, Nash was admitted to the New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton. Over the next nine years, he spent intervals of time in psychiatric hospitals, where he received both antipsychotic medications and insulin shock therapy. Although he sometimes took prescribed medication, Nash later wrote that he did so only under pressure. According to Nash, the film \"A Beautiful Mind\" inaccurately implied he was taking atypical antipsychotics. He attributed the depiction to the screenwriter who was worried about the film encouraging people with mental illness to stop taking their medication. Nash did not take any medication after 1970, nor was he committed to a hospital ever again. Nash recovered gradually. Encouraged by his then former wife, de Lardé, Nash lived at home and spent his time in the Princeton mathematics department where his eccentricities were accepted even when his mental condition was poor. De Lardé credits his recovery to maintaining \"a"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": " quiet life\" with social support. Nash dated the start of what he termed \"mental disturbances\" to the early months of 1959, when his wife was pregnant. He described a process of change \"from scientific rationality of thinking into the delusional thinking characteristic of persons who are psychiatrically diagnosed as'schizophrenic' or 'paranoid schizophrenic. For Nash, this included seeing himself as a messenger or having a special function of some kind, of having supporters and opponents and hidden schemers, along with a feeling of being persecuted and searching for signs representing divine revelation. Nash suggested his delusional thinking was related to his unhappiness, his desire to be recognized, and his characteristic way of thinking, saying, \"I wouldn't have had good scientific ideas if I had thought more normally.\" He also said, \"If I felt completely pressureless I don't think I would have gone in this pattern\". Nash reported that he started hearing voices in 1964, then later engaged in a process of consciously rejecting them. He only renounced his \"dream-like delusional hypotheses\" after a prolonged period of involuntary commitment in mental hospitals—\"enforced rationality\". Upon doing so, he was temporarily able to return to productive work as a mathematician. By the late 1960s, he relapsed."
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": " Eventually, he \"intellectually rejected\" his \" influenced\" and \"politically oriented\" thinking as a waste of effort. In 1995, he said that he didn't realize his full potential due to nearly 30 years of mental illness. Nash wrote in 1994:</s><s>Recognition and later career. In 1978, Nash was awarded the John von Neumann Theory Prize for his discovery of non-cooperative equilibria, now called Nash Equilibria. He won the Leroy P. Steele Prize in 1999. In 1994, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (along with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten) for his game theory work as a Princeton graduate student. In the late 1980s, Nash had begun to use email to gradually link with working mathematicians who realized that he was John Nash and that his new work had value. They formed part of the nucleus of a group that contacted the Bank of Sweden's Nobel award committee and were able to vouch for Nash's mental health and ability to receive the award. Nash's later work involved ventures in advanced game theory, including partial agency, which show that, as in his early career, he preferred to select his own path and problems. Between 1945 and 1996, he published"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": " 23 scientific studies. Nash has suggested hypotheses on mental illness. He has compared not thinking in an acceptable manner, or being \"insane\" and not fitting into a usual social function, to being \"on strike\" from an economic point of view. He advanced views in evolutionary psychology about the potential benefits of apparently nonstandard behaviors or roles. Nash developed work on the role of money in society. He criticized interest groups that promote quasi-doctrines based on Keynesian economics that permit manipulative short-term inflation and debt tactics that ultimately undermine currencies. He suggested a global \"industrial consumption price index\" system that would support the development of more \"ideal money\" that people could trust rather than more unstable \"bad money.\" He noted that some of his thinking parallels that of economist and political philosopher Friedrich Hayek, regarding money and an atypical viewpoint of the function of authority. Nash received an honorary degree, Doctor of Science and Technology, from Carnegie Mellon University in 1999, an honorary degree in economics from the University of Naples Federico II in 2003, an honorary doctorate in economics from the University of Antwerp in 2007, an honorary doctorate of science from the City University of Hong Kong in 2011, and was keynote speaker at a conference on game theory. Nash"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": " also received honorary doctorates from two West Virginia colleges: the University of Charleston in 2003 and West Virginia University Tech in 2006. He was a prolific guest speaker at a number of events, such as the Warwick Economics Summit in 2005, at the University of Warwick. Nash was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2006 and became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2012. On May 19, 2015, a few days before his death, Nash, along with Louis Nirenberg, was awarded the 2015 Abel Prize by King Harald V of Norway at a ceremony in Oslo.</s><s>Personal life. In 1951, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) hired Nash as a C. L. E. Moore instructor in the mathematics faculty. About a year later, Nash began a relationship with Eleanor Stier, a nurse he met while admitted as a patient. They had a son, John David Stier, but Nash left Stier when she told him of her pregnancy. The film based on Nash's life, \"A Beautiful Mind\", was criticized during the run-up to the 2002 Oscars for omitting this aspect of his life. He was said to have abandoned her based on her social status, which he thought to have been beneath his. In Santa Monica,"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": " California, in 1954, while in his twenties, Nash was arrested for indecent exposure in a sting operation targeting gay men. Although the charges were dropped, he was stripped of his top-secret security clearance and fired from RAND Corporation, where he had worked as a consultant. Not long after breaking up with Stier, Nash met Alicia Lardé Lopez-Harrison, a naturalized U.S. citizen from El Salvador. Lardé graduated from MIT, having majored in physics. They married in February 1957. Although Nash was an atheist, the ceremony was performed in an Episcopal church. In 1958, Nash was appointed to a tenured position at MIT, and his first signs of mental illness soon became evident. He resigned his position at MIT in the spring of 1959. His son, John Charles Martin Nash, was born a few months later. The child was not named for a year because Alicia felt that Nash should have a say in choosing the name. Due to the stress of dealing with his illness, Nash and Lardé divorced in 1963. After his final hospital discharge in 1970, Nash lived in Lardé's house as a boarder. This stability seemed to help him, and he learned how to consciously discard his paranoid delusions. Princeton allowed him to"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": " audit classes. He continued to work on mathematics and was eventually allowed to teach again. In the 1990s, Lardé and Nash resumed their relationship, remarrying in 2001. John Charles Martin Nash earned a PhD in mathematics from Rutgers University and was diagnosed with schizophrenia as an adult.</s><s>Death. On May 23, 2015, Nash and his wife died in a car accident on the New Jersey Turnpike near Exit 8A in Monroe Township, NJ. After a visit to Norway, where Nash had received the Abel Prize, they had made arrangements to be picked up by a limo at Newark Airport. But because of a change in flight plans at the last minute they arrived five hours earlier, and decided to take a taxi instead. Their taxicab driver, Tarek Girgis, lost control of the vehicle and struck a guardrail. Both passengers were ejected from the car upon impact. State police revealed that it appeared neither passenger was wearing a seatbelt at the time of the crash. At the time of his death, the 86-year-old Nash was a longtime resident of New Jersey. He was survived by two sons, John Charles Martin Nash, who lived with his parents at the time of their death, and elder child John Stier"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": ". Following his death, obituaries appeared in scientific and popular media throughout the world. In addition to their obituary for Nash, \"The New York Times\" published an article containing quotes from Nash that had been assembled from media and other published sources. The quotes consisted of Nash's reflections on his life and achievements.</s><s>Legacy. At Princeton in the 1970s, Nash became known as \"The Phantom of Fine Hall\" (Princeton's mathematics center), a shadowy figure who would scribble arcane equations on blackboards in the middle of the night. He is referred to in a novel set at Princeton, \"The Mind-Body Problem\", 1983, by Rebecca Goldstein. Sylvia Nasar's biography of Nash, \"A Beautiful Mind\", was published in 1998. A film by the same name was released in 2001, directed by Ron Howard with Russell Crowe playing Nash; it won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. For his performance as Nash, Crowe won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama at the 59th Golden Globe Awards and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor at the 55th British Academy Film Awards. Crowe was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as Nash at the 74th Academy Awards."
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": "</s><s>Awards. - 1978 – INFORMS John von Neumann Theory Prize (with Carlton Lemke) \"for their outstanding contributions to the theory of games\" - 1994 – Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten) \"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\" - 1999 – Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research for his 1956 paper \"The imbedding problem for Riemannian manifolds\" - 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences - 2010 – Double Helix Medal - 2015 – Abel Prize (with Louis Nirenberg) \"for striking and seminal contributions to the theory of nonlinear partial differential equations and its applications to geometric analysis\"</s><s>Documentaries and interviews. - - - - (, ) -</s><s>Publication list. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Four of Nash's game-theoretic papers and three of his pure mathematics papers were collected in the following: -</s><s>Bibliography. -"
},
{
"title": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"text": " - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "John Forbes Nash Jr.",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000401
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Ezekiel Elliott.
|
[
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": "<s>Ezekiel Elliott Ezekiel Elijah Elliott (born July 22, 1995), nicknamed \"Zeke \", is an American football running back who is a free agent. He played college football at Ohio State, where he earned second-team All-America honors in 2015. Elliott was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys fourth overall in the 2016 NFL Draft. In seven seasons with the Cowboys, he was a three-time Pro Bowl and two-time All-Pro selection, and led the league in rushing yards in 2016 and 2018.</s><s>Early life. Elliott was born in Alton, Illinois, to a mother and father who were both athletes in college. His mother, the former Dawn Huff, was a high school state champion in three sports before attending the University of Missouri and running track there. His father, Stacy, was a linebacker for the Missouri football team and CEO of Fifth Down Enterprises. Elliott's maternal grandfather played basketball for Drake University. His uncle is Finnish professional basketball player Shawn Huff.</s><s>High school career. Despite his athletic pedigree, Elliott attended more academically driven John Burroughs School in Ladue, Missouri, where he was a three-sport star in football, basketball, and track and field. He also played baseball. He played as a running back"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": " for the John Burroughs Bombers football team. As a junior in 2012, he was named the \"St. Louis Post-Dispatch\" offensive player of the year after rushing for 1,802 yards and 34 touchdowns and receiving 23 passes for 401 yards and six scores. In his senior year, he had 3,061 all-purpose yards and 50 total touchdowns, including 2,155 rushing yards and 40 rushing touchdowns. He led the football team to three straight championship games, but lost all three. Also a standout track and field athlete, Elliott was a state qualifier in sprinting and hurdling events. He capped his high school career by winning four state championships at the Missouri Class 3 state championships in hours (100-meter dash, 200-meter dash, 110-meter high hurdles and 300-meter hurdles). He recorded career-best times of 10.95 seconds in the 100-meter dash, 22.05 seconds in the 200-meter dash, 13.77 seconds in the 110m hurdles and 37.52 seconds in the 300m hurdles. He was named the Gatorade Track Athlete of the Year in the state of Missouri. Considered a four-star recruit by Scout.com, Elliott was listed as the No. 9 running back in"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": " the nation in 2013. He played in the 2013 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. Despite overwhelming support and pressure for Elliott to sign with his parents' alma mater, the University of Missouri, he decided to sign with Ohio State University.</s><s>College career. As a true freshman at Ohio State University in 2013, Elliott rushed for 262 yards on 30 carries with two touchdowns as a backup to starter Carlos Hyde, mostly playing as a gunner on special teams. In 2014, with the departure of Hyde to the NFL, Elliott took over as the starter for the Buckeyes. During the season, Elliott was named to the Academic All-Big Ten Conference team. Elliott rushed over 100 yards six times during the scheduled season. In the 2014 Big Ten Championship Game against the Wisconsin Badgers, Elliott ran for 220 yards on 20 carries for two touchdowns. This win qualified Ohio State for the first-ever College Football Playoff. In the 2015 Sugar Bowl against #1 Alabama, Elliott ran for 230 yards on 20 carries in a hard-fought 42–35 win where he was named the Offensive Player of the Game. He then capped the Buckeyes' championship season by rushing for 246 yards on 36 carries and scoring four touchdowns against the Oregon Ducks. He was named the"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": " Offensive MVP of that game as well; it was the third most rushing yards ever by an Ohio State player. In 2015, Elliott began the season by rushing for over 100 yards in 10 straight wins, including 274 against Indiana on October 3 (the second most all-time by an Ohio State player). However, the team suffered a 14–17 loss to Michigan State on November 21, 2015, and Elliott announced that he would enter the 2016 NFL Draft. The following week, Elliott ran for 214 yards on 30 carries in a 42–13 Ohio State victory over rival Michigan in Ann Arbor, his fifth 200+ yard game. He ended his collegiate career with 149 yards and four touchdowns in a Fiesta Bowl win over Notre Dame. Elliott finished his career at Ohio State on several leaderboards. He was second in career rushing yards with 3,961 and yards per game with 101.6 (both behind only Archie Griffin), had the second and third most rushing yards in a season, and five of the top 20 rushing yards in a game. His 43 rushing touchdowns was fourth most all time, and his 23 in 2015 was third most in a season. His twelve 100-yard rushing games in the 2015 season tied Eddie George for a school record, and the 22 he amassed over his"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": " career was again second only to Griffin (as was his streak of 15 consecutive 100-yard games from 2014 to 2015). He and George are the only Ohio State players with five 200-yard rushing games.</s><s>College career.:Individual awards. Elliott received numerous honors during his tenure at Ohio State. In the 2014 season, Elliott was named the Offensive MVP of both the 2015 Sugar Bowl and the 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship Game. Elliott's success at the end of the 2014 season made him a front-runner for the 2015 Heisman Trophy, though he in fact finished 8th in the voting. After a successful regular season in which he gained 1,672 yards and 19 touchdowns, Elliott was named the 2015 Graham-George Offensive Player of the Year, 2015 Ameche-Dayne Running Back of the Year and was selected as Unanimous First Team All-Big Ten. In addition to the yearly awards, he was also named Big Ten Player of the Week twice during the 2015 season for his performances in Week 5 against Indiana, and in Week 13 against Michigan.</s><s>Professional career. Before the draft, Elliott was labeled the most complete back to enter the NFL since Adrian Peterson in 2007, and was predicted to be a top 10 selection. On a draft breakdown by NFL"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": ".com, he drew comparisons to Edgerrin James and was listed as a three-down back that had \"rare combination of size, athleticism, pass-catching and blocking skills\", and that he \"should still come out of the gates as one of the most productive young running backs in the league\". Elliott was selected in the first round with the fourth overall pick by the Dallas Cowboys in the 2016 NFL Draft on April 28, 2016. He was the first running back selected in the draft that year. Elliott was widely regarded as an early favorite for the 2016 Offensive Rookie of the Year while playing behind what many agreed upon as the NFL's most dominant offensive line leading up to the 2016 NFL season.</s><s>Professional career.:2016 season: Rookie year. On May 18, 2016, Elliott signed his four-year rookie contract reportedly worth $24.9 million with a $16.3 million signing bonus. Elliott was named the Cowboys' starting running back going into the regular season, ahead of veterans Alfred Morris and Darren McFadden. In the season-opener against the New York Giants, he rushed for 51 yards on 20 attempts and scored his first NFL touchdown on an eight-yard run in the narrow 20–19 loss. In the next game against the Washington Redskins"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": ", Elliott had 21 carries for 83 yards and a touchdown but also fumbled twice, losing one of them. The Cowboys prevailed on the road 27–23. During Week 3 against the Chicago Bears, he posted his first game with over a hundred yards and finished the 31–17 victory with 140 rushing yards on 30 carries. In the next game, against the San Francisco 49ers, he had 138 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown in the 24–17 road victory. During Week 5 against the Cincinnati Bengals, Elliott rushed for 134 yards on 15 carries and scored two rushing touchdowns, including a 60-yard touchdown as the Cowboys won 28–14. In the next game against the Green Bay Packers, Elliott continued his four-game streak with over 100 yards after carrying the ball 28 times for 157 rushing yards in the 30–16 road victory. After the ninth game of the 2016 season, he became the second Cowboys rookie to rush for more than 1,000 yards in a season, after Tony Dorsett achieved the mark in 1977. He also became the third running back to rush for 1,000 yards after just the ninth game of his career, joining Adrian Peterson and Eric Dickerson. During a Week 10 35–30 road victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers, Elliott recorded 209"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": " scrimmage yards and three touchdowns, including his first NFL receiving touchdown on an 83-yard pass from fellow rookie Dak Prescott, and a 32-yard run for the game-winning touchdown with nine seconds left. During a Week 11 27–17 victory over the Baltimore Ravens, Elliott rushed for 97 yards and passed Tony Dorsett's Cowboys rookie rushing record on his second carry. In Week 15, after scoring a touchdown against Tampa Bay, Elliott jumped into an oversized Salvation Army Red Kettle, an unusual touchdown celebration. Since 1997 the Dallas Cowboys Thanksgiving Day football game halftime show has traditionally kicked off the Red Kettle campaign. With that rushing touchdown, he surpassed Tony Dorsett and Herschel Walker for the Cowboys rookie record. He ran for 159 yards in the 26–20 victory. Because the Cowboys clinched the number one seed and home field advantage throughout the playoffs, Elliott rushed for 80 yards in a Week 16 42–21 victory over the Detroit Lions and did not play in the regular-season finale against the Philadelphia Eagles. Elliott finished his rookie year as the NFL's top rusher with 1,631 yards, which was the 47th best season all-time, the third most by a rookie (behind Eric Dickerson's 1,808 in 1983 and George Rogers'"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": " 1,674 in 1981), and the youngest player to reach 1,600 yards. He finished third with 15 touchdowns behind LeGarrette Blount and David Johnson. He tied Mike Anderson, Clinton Portis, and Ickey Woods for the second most all-time by a rookie behind Eric Dickerson's 18. Elliott's 464 yards after contact ranked fourth among NFL running backs. As a result of his successful season, Elliott was selected as a First-team All-Pro, and earned his first Pro Bowl, joining Dak Prescott as the first rookie running back and quarterback duo in NFL history to be selected. He was also ranked seventh by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 as the highest ranked running back. In his first NFL playoff game, Elliott ran 22 times for 125 yards in a 34–31 loss to the Green Bay Packers in the, joining Duane Thomas as the only Cowboy rookie to rush for over 100 yards in a playoff game.</s><s>Professional career.:2017 season. On August 11, 2017, the NFL suspended Elliott for the first six games of the 2017 season for violating the personal conduct policy. His suspension stemmed from accusations of domestic violence against his ex-girlfriend on five occasions in 2016. NFL officials conducted a year-long investigation into"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": " the allegations, and though Elliott was never criminally charged, decided to suspend him. On August 16, Elliott announced that he would appeal the suspension. Although the suspension was upheld on September 6 by a league-appointed arbitrator, on September 8, a federal judge granted a request for injunction by the NFL Players Association (NFLPA), putting the suspension on hold indefinitely. In the season-opener against the New York Giants on \"NBC Sunday Night Football\", Elliott rushed for 104 yards on 24 attempts as the Cowboys won by a score of 19–3. During Week 2, Elliott had the worst game of his career statistically in an away game against the Denver Broncos. He was held to eight rushing yards on nine carries in the 42–17 road loss. On October 12, the Fifth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals announced that Elliot's suspension had been reinstated, meaning that he would have to serve the six-game suspension up from that point. On October 18, Elliott was granted a temporary restraining order, meaning that he would not have to serve his suspension from that point, allowing him to play in Week 7. During Week 7 against the San Francisco 49ers, Elliott rushed for 147 yards and two touchdowns and had a 72-yard touchdown reception from Dak Prescott in the"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": " 40–10 road victory. On October 30, Judge Katherine Polk Failla of the New York Southern District Court, denied Elliott's request for a preliminary injunction, which reinstated the 6-game suspension. The following day, the NFLPA filed an emergency motion for the injunction. On November 3, Elliott was once again granted a stay by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which delayed the suspension. On November 9, the suspension was once again reinstated by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Three days afterward, Elliott decided to accept the suspension and leave the country to train for a little while. On November 15, he officially announced that he withdrew from another appeal attempt. During his suspension, Elliott had been training and rehabbing his hamstrings in Mexico before his reinstatement. Elliott returned in Week 16 during a must-win situation against the Seattle Seahawks, where he rushed for 97 yards on 24 carries. The Cowboys lost, 21–12, and were eliminated from playoff contention. In the regular season finale against the Philadelphia Eagles, Elliott recorded 27 carries for 103 rushing yards in the 6–0 victory. Elliott finished the 2017 season with 242 carries for 983 yards and seven touchdowns to go along with 26 receptions for 269 yards and two touchdowns in"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": " 10 games and starts. He was ranked 54th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.</s><s>Professional career.:2018 season. In the first two games of the season, Elliott recorded a rushing touchdown in both games against the Carolina Panthers and New York Giants. During a Week 3 24–13 road loss to the Seattle Seahawks, he rushed for 127 yards. In the next game against the Detroit Lions, he had 152 rushing yards along with four receptions for 88 yards and a touchdown in a 26–24 victory. During Week 6, he ran for 106 yards and a touchdown against the Jacksonville Jaguars. With his only score, Elliott became the 12th Cowboy to reach 25 touchdowns on the ground as well as the fastest to do so, three games faster than Emmitt Smith. During a Week 10 27–20 road victory, Elliott scored twice, racking up 151 rushing yards and 36 receiving yards against the reigning Super Bowl champions, the Philadelphia Eagles. He broke 150 yards rushing for the fifth time in his career, surpassing DeMarco Murray for third-most in franchise history. In the next game, he recorded 201 scrimmage yards and a touchdown against the Atlanta Falcons, his fourth game over 200, tying with DeMarco Murray and Emmitt Smith for most in"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": " franchise history. Elliott continued his success, with 121 yards and a score on the run against the Washington Redskins on Thanksgiving, eclipsing 1,000 yards on the year, the second time of his career, tied for third (along with DeMarco Murray & Calvin Hill) most in Cowboys' history. In a narrow Week 13 13–10 road victory over the New Orleans Saints on \"Thursday Night Football\", Elliott recorded 136 scrimmage yards and a receiving touchdown. Elliott finished the 2018 season with 1,434 rushing yards and six touchdowns to go along with 77 receptions for 567 yards and three touchdowns in 15 games and starts. He won the rushing title for the second time in three seasons. Elliott earned a second Pro Bowl nomination for his 2018 season. The Cowboys finished atop the NFC East and made the playoffs as the #4-seed for the NFC Playoffs. In the 2019 NFC against the Seattle Seahawks, Elliott rushed 26 times for 137 yards and a touchdown in the 24–22 victory. In the against the Los Angeles Rams, he had 20 carries for 47 yards and a touchdown in the 30–22 loss. He was ranked 18th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2019.</s><s>Professional career.:2019 season. On April 17, 2019, the Cowboys"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": " picked up the fifth-year option on Elliott's contract. However, Elliott began holding out during training camp, demanding a contract extension. On September 4, Elliott signed a six-year extension with the Cowboys worth $90 million, with $50 million guaranteed, keeping him under contract through the 2026 season. In Elliott's first game back, he rushed 13 times for 53 yards and a touchdown in the 35–17 opening game victory over the New York Giants. In the next game against the Washington Redskins, Elliott rushed 23 times for 111 yards and a touchdown in a 31–21 road victory. The following week against the Miami Dolphins, Elliott rushed 19 times for 125 yards as the Cowboys won 31–6. In Week 6 against the New York Jets, Elliott rushed 28 times for 105 yards and a touchdown and caught five passes for 48 yards in the 24–22 road loss. In the next game against the Philadelphia Eagles, he rushed 22 times for 111 yards and a touchdown and caught six passes for 36 yards in the 37–10 victory. After a Week 8 bye, the Cowboys faced the New York Giants on \"Monday Night Football\". In that game, Elliott rushed 23 times for 139 yards in the 37–18 road victory. During Week 14 against the Chicago Bears on"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": " \"Thursday Night Football\", he rushed 19 times for 84 yards and two touchdowns in the 31–24 loss. During the game, Elliott reached 1,000 rushing yards on the season. In Week 15 against the Los Angeles Rams, Elliott rushed 24 times for 117 yards and two touchdowns and caught three passes for 43 yards during the 44–21 win. In the regular-season finale against the Redskins, Elliott rushed 18 times for 122 yards and a touchdown and caught three passes for two yards and a touchdown during the 47–16 win. Elliott earned his third Pro Bowl nomination for 2019. Elliott finished the 2019 season with 1,357 rushing yards and 12 touchdowns to go along with 54 receptions for 420 yards and two touchdowns in 15 games and starts. He was ranked 24th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2020.</s><s>Professional career.:2020 season. During the season-opening 20–17 loss to the Los Angeles Rams on \"NBC Sunday Night Football\", Elliott rushed 22 times for 96 yards and a touchdown and caught three passes for 31 yards and a touchdown. In the next game against the Atlanta Falcons, he rushed 22 times for 89 yards and a rushing touchdown to go along with six receptions for 33 receiving yards during the 40–39 comeback victory. During"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": " Week 5 against the New York Giants, Elliott recorded 105 yards from scrimmage and two rushing touchdowns during the 37–34 win. In Week 11 against the Minnesota Vikings, Elliott rushed for 103 yards and recorded two receptions for 11 yards and a touchdown during the 31–28 win. This was his first 100-yard rushing game of the season. Elliott missed his first career game due to injury on December 20, 2020, in Week 15 against the San Francisco 49ers, whom the Cowboys went on to beat 41-33. In Week 16 against the Philadelphia Eagles, he had 19 carries for 105 yards in the 37–17 victory. Elliott finished the 2020 season with 979 rushing yards and six touchdowns to go along with 52 receptions for 338 yards and two touchdowns.</s><s>Professional career.:2021 season. On August 27, 2021, the Cowboys restructured Elliott's contract, converting $8.6 million of his base salary for the upcoming season into a signing bonus to save some salary cap space. Despite dealing with lingering knee and ankle injuries during the majority of the season, Elliott was still able to start all 17 games and rush for 1,002 yards and ten touchdowns on 237 carries along with 47 receptions for 287 yards and two touchdowns. He had two games going over the 100"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": "-yard mark and four games with multiple touchdowns. In the against the San Francisco 49ers, Elliott rushed for 31 yards in the 23–17 loss. After the game, it was revealed that Elliott was playing with a partially torn PCL, which he suffered in Week 4 against the Carolina Panthers.</s><s>Professional career.:2022 season. In the against the San Francisco 49ers, Elliott rushed for 26 yards and played center for one play in the 19–12 loss. Due to salary cap reasons and declining production, the Cowboys released Elliott on March 15, 2023.</s><s>NFL career statistics.</s><s>NFL career statistics.:NFL highlights and awards. - FedEx Ground Player of the Year (2016) - Offensive Rookie of the Month – October 2016 - 4× Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week - NFC Offensive Player of the Week – Week 10, 2016 - NFL Castrol Edge Clutch Performer of the Week – Week 10, 2016 - 2× NFL FedEx Ground Running Back of the Week – Weeks 4 and 5, 2016</s><s>Personal life. Elliott bought his parents Dawn and Stacy Elliott a new house after signing his rookie contracts. He studied marketing at Ohio State University. He was good friends with fellow Buckeye teammate Kosta Karageorge, who was a"
},
{
"title": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"text": " walk-on defensive end. Karageorge received national attention when he died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head. Elliott was surprised by the death of his friend. \"Our hearts dropped,\" he told ESPN. \"It was just a hard moment for all of us. For me, personally, that was my first time losing someone that I was very close with.\" In August 2020, Elliott became a shareholder of OnCore Golf Technology, Inc., a manufacturer of golf balls based in Buffalo, New York. In May 2021, Elliott was cited by police after one of his dogs bit and injured two people in his Frisco neighborhood.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Ezekiel Elliott",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000402
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Rachel Bilson.
|
[
{
"title": "Rachel Bilson",
"text": "<s>Rachel Bilson Rachel Sarah Bilson (born August 25, 1981) is an American actress. Born to a Californian show-business family, Bilson made her television debut in 2003, and then landed the role of Summer Roberts on the prime-time drama series \"The O.C.\" Bilson made her movie debut in \"The Last Kiss\" (2006) and starred in the science-fiction-action film \"Jumper\" (2008) with her then-boyfriend Hayden Christensen. From 2011 to 2015, she starred as Zoe Hart on The CW series \"Hart of Dixie\".</s><s>Early life. Bilson was born in Los Angeles, the daughter of Janice Stango, a therapist, and Danny Bilson, a writer, director, and producer. She has an older brother and two younger half-sisters, Rosemary and Hattie. Her mother is an Italian-American who was raised Catholic, and her father is Jewish; she has said that she grew up in a \"Chrismukkah household\". Bilson's father comes from a show business family; he is the son of Mona (Weichman) and producer-director Bruce Bilson (b. 1928). Her British great-grandfather, George"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Bilson",
"text": " Bilson (1902–1981), who was born into an Ashkenazi Jewish immigrant family in Leeds, England, worked for RKO Pictures after immigrating to the United States, heading the movie trailer department, and her great-grandmother, Hattie Bilson (1907–2004), was a screenwriter whose credits included \"Pal, Canine Detective\" (1950). Bilson's classmates at Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California, included actress Kirsten Dunst, actor Rami Malek, and \"American Idol\" runner-up singer Katharine McPhee.</s><s>Career. Bilson attended Grossmont College, a community college in a suburb of San Diego, taking her father's advice to pursue a professional acting career. She then made several appearances in commercials, including advertisements for Subway restaurants, Raisin Bran, and Pepto-Bismol. She made her screen acting debut in early 2003, appearing in one episode of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" and \"8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter\". Bilson was subsequently cast in \"The O.C.\", which debuted in August 2003. Her character, Summer Roberts, was initially intended to appear in only a few episodes but became a series regular after"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Bilson",
"text": " a successful run, as Bilson's on-screen romance with Seth Cohen (Adam Brody) became a noted aspect of the series. At the 2005 Teen Choice Awards, she collected three awards: \"Choice Hottie Female\", \"Choice TV Actress (Drama)\", and \"Best Onscreen TV Chemistry\" (jointly won with Adam Brody). In 2005, \"Maxim\" magazine named her sixth in their annual \"Hot 100 List\"; in 2006, the publication awarded her #14. The UK edition of \"FHM\" Magazine named her 28th in the 2006 100 Sexiest Women in the World list, while the US Edition Ranked her 77th in 2005. Bilson was also named one of \"People\" magazine's \"World's Most Beautiful People\" in 2006. Before appearing in \"Maxim\", Bilson had turned down requests to appear seminude in men's magazines, specifying that she feels that her body \"is sacred\" and \"not there for the whole world to see\". Bilson's first film role was in \"The Last Kiss\", a romantic comedy-drama also starring Zach Braff in 2006. She played a college student who seduces Braff's character. One review of the film noted that Bilson played the role"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Bilson",
"text": " with \"surprising depth\", although another critic described her role as \"Glenn Close in \"Fatal Attraction\" as an airhead valley girl with a hot bod\". In late 2006, Bilson was cast in the film Doug Liman's thriller \"Jumper\", as the replacement for actress Teresa Palmer; the film was released on February 14, 2008. She appeared in a two-episode arc on \"The O.C.\" creator Josh Schwartz's NBC comedy, \"Chuck\", and in the film \"New York, I Love You\". She appeared in the 100th episode of \"How I Met Your Mother\" (\"Girls Versus Suits\") as Ted Mosby's latest love interest and the Mother's roommate. In September 2008, she started shooting the indie romantic film \"Waiting for Forever\", directed by James Keach. In September 2009, Bilson appeared as a celebrity guest judge in the third episode of \"Project Runway\" (season 6). Bilson starred in the 2011 indie film \"L!fe Happens\". In 2011, Bilson began starring in The CW series \"Hart of Dixie\", executive produced by \"The O.C.\" creator Josh Schwartz. On May 7, 2015, the CW officially canceled the show after four seasons. In"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Bilson",
"text": " 2017, Bilson joined the cast of CMT's \"Nashville\" which reunites her with her former \"The O.C.\" co-star Chris Carmack. Bilson starred in the ABC drama series \"Take Two\" which premiered in June 2018; however, on November 21, 2018, ABC cancelled the series after one season. In April 2021, Bilson and her former \"The O.C.\" co-star Melinda Clarke launched a podcast titled \"Welcome to the OC, Bitches!\". The podcast focuses on the hosts and guests re-watching and discussing episodes of \"The O.C.\". Several notable guests have appeared on the podcast such as Mischa Barton, Adam Brody, Peter Gallagher, Josh Schwartz, Jem, Bonnie Somerville and Elizabeth Gillies.</s><s>Career.:Fashion design. Bilson has been recognized by several media sources as being a \"fashion junkie\". She has described herself as having a \"vintage\" sense of style and has noted Kate Moss and Diane Keaton as inspirations. Bilson approached DKNY Jeans in late 2007 with a view to design a clothing line with the fashion brand. Together they created Edie Rose. The collection was launched in September 2008. Her idea was to keep"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Bilson",
"text": " fashionable items accessible to young women by keeping the prices of each piece under $100. An advertising image was released in July 2008 which featured Bilson modelling her Edie Rose collection. Bilson stated that she wanted to keep her fashion line \"as separate as possible from Rachel Bilson, the actress. I'm hoping people will appreciate it for the clothes, not the person behind them.\" Much of her fashion collection was lost when her home was burglarized in May 2009. Bilson's fashions and sense of style made her the unwitting target of the Bling Ring, who burglarized her home on several occasions. In 2011, Bilson collaborated with her personal stylist, Nicole Chavez, and shoe industry leader Steve Madden, to launch the footwear destination ShoeMint, an \"online customized shoe shopping experience\". In 2013, Bilson designed a shirt for Invisible Children.</s><s>Personal life. Bilson and Adam Brody, her co-star on \"The O.C.\", dated from 2003 to 2006. After she and Brody broke up, Bilson began a relationship with actor Hayden Christensen, with whom she had co-starred in the film \"Jumper\". By January 2008, the pair had been seen and photographed together around Los Angeles for"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Bilson",
"text": " almost a year, without confirming a relationship. In February 2009, Bilson appeared publicly with what seemed to be an engagement ring, though no official announcement was made. In August 2010, Bilson's representative confirmed there had been an engagement that had since been called off, giving no other details. The two reconciled three months later, and had a daughter in October 2014. Bilson and Christensen separated in September 2017. Bilson and Christensen are both supporters of the No Kids Policy, a celebrity coalition which seeks to prevent children of celebrities from being photographed without parental consent. Bilson started dating actor Bill Hader in 2019, ending the relationship less than a year later.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Rachel Bilson",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000403
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Susan Sarandon.
|
[
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": "<s>Susan Sarandon Susan Abigail Sarandon (; née Tomalin; born October 4, 1946) is an American actress and activist. She is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award, in addition to nominations for a Daytime Emmy Award, six Primetime Emmy Awards, and nine Golden Globe Awards. In 2002, she was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to the film industry. Sarandon began her acting career in the drama film \"Joe\" (1970), before appearing in the soap opera \"A World Apart\" (1970–1971). In 1974, she co-starred as a Zelda Fitzgerald surrogate in the television film \"F. Scott Fitzgerald and 'The Last of the Belles',\" and the following year, she starred as Janet Weiss in the musical comedy horror film \"The Rocky Horror Picture Show\". Sarandon was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for \"Atlantic City\" (1980), \"Thelma & Louise\" (1991), \"Lorenzo's Oil\" (1992), and \"The Client\" (1994), before winning for \"Dead Man Walking\" (1995). She has also won the BAFTA Award"
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": " for Best Actress in a Leading Role for \"The Client\", and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress for \"Dead Man Walking\". Her other films include \"Pretty Baby\" (1978), \"The Hunger\" (1983), \"The Witches of Eastwick\" (1987), \"Bull Durham\" (1988), \"White Palace\" (1990), \"Little Women\" (1994), \"James and the Giant Peach\" (1996), \"Stepmom\" (1998), \"Enchanted\" (2007), \"Speed Racer\" (2008), \"The Lovely Bones\" (2009), \"Cloud Atlas\" (2012), \"Tammy\" (2014), \"The Meddler\" (2015), and \"A Bad Moms Christmas\" (2017). Sarandon made her Broadway debut in the play \"An Evening with Richard Nixon\" (1972) and went on to receive Drama Desk Award nominations for the off-Broadway plays \"A Coupla White Chicks Sitting Around Talking\" (1979) and \"Extremities\" (1982). She returned to Broadway in the 2009 revival of \"Exit the King\". On television, she is a six-time Primetime Emmy Award nominee, including for her guest roles on the sitcoms \"Friends\" (2001) and \"Mal"
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": "colm in the Middle\" (2002), supporting role in the film \"You Don't Know Jack\" (2010), as well as a leading role as Doris Duke in the film \"Bernard and Doris\" (2008) and another leading role as Bette Davis in the miniseries \"Feud\" (2017). Also known for her social and political activism, Sarandon was appointed a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in 1999 and received the Action Against Hunger Humanitarian Award in 2006. In November 2022, Sarandon joined the HALO Trust, the largest humanitarian mine clearance organization, as an ambassador.</s><s>Early life. Sarandon was born in Jackson Heights, Queens in New York City. She is the eldest of nine children of Lenora Marie (née Criscione 1923–2020) and Phillip Leslie Tomalin, an advertising executive, television producer, and one-time nightclub singer. She has four brothers: Phillip Leslie Jr., Terry (an outdoorsman, journalist, and community leader), Timothy, and O'Brian; and four sisters: Meredith (or \"Merry\"), Bonnie Priscilla, Amanda, and Melissa (or \"Missy\"). Her father was of English, Irish, and Welsh ancestry. His English ancestors came from Hackney"
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": " in London and his Welsh ancestors from Bridgend. On her mother's side, she is of Italian descent, with ancestors from the regions of Tuscany and Sicily. Her father worked for WOR-TV in New York City. When she was four years old, the Tomalin family moved from New York City to the newly developed Stephenville community, located in the northern area of Raritan (now Edison) Township, New Jersey. The family was raised Roman Catholic and she and her sisters attended the all-girls Saint Francis Grammar School in nearby Metuchen, while her brothers attended the all-boys Saint Matthews Grammar School in Edison Township. Her mother was a member and board director of the Stephenville Women's Club and the Terra Tova Garden Club. The family was also member to the Woodside Swim Club, a private swimming club and park in the Stephenville community, where Sarandon and her sisters won many swimming competitions. Sarandon graduated from Saint Francis Grammar School in 1960. Sarandon attended Edison High School, a public school located in Edison Township. In 1962, while still in high school, she joined a band and dance group to entertain sick children at a nearby rehabilitation hospital. As a high school junior, she performed the lead in the"
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": " play \"Lady Precious Dream\". As a senior, she played the title character in the comedy \"My Sister Eileen\", earning mentions in the local newspapers. In 1964, Sarandon was inducted into the National Honor Society. In May 1964, the Tomalin family moved to the newly developed Chandler Hill community, east of Stephenville in Edison. Sarandon graduated from Edison High School in 1964. She attended the Catholic University of America in Washington D.C. from 1964 to 1968, earning a Bachelor of Arts in drama, and studying under the drama coach Gilbert V. Hartke. During and shortly after college, she supported herself by cutting hair, cleaning houses and working as a switchboard operator.</s><s>Career. In 1969, Sarandon went to a casting call for the motion-picture \"Joe\" (1970) with her then-husband Chris Sarandon. Although he did not get a part, she was cast in a major role of a disaffected teen who disappears into the seedy underworld. Between 1970 and 1972, she appeared in the soap operas \"A World Apart\" and \"Search for Tomorrow\", playing Patrice Kahlman and Sarah Fairbanks, respectively. She appeared in \"The Rocky Horror Picture Show\" (1975) and also played"
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": " the female lead in \"The Great Waldo Pepper\" (also 1975), opposite Robert Redford. She was twice directed by Louis Malle, in \"Pretty Baby\" (1978) and \"Atlantic City\" (1981). The latter earned Sarandon her first Academy Award nomination. Her most controversial film appearance was in Tony Scott's \"The Hunger\" (1983), a modern vampire story in which she had a lesbian sex scene with Catherine Deneuve. She appeared in the comedy-fantasy \"The Witches of Eastwick\" (1987) alongside Jack Nicholson, Cher, and Michelle Pfeiffer. However, Sarandon did not become a \"household name\" until she appeared with Kevin Costner and Tim Robbins in the film \"Bull Durham\" (1988), a commercial and critical success. Roger Ebert praised Sarandon's performance in his review for the \"Chicago Sun-Times\": \"I don't know who else they could have hired to play Annie Savoy, the Sarandon character who pledges her heart and her body to one player a season, but I doubt if the character would have worked without Sarandon's wonderful performance\".{{cite news Sarandon was nominated for an Academy Award four more times in the 1990s, as Best Actress as Louise Sawyer"
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": " in \"Thelma & Louise\" (1991), Michaela Odone in \"Lorenzo's Oil\" (1992), and Reggie Love in \"The Client\" (1994), finally winning in 1995 for \"Dead Man Walking\" in which she played Sister Helen Prejean who regularly visits a convicted murderer on death row. Janet Maslin, in \"The New York Times\", wrote of her performance in the last film: \"Ms. Sarandon takes the kind of risk she took playing a stubbornly obsessed mother in \"Lorenzo's Oil.\" She's commandingly blunt, and she avoids cheapening her performance with the wrong kind of compassion. Her Sister Helen is repelled and alarmed by this man, but she's determined to help him anyway. That's what makes the film so unrelenting.\" Sarandon was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award in 1994. Additionally, she has received eight Golden Globe nominations, including for \"White Palace\" (1990), \"Stepmom\" (1998), \"Igby Goes Down\" (2002), and \"Bernard and Doris\" (2007). Her other movies include \"Little Women\" (1994), \"Anywhere but Here\" (1999), \"Cradle Will Rock\" (1999), \"The B"
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": "anger Sisters\" (2002), \"Shall We Dance\" (2004), \"Alfie\" (2004), \"Romance & Cigarettes\" (2005), \"Elizabethtown\" (2005), and \"Enchanted\" (2007). Sarandon has appeared in two episodes of \"The Simpsons\", once as herself (\"Bart Has Two Mommies\") and as a ballet teacher, \"Homer vs. Patty and Selma\". She appeared on \"Friends\", \"Malcolm in the Middle\", \"Mad TV\", \"Saturday Night Live\", \"Chappelle's Show\", \"30 Rock\", \"Rescue Me,\" and \"Mike & Molly\". Sarandon has contributed the narration to two dozen documentary films, many of which dealt with social and political issues. In addition, she has served as the presenter on many installments of the PBS documentary series, \"Independent Lens\". In 1999 and 2000, she hosted and presented \"Mythos\", a series of lectures by the late American mythology professor Joseph Campbell. Sarandon also participates as a member of the Jury for the NYICFF, a local New York City Film Festival dedicated to screening films made for children between the ages of 3 and 18. Sarandon joined the cast of the adaptation of \"The Lovely Bones\", opposite"
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": " Rachel Weisz, and appeared with her daughter, Eva Amurri, in \"Middle of Nowhere\"; both films were made in 2007. In June 2010, Sarandon joined the cast of the HBO pilot \"The Miraculous Year\", as Patty Atwood, a Broadway director/choreographer. However, the series was not picked up. In 2012, Sarandon's audiobook performance of Carson McCullers' \"The Member of the Wedding\" was released at Audible.com. Sarandon was the voice actor for the character of Granny Rags, an eccentric and sinister old lady, in the stealth/action video game \"Dishonored\", released in 2012. She appeared in the films \"Arbitrage\" (2012), \"Tammy\" (2014), and \"The Meddler\" (2015). In 2017, Sarandon portrayed Bette Davis in the first season of FX's anthology series \"Feud\". She also appeared in \"A Bad Moms Christmas\" (2017)—the sequel to the 2016 film \"Bad Moms\"—as the mother of Carla Dunkler. In 2018, she joined the \"Social Impact Advisory Board \" of the San Diego International Film Festival. In 2019, she connected with Justin Willman on"
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": " \"Magic for Humans\" as a special guest on the Christmas episode. In Fall 2022, Sarandon starred in the FOX TV drama \"Monarch\". It aired on Tuesday nights at 9:00 P.M after \"The Resident\", which is created by Sarandon's nemesis Amy Holden Jones.</s><s>Political views and activism. Sarandon is known for her active support of progressive and left-wing political causes, ranging from donations to organizations such as EMILY's List to participating in a 1983 delegation to Nicaragua sponsored by MADRE, an organization that promotes \"social, environmental, and economic justice\". In 1999, she was appointed UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. In that capacity, she has actively supported the organization's global advocacy, as well as the work of the Canadian UNICEF Committee. In 2006, she was one of eight women selected to carry in the Olympic flag at the Opening Ceremony of the 2006 Olympic Winter Games, in Turin, Italy. The same year, Sarandon received the Action Against Hunger Humanitarian Award. Sarandon was appointed an FAO Goodwill Ambassador in 2010. She donated fruit trees to the New York City Housing Authority's Jamaica Houses in 2018 in the borough of Queens. Sarandon visited the housing complex in person to help plant"
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": " the trees.</s><s>Political views and activism.:Anti-war activism. Sarandon and Robbins both took an early stance against the 2003 invasion of Iraq, with Sarandon stating that she was firmly against war as a pre-emptive strike. Prior to a 2003 protest sponsored by the United for Peace and Justice coalition, she said that many Americans \"do not want to risk their children or the children of Iraq\". Sarandon was one of the first to appear in a series of political ads sponsored by TrueMajority, an organization established by Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream founder Ben Cohen. Along with anti-war activist Cindy Sheehan, Sarandon took part in a 2006 Mother's Day protest, which was sponsored by Code Pink. In January 2007, she appeared with Robbins and Jane Fonda at an anti-war rally in Washington, D.C. in support of a Congressional measure to withdraw U.S. forces from Iraq.</s><s>Political views and activism.:Presidential politics. During the 2000 election, Sarandon supported Ralph Nader's run for president, serving as a co-chair of the National Steering Committee of Nader 2000. During the 2004 election campaign, she withheld support for Nader's bid, being among several \"Nader Raiders\""
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": " who urged Nader to drop out and his voters offer their support for Democratic Party candidate John Kerry. After the 2004 election, Sarandon called for US elections to be monitored by international entities. In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Sarandon and Tim Robbins campaigned for John Edwards in the New Hampshire communities of Hampton, Bedford, and Dover. When asked at We Vote '08 Kickoff Party \"What would Jesus do this primary season\", Sarandon said, \"I think Jesus would be very supportive of John Edwards.\" She later endorsed Barack Obama. In the 2012 U.S. presidential election Sarandon, along with film director Michael Moore, said that they were not thrilled with Obama's performance but hoped he would be re-elected. She said she and the administration haven't been allies. \"I wouldn't say the White House has taken me under its wing and made me one of its best buddies,\" Sarandon said. In the 2016 United States presidential election, she made public her support for Senator Bernie Sanders. On March 28, 2016, in an interview on \"All In with Chris Hayes\", Sarandon indicated that she and other Sanders supporters might not support Hillary Clinton if Clinton is the Democratic nominee for president. She stated: \"You know, some people feel that"
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": " Donald Trump will bring the revolution immediately. If he gets in, then things will really explode.\" Hayes inquired as to whether it would be dangerous to allow Trump to become president, to which she replied: \"If you think that it's pragmatic to shore up the status quo right now, then you're not in touch with the status quo\". On October 30, 2016, she endorsed Green Party of the United States presidential candidate Jill Stein. In an interview with \"The Guardian\" published on November 26, 2017, Sarandon said about Hillary Clinton: \"I did think she was very, very dangerous. We would still be fracking, we would be at war [if she were president]\".</s><s>Political views and activism.:Civil rights. In 1995, Sarandon was one of many Hollywood actors, directors and writers interviewed for the documentary \"The Celluloid Closet,\" which looked at how Hollywood films have depicted homosexuality. Sarandon and Robbins appeared at the 2000 Shadow Convention in Los Angeles to speak about drug offenders being unduly punished. In 2004, she served on the advisory committee for 2004 Racism Watch, an activist group. Sarandon has become an advocate to end the death penalty and mass incarceration. She has joined the team of people fighting to save the life of"
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": " Richard Glossip, a man on death row in Oklahoma. In May 2015, Sarandon launched a campaign with fundraising platform Represent.com to sell T-shirts to help finance the documentary \"Deep Run\", the story of a poor North Carolina teen undergoing a gender transition.</s><s>Political views and activism.:Since 2011. On March 12, 2011, Sarandon spoke before a crowd in Madison, Wisconsin protesting Governor Scott Walker and his Budget Repair Bill. On September 27, 2011, Sarandon spoke to reporters and interested parties at the Occupy Wall Street protest in New York City. Her use of the word \"Nazi\" to describe Pope Benedict XVI on October 15, 2011, generated complaints from Roman Catholic authorities, and the Anti-Defamation League, which called on Sarandon to apologize. Sarandon brought activist Rosa Clemente to the 75th Golden Globe Awards and participated in a rally against gun violence in June 2018. On June 28, 2018, Sarandon was arrested during the Women Disobey protests, along with 575 other people, for protesting at the Hart Senate Office Building where a sit-in was being held against Donald Trump's migrant separation policy. On May 27, 2021, Sarandon tweeted in support of the Palestinian people, in her words, \"fighting against the"
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": " apartheid government of Netanyahu\", and of the Israeli people \"that they too, will enjoy peace\". She expressed support for Palestinian-American model Bella Hadid \"for having the bravery to stand in solidarity with her people\". She also co-signed an open letter criticizing Israel for labeling six Palestinian human rights groups as terror organizations, and quoted Desmond Tutu on the conflict saying that \"true peace can ultimately be built only on justice\". Sarandon was the executive producer for \"Soufra\", a documentary that covered the development of a food truck in the Bourj el Barajneh Palestinian refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon. In February 2022, some law enforcement organizations criticized Sarandon for sharing a tweet that described a photo of police officers honoring a killed officer as fascism. She would later delete the tweet and post a message on Twitter to apologize.</s><s>Personal life. While in college, Susan Tomalin met fellow student Chris Sarandon, a Greek-American, and the couple married on September 16, 1967. They divorced in 1979 but she retained the surname Sarandon as her stage name. She was then involved romantically with director Louis Malle, musician David Bowie and briefly, actor Sean Penn. In the mid-1980s, Sarandon dated Italian filmmaker Franco Amurri"
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": ", with whom she had a daughter, Eva Amurri (born March 15, 1985), who is also an actress. In 2017, Sarandon revealed that she had had an affair with British actor Philip Sayer, who she further revealed had been gay. Beginning in 1988, Sarandon lived with actor Tim Robbins, whom she met while they were filming \"Bull Durham\". They have two sons: John \"Jack\" Henry (born May 15, 1989) and Miles Robbins (born May 4, 1992). Sarandon, like Robbins, is a lapsed Catholic, and they both share liberal political views. Sarandon split with Robbins in 2009. Following the end of her relationship with Robbins, she soon began a new one with Jonathan Bricklin, son of Malcolm Bricklin. Sarandon and Bricklin helped establish a chain of ping-pong lounges named SPiN. Sarandon is the co-owner of this New York ping-pong club and its Toronto branch SPiN Toronto. Sarandon and Bricklin broke up in 2015. In 2006, Sarandon and ten relatives, including her son Miles, traveled to the United Kingdom to trace her family's Welsh genealogy. Their journey was documented by the BBC Wales programme, \"Coming Home: Susan"
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": " Sarandon\". Much of the same research and content was featured in the American version of \"Who Do You Think You Are?\" She also received the \"Ragusani Nel Mondo\" prize in 2006; her Sicilian roots are in Ragusa, Italy. Sarandon has identified herself as bisexual, seemingly coming out during a September 2022 appearance on \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\". She had also previously told \"Pride Source\" in 2017 that her sexuality was \"open\" and \"up for grabs\", and on a 2021 episode of the \"Divorced Not Dead\" podcast she said of her dating interests \"I don't care if it's a man or a woman. I mean, I'm open to all age, all color. And those for me, those things are just details.\" She is a member of the Democratic Socialists of America.</s><s>Awards and nominations. Sarandon received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2009 Stockholm International Film Festival, was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame in 2010, and received the Outstanding Artistic Life Award for her Outstanding Contribution to World Cinema at the 2011 Shanghai International Film Festival. In 2013, she was invited to inaugurate the 44th International Film Festival of India (IFFI"
},
{
"title": "Susan Sarandon",
"text": ") in Goa. In 2015, Sarandon received the Goldene Kamera international lifetime achievement award.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Susan Sarandon",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000404
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Liam Neeson.
|
[
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": "<s>Liam Neeson William John Neeson (born 7 June 1952) is an actor from Northern Ireland. He has received several accolades, including nominations for an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and two Tony Awards. In 2020, he was placed seventh on \"The Irish Times\" list of Ireland's 50 Greatest Film Actors. Neeson was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2000. In 1976, Neeson joined the Lyric Players' Theatre in Belfast for two years. His early film roles include \"Excalibur\" (1981), \"The Bounty\" (1984), \"The Mission\" (1986), and \"Husbands and Wives\" (1992). He rose to prominence portraying Oskar Schindler in Steven Spielberg's holocaust drama \"Schindler's List\" (1993) for which he earned an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination. He followed by starring in \"Nell\" (1994), \"Rob Roy\" (1995), \"Michael Collins\" (1996), and \"Les Misérables\" (1998). He took blockbuster roles portraying Qui-Gon Jinn in George Lucas' space opera \"\" (1999), Ra's al Ghul in \"Batman Begins"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": "\" (2005) and Aslan in \"The Chronicles of Narnia\" trilogy (2005–2010). He also starred in Martin Scorsese's \"Gangs of New York\" (2002), the romantic comedy \"Love Actually\" (2003), and the drama \"Kinsey\" (2004). Beginning in 2009, Neeson cemented himself as an action star with the action thriller series \"Taken\" (2008–2014), \"The A-Team\" (2010), \"The Grey\" (2011), \"Wrath of the Titans\" (2012), and \"A Walk Among the Tombstones\" (2014). He is known for his collaborations in the genre with director Jaume Collet-Serra, and starred in four of his films: \"Unknown\" (2011), \"Non-Stop\" (2013), \"Run All Night\" (2015), and \"The Commuter\" (2018). He also starred in Martin Scorsese's religious epic \"Silence\" (2016), the fantasy drama \"A Monster Calls\" (2016), Steve McQueen's heist drama \"Widows\" (2018), the Coen brothers' western \"The Ballad of Buster Scruggs\" (2018), and the romantic drama \"Ordinary"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": " Love\" (2019). Neeson is also known for his work on stage. He made his Broadway debut in 1993 with his performance as Matt Burke in the revival of Eugene O'Neill's \"Anna Christie\" earning a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play nomination. He then starred as Oscar Wilde in David Hare's \"The Judas Kiss\" in 1998. He received his second Tony Award nomination for his performance in the 2002 Broadway revival of \"Arthur Miller's \"The Crucible\".</s><s>Early life. Neeson was born in Ballymena, County Antrim, the son of cook Katherine \"Kitty\" Neeson (née Brown) and primary school caretaker Bernard \"Barney\" Neeson. Raised Catholic, he was named Liam after a local priest. The third of four siblings, he has three sisters, Elizabeth, Bernadette, and Rosaleen. He attended St Patrick's College, Ballymena from 1963 to 1967, and later recalled that his love of drama began there. He said that growing up as a Catholic in a predominantly Protestant town made him cautious, and once said he felt like a \"second-class citizen\" there, but has also said he was never made to feel \"in"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": "ferior or even different\" at the town's predominantly Protestant technical college. \"It would be colourful to imagine I had a rebellious, uproarious Irish background,\" he has said, \"but the facts were much greyer. Irish, yes. But all that nationalistic stuff, crying into your Guinness and singing rebel songs—that was never my scene.\" He has described himself as \"out of touch\" with the politics and history of Northern Ireland until becoming aware of protests by fellow students after Bloody Sunday, a massacre in Derry in 1972 during the Troubles, which encouraged him to learn more local history. In a 2009 interview, he said, \"I never stop thinking about [the Troubles]. I've known guys and girls who have been perpetrators of violence and victims. Protestants and Catholics. It's part of my DNA.\" At age nine, Neeson began boxing lessons at the All Saints Youth Club, and went on to win a number of regional titles before quitting at 17. He acted in school productions during his teens. His interest in acting and decision to become an actor were also influenced by Ian Paisley, founder of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), into whose Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster he sneaked. He said, \"[Paisley"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": "] had a magnificent presence and it was incredible to watch him just Bible-thumping away... it was acting, but it was also great acting and stirring too.\" In 1971, he joined a physics and computer science course at Queen's University Belfast before leaving to work for the Guinness Brewery. At Queen's, he discovered a talent for football and was spotted by Seán Thomas at Bohemian FC. There was a club trial in Dublin and Neeson played one game as a substitute against Shamrock Rovers FC, but was not offered a contract.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:1976–1993: Early career. After leaving university, Neeson returned to Ballymena, where he worked in a variety of casual jobs, such as a forklift operator at Guinness and a lorry driver. He also attended teacher training college for two years in Newcastle upon Tyne before again returning to his hometown. In 1976, he joined the Lyric Players' Theatre in Belfast, where he performed for two years. He got his first film experience in 1977, playing Jesus Christ and The Evangelist in the religious film \"Pilgrim's Progress\" (1978). He moved to Dublin in 1978 when he was offered a part in Ron Hutchinson's \"S"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": "ays I, Says He\", a drama about The Troubles, at the Project Arts Centre. He acted in several other Project productions and joined the Abbey Theatre (the National Theatre of Ireland). In 1980, he performed with Stephen Rea, Ray McAnally and Mick Lally, playing Doalty in Brian Friel's play \"Translations\", the first production of Friel's and Rea's Field Day Theatre Company, first presented in the Guildhall in Derry on 23 September 1980. In 1980, filmmaker John Boorman saw him on stage as Lennie Small in \"Of Mice and Men\" and offered him the role of Sir Gawain in the Arthurian film \"Excalibur\". After the role, Neeson moved to London, where he continued working on stage, and in small-budget films and television. He lived with actress Helen Mirren, whom he met working on \"Excalibur\". Between 1982 and 1987, he starred in five films, most notably with Mel Gibson and Anthony Hopkins in 1984's \"The Bounty\" and Robert De Niro and Jeremy Irons in 1986's \"The Mission\". Neeson guest-starred in the third season of the television series \"Miami Vice\" in 1986, and moved to Hollywood the"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": " next year to take higher-profile roles. He starred with Cher and Dennis Quaid in \"Suspect\", which brought him critical acclaim. In 1988, he starred with Clint Eastwood in the fifth Dirty Harry film, \"The Dead Pool\", as Peter Swan, a horror film director. In 1990, he had a starring role in Sam Raimi's \"Darkman\". Although the film was successful, Neeson's subsequent years did not bring him the same recognition. In 1993, he joined \"Ellis Island\" co-star and future wife Natasha Richardson in the Broadway play \"Anna Christie\". They also worked together in \"Nell\", released the following year.</s><s>Career.:1993–2000: Rise to prominence. Steven Spielberg offered Neeson the role of Oskar Schindler in his holocaust film \"Schindler's List\" after seeing him in \"Anna Christie\" on Broadway. Kevin Costner, Mel Gibson and Warren Beatty all expressed interest in the part (Beatty even auditioned), but Neeson was cast in December 1992 after auditioning for the role. He read the Keneally book and concluded that his character \"enjoyed fookin' with the Nazis. In Keneally's book"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": ", it says he was regarded as a kind of a buffoon by them... if the Nazis were New Yorkers, he was from Arkansas. They don't quite take him seriously, and he used that to full effect.\" His critically acclaimed performance earned him a nomination for a Best Actor Oscar, and helped the film earn Best Picture of 1993. He also received BAFTA and Golden Globes nominations for the performance. He soon became an in-demand leading actor. He starred in the subsequent period pieces \"Rob Roy\" (1995) and \"Michael Collins\" (1996), the latter earning him Best Starring Role at the Venice Film Festival and another Golden Globe nomination. He starred as Jean Valjean in the 1998 adaptation of Victor Hugo's \"Les Misérables\", and in \"The Haunting\" (1999) as Dr. David Marrow. In 1999, Neeson starred as Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn in \"\". Director George Lucas cast Neeson because he considered him a \"master actor, who the other actors will look up to, who has got the qualities of strength that the character demands.\" As the first \"Star Wars\" film to be released in 16 years, it was surrounded by media anticipation. Neeson's connection to \""
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": "Star Wars\" started in the Crown Bar, Belfast. He told Ricki Lake, \"I probably wouldn't have taken the role if it wasn't for the advice of Peter King in the Crown during a Lyric reunion.\" Despite mixed reviews from critics and fans, \"The Phantom Menace\" was an enormous box-office success and remained the most financially successful \"Star Wars\" film (unadjusted for inflation) until \"\" (2015). Neeson's performance as Qui-Gon received positive reviews and a Saturn Award nomination. A stock recording of his voice from \"The Phantom Menace\" can be heard during a scene in \"\" (2002). Neeson was later reported to be appearing in \"\" (2005), but ultimately did not. In the animated television series \"\" (2008–20), he voiced Qui-Gon in two episodes of the third season and one episode of the sixth season, and he also made a voice cameo as Qui-Gon in \"\" (2019). Neeson appeared as Qui-Gon in the final episode of \"Obi-Wan Kenobi\" (2022), appearing as a force ghost to Obi-Wan, in an uncredited cameo, marking his first live-action portrayal of Qui-G"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": "on since \"The Phantom Menace.\" He later voiced Qui-Gon again for an episode of the animated \"Star Wars: Tales of the Jedi\" (2022).</s><s>Career.:2001–2007: Mainstream roles. Neeson narrated the 2001 documentaries \"Journey into Amazing Caves\", a short film about two scientists who travel around the world to search for material for potential cures; and \"The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Adventure\". The latter won awards at a number of film festivals including Best Documentary from both the Chicago Film Critics Association and the National Board of Review. After being nominated for a Tony Award for his role opposite Laura Linney in \"The Crucible\", Neeson appeared with Harrison Ford in Kathryn Bigelow's 2002 submarine thriller \"\" as Captain Mikhail Polenin. He was also on the cast of Martin Scorsese's \"Gangs of New York\" with Leonardo DiCaprio, Brendan Gleeson, Cameron Diaz and Daniel Day-Lewis, and played a recently widowed writer in Richard Curtis's ensemble comedy \"Love Actually\" (2003). His role as Alfred Kinsey in \"Kinsey\" again put Neeson up for nomination for a Golden Globe Award, but he lost to Leonardo DiCap"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": "rio for \"The Aviator\". In 2004, Neeson hosted an episode of the NBC sketch show \"Saturday Night Live\". He starred as a redneck trucker, Marlon Weaver, in an \"Appalachian Emergency Room\" sketch and as a hippie in a one-off sketch about two stoners (the other played by Amy Poehler) who attempt to borrow a police dog to find their lost stash of marijuana. Despite vowing not to play any Irish stereotypes, Neeson did play a stereotypically Irish man named Lorcan McArdle in the home makeover show parody \"You Call This A House, Do Ya?\" In 2005, Neeson played Godfrey of Ibelin in Ridley Scott's epic adventure \"Kingdom of Heaven\"; Ra's al Ghul, one of the main villains in \"Batman Begins\"; and Father Bernard in Neil Jordan's adaptation of Patrick McCabe's novel \"Breakfast on Pluto\". In \"The Simpsons\" episode \"The Father, the Son, and the Holy Guest Star\" (2005), he voiced the kindly priest who (briefly) converts Bart and Homer to Catholicism. That same year, he gave his voice to the lion Aslan in the blockbuster fantasy film \"\". In 2007,"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": " he starred in the American Civil War epic \"Seraphim Falls\". Neeson voiced the main character's father, James, in the video game \"Fallout 3\". Executive producer Todd Howard said, \"This role was written with Liam in mind, and provides the dramatic tone for the entire game\". \"Fallout 3\", the third game in the Fallout series, was extremely well received by critics and shipped 4.7 million copies by the end of 2008, the year it was released. In the director's commentary of the 2007 \"Transformers\" DVD, Michael Bay said he had told the animators to seek inspiration from Neeson in creating Optimus Prime's body language. Neeson appeared as Alistair Little in the BBC Northern Ireland/Big Fish Films television drama \"Five Minutes of Heaven\", which tells the true story of a young Protestant man convicted of murdering a Catholic boy during The Troubles.</s><s>Career.:2008–present: Later success. In 2008, Neeson starred in the action film \"Taken\", a French-produced film also starring Famke Janssen and Maggie Grace, based on a script by Luc Besson and Robert Mark Kamen and directed by Pierre Morel. Neeson plays a retired CIA operative"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": " from the elite Special Activities Division who sets about tracking down his teenage daughter after she is kidnapped. \"Taken\" was a worldwide box-office hit, grossing $223.9 million worldwide, making almost $200 million more than its production budget. Neeson has said in interviews that he believed that \"Taken\" had put some people off the idea of actually travelling to Europe. \"Taken\" brought Neeson back into the centre of the public eye and resulted in his being cast in many more big-budget Hollywood movies. That year he also narrated the documentary \"Black Holes: The Other Side of Infinity\" and again lent his voice to Aslan in \"\" (2008). He also provided a voice for Hayao Miyazaki's anime film \"Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea\", which received an August 2009 release. In 2010, Neeson played Zeus in the remake of the 1981 film, \"Clash of the Titans\". The film was a huge box-office hit, grossing $475 million worldwide. Neeson also starred in Atom Egoyan's erotic thriller \"Chloe\", theatrically released by Sony Pictures Classics on 26 March 2010. \"Chloe\" had enjoyed commercial success and became the"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": " Canadian director's biggest money maker ever. Later the same year, he played John \"Hannibal\" Smith in the spin-off movie from the television series \"The A-Team\". Neeson voiced Aslan once more in the sequel \" (2010)\". In 2011, Neeson starred in the action-thriller \"Unknown\", a German-British-American co-production of a French book filmed in Berlin in early 2010, and directed by Jaume Collet-Serra. This film led to a collaboration between Neeson and Collet-Serra on a series of similar action films including \"Non-Stop\" (2014), \"Run All Night\" (2015) and \"The Commuter\" (2018). Neeson reunited with Steven Spielberg with plans to star as Abraham Lincoln in the 2012 film \"Lincoln\", based on the book \"\" by Doris Kearns Goodwin. In preparation for the role, Neeson visited the District of Columbia and Springfield, Illinois, where Lincoln lived before being elected, and read Lincoln's personal letters. Neeson eventually declined the role, claiming he was \"past his sell date\" and had grown too old to play Lincoln. He was replaced by Daniel Day-Lewis (who in turn"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": " would win his third Academy Award for Best Actor). In 2010, Neeson made a guest-star appearance on the Showtime series \"The Big C\". In 2011, he played himself in BBC2's series \"Life's Too Short\". In late 2011, Neeson was cast to play the lead character, a journalist, in a new album recording and arena production of \"Jeff Wayne's War of the Worlds\". He replaced Richard Burton, who had posthumously appeared in the arena production through CGI animation. Neeson did not physically appear on the stage, instead playing the role through the use of 3D holography. In 2012, Neeson starred in Joe Carnahan's \"The Grey\". The film received mostly positive reviews and Neeson's performance received critical acclaim. He also starred in \"Taken 2\", a successful sequel to his 2008 blockbuster. That year, he once again appeared as Ra's al Ghul in a cameo appearance in \"The Dark Knight Rises\", the third and final film in Christopher Nolan's \"The Dark Knight Trilogy\". Dialogue from his role as Ra's al Ghul in \"Batman Begins\" was featured in the first trailer for the film. On 31 January 2014, it was reported that Neeson would work"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": " with director Martin Scorsese again in an adaptation of the novel \"Silence\". Neeson had a supporting role as the henchman Bad Cop/Good Cop in the animated film \"The Lego Movie\", which was a critical and commercial success. Neeson later played Bill Marks in the 2014 action film Non-Stop. The film was released on 28 February 2014. He also appeared, uncredited, as God in the BBC2 series \"Rev.\". Neeson stars in the 2014 film \"A Walk Among the Tombstones\", an adaption of the best-selling novel of the same name, in which he plays former cop Matthew Scudder, a detective hired to hunt the killers of a drug dealer's wife. During Super Bowl XLIX, Supercell did a \"Clash of Clans\" commercial with Neeson playing the game as \"AngryNeeson52\" and vowing revenge on his opponent \"BigBuffetBoy85\" while waiting for his scone at a bakery. The appearance was a parody of his role in \"Taken\". In 2016, Neeson narrated the RTÉ One three-part documentary on the Easter Rising, \"1916\". In 2016, he did the voice and motion capture for the"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": " Monster in the Spanish film \"A Monster Calls\". Following the success of the \"Taken\" films, Neeson has become increasingly known as a star of action thriller films. Besides his aforementioned action-thrillers made in collaboration with Collet-Serra, other recent action films starring Neeson have included \"The Grey\", \"A Walk Among the Tombstones\", \"Cold Pursuit\", \"Honest Thief\", \"The Marksman\", \"The Ice Road\", \"Blacklight\" and \"Memory\". Neeson has indicated a desire to retire from the action genre though the films have taken his acting career in a new direction.</s><s>Activism. Neeson opposes what he sees as the unrestricted right to own firearms in the U.S. and has made calls for gun control. In January 2015, he repeated his views, calling U.S. gun laws a \"disgrace\" in an interview with Emirati newspaper \"Gulf News\" when replying to a question about the \"Charlie Hebdo\" shootings earlier that month. In response, U.S gun manufacturer Para USA, which provided the prop weapons used by Neeson in the \"Taken\" film series, stated: \"We will no longer provide firearms for use in"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": " films starring Liam Neeson and ask that our friends and partners in Hollywood refrain from associating our brand and products with his projects.\" In 2014, Neeson protested against the anti-carriage horse campaign of New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio, who said he would outlaw horse-drawn carriages in Central Park once he took office. He wrote an opinion page published in \"The New York Times\" citing the carriage trade as a safe one for employees, horses, and tourists, and noted it was a livelihood for many immigrants. Neeson narrated a video for Amnesty International in favour of the legalisation of abortion in Ireland, which some conservative and pro-life commentators claimed was \"anti-Catholic\". Neeson was opposed to Brexit, stating in 2016 that it would be truly \"a shame to sacrifice all the progress that has been made by the peace process regarding border controls\". In September 2017, Neeson compared the U.S. presidency of Donald Trump to the Watergate scandal of Richard Nixon: \"Democracy works and no man—and certainly not the president—is above the law. He has to be accountable.\"</s><s>Personal life. Neeson lived with actress Helen Mirren during the early 1980s. They met while working on \"Ex"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": "calibur\" (1981). Interviewed by James Lipton for \"Inside the Actors Studio\", Neeson said Mirren was instrumental in him getting an agent. Neeson then met actress Natasha Richardson while performing in a revival of the play \"Anna Christie\" on Broadway in 1993. They were married on 3 July 1994 and had two sons together, Micheál (born in 1995) and Daniel (born in 1996). In October 1998, they won £50,000 ($85,370) in libel damages after the \"Daily Mirror\" wrongly claimed that their marriage was suffering. They donated the money to victims of the August 1998 Omagh bombing. In August 2004, they purchased an estate in Millbrook, New York. On 18 March 2009, Richardson died when she suffered a severe head injury in a skiing accident at the Mont Tremblant Resort, northwest of Montreal. Neeson donated her organs following her death. Neeson holds Irish, British, and American citizenship, having been naturalised as an American citizen in 2009. He primarily identifies as Irish. After taking up American citizenship, he was adamant he was not turning his back on his Irish roots. In 2009, nearly four decades after he was an undergraduate in physics and computer science at Queen"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": "'s University, Belfast, it awarded him an honorary doctorate, presented to him in New York by Vice-Chancellor Professor Peter Gregson. In March 2011, he was appointed a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF. He is a patron of Belfast-based charity and film festival CineMagic, which helps young people get involved in the movie industry. A heavy smoker earlier in his career, Neeson quit smoking in 2003 while working on \"Love Actually\". When he took the role of Hannibal for the 2010 film adaptation of \"The A-Team\", he had reservations about smoking cigars (a signature trait of the character), but agreed to do it for the film. In June 2012, Neeson's publicist denied reports that Neeson was converting to Islam. Neeson has expressed an affection for the \"adhan\", the Islamic call to prayer, that he grew accustomed to while filming \"Taken 2\" in Istanbul: \"By the third week, it was like I couldn't live without it. It really became hypnotic and very moving for me in a very special way. Very beautiful.\" He also expressed admiration for the \"Spiritual Exercises\" of Saint Ignatius of Loyola. Neeson's mother, Kitty"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": ", died in June 2020. He was unable to return to his hometown for her funeral due to travel restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.</s><s>Personal life.:Social views. Neeson was criticised for his comments on Ireland's \"Late Late Show\" in January 2018, during which he described the Me Too movement as a \"witch hunt\" and cited Garrison Keillor's dismissal from Minnesota Public Radio as an example. In February 2019, Neeson gained public and media controversy after a press junket interview he conducted with \"The Independent\" while promoting \"Cold Pursuit\", a film about a father seeking revenge for his son's murder. He said that he generated his character's \"primal\" anger by recounting an experience he had 40 years ago, in which a female friend of his had been raped by a stranger. After learning the attacker was a black man, Neeson said that he spent a week going \"up and down areas with a cosh, hoping some 'black bastard' would come out of a pub and have a go\" so that he \"could kill him\". In the interview, he also said he was ashamed of the experience and that the things he did and said were \"horrible\". He said, \""
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": "It's awful [...] but I did learn a lesson from it, when I eventually thought, 'What the fuck are you doing?'\" In an appearance on \"Good Morning America\", Neeson elaborated on his comments while denying being a racist, stating that he asked for physical attributes of the rapist other than his race and that he would have done the same if the rapist was \"a Scot or a Brit or a Lithuanian\". He also said that he had purposely gone into \"black areas of the city\" but that he \"did seek help\" and counselling from his friends and a priest after coming to his senses. He said that the lesson of his experience was \"to open up [and] to talk about these things\", including toxic masculinity and the underlying \"racism and bigotry\" in both the U.S. and Northern Ireland. The controversy following his comments led to cancellation of the red carpet event for the premiere of \"Cold Pursuit\". Neeson was publicly defended by Michelle Rodriguez, Whoopi Goldberg, John Barnes and Ralph Fiennes. He later appeared in the \"Atlanta\" episode \"New Jazz\" as a fictionalised version of himself, to examine the controversy.</s><s>Awards and honours. In 2000, Neeson was offered the \""
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": "Freedom of the Town of Ballymena\" by the Ballymena Borough Council, but because of objections made by members of the Democratic Unionist Party regarding his comments that he had felt like a \"second-class citizen\" growing up as a Catholic in the town, he declined the award, citing tensions. Following the controversy, Neeson wrote a letter to the council, stating; \"I will always remain very proud of my upbringing in, and association with, the town and my country of birth, which I will continue to promote at every opportunity. Indeed, I regard the enduring support over the years from all sections of the community in Ballymena as being more than sufficient recognition for any success which I may have achieved as an actor.\" Subsequently, on 28 January 2013, Neeson received the Freedom of the Borough from Ballymena Borough Council at a ceremony in the town. Neeson was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in her 2000 New Year Honours. The American Ireland Fund honoured Neeson with their Performing Arts Award for the great distinction he has brought to Ireland at their 2008 Dinner Gala in New York City. In 2009, at a ceremony in New York"
},
{
"title": "Liam Neeson",
"text": ", Neeson was awarded an honorary doctorate by Queen's University, Belfast. On 9 April 2016, he was honoured with the Outstanding Contribution to Cinema Award by the Irish Film and Television Academy (IFTA) at the Mansion House, Dublin, with Irish President Michael D. Higgins presenting the award. In 2017, Neeson was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 74 in the list of 200 Most Influential Philanthropists and Social Entrepreneurs Worldwide. In January 2018, he was awarded the Distinguished Service for the Irish Abroad Award by Irish President Michael D. Higgins, who described it as an award \"for Irish people abroad who are making a contribution to humanity\".</s><s>See also. - List of British Academy Award nominees and winners - List of Irish Academy Award winners and nominees - List of actors with Academy Award nominations</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Liam Neeson",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000405
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Rachel Weisz.
|
[
{
"title": "Rachel Weisz",
"text": "<s>Rachel Weisz Rachel Hannah Weisz (; born 7 March 1970) is a British-American actress, and the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, a Laurence Olivier Award, and a BAFTA Award. Weisz began acting in British stage and television productions in the early 1990s, and made her film debut in \"Death Machine\" (1994). She won a Critics' Circle Theatre Award for her role in the 1994 revival of Noël Coward's play \"Design for Living,\" and went on to appear in the 1999 Donmar Warehouse production of Tennessee Williams' drama \"Suddenly, Last Summer\". Her film breakthrough came with her starring role as Evelyn Carnahan in the Hollywood action films \"The Mummy\" (1999) and \"The Mummy Returns\" (2001). Weisz went on to star in several films of the 2000s, including \"Enemy at the Gates\" (2001), \"About a Boy\" (2002), \"Runaway Jury\" (2003), \"Constantine\" (2005), \"The Fountain\" (2006), \"Fred Claus\" (2007) and \"The Lovely Bones\" (2009). For her performance as an activist in the 2005 thriller \"The Constant Gardener\", she"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Weisz",
"text": " won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, and for playing Blanche DuBois in a 2009 revival of \"A Streetcar Named Desire\", she won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress. In the 2010s, Weisz continued to star in big-budget films such as the action film \"The Bourne Legacy\" (2012) and the fantasy film \"Oz the Great and Powerful\" (2013), and garnered critical acclaim for her performances in the independent films \"The Deep Blue Sea\" (2011), \"Denial\" (2016), and \"The Favourite\" (2018). For her portrayal of Sarah Churchill in the latter, she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and received a second Academy Award nomination. In 2021, Weisz played Melina Vostokoff in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film \"Black Widow\". Weisz was engaged to filmmaker Darren Aronofsky, with whom she has a son, from 2005 to 2010. She married actor Daniel Craig in 2011, with whom she has a daughter, and became a naturalised US citizen the same year.</s><s>Early life and family. Weisz was born on 7 March 1970 in Westminster, London, and grew up in Hampstead Garden"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Weisz",
"text": " Suburb. Her father, George Weisz (1929–2020), was a Hungarian Jewish mechanical engineer. Her mother, Edith Ruth (born Teich; 1932–2016), was a teacher-turned-psychotherapist originally from Vienna, Austria. Her parents both emigrated to the United Kingdom as children around 1938, prior to the outbreak of World War II, in order to escape the Nazis. Her maternal grandfather's ancestry was Austrian Jewish; her maternal grandmother's ancestry was Italian Roman Catholic. The scholar and social activist James Parkes helped her mother's family to leave Austria for England. Weisz's mother was raised in the Catholic church and formally converted to Judaism upon marrying Weisz's father. Weisz's maternal grandfather was Alexander Teich, a Jewish activist who had been a secretary of the World Union of Jewish Students. Her younger sister Minnie Weisz is a visual artist. Weisz's parents valued the arts; they also encouraged their children to form opinions of their own by engaging their participation in family debates. Weisz left North London Collegiate School and attended Benenden School for one year, completing A-levels at St Paul's Girls School. Known for being an \"English rose\", Weisz began modelling"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Weisz",
"text": " at the age of 14. In 1984, she gained public attention when she turned down an offer to star in \"King David\" with Richard Gere. Weisz went to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where she read English. She graduated with upper second-class honours. During her university years she was a contemporary of Sacha Baron Cohen, Alexander Armstrong, Emily Maitlis, Sue Perkins, Mel Giedroyc, Richard Osman and Ben Miller (whom she briefly dated), and appeared in various student dramatic productions, co-founding a student drama group called Cambridge Talking Tongues. The group won a \"Guardian\" Student Drama Award at the 1991 Edinburgh Festival Fringe for an improvised piece called \"Slight Possession\", directed by David Farr.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early work and breakthrough (1992–1998). In 1992, Weisz appeared in the television film \"Advocates II\", followed by roles in the \"Inspector Morse\" episode \"Twilight of the Gods\", and the BBC's steamy period drama \"Scarlet and Black\", alongside Ewan McGregor. \"Dirty Something\", a BBC Screen Two, hour-long television film made in 1992, was Weisz's first"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Weisz",
"text": " film, in which she played Becca, who met and fell in love with a traveller, Dog (Paul Reynolds), at the end of Glastonbury Festival. The opening scenes were filmed at the festival. Also starring as an older fellow traveller and sage was Larry (Bernard Hill). Weisz's breakthrough role on the stage was that of Gilda in Sean Mathias's 1994 revival of Noël Coward's \"Design for Living\" at the Gielgud Theatre, for which she received the London Critics' Circle Award for the most promising newcomer. Her portrayal was described as \"wonderful\" by a contemporary review. Weisz started her film career with a minor role in the 1994 film \"Death Machine\", but her first major role came in the 1996 film \"Chain Reaction\", which also starred Keanu Reeves and Morgan Freeman. While the film received mostly negative reviews–it holds a 16% rating on Rotten Tomatoes–it was a minor financial success. She next appeared as Miranda Fox in \"Stealing Beauty\", directed by Bernardo Bertolucci, where she was first labelled an \"English rose\". Following this, Weisz found roles in the 1997 American drama \"Swept from the Sea\", the 1998 British television comedy-"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Weisz",
"text": "drama \"My Summer with Des\", Michael Winterbottom's crime film \"I Want You\", and David Leland's \"The Land Girls\", based on Angela Huth's book of the same name.</s><s>Career.:International recognition and critical success (1999–2009). In 1999, Weisz played Greta in the historical film \"Sunshine\". The same year, her international breakthrough came with the 1999 adventure film \"The Mummy\", in which she played the female lead opposite Brendan Fraser. Her character, Evelyn Carnahan, is an English Egyptologist, who undertakes an expedition to the fictional ancient Egyptian city of Hamunaptra to discover an ancient book. \"Variety\" criticised the direction of the film, writing: \"(the actors) have been directed to broad, undisciplined performances [...] Buffoonery hardly seems like Weisz's natural domain, as the actress strains for comic effects that she can't achieve\". She followed this up with the sequel \"The Mummy Returns\" in 2001, which grossed an estimated $433 million worldwide, (equivalent to $ million in dollars) higher than the original's $260 million (equal to $ million in dollars). Also in 1999, she played the role of Catherine in the Don"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Weisz",
"text": "mar Warehouse production of Tennessee Williams' \"Suddenly Last Summer\", \"What's on Stage\" called her \"captivating\", stating that she brought \"a degree of credibility to a difficult part\". The same year, Weisz appeared in Neil LaBute's \"The Shape of Things\" at the Almeida Theatre, then temporarily located in London's King's Cross, for which she received a Theatre World Award. CurtainUp called her \"a sophisticated, independent artist\" with \"great stage presence\". In 2000, she portrayed Petula in the film \"Beautiful Creatures\", following this up with 2001's \"Enemy at the Gates\", and the 2002 comedy-drama \"About a Boy\", with Hugh Grant, based on Nick Hornby's 1998 novel. In 2003, she played Marlee in the adaptation of John Grisham's legal thriller novel \"The Runaway Jury\", along with Dustin Hoffman, John Cusack, and Gene Hackman; and starred in the film adaptation of the romantic comedy-drama play \"The Shape of Things\". In 2004, Weisz appeared in the comedy \"Envy\", opposite Ben Stiller, Jack Black, and Christopher Walken. The film failed at the box office. \"Variety\" opined"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Weisz",
"text": " that Weisz and co-star Amy Poehler \"get fewer choice moments than they deserve.\" Her next role was alongside Keanu Reeves in \"Constantine\", based on the comic book \"Hellblazer\". \"Film Threat\" called her portrayal \"effective at projecting scepticism and, eventually, dawning horror\". Her next appearance, in 2005, was in Fernando Meirelles's \"The Constant Gardener\", a film adaptation of a John le Carré thriller set in the slums of Kibera and Loiyangalani, Kenya. Weisz played an activist, Tessa Quayle, married to a British embassy official. The film was critically acclaimed, earning Weisz the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress, and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role. UK newspaper \"The Guardian\" noted that the film \"established her in the front rank of British actors\", while the BBC wrote: \"Weisz is exceptional: film star charisma coupled with raw emotion in a performance to fall in love with\". In 2006, she received the BAFTA Britannia Award for British Artist of the Year. In 2006, Weisz starred in"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Weisz",
"text": " Darren Aronofsky's romantic drama \"The Fountain\". The \"San Francisco Chronicle\" found her portrayal of Queen Isabel \"less convincing\" than other roles. That same year, she provided the voice for Saphira the dragon in the fantasy film \"Eragon\"; and rejected an offer to star in \"\" due to script issues. The part eventually went to Maria Bello. Her subsequent films include the 2007 Wong Kar-wai drama \"My Blueberry Nights\", and Rian Johnson's 2008 caper film \"The Brothers Bloom\", alongside Adrien Brody and Mark Ruffalo. In 2009, she played the lead role of Hypatia of Alexandria in the historical drama film \"Agora\", a Spanish production directed by Alejandro Amenábar. \"The New York Times\" called her portrayal \"adept\", noting that she imparted \"a sympathetic presence\". That same year, she appeared as Blanche DuBois, in Rob Ashford's revival of the play \"A Streetcar Named Desire\". Her performance in the play was praised by the critics, the \"Daily Telegraph\" noted that she \"rises to the challenge magnificently\".</s><s>Career.:Established actress and further acclaim (2010–present). Weisz starred in the film \""
},
{
"title": "Rachel Weisz",
"text": "The Whistleblower\", which debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2010. The film was based on the true story of human trafficking by employees of contractor DynCorp. During its première, the intense depiction of the treatment meted out to victims by the kidnappers made a woman in the audience faint. \"Variety magazine\" wrote \"Weisz's performance holds the viewer every step of the way.\" That same year, she guest-starred in the animated series \"The Simpsons\", in the 22nd season episode \"How Munched is That Birdie in the Window?\". Weisz's 2011 roles included an adaptation of Terence Rattigan's play \"The Deep Blue Sea\", Fernando Meirelles' psychosexual drama \"360\" opposite Jude Law again and Anthony Hopkins, the BBC espionage thriller \"Page Eight\", and the thriller film \"Dream House\", alongside Daniel Craig. She filmed scenes for \"To the Wonder\", a 2012 romantic drama film written and directed by Terrence Malick, alongside Ben Affleck, Olga Kurylenko, Javier Bardem, and Rachel McAdams; her scenes were cut. She has also starred in the 2012 action thriller film \"The Bourne Legacy\" based on the series of books by Robert Lud"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Weisz",
"text": "lum. In 2013, Weisz starred on Broadway alongside her husband, Daniel Craig, in a revival of Harold Pinter's \"Betrayal\". It opened 27 October 2013, and closed 5 January 2014. Despite mixed reviews, box office receipts of $17.5 million made it the second highest grossing Broadway play of 2013. That same year, Weisz played Evanora in the fantasy film \"Oz the Great and Powerful\". In 2015, she appeared in drama film \"Youth\" and in science fiction film \"The Lobster\". The film won Cannes Jury Prize. In 2016, she appeared in the drama film \"The Light Between Oceans\", with Michael Fassbender and Alicia Vikander, and portrayed Holocaust historian Deborah Lipstadt in \"Denial\", a film based on Lipstadt's book, and directed by Mick Jackson. In 2017 Weisz starred in \"My Cousin Rachel\", a drama based on Daphne du Maurier's novel, and in 2018 co-starred in a British biographical film about sailor Donald Crowhurst, \"The Mercy\", directed by James Marsh. Weisz's production company, LC6 Productions, released its first feature film, \"Disobedience\", in 2017, starring Weisz"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Weisz",
"text": " and Rachel McAdams. Weisz grew up three underground stops away from where the film is set in London. Raised Jewish, she never fully connected to the faith. She claims she was \"really disobedient\" herself, and has never felt she fits in anywhere. In 2018, Weisz played Sarah Churchill in \"The Favourite\", winning the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and receiving her second nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. In April 2019, she entered talks to join Scarlett Johansson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film \"Black Widow\". In July of that year, Weisz was announced to play Melina Vostokoff in the film, which was released on 9 July 2021.</s><s>Career.:Established actress and further acclaim (2010–present).:Upcoming projects. Weisz will next star and executive produce \"Dead Ringers\" a remake of the 1988 film of the same name for Amazon Prime Video. She is also set to portray actress Elizabeth Taylor in the biographical drama \"A Special Relationship\", though the film remains in development. The film will chronicle Taylor's life and career from actress to activist. It is set to be directed by Bert and Bertie, and produced"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Weisz",
"text": " by See-Saw Films, with a script written by Simon Beaufoy. She is attached to star alongside Colin Farrell in \"Love Child\", directed by Todd Solondz. She is also set to star in a new film adaptation of \"Seance on a Wet Afternoon\", based on the 1961 suspense novel of the same name by Mark McShane and directed by Tomas Alfredson.</s><s>Personal life. In the summer of 2001, Weisz began dating American filmmaker and producer Darren Aronofsky. They met backstage at London's Almeida Theatre, where she was starring in \"The Shape of Things\". Weisz moved to New York with Aronofsky the following year; in 2005, they were engaged. Their son was born in May 2006 in New York City. The couple resided in the East Village in Manhattan. In November 2010, Weisz and Aronofsky announced that they had been apart for months, but remained close friends and were committed to bringing up their son together in New York. Weisz and actor Daniel Craig had been friends for many years, and worked together on the film \"Dream House\". They began dating in December 2010 and they married on 22 June 2011 in a private New York ceremony, with"
},
{
"title": "Rachel Weisz",
"text": " four guests in attendance, including Weisz's son and Craig's daughter. On 1 September 2018, it was reported that they had their first child together, a daughter. Throughout her career, Weisz has been featured on the covers of magazines, such as \"Vogue\". She served as a muse to fashion designer Narciso Rodriguez, and was named L'Oréal's global ambassador in 2010. Weisz learned karate for her role in \"Brothers Bloom\". A British citizen by birth, Weisz became a naturalized US citizen in 2011.</s><s>See also. - List of British Academy Award nominees and winners - List of Jewish Academy Award winners and nominees - List of actors with Academy Award nominations - List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Rachel Weisz",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000406
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Sage Stallone.
|
[
{
"title": "Sage Stallone",
"text": "<s>Sage Stallone Sage Moonblood Stallone (May 5, 1976 – July 13, 2012) was an American actor. He was the eldest child of actor Sylvester Stallone.</s><s>Early life. Sage Stallone was born in Los Angeles, California, the elder son and first child of Sasha Czack and actor Sylvester Stallone. He was the brother of Seargeoh \"Seth\" Stallone, and half-brother of Sophia, Sistine, and Scarlet Stallone. He was the nephew of actor and singer Frank Stallone, and grandson of Jackie Stallone. His stepmother was model and entrepreneur Jennifer Flavin. Stallone graduated from Montclair College Preparatory School in Van Nuys, California, in 1993, and then studied filmmaking for a year at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts.</s><s>Career. As a child, Stallone made a guest appearance on \"Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling\", a series that was promoted by his grandmother, Jackie Stallone. Stallone made his acting debut alongside his father Sylvester Stallone in \"Rocky V\" (1990), the fifth installment of the \"Rocky\" franchise, playing Robert Balboa Jr., the onscreen son of his father"
},
{
"title": "Sage Stallone",
"text": "'s title character. He also appeared with his father in \"Daylight\" (1996). In 1996, Stallone and film editor Bob Murawski co-founded Grindhouse Releasing, a Los Angeles-based company dedicated to the restoration and preservation of exploitation films such as \"Cannibal Holocaust\" and \"Gone with the Pope\". In 2006, he did not reprise his \"Rocky\" role in \"Rocky Balboa\" because he was working on his own film, \"Vic\", his directorial debut. He also wrote and produced the film, which won the \"Best New Filmmaker\" award at the 2006 Boston Film Festival. His last projects were appearances in Vincent Gallo's last two films, \"Promises Written in Water\" and \"The Agent\". Both films were shown in main competition at the 2010 Venice Film Festival and in the Toronto International Film Festival. A photograph of Stallone as a young child beside his father appears in the 2015 \"Creed\", where it is stated that his character, Robert Balboa Jr., has since moved away to Vancouver.</s><s>Death. Stallone was found dead on July 13, 2012, at his home in Studio City, Los Angeles. According to reports, he had not been heard from"
},
{
"title": "Sage Stallone",
"text": " for four days prior to his death. An autopsy by the Los Angeles coroner and toxicology tests determined that Stallone died of coronary artery disease caused by atherosclerosis, with no drugs detected other than an over-the-counter pain remedy. At the time of his death, Stallone was reportedly engaged. Stallone's funeral was held on July 21 at St. Martin of Tours Catholic Church in Los Angeles. He is interred at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Sage Stallone",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000407
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Alfred Hitchcock.
|
[
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": "<s>Alfred Hitchcock Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an English filmmaker. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of cinema. In a career spanning six decades, he directed over 50 feature films, many of which are still widely watched and studied today. Known as the \"Master of Suspense\", he became as well known as any of his actors thanks to his many interviews, his cameo roles in most of his films, and his hosting and producing the television anthology \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" (1955–65). His films garnered 46 Academy Award nominations, including six wins, although he never won the award for Best Director despite five nominations. Hitchcock initially trained as a technical clerk and copywriter before entering the film industry in 1919 as a title card designer. His directorial debut was the British-German silent film \"The Pleasure Garden\" (1925). His first successful film, \"\" (1927), helped to shape the thriller genre, and \"Blackmail\" (1929) was the first British \"\". His thrillers \"The 39 Steps\" (1935) and \"The Lady Vanishes\" (1938) are ranked among the greatest British films of the 20th"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " century. By 1939, he had international recognition and producer David O. Selznick persuaded him to move to Hollywood. A string of successful films followed, including \"Rebecca\" (1940), \"Foreign Correspondent\" (1940), \"Suspicion\" (1941), \"Shadow of a Doubt\" (1943), and \"Notorious\" (1946). \"Rebecca\" won the Academy Award for Best Picture, with Hitchcock nominated as Best Director; he was also nominated for \"Lifeboat\" (1944) and \"Spellbound\" (1945). After a brief commercial lull, he returned to form with \"Strangers on a Train\" (1951) and \"Dial M for Murder\" (1954); he then went on to direct four films often ranked among the greatest of all time: \"Rear Window\" (1954), \"Vertigo\" (1958), \"North by Northwest\" (1959) and \"Psycho\" (1960), the first and last of these garnering him Best Director nominations. \"The Birds\" (1963) and \"Marnie\" (1964) were also financially successful and are highly regarded by film historians. The \"Hitchcockian\" style includes the use of editing and"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " camera movement to mimic a person's gaze, thereby turning viewers into voyeurs, and framing shots to maximise anxiety and fear. The film critic Robin Wood wrote that the meaning of a Hitchcock film \"is there in the method, in the progression from shot to shot. A Hitchcock film is an organism, with the whole implied in every detail and every detail related to the whole.\" Hitchcock made multiple films with some of the biggest stars in Hollywood, including four with Cary Grant in the 1940s and 1950s, three with Ingrid Bergman in the second half of the 1940s, four with James Stewart over a decade commencing in 1948, and three consecutive with Grace Kelly in the mid-1950s. Hitchcock became an American citizen in 1955. In 2012, Hitchcock's psychological thriller \"Vertigo\", starring Stewart, displaced Orson Welles' \"Citizen Kane\" (1941) as the British Film Institute's greatest film ever made based on its world-wide poll of hundreds of film critics., nine of his films had been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, including his personal favourite, \"Shadow of a Doubt\" (1943). He received the BAFTA Fellowship in 1971, the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1979, and"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " was knighted in December of that year, four months before his death on 29 April 1980.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Early life: 1899–1919.</s><s>Biography.:Early life: 1899–1919.:Early childhood and education. Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was born on 13 August 1899 in the flat above his parents' leased greengrocer's shop at 517 High Road, Leytonstone, on the outskirts of east London (then part of Essex), the youngest of three children of Emma Jane (; 1863–1942) and William Edgar Hitchcock (1862–1914), with a brother, William Daniel (1890–1943), and a sister, Ellen Kathleen (\"Nellie\") (1892–1979). His parents were both Roman Catholics, with partial roots in Ireland; His father was a greengrocer, as his grandfather had been. There was a large extended family, including uncle John Hitchcock with his five-bedroom Victorian house on Campion Road, Putney, complete with maid, cook, chauffeur and gardener. Every summer, his uncle rented a seaside house for the family in Cliftonville, Kent. Hitchcock said that he first became class-conscious there, noticing the differences"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " between tourists and locals. Describing himself as a well-behaved boy—his father called him his \"little lamb without a spot\"—Hitchcock said he could not remember ever having had a playmate. One of his favourite stories for interviewers was about his father sending him to the local police station with a note when he was five; the policeman looked at the note and locked him in a cell for a few minutes, saying, \"This is what we do to naughty boys.\" The experience left him, he said, with a lifelong fear of policemen; in 1973 he told Tom Snyder that he was \"scared stiff of anything ... to do with the law\" and wouldn't even drive a car in case he got a parking ticket.For the police story: ; ; Cavett, Dick (8 June 1972). \"Interview with Alfred Hitchcock\", \"The Dick Cavett Show\", ABC, 00:06:52. For the Snyder interview: Snyder, Tom (1973). \"Alfred Hitchcock interview\", \"Tomorrow\", NBC, 00:01:55. When he was six, the family moved to Limehouse and leased two stores at 130 and 175 Salmon Lane, which they ran as a fish-and-chips shop and fishmongers"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": "' respectively; they lived above the former. Hitchcock attended his first school, the Howrah House Convent in Poplar, which he entered in 1907, at age 7. According to biographer Patrick McGilligan, he stayed at Howrah House for at most two years. He also attended a convent school, the Wode Street School \"for the daughters of gentlemen and little boys\", run by the Faithful Companions of Jesus. He then attended a primary school near his home and was for a short time a boarder at Salesian College in Battersea. The family moved again when he was 11, this time to Stepney, and on 5 October 1910 Hitchcock was sent to St Ignatius College in Stamford Hill, Tottenham (incorporated into the new London Borough of Haringey), a Jesuit grammar school with a reputation for discipline. As corporal punishment the priests used a flat, hard, springy tool/weapon made of gutta-percha and known as a \"ferula\", which struck the whole palm; punishment was always at the end of the day, so the boys had to sit through classes anticipating the punishment if they had been written up for it. He later said that this is where he developed his sense of fear. The school register"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " lists his year of birth as 1900 rather than 1899; biographer Donald Spoto says he was deliberately enrolled as a 10-year-old because he was a year behind with his schooling. While biographer Gene Adair reports that Hitchcock was \"an average, or slightly above-average, pupil\", Hitchcock said that he was \"usually among the four or five at the top of the class\"; at the end of his first year, his work in Latin, English, French and religious education was noted. He told Peter Bogdanovich: \"The Jesuits taught me organisation, control and, to some degree, analysis.\" His favourite subject was geography, and he became interested in maps, and railway, tram and bus timetables; according to John Russell Taylor, he could recite all the stops on the Orient Express. He also had a particular interest in London trams. An overwhelming majority of his films include rail or tram scenes, in particular \"The Lady Vanishes\", \"Strangers on a Train\" and \"Number Seventeen\". A clapperboard shows the number of the scene and the number of takes, and Hitchcock would often take the two numbers on the clapperboard and whisper the London tram route names. For example, if the clapperboard showed Scene 23"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": "; Take 3; Hitchcock would whisper \"Woodford, Hampstead\" – Woodford being the terminus of the route 23 tram, and Hampstead the end of route 3.</s><s>Biography.:Early life: 1899–1919.:Henley's. Hitchcock told his parents that he wanted to be an engineer, and on 25 July 1913, he left St Ignatius and enrolled in night classes at the London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation in Poplar. In a book-length interview in 1962, he told François Truffaut that he had studied \"mechanics, electricity, acoustics, and navigation\". Then on 12 December 1914 his father, who had been suffering from emphysema and kidney disease, died at the age of 52. To support himself and his mother—his older siblings had left home by then—Hitchcock took a job, for 15 shillings a week (£ in ), as a technical clerk at the Henley Telegraph and Cable Company in Blomfield Street near London Wall. He continued night classes, this time in art history, painting, economics, and political science. His older brother ran the family shops, while he and his mother continued to live in Salmon Lane. Hitchcock was too young to enlist"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " when the First World War started in July 1914, and when he reached the required age of 18 in 1917, he received a C3 classification (\"free from serious organic disease, able to stand service conditions in garrisons at home ... only suitable for sedentary work\"). He joined a cadet regiment of the Royal Engineers and took part in theoretical briefings, weekend drills, and exercises. John Russell Taylor wrote that, in one session of practical exercises in Hyde Park, Hitchcock was required to wear puttees. He could never master wrapping them around his legs, and they repeatedly fell down around his ankles. After the war, Hitchcock took an interest in creative writing. In June 1919, he became a founding editor and business manager of Henley's in-house publication, \"The Henley Telegraph\" (sixpence a copy), to which he submitted several short stories. Henley's promoted him to the advertising department, where he wrote copy and drew graphics for electric cable advertisements. He enjoyed the job and would stay late at the office to examine the proofs; he told Truffaut that this was his \"first step toward cinema\". He enjoyed watching films, especially American cinema, and from the age of 16 read the trade papers; he watched Charlie Chaplin, D"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": ". W. Griffith and Buster Keaton, and particularly liked Fritz Lang's \"Der müde Tod\" (1921).</s><s>Biography.:Inter-war career: 1919–1939.</s><s>Biography.:Inter-war career: 1919–1939.:Famous Players-Lasky. While still at Henley's, he read in a trade paper that Famous Players-Lasky, the production arm of Paramount Pictures, was opening a studio in London. They were planning to film \"The Sorrows of Satan\" by Marie Corelli, so he produced some drawings for the title cards and sent his work to the studio. They hired him, and in 1919 he began working for Islington Studios in Poole Street, Hoxton, as a title-card designer. Donald Spoto wrote that most of the staff were Americans with strict job specifications, but the English workers were encouraged to try their hand at anything, which meant that Hitchcock gained experience as a co-writer, art director and production manager on at least 18 silent films. \"The Times\" wrote in February 1922 about the studio's \"special art title department under the supervision of Mr. A. J. Hitchcock\". His work included \"Number 13\" (1922"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": "), also known as \"Mrs. Peabody;\" it was cancelled because of financial problems—the few finished scenes are lost—and \"Always Tell Your Wife\" (1923), which he and Seymour Hicks finished together when Hicks was about to give up on it. Hicks wrote later about being helped by \"a fat youth who was in charge of the property room ... [n]one other than Alfred Hitchcock\".</s><s>Biography.:Inter-war career: 1919–1939.:Gainsborough Pictures and work in Germany. When Paramount pulled out of London in 1922, Hitchcock was hired as an assistant director by a new firm run in the same location by Michael Balcon, later known as Gainsborough Pictures. Hitchcock worked on \"Woman to Woman\" (1923) with the director Graham Cutts, designing the set, writing the script and producing. He said: \"It was the first film that I had really got my hands onto.\" The editor and \"script girl\" on \"Woman to Woman\" was Alma Reville, his future wife. He also worked as an assistant to Cutts on \"The White Shadow\" (1924), \"The Passionate Adventure\" (1924), \"The Blackguard\" (1925), and \"The"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " Prude's Fall\" (1925). \"The Blackguard\" was produced at the Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam, where Hitchcock watched part of the making of F. W. Murnau's \"The Last Laugh\" (1924). He was impressed with Murnau's work and later used many of his techniques for the set design in his own productions. In the summer of 1925, Balcon asked Hitchcock to direct \"The Pleasure Garden\" (1925), starring Virginia Valli, a co-production of Gainsborough and the German firm Emelka at the Geiselgasteig studio near Munich. Reville, by then Hitchcock's fiancée, was assistant director-editor. Although the film was a commercial flop, Balcon liked Hitchcock's work; a \"Daily Express\" headline called him the \"Young man with a master mind\". Production of \"The Pleasure Garden\" encountered obstacles which Hitchcock would later learn from: on arrival to Brenner Pass, he failed to declare his film stock to customs and it was confiscated; one actress could not enter the water for a scene because she was on her period; budget overruns meant that he had to borrow money from the actors. Hitchcock also needed a translator to give"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " instructions to the cast and crew. In Germany, Hitchcock observed the nuances of German cinema and filmmaking which had a big influence on him. When he was not working, he would visit Berlin's art galleries, concerts and museums. He would also meet with actors, writers, and producers to build connections. Balcon asked him to direct a second film in Munich, \"The Mountain Eagle\" (1926), based on an original story titled \"Fear o' God\". The film is lost, and Hitchcock called it \"a very bad movie\". A year later, Hitchcock wrote and directed \"The Ring\"; although the screenplay was credited solely to his name, Elliot Stannard assisted him with the writing. \"The Ring\" garnered positive reviews; the \"Bioscope\" magazine critic called it \"the most magnificent British film ever made\". When he returned to England, Hitchcock was one of the early members of the London Film Society, newly formed in 1925. Through the Society, he became fascinated by the work by Soviet filmmakers: Dziga Vertov, Lev Kuleshov, Sergei Eisenstein, and Vsevolod Pudovkin. He would also socialise with fellow English filmmakers Ivor Montagu and Adrian Brunel, and Walter C. Mycroft."
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " Hitchcock established himself as a name director with his first thriller, \"\" (1927). The film concerns the hunt for a Jack the Ripper-style serial killer who, wearing a black cloak and carrying a black bag, is murdering young blonde women in London, and only on Tuesdays. A landlady suspects that her lodger is the killer, but he turns out to be innocent. To convey the impression footsteps were being heard from an upper floor, Hitchcock had a glass floor made so that the viewer could see the lodger pacing up and down in his room above the landlady. Hitchcock had wanted the leading man to be guilty, or for the film at least to end ambiguously, but the star was Ivor Novello, a matinée idol, and the \"star system\" meant that Novello could not be the villain. Hitchcock told Truffaut: \"You have to clearly spell it out in big letters: 'He is innocent.'\" (He had the same problem years later with Cary Grant in \"Suspicion\" (1941).) Released in January 1927, \"The Lodger\" was a commercial and critical success in the UK. Upon its release the trade journal \"Bioscope\" wrote: \"It is"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " possible that this film is the finest British production ever made\". Hitchcock told Truffaut that the film was the first of his to be influenced by German Expressionism: \"In truth, you might almost say that \"The Lodger\" was my first picture.\" He made his first cameo appearance in the film, sitting in a newsroom.</s><s>Biography.:Inter-war career: 1919–1939.:Marriage. On 2 December 1926, Hitchcock married the English screenwriter Alma Reville at the Brompton Oratory in South Kensington. The couple honeymooned in Paris, Lake Como and St. Moritz, before returning to London to live in a leased flat on the top two floors of 153 Cromwell Road, Kensington. Reville, who was born just hours after Hitchcock, converted from Protestantism to Catholicism, apparently at the insistence of Hitchcock's mother; she was baptised on 31 May 1927 and confirmed at Westminster Cathedral by Cardinal Francis Bourne on 5 June. In 1928, when they learned that Reville was pregnant, the Hitchcocks purchased \"Winter's Grace\", a Tudor farmhouse set in 11 acres on Stroud Lane, Shamley Green, Surrey, for £2,500. Their daughter and only child, Patricia"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " Alma Hitchcock, was born on 7 July that year. Patricia died on 9 August 2021 at 93. Reville became her husband's closest collaborator; Charles Champlin wrote in 1982: \"The Hitchcock touch had four hands, and two were Alma's.\" When Hitchcock accepted the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1979, he said that he wanted to mention \"four people who have given me the most affection, appreciation and encouragement, and constant collaboration. The first of the four is a film editor, the second is a scriptwriter, the third is the mother of my daughter, Pat, and the fourth is as fine a cook as ever performed miracles in a domestic kitchen. And their names are Alma Reville.\" Reville wrote or co-wrote on many of Hitchcock's films, including \"Shadow of a Doubt\", \"Suspicion\" and \"The 39 Steps\".</s><s>Biography.:Inter-war career: 1919–1939.:Early sound films. Hitchcock began work on his tenth film, \"Blackmail\" (1929), when its production company, British International Pictures (BIP), converted its Elstree studios to sound. The film was the first British \"\"; this followed the rapid development of sound films in the United States, from the use of brief sound"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " segments in \"The Jazz Singer\" (1927) to the first full sound feature \"Lights of New York\" (1928). \"Blackmail\" began the Hitchcock tradition of using famous landmarks as a backdrop for suspense sequences, with the climax taking place on the dome of the British Museum. It also features one of his longest cameo appearances, which shows him being bothered by a small boy as he reads a book on the London Underground. In the PBS series \"The Men Who Made The Movies\", Hitchcock explained how he used early sound recording as a special element of the film, stressing the word \"knife\" in a conversation with the woman suspected of murder. During this period, Hitchcock directed segments for a BIP revue, \"Elstree Calling\" (1930), and directed a short film, \"An Elastic Affair\" (1930), featuring two \"Film Weekly\" scholarship winners. \"An Elastic Affair\" is one of the lost films. In 1933, Hitchcock signed a multi-film contract with Gaumont-British, once again working for Michael Balcon. His first film for the company, \"The Man Who Knew Too Much\" (1934), was a success; his second, \"The 39 Steps\" (1935),"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " was acclaimed in the UK and gained him recognition in the United States. It also established the quintessential English \"Hitchcock blonde\" (Madeleine Carroll) as the template for his succession of ice-cold, elegant leading ladies. Screenwriter Robert Towne remarked, \"It's not much of an exaggeration to say that all contemporary escapist entertainment begins with \"The 39 Steps\"\". This film was one of the first to introduce the \"MacGuffin\" plot device, a term coined by the English screenwriter Angus MacPhail. The MacGuffin is an item or goal the protagonist is pursuing, one that otherwise has no narrative value; in \"The 39 Steps\", the MacGuffin is a stolen set of design plans. Hitchcock released two spy thrillers in 1936. \"Sabotage\" was loosely based on Joseph Conrad's novel, \"The Secret Agent\" (1907), about a woman who discovers that her husband is a terrorist, and \"Secret Agent\", based on two stories in \"\" (1928) by W. Somerset Maugham. At this time, Hitchcock also became notorious for pranks against the cast and crew. These jokes ranged from simple and innocent to crazy and maniacal. For instance, he hosted a"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " dinner party where he dyed all the food blue because he claimed there weren't enough blue foods. He also had a horse delivered to the dressing room of his friend, actor Gerald du Maurier. Hitchcock followed up with \"Young and Innocent\" in 1937, a crime thriller based on the 1936 novel \"A Shilling for Candles\" by Josephine Tey. Starring Nova Pilbeam and Derrick De Marney, the film was relatively enjoyable for the cast and crew to make. To meet distribution purposes in America, the film's runtime was cut and this included removal of one of Hitchcock's favourite scenes: a children's tea party which becomes menacing to the protagonists. Hitchcock's next major success was \"The Lady Vanishes\" (1938), \"one of the greatest train movies from the genre's golden era\", according to Philip French, in which Miss Froy (May Whitty), a British spy posing as a governess, disappears on a train journey through the fictional European country of Bandrika. The film saw Hitchcock receive the 1938 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director. Benjamin Crisler of the \"New York Times\" wrote in June 1938: \"Three unique and valuable institutions the British have that we in America have not: Magna Carta, the"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " Tower Bridge and Alfred Hitchcock, the greatest director of screen melodramas in the world.\" The film was based on the novel \"The Wheel Spins\" (1936) written by Ethel Lina White. By 1938 Hitchcock was aware that he had reached his peak in Britain. He had received numerous offers from producers in the United States, but he turned them all down because he disliked the contractual obligations or thought the projects were repellent. However, producer David O. Selznick offered him a concrete proposal to make a film based on the sinking of, which was eventually shelved, but Selznick persuaded Hitchcock to come to Hollywood. In July 1938, Hitchcock flew to New York, and found that he was already a celebrity; he was featured in magazines and gave interviews to radio stations. In Hollywood, Hitchcock met Selznick for the first time. Selznick offered him a four-film contract, approximately $40,000 for each picture ().</s><s>Biography.:Early Hollywood years: 1939–1945.</s><s>Biography.:Early Hollywood years: 1939–1945.:Selznick contract. Selznick signed Hitchcock to a seven-year contract beginning in April 1939, and the Hitchcocks moved to Hollywood. The Hitchcocks"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " lived in a spacious flat on Wilshire Boulevard, and slowly acclimatised themselves to the Los Angeles area. He and his wife Alma kept a low profile, and were not interested in attending parties or being celebrities. Hitchcock discovered his taste for fine food in West Hollywood, but still carried on his way of life from England. He was impressed with Hollywood's filmmaking culture, expansive budgets and efficiency, compared to the limits that he had often faced in Britain. In June that year, \"Life\" magazine called him the \"greatest master of melodrama in screen history\". Although Hitchcock and Selznick respected each other, their working arrangements were sometimes difficult. Selznick suffered from constant financial problems, and Hitchcock was often unhappy about Selznick's creative control and interference over his films. Selznick was also displeased with Hitchcock's method of shooting just what was in the script, and nothing more, which meant that the film could not be cut and remade differently at a later time. As well as complaining about Hitchcock's \"goddamn jigsaw cutting\", their personalities were mismatched: Hitchcock was reserved whereas Selznick was flamboyant. Eventually, Selznick generously lent Hitchcock to the larger film studios. Selznick made only a"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " few films each year, as did fellow independent producer Samuel Goldwyn, so he did not always have projects for Hitchcock to direct. Goldwyn had also negotiated with Hitchcock on a possible contract, only to be outbid by Selznick. In a later interview, Hitchcock said: \"[Selznick] was the Big Producer. ... Producer was king. The most flattering thing Mr. Selznick ever said about me—and it shows you the amount of control—he said I was the 'only director' he'd 'trust with a film'.\" Hitchcock approached American cinema cautiously; his first American film was set in England in which the \"Americanness\" of the characters was incidental: \"Rebecca\" (1940) was set in a Hollywood version of England's Cornwall and based on a novel by English novelist Daphne du Maurier. Selznick insisted on a faithful adaptation of the book, and disagreed with Hitchcock with the use of humour. The film, starring Laurence Olivier and Joan Fontaine, concerns an unnamed naïve young woman who marries a widowed aristocrat. She lives in his large English country house, and struggles with the lingering reputation of his elegant and worldly first wife Rebecca, who died under mysterious circumstances. The film won Best Picture"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " at the 13th Academy Awards; the statuette was given to producer Selznick. Hitchcock received his first nomination for Best Director, his first of five such nominations. Hitchcock's second American film was the thriller \"Foreign Correspondent\" (1940), set in Europe, based on Vincent Sheean's book \"Personal History\" (1935) and produced by Walter Wanger. It was nominated for Best Picture that year. Hitchcock felt uneasy living and working in Hollywood while Britain was at war; his concern resulted in a film that overtly supported the British war effort. Filmed in 1939, it was inspired by the rapidly changing events in Europe, as covered by an American newspaper reporter played by Joel McCrea. By mixing footage of European scenes with scenes filmed on a Hollywood backlot, the film avoided direct references to Nazism, Nazi Germany, and Germans, to comply with the Motion Picture Production Code at the time.</s><s>Biography.:Early Hollywood years: 1939–1945.:Early war years. In September 1940 the Hitchcocks bought the Cornwall Ranch near Scotts Valley, California, in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Their primary residence was an English-style home in Bel Air, purchased in 1942. Hitchcock's films were diverse during this period, ranging from the"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " romantic comedy \"Mr. & Mrs. Smith\" (1941) to the bleak film noir \"Shadow of a Doubt\" (1943). \"Suspicion\" (1941) marked Hitchcock's first film as a producer and director. It is set in England; Hitchcock used the north coast of Santa Cruz for the English coastline sequence. The film is the first of four in which Cary Grant was cast by Hitchcock, and it is one of the rare occasions that Grant plays a sinister character. Grant plays Johnnie Aysgarth, an English conman whose actions raise suspicion and anxiety in his shy young English wife, Lina McLaidlaw (Joan Fontaine). In one scene, Hitchcock placed a light inside a glass of milk, perhaps poisoned, that Grant is bringing to his wife; the light ensures that the audience's attention is on the glass. Grant's character is actually a killer, as per written in the book, \"Before the Fact\" by Francis Iles, but the studio felt that Grant's image would be tarnished by that. Hitchcock therefore settled for an ambiguous finale, although he would have preferred to end with the wife's murder. Fontaine won Best Actress for her performance. \"Saboteur\" (1942)"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " is the first of two films that Hitchcock made for Universal Studios during the decade. Hitchcock was forced by Universal to use Universal contract player Robert Cummings and Priscilla Lane, a freelancer who signed a one-picture deal with the studio, both known for their work in comedies and light dramas. The story depicts a confrontation between a suspected saboteur (Cummings) and a real saboteur (Norman Lloyd) atop the Statue of Liberty. Hitchcock took a three-day tour of New York City to scout for \"Saboteur\"s filming locations. He also directed \"Have You Heard?\" (1942), a photographic dramatisation for \"Life\" magazine of the dangers of rumours during wartime. In 1943, he wrote a mystery story for \"Look\" magazine, \"The Murder of Monty Woolley\", a sequence of captioned photographs inviting the reader to find clues to the murderer's identity; Hitchcock cast the performers as themselves, such as Woolley, Doris Merrick, and make-up man Guy Pearce. Back in England, Hitchcock's mother Emma was severely ill; she died on 26 September 1942 at age 79. Hitchcock never spoke publicly about his mother, but his assistant said that he admired her. Four months later, on"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " 4 January 1943, his brother William died of an overdose at age 52. Hitchcock was not very close to William, but his death made Hitchcock conscious about his own eating and drinking habits. He was overweight and suffering from back aches. His New Year's resolution in 1943 was to take his diet seriously with the help of a physician. In January that year, \"Shadow of a Doubt\" was released, which Hitchcock had fond memories of making. In the film, Charlotte \"Charlie\" Newton (Teresa Wright) suspects her beloved uncle Charlie Oakley (Joseph Cotten) of being a serial killer. Hitchcock filmed extensively on location, this time in the Northern California city of Santa Rosa. At 20th Century Fox, Hitchcock approached John Steinbeck with an idea for a film, which recorded the experiences of the survivors of a German U-boat attack. Steinbeck began work on the script for what would become \"Lifeboat\" (1944). However, Steinbeck was unhappy with the film and asked that his name be removed from the credits, to no avail. The idea was rewritten as a short story by Harry Sylvester and published in \"Collier's\" in 1943. The action sequences were shot in a small boat in the studio water tank. The locale"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " posed problems for Hitchcock's traditional cameo appearance; it was solved by having Hitchcock's image appear in a newspaper that William Bendix is reading in the boat, showing the director in a before-and-after advertisement for \"Reduco-Obesity Slayer\". He told Truffaut in 1962: Hitchcock's typical dinner before his weight loss had been a roast chicken, boiled ham, potatoes, bread, vegetables, relishes, salad, dessert, a bottle of wine and some brandy. To lose weight, his diet consisted of black coffee for breakfast and lunch, and steak and salad for dinner, but it was hard to maintain; Donald Spoto wrote that his weight fluctuated considerably over the next 40 years. At the end of 1943, despite the weight loss, the Occidental Insurance Company of Los Angeles refused his application for life insurance.</s><s>Biography.:Early Hollywood years: 1939–1945.:Wartime non-fiction films. Hitchcock returned to the UK for an extended visit in late 1943 and early 1944. While there he made two short propaganda films, \"Bon Voyage\" (1944) and \"Aventure Malgache\" (1944), for the Ministry of Information. In June and July 1945, Hitchcock served as \"treatment advisor\""
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " on a Holocaust documentary that used Allied Forces footage of the liberation of Nazi concentration camps. The film was assembled in London and produced by Sidney Bernstein of the Ministry of Information, who brought Hitchcock (a friend of his) on board. It was originally intended to be broadcast to the Germans, but the British government deemed it too traumatic to be shown to a shocked post-war population. Instead, it was transferred in 1952 from the British War Office film vaults to London's Imperial War Museum and remained unreleased until 1985, when an edited version was broadcast as an episode of PBS \"Frontline\", under the title the Imperial War Museum had given it: \"Memory of the Camps\". The full-length version of the film, \"German Concentration Camps Factual Survey\", was restored in 2014 by scholars at the Imperial War Museum.</s><s>Biography.:Post-war Hollywood years: 1945–1953.</s><s>Biography.:Post-war Hollywood years: 1945–1953.:Later Selznick films. Hitchcock worked for David Selznick again when he directed \"Spellbound\" (1945), which explores psychoanalysis and features a dream sequence designed by Salvador Dalí. The dream sequence as it appears in the film is ten minutes shorter than was originally envisioned"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": "; Selznick edited it to make it \"play\" more effectively. Gregory Peck plays amnesiac Dr. Anthony Edwardes under the treatment of analyst Dr. Peterson (Ingrid Bergman), who falls in love with him while trying to unlock his repressed past. Two point-of-view shots were achieved by building a large wooden hand (which would appear to belong to the character whose point of view the camera took) and out-sized props for it to hold: a bucket-sized glass of milk and a large wooden gun. For added novelty and impact, the climactic gunshot was hand-coloured red on some copies of the black-and-white film. The original musical score by Miklós Rózsa makes use of the theremin, and some of it was later adapted by the composer into Rozsa's Piano Concerto Op. 31 (1967) for piano and orchestra. The spy film \"Notorious\" followed next in 1946. Hitchcock told François Truffaut that Selznick sold him, Ingrid Bergman, Cary Grant, and Ben Hecht's screenplay, to RKO Radio Pictures as a \"package\" for $500,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) because of cost overruns on"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " Selznick's \"Duel in the Sun\" (1946). \"Notorious\" stars Bergman and Grant, both Hitchcock collaborators, and features a plot about Nazis, uranium and South America. His prescient use of uranium as a plot device led to him being briefly placed under surveillance by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. According to Patrick McGilligan, in or around March 1945, Hitchcock and Hecht consulted Robert Millikan of the California Institute of Technology about the development of a uranium bomb. Selznick complained that the notion was \"science fiction\", only to be confronted by the news of the detonation of two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in August 1945.</s><s>Biography.:Post-war Hollywood years: 1945–1953.:Transatlantic Pictures. Hitchcock formed an independent production company, Transatlantic Pictures, with his friend Sidney Bernstein. He made two films with Transatlantic, one of which was his first colour film. With \"Rope\" (1948), Hitchcock experimented with marshalling suspense in a confined environment, as he had done earlier with \"Lifeboat\". The film appears as a very limited number of continuous shots, but it was actually shot in 10 ranging from to 10 minutes each; a 10-minute length of film was"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " the most that a camera's film magazine could hold at the time. Some transitions between reels were hidden by having a dark object fill the entire screen for a moment. Hitchcock used those points to hide the cut, and began the next take with the camera in the same place. The film features James Stewart in the leading role, and was the first of four films that Stewart made with Hitchcock. It was inspired by the Leopold and Loeb case of the 1920s. Critical response at the time was mixed. \"Under Capricorn\" (1949), set in 19th-century Australia, also uses the short-lived technique of long takes, but to a more limited extent. He again used Technicolor in this production, then returned to black-and-white for several years. Transatlantic Pictures became inactive after the last two films. Hitchcock filmed \"Stage Fright\" (1950) at Elstree Studios in England, where he had worked during his British International Pictures contract many years before. He paired one of Warner Bros.' most popular stars, Jane Wyman, with the expatriate German actor Marlene Dietrich and used several prominent British actors, including Michael Wilding, Richard Todd and Alastair Sim. This was Hitchcock's first"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " proper production for Warner Bros., which had distributed \"Rope\" and \"Under Capricorn\", because Transatlantic Pictures was experiencing financial difficulties. His thriller \"Strangers on a Train\" (1951) was based on the novel of the same name by Patricia Highsmith. Hitchcock combined many elements from his preceding films. He approached Dashiell Hammett to write the dialogue, but Raymond Chandler took over, then left over disagreements with the director. In the film, two men casually meet, one of whom speculates on a foolproof method to murder; he suggests that two people, each wishing to do away with someone, should each perform the other's murder. Farley Granger's role was as the innocent victim of the scheme, while Robert Walker, previously known for \"boy-next-door\" roles, played the villain. \"I Confess\" (1953) was set in Quebec with Montgomery Clift as a Catholic priest.</s><s>Biography.:Peak years: 1954–1964.</s><s>Biography.:Peak years: 1954–1964.:\"Dial M for Murder\" and \"Rear Window\". \"I Confess\" was followed by three colour films starring Grace Kelly: \"Dial M for Murder\" (1954), \"R"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": "ear Window\" (1954), and \"To Catch a Thief\" (1955). In \"Dial M for Murder\", Ray Milland plays the villain who tries to murder his unfaithful wife (Kelly) for her money. She kills the hired assassin in self-defence, so Milland manipulates the evidence to make it look like murder. Her lover, Mark Halliday (Robert Cummings), and Police Inspector Hubbard (John Williams) save her from execution. Hitchcock experimented with 3D cinematography for \"Dial M for Murder\". Hitchcock moved to Paramount Pictures and filmed \"Rear Window\" (1954), starring James Stewart and Grace Kelly, as well as Thelma Ritter and Raymond Burr. Stewart's character is a photographer named Jeff (based on Robert Capa) who must temporarily use a wheelchair. Out of boredom, he begins observing his neighbours across the courtyard, then becomes convinced that one of them (Raymond Burr) has murdered his wife. Jeff eventually manages to convince his policeman buddy (Wendell Corey) and his girlfriend (Kelly). As with \"Lifeboat\" and \"Rope\", the principal characters are depicted in confined or cramped quarters, in this case Stewart's studio apartment. Hitchcock uses close-ups of Stewart's face to"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " show his character's reactions, \"from the comic voyeurism directed at his neighbours to his helpless terror watching Kelly and Burr in the villain's apartment\".</s><s>Biography.:Peak years: 1954–1964.:\"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\". From 1955 to 1965, Hitchcock was the host of the television series \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\". With his droll delivery, gallows humour and iconic image, the series made Hitchcock a celebrity. The title-sequence of the show pictured a minimalist caricature of his profile (he drew it himself; it is composed of only nine strokes), which his real silhouette then filled. The series theme tune was \"Funeral March of a Marionette\" by the French composer Charles Gounod (1818–1893). His introductions always included some sort of wry humour, such as the description of a recent multi-person execution hampered by having only one electric chair, while two are shown with a sign \"Two chairs—no waiting!\" He directed 18 episodes of the series, which aired from 1955 to 1965. It became \"The Alfred Hitchcock Hour\" in 1962, and NBC broadcast the final episode on 10 May 1965. In the 1980s, a new version of \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" was produced for"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " television, making use of Hitchcock's original introductions in a colourised form. Hitchcock's success in television spawned a set of short-story collections in his name; these included \"Alfred Hitchcock's Anthology\", \"Stories They Wouldn't Let Me Do on TV,\" and \"Tales My Mother Never Told Me\". In 1956, HSD Publications also licensed the director's name to create \"Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine\", a monthly digest specialising in crime and detective fiction. Hitchcock's television series were very profitable, and his foreign-language versions of books were bringing revenues of up to $100,000 a year ().</s><s>Biography.:Peak years: 1954–1964.:From \"To Catch a Thief\" to \"Vertigo\". In 1955, Hitchcock became a United States citizen. In the same year, his third Grace Kelly film, \"To Catch a Thief\", was released; it is set in the French Riviera, and stars Kelly and Cary Grant. Grant plays retired thief John Robie, who becomes the prime suspect for a spate of robberies in the Riviera. A thrill-seeking American heiress played by Kelly surmises his true identity and tries to seduce him. \"Despite the obvious age disparity between Grant"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " and Kelly and a lightweight plot, the witty script (loaded with double entendres) and the good-natured acting proved a commercial success.\" It was Hitchcock's last film with Kelly; she married Prince Rainier of Monaco in 1956, and ended her film career afterward. Hitchcock then remade his own 1934 film \"The Man Who Knew Too Much\" in 1956. This time, the film starred James Stewart and Doris Day, who sang the theme song \"Que Sera, Sera\", which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became a big hit. They play a couple whose son is kidnapped to prevent them from interfering with an assassination. As in the 1934 film, the climax takes place at the Royal Albert Hall. \"The Wrong Man\" (1956), Hitchcock's final film for Warner Bros., is a low-key black-and-white production based on a real-life case of mistaken identity reported in \"Life\" magazine in 1953. This was the only film of Hitchcock to star Henry Fonda, playing a Stork Club musician mistaken for a liquor store thief, who is arrested and tried for robbery while his wife (Vera Miles) emotionally collapses under the strain. Hitchcock told Truffaut that his lifelong fear of the police"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " attracted him to the subject and was embedded in many scenes. While directing episodes for \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" during the summer of 1957, Hitchcock was admitted to hospital for hernia and gallstones, and had to have his gallbladder removed. Following a successful surgery, he immediately returned to work to prepare for his next project. \"Vertigo\" (1958) again starred James Stewart, with Kim Novak and Barbara Bel Geddes. He had wanted Vera Miles to play the lead, but she was pregnant. He told Oriana Fallaci: \"I was offering her a big part, the chance to become a beautiful sophisticated blonde, a real actress. We'd have spent a heap of dollars on it, and she has the bad taste to get pregnant. I hate pregnant women, because then they have children.\" In \"Vertigo\", Stewart plays Scottie, a former police investigator suffering from acrophobia, who becomes obsessed with a woman he has been hired to shadow (Novak). Scottie's obsession leads to tragedy, and this time Hitchcock did not opt for a happy ending. Some critics, including Donald Spoto and Roger Ebert, agree that \"Vertigo\" is the director's most personal and revealing film, dealing with the \""
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": "Pygmalion\"-like obsessions of a man who moulds a woman into the person he desires. \"Vertigo\" explores more frankly and at greater length his interest in the relation between sex and death, than any other work in his filmography. \"Vertigo\" contains a camera technique developed by Irmin Roberts, commonly referred to as a dolly zoom, which has been copied by many filmmakers. The film premiered at the San Sebastián International Film Festival, and Hitchcock won the Silver Seashell prize. \"Vertigo\" is considered a classic, but it attracted mixed reviews and poor box-office receipts at the time; the critic from \"Variety\" magazine opined that the film was \"too slow and too long\". Bosley Crowther of the \"New York Times\" thought it was \"devilishly far-fetched\", but praised the cast performances and Hitchcock's direction. The picture was also the last collaboration between Stewart and Hitchcock. In the 2002 \"Sight & Sound\" polls, it ranked just behind \"Citizen Kane\" (1941); ten years later, in the same magazine, critics chose it as the best film ever made.</s><s>Biography.:Peak years: 1954–1964.:\"North by Northwest\" and"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " \"Psycho\". After \"Vertigo\", the rest of 1958 was a difficult year for Hitchcock. During pre-production of \"North by Northwest\" (1959), which was a \"slow\" and \"agonising\" process, his wife Alma was diagnosed with cancer. While she was in hospital, Hitchcock kept himself occupied with his television work and would visit her every day. Alma underwent surgery and made a full recovery, but it caused Hitchcock to imagine, for the first time, life without her. Hitchcock followed up with three more successful films, which are also recognised as among his best: \"North by Northwest\", \"Psycho\" (1960) and \"The Birds\" (1963). In \"North by Northwest\", Cary Grant portrays Roger Thornhill, a Madison Avenue advertising executive who is mistaken for a government secret agent. He is pursued across the United States by enemy agents, including Eve Kendall (Eva Marie Saint). At first, Thornhill believes Kendall is helping him, but then realises that she is an enemy agent; he later learns that she is working undercover for the CIA. During its opening two-week run at Radio City Music Hall, the film grossed $404,056 (equivalent to $ million in ), setting a non-holiday gross record"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " for that theatre. \"Time\" magazine called the film \"smoothly troweled and thoroughly entertaining\". \"Psycho\" (1960) is arguably Hitchcock's best-known film. Based on Robert Bloch's 1959 novel \"Psycho\", which was inspired by the case of Ed Gein, the film was produced on a tight budget of $800,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) and shot in black-and-white on a spare set using crew members from \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\". The unprecedented violence of the shower scene, the early death of the heroine, and the innocent lives extinguished by a disturbed murderer became the hallmarks of a new horror-film genre. The film proved popular with audiences, with lines stretching outside theatres as viewers waited for the next showing. It broke box-office records in the United Kingdom, France, South America, the United States and Canada, and was a moderate success in Australia for a brief period. \"Psycho\" was the most profitable of Hitchcock's career, and he personally earned in excess of $15 million (equivalent to $ million in ). He subsequently swapped his rights to \"Psycho\" and his TV anthology for 150,000 shares of MCA, making him the"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " third largest shareholder and his own boss at Universal, in theory at least, although that did not stop studio interference. Following the first film, \"Psycho\" became an American horror franchise: \"Psycho II\", \"Psycho III\", \"Bates Motel\", \"\", and a colour 1998 remake of the original.</s><s>Biography.:Peak years: 1954–1964.:Truffaut interview. On 13 August 1962, Hitchcock's 63rd birthday, the French director François Truffaut began a 50-hour interview of Hitchcock, filmed over eight days at Universal Studios, during which Hitchcock agreed to answer 500 questions. It took four years to transcribe the tapes and organise the images; it was published as a book in 1967, which Truffaut nicknamed the \"Hitchbook\". The audio tapes were used as the basis of a documentary in 2015. Truffaut sought the interview because it was clear to him that Hitchcock was not simply the mass-market entertainer the American media made him out to be. It was obvious from his films, Truffaut wrote, that Hitchcock had \"given more thought to the potential of his art than any of his colleagues\". He compared the interview to \"Oedipus' consultation of the oracle\".</s>"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": "<s>Biography.:Peak years: 1954–1964.:\"The Birds\". The film scholar Peter William Evans wrote that \"The Birds\" (1963) and \"Marnie\" (1964) are regarded as \"undisputed masterpieces\". Hitchcock had intended to film \"Marnie\" first, and in March 1962 it was announced that Grace Kelly, Princess Grace of Monaco since 1956, would come out of retirement to star in it. When Kelly asked Hitchcock to postpone \"Marnie\" until 1963 or 1964, he recruited Evan Hunter, author of \"The Blackboard Jungle\" (1954), to develop a screenplay based on a Daphne du Maurier short story, \"The Birds\" (1952), which Hitchcock had republished in his \"My Favorites in Suspense\" (1959). He hired Tippi Hedren to play the lead role. It was her first role; she had been a model in New York when Hitchcock saw her, in October 1961, in an NBC television advert for Sego, a diet drink: \"I signed her because she is a classic beauty. Movies don't have them any more. Grace Kelly was the last.\" He insisted, without explanation, that her first name be written in single quotation marks: '"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": "Tippi'. In \"The Birds\", Melanie Daniels, a young socialite, meets lawyer Mitch Brenner (Rod Taylor) in a bird shop; Jessica Tandy plays his possessive mother. Hedren visits him in Bodega Bay (where \"The Birds\" was filmed) carrying a pair of lovebirds as a gift. Suddenly waves of birds start gathering, watching, and attacking. The question: \"What do the birds want?\" is left unanswered. Hitchcock made the film with equipment from the Revue Studio, which made \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\". He said it was his most technically challenging film, using a combination of trained and mechanical birds against a backdrop of wild ones. Every shot was sketched in advance. An HBO/BBC television film, \"The Girl\" (2012), depicted Hedren's experiences on set; she said that Hitchcock became obsessed with her and sexually harassed her. He reportedly isolated her from the rest of the crew, had her followed, whispered obscenities to her, had her handwriting analysed, and had a ramp built from his private office directly into her trailer. Diane Baker, her co-star in \"Marnie\", said: \"[N]othing could have been more horrible for me than to arrive on that movie set"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " and to see her being treated the way she was.\" While filming the attack scene in the attic—which took a week to film—she was placed in a caged room while two men wearing elbow-length protective gloves threw live birds at her. Toward the end of the week, to stop the birds' flying away from her too soon, one leg of each bird was attached by nylon thread to elastic bands sewn inside her clothes. She broke down after a bird cut her lower eyelid, and filming was halted on doctor's orders.</s><s>Biography.:Peak years: 1954–1964.:\"Marnie\". In June 1962, Grace Kelly announced that she had decided against appearing in \"Marnie\" (1964). Hedren had signed an exclusive seven-year, $500-a-week contract with Hitchcock in October 1961,; In the film, Marnie Edgar (Hedren) steals $10,000 from her employer and goes on the run. She applies for a job at Mark Rutland's (Connery) company in Philadelphia and steals from there too. Earlier she is shown having a panic attack during a thunderstorm and fearing the colour red. Mark tracks her down and blackmails her into marrying him. She explains"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " that she does not want to be touched, but during the \"honeymoon\", Mark rapes her. Marnie and Mark discover that Marnie's mother had been a prostitute when Marnie was a child, and that, while the mother was fighting with a client during a thunderstorm—the mother believed the client had tried to molest Marnie—Marnie had killed the client to save her mother. Cured of her fears when she remembers what happened, she decides to stay with Mark. Hitchcock told cinematographer Robert Burks that the camera had to be placed as close as possible to Hedren when he filmed her face. Evan Hunter, the screenwriter of \"The Birds\" who was writing \"Marnie\" too, explained to Hitchcock that, if Mark loved Marnie, he would comfort her, not rape her. Hitchcock reportedly replied: \"Evan, when he sticks it in her, I want that camera right on her face!\" When Hunter submitted two versions of the script, one without the rape scene, Hitchcock replaced him with Jay Presson Allen.</s><s>Biography.:Later years: 1966–1980.</s><s>Biography.:Later years: 1966–1980.:Final films. Failing health reduced Hitchcock's"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " output during the last two decades of his life. Biographer Stephen Rebello claimed Universal imposed two films on him, \"Torn Curtain\" (1966) and \"Topaz\" (1969), the latter of which is based on a Leon Uris novel, partly set in Cuba. Both were spy thrillers with Cold War-related themes. \"Torn Curtain\", with Paul Newman and Julie Andrews, precipitated the bitter end of the 12-year collaboration between Hitchcock and composer Bernard Herrmann. Hitchcock was unhappy with Herrmann's score and replaced him with John Addison, Jay Livingston and Ray Evans. Upon release, \"Torn Curtain\" was a box office disappointment, and \"Topaz\" was disliked by critics and the studio. Hitchcock returned to Britain to make his penultimate film, \"Frenzy\" (1972), based on the novel \"Goodbye Piccadilly, Farewell Leicester Square\" (1966). After two espionage films, the plot marked a return to the murder-thriller genre. Richard Blaney (Jon Finch), a volatile barman with a history of explosive anger, becomes the prime suspect in the investigation into the \"Necktie Murders\", which are actually committed by his friend Bob Rusk"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " (Barry Foster). This time, Hitchcock makes the victim and villain kindreds, rather than opposites as in \"Strangers on a Train\". In \"Frenzy\", Hitchcock allowed nudity for the first time. Two scenes show naked women, one of whom is being raped and strangled; Donald Spoto called the latter \"one of the most repellent examples of a detailed murder in the history of film\". Both actors, Barbara Leigh-Hunt and Anna Massey, refused to do the scenes, so models were used instead. Biographers have noted that Hitchcock had always pushed the limits of film censorship, often managing to fool Joseph Breen, the head of the Motion Picture Production Code. Hitchcock would add subtle hints of improprieties forbidden by censorship until the mid-1960s. Yet Patrick McGilligan wrote that Breen and others often realised that Hitchcock was inserting such material and were actually amused, as well as alarmed by Hitchcock's \"inescapable inferences\". \"Family Plot\" (1976) was Hitchcock's last film. It relates the escapades of \"Madam\" Blanche Tyler, played by Barbara Harris, a fraudulent spiritualist, and her taxi-driver lover Bruce Dern, making a living from her phony powers. While \"Family"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " Plot\" was based on the Victor Canning novel \"The Rainbird Pattern\" (1972), the novel's tone is more sinister. Screenwriter Ernest Lehman originally wrote the film, under the working title \"Deception\", with a dark tone but was pushed to a lighter, more comical tone by Hitchcock where it took the name \"Deceit\", then finally, \"Family Plot\".</s><s>Biography.:Later years: 1966–1980.:Knighthood and death. Toward the end of his life, Hitchcock was working on the script for a spy thriller, \"The Short Night\", collaborating with James Costigan, Ernest Lehman and David Freeman. Despite preliminary work, it was never filmed. Hitchcock's health was declining and he was worried about his wife, who had suffered a stroke. The screenplay was eventually published in Freeman's book \"The Last Days of Alfred Hitchcock\" (1999). Having refused a CBE in 1962, Hitchcock was appointed a Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1980 New Year Honours. He was too ill to travel to London—he had a pacemaker and was being given cortisone injections for his arthritis—so on 3 January 1980 the British consul general presented him with"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " the papers at Universal Studios. Asked by a reporter after the ceremony why it had taken the Queen so long, Hitchcock quipped, \"I suppose it was a matter of carelessness.\" Cary Grant, Janet Leigh, and others attended a luncheon afterwards. His last public appearance was on 16 March 1980, when he introduced the next year's winner of the American Film Institute award. He died of kidney failure the following month, on 29 April, in his Bel Air home. Donald Spoto, one of Hitchcock's biographers, wrote that Hitchcock had declined to see a priest, but according to Jesuit priest Mark Henninger, he and another priest, Tom Sullivan, celebrated Mass at the filmmaker's home, and Sullivan heard his confession. Hitchcock was survived by his wife and daughter. His funeral was held at Good Shepherd Catholic Church in Beverly Hills on 30 April, after which his body was cremated. His remains were scattered over the Pacific Ocean on 10 May 1980.</s><s>Filmmaking.</s><s>Filmmaking.:Style and themes. Hitchcock's film production career evolved from small-scale silent films to financially significant sound films. Hitchcock remarked that he was influenced by early filmmakers George Méliès, D.W. Griffith and Alice Guy-Blaché."
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " His silent films between 1925 and 1929 were in the crime and suspense genres, but also included melodramas and comedies. Whilst visual storytelling was pertinent during the silent era, even after the arrival of sound, Hitchcock still relied on visuals in cinema; he referred to this emphasis on visual storytelling as \"pure cinema\". In Britain, he honed his craft so that by the time he moved to Hollywood, the director had perfected his style and camera techniques. Hitchcock later said that his British work was the \"sensation of cinema\", whereas the American phase was when his \"ideas were fertilised\". Scholar Robin Wood writes that the director's first two films, \"The Pleasure Garden\" and \"The Mountain Eagle\", were influenced by German Expressionism. Afterward, he discovered Soviet cinema, and Sergei Eisenstein's and Vsevolod Pudovkin's theories of montage. 1926's \"The Lodger\" was inspired by both German and Soviet aesthetics, styles which solidified the rest of his career. Although Hitchcock's work in the 1920s found some success, several British reviewers criticised Hitchcock's films for being unoriginal and conceited. Raymond Durgnat opined that Hitchcock's films were carefully and intelligently constructed, but thought they can be shallow"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " and rarely present a \"coherent worldview\". Earning the title \"Master of Suspense\", the director experimented with ways to generate tension in his work. He said, \"My suspense work comes out of creating nightmares for the audience. And I \"play\" with an audience. I make them gasp and surprise them and shock them. When you have a nightmare, it's awfully vivid if you're dreaming that you're being led to the electric chair. Then you're as happy as can be when you wake up because you're relieved.\" During filming of \"North by Northwest\", Hitchcock explained his reasons for recreating the set of Mount Rushmore: \"The audience responds in proportion to how realistic you make it. One of the dramatic reasons for this type of photography is to get it looking so natural that the audience gets involved and believes, for the time being, what's going on up there on the screen.\" In a 1963 interview with Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci, Hitchcock was asked how in spite of appearing to be a pleasant, innocuous man, he seemed to enjoy making films involving suspense and terrifying crime. He responded: Hitchcock's films, from the silent to the sound era, contained a number of recurring themes that he is famous for. His films explored audience as a"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " voyeur, notably in \"Rear Window\", \"Marnie\" and \"Psycho\". He understood that human beings enjoy voyeuristic activities and made the audience participate in it through the character's actions. Of his fifty-three films, eleven revolved around stories of mistaken identity, where an innocent protagonist is accused of a crime and is pursued by police. In most cases, it is an ordinary, everyday person who finds themselves in a dangerous situation. Hitchcock told Truffaut: \"That's because the theme of the innocent man being accused, I feel, provides the audience with a greater sense of danger. It's easier for them to identify with him than with a guilty man on the run.\" One of his constant themes were the struggle of a personality torn between \"order and chaos\"; known as the notion of \"double\", which is a comparison or contrast between two characters or objects: the double representing a dark or evil side. According to Robin Wood, Hitchcock had mixed feelings towards homosexuality despite working with gay actors in his career. Donald Spoto suggests that Hitchcock's sexually repressive childhood may have contributed to his exploration of deviancy. During the 1950s, the Motion Picture Production Code prohibited direct references to homosexuality but the director was known for his subtle references,"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " and pushing the boundaries of the censors. Moreover, \"Shadow of a Doubt\" has a double incest theme through the storyline, expressed implicitly through images. Author Jane Sloan argues that Hitchcock was drawn to both conventional and unconventional sexual expression in his work, and the theme of marriage was usually presented in a \"bleak and skeptical\" manner. It was also not until after his mother's death in 1942, that Hitchcock portrayed motherly figures as \"notorious monster-mothers\". The espionage backdrop, and murders committed by characters with psychopathic tendencies were common themes too. In Hitchcock's depiction of villains and murderers, they were usually charming and friendly, forcing viewers to identify with them. The director's strict childhood and Jesuit education may have led to his distrust of authoritarian figures such as policemen and politicians; a theme which he has explored. Also, he used the \"MacGuffin\"—the use of an object, person or event to keep the plot moving along even if it was non-essential to the story. Some examples include the microfilm in \"North by Northwest\" and the stolen $40,000 in \"Psycho\". Hitchcock appears briefly in most of his own films. For example, he is seen struggling to get a double bass onto a train (\"Str"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": "angers on a Train\"), walking dogs out of a pet shop (\"The Birds\"), fixing a neighbour's clock (\"Rear Window\"), as a shadow (\"Family Plot\"), sitting at a table in a photograph (\"Dial M for Murder\"), and riding a bus (\"North by Northwest\",\" To Catch a Thief\").</s><s>Filmmaking.:Representation of women. Hitchcock's portrayal of women has been the subject of much scholarly debate. Bidisha wrote in \"The Guardian\" in 2010: \"There's the vamp, the tramp, the snitch, the witch, the slink, the double-crosser and, best of all, the demon mommy. Don't worry, they all get punished in the end.\" In a widely cited essay in 1975, Laura Mulvey introduced the idea of the male gaze; the view of the spectator in Hitchcock's films, she argued, is that of the heterosexual male protagonist. \"The female characters in his films reflected the same qualities over and over again\", Roger Ebert wrote in 1996: \"They were blonde. They were icy and remote. They were imprisoned in costumes that subtly combined fashion with fetishism. They mesmerised the men, who often had physical or psychological handicaps. Sooner or later, every Hitchcock woman"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " was humiliated.\" The victims in \"The Lodger\" are all blondes. In \"The 39 Steps\", Madeleine Carroll is put in handcuffs. Ingrid Bergman, whom Hitchcock directed three times (\"Spellbound\", \"Notorious\", and \"Under Capricorn\"), is dark blonde. In \"Rear Window\", Lisa (Grace Kelly) risks her life by breaking into Lars Thorwald's apartment. In \"To Catch a Thief\", Francie (also Kelly) offers to help a man she believes is a burglar. In \"Vertigo\" and \"North by Northwest\" respectively, Kim Novak and Eva Marie Saint play the blonde heroines. In \"Psycho\", Janet Leigh's character steals $40,000 and is murdered by Norman Bates, a reclusive psychopath. Tippi Hedren, a blonde, appears to be the focus of the attacks in \"The Birds\". In \"Marnie\", the title character, again played by Hedren, is a thief. In \"Topaz\", French actresses Dany Robin as Stafford's wife and Claude Jade as Stafford's daughter are blonde heroines, the mistress was played by brunette Karin Dor. Hitchcock's last blonde heroine was Barbara Harris as a phony psychic turned amateur sleuth in \""
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": "Family Plot\" (1976), his final film. In the same film, the diamond smuggler played by Karen Black wears a long blonde wig in several scenes. His films often feature characters struggling in their relationships with their mothers, such as Norman Bates in \"Psycho\". In \"North by Northwest\", Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant) is an innocent man ridiculed by his mother for insisting that shadowy, murderous men are after him. In \"The Birds\", the Rod Taylor character, an innocent man, finds his world under attack by vicious birds, and struggles to free himself from a clinging mother (Jessica Tandy). The killer in \"Frenzy\" has a loathing of women but idolises his mother. The villain Bruno in \"Strangers on a Train\" hates his father, but has an incredibly close relationship with his mother (played by Marion Lorne). Sebastian (Claude Rains) in \"Notorious\" has a clearly conflicting relationship with his mother, who is (rightly) suspicious of his new bride, Alicia Huberman (Ingrid Bergman).</s><s>Filmmaking.:Relationship with actors. Hitchcock became known for having remarked that \"actors should be treated like cattle\". During the filming of \"Mr. & Mrs. Smith\""
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " (1941), Carole Lombard brought three cows onto the set wearing the name tags of Lombard, Robert Montgomery, and Gene Raymond, the stars of the film, to surprise him. In an episode of \"The Dick Cavett Show\", originally broadcast on 8 June 1972, Dick Cavett stated as fact that Hitchcock had once called actors cattle. Hitchcock responded by saying that, at one time, he had been accused of calling actors cattle. \"I said that I would never say such an unfeeling, rude thing about actors at all. What I probably said, was that all actors should be treated like cattle...In a nice way of course.\" He then described Carole Lombard's joke, with a smile. Hitchcock believed that actors should concentrate on their performances and leave work on script and character to the directors and screenwriters. He told Bryan Forbes in 1967: \"I remember discussing with a method actor how he was taught and so forth. He said, 'We're taught using improvisation. We are given an idea and then we are turned loose to develop in any way we want to.' I said, 'That's not acting. That's writing.'\" Recalling their experiences on \"Lifeboat\" for Charles Chandler, author of \"It's Only"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " a Movie: Alfred Hitchcock A Personal Biography,\" Walter Slezak said that Hitchcock \"knew more about how to help an actor than any director I ever worked with\", and Hume Cronyn dismissed the idea that Hitchcock was not concerned with his actors as \"utterly fallacious\", describing at length the process of rehearsing and filming \"Lifeboat\". Critics observed that, despite his reputation as a man who disliked actors, actors who worked with him often gave brilliant performances. He used the same actors in many of his films; Cary Grant and James Stewart both worked with Hitchcock four times, and Ingrid Bergman and Grace Kelly three. James Mason said that Hitchcock regarded actors as \"animated props\". For Hitchcock, the actors were part of the film's setting. He told François Truffaut: \"The chief requisite for an actor is the ability to do nothing well, which is by no means as easy as it sounds. He should be willing to be used and wholly integrated into the picture by the director and the camera. He must allow the camera to determine the proper emphasis and the most effective dramatic highlights.\"</s><s>Filmmaking.:Writing, storyboards and production. Hitchcock planned his scripts in detail with his writers. In \"Writing with Hitchcock\" (2001),"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " Steven DeRosa noted that Hitchcock supervised them through every draft, asking that they tell the story visually. Hitchcock told Roger Ebert in 1969: Hitchcock's films were extensively storyboarded to the finest detail. He was reported to have never even bothered looking through the viewfinder, since he did not need to, although in publicity photos he was shown doing so. He also used this as an excuse to never have to change his films from his initial vision. If a studio asked him to change a film, he would claim that it was already shot in a single way, and that there were no alternative takes to consider. This view of Hitchcock as a director who relied more on pre-production than on the actual production itself has been challenged by Bill Krohn, the American correspondent of French film magazine \"Cahiers du Cinéma\", in his book \"Hitchcock at Work\". After investigating script revisions, notes to other production personnel written by or to Hitchcock, and other production material, Krohn observed that Hitchcock's work often deviated from how the screenplay was written or how the film was originally envisioned. He noted that the myth of storyboards in relation to Hitchcock, often regurgitated by generations of commentators on his films, was to a great degree perpet"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": "uated by Hitchcock himself or the publicity arm of the studios. For example, the celebrated crop-spraying sequence of \"North by Northwest\" was not storyboarded at all. After the scene was filmed, the publicity department asked Hitchcock to make storyboards to promote the film, and Hitchcock in turn hired an artist to match the scenes in detail. Even when storyboards were made, scenes that were shot differed from them significantly. Krohn's analysis of the production of Hitchcock classics like \"Notorious\" reveals that Hitchcock was flexible enough to change a film's conception during its production. Another example Krohn notes is the American remake of \"The Man Who Knew Too Much,\" whose shooting schedule commenced without a finished script and moreover went over schedule, something that, as Krohn notes, was not an uncommon occurrence on many of Hitchcock's films, including \"Strangers on a Train\" and \"Topaz\". While Hitchcock did do a great deal of preparation for all his films, he was fully cognisant that the actual film-making process often deviated from the best-laid plans and was flexible to adapt to the changes and needs of production as his films were not free from the normal hassles faced and common routines used during many other film productions. Kro"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": "hn's work also sheds light on Hitchcock's practice of generally shooting in chronological order, which he notes sent many films over budget and over schedule and, more importantly, differed from the standard operating procedure of Hollywood in the Studio System Era. Equally important is Hitchcock's tendency to shoot alternative takes of scenes. This differed from coverage in that the films were not necessarily shot from varying angles so as to give the editor options to shape the film how they chose (often under the producer's aegis). Rather they represented Hitchcock's tendency to give himself options in the editing room, where he would provide advice to his editors after viewing a rough cut of the work. According to Krohn, this and a great deal of other information revealed through his research of Hitchcock's personal papers, script revisions and the like refute the notion of Hitchcock as a director who was always in control of his films, whose vision of his films did not change during production, which Krohn notes has remained the central long-standing myth of Alfred Hitchcock. Both his fastidiousness and attention to detail also found their way into each film poster for his films. Hitchcock preferred to work with the best talent of his day—film poster designers such as Bill Gold and Saul Bass—who would produce posters that accurately represented his"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " films.</s><s>Legacy.</s><s>Legacy.:Awards and honours. Hitchcock was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 8 February 1960 with two stars: one for television and a second for his motion pictures. In 1978, John Russell Taylor described him as \"the most universally recognizable person in the world\" and \"a straightforward middle-class Englishman who just happened to be an artistic genius\". In 2002, \"MovieMaker\" named him the most influential director of all time, and a 2007 \"The Daily Telegraph\" critics' poll ranked him Britain's greatest director. David Gritten, the newspaper's film critic, wrote: \"Unquestionably the greatest filmmaker to emerge from these islands, Hitchcock did more than any director to shape modern cinema, which would be utterly different without him. His flair was for narrative, cruelly withholding crucial information (from his characters and from us) and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else.\" In 1992, the \"Sight & Sound\" Critics' Poll ranked Hitchcock at No. 4 in its list of \"Top 10 Directors\" of all time. In 2002, Hitchcock was ranked 2nd in the critics' top ten poll and 5th in the directors' top ten poll in the list of"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " \"The Greatest Directors of All Time\" compiled by the \"Sight & Sound\" magazine. Hitchcock was voted the \"Greatest Director of 20th Century\" in a poll conducted by Japanese film magazine \"kinema Junpo\". In 1996, \"Entertainment Weekly\" ranked Hitchcock at No. 1 in its \"50 Greatest Directors\" list. Hitchcock was ranked at No. 2 on \"Empire\" magazine's \"Top 40 Greatest Directors of All-Time\" list in 2005. In 2007, \"Total Film\" magazine ranked Hitchcock at No. 1 on its \"100 Greatest Film Directors Ever\" list. He won two Golden Globes, eight Laurel Awards, and five lifetime achievement awards, including the first BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award and, in 1979, an AFI Life Achievement Award. He was nominated five times for an Academy Award for Best Director. \"Rebecca\", nominated for 11 Oscars, won the Academy Award for Best Picture of 1940; another Hitchcock film, \"Foreign Correspondent\", was also nominated that year. By 2021, nine of his films had been selected for preservation by the US National Film Registry: \"Rebecca\" (1940; inducted 2018), \"Shadow of a Doubt\" (1943; inducted 1991), \"Notorious\""
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " (1946; inducted 2006), \"Strangers on a Train\" (1951; inducted 2021), \"Rear Window\" (1954; inducted 1997), \"Vertigo\" (1958; inducted 1989), \"North by Northwest\" (1959; inducted 1995), \"Psycho\" (1960; inducted 1992), and \"The Birds\" (1963; inducted 2016). In 2012, Hitchcock was selected by artist Sir Peter Blake, author of the Beatles' \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" album cover, to appear in a new version of the cover, along with other British cultural figures, and he was featured that year in a BBC Radio 4 series, \"The New Elizabethans\", as someone \"whose actions during the reign of Elizabeth II have had a significant impact on lives in these islands and given the age its character\".</s><s>Legacy.:Archives. The Alfred Hitchcock Collection is housed at the Academy Film Archive in Hollywood, California. It includes home movies, 16mm film shot on the set of \"Blackmail\" (1929) and \"Frenzy\" (1972), and the earliest known colour footage of Hitchcock. The Academy Film Archive has preserved many of his home movies. The Alfred Hitchcock"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " Papers are housed at the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library. The David O. Selznick and the Ernest Lehman collections housed at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center in Austin, Texas, contain material related to Hitchcock's work on the production of \"The Paradine Case\", \"Rebecca\", \"Spellbound\", \"North by Northwest\" and \"Family Plot.\"</s><s>Legacy.:Hitchcock portrayals. - Anthony Hopkins in \"Hitchcock\" (2012) - Toby Jones in \"The Girl\" (2012) - Roger Ashton-Griffiths in \"Grace of Monaco\" (2014) - EpicLLOYD in the YouTube comedy series Epic Rap Battles of History. (2014)</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:Films. Silent films Sound films</s><s>See also. - Alfred Hitchcock's unrealized projects - List of Alfred Hitchcock cameo appearances - List of film director and actor collaborations</s><s>Notes and sources.</s><s>Notes and sources.:Works cited. Biographies \"(chronological)\" - - - - - - - - - Miscellaneous - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -"
},
{
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"text": " - - -</s><s>Further reading.</s><s>Further reading.:Articles. - Hitchcock's Style – BFI Screenonline - Alfred Hitchcock: England's Biggest and Best Director Goes to Hollywood – \"Life\", 20 November 1939, p. 33-43 - Alfred Hitchcock Now Says Actors Are Children, Not Cattle – \"Boston Globe\", 1 June 1958, p. A–11 - 'Twas Alfred Hitchcock Week in London – \"Variety\", 17 August 1966, p. 16</s><s>Further reading.:Books. - - - Deflem, Mathieu. 2016. \"Alfred Hitchcock: Visions of Guilt and Innocence.\" pp. 203–227 in Framing Law and Crime: An Interdisciplinary Anthology, edited by Caroline Joan S. Picart, Michael Hviid Jacobsen, and Cecil Greek. Latham, MD; Madison, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield; Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Slavoj Žižek et al.:\"Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Lacan But Were Afraid to Ask Hitchcock\", London and New York, Verso, 2nd edition 2010.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Alfred Hitchcock",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000408
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Bobby Fischer.
|
[
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "<s>Bobby Fischer Robert James Fischer (March 9, 1943January 17, 2008) was an American chess grandmaster and the eleventh World Chess Champion. A chess prodigy, he won his first of a record eight US Championships at the age of 14. In 1964, he won with an 11–0 score, the only perfect score in the history of the tournament. Qualifying for the 1972 World Championship, Fischer swept matches with Mark Taimanov and Bent Larsen by 6–0 scores. After another qualifying match against Tigran Petrosian, Fischer won the title match against Boris Spassky of the USSR, in Reykjavík, Iceland. Publicized as a Cold War confrontation between the US and USSR, the match attracted more worldwide interest than any chess championship before or since. In 1975, Fischer refused to defend his title when an agreement could not be reached with FIDE, chess's international governing body, over the match conditions. Consequently, the Soviet challenger Anatoly Karpov was named World Champion by default. Fischer subsequently disappeared from the public eye, though occasional reports of erratic behavior emerged. In 1992, he reemerged to win an unofficial rematch against Spassky. It was held in Yugoslavia, which was under a United Nations embargo"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " at the time. His participation led to a conflict with the US government, which warned Fischer that his participation in the match would violate an executive order imposing US sanctions on Yugoslavia. The US government ultimately issued a warrant for his arrest. After that, Fischer lived as an émigré. In 2004, he was arrested in Japan and held for several months for using a passport that the US government had revoked. Eventually, he was granted Icelandic citizenship by a special act of the Icelandic parliament, allowing him to live there until his death in 2008. Fischer made numerous lasting contributions to chess. His book \"My 60 Memorable Games\", published in 1969, is regarded as essential reading in chess literature. In the 1990s, he patented a modified chess timing system that added a time increment after each move, now a standard practice in top tournament and match play. He also invented Fischer random chess, also known as Chess960, a chess variant in which the initial position of the pieces is randomized to one of 960 possible positions. Fischer made numerous antisemitic statements, including Holocaust denial. His antisemitism was a major theme in his public and private remarks, and there has been widespread comment and speculation concerning his psychological condition based on his extreme views and eccentric behavior.</s><s>Early years"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": ". Bobby Fischer was born at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, on March 9, 1943. His mother, Regina Wender Fischer, was a US citizen, born in Switzerland; her parents were Polish Jews. Raised in St. Louis, Missouri, Regina became a teacher, a registered nurse, and later a physician. After graduating from college in her teens, Regina traveled to Germany to visit her brother. It was there she met geneticist and future Nobel Prize winner Hermann Joseph Muller, who persuaded her to move to Moscow to study medicine. She enrolled at I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, where she met Hans-Gerhardt Fischer, also known as Gerardo Liebscher, a German biophysicist, whom she married in November 1933. In 1938, Hans-Gerhardt and Regina had a daughter, Joan Fischer. The reemergence of antisemitism under Stalin prompted Regina to go with Joan to Paris, where Regina became an English teacher. The threat of a German invasion led her and Joan to go to the United States in 1939. Regina and Hans-Gerhardt had already separated in Moscow, although they did not officially divorce until 1945. At the time of her son's birth, Regina was homeless and shut"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "tled to different jobs and schools around the country to support her family. She engaged in political activism and raised both Bobby and Joan as a single parent. In 1949, Regina moved the family to Manhattan and the following year to Brooklyn, New York City, where she studied for her master's degree in nursing and subsequently began working in that field.</s><s>Early years.:Paul Nemenyi as Fischer's father. In 2002, Peter Nicholas and Clea Benson of \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\" published an investigative report which stated that Bobby Fischer's biological father was actually Paul Nemenyi. Nemenyi, a Hungarian mathematician and physicist of Jewish heritage, specialized in continuum mechanics. His work applied geometrical solutions to fluid dynamics. Like Bobby, he was a child prodigy and won the Hungarian national mathematics competition at the age of 17. Benson and Nicholas continued their work and gathered additional evidence in court records, personal interviews, and a summary of an FBI investigation written by J. Edgar Hoover, which confirmed their earlier conclusions. Throughout the 1950s, the FBI investigated Regina and her circle due to her supposed communist views and due to her time living in Moscow. FBI files note that Hans-Gerhardt Fischer never entered the United States, while recording that Nemenyi took"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " a keen interest in Fischer's upbringing. Not only were Regina and Nemenyi reported to have had an affair in 1942, but Nemenyi made monthly child support payments to Regina and paid for Bobby's schooling until Paul Nemenyi's death in 1952.</s><s>Early years.:Chess beginnings. In March 1949, six-year-old Bobby and his sister Joan learned how to play chess using the instructions from a set bought at a candy store. When Joan lost interest in chess and Regina did not have time to play, Fischer was left to play many of his first games against himself. When the family vacationed at Patchogue, Long Island, New York, that summer, Bobby found a book of old chess games and studied it intensely. In 1950, the family moved to Brooklyn, first to an apartment at the corner of Union Street and Franklin Avenue and later to a two-bedroom apartment at 560 Lincoln Place. It was there that \"Fischer soon became so engrossed in the game that Regina feared he was spending too much time alone.\" As a result, on November 14, 1950, Regina sent a postcard to the \"Brooklyn Eagle\" newspaper, seeking to place an ad inquiring whether other children of Bobby's age might be interested in playing"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " chess with him. The paper rejected her ad, because no one could figure out how to classify it, but forwarded her inquiry to Hermann Helms, the \"Dean of American Chess\", who told her that Master Max Pavey, former Scottish champion, would be giving a simultaneous exhibition on January 17, 1951. Fischer played in the exhibition. Although he held on for 15 minutes, drawing a crowd of onlookers, he eventually lost to the chess master. One of the spectators was Brooklyn Chess Club President Carmine Nigro, an American chess expert of near master strength and an instructor. Nigro was so impressed with Fischer's play that he introduced him to the club and began teaching him. Fischer noted of his time with Nigro: \"Mr. Nigro was possibly not the best player in the world, but he was a very good teacher. Meeting him was probably a decisive factor in my going ahead with chess.\" Nigro hosted Fischer's first chess tournament at his home in 1952. In the summer of 1955, Fischer, then 12 years old, joined the Manhattan Chess Club. Fischer's relationship with Nigro lasted until 1956, when Nigro moved away.</s><s>Early years.:The Hawthorne Chess Club. In June 1956, Fischer began attending the Hawthorne"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " Chess Club, based in master John \"Jack\" W. Collins's home. Collins taught chess to children, and has been described as Fischer's teacher, but Collins himself suggested that he did not actually teach Fischer, and the relationship might be more accurately described as one of mentorship. Fischer played thousands of blitz and offhand games with Collins and other strong players, studied the books in Collins' large chess library, and ate almost as many dinners at Collins' home as his own.</s><s>Young champion. In March 1956, the Log Cabin Chess Club of West Orange, New Jersey (based in the home of the club's eccentric multi-millionaire founder and patron Elliott Forry Laucks), took Fischer on a tour to Cuba, where he gave a 12-board simultaneous exhibition at Havana's Capablanca Chess Club, winning ten games and drawing two. On this tour the club played a series of matches against other clubs. Fischer played, behind International Master Norman Whitaker. Whitaker and Fischer were the club's leading scorers, each scoring 5½ points out of 7 games. In July 1956, Fischer won the US Junior Chess Championship, scoring 8½/10 at Philadelphia to become the youngest-ever Junior Champion at age 13. At the 1956 US Open Chess"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " Championship in Oklahoma City, he scored 8½/12 to tie for 4th–8th places, with Arthur Bisguier winning. In the first Canadian Open Chess Championship at Montreal 1956, he scored 7/10 to tie for 8th–12th places, with Larry Evans winning. In November, Fischer played in the 1956 Eastern States Open Championship in Washington, D.C., tying for second with William Lombardy, Nicholas Rossolimo, and Arthur Feuerstein, with Hans Berliner taking first by a half-point. Fischer accepted an invitation to play in the Third Lessing J. Rosenwald Trophy Tournament in New York City (1956), a premier tournament limited to the 12 players considered the best in the US. Playing against top opposition, the 13-year-old Fischer could only score 4½/11, tying for 8th–9th place. Yet he won the for his game against International Master Donald Byrne, in which Fischer sacrificed his queen to unleash an unstoppable attack. Hans Kmoch called it \"The Game of the Century\", writing: \"The following game, a stunning masterpiece of play performed by a boy of 13 against a formidable opponent, matches the finest on record in the history of chess prodigies.\"{{c"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "ite book }} According to Frank Brady, The Game of the Century' has been talked about, analyzed, and admired for more than fifty years, and it will probably be a part of the canon of chess for many years to come.\" \"In reflecting on his game a while after it occurred, Bobby was refreshingly modest: 'I just made the moves I thought were best. I was just lucky. In 1957, Fischer played a two-game match against former world champion Max Euwe at New York, losing ½–1½. When the US Chess Federation published its rating list in May, Fischer had the rank of Master, the youngest player to earn that title up to that point. In July, he successfully defended his US Junior title, scoring 8½/9 at San Francisco. In August, he scored 10/12 at the US Open Chess Championship in Cleveland, winning on tie-breaking points over Arthur Bisguier. This made Fischer the youngest ever US Open Champion. He won the New Jersey Open Championship, scoring 6½/7. He then defeated the young Filipino master Rodolfo Tan Cardoso 6–2 in a New York match sponsored by Pepsi-Cola.</s><s>Young champion.:Wins first US title. Based on Fischer's rating"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " and strong results, the USCF invited him to play in the 1957/58 US Championship.{{cite book }} The tournament included six-time US champion Samuel Reshevsky, defending US champion Arthur Bisguier, and William Lombardy, who in August had won the World Junior Championship. Bisguier predicted that Fischer would \"finish slightly over the center mark\". Despite all the predictions to the contrary, Fischer scored eight wins and five draws to win the tournament by a one-point margin, with 10½/13. Still two months shy of his 15th birthday, Fischer became the youngest ever US Champion. Since the championship that year was also the US Zonal Championship, Fischer's victory earned him the title of International Master. Fischer's victory in the US Championship qualified him to participate in the 1958 Portorož Interzonal, the next step toward challenging the World Champion.</s><s>Grandmaster, candidate, and author. In 1957, Fischer wanted to go to Moscow. At his pleading, \"Regina wrote directly to the Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, requesting an invitation for Fischer to participate in the 6th World Youth and Student Festival of 1957. The reply—affirmative—came too late for him to go"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": ".\" Regina did not have the money to pay the airfare, but in 1958, Fischer was invited onto the game show \"I've Got a Secret\", where, thanks to Regina's efforts, the producers of the show arranged two round-trip tickets to the Soviet Union, for Bobby and his sister Joan. Once in Russia, Fischer was invited by the Soviet Union to Moscow, where International Master Lev Abramov would serve as a guide to Bobby and his sister, Joan. Upon arrival, Fischer immediately demanded that he be taken to the Moscow Central Chess Club, where he played speed chess with \"two young Soviet masters\", Evgeni Vasiukov and Alexander Nikitin, winning every game. Chess author V. I. Linder writes about the impression Fischer gave grandmaster (GM) Vladimir Alatortsev when he played blitz against the Soviet masters: Fischer demanded to play against Mikhail Botvinnik, the reigning World Champion. When told that this was impossible, Fischer asked to play Paul Keres. \"Finally, Tigran Petrosian was, on a semi-official basis, summoned to the club…\" where he played speed games with Fischer, winning the majority.{{cite book }}. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 93."
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " \"When Bobby discovered that he wasn't going to play any formal games … he went into a not-so-silent rage\", saying he was fed up \"with these Russian pigs,\"{{cite book }}. Quoted in Brady 2011, p. 94. which angered the Soviets who saw Fischer as their honored guest. It was then that the Yugoslavian chess officials offered to take in Fischer and Joan as early guests to the Interzonal. Fischer took them up on the offer, arriving in Yugoslavia to play two short training matches against masters Dragoljub Janošević and Milan Matulović. Fischer drew both games against Janošević and then defeated Matulović in Belgrade by 2½–1½. At Portorož, Fischer was accompanied by Lombardy. The top six finishers in the Interzonal would qualify for the Candidates Tournament. Most observers doubted that a 15-year-old with no international experience could finish among the six qualifiers at the Interzonal, but Fischer told journalist Miro Radoicic, \"I can draw with the grandmasters, and there are half-a-dozen in the tournament I reckon to beat.\" Despite some bumps in the road and a"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " problematic start, Fischer succeeded in his plan: after a strong finish, he ended up with 12/20 (+6−2=12) to tie for 5th–6th. The Soviet GM Yuri Averbakh observed, Soviet GM David Bronstein said of Fischer's time in Portorož: \"It was interesting for me to observe Fischer, but for a long time I couldn't understand why this 15-year-old boy played chess so well.\" Fischer became the youngest person ever to qualify for the Candidates and the youngest ever grandmaster at 15 years, 6 months, 1 day. \"By then everyone knew we had a genius on our hands.\" Before the Candidates' Tournament, Fischer won the 1958/59 US Championship (scoring 8½/11). He tied for third (with Borislav Ivkov) in Mar del Plata (scoring 10/14), a half-point behind Luděk Pachman and Miguel Najdorf. He tied for 4th–6th at Santiago (scoring 7½/12) behind Ivkov, Pachman, and Herman Pilnik. At the Zürich International Tournament, spring 1959, Fischer finished a point behind future world champion Mikhail Tal and a half-point behind Yugoslav"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "ian GM Svetozar Gligorić. Although Fischer had ended his formal education at age 16, dropping out of Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn, he subsequently taught himself several foreign languages so he could read foreign chess periodicals. According to Latvian chess master Alexander Koblencs, even he and Tal could not match the commitment that Fischer had made to chess. Recalling a conversation from the tournament: Until late 1959, Fischer \"had dressed atrociously for a champion, appearing at the most august and distinguished national and international events in sweaters and corduroys.\" Now, encouraged by Pal Benko to dress more smartly, Fischer \"began buying suits from all over the world, hand-tailored and made to order.\" He told journalist Ralph Ginzburg that he had 17 hand-tailored suits and that all of his shirts and shoes were handmade. At the age of 16, Fischer finished equal fifth out of eight at the 1959 Candidates Tournament in Bled/Zagreb/Belgrade, Yugoslavia, scoring 12½/28. He was outclassed by tournament winner Tal, who won all four of their individual games. That year, Fischer released his first book of collected games: \"Bobby Fischer's"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " Games of Chess\", published by Simon & Schuster.</s><s>Grandmaster, candidate, and author.:Drops out of school. Fischer's interest in chess became more important than schoolwork, to the point that \"by the time he reached the fourth grade, he'd been in and out of six schools.\"{{cite book }} In 1952, Regina got Bobby a scholarship (based on his chess talent and \"astronomically high IQ\") to Brooklyn Community Woodward. Fischer later attended Erasmus Hall High School at the same time as Barbra Streisand and Neil Diamond.{{Cite book }} Streisand later said that Fischer was \"always alone and very peculiar … But I found him very sexy.\" Id. at 41. In 1959, its student council awarded him a gold medal for his chess achievements. The same year, Fischer dropped out of high school when he turned 16, the earliest he could legally do so. He later explained to Ralph Ginzburg, \"You don't learn anything in school.\" When Fischer was 16, his mother moved out of their apartment to pursue medical training. Her friend Joan Rodker, who had met Regina when the two were \"idealistic communists\" living in Moscow in the 1930s, believes that"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " Fischer resented his mother for being mostly absent, a communist activist, and an admirer of the Soviet Union, and that this led to his hatred for the Soviets. In letters to Rodker, Fischer's mother stated her desire to pursue her own \"obsession\" of training in medicine and wrote that her son would have to live in their Brooklyn apartment without her: \"It sounds terrible to leave a 16-year-old to his own devices, but he is probably happier that way\". The apartment was on the edge of Bedford-Stuyvesant, a neighborhood that had one of the highest homicide and general crime rates in New York City. Despite the alienation from her son, Regina, in 1960, protested the practices of the American Chess Foundation and staged a five-hour protest in front of the White House, urging President Dwight D. Eisenhower to send an American team to that year's chess Olympiad (set for Leipzig, East Germany, behind the Iron Curtain) and to help support the team financially.</s><s>US Championships. Fischer played in eight US Championships, winning all of them, by at least a one-point margin. His results were: Fischer missed the 1961/62 Championship (he was preparing for the 1962 Interzonal),"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " and there was no 1964/65 event. In his eight US Chess Championships, Fischer lost only three games; to Edmar Mednis in the 1962/63 event, and in consecutive rounds to Samuel Reshevsky, and Robert Byrne in the 1965 championship, culminating in a total score of 74/90 (61 wins, 26 draws, 3 losses).</s><s>Olympiads. Fischer refused to play in the 1958 Munich Olympiad when his demand to play ahead of Samuel Reshevsky was rejected. Some sources claim that 15-year-old Fischer was unable to arrange leave from attending high school. Fischer later represented the United States on first board at four Men's Chess Olympiads, winning two individual Silver and one individual Bronze medals: Out of four Men's Chess Olympiads, Fischer scored +40−7=18, for 49/65: 75.4%. In 1966, Fischer narrowly missed the individual gold medal, scoring 88.23% to World Champion Tigran Petrosian's 88.46%. He played four games more than Petrosian, faced stiffer opposition, and would have won the gold if he had accepted Florin Gheorghiu's draw offer, rather than declining it and suffering his only loss."
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " At the 1962 Varna Olympiad, Fischer predicted that he would defeat Argentinian GM Miguel Najdorf in 25 moves. Fischer actually did it in 24, becoming the only player to beat Najdorf in the tournament. Najdorf lost the game while employing the very opening variation named after him: the Sicilian Najdorf. Fischer had planned to play for the US at the 1968 Lugano Olympiad, but backed out when he saw the poor playing conditions. Both former world champion Tigran Petrosian and Belgian-American International Master George Koltanowski, the leader of the American team that year, felt that Fischer was justified in not participating in the Olympiad. According to Lombardy, Fischer's non-participation was due to Reshevsky's refusal to yield first board. In 1974, Fischer was willing to play the 21st Chess Olympiad in Nice, France, but FIDE rejected his demand to play in a separate room with only Fischer, his opponent, and spectators.</s><s>1960–61. In 1960, Fischer tied for first place with Soviet star Boris Spassky at the strong Mar del Plata Tournament in Argentina, winning by a two-point margin, scoring 13½/15 (+13−"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "1=1), ahead of David Bronstein. Fischer lost only to Spassky; this was the start of their lifelong friendship and rivalry. Fischer experienced a rare failure in his competitive career at the Buenos Aires Tournament (1960), finishing with 8½/19 (+3−5=11), far behind winners Viktor Korchnoi and Samuel Reshevsky with 13/19. According to Larry Evans, Fischer's first sexual experience was with a girl to whom Evans introduced him during the tournament. Pal Benko said that Fischer did horribly in the tournament \"because he got caught up in women and sex. Afterwards, Fischer said he'd never mix women and chess together, and kept the promise.\" Fischer concluded 1960 by winning a small tournament in Reykjavík with 4½/5, and defeating Klaus Darga in an exhibition game in West Berlin. In 1961, Fischer started a 16-game match with Reshevsky, split between New York and Los Angeles. Reshevsky, 32 years Fischer's senior, was considered the favorite since he had far more match experience and had never lost a set match. After 11 games and a tie score (two wins apiece with seven draws), the match ended prematurely due to a scheduling dispute between Fischer and match"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " organizer and sponsor Jacqueline Piatigorsky. Fischer forfeited 2 games, and even though the score was now 7½ to 5½, with 8½ required to win, Reshevsky was declared the winner, by default, and received the winner's share of the prize fund. Fischer was second in a super-class field, behind only former world champion Tal, at Bled, 1961. Yet, Fischer defeated Tal head-to-head for the first time in their individual game, scored 3½/4 against the Soviet contingent, and finished as the only unbeaten player, with 13½/19 (+8−0=11).</s><s>1962: success, setback, accusations of collusion. Fischer won the 1962 Stockholm Interzonal by a 2½-point margin, going undefeated, with 17½/22 (+13−0=9). He was the first non-Soviet player to win an Interzonal since FIDE instituted the tournament in 1948. Russian GM Alexander Kotov said of Fischer: Fischer's victory made him a favorite for the Candidates Tournament in Curaçao. Yet, despite his result in the Interzonal, Fischer only finished fourth out of eight with 14/27 (+8−7=12), far"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " behind Tigran Petrosian (17½/27), Efim Geller, and Paul Keres (both 17/27). Tal fell very ill during the tournament, and had to withdraw before completion. Fischer, a friend of Tal's, was the only contestant who visited him in the hospital.</s><s>1962: success, setback, accusations of collusion.:Accuses Soviets of collusion. Following his failure in the 1962 Candidates, Fischer asserted in a \"Sports Illustrated\" article, that three of the five Soviet players (Tigran Petrosian, Paul Keres, and Efim Geller) had a prearranged agreement to quickly draw their games against each other in order to conserve their energy for playing against Fischer. It is generally thought that this accusation is correct. Fischer stated that he would never again participate in a Candidates' tournament, since the format, combined with the alleged collusion, made it impossible for a non-Soviet player to win. Following Fischer's article, FIDE, in late 1962, voted to implement a radical reform of the playoff system, replacing the Candidates' tournament with a format of one-on-one knockout matches—the format that Fischer would dominate in 1971. Fischer defeated Bent Larsen in a summer"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " 1962 exhibition game in Copenhagen for Danish TV. Later that year, Fischer beat Bogdan Śliwa in a team match against Poland in Warsaw. In the 1962/63 US Championship, Fischer lost to Edmar Mednis in round one. It was his first loss ever in a US Championship. Bisguier was in excellent form, and Fischer caught up to him only at the end. Tied at 7–3, the two met in the final round. Bisguier stood well in the middlegame, but blundered, handing Fischer his fifth consecutive US championship.</s><s>Semi-retirement in the mid-1960s. Influenced by ill will over the aborted 1961 match against Reshevsky, Fischer declined an invitation to play in the 1963 Piatigorsky Cup tournament in Los Angeles, which had a world-class field. He instead played in the Western Open in Bay City, Michigan, which he won with 7½/8. In August–September 1963, Fischer won the New York State Championship at Poughkeepsie, with 7/7, his first perfect score, ahead of Arthur Bisguier and James Sherwin. In the 1963/64 US Championship, Fischer achieved his second perfect score, this time"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " against the top-ranked chess players in the country. This result brought Fischer heightened fame, including a profile in \"Life\" magazine.{{cite book }} \"Sports Illustrated\" diagrammed each of the 11 games in its article, \"The Amazing Victory Streak of Bobby Fischer\". Such extensive chess coverage was groundbreaking for the top American sports magazine. His 11–0 win in the 1963/64 Championship is the only perfect score in the history of the tournament, and one of about ten perfect scores in high-level chess tournaments ever.{{cite book }}{{cite book }} David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld called it \"the most remarkable achievement of this kind\". Fischer recalls: \"Motivated by my lopsided result (11–0!), Dr. [Hans] Kmoch congratulated [Larry] Evans (the runner up) on 'winning' the tournament… and then he congratulated me on 'winning the exhibition'.\" Fischer's 21-move victory against Robert Byrne won the brilliancy prize for the tournament. Byrne wrote: International Master Anthony Saidy recalled his last round encounter with the undefeated Fischer: At adjournment, Saidy saw a way to force a draw, yet he had already \"sealed a different, wrong move\", and"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " lost. \"Chess publications around the world wrote of the unparalleled achievement. Only Bent Larsen, always a Fischer detractor, was unimpressed: 'Fischer was playing against children. Fischer, eligible as US Champion, decided against his participation in the 1964 Amsterdam Interzonal, taking himself out of the 1966 World Championship cycle, even after FIDE changed the format of the eight-player Candidates Tournament from a round-robin to a series of knockout matches, which eliminated the possibility of collusion. Instead, Fischer embarked on a tour of the United States and Canada from February through May, playing a simultaneous exhibition, and giving a lecture in each of more than 40 cities.{{cite book }} He had a 94% winning percentage over more than 2,000 games. Fischer declined an invitation to play for the US in the 1964 Olympiad in Tel Aviv.</s><s>Successful return. Fischer wanted to play in the Capablanca Memorial Tournament in Havana in August and September 1965. Since the State Department refused to endorse Fischer's passport as valid for visiting Cuba, he proposed, and the tournament officials and players accepted, a unique arrangement: Fischer played his moves from a room at the Marshall Chess Club, which were then transmitted by teleprinter to Cuba"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": ". Luděk Pachman observed that Fischer \"was handicapped by the longer playing session resulting from the time wasted in transmitting the moves, and that is one reason why he lost to three of his chief rivals.\"{{cite book|author= Luděk Pachman }} The tournament was an \"ordeal\" for Fischer, who had to endure eight-hour and sometimes even twelve-hour playing sessions. Despite the handicap, Fischer tied for second through fourth places, with 15/21 (+12−3=6), behind former world champion Vasily Smyslov, whom Fischer defeated in their individual game. The tournament received extensive media coverage. In December, Fischer won his seventh US Championship (1965), with the score of 8½/11 (+8−2=1), despite losing to Robert Byrne and Reshevsky in the eighth and ninth rounds. Fischer also reconciled with Mrs. Piatigorsky, accepting an invitation to the very strong second Piatigorsky Cup (1966) tournament in Santa Monica. Fischer began disastrously and after eight rounds was tied for last with 3/8. He then staged a strong comeback, scoring 7/8 in the next eight rounds. In the end, World Chess Championship"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " finalist Boris Spassky edged him out by a half point, scoring 11½/18 to Fischer's 11/18 (+7−3=8).{{cite book Now aged 23, Fischer would win every match or tournament he completed for the rest of his life. Fischer won the US Championship (1966/67) for the eighth and final time, ceding only three draws (+8−0=3). In March–April and August–September, Fischer won strong tournaments at Monte Carlo, with 7/9 (+6−1=2), and Skopje, with 13½/17 (+12−2=3). In the Philippines, Fischer played nine exhibition games against master opponents, scoring 8½/9.</s><s>Successful return.:Withdrawal while leading Interzonal. Fischer's win in the 1966/67 US Championship qualified him for the next World Championship cycle. At the 1967 Interzonal, held at Sousse, Tunisia, Fischer scored 8½ points in the first 10 games, to lead the field. His observance of the Worldwide Church of God's seventh-day Sabbath was honored by the organizers but deprived Fischer of several rest days, which led to a scheduling dispute, causing Fischer to forfeit two games in protest and"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " later withdraw, eliminating himself from the 1969 World Championship cycle. Communications difficulties with the highly inexperienced local organizers were also a significant factor since Fischer knew little French and the organizers had very limited English. No one in Tunisian chess had previous experience running an event of this stature. Since Fischer had completed fewer than half of his scheduled games, all of his results were annulled, meaning players who had played Fischer had those games cancelled, and the scores nullified from the official tournament record.</s><s>Successful return.:Second semi-retirement. In 1968, Fischer won tournaments at Netanya, with 11½/13 (+10−0=3), and Vinkovci, with 11/13 (+9−0=4), by large margins. Fischer then stopped playing for the next 18 months, except for a win against Anthony Saidy in a 1969 New York Metropolitan League team match. That year, Fischer (assisted by GM Larry Evans) released his second book of collected games: \"My 60 Memorable Games\", published by Simon & Schuster. The book \"was an immediate success\".</s><s>1969–1972: Road to World Champion. In 1970, Fischer began a new effort to become World Champion. His dramatic march toward the title made him a household name"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " and made chess front-page news for a time. He won the title in 1972, but forfeited it three years later.</s><s>1969–1972: Road to World Champion.:Road to the World Championship. The 1969 US Championship was also a zonal qualifier, with the top three finishers advancing to the Interzonal. Fischer, however, had sat out the US Championship because of disagreements about the tournament's format and prize fund. Benko, one of the three qualifiers, agreed to give up his spot in the Interzonal to give Fischer another shot at the World Championship; Lombardy, who would have been \"next in line\" after Benko, did the same. In 1970 and 1971, Fischer \"dominated his contemporaries to an extent never seen before or since\". Before the Interzonal, in March and April 1970, the world's best players competed in the USSR vs. Rest of the World match in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, often referred to as \"the Match of the Century\". There was much surprise when Fischer decided to participate. With Evans as his second, Fischer flew to Belgrade with the intention of playing for the rest of the world. Danish GM Bent Larsen, however, due to his recent tournament victories, demanded to play first board"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " instead of Fischer, even though Fischer had the higher Elo rating. To the surprise of everyone, Fischer agreed. Although the USSR team eked out a 20½–19½ victory, \"On the top four boards, the Soviets managed to win only one game out of a possible sixteen. Bobby Fischer was the high scorer for his team, with a 3–1 score against Petrosian (two wins and two draws).\" \"Fischer left no doubt in anyone's mind that he had put his temporary break from the tournament circuit to good use. Petrosian was almost unrecognizable in the first two games, and by the time he had collected himself, although pressing his opponent, he could do no more than draw the last two games of the four-game set\". After the USSR versus the Rest of the World Match, the unofficial World Championship of Lightning Chess (5-minute games) was held at Herceg Novi. \"[The Russians] figured on teaching Fischer a lesson and on bringing him down a peg or two\". Petrosian and Tal were considered the favorites,{{cite book }} but Fischer overwhelmed the super-class field with 19/22 (+17−1=4), far ahead of Tal (14½), Korchnoi (14"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "), Petrosian (13½), and Bronstein (13). Fischer lost only one game (to Korchnoi, who was also the only player to achieve an even score against him in the double round robin tournament). Fischer \"crushed such blitz kings as Tal, Petrosian and Vasily Smyslov by a clean score\". Tal marveled that, \"During the entire tournament he didn't leave a single pawn en prise!\", while the other players \"blundered knights and bishops galore\". For Lombardy, who had played many blitz games with Fischer, Fischer's 4½-point margin of victory \"came as a pleasant surprise\". In April–May 1970, Fischer won at Rovinj/Zagreb with 13/17 (+10−1=6), by a two-point margin, ahead of Gligorić, Hort, Korchnoi, Smyslov, and Petrosian. In July–August, Fischer crushed the mostly grandmaster field at Buenos Aires, winning by a 3½-point margin, scoring 15/17 (+13−0=4). Fischer then played first board for the US Team in the 19th Chess Olympiad in Siegen, where he won an individual Silver medal"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": ", scoring 10/13 (+8−1=4), with his only loss being to World Champion Boris Spassky. Right after the Olympiad, Fischer defeated Ulf Andersson in an exhibition game for the Swedish newspaper \"Expressen\". Fischer had taken his game to a new level. Fischer won the Interzonal (held in Palma de Mallorca in November and December 1970) with 18½/23 (+15−1=7), far ahead of Larsen, Efim Geller, and Robert Hübner, with 15/23. Fischer finished the tournament with seven consecutive wins. Setting aside the Sousse Interzonal (which Fischer withdrew from while leading), Fischer's victory gave him a string of eight consecutive first prizes in tournaments. Former world champion Mikhail Botvinnik was not, however, impressed by Fischer's results, stating: \"Fischer has been declared a genius. I do not agree with this… In order to rightly be declared a genius in chess, you have to defeat equal opponents by a big margin. As yet he has not done this\". Despite Botvinnik's remarks, \"Fischer began a miraculous year in the history of chess\". In the 1971 Candidates matches, Fischer was set to"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " play against Soviet grandmaster and concert pianist Mark Taimanov in the quarter-finals. The match began in mid-May in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Fischer was generally favored to win. Taimanov had reason to be confident. He was backed by the firm guidance of Botvinnik, who \"had thoroughly analysed Fischer's record and put together a 'dossier' on him\", from when he was in talks to play Fischer in a match \"a couple of years earlier\". After Fischer defeated Taimanov in the second game of the match, Taimanov asked Fischer how he managed to come up with the move 12. N1c3, to which Fischer replied \"that the idea was not his—he had come across it in the monograph by the Soviet master Alexander Nikitin in a footnote\". Taimanov said of this: \"It is staggering that I, an expert on the Sicilian, should have missed this theoretically significant idea by my compatriot, while Fischer had uncovered it in a book in a foreign language!\" With the score at 4–0, in Fischer's favor, the fifth game adjournment was a sight to behold. Schonberg explains the scene: Fischer beat Taimanov by the score of 6"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "–0. There was little precedent for such a lopsided score in a match leading to the World Championship. Upon losing the final game of the match, Taimanov shrugged his shoulders, saying sadly to Fischer: \"Well, I still have my music.\" As a result of his performance, Taimanov \"was thrown out of the USSR team and forbidden to travel for two years. He was banned from writing articles, was deprived of his monthly stipend… [and] the authorities prohibited him from performing on the concert platform.\" \"The crushing loss virtually ended Taimanov's chess career.\" Fischer was next scheduled to play against Danish GM Bent Larsen. \"Spassky predicted a tight struggle. 'Larsen is a little stronger in spirit. Before the match, Botvinnik had told a Soviet television audience:{{cite book }} Fischer beat Larsen by the identical score of 6–0. Robert Byrne writes: \"To a certain extent I could grasp the Taimanov match as a kind of curiosity—almost a freak, a strange chess occurrence that would never occur again. But now I am at a loss for anything whatever to say… So, it is out of the question for me to explain how Bobby, how anyone, could"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " win six games in a row from such a genius of the game as Bent Larsen\". Just a year before, Larsen had played first board for the Rest of the World team ahead of Fischer, and had handed Fischer his only loss at the Interzonal. Garry Kasparov later wrote that no player had ever shown a superiority over his rivals comparable to Fischer's \"incredible\" 12–0 score in the two matches. Chess statistician Jeff Sonas concludes that the victory over Larsen gave Fischer the \"highest single-match performance rating ever\". On August 8, 1971, while preparing for his last Candidates match with former world champion Tigran Petrosian, Fischer won the Manhattan Chess Club Rapid Tournament, scoring 21½/22 against a strong field.{{cite book }} Despite Fischer's results against Taimanov and Larsen, his upcoming match against Petrosian seemed a daunting task. Nevertheless, the Soviet government was concerned about Fischer. \"Reporters asked Petrosian whether the match would last the full twelve games… 'It might be possible that I win it earlier,' Petrosian replied\", and then stated: \"Fischer's [nineteen consecutive] wins do not impress me. He is a great chess player but no genius.\""
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " Petrosian played a strong in the first game, gaining the advantage, but Fischer eventually won the game after Petrosian faltered. This gave Fischer a run of 20 consecutive wins against the world's top players (in the Interzonal and Candidates matches), a winning streak topped only by Steinitz's 25 straight wins in 1873–1882. Petrosian won the second game, finally snapping Fischer's streak. After three consecutive draws, Fischer swept the next four games to win the match 6½–2½ (+5−1=3). \"Sports Illustrated\" ran an article on the match, highlighting Fischer's domination of Petrosian as being due to Petrosian's outdated system of preparation: Upon completion of the match, Petrosian remarked: \"After the sixth game Fischer really did become a genius. I on the other hand, either had a breakdown or was tired, or something else happened, but the last three games were no longer chess.\" \"Some experts kept insisting that Petrosian was off form, and that he should have had a plus score at the end of the sixth game…\" to which Fischer replied, \"People have been playing against me below strength for fifteen years.\" Fischer's match results befuddled Botvinn"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "ik: \"It is hard to talk about Fischer's matches. Since the time that he has been playing them, miracles have begun.\" \"When Petrosian played like Petrosian, Fischer played like a very strong grandmaster, but when Petrosian began making mistakes, Fischer was transformed into a genius.\" Fischer gained a far higher rating than any player in history up to that time. On the July 1972 FIDE rating list, his Elo rating of 2785 was 125 points above (World No. 2) Spassky's rating of 2660.{{cite book }} His results put him on the cover of \"Life\" magazine, and allowed him to challenge World Champion Boris Spassky, whom he had never beaten (+0−3=2).</s><s>1969–1972: Road to World Champion.:World Championship match. Fischer's career-long stubbornness about match and tournament conditions was again seen in the run-up to his match with Spassky. Of the possible sites, Fischer's first choice was Belgrade, Yugoslavia, while Spassky's was Reykjavík, Iceland. For a time it appeared that the dispute would be resolved by splitting the match between the two locations, but that arrangement failed. After that issue"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " was resolved, Fischer refused to appear in Iceland until the prize fund was increased. London financier Jim Slater donated an additional US$125,000, bringing the prize fund up to an unprecedented $250,000 ($ million today) and Fischer finally agreed to play. Before and during the match, Fischer paid special attention to his physical training and fitness, which was a relatively novel approach for top chess players at that time. Leading up to this match he conducted interviews with 60 Minutes and Dick Cavett explaining the importance of physical fitness in his preparation. He had developed his tennis skills to a good level, and played frequently during off-days in Reykjavík. He had also arranged for exclusive use of his hotel's swimming pool during specified hours, and swam for extended periods, usually late at night. According to Soviet Grandmaster Nikolai Krogius, Fischer \"was paying great attention to sport, and that he was swimming and even boxing…\" The match took place in Reykjavík from July to September 1972. Fischer was accompanied by William Lombardy; besides assisting with analysis, Lombardy may have played an important role in getting Fischer to play in the match and to stay in it. The match was the first to receive an American broadcast in prime"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " time. Fischer lost the first two games in strange fashion: the first when he played a risky pawn-grab in a drawn endgame, the second by forfeit when he refused to play the game in a dispute over playing conditions. Fischer would likely have forfeited the entire match, but Spassky, not wanting to win by default, yielded to Fischer's demands to move the next game to a back room, away from the cameras, whose presence had upset Fischer. After that game, the match was moved back to the stage and proceeded without further serious incident. Fischer won seven of the next 19 games, losing only one and drawing eleven, to win the match 12½–8½ and become the 11th World Chess Champion. The Cold War trappings made the match a media sensation. It was called \"The Match of the Century\", and received front-page media coverage in the United States and around the world.{{cite book|author=Richard Roberts |author2=Harold C. Schonberg |author3=I. A. Horowitz |author4=Samuel Reshevsky|name-list-style=amp }} Fischer's win was an American victory in a field that Soviet players – closely identified with and subsidized by the state –"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " had dominated for the previous quarter-century. Kasparov remarked, \"Fischer fits ideologically into the context of the Cold War era: a lone American genius challenges the Soviet chess machine and defeats it\". Dutch Grandmaster Jan Timman calls Fischer's victory \"the story of a lonely hero who overcomes an entire empire\". Fischer's sister observed, \"Bobby did all this in a country almost totally without a chess culture. It was as if an Eskimo had cleared a tennis court in the snow and gone on to win the world championship\". Upon Fischer's return to New York, a Bobby Fischer Day was held.{{cite book }} He was offered numerous product endorsement offers worth \"at least $5 million\" ($ million today), all of which he declined. He appeared on the cover of \"Sports Illustrated\" with American Olympic swimming champion Mark Spitz and also appeared on The Dick Cavett Show, as well as on a Bob Hope TV special. Membership in the US Chess Federation doubled in 1972, and peaked in 1974; in American chess, these years are commonly referred to as the \"Fischer Boom\". This match attracted more worldwide interest than any chess championship before or since.</s><s>1969–1972: Road to World Champion.:Forfeiture of title."
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " Fischer was scheduled to defend his title in 1975 against Anatoly Karpov, who had emerged as his challenger.{{cite book }} Fischer, who had played no competitive games since his World Championship match with Spassky, laid out a proposal for the match in September 1973, in consultation with FIDE official Fred Cramer. He made three principal (non-negotiable) demands: 1. The match continues until one player wins 10 games, draws not counting. 2. No limit to the total number of games played. 3. In case of a 9–9 score, the champion (Fischer) retains the title, and the prize fund is split equally. A FIDE Congress was held in 1974 during the Nice Olympiad. The delegates voted in favor of Fischer's 10-win proposal, but rejected his other two proposals, and limited the number of games in the match to 36. In response to FIDE's ruling, Fischer sent a cable to Euwe on June 27, 1974: The delegates responded by reaffirming their prior decisions, but did not accept Fischer's resignation and requested that he reconsider. Many observers considered Fischer's requested 9–9 clause unfair because it would require the challenger to win by at least two games (10–"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "8). Botvinnik called the 9–9 clause \"unsporting\". Korchnoi, David Bronstein, and Lev Alburt considered the 9–9 clause reasonable. Due to the continued efforts of US Chess Federation officials, a special FIDE Congress was held in March 1975 in Bergen, Netherlands, in which it was accepted that the match should be of unlimited duration, but the 9–9 clause was once again rejected, by a narrow margin of 35 votes to 32. FIDE set a deadline of April 1, 1975, for Fischer and Karpov to confirm their participation in the match. No reply was received from Fischer by April 3. Thus, by default, Karpov officially became World Champion. In his 1991 autobiography, Karpov professed regret that the match had not taken place, and claimed that the lost opportunity to challenge Fischer held back his own chess development. Karpov met with Fischer several times after 1975, in friendly but ultimately unsuccessful attempts to arrange a match, since Karpov would never agree to play to 10. Brian Carney opined in \"The Wall Street Journal\" that Fischer's victory over Spassky in 1972 left him nothing to prove, except that perhaps someone could someday beat him, and he was not interested"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " in the risk of losing. He also opined that Fischer's refusal to recognize peers also allowed his paranoia to flower: \"The world championship he won ... validated his view of himself as a chess player, but it also insulated him from the humanizing influences of the world around him. He descended into what can only be considered a kind of madness\". Bronstein felt that Fischer \"had the right to play the match with Karpov on his own conditions\". Korchnoi stated: Soviet GM Lev Alburt felt that the decision to not concede to Fischer's demands rested on Karpov's \"sober view of what he was capable of\". Years later, in his 1992 match against Spassky, Fischer said that Karpov refused to play against him under Fischer's conditions.</s><s>Sudden obscurity. After the 1972 World Chess Championship, Fischer did not play a competitive game in public for nearly 20 years. In 1977 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, he played three games against the MIT Greenblatt computer program, winning them all. He moved to the Los Angeles area and associated with the Worldwide Church of God for a time. On May 26, 1981, while walking in Pasadena, Fischer was arrested by a police patrolman, because he resembled a man who"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " had just committed a robbery in the area. Fischer, who alleged that he was slightly injured during the arrest, said that he was held for two days, subjected to assault and various types of mistreatment, and released on $1,000 bail. Fischer published a 14-page pamphlet detailing his allegations of police misconduct, saying that his arrest had been \"a frame up and set up\". In 1981, Fischer stayed at the home of grandmaster Peter Biyiasas in San Francisco, where, over a period of four months, he defeated Biyiasas seventeen times in a series of speed games. In an interview with \"Sports Illustrated\" reporter William Nack, Biyiasas assessed Fischer's play: In 1988–1990, Fischer had a relationship with German chess player Petra Stadler, who had been put in touch with Fischer by Spassky. When Stadler later published a book about the affair, Spassky apologized to Fischer.</s><s>1992 Spassky rematch. Fischer emerged after twenty years of isolation to play Spassky (then tied for 96th–102nd on the FIDE rating list) in a \"Revenge Match of the 20th century\" in 1992. This match took place in Sveti Stefan and Bel"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "grade, Yugoslavia, in spite of a United Nations embargo that included sanctions on commercial activities. Fischer demanded that the organizers bill the match as \"The World Chess Championship\", although Garry Kasparov was the recognized FIDE World Champion. Fischer insisted he was still the true World Champion, and that for all the games in the FIDE-sanctioned World Championship matches, involving Karpov, Korchnoi, and Kasparov, the outcomes had been prearranged. The purse for the rematch was US$5 million, with $3.35 million of the purse to go to the winner. This was and still is the largest purse for a match in chess history. According to grandmaster Andrew Soltis: Fischer won the match with 10 wins, 5 losses, and 15 draws. Kasparov stated, \"Bobby is playing OK, nothing more. Maybe his strength is 2600 or 2650. It wouldn't be close between us\". Yasser Seirawan believed that the match proved that Fischer's playing strength was \"somewhere in the top ten in the world\". Fischer and Spassky gave ten press conferences during the match. Seirawan attended the match and met with Fischer on several occasions; the two analyzed some match games and"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " had personal discourse. Seirawan later wrote: \"After September 23 [1992], I threw most of what I'd ever read about Bobby out of my head. Sheer garbage. Bobby is the most misunderstood, misquoted celebrity walking the face of the earth.\" He added that Fischer was not camera shy, smiled and laughed easily, was \"a fine wit\" and \"wholly enjoyable conversationalist\". The US Department of the Treasury warned Fischer before the start of the match that his participation was illegal, that it would violate President George H. W. Bush's imposing United Nations Security Council sanctions against engaging in economic activities in Yugoslavia. In response, during the first scheduled press conference on September 1, 1992, in front of the international press, Fischer spat on the US order, saying \"this is my reply\". His violation of the order led US Federal officials to initiate a warrant for his arrest upon completion of the match, citing, in pertinent part, \"Title 50 USC §§1701, 1702, and 1705 and Executive Order 12810\". Before the rematch against Spassky, Fischer had won a training match against Svetozar Gligorić in Sveti Stefan with six wins, one loss, and three draws.</s><s>Later life"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " and death.</s><s>Later life and death.:Life as an émigré. After the 1992 match with Spassky, Fischer, now a fugitive, slid back into relative obscurity, taking up residence in Budapest, Hungary, and allegedly having a relationship with young Hungarian chess master Zita Rajcsányi. Fischer stated that standard chess was stale and that he now played blitz games of chess variants, such as Chess960. He visited the Polgár family in Budapest and analyzed many games with Judit, Zsuzsa, and Zsófia Polgár. In 1998 and 1999, he also stayed at the house of young Hungarian grandmaster Peter Leko. From 2000 to 2002, Fischer lived in Baguio in the Philippines, residing in the same compound as the Filipino grandmaster Eugenio Torre, a close friend who had acted as his during his 1992 match with Spassky. Torre introduced Fischer to a 22 year-old woman named Marilyn Young. On May 21, 2001, Marilyn Young gave birth to a daughter named Jinky Young, and claimed that Fischer was the child's father, a claim ultimately disproven by DNA after Fischer's death.</s><s>Later life and death.:Comments on"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " September 11 attacks. Shortly after midnight on September 12, 2001, Philippines local time (approximately four hours after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the US), Fischer was interviewed live by Pablo Mercado on the Baguio station of the Bombo Radyo network. Fischer stated that he was happy that the attacks had happened, while expressing his view on United States and Israeli foreign policy, saying, \"I applaud the act. Look, nobody gets ... that the US and Israel have been slaughtering the Palestinians ... for years.\" He also said, \"The horrible behavior that the US is committing all over the world ... This just shows you, that what goes around, comes around, even for the United States.\" Fischer also referenced the movie \"Seven Days in May\" and said he hoped for a military coup d'état in the US: \"[I hope] the country will be taken over by the military—they'll close down all the synagogues, arrest all the Jews, execute hundreds of thousands of Jewish ringleaders.\" In response to Fischer's statements about 9/11, the US Chess Federation passed a motion to cancel his right to membership in the organization. Fischer's right to become a member was reinstated in 2007.</s><s>Later"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " life and death.:Detention in Japan. Fischer lived for a time in Japan. On July 13, 2004, acting in response to a letter from US officials, Japanese immigration authorities arrested him at Narita International Airport near Tokyo for allegedly using a revoked US passport while trying to board a Japan Airlines flight to Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila, Philippines. Fischer resisted arrest, and claimed to have sustained bruises, cuts and a broken tooth in the process. At the time, Fischer had a passport (originally issued in 1997 and updated in 2003 to add more pages) that, according to US officials, had been revoked in November 2003 due to his outstanding arrest-warrant for the Yugoslavia sanctions violation. Despite the outstanding arrest-warrant in the US, Fischer said that he believed the passport was still valid. The authorities held Fischer at a custody center for 16 days before transferring him to another facility. Fischer said that his cell was windowless and he had not seen the light of day during that period, and that the staff had ignored his complaints about constant tobacco smoke in his cell. Tokyo-based Canadian journalist and consultant John Bosnitch set up the \"Committee to Free Bobby Fischer\" after meeting Fischer at Narita Airport and offering to assist him."
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " Boris Spassky wrote a letter to US President George W. Bush, asking \"For mercy, charity,\" and, if that was not possible, \"to put [him] in the same cell with Bobby Fischer\" and \"to give [them] a chess set\". It was reported that Fischer and Miyoko Watai, the President of the Japanese Chess Association (with whom he had reportedly been living since 2000) wanted to become legally married. It was also reported that Fischer had been living in the Philippines with Marilyn Young during the same period. Fischer applied for German citizenship, on the grounds that his father was German. Fischer stated that he wanted to renounce his US citizenship, and appealed to US Secretary of State Colin Powell to help him do so, though to no effect. Japan's Justice Minister rejected Fischer's request for asylum and ordered his deportation. While in prison, Bobby Fischer legally married Miyoko Watai on September 6, 2004.</s><s>Later life and death.:Citizenship and residency in Iceland. Seeking ways to evade deportation to the United States, Fischer wrote a letter to the government of Iceland in early January 2005, requesting Icelandic citizenship. Sympathetic to Fischer's plight, but reluctant to grant him the full benefits of citizenship, Icelandic authorities"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " granted him an alien's passport. When this proved insufficient for the Japanese authorities, the Althing (the Icelandic Parliament), at the behest of William Lombardy,{{cite book }} agreed unanimously to grant Fischer full citizenship in late March for humanitarian reasons, as they felt he was being unjustly treated by the United States and Japanese governments, and also in recognition of his 1972 match, which had \"put Iceland on the map\". After arriving in Reykjavík in late March, Fischer gave a press conference. He lived a reclusive life in Iceland, avoiding entrepreneurs and others who approached him with various proposals. Fischer moved into an apartment in the same building as his close friend and spokesman, Garðar Sverrisson. Garðar's wife, Kristín Þórarinsdóttir, was a nurse and later looked after Fischer as a terminally ill patient. Garðar's two children, especially his son, were very close to Fischer. Fischer also developed a friendship with Magnús Skúlason, a psychiatrist and chess player who later recalled long discussions with him on a wide variety of subjects. On December 10, 2006, Fischer telephoned an Icelandic television station that had just broadcast a chess game in which one player"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " blundered such that his opponent was able to mate on the next move. Although he tried to change his mind upon seeing the mate, the touch-move rule forced him to play the blunder. Fischer pointed out a winning combination that could have been played instead of the blunder or the other attempted move, but had been missed by the player and commentators. In 2005, some of Fischer's belongings were auctioned on eBay. Fischer claimed, in 2006, that the belongings sold in the US without his permission were worth \"hundreds of millions of [US] dollars; even billions of dollars.\" In the same interview, Fischer also said that UBS Bank had closed an account of his and liquidated his assets against his wishes, transferring the funds to a bank in Iceland.</s><s>Later life and death.:Death, estate dispute, and exhumation. On January 17, 2008, Fischer died at age 64 from degenerative kidney failure at the Landspítali Hospital (National University Hospital of Iceland) in Reykjavík.Death: - - - - - - - - He originally had a urinary tract blockage but refused surgery or medication. Magnús Skúlason reported Fischer's response to leg massages: \"Nothing so"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "othes as much as the human touch.\" On January 21, Fischer was buried in the small Christian cemetery of Laugardælir church, outside the town of Selfoss, southeast of Reykjavík, after a Catholic funeral presided over by Fr. Jakob Rolland of the diocese of Reykjavík. In accordance with Fischer's wishes, only Miyoko Watai, Garðar Sverrisson, and Garðar's family were present.Burial: - - -. - - - Fischer's estate was estimated at 140 million ISK (about £1 million, or US$2 million). It quickly became the object of a legal battle involving claims from four parties, with Miyoko Watai ultimately inheriting what remained of Fischer's estate after government claims. The four parties were Fischer's Japanese wife, Miyoko Watai; his alleged Filipino daughter, Jinky Young, and her mother, Marilyn Young; his two American nephews, Alexander and Nicholas Targ, and their father, Russell Targ; and the US government (claiming unpaid taxes). Marilyn Young claimed that Jinky was Fischer's daughter, citing as evidence Jinky's birth and baptismal certificates, photographs, a transaction record dated December 4,"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " 2007, of a bank remittance by Fischer to Jinky, and Jinky's DNA through her blood samples. However, Magnús Skúlason, a friend of Fischer's, said that he was certain that Fischer was not the girl's father. In addition, the validity of Miyoko Watai's marriage to Fischer was challenged. On June 16, 2010, Iceland's supreme court ruled in favor of a petition on behalf of Jinky Young to have Fischer's remains exhumed. The exhumation was performed on July 5, 2010, in the presence of a doctor, a priest, and other officials. A DNA sample was taken and Fischer's body was then reburied. On August 17, 2010, it was announced that results of DNA testing had ruled out Fischer as the father of Jinky Young. On March 3, 2011, an Icelandic district court ruled that Miyoko Watai and Fischer had married on September 6, 2004, and that, as Fischer's widow and heir, Watai was therefore entitled to inherit Fischer's estate. Fischer's nephews were ordered to pay Watai's legal costs, amounting to ISK 6.6 million (approximately $57,000).</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "Personal life.:Religious affiliation. Although Fischer's mother was Jewish, Fischer rejected attempts to label him as Jewish. In a 1962 interview with \"Harper's\", asked if he was Jewish, he replied that he was \"part-Jewish\" through his mother. In the same interview he was quoted as saying: \"I read a book lately by Nietzsche and he says religion is just to dull the senses of the people. I agree.\" In a 1984 letter to the editor of the \"Encyclopaedia Judaica\", Fischer demanded that they remove his name from future editions. Fischer associated with the Worldwide Church of God in the mid-1960s. The church prescribed Saturday Sabbath, and forbade work (and competitive chess) on Sabbath. According to his friend and colleague Larry Evans, in 1968 Fischer felt philosophically that \"the world was coming to an end\" and he might as well make some money by publishing \"My 60 Memorable Games\"; Fischer thought that the Rapture was coming soon. During the mid-1970s, Fischer contributed significant money to the Worldwide Church of God. In 1972, one journalist stated that \"Fischer is almost as serious about religion as he is about chess\", and the champion credited his faith with greatly improving his chess. Yet prophecies"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " by Herbert W. Armstrong went unfulfilled. Fischer eventually left the church in 1977, \"accusing it of being 'Satanic', and vigorously attacking its methods and leadership\". Towards the end of his life, Fischer became interested in Catholicism. He bought his friend Gardar Sverrisson a copy of \"Basic Catechism: Creed, Sacraments, Morality, Prayer\" so Gardar could explain the religion better to him. According to Sverrisson, Fischer talked to him about transformation of society through creation of harmony and that \"the only hope for the world is through Catholicism.\" Fischer was also known to have read a synopsis of G. K. Chesterton's works in the years leading up to his death. He requested a Catholic funeral, and this final service was presided over by Catholic priest Jakob Rolland.</s><s>Personal life.:Antisemitism. Fischer made numerous antisemitic statements and professed a general hatred for Jews from at least the early 1960s. Jan Hein Donner wrote that at the time of Bled 1961, \"He idolized Hitler and read everything about him that he could lay his hands on. He also championed a brand of antisemitism that could only be thought up by a mind completely cut off"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " from reality.\" Donner took Fischer to a war museum, which \"left a great impression, since [Fischer] is not an evil person, and afterwards he was more restrained in his remarks—to me, at least.\" From the 1980s on, Fischer's comments about Jews were a major theme in his public and private remarks. He openly denied the Holocaust, and called the United States \"a farce controlled by dirty, hook-nosed, circumcised Jew bastards\". Between 1999 and 2006, Fischer's primary means of communicating with the public was radio interviews. He participated in at least 34 such broadcasts, mostly with radio stations in the Philippines, but also in Hungary, Iceland, Colombia, and Russia. In 1999, he gave a radio call-in interview to a station in Budapest, Hungary, during which he described himself as the \"victim of an international Jewish conspiracy\". In another radio interview, Fischer said that it became clear to him in 1977, after reading \"The Secret World Government\" by Count Cherep-Spiridovich, that Jewish agencies were targeting him. Fischer's sudden reemergence was apparently triggered when some of his belongings, which had been stored in a Pasadena, California, storage unit, were sold by the landlord,"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " who claimed it was in response to nonpayment of rent. Fischer was also upset that UBS had liquidated his assets and closed his account without his permission. When asked who he thought was responsible for the actions UBS had taken, Fischer replied: \"There's no question that the Jew-controlled United States is behind this—that's obvious.\" Fischer, at a press conference upon his return to Reykjavik, Iceland, lashed out at Jeremy Schaap, the son of the late Dick Schaap, a sportswriter who had been a father figure to Fischer when growing up, calling his father a \"Jewish snake\" for doubting Fischer's sanity in his later writings. Fischer's library contained antisemitic and racist literature such as \"Mein Kampf\", \"The Protocols of the Elders of Zion\", and \"The White Man's Bible\" and \"Nature's Eternal Religion\" by Ben Klassen, founder of the World Church of the Creator.{{cite web }}Fischer wrote of \"Nature's Eternal Religion\" in a 1979 letter to Benko, The book shows that Christianity itself is just a Jewish hoax and one more Jewish tool for their conquest of the world. ... Unfortunately the author is an extreme racist and this somewhat spo"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "ils the book. {{cite book</s><s>Personal life.:Speculation on psychological condition. While as far as is known Fischer was never formally diagnosed with a mental disorder, there has been widespread comment and speculation concerning his psychological condition based on his extreme views and unusual behavior. Reuben Fine, psychologist and chess player, who met Fischer many times, said that \"Some of Bobby's behavior is so strange, unpredictable, odd and bizarre that even his most ardent apologists have had a hard time explaining what makes him tick\" and described him as \"a troubled human being\" with \"obvious personal problems\". Valery Krylov, advisor to Anatoly Karpov and a specialist in the \"psycho-physiological rehabilitation of sportsmen\", believed Fischer had schizophrenia. Psychologist Joseph G. Ponterotto, from secondhand sources, concludes that \"Bobby did not meet all the necessary criteria to reach diagnoses of schizophrenia or Asperger syndrome. The evidence is stronger for paranoid personality disorder.\" Magnús Skúlason, a chess player, psychiatrist and head doctor of Sogn Institution for Mentally Ill Offenders near Selfoss, befriended Fischer towards the end of Fischer's life. From \"Endgame\", Fischer's 2011 biography by Frank Brady:</s>"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "<s>Contributions to chess.</s><s>Contributions to chess.:Writings. - \"Bobby Fischer's Games of Chess\" (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1959).. An early collection of 34 lightly annotated games, including \"The Game of the Century\" against Donald Byrne. - \"A Bust to the King's Gambit\" (\"American Chess Quarterly\", Vol. 1, No. 1 (Summer 1961), pp. 3–9).{{cite book |author=Bobby Fischer - \"The Russians Have Fixed World Chess\" (\"Sports Illustrated\", Vol. 17, No. 8 (August 20, 1962), pp. 18–19, 64–65). This is the controversial article in which Fischer asserted that several of the Soviet players in the 1962 Curaçao Candidates' tournament had colluded with one another to prevent him [Fischer] from winning the tournament. - \"The Ten Greatest Masters in History\" (\"Chessworld\", Vol. 1, No. 1 (January–February 1964), pp. 56–61). An article in which Fischer named Paul Morphy, Howard Staunton, Wilhelm Steinitz, Siegbert Tarrasch, Mikhail Chigorin, Alexander Alekhine, José"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " Raúl Capablanca, Boris Spassky, Mikhail Tal, and Samuel Reshevsky as the greatest players of all time. Fischer's criterion for inclusion on his list was his own subjective appreciation of their games rather than their achievements. - \"Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess\" (1966), co-written with Donn Mosenfelder and Stuart Margulies. The extent of Fischer's contribution has been questioned. - \"Checkmate\" column from December 1966 to December 1969 in \"Boys' Life\", later assumed by Larry Evans. - \"My 60 Memorable Games\" (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1969, and Faber and Faber, London, 1969; Batsford 2008 (algebraic notation)). Studied by Kasparov at a young age; \"A classic of painstaking and objective analysis that modestly includes three of his losses.\" - \"I Was Tortured in the Pasadena Jailhouse!\" (1982). A self-published booklet on an incident in which Fischer was booked for vagrancy.</s><s>Contributions to chess.:Opening theory. Fischer's opening repertoire was narrow in some ways. As White, Fischer almost exclusively played 1.e4, calling it \"best by test\", throughout his career."
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " He played 1.d4 only once in a serious game, during a blitz tournament. In spite of this narrowness, he was considered by some of his rivals to be unpredictable in his opening play, and a difficult opponent to prepare for. As Black, Fischer would usually play the Najdorf Sicilian against 1.e4, and the King's Indian Defense against 1.d4, only rarely venturing into the Nimzo-Indian, Benoni, Grünfeld or Neo-Grünfeld. Fischer acknowledged difficulty playing against the of the French Defense (1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4), but maintained that the Winawer was unsound because it exposed Black's kingside, and that, in his view, \"Black was trading off his good bishop with 3...Bb4 and ...Bxc3.\" Later on Fischer said: \"I may yet be forced to admit that the Winawer is sound. But I doubt it! The defense is anti-positional and weakens the K-side.\" Fischer was renowned for his opening preparation and made numerous contributions to chess opening theory. He was one of the foremost experts on the Ruy Lopez. A"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " line of the Exchange Variation (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Bxc6 dxc6 5.0-0) is sometimes called the \"Fischer Variation\" after he successfully resurrected it at the 1966 Havana Olympiad.{{cite book }}{{cite book|quote=The modern version of the Spanish Exchange variation, in which White moves 5.0-0 after the exchange on move 4, should be named after former world champion Bobby Fischer. [Fischer, after finding an improvement on a 1965 game Barendregt-Teschner, which Black won,] started to play the Exchange with the move 5.0-0, winning game after game with it, and continued to play it with success even in his 1992 rematch with Boris Spassky, his final formal chess event. }} Fischer's lifetime score with the move 5.0-0 in tournament and match games was eight wins, three draws, and no losses (86.36%). Fischer was a recognized expert in the black side of the Najdorf Sicilian and the King's Indian Defense. He used the Grünfeld Defense and Neo-Grünfeld Defense"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " to win his celebrated games against Donald and Robert Byrne, and played a theoretical novelty in the Grünfeld against reigning world champion Mikhail Botvinnik, refuting Botvinnik's prepared analysis. In the Nimzo-Indian Defense, the line beginning with 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3 b6 5.Ne2 Ba6 was named after him.{{cite book }}{{cite book }}{{cite book }} Fischer established the viability of the so-called Poisoned Pawn Variation of the Najdorf Sicilian (1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.Bg5 e6 7.f4 Qb6). This bold queen sortie, to snatch a pawn at the expense of development, had been considered dubious,{{cite book }}{{cite book }} but Fischer succeeded in proving its soundness. Out of ten tournament and match games as Black in the Poisoned Pawn, Fischer scored 70%, winning five, drawing four, and losing only one: the 11"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "th game of his 1972 match against Spassky. Following Fischer's use, the Poisoned Pawn Variation became a respected line, utilized by many of the world's leading players.{{cite book }} Fischer's 10.f5 in this line against Efim Geller quickly became the main line of the Poisoned Pawn. On the white side of the Sicilian, Fischer made advances to the theory of the line beginning 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 (or e6) 6.Bc4, which has sometimes been named after him. In 1961, prompted by a loss the year before to Spassky, Fischer wrote an article titled \"A to the King's Gambit\" for the first issue of the \"American Chess Quarterly\", in which he stated, \"In my opinion, the King's Gambit is busted. It loses by force.\" Fischer recommended 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 d6, which has since become known as the Fischer Defense, as a refutation to the King's Gambit.{{cite book }}{"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "{cite book }} Fischer later played the King's Gambit as White in three tournament games, winning them all.</s><s>Contributions to chess.:Endgame. Fischer had excellent endgame technique. International Master Jeremy Silman listed him as one of the five best endgame players (along with Emanuel Lasker, Akiba Rubinstein, José Raúl Capablanca, and Vasily Smyslov), calling Fischer a \"master of bishop endings\".{{cite book }} The endgame of a rook, bishop, and pawns against a rook, knight, and pawns has sometimes been called the \"Fischer Endgame\" because of several instructive wins by Fischer (with the bishop), including three against Mark Taimanov in 1970 and 1971.{{cite book }}{{cite book }}{{cite book }}</s><s>Contributions to chess.:Fischer clock. In 1988, Fischer filed for for a new type of chess clock, which gave each player a fixed period at the start of the game and then added a small increment after each completed move. An example of Fischer's patented clock was made for, and used in, the 1992 rematch between Fischer and Spassky. Clocks based on the \"Fischer clock"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "\" soon became standard in major chess tournaments. Fischer would later complain that he was cheated out of the royalties for this invention.</s><s>Contributions to chess.:Fischer Random. Following his re-emergence onto the chess scene with his 1992 match against Spassky, Fischer heavily disparaged chess as it was being played at the highest levels. As a result, on June 19, 1996, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Fischer announced and advocated a variant of chess called Fischerandom (later also known as Chess960). The goal of Fischerandom was to ensure that a game between two players is a contest between their understandings of chess, rather than their abilities to prepare opening strategies or memorize opening lines.{{cite book</s><s>Contributions to chess.:Legacy. Some grandmasters compared Fischer's play to that of a computer or a player without noticeable weaknesses.{{cite book|author=Edward Winter }} Biographers David Edmonds and John Eidinow wrote: Kasparov wrote that Fischer \"became the detonator of an avalanche of new chess ideas, a revolutionary whose revolution is still in progress\". In January 2009, reigning world champion Viswanathan Anand described him as \"the greatest chess player who ever lived\". Serbian GM Lj"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "ubomir Ljubojević called Fischer, \"A man without frontiers. He didn't divide the East and the West, he brought them together in their admiration of him.\" German GM Karsten Müller wrote:</s><s>Contributions to chess.:Head-to-head record versus selected grandmasters. (Rapid, blitz, and blindfold games not included; listed as +wins −losses =draws.) - Mikhail Tal +2−4=5 - Mikhail Botvinnik +0−0=1 - Vasily Smyslov +3−1=5 - Boris Spassky +17−11=28 - Max Euwe +1−1=1 - Tigran Petrosian +8−4=15 - Efim Geller +3−5=2 - Svetozar Gligorić +7−4=8 - Paul Keres +4−3=3 - Victor Korchnoi +2−2=4 - Bent Larsen +9−2=1 - Miguel Najdorf +4−1=4 - Lev Polugaevsky +0−0=1 - David Bronstein +0−0=2 - Samuel Reshevsky +"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "9−4=13 - Mark Taimanov +7−0=1 - Borislav Ivkov +4−2=4 - Pal Benko +8−3=7</s><s>Contributions to chess.:Internet chess playing speculation. In 2001, Nigel Short wrote in \"The Sunday Telegraph\" chess column that he believed he had been secretly playing Fischer on the Internet Chess Club (ICC) in speed chess matches. Subsequently others claimed to have played Fischer as well. Fischer denied ownership of the account.</s><s>In popular culture.</s><s>In popular culture.:In film. - The 1993 film \"Searching for Bobby Fischer\", adopted from its eponymous book, uses Fischer's name in the title even though the film and book are about the life of chess prodigy Joshua Waitzkin, whose father wrote the book. Outside of the United States, it was released as \"Innocent Moves\". The title refers to the search for Fischer's successor after his disappearance from competitive chess, since Waitzkin's father feels that his son could be that successor. Fischer claimed never to have seen the film and complained that it invaded his privacy by using his name without his permission. Fischer never received any compensation from the film, calling it \"a monumental sw"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "indle\". - In April 2009, the documentary \"Me and Bobby Fischer\", about Fischer's last years as his old friend Saemundur Palsson gets him out of jail in Japan and helps him settle in Iceland, was premiered in Iceland. The film was produced by Friðrik Guðmundsson with music by Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson, Björk and Einar Arnaldur Melax. - In October 2009, the biographical film \"Bobby Fischer Live\" was released, with Damien Chapa directing and starring as Fischer. - In 2011, documentary filmmaker Liz Garbus released \"Bobby Fischer Against the World\", which explores the life of Fischer, with interviews from Garry Kasparov, Anthony Saidy, and others. - On September 16, 2015, the American biographical film \"Pawn Sacrifice\" was released, starring Tobey Maguire as Fischer, Liev Schreiber as Boris Spassky, Lily Rabe as Joan Fischer, and Peter Sarsgaard as William Lombardy.</s><s>In popular culture.:Other media. - The musical \"Chess\", with lyrics by Tim Rice and music by Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson, tells the story of two chess champions"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": ". The musical is loosely based on the 1972 World Championship match between Fischer and Spassky, and in later stage productions the American player is named \"Freddie Trumper\", a reference to Fischer. - During the 1972 Fischer–Spassky match, the Soviet bard Vladimir Vysotsky wrote an ironic two-song cycle \"Honor of the Chess Crown\". The first song is about a rank-and-file Soviet worker's preparation for the match with Fischer; the second is about the game. Many expressions from the songs have become catchphrases in Russian culture. - British sophisti-pop band Prefab Sprout reference Fischer in their 1984 song \"Cue Fanfare\" in the lyrics \"When Bobby Fischer's plane touches the ground/He'll take those Russian boys and play them out of town\". - In a season 21 episode of \"Saturday Night Live\", in a sketch set at a chess tournament, the Spartan cheerleaders, played by Will Ferrell and Cheri Oteri, sang a cheer with references to Fischer and his reclusion, including the lyrics \"Where is he?/I don't know/I don't know\". - In episode 6 of season 3 of \"Drunk History\", titled 'Games', comedian and"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " author Rich Fulcher retold the story of the 1972 World Chess Championship match between Fischer and Spassky. In the episode, Taran Killam plays Fischer, and Jake Johnson plays Spassky.</s><s>Tournament, match, and team event summaries. Fischer played 752 tournament games in his career, winning 417, drawing 251, and losing 84. These include, however, games when he was very young; if only the games after he turned 20 are considered, he played 311 tournament games and lost 23, a 7.4% loss percentage.</s><s>Tournament, match, and team event summaries.:Tournaments. The 1955 US Amateur Championship was the first tournament organized by the US Chess Federation in which Fischer entered. Before this tournament, he had played in the Brooklyn Chess Club Championships, in some tournaments organized by the Brooklyn YMCA Chess and Checker Club, and in a correspondence chess tournament organized by \"Chess Review\".</s><s>Notable games. - Donald Byrne vs. Fischer, New York 1956; Grünfeld Defense, 5.Bf4 (D92),. Played when Fischer was 13 years old, \"this game appeared in chess magazines around the world, provoking the delight of the public and the amazement of the"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " experts.\" It was dubbed \"The Game of the Century\" by Hans Kmoch in \"Chess Review\". - Svetozar Gligorić vs. Fischer, Bled 1961; King's Indian Defense, Classical Variation, Mar del Plata Variation (E98),. \"A genuine drawn masterpiece\" according to Garry Kasparov. Andrew Soltis rated it as one of \"The 100 Best Chess Games of the 20th Century\". - Robert Byrne vs. Fischer, 1963/64 US Championship; Neo-Grünfeld Defense, 0–1; annotated. From an almost position, Fischer beats a strong international master in —\"a game that was immediately recognized as an all-time classic\". - Fischer vs. Mark Taimanov, Vancouver Candidates Final 1971; 4th match game, Sicilian Defense, Taimanov Variation (B47),. Fischer's patient and accurate handling of bishop vs. knight, first in the rook and minor piece endgame, and then after rooks were, has become a staple of endgame instructional literature. - Fischer vs. Tigran Petrosian, Buenos Aires Candidates Final 1971; 7th match game, Sicilian Defense, Taimanov Variation (B42),"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": " 1–0. Fischer's unconventional choice of 22.Nxd7+, exchanging a well-posted knight for an apparently passive bishop, has been widely praised. However, in 2020 engine-assisted analysis by Karsten Müller and ChessBase News readers came to the conclusion that 22.a4 wins, while 22.Nxd7+ only draws against correct defense. - Fischer vs. Boris Spassky, World Chess Championship 1972; 6th match game, Queen's Gambit Declined, Tartakower Defense (D59), 1–0; annotated on the 1972 match page. Fischer called this game his best of the match. Efim Geller had told Spassky about the strong move 14...Qb7 during their preparation, but Spassky had forgotten the advice and played 14...a6. Geller won with 14...Qb7 against Jan Timman in the AVRO 1973 tournament. - Boris Spassky vs. Fischer, World Chess Championship 1972; 13th match game, Alekhine Defense, Modern Variation, Alburt Variation (B04), 0–1; annotated on the 1972 match page. Botvinnik called this game \"the highest creative achievement of Fischer\". He resolved a draw"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "ish opposite-colored bishops endgame by sacrificing his bishop and trapping his own rook. \"Then five passed pawns struggled with the white rook. Nothing similar had been seen before in chess.\" - Fischer vs. Boris Spassky, 1992; 1st match game, Ruy Lopez, Breyer Variation (C95), 1–0; annotated on the 1992 match page. Fischer's \"fine\" victory in his first competitive game in 20 years \"made a great impression on the chess world\", although in Kasparov's view, Spassky's play was below the standard of the leading grandmasters of the time.</s><s>See also. - Bibliography of works on Bobby Fischer - List of chess players by peak FIDE rating - List of Jewish chess players</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. - {{cite book|ref=Alexander |last=Alexander|first=C. H. O'D.|author-link=Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander - {{cite book|ref=Benko |last1=Benko|first1=Pal|author-link=Pal Benko - {{cite book|ref=Bisguier |last1=Bisguier|first"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "1=Arthur|author-link=Arthur Bisguier - {{cite book|ref=Bohm |last1=Böhm|first1=Hans - {{cite book|ref=Brady1965 |last=Brady|first=Frank|author-link=Frank Brady (writer) - {{cite book|ref=Brady1973 |last=Brady|first=Frank - {{cite book|ref=Brady2011 |last=Brady - {{cite book|ref=Bronstein |last1=Bronstein|first1=David|author-link=David Bronstein - {{cite book|ref=Byrne |last1=Byrne|first1=Robert|author-link=Robert Byrne (chess player) - {{cite book|ref=Collins |last=Collins|first=John W.|author-link=John W. Collins - {{cite book |last1=DeLucia|first1=David - {{cite book|ref=Denker |last1=Denker|first1=Arnold|author-link=Arnold Denker - {{cite book|ref=DiFelice2010 |"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "last=Di Felice|first=Gino - {{cite book|ref=DiFelice2013a |last=Di Felice|first=Gino - {{cite book|ref=DiFelice2013b |last=Di Felice|first=Gino - {{cite book|ref=DiFelice2013c |last=Di Felice|first=Gino - {{cite book|ref=Donaldson |last1=Donaldson|first1=John|author-link=John Donaldson (chess player) - {{cite book|ref=Donner |last=Donner|first=J. H.|author-link=Jan Hein Donner - {{cite book|ref=Edmonds |last1=Edmonds|first1=David|author-link=David Edmonds (philosopher) - {{cite book|ref=F1959 |last=Fischer|first=Bobby - {{cite book|ref=F1969 |last=Fischer|first=Bobby - {{cite book|ref=F1982 |last=Fischer|first=Bobby - {{cite magazine|ref=Ginzburg |last="
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "Ginzburg|first=Ralph|author-link=Ralph Ginzburg - {{cite book|ref=Gligoric |last=Gligorić|first=Svetozar|author-link=Svetozar Gligorić - {{cite book|ref=Whyld |last1=Hooper|first1=David|author-link=David Vincent Hooper - {{cite book|ref=Karpov |last=Karpov|first=Anatoly - {{cite book|ref=Kasparov |last=Kasparov|first=Garry - {{cite book|ref=Kazic |last=Kažić - {{cite book|ref=Lombardy |last=Lombardy|first=William|author-link=William Lombardy - {{cite book|ref=Mednis |last=Mednis|first=Edmar|author-link=Edmar Mednis - {{cite book|ref=Muller |last=Müller|first=Karsten - {{cite book|ref=Plisetsky |last1=Plisetsky|first1"
},
{
"title": "Bobby Fischer",
"text": "=Dmitry - {{cite book|ref=Schonberg |last=Schonberg - {{cite book|ref=Seirawan |last1=Seirawan|first1=Yasser|author-link=Yasser Seirawan - {{cite book|ref=Soltis2003 |last=Soltis|first=Andrew - {{cite book|ref=Steiner |last=Steiner|first=George|author-link=George Steiner - {{cite book|ref=Wade |last1=Wade|first1=Robert G.|author-link=Robert Wade (chess player) - {{cite book|ref=Waitzkin |last=Waitzkin|first=Fred|author-link=Fred Waitzkin</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Bobby Fischer",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000409
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Joey Jordison.
|
[
{
"title": "Joey Jordison",
"text": "<s>Joey Jordison Nathan Jonas \"Joey\" Jordison (April 26, 1975 – July 26, 2021) was an American musician. He was the original drummer and co-founder of the heavy metal band Slipknot, in which he was designated #1, and the guitarist for the horror punk supergroup Murderdolls. Jordison grew up in Des Moines, Iowa, with his parents and two sisters, and was given his first drum kit at the age of 8. He performed with many bands early in his career; then in 1995, he joined a band called the Pale Ones, which would later change their name and become Slipknot. Jordison played in Slipknot since its inception, helping form the band until his departure in December of 2013. Of Slipknot's nine-member lineup, which lasted from 1999–2010, Joey was the third to join the band. He was the drummer and founder of Scar the Martyr, which formed in 2013 and disbanded in 2016. With Slipknot, Jordison performed on the band's first four studio albums, and produced the 2005 live album \"\". Outside his major projects, Jordison performed with other acts such as Rob Zombie, Metallica, Korn, Ministry, Otep, and"
},
{
"title": "Joey Jordison",
"text": " Satyricon. Jordison was also known for his session work, which includes performances on various recordings for many artists. Jordison used several drum brands including Pearl, and ddrum. At the time of his death, Jordison was playing in the blackened death metal supergroup Sinsaenum.</s><s>Early life. Jordison was born in Des Moines, Iowa, on April 26, 1975, to Steve and Jackie Jordison. He had two younger sisters. He grew up in a rural area outside of Waukee where he used to play basketball on the street in front of his house. He embraced music at an early age, which he attributes to his parents' influence: \"They always sat me down in front of the radio, rather than the TV.\" He played guitar until receiving his first drum kit as a gift from his parents at age eight, and started his first band while in elementary school. Jordison's parents divorced when he was young. The children stayed with their mother. His mother remarried and set up a funeral parlor where Jordison would occasionally help. Jordison stated that he felt a sudden responsibility to be the man of the house. During this time, he formed the band Modifidious, in which he played drums. He"
},
{
"title": "Joey Jordison",
"text": " later described them as \"total speed-metal thrash\". The band helped Jordison break new ground, playing live as support to local bands including Atomic Opera, featuring Jim Root, and Heads on the Wall, featuring Shawn Crahan. He also played at a bowling center his family owned, on a night called \"Bowl-O-Rama\". After a multitude of lineup changes—including Craig Jones and Josh Brainard, who would reappear in Slipknot—the band released two demos in 1993: \"Visceral\" and \"Mud Fuchia\". After leaving school, Jordison was hired by a local music store called Musicland. In March 1994, after a recommendation from his new friend, he got a job at a Sinclair garage in Urbandale. Jordison worked the night shift, which he preferred, as it left his weekends free and allowed him to spend time with his friends and listen to music while working. In early 1995, Modifidious disbanded because of a shift in interest from thrash metal to death metal in America. Following this Jordison joined a local band called the Rejects as a guitarist, with whom he only played a couple of shows. Jordison was also involved in a band with future bandmate Paul Gray"
},
{
"title": "Joey Jordison",
"text": " and vocalist Don Decker, named Anal Blast. Gray also attempted to recruit him for another band, Body Pit, but he declined the invitation to remain in the Rejects. During the forming period of Slipknot, Paul recruited Joey to join a punk rock band called the Have Nots in the Spring of 1996. Joey would leave the Have Nots in February 1997 to \"focus on Slipknot\" but instead reformed the Rejects, which would play Des Moines up until Slipknot left to record their 1999 self-titled debut album, which Paul played in after the Have Nots broke up.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Slipknot. On November 28, 1995, Mark Anthony Cadavos approached Jordison while he was working, offering him a position in a new project called the Pale Ones. Intrigued and at a point where he was \"lost\", Jordison attended rehearsals at Anders Colsefni's basement and immediately wanted to be part of this new band. Speaking of this moment he said, \"I remember trying so hard not to smile, so I didn't look like I wanted to join, I remained poker-faced, but I thought they ruled.\" A lot of Slipknot"
},
{
"title": "Joey Jordison",
"text": "'s early development was discussed by band members while Jordison worked night shifts at Sinclair's garage. Of the eventual nine members, Joey was the third to join the band. Slipknot would become pioneers to the new wave of American heavy metal.{{cite web }} Jordison was accompanied by two custom percussionists, giving their music a feel that \"Rolling Stone\" touted as \"suffocating\". Each member of Slipknot is assigned a number; Joey was assigned \"#1\". Joey produced one album with Slipknot: 2005 live album \"\". In August 2008, Jordison broke his ankle and Slipknot had to cancel some of its English tour dates. On August 22, 2009, Jordison was taken to the emergency room for a burst appendix, less than an hour before he was to take the stage for Auburn, Washington's KISW Pain in the Grass concert. As a result, Slipknot canceled following shows in August and September, to give Jordison time to recover. On December 12, 2013, Slipknot announced through their official website that Jordison had left the band, citing personal reasons for his departure. In response, Jordison released a statement insisting that he had in fact been fired from the band and stated that Slipknot"
},
{
"title": "Joey Jordison",
"text": " \"has been my life for the last 18 years, and I would never abandon it, or my fans\". After years of both sides being silent and evasive as to the reasons for his leaving the band, Jordison revealed in June 2016 that he suffered from transverse myelitis, a neurological disease that cost him the ability to play the drums toward the end of his time with Slipknot.</s><s>Career.:Murderdolls. While touring Ozzfest in 2001 to support Slipknot's studio album \"Iowa\", Jordison met Tripp Eisen, then of Static-X; the two discussed forming a side project. In 2002, Jordison revived his band The Rejects, renaming them the Murderdolls. Jordison became the Murderdolls' guitarist, and he recruited Wednesday 13 of Frankenstein Drag Queens from Planet 13 to play bass. Wednesday eventually became a vocalist, while drummer Ben Graves and bassist Eric Griffin completed the band's lineup. Murderdolls signed with Roadrunner Records and released an EP entitled \"Right to Remain Violent\" in 2002. The band returned in August 2002 with their debut album \"Beyond the Valley of the Murderdolls\". The band uses horror films, including \"Friday the 13th\" and \""
},
{
"title": "Joey Jordison",
"text": "Night of the Living Dead\", as an inspiration for their lyrics. On October 30, 2002, the Murderdolls made an appearance on an episode of Dawson's Creek entitled \"Living Dead Girl\". The band reunited in 2010 with only Jordison and Wednesday 13 remaining from the original line-up. The band released their second studio album \"Women & Children Last\" on August 31, 2010. The band embarked on the extensive Women & Children Last World Tour performing shows alongside many notable acts such as Guns N' Roses and performing around the world. The tour was plagued with many problems including the cancellation of many shows and repeated incidents of Jordison storming off stage, most notably in Bordeaux, France (attributed to extreme tinnitus) and Perth, Western Australia. The tour finished on April 24, 2011. This was considered to be the band's last outing as Wednesday 13 confirmed the band's split in an interview in March 2013.</s><s>Career.:Scar the Martyr. In April 2013 details emerged of a new band featuring Jordison, Jed Simon and Kris Norris. Little else was released except that Jordison had performed most instruments in this project and that Chris Vrenna and an unknown vocalist were to complete keyboard and vocal work, respectively. On June"
},
{
"title": "Joey Jordison",
"text": " 21 the band was named Scar the Martyr and the vocalist named as Henry Derek. On May 5, 2016, Jordison announced that the project had been disbanded.</s><s>Career.:Vimic. On May 5, 2016, Jordison announced in an interview on Sirius XM that he had launched a new band called Vimic. In an interview with \"Wall of Sound\" in 2018, Jordison explained Vimic was \"still 100% active\".</s><s>Career.:Sinsaenum. On May 20, 2016, Jordison announced a new extreme metal band Sinsaenum, dual fronted by vocalist Attila Csihar (of Mayhem and Sunn O)))) along with keyboardist Sean Zitarsky (of Chimaira and Dååth). The band also included Jordison on drum duties, DragonForce bassist Frédéric Leclercq on guitar, Stéphane Buriez from Loudblast on guitar, and Heimoth from the band Seth on bass. They announced the launch of their debut album \"Echoes of the Tortured\" on July 29, and released their first single \"Army Of Chaos\" on earMUSIC's YouTube channel. The second album, called \"Rep"
},
{
"title": "Joey Jordison",
"text": "ulsion for Humanity\", was released on August 10, 2018.</s><s>Career.:Other projects.</s><s>Career.:Other projects.:Remixing and performances. In 2001, Jordison worked on a remix of \"The Fight Song\" by Marilyn Manson. Jordison also appeared in the music video for Manson's cover of \"Tainted Love\". Later in the year, Manson revealed that Jordison had been working with him on his album \"The Golden Age of Grotesque\". Jordison had in fact worked on guitars but the track did not appear on the album. In 2004, Jordison appeared on OTEP's album \"House of Secrets\", drumming on six tracks for the album. In 2008, Jordison appeared on Puscifer's album \"\"V\" is for Viagra. The Remixes\", with a remix of the track \"Drunk With Power\". In 2010, Jordison recorded four additional songs with Rob Zombie for the re-release of his latest album \"Hellbilly Deluxe 2\".</s><s>Career.:Other projects.:On tour. Jordison performed with other bands, solely as a touring member. While preparing for the Download Festival in 2004, Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich was hospitalized for an unknown illness. Metallica's vocalist James"
},
{
"title": "Joey Jordison",
"text": " Hetfield searched amongst other bands performing at the festival to find a replacement for Ulrich; Jordison, Flemming Larsen (Ulrich's drum technician) and Dave Lombardo of Slayer volunteered. Jordison performed on 8 of the 13 songs that made up the set and was called the band's \"hero of the day\". In late 2004, Jordison performed with Satyricon on their tour of the United States when drummer Frost was refused entry into the country. The tour was cut short after guitarists Steinar Gundersen and Arnt Gronbech—who were also only touring members—were charged with sexually assaulting a fan in Toronto. In 2006, Jordison joined Ministry for their \"MasterBaTour 2006\", which consisted of sixty dates across the United States and Canada. He also appeared in the music video for their single \"Lies Lies Lies\". Korn recruited Jordison in 2007 to join them on tour when drummer David Silveria went on hiatus from the band. He also appeared in the music video for their single \"Evolution\". While touring with Korn, Jordison became the first musician to perform on five occasions at the Download Festival in England. Jordison also began touring with Rob Zombie after Tommy Clufetos withdrew from the band"
},
{
"title": "Joey Jordison",
"text": ". Although the position was initially only meant for a couple of months, Jordison stayed with the band for almost a year until the culmination of Zombie's Australian tour when he announced that he would be leaving to focus his time on the Murderdolls and Slipknot.</s><s>Career.:Other projects.:Producing. In August 2004, Jordison became involved in Roadrunner United, a celebration of Roadrunner Records 25th anniversary. As one of four \"team captains\" who wrote and produced material for the album, Jordison said of the experience, \"I thought it was a great idea and was really excited about it, because it was a chance to work with a lot of artists that I really respected while I was growing up.\" In 2007, 3 Inches of Blood recruited Jordison to produce their album \"Fire Up the Blades\". Jordison was a fan of the band and when he heard that Roadrunner wanted to have some demos produced he said; \"I was the first one to jump at it, I'm like; 'I want this fucking band'.\" From these demos the label commissioned a record. Vocalist Jamie Hopper said of Jordison, \"he's an amazing producer\".</s><s>Influences. Jordison cited Keith Moon (formerly"
},
{
"title": "Joey Jordison",
"text": " of the Who), John Bonham (formerly of Led Zeppelin), Gene Krupa, and Buddy Rich as his main influences. He said, \"I grew up listening to Mötley Crüe's \"Too Fast for Love\" and \"Shout at the Devil\".\" He described Lars Ulrich (of Metallica), Charlie Benante (of Anthrax), and Dave Lombardo (formerly of Slayer) as having a considerable influence on his drumming. Jordison also held Dale Crover of Melvins in high esteem.</s><s>Equipment. Jordison used Pearl drums, hardware, rack system, pedals and percussion, Paiste cymbals, Remo Drumheads, Promark drumsticks, ddrum triggers and Roland electronics.</s><s>Illness and death. In a 2016 \"Metal Hammer\" interview, Jordison talked about suffering from acute transverse myelitis. Its symptoms started in 2010 while touring with Murderdolls, but the disease was diagnosed long after. This progressed to the loss of the use of his left leg. The neurological disease had cost him the use of his legs and caused him to be unable to play the drums before rehabilitation. He recovered with the aid of medical help and physical therapy, with his trainer Caleb."
},
{
"title": "Joey Jordison",
"text": " Jordison died in his sleep on July 26, 2021, at the age of 46, as stated by his family the next day.</s><s>Awards and recognition. In August 2010 Jordison was voted the best drummer of the previous 25 years by readers of \"Rhythm\" magazine, ahead of drummers such as Mike Portnoy, Neil Peart, and Phil Collins. When asked to comment he stated \"I'm at a loss for words. This is beyond unbelievable. Something like this reminds me every day why I continue to do this.\" As voted on by 6,500 drummers worldwide, Jordison won the Drummies Award for Best Metal drummer in 2010. In September 2013 Jordison was named the world's greatest metal drummer by readers of \"Loudwire\". In 2016 Jordison was honored with The Golden God Award at the Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards. Following Jordison’s death in 2021; multiple tributes went public from musicians such as: Mike Portnoy, Alex Skolnick of Testament, Fred Durst of Limp Bizkit, Dave Lombardo, Lars Ulrich, Ben Thatcher of Royal Blood, and multiple others. In 2022 Slipknot dedicated their seventh studio album The End, So Far in memory of Jordison"
},
{
"title": "Joey Jordison",
"text": ".</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:with Modifidious. - \"Drown\" (1993) - \"Submitting to Detriment\" (1993) - \"Visceral\" (1993) - \"Mud Fuchia\" (1994) - \"Sprawl\" (1994)</s><s>Discography.:with the Have Nots. - \"Forgetting Yesterday and Beating You with Kindness\" (1996)</s><s>Discography.:with Slipknot. - \"Mate. Feed. Kill. Repeat.\" (1996, demo) - \"Slipknot demo\" (1998) - \"Slipknot\" (1999) - \"Welcome to Our Neighborhood\" (1999, video) - \"Iowa\" (2001) - \"Disasterpieces\" (2002, video) - \"\" (2004) - \"\" (2005, live album) - \"\" (2006, video) - \"All Hope Is Gone\" (2008) - \"(sic)nesses\" (2010, video) - \"Antennas to Hell\" (2012, compilation album)</s><s>Discography.:with Murderdolls. - \"Right to Remain Violent\" (EP) (2002) - \"Beyond the Valley of the Murderdolls"
},
{
"title": "Joey Jordison",
"text": "\" (2002) - \"Women and Children Last\" (2010)</s><s>Discography.:with Roadrunner United. - \"The All-Star Sessions\" (2005) - \"The Concert\" (2008)</s><s>Discography.:with the Rejects. - \"Love Songs for People Who Hate\" (2012) - \"Strung Out, Pissed Off and Ready To Die\" (2014)</s><s>Discography.:with Scar the Martyr. - \"Revolver EP\" (2013) - \"Metal Hammer EP\" (2013) - \"Scar the Martyr\" (2013)</s><s>Discography.:with Sinsaenum. - \"Sinsaenum\" (EP) (2016) - \"A Taste of Sin\" (EP) (2016) - \"Echoes of the Tortured\" (2016) - \"Ashes\" (EP) (2017) - \"Repulsion for Humanity\" (2018)</s><s>Bibliography. -</s><s>Further reading. - Joey Jordison obituary in The Guardian - Joey Jordison obituary in Rolling Stone</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Joey Jordison",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000410
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Hayden Panettiere.
|
[
{
"title": "Hayden Panettiere",
"text": "<s>Hayden Panettiere Hayden Lesley Panettiere (; born August 21, 1989) is an American actress, model, and singer. She is best known for her lead roles as Claire Bennet on the NBC superhero series \"Heroes\" and Juliette Barnes in the ABC/CMT musical drama series \"Nashville\", the latter of which earned her two nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film. She also appears in the meta-slasher horror franchise \"Scream\", portraying tomboy film geek Kirby Reed. A native of Palisades, New York, she first appeared on-screen in a commercial in 1990 at only 11 months old. However, her full-time acting career did not begin until 1994 when playing Sarah Roberts on the long-running ABC soap opera series \"One Life to Live\" from that year until 1997. She then went on to play Lizzie Spaulding on one of CBS's own soaps, \"Guiding Light\" from 1996 until 2000. For her work on Pixar film \"A Bug's Life\" (1998), she was nominated for a Young Artist Award and a Grammy Award, making her the 5th youngest artist ever to be nominated for"
},
{
"title": "Hayden Panettiere",
"text": " a Grammy. Panettiere has also starred in the Disney football drama film \"Remember the Titans\" (2000), the final season of the Fox legal comedy-drama series \"Ally McBeal \" (2002), the comedy-drama film \"Raising Helen\" (2004), the Disney Channel original patriotic film \"Tiger Cruise\" (2004), the horse racing comedy film \"Racing Stripes\" (2005), the figure skating drama film \"Ice Princess\" (2005), the romantic comedy film \"I Love You, Beth Cooper\" (2009), the true crime drama film \"\" (2011), and the drama film \"Custody\" (2016). She also voiced the characters of Kairi and Xion in the video game series \"Kingdom Hearts\" (2002–2017) and Samantha \"Sam\" Giddings in the video game \"Until Dawn\" (2015).</s><s>Early life. Panettiere was born and partly raised in Palisades, New York. She is the daughter of Lesley R. Vogel, a former soap opera actress, and Alan Lee \"Skip\" Panettiere, a captain in the Fire Department of New York City. She had one younger brother, actor Jansen Panettiere. Her mother"
},
{
"title": "Hayden Panettiere",
"text": "'s family lives in Indiana. After Panettiere attended South Orangetown Middle School in New York, she was homeschooled and had private tutors from grade nine to the completion of high school to accommodate her acting schedule.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Acting.</s><s>Career.:Acting.:Television. Panettiere first appeared in commercials at the age of eleven months, beginning with an advertisement for a Playskool toy train. She landed a role as Sarah Roberts on the ABC soap opera \"One Life to Live\" from 1994 to 1997, which was followed by Lizzie Spaulding on the CBS soap opera \"Guiding Light\" in 1996, and again from 1997 to 2000. While on \"Guiding Light,\" Panettiere's character Lizzie battled leukemia. The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society gave her its Special Recognition Award for drawing the attention of daytime viewers to the disease, and for improving national awareness. For her performance in Lifetime Television's 1999 TV movie \"If You Believe\", she was nominated for the Young Artist Award for Young Actress Age Ten or Under in the category of Best Performance in a TV Movie or Pilot. Panettiere appeared on Fox's \"Ally McBeal"
},
{
"title": "Hayden Panettiere",
"text": "\" as the title character's daughter, played the daughter of a man transitioning to female in HBO Films' \"Normal\", had a recurring guest role on \"Malcolm in the Middle\" and guest starred in \"\" in two different roles. Panettiere gained greater fame as Claire Bennet in the NBC series \"Heroes,\" which was created by Tim Kring, as a high school cheerleader with regenerative healing powers. Thanks to her role on \"Heroes,\" she became a regular on the science fiction convention circuit, invited to attend conventions around the world in 2007, including Gen Con, New York Comic Con, and Fan Expo Canada. Panettiere has complained that her acting options are sometimes limited because \"people look at [her] as either the popular cheerleader type or just the blonde\". In early 2007, Panettiere appeared on the MTV show, \"Punk'd\". The appearance was engineered by her mother and involved a male \"fan\" discussing her work with her, instigating a jealous reaction from the man's spouse. In April 2012, she hosted an episode of the new series. In March 2012, it was announced Panettiere had been cast opposite Connie Britton on the ABC musical drama series \"Nashville\", where she portrayed Juliette"
},
{
"title": "Hayden Panettiere",
"text": " Barnes. The show reunited Panettiere with Burgess Jenkins (who appears in the first few episodes) from \"Remember the Titans\". The show moved from ABC to CMT for its fifth and sixth seasons, and concluded its run on July 26, 2018.</s><s>Career.:Acting.:Films. Panettiere made her feature film debut at the age of 9, albeit as a voice actor, for 1998's \"A Bug's Life\", but her first released film was the same year's \"The Object of My Affection\" at the age of 8, in which she appears briefly as a mermaid in the school play in the opening scene. In 1999, she portrayed the girl on a sinking sailboat in \"Message in a Bottle\". She played the role of Coach Yoast's daughter, Sheryl, in the 2000 Disney film \"Remember the Titans\". In 2004, Disney Channel gave Panettiere her first starring roles as the daughter of actor Bill Pullman's character in \"Tiger Cruise\", and as a teenage girl caught in a fantasy transitional realm alongside fellow child actor Ryan Kelley in fantasy film flick, \"The Dust Factory\". Her last major acting credit of 2004 was the role of adolescent niece to Kate Hudson's title character in \"Raising Helen"
},
{
"title": "Hayden Panettiere",
"text": "\", where Panettiere played the older sister to real life siblings Abigail and Spencer Breslin. In 2005, Panettiere played opposite Michelle Trachtenberg as an ice skating rival in Disney's \"Ice Princess\" and lead the screen again, this time, as budding jockey Channing Walsh in 2005's film \"Racing Stripes.\" In 2006, Panettiere played a cheerleader in \"\" and had a supporting role as Adelaide Bourbon in the 2007 independent film \"Shanghai Kiss\". In June 2007, she signed with the William Morris Agency, after previously being represented by the United Talent Agency. \"Forbes\" estimated that she earned $2 million in 2007. In 2008, Panettiere appeared in the drama \"Fireflies in the Garden\" as a younger version of Emily Watson's character, Jane Lawrence. In September 2008, she appeared in a satirical video, a mock-PSA for Funny or Die titled \"Hayden Panettiere PSA: Your Vote, Your Choice\". In October, Panettiere appeared in another satirical PSA video on funnyordie.com titled \"Vote for McCain: He's just like George Bush, except older and with a worse temper\". In July 2009, Panettiere starred in the"
},
{
"title": "Hayden Panettiere",
"text": " teen comedy \"I Love You, Beth Cooper\". In September 2010, she starred as Amanda Knox in the controversial \"\". Panettiere also provided the voice of Kate in 2010's \"Alpha and Omega\". In April 2011, Panettiere appeared in the \"Scream\" sequel, \"Scream 4\", playing Kirby Reed. The film received mixed reviews, but she received acclaim for her role and was considered to be a highlight. The same year she replaced Anne Hathaway as the voice of Red for the animated sequel \"Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil\". In 2012, \"The Forger\", in which she played the role of Amber, was released direct to DVD (both this and \"Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil\" were made in 2009). In April 2015, Panettiere joined the cast of \"Custody\", alongside Viola Davis, whom she appeared with in 2006's \"The Architect\". In January 2022, Panettiere briefly reprised her role as Kirby Reed in the \"Scream 4\" sequel \"Scream\" in a photograph used in the film, revealing the character to have survived the fourth film's events. Panettiere is credited with \"Special Thanks\" for the photograph's use as"
},
{
"title": "Hayden Panettiere",
"text": " well as a voice cameo. On May 2022, it was announced Panettiere would be returning to the \"Scream\" franchise on its upcoming sixth installment, in what also marks her first on-screen film appearance since 2018 after a career hiatus.</s><s>Career.:Acting.:Video games. Panettiere voiced Kairi in \"Kingdom Hearts\" and \"Kingdom Hearts II\", although she was replaced by Alyson Stoner in several sequels; she briefly reprised her role in \"Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep\" and also voiced Xion in \"\". She voiced and modeled the character of Samantha \"Sam\" Giddings in \"Until Dawn\", which was released on PlayStation 4 on August 25, 2015.</s><s>Career.:Singing. Panettiere was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1999 for \"A Bug's Life\". In 2004, she recorded a song entitled \"My Hero Is You\" with a video for the Disney Channel film she starred in, \"Tiger Cruise\", and \"Someone Like You,\" a duet with Watt White for another film, \"The Dust Factory\" (also with an accompanying video). The next year she recorded a song entitled \"I Fly\" for the Disney film \"Ice Princess\" in which she"
},
{
"title": "Hayden Panettiere",
"text": " also co-starred. She recorded a song for the Hollywood Records compilation \"Girl Next\" (2006) and another song entitled \"Go to Girl\" for \"Girl Next 2\" (2007). Also in 2007, she sang the national anthem at A Capitol Fourth and recorded a cover for \"Cruella De Vil\" for \"Disneymania 5\", \"Try\" for the \"Bridge to Terabithia\" soundtrack and a ballad called \"I Still Believe\" for \"\". Panettiere's first single not associated with an acting role, \"Wake Up Call\", was digitally released on August 5, 2008. The clothing brand Candie's announced that it was premiering an ad campaign for the single in late July. Candie's provided additional promotion for the single with a television advertisement and a music video. Sebastian Stan, who portrayed the brother of Panettiere's character in \"The Architect\", played her boyfriend in the video. She has recorded several songs for Nashville, which were released as singles and included on the show's soundtrack albums. She also made numerous concert appearances associated with the show's touring promotion. In 2013, Panettiere recorded a version of \"The Fabric of My Life\" for a Cotton Incorporated campaign.</s><s>Career.:"
},
{
"title": "Hayden Panettiere",
"text": "Modeling. In late 2006, Neutrogena made Panettiere the cover girl for their new worldwide ad campaign; following in the footsteps of actresses Kristin Kreuk, Josie Bissett, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Mandy Moore, Mischa Barton, Gabrielle Union and Jennifer Freeman. In September 2007, Panettiere appeared in a \"Heroes\"-themed Got Milk? ad for which the photographs were shot by Annie Leibovitz. In February 2008, Kohl's announced that Panettiere would be their next Candie's spokesperson. From 2007 to 2008, Panettiere designed limited edition hand bags for Dooney & Bourke and modeled their bags in magazine ads. In 2009, Panettiere was one of the celebrities featured in the coffee table book \"Room 23\", produced by Diana Jenkins and photographed by Deborah Anderson.</s><s>Personal life. Panettiere began dating her \"Heroes\" co-star Milo Ventimiglia in December 2007, when she was 18 and he was 30. They broke up in February 2009. In 2009, Panettiere met then-world heavyweight boxing champion Wladimir Klitschko at the book launch party for mutual acquaintance Diana Jenkins' \"Room 23\", in which both Panettiere"
},
{
"title": "Hayden Panettiere",
"text": " and Klitschko were featured. They soon began dating. Panettiere was ringside for Klitschko's knockout victory over Samuel Peter on September 11, 2010. In May 2011, she announced that they had split. Both cited the long-distance nature of their relationship as the reason, and said they would remain close friends. Panettiere confirmed reports that she and Klitschko had resumed their romantic relationship in an April 2013 interview. In October 2013, she announced her engagement to Klitschko. In December 2014, Panettiere gave birth to their daughter. In 2015, she stated that following the birth of her daughter she experienced postpartum depression. In her September 28 appearance on \"Live with Kelly and Michael\", she said that it's \"scary and needs to be talked about\". In October, Panettiere voluntarily checked into a facility for treatment, causing her to miss filming for a few episodes of \"Nashville\". She returned to treatment in May 2016. In August 2018, Panettiere's mother confirmed the couple had broken up again, remaining on friendly terms. After she broke up with Klitschko, she started dating Brian Hickerson. In 2020, they broke up after he was arrested for corporal injury on a spouse/co"
},
{
"title": "Hayden Panettiere",
"text": "habitant, assault, and intimidating a witness (Panettiere). The charges stemmed from alleged incidents between May 2019 and June 2020. Despite this abuse and the statement, Panettiere and Hickerson have remained friends since he was released from jail.</s><s>Activism. In 2007, Panettiere became an official supporter of Ronald McDonald House Charities and is a member of their celebrity board, called the Friends of RMHC. On October 31, 2007, Panettiere joined with The Whaleman Foundation to try to disrupt the annual dolphin hunt in Taiji, Wakayama, Japan. She was involved in a confrontation between Japanese fishermen and five other surfers of the group from Australia and the United States (including former \"Home and Away\" actress Isabel Lucas). The confrontation lasted more than ten minutes before the surfers were forced to return to the beach, after which they left the country. Parts of the confrontation can be seen on the award-winning Sundance Film Festival documentary film \"The Cove\". The fishermen consider the condemnation as an attack on their culture. On January 28, 2008, Panettiere handed a letter of protest to the Norwegian ambassador in the U.S. arguing that Norway should stop its hunt for whales. She also delivered a letter to"
},
{
"title": "Hayden Panettiere",
"text": " the Japanese ambassador calling for the end of Japan's hunting of whales. At a 2007 Greenpeace event in Anchorage, Alaska, Panettiere defended aboriginal whaling, saying that there is a difference between commercial whaling and the whaling practiced by aboriginal tribes in the U.S. In May 2008, Panettiere was involved in an eBay auction to benefit Save the Whales Again, a campaign of The Whaleman Foundation. The auction included tickets to a fundraising dinner hosted at the Hollywood restaurant Beso, owned by Eva Longoria, and a whale watching tour, with Panettiere, off the coast of Santa Barbara. The same month, during an interview with \"Teen Vogue\", she explained how her fame gives her a platform for her activism: \"The show [\"Heroes\"] put me in a place to speak for things that I'm passionate about.\" In September 2008, Panettiere launched her own line of calfskin leather bags for the company Dooney & Bourke. In October, she delved into the presidential election, releasing a satirical public service announcement through the website Funny or Die. In this video, Panettiere mocked Republican candidate John McCain for his age and temper. She subsequently made clear her intention to vote for Barack Obama and urged other young"
},
{
"title": "Hayden Panettiere",
"text": " people to vote. Panettiere has long supported the statehood movement in the District of Columbia. In 2008 she appeared in a public service announcement with DC Shadow Senator Paul Strauss endorsing voting rights for Washington, DC. In 2011, DC Mayor Vincent Gray acknowledged Panettiere's advocacy on behalf of securing full representation in Congress for District of Columbia residents by naming a day in her honor. At the ceremony, Panettiere reflected, \"It seems like such (an) unfathomable fact that, you know, it's taxation without representation in D.C., and that there's no democracy in our democracy, at the heart of it.\" She participated in Strauss' \"51 Stars\" campaign which aimed to get 51 celebrities to endorse making Washington, DC the 51st state. She was also a teen ambassador for the Candie's Foundation, whose mission is to prevent teen pregnancy. On May 6, 2009, she participated in a town hall meeting in New York City alongside Bristol Palin and Major League Baseball pitcher Matt Garza on the issue of teen pregnancy. On December 6, 2013, Panettiere and her then-fiancé Wladimir Klitschko visited the Euromaidan protests in Kiev, Ukraine. Wladimir's brother, Vitali, was"
},
{
"title": "Hayden Panettiere",
"text": " one of the leading figures of the protests. In July 2020, Panettiere advocated for victims of domestic abuse to come forward and share their stories, specifically after she herself had gone through abuse.</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Other charted songs. - Did not enter the Hot 100 but charted on Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Hayden Panettiere",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000411
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Matthew Perry.
|
[
{
"title": "Matthew Perry",
"text": "<s>Matthew Perry Matthew Langford Perry (born August 19, 1969) is an American-Canadian actor, comedian and producer. He is best known for his role as Chandler Bing on the NBC television sitcom \"Friends\" (1994–2004). As well as starring in the short-lived television series \"Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip\", Perry has appeared in several films, including \"Fools Rush In\", \"Almost Heroes\", \"The Whole Nine Yards\", \"17 Again\" and \"The Ron Clark Story\". In 2010, he worked in both voice-over and video games doing the voice of Benny in the video game \"\". Perry was co-creator, co-writer, executive producer, and star of the ABC sitcom \"Mr. Sunshine\", which ran from February to April 2011. In August 2012, Perry began starring as Ryan King, a sportscaster, on the NBC sitcom \"Go On\". The series was canceled on May 10, 2013. Perry co-developed and starred in the CBS sitcom \"The Odd Couple\" portraying Oscar Madison from 2015 to 2017.</s><s>Early life. Perry was born in Williamstown, Massachusetts, on August 19, 1969. His mother, Suzanne Marie Morrison née Langford (born 1948), is a Canadian journalist and served"
},
{
"title": "Matthew Perry",
"text": " as press secretary to former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. His father, John Bennett Perry (born 1941), is an American actor and former model. His parents divorced before his first birthday and his mother married Canadian-born broadcast journalist Keith Morrison. He was raised by his mother in Ottawa, Ontario (although he lived briefly in Toronto and Montreal, Quebec), and was educated at both the Rockcliffe Park Public School, alongside Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, and at Ashbury College. While growing up, he took a keen interest in tennis and became a top-ranked junior player.</s><s>Career. When he was 15, Perry moved from Ottawa to Los Angeles to pursue acting and attended The Buckley School in Sherman Oaks, graduating in 1987. He pursued improvisational comedy at the LA Connection in Sherman Oaks while still in high school. After graduating, he took the role of Chazz Russell in the TV series \"Second Chance\". After 13 episodes, \"Second Chance\" became \"Boys Will Be Boys\", with the plots refocused on the adventures of Chazz and his friends. After the show's single season, Perry stayed in Los Angeles and made his screen debut in the 1988 film \"A Night in the Life of Jimmy Reardon\". In 1989, Perry had a three-"
},
{
"title": "Matthew Perry",
"text": "episode arc on the series \"Growing Pains\", in which he portrayed Carol Seaver's boyfriend Sandy who dies in the hospital after a drunk-driving accident. In the midst of his many continuing guest roles on TV, Perry was cast as a regular on the 1990 CBS sitcom \"Sydney\", playing the younger brother of Valerie Bertinelli's title character. In 1991, he made a guest appearance on \"Beverly Hills, 90210\" as Roger Azarian. Perry landed his next TV starring role on the ABC sitcom \"Home Free\", which aired only 11 episodes in the spring of 1993, followed by a sitcom pilot titled \"LAX 2194\". He attempted to secure an audition for the pilot \"Six of One\", later to be known as \"Friends\", by Marta Kauffman and David Crane, both of whom he had worked with on \"Dream On\". However, due to previous commitments to the pilot \"LAX 2194\", he was not initially considered for an audition. When he did eventually get a reading, he landed the part of Chandler Bing. He was the youngest of the main cast at age 24. \"Friends\" was hugely successful, and Perry, along with his co-stars, became an international celebrity – something Perry had long"
},
{
"title": "Matthew Perry",
"text": " hoped for. \"There was steam coming out of my ears, I wanted to be famous so badly,\" he told \"The New York Times\" in 2002. \"You want the attention, you want the bucks, and you want the best seat in the restaurant.\" Due to the immense popularity of the sitcom, Perry and the rest of the six-member main cast ensemble were each making $1 million per episode by 2002. The program earned him an Emmy nomination in 2002 for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, along with Matt LeBlanc, but the two lost to Ray Romano. Perry appeared in films such as \"Fools Rush In\" (alongside father John Bennett Perry and Salma Hayek), \"Almost Heroes\", \"Three to Tango\", \"The Whole Nine Yards\" (alongside Bruce Willis) and its sequel \"The Whole Ten Yards\", and \"Serving Sara\". While known primarily for his comic roles, Perry has carved out a career in drama as well, particularly in his portrayal of Associate White House Counsel Joe Quincy in Aaron Sorkin's \"The West Wing\". His three appearances in that series (twice in the fourth season and once in the fifth) earned him two Emmy nominations for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series"
},
{
"title": "Matthew Perry",
"text": " in 2003 and 2004. Perry is referred to in the show prior to his guest appearance – Donna Moss seeks him out (off-screen) in the episode \"20 Hours in LA\". He also appeared as attorney Todd Merrick in two episodes near the end of \"Ally McBeal\"'s five-season run, including a two-hour special intended to revive the legal comedy-drama. After \"Friends\" wrapped up, Perry made his directorial debut in an episode of the 4th season of the American comedy-drama \"Scrubs\", in which he also guest starred as \"Murray Marks\", an operator of a small airport's traffic control team. Murray is asked to donate a kidney to his father Gregory (played by Perry's real father). He starred in the TNT movie \"The Ron Clark Story,\" also known as \"The Triumph,\" which premiered August 13, 2006. Perry played small-town teacher Ron Clark, who relocates to the toughest class in the country. Perry received a Golden Globe nomination as well as an Emmy nomination for his performance. From 2006 to 2007, Perry appeared in Aaron Sorkin's drama \"Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip\". Perry played Matt Albie alongside Bradley Whitford's Danny Tripp, a writer"
},
{
"title": "Matthew Perry",
"text": "-director duo brought in to help save a failing sketch show. Perry's character was considered to be substantially based on Sorkin's own personal experiences, particularly in television. In 2006, he began filming \"Numb\", a film based on a man suffering from depersonalization disorder. The film's tentative release date was pushed back several times, but was finally released to DVD on May 13, 2008. He also appeared in David Mamet's \"Sexual Perversity in Chicago\" in London. In 2009, he starred in the film \"17 Again\" playing the older Mike O'Donnell. In 2008, Perry starred in the offbeat film \"Birds of America\" as Morrie Tanager, an uptight man who has to deal with his siblings. Showtime passed on a pilot called \"The End of Steve\", a dark comedy starring, written and produced by Perry and Peter Tolan. Perry's new comedy pilot, \"Mr. Sunshine\", based on Perry's original idea for the show, was bought by ABC. Perry was set to portray a middle-aged man with an identity crisis. ABC canceled the series after nine episodes. On March 1, 2012, it was reported that Perry had signed on to star on the NBC comedy pilot \"Go On"
},
{
"title": "Matthew Perry",
"text": "\", written and produced by former \"Friends\" writer/producer Scott Silveri. The project was picked up to series in May 2012. Perry portrayed Ryan King, a sportscaster who tries to move on after the death of his wife through the help of mandatory therapy sessions. The pilot aired on August 8, 2012, as a \"sneak preview\" after the 2012 Summer Olympics. The series premiered on September 11, 2012. On October 2, 2012, NBC ordered a full season of 22 episodes. NBC canceled \"Go On\" in May 2013, shortly after the conclusion of its first season. In 2012, Perry guest-starred on the CBS drama \"The Good Wife\", as attorney Mike Kresteva. In 2013, he reprised his role in the fourth season. In 2014, Perry made his British TV debut in the one-off comedy program \"The Dog Thrower\", which aired on May 1 as part of Sky Arts' \"Playhouse Presents\". Perry portrayed \"a charismatic man\" who enchanted onlookers by throwing his dog in the air. From 2015 to 2017, Perry starred in, co-wrote, and served as executive producer of a revival of the sitcom \"The Odd Couple\" on CBS. Perry played Oscar Madison opposite Thomas Lennon"
},
{
"title": "Matthew Perry",
"text": " as Felix Unger. Perry played the lead role in a new production of his play \"The End of Longing\", which premiered on February 11, 2016, at the Playhouse Theatre in London. The play transferred Off-Broadway to MCC Theater, which opened on June 5, 2017, with Jennifer Morrison. In March 2017, Perry again reprised his role as attorney Mike Kresteva, in \"The Good Fight\", a sequel show to the CBS drama \"The Good Wife\". Later in 2017, he starred as Ted Kennedy in the mini-series \"\". In 2018, \"Business Insider\" reported Perry's net worth to be around $80 million. In October 2022, Perry published a memoir, \"Friends, Lovers, and the Big Terrible Thing\". It became a bestseller on both Amazon and The New York Times charts.</s><s>Personal life. Perry holds both Canadian and American citizenship. Perry dated Yasmine Bleeth in 1995. He also dated Julia Roberts from 1995 to 1996. He later dated Lizzy Caplan from 2006 to 2012. Perry is a fan of the \"Fallout\" video game series. On a 2009 episode of \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\", he gave DeGeneres a copy of \"Fallout 3\". This"
},
{
"title": "Matthew Perry",
"text": " prompted game studio Obsidian Entertainment to cast him in the next installment of the series, \"\". In August 2018, it was reported that Perry had abdominal surgery to repair a gastrointestinal perforation. On September 15, 2018, he revealed in a tweet that he had spent three months recovering in the hospital, suggesting the surgery had taken place in June 2018. He became engaged to Molly Hurwitz, a literary manager, in November 2020. In June 2021, Perry announced he had called off the engagement, telling \"People\" magazine, \"Sometimes things just don't work out and this is one of them. I wish Molly the best.\" He has described his politics as \"left of center\".</s><s>Personal life.:Drug and alcohol addiction. Perry became addicted to Vicodin after a jet-ski accident in 1997, and completed a 28-day rehab program later that year. His weight fluctuated drastically over the next few years and once dropped to. He lost in 2000 due to pancreatitis. He again entered rehab in February 2001 for addiction to Vicodin, methadone, amphetamines, and alcohol. He was filming \"Serving Sara\" in Texas when he suffered severe stomach pains, and flew to Los Angeles to check into Marina del Rey's Daniel Freeman"
},
{
"title": "Matthew Perry",
"text": " Hospital. Perry's publicist, Lisa Kasteler, confirmed his rehab stay. He says he has spent around $9 million to get sober. He has revealed that due to his addiction issues, he does not remember three years of the time he was acting on \"Friends\", \"somewhere between season three and six.\" In 2011, as a celebrity spokesperson for the National Association of Drug Court Professionals, Perry went to Capitol Hill to lobby members of Congress in support of funding for drug courts. Perry received a Champion of Recovery award in May 2013 from the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy for opening Perry House, a sober living home situated in his former mansion in Malibu, California. Perry later sold the home and shuttered the rehab center in 2015. Perry has been completely sober since May 2021.</s><s>Book. - {{cite book | last = Perry</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Matthew Perry",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000412
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Chris Cuomo.
|
[
{
"title": "Chris Cuomo",
"text": "<s>Chris Cuomo Christopher Charles Cuomo ( ; born August 9, 1970) is a television journalist anchor at NewsNation, based in New York City. He has previously been the ABC News chief law and justice correspondent and the co-anchor for ABC's \"20/20\", news anchor for \"Good Morning America\" from 2006 to 2009, and an anchor at CNN, where he co-hosted its morning show \"New Day\" from 2013 through May 2018, before moving to \"Cuomo Prime Time\" in June 2018. Cuomo is the brother of Andrew Cuomo, who was the 56th governor of New York from 2011 to 2021, and the son of Mario Cuomo, who was the 52nd governor of New York from 1983 until 1994. In November 2021, Cuomo was suspended indefinitely by CNN after reports that he assisted in the defense against the sexual harassment allegations that led to his brother's resignation. He was fired by CNN the following month. He subsequently joined Nexstar Media Group, hosting \"Cuomo\" for NewsNation.</s><s>Early life and education. Cuomo was born in the New York City borough of Queens. He is the youngest child of Mario Cuomo, the former governor of New York, and Matilda Cuomo (née Raffa), and the brother of"
},
{
"title": "Chris Cuomo",
"text": " Andrew Cuomo, the former Governor of New York. His parents were both of Italian descent; his paternal grandparents were from Nocera Inferiore and Tramonti in the Campania region of southern Italy, while his maternal grandparents were from Sicily (his grandfather from Messina). Cuomo was educated at Immaculate Conception School in Jamaica, Queens; at The Albany Academy, a private university preparatory day school in Albany, New York, followed by Yale University, where he earned an undergraduate degree, and the Fordham University School of Law, where he earned his Juris Doctor in 1995. He is a licensed attorney.</s><s>Career. Cuomo's early career in journalism included appearances related to social and political issues on CNBC, MSNBC, and CNN. He was a correspondent and political policy analyst for Fox News and Fox Broadcast Network's \"Fox Files\", where he covered a wide range of stories focusing on controversial social issues. When asked if he should be considered a journalist on his show, Cuomo said, \"I don't know how that's relevant. I don't care what they classify me as. I'm not forwarding my agenda. That's not my thing. My opinion is irrelevant.\" When hired for \"Fox Files\" Roger Ailes, the Fox"
},
{
"title": "Chris Cuomo",
"text": " News chairman, called Cuomo \"fearless.\" At ABC and as co-anchor of \"20/20\", his year-long coverage of heroin addiction revealed the extent to which it was affecting suburban families. His other work has included coverage of the Haiti earthquake, child custody, bullying, and homeless teens. Policy changes followed his undercover look at for-profit school recruiters, including an industry-wide cleanup. Cuomo's tip from a BMW owner led to a recall of over 150,000 affected vehicles. From September 2006 to December 2009, he was the news anchor for \"Good Morning America\". He was the primary reporter on breaking news stories, both in the U.S. and around the world, including dozens of assignments in some ten countries. He covered the war on terrorism, embedded on multiple occasions in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iraq (where his convoy was hit by an IED). In the U.S., he covered the Virginia Tech shooting, the 2009 Fort Hood shooting, and the Pennsylvania Amish school shootings. He did live broadcasts of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, the Sago Mine collapse, and the Minneapolis bridge collapse in August 2007. He anchored morning and evening coverage. During his period at ABC, he had a website, \"Cuomo on the"
},
{
"title": "Chris Cuomo",
"text": " Case,\" as well as two weekly digital programs: \"The Real Deal\" and \"Focus on Faith\". He also appeared with Father Edward Beck on \"ABC News Now\", the network's 24-hour digital outlet.</s><s>Career.:Move to CNN. In February 2013, Cuomo moved to CNN to co-host its morning show. He made his debut on CNN as field anchor on the February 8, 2013, episode of \"Piers Morgan Tonight\", covering the February 2013 nor'easter. In March 2018, while serving as the co-anchor of CNN's morning show \"New Day,\" CNN announced that Cuomo would move to prime time to host \"Cuomo Prime Time\". In October 2017, sister network HLN premiered a new documentary series hosted by the anchor, \"Inside with Chris Cuomo\", which focused on \"stories affecting real people, in real towns and cities across America.\" In September 2018, he began hosting a two-hour weekday radio show \"Let's Get After It\" on the P.O.T.U.S. channel on SiriusXM.</s><s>Career.:Move to CNN.:Andrew Cuomo coverage. While recovering from COVID-19 in early 2020, Chris Cuomo interviewed his brother, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo, on his"
},
{
"title": "Chris Cuomo",
"text": " CNN program. After reports about sexual harassment allegations against his brother surfaced, Cuomo said on his program in March 2021 that he could not cover any issues regarding the allegations on the program, acknowledging his obvious conflict of interest. In May 2021, Cuomo was reported to have participated in strategic discussions to advise his brother on how to respond to the allegations. CNN called Cuomo's engagement in the conversations \"inappropriate\" but said that it would not take any disciplinary action against him. Multiple CNN staffers said they were \"vexed\" by Cuomo's conduct and the violation of journalism ethics and standards. Cuomo subsequently issued an apology and stated that advising his brother was a \"mistake\" that would \"never happen again.\" In August, Cuomo addressed his brother's impending resignation, reiterating he was not an adviser to Andrew and noting he had persuaded his brother to step down as governor. On November 29, 2021, the New York attorney general's office released documents that show Cuomo used his media sources to uncover information about his brother's known accusers and inquire about the possibility of new accusers who had yet to come forward publicly. The documents also show that Cuomo helped formulate statements for Andrew and that Cuomo was actively in touch with a top aide to Andrew about future reports about Andrew's alleged misconduct."
},
{
"title": "Chris Cuomo",
"text": " The following day, Cuomo was suspended indefinitely from CNN. Cuomo called his suspension \"embarrassing\" but said he understood \"why some people feel the way they do about what I did.\" Following his suspension several conservative commentators defended Cuomo including Sean Hannity, Tucker Carlson, and Greg Gutfeld. On December 4, after an internal review conducted by a law firm, CNN terminated Cuomo's employment and said they would investigate Cuomo's \"involvement with his brother's defense\". Cuomo stated he never tried to influence his own network's coverage of his brother's sexual allegation problems. In February 2022, Cuomo mentioned in a recorded interview he was close to killing everyone at CNN and himself after his firing.</s><s>Career.:Move to CNN.:Sexual misconduct allegations. In September 2021, Cuomo's former boss Shelley Ross accused him of sexual harassment in a \"New York Times\" op-ed. Stopping short of asking him to be fired from CNN, she said she would \"like to see him journalistically repent\". Cuomo admitted to the incident, describing it as \"not sexual in nature\". He said he \"apologized to her then, and I meant it\". In December 2021, Debra Katz, the attorney for another former colleague of Cuomo's, informed CNN that her client had"
},
{
"title": "Chris Cuomo",
"text": " accused Cuomo of sexual misconduct. The woman claimed that Cuomo invited her to his office for lunch and after the woman rejected Cuomo's sexual advances Cuomo allegedly assaulted her. Katz has since claimed that this accusation precipitated Cuomo's termination.</s><s>Career.:Move to CNN.:Termination fallout. On December 6, 2021, Cuomo announced he would be leaving his program on SiriusXM. On the same day, it was reported that Cuomo threatened to file a lawsuit against CNN to recover the $18 million of his remaining contract because network president Jeff Zucker understood the details of Cuomo's involvement with his brother's defense. Zucker has denied this was the case, and subsequently claimed in a virtual meeting with employees that he had reprimanded Cuomo in May, and that \"Chris had gone further than he had told me and told other members of our senior executive team.\" On December 7, 2021, HarperCollins announced they would not be going forward in publishing Cuomo's book, originally titled \"Deep Denial\" in the fall of 2022. The book was to be an analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic and the presidency of Donald Trump. On March 16, 2022, Cuomo filed a Demand for Arbitration claiming $125 million in damages against Turner Services and CNN America. The filing claimed Cuomo's"
},
{
"title": "Chris Cuomo",
"text": " \"journalistic integrity\" was \"unjustifiably smeared\", making the chance to find similar work impossible. He was looking to recover his remaining salary and future wages forfeited for his reputation being damaged.</s><s>Career.:NewsNation. On July 26, 2022, during an interview with Dan Abrams on NewsNation, Cuomo announced that he would be hosting a new primetime program on the Nexstar Media Group-owned channel later that year. The new series, \"Cuomo\", premiered on October 3, 2022. During the premiere, Cuomo stated that he had \"learned lessons good and bad\" since his firing from CNN, and that his new show would not be \"typical\", and would (as with the remainder of NewsNation's programming) aim to be more neutral and less partisan in its commentary and content, arguing that \"extremes are not America’s majority\", and that \"In politics what you ignore you often empower. And the right has made a mistake in its silence for too long. Our election was not stolen. Your Republican leaders know this.\" Among the interviews Cuomo gave in his first month with NewsNation included Kanye West, with whom Cuomo clashed over his recent antisemitic comments.</s><s>Awards. Cuomo has received"
},
{
"title": "Chris Cuomo",
"text": " multiple Emmy Award nominations. His \"Good Morning America\" profile of the 12-year-old poet Mattie Stepanek was recognized with a News Emmy, making him one of the youngest correspondents to receive the award. He has been awarded Polk and Peabody Awards for team coverage. His work has been recognized in the areas of breaking news, business news, and legal news, with the Edward R. Murrow Award for breaking news coverage, the 2005 Gerald Loeb Award for Television Deadline business reporting for \"Money for Nothing?\", and the American Bar Association Silver Gavel Award for investigating juvenile justice.</s><s>Personal life. In 2001, Cuomo married \"Gotham\" magazine editor Cristina Greeven in a Roman Catholic ceremony in Southampton, New York. They reside in Manhattan with their three children. Cuomo also owns a home in Southampton. On August 13, 2019, in Shelter Island, New York, Cuomo threatened to throw a heckler down a flight of stairs at a bar and chastised him with profanity-laced insults after the man called him Fredo, about the unglamorous fictional character from \"The Godfather\" novel and films. Cuomo told the man that the use of the name \"Fredo\" was equivalent to \"the n"
},
{
"title": "Chris Cuomo",
"text": "-word\" for Italian-Americans, which caused debate on Twitter about the assertion. Cuomo addressed the incident publicly, tweeting his appreciation to his supporters but acknowledging that he \"should be better than what [he] oppose[s].\" During the COVID-19 pandemic, Cuomo announced on March 31, 2020, that he had been diagnosed with COVID-19. During his quarantine, he broadcast his usual weekday program from his home. Cuomo later said he had a hallucination of his dead father, former New York Governor Mario Cuomo, as a result of symptoms from the virus.</s><s>See also. - Cuomo family - New Yorkers in journalism - Red Flag Law</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Chris Cuomo",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000413
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Amelia Earhart.
|
[
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": "<s>Amelia Earhart Amelia Mary Earhart (, born July 24, 1897; disappeared July 2, 1937; declared dead January 5, 1939) was an American aviation pioneer and writer. Earhart was the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She set many other records, was one of the first aviators to promote commercial air travel, wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences, and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines, an organization for female pilots. Born and raised in Atchison, Kansas, and later in Des Moines, Iowa, Earhart developed a passion for adventure at a young age, steadily gaining flying experience from her twenties. In 1928, Earhart became the first female passenger to cross the Atlantic by airplane (accompanying pilot Wilmer Stultz), for which she achieved celebrity status. In 1932, piloting a Lockheed Vega 5B, Earhart made a nonstop solo transatlantic flight, becoming the first woman to achieve such a feat. She received the United States Distinguished Flying Cross for this accomplishment. In 1935, Earhart became a visiting faculty member at Purdue University as an advisor to aeronautical engineering and a career counselor to female students. She was also a member of the"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " National Woman's Party and an early supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment. Known as one of the most inspirational American figures in aviation from the late 1920s throughout the 1930s, Earhart's legacy is often compared to the early aeronautical career of pioneer aviator Charles Lindbergh, as well as to figures like First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt for their close friendship and lasting impact on the issue of women's causes from that period. During an attempt at becoming the first woman to complete a circumnavigational flight of the globe in 1937 in a Purdue-funded Lockheed Model 10-E Electra, Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan disappeared over the central Pacific Ocean near Howland Island. The two were last seen in Lae, New Guinea, on July 2, 1937, on the last land stop before Howland Island and one of their final legs of the flight. She presumably died in the Pacific during the circumnavigation, just three weeks prior to her fortieth birthday. Nearly one year and six months after she and Noonan disappeared, Earhart was officially declared dead. Investigations and significant public interest in their disappearance still continue over 80 years later. Decades after her presumed death, Earhart was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1968"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " and the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1973. She now has several commemorative memorials named in her honor around the United States, including an urban park, an airport, a residence hall, a museum, a research foundation, a bridge, a cargo ship, an earth-fill dam, four schools, a hotel, a playhouse, a library, multiple roads, and more. She also has a minor planet, planetary corona, and newly-discovered lunar crater named after her. She is ranked ninth on \"Flying\"'s list of the 51 Heroes of Aviation.</s><s>Early life.</s><s>Early life.:Childhood. Earhart was born on July 24, 1897 in Atchison, Kansas, the daughter of Samuel \"Edwin\" Stanton Earhart (1867–1930) and Amelia \"Amy\" (; 1869–1962). She was born in the home of her maternal grandfather, Alfred Gideon Otis (1827–1912), who was a former federal judge, the president of the Atchison Savings Bank and a leading citizen in the town. Earhart was the second child of the marriage after an infant was stillborn in August 1896. She was of part German descent. Alfred Otis had not initially"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " favored the marriage and was not satisfied with Edwin's progress as a lawyer. According to family custom, Earhart was named after her two grandmothers, Amelia Josephine Harres and Mary Wells Patton. From an early age, Earhart was the ringleader while her sister Grace Muriel Earhart (1899–1998), two years her junior, acted as the dutiful follower. Amelia was nicknamed \"Meeley\" (sometimes \"Millie\") and Grace was nicknamed \"Pidge\"; both girls continued to answer to their childhood nicknames well into adulthood. Their upbringing was unconventional, as Amy Earhart did not believe in raising her children to be \"nice little girls\". But their maternal grandmother disapproved of the \"bloomers\" they wore, and although Earhart liked the freedom of movement they provided, she was sensitive to the fact that the neighborhood's girls wore dresses.</s><s>Early life.:Early influence. A spirit of adventure seemed to abide in the Earhart children, with the pair setting off daily to explore their neighborhood. As a child, Earhart spent long hours playing with sister Pidge, climbing trees, hunting rats with a rifle, and \"belly-slamming\" her sled downhill. Although the love of the outdoors and \""
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": "rough-and-tumble\" play was common to many youngsters, some biographers have characterized the young Earhart as a tomboy. The girls kept \"worms, moths, katydids and a tree toad\" in a growing collection gathered in their outings. In 1904, with the help of her uncle, Earhart cobbled together a home-made ramp, fashioned after a roller coaster she had seen on a trip to St. Louis, and secured the ramp to the roof of the family toolshed. Earhart's well-documented first flight ended dramatically. She emerged from the broken wooden box that had served as a sled with a bruised lip, torn dress and a \"sensation of exhilaration\". She exclaimed, \"Oh, Pidge, it's just like flying!\" Although there had been some missteps in Edwin Earhart's career up to that point, in 1907 his job as a claims officer for the Rock Island Railroad led to a transfer to Des Moines, Iowa. The next year, at the age of 10, Earhart saw her first aircraft at the Iowa State Fair in Des Moines. Her father tried to interest his daughters in taking a flight. One look at the rickety \"flivver\" was enough for Earhart"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": ", who promptly asked if they could go back to the merry-go-round. She later described the biplane as \"a thing of rusty wire and wood and not at all interesting\".</s><s>Early life.:Education. Sisters Amelia and Muriel (who went by her middle name from her teens on) remained with their grandparents in Atchison while their parents moved into new, smaller quarters in Des Moines. During this period, the Earhart girls received home-schooling from their mother and governess. Amelia later recounted that she was \"exceedingly fond of reading\" and spent countless hours in the large family library. In 1909, when the family was finally reunited in Des Moines, the Earhart children were enrolled in public school for the first time and Amelia, 12, entered seventh grade.</s><s>Early life.:Family fortunes. While the family's finances seemingly improved with the acquisition of a new house and even the hiring of two servants, it soon became apparent that Edwin was an alcoholic. Five years later in 1914, he was forced to retire and although he attempted to rehabilitate himself through treatment, he was never reinstated at the Rock Island Railroad. At about this time, Earhart's grandmother Amelia Otis died suddenly, leaving a substantial estate that placed her"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " daughter's share in a trust, fearing that Edwin's drinking would drain the funds. The Otis house was auctioned along with all of its contents; Earhart was heartbroken and later described it as the end of her childhood. In 1915, after a long search, Earhart's father found work as a clerk at the Great Northern Railway in St. Paul, Minnesota, where Earhart entered Central High School as a junior. Edwin applied for a transfer to Springfield, Missouri, in 1915, but the current claims officer reconsidered his retirement and demanded his job back, leaving the elder Earhart with nowhere to go. Facing another calamitous move, Amy Earhart took her children to Chicago, where they lived with friends. Earhart made an unusual condition in the choice of her next schooling; she canvassed nearby high schools in Chicago to find the best science program. She rejected the high school nearest her home when she complained that the chemistry lab was \"just like a kitchen sink\". She eventually enrolled in Hyde Park High School but spent a miserable semester where a yearbook caption captured the essence of her unhappiness, \"A.E. – the girl in brown who walks alone\". Earhart graduated from Chicago's Hyde Park High School in 1916. Throughout her troubled childhood"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": ", she had continued to aspire to a future career; she kept a scrapbook of newspaper clippings about successful women in predominantly male-oriented fields, including film direction and production, law, advertising, management, and mechanical engineering. She began junior college at Ogontz School in Rydal, Pennsylvania, but did not complete her program. During Christmas vacation in 1917, Earhart visited her sister in Toronto. World War I had been raging and Earhart saw the returning wounded soldiers. After receiving training as a nurse's aide from the Red Cross, she began work with the Voluntary Aid Detachment at Spadina Military Hospital. Her duties included preparing food in the kitchen for patients with special diets and handing out prescribed medication in the hospital's dispensary. There, Earhart heard stories from military pilots and developed an interest in flying. Ware, Susan. \"Still Missing: Amelia Earhart and the Search for Modern Feminism\". New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1993..</s><s>Early life.:Spanish flu pandemic of 1918. When the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic reached Toronto, Earhart was engaged in arduous nursing duties that included night shifts at the Spadina Military Hospital. She became a patient herself, experiencing pneumonia and maxillary"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " sinusitis. She was hospitalized for pneumonia in early November 1918 and discharged in December 1918, about two months after the illness had started. Her sinus-related symptoms were pain and pressure around one eye and copious mucus drainage via the nostrils and throat. While staying in the hospital during the pre-antibiotic era, she had painful minor operations to wash out the affected maxillary sinus, but these procedures were not successful and Earhart continued to have worsening headaches. Her convalescence lasted nearly a year, which she spent at her sister's home in Northampton, Massachusetts. Earhart passed the time reading poetry, learning to play the banjo, and studying mechanics. Chronic sinusitis significantly affected Earhart's flying and activities in later life, and sometimes even on the airfield she was forced to wear a bandage on her cheek to cover a small drainage tube.</s><s>Early life.:Early flying experiences. At about that time, Earhart and a young woman friend visited an air fair held in conjunction with the Canadian National Exhibition in Toronto. \"The interest, aroused in me, in Toronto, led me to all the air circuses in the vicinity\" One of the highlights of the day was a flying exhibition put on by a World"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " War I ace. The pilot overhead spotted Earhart and her friend, who were watching from an isolated clearing, and dived at them. \"I am sure he said to himself, 'Watch me make them scamper,'\" she said. Earhart stood her ground as the aircraft came close. \"I did not understand it at the time,\" she said, \"but I believe that little red airplane said something to me as it swished by.\" By 1919, Earhart prepared to enter Smith College, where her sister was a student. However, she changed her mind and enrolled in a course in medical studies and other programs at Columbia University. Earhart quit a year later to be with her parents, who had reunited in California. On December 28, 1920, Earhart and her father attended an \"aerial meet\" of Wilshire Boulevard and Fairfax Avenue. The cost was $10 for a 10 minute flight with Frank Hawks (who later gained fame as an air racer). Hawks gave her a ride that would forever change Earhart's life. \"By the time I had got two or three hundred feet [60–90 m] off the ground,\" she said, \"I knew I had to fly.\" The next month Earhart recruited Neta Snook to be"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " her flying instructor. The initial contract was for 12 hours of instruction, for $500. Earhart's commitment to flying required her to accept the frequent hard work and rudimentary conditions that accompanied early aviation training. To complete her image transformation, she also cropped her hair short in the style of other female flyers. Six months later in the summer of 1921, Earhart purchased a secondhand bright chromium yellow Kinner Airster biplane, against Snook's advice, which she nicknamed \"The Canary\". After her first successful solo landing, she bought a new leather flying coat. Due to the newness of the coat, she was subjected to teasing, so she aged her coat by sleeping in it and staining it with aircraft oil. On October 22, 1922, Earhart flew the Airster to an altitude of, setting a world record for female pilots. On May 16, 1923, Earhart became the 16th woman in the United States to be issued a pilot's license (#\"6017\") by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI).</s><s>Aviation career and marriage.</s><s>Aviation career and marriage.:Financial crisis. Throughout the early 1920s, following a disastrous investment in a failed gypsum"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " mine, Earhart's inheritance from her grandmother, which was now administered by her mother, steadily diminished until it was exhausted. Consequently, with no immediate prospects for recouping her investment in flying, Earhart sold the \"Canary\" as well as a second Kinner and bought a yellow Kissel Gold Bug \"Speedster\" two-seat automobile, which she named the \"Yellow Peril\". Simultaneously, Earhart experienced an exacerbation of her old sinus problem as her pain worsened and in early 1924 she was hospitalized for another sinus operation, which was again unsuccessful. After trying her hand at a number of ventures that included setting up a photography company, Earhart set out in a new direction.</s><s>Aviation career and marriage.:Boston. Following her parents' divorce in 1924, she drove her mother in the \"Yellow Peril\" on a transcontinental trip from California with stops throughout the western United States and a jaunt up to Banff, Alberta. The meandering tour eventually brought the pair to Boston, Massachusetts, where Earhart underwent another sinus operation which was more successful. After recuperation, she returned to Columbia University for several months but was forced to abandon her studies and any further plans for enrolling at the Massachusetts Institute"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " of Technology, because her mother could no longer afford the tuition fees and associated costs. Soon after, she found employment first as a teacher, then as a social worker in 1925 at Denison House, a Boston settlement house. At this time, she lived in Medford, Massachusetts. When Earhart lived in Medford, she maintained her interest in aviation, becoming a member of the American Aeronautical Society's Boston chapter and was eventually elected its vice president. She flew out of Dennison Airport (later the Naval Air Station Squantum) in Quincy, Massachusetts, and helped finance its operation by investing a small sum of money. Earhart also flew the first official flight out of Dennison Airport in 1927. Along with acting as a sales representative for Kinner Aircraft in the Boston area, Earhart wrote local newspaper columns promoting flying and as her local celebrity grew, she laid out the plans for an organization devoted to female flyers.</s><s>Aviation career and marriage.:Transatlantic flight in 1928. After Charles Lindbergh's solo flight across the Atlantic in 1927, Amy Guest (1873–1959) expressed interest in being the first woman to fly (or be flown) across the Atlantic Ocean. After deciding that the trip was too perilous for her to"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " undertake, she offered to sponsor the project, suggesting that they find \"another girl with the right image\". While at work one afternoon in April 1928, Earhart got a phone call from Capt. Hilton H. Railey, who asked her, \"Would you like to fly the Atlantic?\" The project coordinators (including book publisher and publicist George P. Putnam) interviewed Earhart and asked her to accompany pilot Wilmer Stultz and copilot/mechanic Louis Gordon on the flight, nominally as a passenger, but with the added duty of keeping the flight log. The team departed from Trepassey Harbor, Newfoundland, in a Fokker F.VIIb/3m named \"Friendship\" on June 17, 1928, landing at Pwll near Burry Port, South Wales, exactly 20 hours and 40 minutes later. There is a commemorative blue plaque at the site. Since most of the flight was on instruments and Earhart had no training for this type of flying, she did not pilot the aircraft. When interviewed after landing, she said, \"Stultz did all the flying—had to. I was just baggage, like a sack of potatoes.\" She added, \"... maybe someday I'll try it alone.\" Earhart reportedly"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " received a rousing welcome on June 19, 1928, when she landed at Woolston in Southampton, England. She flew the Avro Avian 594 Avian III, SN: R3/AV/101 owned by Lady Mary Heath and later purchased the aircraft and had it shipped back to the United States (where it was assigned \"unlicensed aircraft identification mark\" 7083). When the Stultz, Gordon, and Earhart flight crew returned to the United States on July 6, they were greeted with a ticker-tape parade along the Canyon of Heroes in Manhattan, followed by a reception with President Calvin Coolidge at the White House.</s><s>Aviation career and marriage.:Celebrity image. Trading on her physical resemblance to Lindbergh, whom the press had dubbed \"Lucky Lindy\", some newspapers and magazines began referring to Earhart as \"Lady Lindy\". The United Press was more grandiloquent; to them, Earhart was the reigning \"Queen of the Air\". Immediately after her return to the United States, she undertook an exhausting lecture tour in 1928 and 1929. Meanwhile, Putnam had undertaken to heavily promote her in a campaign that included publishing a book she authored, a series of new lecture tours and using pictures of her"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " in mass-market endorsements for products including luggage, Lucky Strike cigarettes (this caused image problems for her, with \"McCall's\" magazine retracting an offer) and women's clothing and sportswear. The money that she made from Lucky Strike had been earmarked for a $1,500 donation to Commander Richard Byrd's imminent South Pole expedition. The marketing campaign by both Earhart and Putnam was successful in establishing the Earhart mystique in the public psyche. Rather than simply endorsing the products, Earhart actively became involved in the promotions, especially in women's fashions. For a number of years she had sewn her own clothes, but the \"active living\" lines that were sold in 50 stores such as Macy's in metropolitan areas were an expression of a new Earhart image. Her concept of simple, natural lines matched with wrinkle-proof, washable materials was the embodiment of a sleek, purposeful, but feminine \"A.E.\" (the familiar name she went by with family and friends). The luggage line that she promoted (marketed as Modernaire Earhart Luggage) also bore her unmistakable stamp. A wide range of promotional items bearing the Earhart name appeared.</s><s>Aviation career and marriage.:Promoting aviation"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": ". Celebrity endorsements helped Earhart finance her flying. Accepting a position as associate editor at \"Cosmopolitan\" magazine, she turned this forum into an opportunity to campaign for greater public acceptance of aviation, especially focusing on the role of women entering the field. In 1929, Earhart was among the first aviators to promote commercial air travel through the development of a passenger airline service; along with Charles Lindbergh, she represented Transcontinental Air Transport (TAT, later TWA) alongside Margaret Bartlett Thornton and invested time and money in setting up the first regional shuttle service between New York and Washington, D.C., the Ludington Airline. She was a Vice President of National Airways, which conducted the flying operations of the Boston-Maine Airways and several other airlines in the northeast. By 1940, the company had become Northeast Airlines. In 1934 she interceded on behalf of Isabel Ebel (who had helped her in 1932) to get her accepted as the first woman student of Aeronatical Engineering at NYU.</s><s>Aviation career and marriage.:Competitive flying. Although Earhart had gained fame for her transatlantic flight, she endeavored to set an \"untarnished\" record of her own. Shortly after her return, piloting Av"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": "ian \"7083\", she set off on her first long solo flight that occurred just as her name was coming into the national spotlight. By making the trip in August 1928, Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the North American continent and back. Her piloting skills and professionalism gradually grew, as acknowledged by experienced professional pilots who flew with her. General Leigh Wade flew with Earhart in 1929: \"She was a born flier, with a delicate touch on the stick.\" Earhart subsequently made her first attempt at competitive air racing in 1929 during the first Santa Monica-to-Cleveland Women's Air Derby (nicknamed the \"Powder Puff Derby\" by Will Rogers), which left Santa Monica, California on August 18 and arrived at Cleveland, Ohio on August 26. During the race, she settled into fourth place in the \"heavy planes\" division. At the second to last stop at Columbus, her friend Ruth Nichols, who was coming in third, had an accident while on a test flight before the race recommenced. Nichols' aircraft hit a tractor at the start of the runway and flipped over, forcing her out of the race. At Cleveland, Earhart was placed third in the heavy division. In 1930, Earhart became an official of"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " the National Aeronautic Association, where she actively promoted the establishment of separate women's records and was instrumental in the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) accepting a similar international standard. On April 8, 1931, she set a world altitude record of flying a Pitcairn PCA-2 autogyro borrowed from Beech-Nut Chewing Gum. During this period, Earhart became involved with The Ninety-Nines, an organization of female pilots providing moral support and advancing the cause of women in aviation. She had called a meeting of female pilots in 1929 following the Women's Air Derby. She suggested the name based on the number of the charter members; she later became the organization's first president in 1930. Earhart was a vigorous advocate for female pilots and when the 1934 Bendix Trophy Race banned women, she openly refused to fly screen actress Mary Pickford to Cleveland to open the races.</s><s>Aviation career and marriage.:Marriage to George Putnam. Earhart was engaged to Samuel Chapman, a chemical engineer from Boston; she broke off the engagement on November 23, 1928. During the same period, Earhart and publisher George P. Putnam had spent a great deal of time together. Put"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": "nam, who was known as GP, was divorced in 1929 and sought out Earhart, proposing to her six times before she finally agreed to marry him. They married on February 7, 1931, in Putnam's mother's house in Noank, Connecticut. Earhart referred to her marriage as a \"partnership\" with \"dual control\". In a letter written to Putnam and hand-delivered to him on the day of the wedding, she wrote, \"I want you to understand I shall not hold you to any midaevil code of faithfulness to me nor shall I consider myself bound to you similarly.\" She continued, \"I may have to keep some place where I can go to be by myself, now and then, for I cannot guarantee to endure at all times the confinement of even an attractive cage.\" Earhart's ideas on marriage were liberal for the time, as she believed in equal responsibilities for both breadwinners and pointedly kept her own name rather than being referred to as \"Mrs. Putnam\". When \"The New York Times\", per the rules of its stylebook, insisted on referring to her as Mrs. Putnam, she laughed it off. Putnam also learned that he would be called \"Mr. Earhart\"."
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " There was no honeymoon for the newlyweds, as Earhart was involved in a nine-day cross-country tour promoting autogyros and the tour sponsor, Beech-Nut chewing gum. Although Earhart and Putnam never had children, he had two sons by his previous marriage to Dorothy Binney (1888–1982), a chemical heiress whose father's company, Binney & Smith, invented Crayola crayons: the explorer and writer David Binney Putnam (1913–1992) and George Palmer Putnam, Jr. (1921–2013). Earhart was especially fond of David, who frequently visited his father at their family home, which was on the grounds of The Apawamis Club in Rye, New York. George had contracted polio shortly after his parents' separation and was unable to visit as often.</s><s>Transatlantic solo flight in 1932. On the morning of May 20, 1932, 34-year-old Earhart set off from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, with a copy of the \"Telegraph-Journal\", given to her by journalist Stuart Trueman to confirm the date of the flight. She intended to fly to Paris in her single engine Lockheed Vega 5B to emulate Charles Lindbergh's"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " solo flight five years earlier. Her technical advisor for the flight was famed Norwegian American aviator Bernt Balchen, who helped prepare her aircraft. He also played the role of \"decoy\" for the press as he was ostensibly preparing Earhart's Vega for his own Arctic flight. After a flight lasting 14 hours, 56 minutes, during which she contended with strong northerly winds, icy conditions and mechanical problems, Earhart landed in a pasture at Culmore, north of Derry, Northern Ireland. The landing was witnessed by Cecil King and T. Sawyer. When a farm hand asked, \"Have you flown far?\" Earhart replied, \"From America\". As the first woman to fly solo nonstop across the Atlantic, Earhart received the Distinguished Flying Cross from Congress, the Cross of Knight of the Legion of Honor from the French Government and the Gold Medal of the National Geographic Society from President Herbert Hoover. As her fame grew, she developed friendships with many people in high offices, most notably First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. Roosevelt shared many of Earhart's interests and passions, especially women's causes. After flying with Earhart, Roosevelt obtained a student permit but did not further pursue her plans to learn to fly. The two friends communicated frequently throughout their lives. Another"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " flyer, Jacqueline Cochran, who was said to be Earhart's rival, also became her confidante during this period.</s><s>Transatlantic solo flight in 1932.:Additional solo flights. On January 11, 1935, Earhart became the first aviator to fly solo from Honolulu, Hawaii, to Oakland, California. This time, she used a Lockheed 5C Vega. Although this transoceanic flight had been attempted by many others, notably by the unfortunate participants in the 1927 Dole Air Race that had reversed the route, her trailblazing flight had been mainly routine, with no mechanical breakdowns. In her final hours, she even relaxed and listened to \"the broadcast of the Metropolitan Opera from New York\". That year, once more flying her Lockheed Vega airliner that Earhart had tagged \"old Bessie, the fire horse\", she flew solo from Los Angeles to Mexico City on April 19. The next record attempt was a nonstop flight from Mexico City to New York. Setting off on May 8, her flight was uneventful, although the large crowds that greeted her at Newark, New Jersey, were a concern, because she had to be careful not to taxi into the throng. Earhart again participated in long-distance air racing, placing"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " fifth in the 1935 Bendix Trophy Race, the best result she could manage, because her stock Lockheed Vega, which topped out at, was outclassed by purpose-built air racers that reached more than. The race had been a particularly difficult one, as a competitor, Cecil Allen, died in a fiery takeoff mishap, and rival Jacqueline Cochran was forced to pull out due to mechanical problems. In addition, \"blinding fog\" and violent thunderstorms plagued the race. Between 1930 and 1935, Earhart had set seven women's speed and distance aviation records in a variety of aircraft, including the Kinner Airster, Lockheed Vega, and Pitcairn Autogiro. By 1935, recognizing the limitations of her \"lovely red Vega\" in long, transoceanic flights, Earhart contemplated, in her own words, a new \"prize... one flight which I most wanted to attempt – a circumnavigation of the globe as near its waistline as could be\". For the new venture, she would need a new aircraft.</s><s>Move from New York to California. While Earhart was away on a speaking tour in late November 1934, a fire broke out at the Putnam residence in Rye, destroying many family treasures"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " and Earhart's personal mementos. Putnam had already sold his interest in the New York-based publishing company to his cousin, Palmer Putnam. Following the fire, the couple decided to move to the West Coast, where Putnam took up his new position as head of the editorial board of Paramount Pictures in North Hollywood. While speaking in California in late 1934, Earhart had contacted Hollywood \"stunt\" pilot Paul Mantz in order to improve her flying, focusing especially on long-distance flying in her Vega, and wanted to move closer to him. At Earhart's urging, Putnam purchased a small house in June 1935 adjacent to the clubhouse of the Lakeside Golf Club in Toluca Lake, a San Fernando Valley celebrity enclave community nestled between the Warner Brothers and Universal Pictures studio complexes, where they had earlier rented a temporary residence. Earhart and Putnam would not move in immediately, however; they decided to do considerable remodeling and enlarge the existing small structure to meet their needs. This delayed the occupation of their new home for several months. In September 1935, Earhart and Mantz formally established a business partnership that they had been considering since late 1934, by creating the short-lived Earhart-Mantz Flying School, which Mantz controlled"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " and operated through his aviation company, United Air Services. The company was located at the Burbank Airport, about five miles (8 km) from Earhart's Toluca Lake home. Putnam handled publicity for the school that primarily taught instrument flying using Link Trainers.</s><s>World flight in 1937.</s><s>World flight in 1937.:Planning. In 1935, Earhart joined Purdue University as a visiting faculty member to counsel women on careers and as a technical advisor to its Department of Aeronautics. Early in 1936, Earhart started planning a round-the-world flight. Although others had flown around the world, her flight would be the longest at 29,000 miles (47,000 km) because it followed a roughly equatorial route. With financing from Purdue, in July 1936, a Lockheed Electra 10E (reg. NR16020) was built at Lockheed Aircraft Company to her specifications, which included extensive modifications to the fuselage to incorporate many additional fuel tanks. Earhart dubbed the twin engine monoplane her \"flying laboratory\". The plane was built at Lockheed's Burbank, California, plant, and after delivery it was hangared at Mantz's United Air Services, which was just across the airfield from the Lockheed plant."
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " Although the Electra was publicized as a \"flying laboratory\", little useful science was planned and the flight was arranged around Earhart's intention to circumnavigate the globe along with gathering raw material and public attention for her next book. Earhart chose Captain Harry Manning as her navigator; he had been the captain of the, the ship that had brought Earhart back from Europe in 1928. Manning was not only a navigator, but he was also a pilot and a skilled radio operator who knew Morse code. The original plan was a two-person crew. Earhart would fly and Manning would navigate. During a flight across the country that included Earhart, Manning, and Putnam, Earhart flew using landmarks. She and Putnam knew where they were. Manning did a navigation fix, but that fix alarmed Putnam, because Manning's position put them in the wrong state. They were flying close to the state line, so the navigation error was minor, but Putnam was still concerned. Sometime later, Putnam and Mantz arranged a night flight to test Manning's navigational skill. Under poor navigational conditions, Manning's position was off by 20 miles. Elgen M. and Marie K. Long consider Manning's performance reasonable because it was within an"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " acceptable error of 30 miles, but Mantz and Putnam wanted a better navigator. Through contacts in the Los Angeles aviation community, Fred Noonan was subsequently chosen as a second navigator because there were significant additional factors that had to be dealt with while using celestial navigation for aircraft. Noonan was experienced in both marine (he was a licensed ship's captain) and flight navigation. Noonan had recently left Pan Am, where he established most of the company's China Clipper seaplane routes across the Pacific. Noonan had also been responsible for training Pan American's navigators for the route between San Francisco and Manila. The original plans were for Noonan to navigate from Hawaii to Howland Island, a particularly difficult portion of the flight; then Manning would continue with Earhart to Australia and she would proceed on her own for the remainder of the project.</s><s>World flight in 1937.:First attempt. On March 17, 1937, Earhart and her crew flew the first leg from Oakland, California, to Honolulu, Hawaii. In addition to Earhart and Noonan, Harry Manning and Mantz (who was acting as Earhart's technical advisor) were on board. Due to lubrication and galling problems with the propeller hubs' variable pitch mechanisms, the aircraft"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " needed servicing in Hawaii. Ultimately, the Electra ended up at the United States Navy's Luke Field on Ford Island in Pearl Harbor. The flight resumed three days later from Luke Field with Earhart, Noonan and Manning on board. The next destination was Howland Island, a small island in the Pacific. Manning, the only skilled radio operator, had made arrangements to use radio direction finding to home in to the island. The flight never left Luke Field. During the takeoff run, there was an uncontrolled ground-loop, the forward landing gear collapsed, both propellers hit the ground, the plane skidded on its belly, and a portion of the runway was damaged. The cause of the ground-loop is controversial. Some witnesses at Luke Field, including the Associated Press journalist, said they saw a tire blow. Earhart thought either the Electra's right tire had blown and/or the right landing gear had collapsed. Some sources, including Mantz, cited pilot error. With the aircraft severely damaged, the flight was called off and the aircraft was shipped by sea to the Lockheed Burbank facility for repairs. Manning, having taken a leave of absence to do the flight, felt that there had been too many problems and delays. He ended his association with the trip"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": ", leaving only Earhart with Noonan, neither of whom were skilled radio operators.</s><s>World flight in 1937.:Second attempt. While the Electra was being repaired, Earhart and Putnam secured additional funds and prepared for a second attempt. This time flying west to east, the second attempt began with an unpublicized flight from Oakland to Miami, Florida, and after arriving there Earhart publicly announced her plans to circumnavigate the globe. The flight's opposite direction was partly the result of changes in global wind and weather patterns along the planned route since the earlier attempt. On this second flight, Fred Noonan was Earhart's only crew member. The pair departed Miami on June 1 and after numerous stops in South America, Africa, the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, arrived at Lae, New Guinea, on June 29, 1937. At this stage, about 22,000 miles (35,000 km) of the journey had been completed. The remaining 7,000 miles (11,000 km) would be over the Pacific.</s><s>World flight in 1937.:Departure from Lae. On July 2, 1937 at 10:00 in the morning (midnight GMT), Earhart and Noonan took off from L"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": "ae Airfield () in the heavily loaded Electra. Their intended destination was Howland Island (), a flat sliver of land 6,500 ft (2,000 m) long and 1,600 ft (500 m) wide, 10 ft (3 m) high and away. The expected flying time was about 20 hours, so, accounting for the 2-hour time-zone difference between Lae and Howland and crossing of the International Dateline, the aircraft was expected to arrive at Howland the morning of the next day, 2 July. The aircraft departed Lae with about 1100 gallons of gasoline. In March 1937, Kelly Johnson had recommended engine and altitude settings for the Electra. One of the recommended schedules was: Earhart used part of the above schedule for the Oakland to Honolulu leg of the first world flight attempt. Johnson estimated that 900 gallons of fuel would provide 40% more range than required for that leg. Using 900 gallons was 250 gallons less than the Electra's maximum fuel tank capacity; that meant a weight savings of, so Earhart included Mantz as a passenger on that leg. The Oakland to Honolulu leg had Earhart, Noonan, Manning, and Mantz on board. The flight from Oakland to Honolulu"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " took 16 hours. The Electra also loaded 900 gallons of fuel for the shorter Honolulu to Howland leg (with only Earhart, Noonan, and Manning on board), but the airplane crashed on take off; the crash ended the first world flight attempt. Around 3 pm Lae time, Earhart reported her altitude as 10,000 ft but that they would reduce altitude due to thick clouds. Around 5 pm, Earhart reported her altitude as 7,000 ft and speed as 150 knots. Their last known position report was near the Nukumanu Islands, about into the flight. During the flight, Noonan may have been able to do some celestial navigation to determine his position. If crossing the International Dateline was not taken into account, a 1° or 60 mile position error would result.</s><s>World flight in 1937.:Radio equipment. In preparation for the trip to Howland Island, the U.S. Coast Guard had sent the cutter to the island. The cutter offered many services such as ferrying news reporters to the island, but it also had communication and navigation functions. The plan was the cutter could: communicate with Earhart's aircraft via radio; transmit a radio homing signal to make it easy to find Howland Island"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " without precise celestial navigation; do radio direction finding if Earhart used her 500 kHz transmitter; use an experimental high-frequency direction finder for Earhart's voice transmissions; and use her boilers to \"make smoke\" (create a dark column of smoke that can be seen over the horizon). All of the navigation methods would fail to guide Earhart to Howland Island. The Electra had radio equipment for both communication and navigation, but details about that equipment are not clear. The Electra failed to establish two-way radio communications with and failed to radiolocate \"Itasca\". Many explanations have been proposed for those failures. The plane had a modified Western Electric model 13C transmitter. The 50-watt transmitter was crystal controlled and capable of transmitting on 500 kHz, 3105 kHz, and 6210 kHz. Crystal control means that the transmitter cannot be tuned to other frequencies; the plane could transmit only on those three frequencies. The transmitter had been modified at the factory to provide the 500 kHz capability. The plane had a modified Western Electric model 20B receiver. Ordinarily, the receiver covered four frequency bands: 188–420 kHz, 550–1500 kHz, 1500–4000 kHz, and 4000–10000 kHz. The"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " receiver was modified to lower the frequencies in the second band to 485–1200 kHz. That modification allowed the reception of 500 kHz signals; such signals were used for marine distress calls and radio navigation. The model 20B receiver has two antenna inputs: a low-frequency antenna input and a high-frequency antenna input. The receiver's band selector also selects which antenna input is used; the first two bands use the low-frequency antenna, and the last two bands select the high-frequency antenna. It is unknown whether the model 20B receiver had a beat frequency oscillator that would enable the detection of continuous wave transmissions such as Morse code and radiolocation beacons. Neither Earhart nor Noonan were capable of using Morse code. They relied on voice communications. Manning, who was on the first world flight attempt but not the second, was skilled at Morse and had acquired an FCC aircraft radiotelegraph license for 15 words per minute in March 1937, just prior to the start of the first flight. A separate automatic radio direction finder receiver, a prototype Hooven Radio Compass, had been installed in the plane in October 1936, but that receiver was removed before the flight to save weight. The Hooven Radio Compass was replaced with a Bendix coupling unit that"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " allowed a conventional loop antenna to be attached to an existing receiver (i.e., the Western Electric 20B). The loop antenna is visible above the cockpit on Earhart's plane. Alternatively, the loop antenna may have been connected to a Bendix RA-1 auxiliary receiver with direction finding capability up to 1500 kHz. It is not clear that such a receiver was installed, and if it were, it may have been removed before the flight. Elgen and Marie Long describe Joe Gurr training Earhart to use a Bendix receiver and other equipment to tune radio station KFI on 640 kHz and determine its direction. Whichever receiver was used, there are pictures of Earhart's radio direction finder loop antenna and its 5-band Bendix coupling unit. The details of the loop and its coupler are not clear. Elgen and Marie Long claim that the coupling unit adapted a standard RDF-1-B loop to the RA-1 receiver, and that the system was limited to frequencies below 1430 kHz. During the first world flight attempt's leg from Honolulu to Howland (when Manning was a navigator), \"Itasca\" was supposed to transmit a CW homing beacon at either 375 kHz or 500 kHz. At least twice"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " during the world flight, Earhart failed to determine radio bearings at 7500 kHz. If the RDF equipment was not suitable for that frequency, then attempting such a fix would be operator error and fruitless. However, the earlier 7-band Navy RDF-1-A covered 500 kHz–8000 kHz. The later 3-band DU-1 covered 200 kHz–1600 kHz. It is not clear where the RDF-1-B or Earhart's coupler performance sits between those two units. In addition, the RDF-1-A and DU-1 coupler designs have other differences. The intention is to have the ordinary receive antenna connected to the coupler's antenna input; from there, it is passed on to the receiver. In the RDF-1-A design, the coupler must be powered on for that design function to work. In the later DU-1 design, the coupler need not be powered. There were problems with the RDF equipment during the world flight. During the transatlantic leg of the flight (Brazil to Africa), the RDF equipment did not work. The radio direction finding station at Darwin expected to be in contact with Earhart when she arrived there, but Earhart stated"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " that the RDF was not functioning; the problem was a blown fuse. During a test flight at Lae, Earhart could hear radio signals, but she failed to obtain an RDF bearing. While apparently near Howland Island, Earhart reported receiving a 7500 kHz signal from \"Itasca\", but she was unable to obtain an RDF bearing. The antennas and their connections on the Electra are not certain. A dorsal Vee antenna was added by Bell Telephone Laboratories. There had been a trailing wire antenna for 500 kHz, but the Luke Field accident collapsed both landing gear and wiped off the ventral antennas. After the accident, the trailing wire antenna was removed, the dorsal antenna was modified, and a ventral antenna was installed. It is not certain, but it is likely that the dorsal antenna was only connected to the transmitter (i.e., no \"break in\" relay), and the ventral antenna was only connected to the receiver. Once the second world flight started, problems with radio reception were noticed while flying across the US; Pan Am technicians may have modified the ventral antenna while the plane was in Miami. At Lae, problems with transmission quality on 6210 kHz were noticed. Once the flight took off from Lae,"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " Lae did not receive radio messages on 6210 kHz (Earhart's daytime frequency) until four hours later (at 2:18 pm); Lae's last reception was at 5:18 pm and was a strong signal; Lae received nothing after that; presumably the plane switched to 3105 kHz (Earhart's nighttime frequency). \"Itasca\" heard Earhart on 3105 kHz, but did not hear her on 6210 kHz. TIGHAR postulates that the ventral receiving antenna was scraped off while the Electra taxied to the runway at Lae; consequently, the Electra lost its ability to receive HF transmissions.</s><s>World flight in 1937.:Nearing Howland Island. The USCGC \"Itasca\" was on station at Howland. Its task was to communicate with Earhart's Electra and guide them to the island once they arrived in the vicinity. Noonan and Earhart expected to do voice communications on 3105 kHz during the night and 6210 kHz during the day. Through a series of misunderstandings or errors (the details of which are still controversial), the final approach to Howland Island using radio navigation was not successful. Fred Noonan had earlier written about problems affecting the"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " accuracy of radio direction finding in navigation. Another cited cause of possible confusion was that the \"Itasca\" and Earhart planned their communication schedule using time systems set a half-hour apart, with Earhart using Greenwich Civil Time (GCT) and the \"Itasca\" under a Naval time zone designation system. The Electra expected \"Itasca\" to transmit signals that the Electra could use as an RDF beacon to find the \"Itasca\". In theory, the plane could listen for the signal while rotating its loop antenna. A sharp minimum indicates the direction of the RDF beacon. The Electra's RDF equipment had failed due to a blown fuse during an earlier leg flying to Darwin; the fuse was replaced. Near Howland, Earhart could hear the transmission from \"Itasca\" on 7500 kHz, but she was unable to determine a minimum, so she could not determine a direction to \"Itasca\". Earhart was also unable to determine a minimum during an RDF test at Lae. One likely theory is that Earhart's RDF equipment did not work at 7500 kHz; most RDF equipment at the time was not designed to work above 2000 kHz. When operated above their design frequency, loop antennas lose their direction"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": "ality. \"Itasca\" had its own RDF equipment, but that equipment did not work above 550 kHz, so \"Itasca\" could not determine the direction to the Electra's HF transmissions at 3105 and 6210 kHz. The Electra had been equipped to transmit a 500 kHz signal that \"Itasca\" could use for radio direction finding, but some of that equipment had been removed. The equipment originally used a long trailing wire antenna. While the plane was in flight, the wire antenna would be paid out at the tail; efficient transmissions at 500 kHz needed a long antenna. The antenna was bulky and heavy, so the trailing wire antenna was removed to save weight. If nothing else had been done, the plane would have been unable to transmit an RDF signal that \"Itasca\" could use. Such a modification was made, but without voice communication from \"Itasca\" to the plane, the ship could not tell the plane to use its 500 kHz signal. Even if \"Itasca\" could get a bearing to the plane, the \"Itasca\" could not tell the plane that bearing, so the plane could not head to the ship. Some sources have noted Earhart's apparent lack of understanding of her direction-finding system"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": ", which had been fitted to the aircraft just prior to the flight. The system was equipped with a new receiver from Bendix that operated on five wavelength \"bands\", marked 1 to 5. The loop antenna was equipped with a tuneable loading coil that changed the effective length of the antenna to allow it to work efficiently at different wavelengths. The tuner on the antenna was also marked with five settings, 1 to 5, but, critically, these were not the same frequency bands as the corresponding bands on the radio. The two were close enough for settings 1, 2 and 3, but the higher frequency settings, 4 and 5, were entirely different. The upper bands (4 and 5) could not be used for direction finding. Earhart's only training on the system was a brief introduction by Joe Gurr at the Lockheed factory, and the topic had not come up. A card displaying the band settings of the antenna was mounted so it was not visible. Gurr explained that higher frequency bands would offer better accuracy and longer range. Motion picture evidence from Lae suggests that an antenna mounted underneath the fuselage may have been torn off from the fuel-heavy Electra during taxi or takeoff from Lae's turf runway, though no antenna was reported found at Lae.</s>"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": "<s>World flight in 1937.:Radio signals. During Earhart and Noonan's approach to Howland Island, the \"Itasca\" received strong and clear voice transmissions from Earhart identifying as KHAQQ, but she apparently was unable to hear voice transmissions from the ship. Signals from the ship would also be used for direction finding, implying that the aircraft's direction finder was also not functional. The first calls, routine reports stating the weather as cloudy and overcast, were received at 2:45 and just before 5 am on July 2. These calls were broken up by static, but at this point the aircraft would still be a long distance from Howland. At 6:14 am another call was received stating the aircraft was within, and requested that the ship use its direction finder to provide a bearing for the aircraft. Earhart began whistling into the microphone to provide a continual signal for them to home in on. It was at this point that the radio operators on the \"Itasca\" realized that their RDF system could not tune in the aircraft's 3105 kHz frequency; radioman Leo Bellarts later commented that he \"was sitting there sweating blood because I couldn't do a darn thing about it.\" A similar call asking for"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " a bearing was received at 6:45 am, when Earhart estimated they were out. An \"Itasca\" radio log (position 1) at 7:30–7:40 am states: Another \"Itasca\" radio log (position 2) at 7:42 am states: Earhart's 7:58 am transmission said she could not hear the \"Itasca\" and asked them to send voice signals so she could try to take a radio bearing. This transmission was reported by the \"Itasca\" as the loudest possible signal, indicating Earhart and Noonan were in the immediate area. They could not send voice at the frequency she asked for, so Morse code signals were sent instead. Earhart acknowledged receiving these but said she was unable to determine their direction. In her last known transmission at 8:43 am Earhart broadcast \"We are on the line 157 337. We will repeat this message. We will repeat this on 6210 kilocycles. Wait.\" However, a few moments later she was back on the same frequency (3105 kHz) with a transmission that was logged as \"questionable\": \"We are running on line north and south.\" Earhart's transmissions seemed to indicate she and Noonan believed they"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " had reached Howland's charted position, which was incorrect by about five nautical miles (10 km). The \"Itasca\" used her oil-fired boilers to generate smoke for a period of time, but the fliers apparently did not see it. The many scattered clouds in the area around Howland Island have also been cited as a problem: their dark shadows on the ocean surface may have been almost indistinguishable from the island's subdued and very flat profile. Whether any post-loss radio signals were received from Earhart and Noonan remains unclear. If transmissions were received from the Electra, most if not all were weak and hopelessly garbled. Earhart's voice transmissions to Howland were on 3105 kHz, a frequency restricted in the United States by the FCC to aviation use. This frequency was thought to be not fit for broadcasts over great distances. When Earhart was at cruising altitude and midway between Lae and Howland (over from each) neither station heard her scheduled transmission at 0815 GCT. Moreover, the 50-watt transmitter used by Earhart was attached to a less-than-optimum-length V-type antenna. The last voice transmission received on Howland Island from Earhart indicated she and Noonan were"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " flying along a line of position (running N–S on 157–337 degrees) which Noonan would have calculated and drawn on a chart as passing through Howland. After all contact was lost with Howland Island, attempts were made to reach the flyers with both voice and Morse code transmissions. Operators across the Pacific and the United States may have heard signals from the downed Electra but these were unintelligible or weak. Some of these reports of transmissions were later determined to be hoaxes but others were deemed authentic. Bearings taken by Pan American Airways stations suggested signals originating from several locations, including Gardner Island (Nikumaroro), 360 miles (580 km) to the SSE. It was noted at the time that if these signals were from Earhart and Noonan, they must have been on land with the aircraft since water would have otherwise shorted out the Electra's electrical system. Sporadic signals were reported for four or five days after the disappearance but none yielded any understandable information. The captain of later said: \"There was no doubt many stations were calling the Earhart plane on the plane's frequency, some by voice and others by signals. All of these added to the confusion and doubtfulness of the authenticity of the reports.\"</s><s>World"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " flight in 1937.:Contemporaneous search efforts. Beginning approximately one hour after Earhart's last recorded message, the USCGC \"Itasca\" undertook an ultimately unsuccessful search north and west of Howland Island based on initial assumptions about transmissions from the aircraft. The United States Navy (USN) soon joined the search and over a period of about three days sent available resources to the search area in the vicinity of Howland Island. The initial search by the \"Itasca\" involved running up the 157/337 line of position to the NNW from Howland Island. The \"Itasca\" then searched the area to the immediate NE of the island, corresponding to the area, yet wider than the area searched to the NW. Based on bearings of several supposed Earhart radio transmissions, some of the search efforts were directed to a specific position on a line of 281 degrees (approximately northwest) from Howland Island without evidence of the flyers. Four days after Earhart's last verified radio transmission, on July 6, 1937, the captain of the battleship \"Colorado\" received orders from the Commandant, Fourteenth Naval District to take over all naval and coast guard units to coordinate search efforts. Later search efforts were directed to the Phoenix Islands south of Howland Island. A"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " week after the disappearance, naval aircraft from the \"Colorado\" flew over several islands in the group including Gardner Island (now called Nikumaroro), which had been uninhabited for over 40 years. The subsequent report on Gardner read: \"Here signs of recent habitation were clearly visible but repeated circling and zooming failed to elicit any answering wave from possible inhabitants and it was finally taken for granted that none were there... At the western end of the island a tramp steamer (of about 4000 tons)... lay high and almost dry head onto the coral beach with her back broken in two places. The lagoon at Gardner looked sufficiently deep and certainly large enough so that a seaplane or even an airboat could have landed or takenoff in any direction with little if any difficulty. Given a chance, it is believed that Miss Earhart could have landed her aircraft in this lagoon and swum or waded ashore.\" They also found that Gardner's shape and size as recorded on charts were wholly inaccurate. Other Navy search efforts were again directed north, west and southwest of Howland Island, based on a possibility the Electra had ditched in the ocean, was afloat, or that the aviators were in an emergency raft. The official search efforts lasted until July 19"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": ", 1937. At $4 million, the air and sea search by the Navy and Coast Guard was the most costly and intensive in U.S. history up to that time, but search and rescue techniques during the era were rudimentary and some of the search was based on erroneous assumptions and flawed information. Official reporting of the search effort was influenced by individuals wary about how their roles in looking for an American hero might be reported by the press. Despite an unprecedented search by the United States Navy and Coast Guard, no physical evidence of Earhart, Noonan or the Electra 10E was found. The aircraft carrier, the battleship USS \"Colorado\", the, the Japanese oceanographic survey vessel \"Koshu\", and the Japanese seaplane tender \"Kamoi\" searched for six–seven days each, covering. Immediately after the end of the official search, Putnam financed a private search by local authorities of nearby Pacific islands and waters, concentrating on the Gilberts. In late July 1937, Putnam chartered two small boats, and, while he remained in the United States, directed a search of the Phoenix Islands, Christmas (Kiritimati) Island, Fanning (Tabuaeran) Island, the Gilbert Islands, and the Marshall Islands,"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " but no trace of the Electra or its occupants was found. Back in the United States, Putnam acted to become the trustee of Earhart's estate so that he could pay for the searches and related bills. In probate court in Los Angeles, Putnam requested to have the \"declared death \"in absentia\"\" seven-year waiting period waived so that he could manage Earhart's finances. As a result, Earhart was declared legally dead on January 5, 1939.</s><s>Speculation on disappearance. There has been considerable speculation on what happened to Earhart and Noonan. Most historians hold to the simple \"crash and sink\" theory, but a number of other possibilities have been proposed, including several conspiracy theories. Some have suggested that Earhart and Noonan survived and landed elsewhere, but were either never found or killed, making en-route locations like Tarawa unlikely. Proposals have included the uninhabited Gardner Island, from the vicinity of Howland, the Japanese-controlled Marshall Islands, at the closest point of Mili Atoll, and the Japanese-controlled Northern Mariana Islands, from Howland.</s><s>Speculation on disappearance.:Crash-and-sink theory. Many researchers believe that Earhart and Noonan ran"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " out of fuel while searching for Howland Island, ditched at sea, and died. The plane would have carried enough fuel to reach Howland with some extra to spare. The extra fuel would cover some contingencies such as headwinds and searching for Howland. The plane could fly a compass course toward Howland through the night. In the morning, the time of apparent sunrise would allow the plane to determine its line of position (a \"sun line\" that ran 157°–337°). From that line, the plane could determine how much farther it must travel before reaching a parallel sun line that ran through Howland. At 6:14 AM \"Itasca\" time, Earhart estimated they were away from Howland. As the plane closed with the island, it expected to be in radio contact with \"Itasca\". With the radio contact, the plane should have been able to use radio direction finding (RDF) to head directly for the \"Itasca\" and Howland. The plane was not receiving a radio signal from \"Itasca\", so it would have been unable to determine a respective RDF bearing. Although \"Itasca\" was receiving HF radio signals from the plane, it did not have HF RDF equipment, so it could not determine"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " a bearing to the plane. Almost no communications were transmitted to the plane. Consequently, the plane was not directed to Howland, and was left on its own with little fuel. Presumably, the plane reached the parallel sun line and started searching for Howland on that line of position. At 7:42 AM, Earhart reported, \"We must be on you, but cannot see you – but gas is running low. Have been unable to reach you by radio. We are flying at 1,000 feet.\" At 8:43 AM, Earhart reported, \"We are on the line 157 337. We will repeat this message. We will repeat this on 6210 kilocycles. Wait.\" Between Earhart's low-on-fuel message at 7:42 AM and her last confirmed message at 8:43, her signal strength remained consistent, indicating that she never left the immediate Howland area as she ran out of fuel. The U.S. Coast Guard made this determination by tracking her signal strength as she approached the island, noting signal levels from her reports of 200 and 100 miles out. These reports were roughly 30 minutes apart, providing vital ground-speed clues. Based on these facts, and the lack of additional signals from Earhart, the Coast Guard"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " first responders initiating the search concluded that she ran out of fuel somewhere very close to and north of Howland. During the 1970s, retired USN captain Laurance Safford began a lengthy analysis of the flight. His research included the intricate radio transmission documentation. Safford concluded that the flight had suffered from \"poor planning, worse execution\". In 1982, retired USN rear admiral Richard R. Black, who was in administrative charge of the Howland Island airstrip and was present in the radio room on the \"Itasca\", asserted that \"the Electra went into the sea about 10 am, July 2, 1937, not far from Howland\". British aviation historian Roy Nesbit interpreted evidence in contemporary accounts and Putnam's correspondence and concluded that Earhart's Electra was not fully fueled at Lae. William L. Polhemous, the navigator on Ann Pellegreno's 1967 flight that followed Earhart and Noonan's original flight path, studied navigational tables for July 2, 1937, and thought Noonan may have miscalculated the \"single line approach\" intended to \"hit\" Howland. David Jourdan, a former Navy submariner and ocean engineer specializing in deep-sea recoveries, has claimed that"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " any transmissions attributed to Gardner Island were false. Through his company Nauticos, he extensively searched a quadrant north and west of Howland Island during two deep-sea sonar expeditions (2002 and 2006, total cost $4.5 million) and found nothing. The search locations were derived from the line of position (157–337) broadcast by Earhart on July 2, 1937. Nevertheless, Elgen Long's interpretations have led Jourdan to conclude, \"The analysis of all the data we have – the fuel analysis, the radio calls, other things – tells me she went into the water off Howland.\" Earhart's stepson George Palmer Putnam Jr. has been quoted as saying he believes \"the plane just ran out of gas\".Kleinberg, Eliot. \"Amelia Earhart's disappearance still haunts her stepson, 83.\" \"Palm Beach Post\", December 27, 2004. Retrieved: July 1, 2013. Earhart biography author Susan Butler posits that the aircraft went into the ocean out of sight of Howland Island and rests on the seafloor at a depth of. Tom D. Crouch, senior curator of the National Air and Space Museum, has said the Electra is \"18,000"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " ft. down\" and compares its archaeological significance to the \"Titanic\", saying, \"the mystery is part of what keeps us interested. In part, we remember her because she's our favorite missing person.\"</s><s>Speculation on disappearance.:Gardner Island hypothesis. The Gardner Island hypothesis assumes that Earhart and Noonan, unable to find Howland Island, would not waste time searching for it, instead turning to the south to look for other islands. The 157/337 radio transmission suggests they flew a course of 157° that would take them past Baker Island; if they missed this, then sometime later they would fly over the Phoenix Islands, now part of the Republic of Kiribati, about south-southeast of Howland Island. One of the Phoenix Islands, known as Gardner Island (now Nikumaroro), has been the subject of inquiry as a possible crash-landing site. A week after Earhart disappeared, Navy planes from USS \"Colorado\" (which had sailed from Pearl Harbor) searched Gardner Island. The planes saw signs of recent habitation and the November 1929 wreck of the, but did not see any signs of Earhart's plane or people. After the Navy ended its search, G. P. Putnam undertook a search in"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " the Phoenix Group and other islands, but nothing was found. In October 1937, Eric Bevington and Henry E. Maude visited Gardner with some potential settlers. A group walked all the way around the island, but did not find a plane or other evidence. In December 1938, laborers landed on the island and started constructing a settlement. In late 1939, did a survey of the island. Around April 1940, a skull was discovered and buried, but British colonial officer Gerald Gallagher did not learn of it until September. Gallagher did a more thorough search of the discovery area, including looking for artifacts such as rings. The search found more bones, a bottle, a shoe, and a sextant box. On September 23, 1940, Gallagher radioed his superiors that he had found a \"skeleton... possibly that of a woman\", along with an old-fashioned sextant box (later revealed to have been left during a recent hydrographic survey), under a tree on the island's southeast corner. Gallagher stated that the \"Bones look more than four years old to me but there seems to be very slight chance that this may be remains of Amelia Earhart.\" He was ordered to send the remains to Fiji. On 4 April 1941, Dr. D. W"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": ". Hoodless of the Central Medical School (later named the Fiji School of Medicine) examined the bones, took measurements, and wrote a report. Using Karl Pearson's formulas for stature and the lengths of the femur, tibia, and humerus, Hoodless concluded that the person was about tall. Hoodless wrote that the skeleton \"could be that of a short, stocky, muscular European, or even a half-caste, or person of mixed European descent.\" Earhart's 1930 pilot's license states she was and. Hoodless also wrote that \"it may be definitely stated that the skeleton is that of a MALE. Owing to the weather-beaten condition of all the bones it is impossible to be dogmatic in regard to the age of the person at the time of death, but I am of the opinion that he was not less than 45 years of age and that probably he was older: say between 45 and 55 years.\" Earhart was just under 40 years old when she disappeared. Hoodless offered to make more detailed measurements if needed, but suggested that any further examination be done by the Anthropological Department at Sydney University. These bones were apparently misplaced in Fiji and presumed lost. Around the turn of the 21st century, researchers used"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " Hoodless's measurements to argue against his conclusions that the bones were that of a male. In two 2015 episodes of \"Expedition Unknown\", host Josh Gates searched under a house which had belonged to another doctor from the Fiji School of Medicine, where in 1968 the house's new owner had found a box containing bones including a skull; these were brought to a local museum and lost. Gates combed several bone fragments from the area where the box had been found; these were DNA tested and determined to belong to a male. During World War II, US Coast Guard LORAN Unit 92, a radio navigation station built in the summer and fall of 1944, and operational from mid-November 1944 until mid-May 1945, was located on Gardner Island's southeast end. Dozens of Coast Guard personnel were involved in its construction and operation, but were mostly forbidden from leaving the small base or having contact with the Gilbertese colonists then on the island, and found no artifacts known to relate to Earhart. In 1988, The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery (TIGHAR) began an investigation and sent eleven research expeditions to Nikumaroro, producing inconclusive results. They have suggested that Earhart and Noonan may have flown without further radio transmissions for two and a half hours"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " along the line of position Earhart noted in her last transmission received at Howland, then found the then-uninhabited Gardner Island, landed the Electra on an extensive reef flat near the wreck of a large freighter (the SS \"Norwich City\") on the northwest side of the atoll, and ultimately perished. Artifacts discovered by TIGHAR on Nikumaroro have included improvised tools, an aluminum panel, an oddly cut piece of clear Plexiglas, and a size-9 woman's shoe heel. Recently rediscovered photos of Earhart's Electra just before departure in Miami show an aluminum panel over a window on the right side. Ric Gillespie, head of TIGHAR, claimed that the aluminum panel artifact has the same dimensions and rivet pattern as the one shown in the photo \"to a high degree of certainty\". Based on this new evidence, Gillespie returned to the atoll in June 2015, but operations using a remotely operated underwater vehicle to investigate a sonar detection of a possible wreckage were hampered by technical problems. Further, a review of sonar data concluded it was most likely a coral ridge. In July 2017, staff from the New England Air Museum notified TIGHAR that the unique rivet pattern of the aluminum panel precisely matched the"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " top of the wing of a Douglas C-47 Skytrain in the museum inventory, particularly significant since a C-47B crashed on a nearby island during World War II and villagers acknowledged bringing aluminum from that wreck to Gardner Island. Some consider TIGHAR's theory the most plausible Earhart-survival theory, although not proven and not accepted beyond crash-and-sink. Other sources have criticized TIGHAR as seizing on unlikely possibilities as circumstantial evidence; for example, an article criticized the suggestion that a jar of freckle ointment found on Nikumaroro might have been Earhart's, when the Electra was \"virtually a flying gas station\" with little room for amenities, as Earhart and Noonan carried extra gas tanks in every scrap of available space and absence of any corroborating evidence connecting the artifact to her. The 2019 National Geographic special \"Expedition Amelia\" depicts an August 2019 search for Earhart's aircraft off Nikumaroro's reef conducted by ocean explorer Robert Ballard, who has found several ocean wrecks including the \"Titanic\". Ballard was intrigued by documented radio signal bearings that intersect near Nikumaroro, although they were taken from different locations and at different times. Ballard's expedition had more sophisticated search equipment"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " than TIGHAR used on its expedition in 2012. He completed his expedition in October 2019. After days of searching the deep cliffs supporting the island and the nearby ocean, Ballard did not find any evidence of the plane or any associated wreckage of it. Allison Fundis, Ballard's chief operating officer of the expedition stated, \"We felt like if her plane was there, we would have found it pretty early in the expedition.\" The documentary states of the Gardner Island hypothesis that \"It's a nice story. But like all the other evidence obtained here over the decades, there is no provable link to Amelia or her plane.\"</s><s>Speculation on disappearance.:Japanese capture theory. Another theory is that Earhart and Noonan were captured by Japanese forces, perhaps after somehow navigating to somewhere within the Japanese South Seas Mandate. In 1966, CBS correspondent Fred Goerner published a book claiming that Earhart and Noonan were captured and executed when their aircraft crashed on the island of Saipan, part of the Northern Mariana Islands archipelago. Saipan is more than 2,700 miles away from Howland Island, however. Later proponents of the Japanese capture hypothesis have generally suggested the Marshall Islands instead, which while still distant from the intended location (~800 miles),"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " is slightly more possible. In 1990, the NBC series \"Unsolved Mysteries\" broadcast an interview with a Saipanese woman who claimed to have witnessed Earhart and Noonan's execution by Japanese soldiers. No independent confirmation has ever emerged for any of these claims. Various purported photographs of Earhart during her captivity have been identified as either fraudulent or having been taken before her final flight. A slightly different version of the Japanese capture hypothesis is not that the Japanese captured Earhart, but rather that they shot down her plane. Henri Keyzer-Andre, a former Pan Am pilot, propounded this view in his 1993 book \"Age Of Heroes: Incredible Adventures of a Pan Am Pilot and his Greatest Triumph, Unravelling the Mystery of Amelia Earhart\". Since the end of World War II, a location on Tinian, which is five miles (8 km) southwest of Saipan, had been rumored to be the grave of the two aviators. In 2004, an archaeological dig at the site failed to turn up any bones. A recent proponent of this theory is Mike Campbell, who published the 2012 book \"Amelia Earhart: The Truth at Last\" in its favor. Campbell cites claims from Marshall Islanders to have witnessed a crash, as well"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " as a U.S. Army Sergeant who found a suspicious gravesite near a former Japanese prison on Saipan. A number of Earhart's relatives have been convinced that the Japanese were somehow involved in Amelia's disappearance, citing unnamed witnesses including Japanese troops and Saipan natives. According to one cousin, the Japanese cut the Lockheed Electra into scrap and threw the pieces into the ocean, to explain why the airplane was not found in the Marshall Islands. In 2017, a History Channel documentary called \"\", proposed that a photograph in the National Archives of Jaluit Atoll in the Marshall Islands was actually a picture of a captured Earhart and Noonan. The picture showed a Caucasian male on a dock who appeared to look like Noonan and a woman sitting on the dock but facing away from the camera, who was judged to have a physique and haircut resembling Earhart's. The documentary theorizes that the photo was taken after Earhart and Noonan crashed at Mili Atoll. The documentary also said that physical evidence recovered from Mili matches pieces that could have fallen off an Electra during a crash or subsequent overland move to a barge. \"The Lost Evidence\" proposed that a Japanese ship seen in the photograph was the \"Koshu Maru\", a"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " Japanese military ship. \"The Lost Evidence\" was quickly discredited, however, after Japanese blogger Kota Yamano found the original source of the photograph in the Archives in the National Diet Library Digital Collection. The original source of the photo was a Japanese travel guide published in October 1935, implying that the photograph was taken in 1935 or before, and thus would be unrelated to Earhart and Noonan's 1937 disappearance. Additionally, the researcher who discovered the photo also identified the ship in the right of the photo as another ship called \"Koshu\", seized by Allied Japanese forces during World War I, and not the \"Koshu Maru\". A common criticism of all versions of the Japanese capture hypothesis is that the Japanese-controlled Marshall Islands were considerably distant from Howland Island. To reach and land there would have required Earhart and Noonan, though low on fuel, to change her northeast course as she neared Howland Island and fly hundreds of miles northwest, a feat \"not supported by the basic rules of geography and navigation.\" Additionally, had the Japanese found a crashed Earhart and Noonan, they would have had substantial motivation to rescue the famous aviators and be hailed as heroes.</s><s>Speculation on disappearance.:Myths, legends, and claims."
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " The unresolved circumstances of Earhart's disappearance, along with her fame, attracted a great body of other claims relating to her last flight. Several unsupported theories have become known in popular culture.</s><s>Speculation on disappearance.:Myths, legends, and claims.:Spies for FDR. The World War II-era movie \"Flight for Freedom\" (1943) is a story of a fictional female aviator (obviously inspired by Earhart) who engages in a spying mission in the Pacific. The movie helped further a myth that Earhart was spying on the Japanese in the Pacific at the request of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration. By 1949, both the United Press and U.S. Army Intelligence had concluded that this rumor was groundless. Jackie Cochran, another pioneering aviator and one of Earhart's friends, made a postwar search of numerous files in Japan and was convinced that the Japanese were not involved in Earhart's disappearance.</s><s>Speculation on disappearance.:Myths, legends, and claims.:Tokyo Rose. A rumor that claimed that Earhart had made propaganda radio broadcasts as one of the many women compelled to serve as Tokyo Rose was investigated closely by George Putnam. According to several biographies of Earhart, Putnam investigated this rumor"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " personally but after listening to many recordings of numerous Tokyo Roses, he did not recognize her voice among them.</s><s>Speculation on disappearance.:Myths, legends, and claims.:New Britain. The theory that Earhart may have turned back mid-flight has been posited. She would then have tried to reach the airfield at Rabaul, New Britain (northeast of mainland Papua New Guinea), approximately from Howland. In 1990, Donald Angwin, a veteran of the Australian Army's World War II campaign in New Britain, contacted researchers to suggest that a wrecked aircraft he had witnessed in jungle about southwest of Rabaul, on April 17, 1945, may have been Earhart's Electra. Angwin, who had been a corporal in the 11th Battalion at the time, reported that he and other members of a forward patrol on Japanese-occupied New Britain had found a wrecked twin-engined, unpainted all-metal aircraft. The soldiers recorded a rough position on a map, along with serial numbers seen on the wreckage. The map was found in the possession of another veteran in 1993, but subsequent searches of the area indicated failed to find a wreck. Angwin died in 2001. David Billings, an Australian aircraft engineer, has continued to"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " investigate his theory. Billings claims that the serial numbers written on the map,, represent: - a Pratt & Whitney R-1340-S3H1 model engine; and - \"Constructor's Number 1055\", an airframe identifier. These would be consistent with a Lockheed Electra 10E, such as that flown by Earhart, although they do not contain enough information to identify the wreck in question as NR16020. \"Pacific Wrecks\", a website that documents World War II-era aircraft crash sites, notes that no Electra has been reported lost in or around Papua New Guinea. Ric Gillespie of TIGHAR believes that based on Earhart's last estimated position, somewhat close to Howland Island, it was impossible for the aircraft to end up at New Britain, and over 13 hours' flight time away.</s><s>Speculation on disappearance.:Myths, legends, and claims.:Assuming another identity. In November 2006, the National Geographic Channel aired episode two of the \"Undiscovered History\" series about a claim that Earhart survived the world flight, moved to New Jersey, changed her name, remarried and became Irene Craigmile Bolam. This claim had originally been raised in the book \"Amelia Earhart Lives\""
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " (1970) by author Joe Klaas, based on the research of Major Joseph Gervais. Irene Bolam, who had been a banker in New York during the 1940s, denied being Earhart, filed a lawsuit requesting $1.5 million in damages and submitted a lengthy affidavit in which she rebutted the claims. The book's publisher, McGraw-Hill, withdrew the book from the market shortly after it was released and court records indicate that the company reached an out-of-court settlement with her. Subsequently, Bolam's personal life history was thoroughly documented by researchers, eliminating any possibility that she was Earhart. Kevin Richlin, a professional criminal forensic expert hired by \"National Geographic\", studied photographs of both women and cited many measurable facial differences between Earhart and Bolam.</s><s>Legacy. Earhart was a widely known international celebrity during her lifetime. Her shyly charismatic appeal, independence, persistence, coolness under pressure, courage and goal-oriented career along with the circumstances of her disappearance at a comparatively early age have driven her lasting fame in popular culture. Hundreds of articles and scores of books have been written about her life, which is often cited as a motivational tale, especially for girls. Earhart is generally"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " regarded as a feminist icon. Earhart's accomplishments in aviation inspired a generation of female aviators, including the more than 1,000 women pilots of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) who ferried military aircraft, towed gliders, flew target practice aircraft, and served as transport pilots during World War II. The home where Earhart was born is now the Amelia Earhart Birthplace Museum and is maintained by The Ninety-Nines, an international group of female pilots of whom Earhart was the first elected president. A small section of Earhart's Lockheed Electra starboard engine nacelle recovered in the aftermath of the March 1937 Hawaii crash has been confirmed as authentic and is now regarded as a control piece that will help to authenticate possible future discoveries. The evaluation of the scrap of metal was featured on an episode of \"History Detectives\" on Season 7 in 2009.</s><s>Legacy.:Memorial flights. Two notable memorial flights by female aviators subsequently followed Earhart's original circumnavigational route. - In 1967, Ann Dearing Holtgren Pellegreno and a crew of three flew a similar aircraft (a Lockheed 10A Electra) to complete a world flight that closely mirrored Earhart's"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " flight plan. On the 30th anniversary of her disappearance, Pellegreno dropped a wreath in Earhart's honor over tiny Howland Island and returned to Oakland, completing the commemorative flight on July 7, 1967. - In 1997, on the 60th anniversary of Earhart's world flight, San Antonio businesswoman Linda Finch retraced the final flight path flying the same make and model of aircraft as Earhart, a restored 1935 Lockheed Electra 10E. Finch touched down in 18 countries before finishing the trip two and a half months later when she arrived back at Oakland Airport on May 28, 1997. In 2001, another commemorative flight retraced the route undertaken by Earhart in her August 1928 transcontinental record flight. Dr. Carlene Mendieta flew an original Avro Avian, the same type that was used in 1928. In 2013, Amelia Rose Earhart (no relation), a pilot and a reporter from Denver, Colorado, announced that she would be recreating the 1937 flight in the middle of 2014 in a single engine Pilatus PC-12NG. She completed the flight without incident on July 11, 2014. In June and July 2017, Brian Lloyd flew his Mooney M20K 231 around the world to commemorate Earhart"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": "'s attempted circumnavigation 80 years earlier. Lloyd followed a route similar to the one taken by Earhart.</s><s>Legacy.:Other honors. Countless other tributes and memorials have been made in Amelia Earhart's name, including a 2012 tribute by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, speaking at a State Department event celebrating the ties of Earhart and the United States to its Pacific neighbors, noting: \"Earhart... created a legacy that resonates today for anyone, girls and boys, who dreams of the stars.\" In 2013, \"Flying\" magazine ranked Earhart No. 9 on its list of the \"51 Heroes of Aviation\". The following list is not considered definitive, but serves also to give significant examples of tributes and honors. - Amelia Earhart Centre And Wildlife Sanctuary was established at the site of her 1932 landing in Northern Ireland, Ballyarnet Country Park, Derry. - The \"Earhart Tree\" on Banyan Drive in Hilo, Hawaii, was planted by Earhart in 1935. - The Zonta International Amelia Earhart Fellowship Awards were established in 1938. - Earhart Light (also known as the Amelia Earhart Light), a navigational day beacon on Howland Island (has not been"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " maintained and is crumbling). - The Amelia Earhart Memorial Scholarships (established in 1939 by The Ninety-Nines), provides scholarships to women for advanced pilot certificates and ratings, jet type ratings, college degrees, and technical training. - The Purdue University Amelia Earhart Scholarship, first awarded in 1940, is based on academic merit and leadership and is open to juniors and seniors enrolled in any school at the West Lafayette campus. After being discontinued in the 1970s, a donor resurrected the award in 1999. - In 1942, a United States Liberty ship named was launched. It was wrecked in 1948. - Amelia Earhart Field (1947), formerly Masters Field and Miami Municipal Airport, after closure in 1959, Amelia Earhart Park was dedicated in an area of undeveloped federal government land located north and west of the former Miami Municipal Airport and immediately south of Opa-locka Airport. - Amelia Earhart Airport (1958), located in Atchison, Kansas. - Amelia Earhart Commemorative Stamp (8¢ airmail postage) was issued in 1963 by the United States Postmaster-General. - The Civil Air Patrol Amelia Earhart Award (since 1964) is awarded to cadets who have completed the first 11 achievements of the cadet program along"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " with receipt of the General Billy Mitchell Award. - Amelia Earhart Residence Hall opened in 1964 as a residence hall for women at Purdue University and became coed in 2002. An eight-foot sculpture of Earhart, by Ernest Shelton, was placed in front of the Earhart Hall Dining Court in 2009. - Member of National Aviation Hall of Fame (1968). - Amelia Earhart Statue by Ernest Shelton (circa 1971), Los Angeles, California - Member of National Women's Hall of Fame (1973). - Crittenton Women's Union (Boston) Amelia Earhart Award recognizes a woman who continues Earhart's pioneering spirit and who has significantly contributed to the expansion of opportunities for women (since 1982). - Earhart Corona, a corona on Venus was named by the IAU in 1982 (initially as Earhart crater). - The Amelia Earhart Birthplace, Atchison, Kansas (a museum and historic site, owned and maintained by The Ninety-Nines since 1984). - In 1988, the Federal Aviation Administration announced that it had retired Earhart's aircraft registration number, N16020, from use in the United States. - UCI Irvine Amelia Earhart Award (since 1990). - She was inducted into the Motorsports"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " Hall of Fame of America in 1992. - 3895 Earhart, a minor planet discovered in 1987, was named in 1995 after her, by its discoverer, Carolyn S. Shoemaker. - Earhart Foundation, located in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Established in 1995, the foundation funds research and scholarship through a network of 50 \"Earhart professors\" across the United States. - Amelia Earhart Festival (annual event since 1996), located in Atchison, Kansas. - Amelia Earhart Pioneering Achievement Award, Atchison, Kansas: Since 1996, the Cloud L. Cray Foundation provides a $10,000 women's scholarship to the educational institution of the honoree's choice. - Amelia Earhart Earthwork in Warnock Lake Park, Atchison, Kansas. Stan Herd created the landscape mural in 1997 from permanent plantings and stone to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Earhart's birth. Located at and best viewed from the air. - Amelia Earhart Bridge (1997), located in Atchison, Kansas. - Greater Miami Aviation Association Amelia Earhart Award for outstanding achievement (2006); first recipient: noted flyer Patricia \"Patty\" Wagstaff. - On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " Maria Shriver inducted Earhart into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. - USNS \"Amelia Earhart\" (T-AKE-6) was named in her honor in May 2007. - Amelia Earhart full size bronze statue was placed at the Spirit of Flight Center located in Lafayette, Colorado, in 2008. - The Amelia Earhart General Aviation Terminal, a satellite terminal at Boston's Logan Airport (formerly used by American Eagle, now unused). - Amelia Earhart Dam on the Mystic River in eastern Massachusetts. - Schools named after Earhart are found throughout the United States including the Amelia Earhart Elementary School, in Alameda, California, Amelia Earhart Elementary School, in Hialeah, Florida, Amelia Earhart Middle School, Riverside, California, and Amelia Earhart International Baccalaureate World School, in Indio, California. - Amelia Earhart Hotel, located in Wiesbaden, Germany, originally used as a hotel for women, then as temporary military housing is now operated as the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Europe District Headquarters with offices for the Army Contracting Agency and the Defense Contract Management Agency. - Amelia Earhart Road, located in Oklahoma City ("
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": "headquarters of The Ninety-Nines), Oklahoma. - Earhart Road, located next to the Oakland International Airport North Field in Oakland, California. - Amelia Earhart Playhouse, at Wiesbaden Army Airfield. - To commemorate her first transatlantic flight, on the Millennium Coastal Path at Pwll, Burry Port, South Wales is a blue plaque sponsored by Llanelli Community Heritage. - In 2015, was provisionally named after Amelia Earhart. - North Hollywood Amelia Earhart Regional Library and nearby sculpture. - In 2022, Kansas added a statue of Earhart in the National Statuary Hall Collection.</s><s>In popular culture. Earhart's life has spurred the imaginations of many writers and others; the following examples are given although many other mentions have also occurred in contemporary or current media: - \"Amelia Earhart's Last Flight\", by \"Yodelling Cowboy\" Red River Dave McEnery, is thought to be the first song ever performed on commercial television (at the 1939 World's Fair). He recorded it in 1941 and it was subsequently covered by artists including Kinky Friedman and the Country Gentlemen. - The Rosalind Russell film \"Flight for Freedom\" (1943) derived from a treatment, \"Stand"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " by to Die\", was a fictionalized treatment of Earhart's life. - Possibly the first tribute album dedicated to the legend of Earhart was by Plainsong, \"In Search of Amelia Earhart\" (Elektra K42120), released in 1972. Both the album and the Press Pak released by Elektra are highly prized by collectors and they have also gained a cult status. - Singer Joni Mitchell's song \"Amelia\" appears on her album \"Hejira\" (1976) and it also features in the video of her 1980 live album \"Shadows and Light\" (1980) with clips of Earhart. Commenting on the origins of the song, which interweaves the story of a desert journey with aspects of Earhart's disappearance, Mitchell said: \"I was thinking of Amelia Earhart and addressing it from one solo pilot to another... sort of reflecting on the cost of being a woman and having something you must do.\" - \"In Search of: Amelia Earhart\", (1976) was episode 16 of the 1976–1982 \"In Search Of\" series; this episode spurred a number of popular documentaries that followed. - A television biographical drama titled \"Amelia Earhart\" (1976), starring Susan Clark and John Forsy"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": "the, included flying by Hollywood stunt pilot Frank Tallman whose late partner in Tallmantz Aviation, Paul Mantz, had tutored Earhart in the 1930s. - \"Amelia Earhart: The Price of Courage\" (1993) is an \"American Experience\" television documentary. - \"\" (1994) starring Diane Keaton, Rutger Hauer, and Bruce Dern, was initially released as a TV movie and subsequently rereleased as a theatrical feature. - In the video game \"\" (2003), Mr. Burns admits to having Amelia Earhart's plane shot down, claiming she was \"getting too big for her jodhpurs\". - Actress Amy Adams portrayed Earhart in \"\" (2009). - In the film \"Amelia\" (2009), Earhart is portrayed by Hilary Swank, who also served as co-executive producer of the biopic. - In 2011, the Great Canadian Theatre Company hosted a musical play titled \"Amelia: The Girl Who Wants To Fly\". This is one of numerous plays on the subject. - Google honored Earhart with a Doodle on her birthday in 2012. - Earhart was one of several inspiring women represented by a new line of Barbie dolls introduced March 6, 2018. - The online battle roy"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": "ale game \"Fortnite Battle Royale\" introduces an unlockable costume character named \"Airheart\", who parodies Earhart. - In \"Flying Blind\", a \"Nathan Heller\" novel by Max Allan Collins, Earheart is a major character, a love interest of \"Nathan Heller,\" who was first her bodyguard and who, after her 'disappearance,' seeks to rescue her from her Japanese captors. - A 2020 digital comic, \"Wonder Woman: Agent of Peace\", had Wonder Woman reveal that a 1930s woman aviator crashed at the Amazons' island Themyscira and chose to remain there permanently. The story doesn't give her name, but was accompanied by a navigator named Fred who didn't survive the crash. - The \"\" episode \"The 37's\" solves the mystery of her disappearance via alien abduction. - Lego produced a limited run of Amelia's \"Little Red Bus.\" Lego Model Number 40450. - In the 2021 alternate history novella \"Or Even Eagle Flew\" by Harry Turtledove, Earhart does not go missing in 1937 and later joins the Eagle Squadrons of the British Royal Air Force to fight against the Nazis in World War II. - In the \"Legends of Tomorrow\" episode"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " \"Meat: The Legends\", Earhart is revealed to be a lone survivor on an alien planet now possessed by an extraterrestrial. - In, Earhart (portrayed by Lily Rabe), is found alive by President Dwight Eisenhower and dies giving birth to an alien.</s><s>Records and achievements. - Woman's world altitude record: 14,000 ft (1922) - First woman to fly the Atlantic Ocean (1928) - Speed records for 100 km (and with cargo) (1931) - First woman to fly an autogyro (1931) - Altitude record for autogyros: 18,415 ft (1931) - First woman to cross the United States in an autogyro (1931) - First woman to fly the Atlantic solo (1932) - First person to fly the Atlantic twice (1932) - First woman to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross (1932) - First woman to fly nonstop, coast-to-coast across the U.S. (1932) - Women's speed transcontinental record (1933) - First person to fly solo between Honolulu, Hawaii, and Oakland, California (1935) - First person to fly solo from Los Angeles to"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " Mexico City (1935) - First person to fly solo nonstop from Mexico City to Newark, New Jersey (1935) - Speed record for east-to-west flight from Oakland, California, to Honolulu, Hawaii (1937) - First person to fly solo from the Red Sea to Karachi (1937)</s><s>Books by Earhart. Earhart was a successful and heavily promoted writer who served as aviation editor for \"Cosmopolitan\" magazine from 1928 to 1930. She wrote magazine articles, newspaper columns, and essays, and published two books based upon her experiences as a flyer during her lifetime: - \"20 Hrs., 40 Min.\" (1928) is a journal of her experiences as the first woman passenger on a transatlantic flight. - \"The Fun of It\" (1932) is a memoir of her flying experiences and an essay on women in aviation. - \"Last Flight\" (1937) features the periodic journal entries she sent back to the United States during her world flight attempt, published in newspapers in the weeks prior to her final departure from New Guinea. Compiled by her husband GP Putnam after she disappeared over the Pacific, many historians consider this book to be only partially Earhart's original work.</s><s>See also."
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " - 99s Museum of Women Pilots - Amelia Earhart Park - Antoine de Saint-Exupéry - Aviation archaeology - Coast Guard Air Station Miami - Cornelia Fort - Douglas Corrigan - Elsie Mackay - Eugene Luther Vidal - Frances Wilson Grayson - Harriet Quimby - Jerrie Mock - List of female explorers and travelers - List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea - Nancy Harkness Love</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Works cited. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lubben, Kristen and Erin Barnett. \"Amelia Earhart: Image and Icon\". New York: International Center of Photography, 2007.. - - - Morrissey, Muriel Earhart. \"Amelia Earhart\". Santa Barbara, California: Bellerophon Books, 1992.. - - - - - Pellegrino, Anne Holtgren. \"World Flight: The Amelia Trail\". Ames, Iowa: The Iowa State University Press, 1971.. - - \"The Radio Amateur's Handbook\". West Hartford, Connecticut: American Radio Relay League, 1945. No ISBN. - - - - - Safford, Laurance"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " F. with Cameron A. Warren and Robert R. Payne. \"Earhart's Flight into Yesterday: The Facts Without the Fiction\", McLean, Virginia: Paladwr Press, 2003.. - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - Barker, Ralph. \"Great Mysteries of the Air\". London: Pan Books, 1966.. - Briand, Paul. \"Daughter of the Sky\". New York: Duell, Sloan, Pearce, 1960. - Brink, Randall. \"Lost Star: The Search for Amelia Earhart\". New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994.. - Burke, John. \"Winged Legend: The Story of Amelia Earhart\". New York: Ballantine Books, 1971.. - Cady, Barbara. \"They Changed the World: 200 Icons Who Have Made a Difference\". New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2003.. - Chapman, Sally Putnam, with Stephanie Mansfield. \"Whistled Like a Bird: The Untold Story of Dorothy Putnam, George Putnam and Amelia Earhart\". New York: Warner Books, 1997.. - Cochran, Jacqueline and Maryann Bucknum Brinkley. \"Jackie Cochran: The Aut"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": "obiography of the Greatest Woman Pilot in Aviation History\". Toronto: Bantam Books, 1987.. - Devine, Thomas E. \"Eyewitness: The Amelia Earhart Incident\". Frederick, Colorado: Renaissance House, 1987.. - Goodridge, Walt F. \"Amelia Earhart on Saipan Tour Booklet\". Saipan, Marshall Islands: @Walt F. J. Goodridge, 2017.. - Hoverstein, Paul. \"An American Obsession\". \"Air & Space Smithsonian\". Vol. 22, No. 2, June/July 2007. - Landsberg. Alan. \"In Search of Missing Persons\". New York: Bantam Books, 1978.. - Loomis, Vincent V. \"Amelia Earhart, the Final Story\". New York: Random House, 1985.. - Moolman, Valerie. \"Women Aloft\" (The Epic of Flight series). Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1981.. - O'Leary, Michael. \"The Earhart Discovery: Fact or Fiction?\" \" Air Classics\", Vol 28, No. 8, August 1992. - Reuther, Ronald T. and William T. Larkins. \"Images of America: Oakland Aviation\". Mount Pleasant,"
},
{
"title": "Amelia Earhart",
"text": " South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2008.. - Turner, Mary. \"The Women's Century: A Celebration of Changing Roles 1900–2000\". Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK: The National Archives, 2003.. - Wright, Monte Duane. \"Most Probable Position, A History of Aerial Navigation to 1941\". Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1972..</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Amelia Earhart",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000414
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Dr. Dre.
|
[
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "<s>Dr. Dre Andre Romell Young (born February 18, 1965), known professionally as Dr. Dre, is an American rapper and record producer. He is the founder and CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics, and previously co-founded, co-owned, and was the president of Death Row Records. Dr. Dre began his career as a member of the World Class Wreckin' Cru in 1985 and later found fame with the gangsta rap group N.W.A. The group popularized explicit lyrics in hip hop to detail the violence of street life. During the early 1990s, Dre was credited as a key figure in the crafting and popularization of West Coast G-funk, a subgenre of hip hop characterized by a synthesizer foundation and slow, heavy beats. Dre's solo debut studio album \"The Chronic\" (1992), released under Death Row Records, made him one of the best-selling American music artists of 1993. It earned him a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for the single \"Let Me Ride\", as well as several accolades for the single \"Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang\". That year, he produced Death Row labelmate Snoop Doggy Dogg's debut album \"Doggy"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "style\" and mentored producers such as his stepbrother Warren G (leading to the multi-platinum debut \"Regulate...G Funk Era\" in 1994) and Snoop Dogg's cousin Daz Dillinger (leading to the double-platinum debut \"Dogg Food\" by Tha Dogg Pound in 1995), as well as mentor to upcoming producers Sam Sneed and Mel-Man. In 1996, Dr. Dre left Death Row Records to establish his own label, Aftermath Entertainment. He produced a compilation album, \"Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath\", in 1996, and released a solo album, \"2001\", in 1999. During the 2000s, Dre focused on producing other artists, occasionally contributing vocals. He signed Eminem in 1998 and 50 Cent in 2002, and co-produced their albums. He has produced albums for and overseen the careers of many other rappers, including the D.O.C., Snoop Dogg, Xzibit, Knoc-turn'al, the Game, Kendrick Lamar, and Anderson.Paak. Dre has also had acting roles in movies such as \"Set It Off\", \"The Wash\", and \"Training Day\". He has won seven Grammy Awards, including Producer of the Year, Non-"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "Classical. \"Rolling Stone\" ranked him number 56 on the list of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. He was the second-richest figure in hip hop as of 2018 with an estimated net worth of $800 million. Accusations of Dre's violence against women have been widely publicized. Following his assault of television host Dee Barnes, he was fined $2,500, given two years' probation, ordered to perform 240 hours of community service, and given a spot on an anti-violence public service announcement. A civil suit was settled out of court. In 2015, Michel'le, the mother of one of his children, accused him of domestic violence during their time together as a couple. Their abusive relationship is portrayed in her 2016 biopic \"\". Lisa Johnson, the mother of three of Dr. Dre's children, stated that he beat her many times, including while she was pregnant. She was granted a restraining order against him. Former labelmate Tairrie B claimed that Dre assaulted her at a party in 1990, in response to her track \"Ruthless Bitch\". Two weeks following the release of his third album, \"Compton\" in August 2015, he issued an apology to the women \"I've hurt\".</s><s>Early life"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": ". Dre was born Andre Romelle Young in Compton, California, on February 18, 1965, the son of Theodore and Verna Young. His middle name is derived from the Romells, his father's amateur R&B group. His parents married in 1964, separated in 1968, and divorced in 1972. His mother later remarried to Curtis Crayon and had three children: sons Jerome and Tyree (both deceased) and daughter Shameka. In 1976, Dre began attending Vanguard Junior High School in Compton, but due to gang violence, he transferred to the safer suburban Roosevelt Junior High School. The family moved often and lived in apartments and houses in Compton, Carson, Long Beach, and the Watts and South Central neighborhoods of Los Angeles. Dre has said that he was mostly raised by his grandmother in the New Wilmington Arms housing project in Compton. His mother later married Warren Griffin, which added three step-sisters and one step-brother to the family; the latter would eventually begin rapping under the name Warren G. Dre is also the cousin of producer Sir Jinx. Dre attended Centennial High School in Compton during his freshman year in 1979, but transferred to Fremont High School in South Central Los Angeles due to poor grades. He attempted to enroll"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " in an apprenticeship program at Northrop Aviation Company, but poor grades at school made him ineligible. Thereafter, he focused on his social life and entertainment for the remainder of his high school years. Dre's frequent absences from school jeopardized his position as a diver on his school's swim team. After high school, he attended Chester Adult School in Compton following his mother's demands for him to get a job or continue his education. After brief attendance at a radio broadcasting school, he relocated to the residence of his father and residence of his grandparents before returning to his mother's house.</s><s>Musical career.</s><s>Musical career.:1985–1986: World Class Wreckin' Cru. Inspired by the Grandmaster Flash song \"The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel\", Dr. Dre often attended a club called Eve's After Dark to watch many DJs and rappers performing live. He subsequently became a DJ in the club, initially under the name \"Dr. J\", based on the nickname of Julius Erving, his favorite basketball player. At the club, he met aspiring rapper Antoine Carraby, later to become member DJ Yella of N.W.A. Soon afterwards he adopted the moniker Dr. Dre, a mix"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " of previous alias Dr. J and his first name, referring to himself as the \"Master of Mixology\". Eve After Dark had a back room with a small four-track studio. In this studio, Dre and Yella recorded several demos. In their first recording session, they recorded a song entitled \"Surgery\". Dr. Dre's earliest recordings were released in 1994 on a compilation titled \"Concrete Roots\". Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine of allmusic described the compiled music, released \"several years before Dre developed a distinctive style\", as \"surprisingly generic and unengaging\" and \"for dedicated fans only\". Dre later joined the musical group World Class Wreckin' Cru, which released its debut album under the Kru-Cut label in 1985. The group would become stars of the electro-hop scene that dominated early-mid 1980s West Coast hip hop. \"Surgery\", which was officially released after being recorded prior to the group's official formation, would prominently feature Dr. Dre on the turntable. The record would become the group's first hit, selling 50,000 copies within the Compton area. Dr. Dre and DJ Yella also performed mixes for local radio station KDAY, boosting ratings for its afternoon"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " rush-hour show \"The Traffic Jam\".</s><s>Musical career.:1986–1991: N.W.A and Ruthless Records. In 1986, Dr. Dre met rapper O'Shea Jackson—known as Ice Cube—who collaborated with him to record songs for Ruthless Records, a hip hop record label run by local rapper Eazy-E. N.W.A and fellow West Coast rapper Ice-T are widely credited as seminal artists of the gangsta rap genre, a profanity-heavy subgenre of hip hop, replete with gritty depictions of urban crime and gang lifestyle. Not feeling constricted to racially charged political issues pioneered by rap artists such as Public Enemy or Boogie Down Productions, N.W.A favored themes and uncompromising lyrics, offering stark descriptions of violent, inner-city streets. Propelled by the hit \"Fuck tha Police\", the group's first full album \"Straight Outta Compton\" became a major success, despite an almost complete absence of radio airplay or major concert tours. The Federal Bureau of Investigation sent Ruthless Records a warning letter in response to the song's content. After Ice Cube left N.W.A in 1989 over financial disputes, Dr. Dre produced and performed for much of the"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " group's second album \"Efil4zaggin\". He also produced tracks for a number of other acts on Ruthless Records, including Eazy-E's 1988 solo debut \"Eazy-Duz-It\", Above the Law's 1990 debut \"Livin' Like Hustlers\", Michel'le's 1989 self-titled debut, the D.O.C.'s 1989 debut \"No One Can Do It Better\", J.J. Fad's 1988 debut \"Supersonic\" and funk rock musician Jimmy Z's 1991 album \"Muzical Madness\".</s><s>Musical career.:1991–1996: \"The Chronic\" and Death Row Records. After a dispute with Eazy-E, Dre left the group at the peak of its popularity in 1991 under the advice of friend, and N.W.A lyricist, the D.O.C. and his bodyguard at the time, Suge Knight. Knight, a notorious strongman and intimidator, was able to have Eazy-E release Young from his contract and, using Dr. Dre as his flagship artist, founded Death Row Records. In 1992, Young released his first single, the title track to the film \"Deep Cover\", a collaboration with rapper Sno"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "op Dogg, whom he met through Warren G. Dr. Dre's debut solo album was \"The Chronic\", released under Death Row Records with Suge Knight as executive producer. Young ushered in a new style of rap, both in terms of musical style and lyrical content, including introducing a number of artists to the industry including Snoop Dogg, Kurupt, Daz Dillinger, RBX, the Lady of Rage, Nate Dogg and Jewell. On the strength of singles such as \"Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang\", \"Let Me Ride\", and \"Fuck wit Dre Day (and Everybody's Celebratin')\" (known as \"Dre Day\" for radio and television play), all of which featured Snoop Dogg as guest vocalist, \"The Chronic\" became a cultural phenomenon, its G-funk sound dominating much of hip hop music for the early 1990s. In 1993, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album triple platinum, and Dr. Dre also won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for his performance on \"Let Me Ride\". For that year, \"Billboard\" magazine also ranked Dr. Dre as the eighth best-"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "selling musical artist, \"The Chronic\" as the sixth best-selling album, and \"Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang\" as the 11th best-selling single. Besides working on his own material, Dr. Dre produced Snoop Dogg's debut album \"Doggystyle\", which became the first debut album for an artist to enter the \"Billboard\" 200 album charts at number one. In 1994 Dr. Dre produced some songs on the soundtracks to the films \"Above the Rim\" and \"Murder Was the Case\". He collaborated with fellow N.W.A member Ice Cube for the song \"Natural Born Killaz\" in 1995. For the film \"Friday\", Dre recorded \"Keep Their Heads Ringin'\", which reached number ten on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number 1 on the Hot Rap Singles (now Hot Rap Tracks) charts. In 1995, Death Row Records signed rapper 2Pac, and began to position him as their major star: he collaborated with Dr. Dre on the commercially successful single \"California Love\", which became both artists' first song to top the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. However, in March 1996 Young left the label amidst a contract dispute and growing concerns that"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " label boss Suge Knight was corrupt, financially dishonest and out of control. Later that year, he formed his own label, Aftermath Entertainment, under the distribution label for Death Row Records, Interscope Records. Subsequently, Death Row Records suffered poor sales by 1997, especially following the death of 2Pac and the racketeering charges brought against Knight. Dr. Dre also appeared on the single \"No Diggity\" by R&B group Blackstreet in 1996: it too was a sales success, topping the Hot 100 for four consecutive weeks, and later won the award for Best R&B Vocal by a Duo or Group at the 1997 Grammy Awards. After hearing it for the first time, several of Dr. Dre's former Death Row colleagues, including 2Pac, recorded and attempted to release a song titled \"Toss It Up\", containing numerous insults aimed at Dr. Dre and using a deliberately similar instrumental to \"No Diggity\", but were forced to replace the production after Blackstreet issued the label with a cease and desist order stopping them from distributing the song.</s><s>Musical career.:1996–2000: Move to Aftermath Entertainment and \"2001\". The \"Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath\" album, released on November 26,"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " 1996, featured songs by Dr. Dre himself, as well as by newly signed Aftermath Entertainment artists, and a solo track \"Been There, Done That\", intended as a symbolic farewell to gangsta rap. Despite being classified platinum by the RIAA, the album was not very popular among music fans. In October 1996, Dre performed \"Been There, Done That\" on \"Saturday Night Live\". In 1997, Dr. Dre produced several tracks on the Firm's \"The Album\"; it was met with largely negative reviews from critics. Rumors began to abound that Aftermath was facing financial difficulties. Aftermath Entertainment also faced a trademark infringement lawsuit by the underground thrash metal band Aftermath. \"First Round Knock Out\", a compilation of various tracks produced and performed by Dr. Dre, was also released in 1996, with material ranging from World Class Wreckin' Cru to N.W.A to Death Row recordings. Dr. Dre chose to take no part in the ongoing East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry of the time, instead producing for, and appearing on, several New York artists' releases, such as Nas' \"Nas Is Coming\", LL Cool J's \"Zoom\" and Jay-Z's \"Watch Me\"."
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " The turning point for Aftermath came in 1998, when Dre's close friend, Jimmy Iovine, the co-founder of Interscope Records (parent label for Aftermath), suggested that Dr. Dre sign Eminem, a white rapper from Detroit. Dre produced three songs and provided vocals for two on Eminem's successful and controversial debut album \"The Slim Shady LP\", released in 1999. The Dr. Dre-produced lead single from that album, \"My Name Is\", brought Eminem to public attention for the first time, and the success of \"The Slim Shady LP\" – it reached number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 and received general acclaim from critics – revived the label's commercial ambitions and viability. Dr. Dre's second solo album, \"2001\", released on November 16, 1999, was considered an ostentatious return to his gangsta rap roots. It was initially titled \"The Chronic 2000\" to imply being a sequel to his debut solo effort \"The Chronic\" but was re-titled \"2001\" after Death Row Records released an unrelated compilation album with the title \"\" in May 1999. Other tentative titles included \"The Chronic 2001\" and \"Dr. Dre\". The album featured numerous collaborators, including Devin the"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " Dude, Snoop Dogg, Kurupt, Xzibit, Nate Dogg, Eminem, Knoc-turn'al, King T, Defari, Kokane, Mary J. Blige and new protégé Hittman, as well as co-production between Dre and new Aftermath producer Mel-Man. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of the website AllMusic described the sound of the album as \"adding ominous strings, soulful vocals, and reggae\" to Dr. Dre's style. The album was highly successful, charting at number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 charts and has since been certified six times platinum, validating a recurring theme on the album: Dr. Dre was still a force to be reckoned with, despite the lack of major releases in the previous few years. The album included popular hit singles \"Still D.R.E.\" and \"Forgot About Dre\", both of which Dr. Dre performed on NBC's \"Saturday Night Live\" on October 23, 1999. Dr. Dre won the Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical in 2000, and joined the Up in Smoke Tour with fellow rappers Eminem, Snoop Dogg, and"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " Ice Cube that year as well. During the course of \"2001\"s popularity, Dr. Dre was involved in several lawsuits. Lucasfilm Ltd., the film company behind the Star Wars film franchise, sued him over the use of the THX-trademarked \"Deep Note\". The Fatback Band also sued Dr. Dre over alleged infringement regarding its song \"Backstrokin'\" in his song \"Let's Get High\" from the \"2001\" album; Dr. Dre was ordered to pay $1.5 million to the band in 2003. French jazz musician Jacques Loussier sued Aftermath for $10 million in March 2002, claiming that the Dr. Dre-produced Eminem track \"Kill You\" plagiarized his composition \"Pulsion\". The online music file-sharing company Napster also settled a lawsuit with him and metal band Metallica in mid-2001, agreeing to block access to certain files that artists do not want to have shared on the network.</s><s>Musical career.:2000–2010: Focus on production and \"Detox\". Following the success of \"2001\", Dr. Dre focused on producing songs and albums for other artists. He co-produced six tracks on Eminem's landmark"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " \"Marshall Mathers LP\", including the Grammy-winning lead single, \"The Real Slim Shady\". The album itself earned a Grammy and proved to be the fastest-selling rap album of all time, moving 1.76 million units in its first week alone. He produced the single \"Family Affair\" by R&B singer Mary J. Blige for her album \"No More Drama\" in 2001. He also produced \"Let Me Blow Ya Mind\", a duet by rapper Eve and No Doubt lead singer Gwen Stefani and signed R&B singer Truth Hurts to Aftermath in 2001. Dr. Dre produced and rapped on singer and Interscope labelmate Bilal's 2001 single \"Fast Lane\", which barely missed the Top 40 of the R&B charts. He later assisted in the production of Bilal's second album, \"Love for Sale\", which Interscope controversially shelved because of its creative direction. Dr. Dre was the executive producer of Eminem's 2002 release, \"The Eminem Show\". He produced three songs on the album, one of which was released as a single, and he appeared in the award-winning video for \"Without Me\". He also produced the D.O.C"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": ".'s 2003 album \"Deuce\", where he made a guest appearance on the tracks \"Psychic Pymp Hotline\", \"Gorilla Pympin'\" and \"Judgment Day\". Another copyright-related lawsuit hit Dr. Dre in the fall of 2002, when Sa Re Ga Ma, a film and music company based in Calcutta, India, sued Aftermath Entertainment over an uncredited sample of the Lata Mangeshkar song \"Thoda Resham Lagta Hai\" on the Aftermath-produced song \"Addictive\" by singer Truth Hurts. In February 2003, a judge ruled that Aftermath would have to halt sales of Truth Hurts' album \"Truthfully Speaking\" if the company would not credit Mangeshkar. In 2002, Dr. Dre signed rapper 50 Cent to Aftermath in a joint venture between Interscope and Eminem's Shady Records. Dr. Dre served as executive producer for 50 Cent's commercially successful February 2003 debut studio album \"Get Rich or Die Tryin'\". Dr. Dre produced or co-produced four tracks on the album, including the hit single \"In da Club\". Eminem's fourth album since joining Aftermath, \"Encore\", again saw Dre taking on the role of executive producer"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": ", and this time he was more actively involved in the music, producing or co-producing a total of eight tracks, including three singles. In November 2004, at the \"Vibe\" magazine awards show in Los Angeles, Dr. Dre was attacked by a fan named Jimmy James Johnson, who was supposedly asking for an autograph. In the resulting scuffle, then-G-Unit rapper Young Buck stabbed the man. Johnson claimed that Suge Knight, president of Death Row Records, paid him $5,000 to assault Dre in order to humiliate him before he received his Lifetime Achievement Award. Knight immediately went on CBS's \"The Late Late Show\" to deny involvement and insisted that he supported Dr. Dre and wanted Johnson charged. In September 2005, Johnson was sentenced to a year in prison and ordered to stay away from Dr. Dre until 2008. Dr. Dre also produced \"How We Do\", a 2005 hit single from rapper the Game from his album \"The Documentary\", as well as tracks on 50 Cent's successful second album \"The Massacre\". For an issue of \"Rolling Stone\" magazine in April 2005, Dr. Dre was ranked 54th out of 100 artists for \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's list \"The"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " Immortals: The Greatest Artists of All Time\". Kanye West wrote the summary for Dr. Dre, where he stated Dr. Dre's song \"Xxplosive\" as where he \"got (his) whole sound from\". In November 2006, Dr. Dre began working with Raekwon on his album \"Only Built 4 Cuban Linx II\". He also produced tracks for the rap albums \"Buck the World\" by Young Buck, \"Curtis\" by 50 Cent, \"Tha Blue Carpet Treatment\" by Snoop Dogg, and \"Kingdom Come\" by Jay-Z. Dre also appeared on Timbaland's track \"Bounce\", from his 2007 solo album, \"Timbaland Presents Shock Value\" alongside, Missy Elliott, and Justin Timberlake. During this period, the D.O.C. stated that Dre had been working with him on his fourth album \"Voices through Hot Vessels\", which he planned to release after \"Detox\" arrived. Planned but unreleased albums during Dr. Dre's tenure at Aftermath have included a full-length reunion with Snoop Dogg titled \"Breakup to Makeup\", an album with fellow former N.W.A member Ice"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " Cube which was to be titled \"Heltah Skeltah\", an N.W.A reunion album, and a joint album with fellow producer Timbaland titled \"Chairmen of the Board\". In 2007, Dr. Dre's third studio album, formerly known as \"Detox\", was slated to be his final studio album. Work for the upcoming album dates back to 2001, where its first version was called \"the most advanced rap album ever\", by producer Scott Storch. Later that same year, he decided to stop working on the album to focus on producing for other artists, but then changed his mind; the album had initially been set for a fall 2005 release. Producers confirmed to work on the album include DJ Khalil, Nottz, Bernard \"Focus\" Edwards Jr., Hi-Tek, J.R. Rotem, RZA, and Jay-Z. Snoop Dogg claimed that \"Detox\" was finished, according to a June 2008 report by \"Rolling Stone\" magazine. After another delay based on producing other artists' work, \"Detox\" was then scheduled for a 2010 release, coming after 50 Cent's \"Before I Self Destruct\" and Eminem's \"Relapse\", an album for which Dr"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": ". Dre handled the bulk of production duties. In a Dr Pepper commercial that debuted on May 28, 2009, he premiered the first official snippet of \"Detox\". 50 Cent and Eminem asserted in a 2009 interview on BET's \"106 & Park\" that Dr. Dre had around a dozen songs finished for \"Detox\". On December 15, 2008, Dre appeared in the remix of the song \"Set It Off\" by Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall (also with Pusha T); the remix debuted on DJ Skee's radio show. At the beginning of 2009, Dre produced, and made a guest vocal performance on, the single \"Crack a Bottle\" by Eminem and the single sold a record 418,000 downloads in its first week and reached the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart on the week of February 12, 2009. Along with this single, in 2009 Dr. Dre produced or co-produced 19 of 20 tracks on Eminem's album \"Relapse\". These included other hit singles \"We Made You\", \"Old Time's Sake\", and \"3 a.m.\" (The only track Dre did not produce was the Eminem-produced single \"Beautiful\".). On April 20, 2010, \"Under Pressure\", featuring Jay-"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "Z and co-produced with Scott Storch, was confirmed by Jimmy Iovine and Dr. Dre during an interview at Fenway Park as the album's first single. The song leaked prior to its intended release in an unmixed, unmastered form without a chorus on June 16, 2010; however, critical reaction to the song was lukewarm, and Dr. Dre later announced in an interview that the song, along with any other previously leaked tracks from \"Detox\"s recording process, would not appear on the final version of the album. Two genuine singles – \"Kush\", a collaboration with Snoop Dogg and fellow rapper Akon, and \"I Need a Doctor\" with Eminem and singer Skylar Grey – were released in the United States during November 2010 and February 2011 respectively: the latter achieved international chart success, reaching number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and later being certified double platinum by the RIAA and the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). On June 25, 2010, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers honored Dr. Dre with its Founders Award for inspiring other musicians.</s><s>Musical career.:2010–2020: \"The Planets\", hiatus, Coachella, and \"Compton"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "\". In an August 2010 interview, Dr. Dre stated that an instrumental album, \"The Planets\", was in its first stages of production; each song being named after a planet in the Solar System. On September 3, Dr. Dre showed support to longtime protégé Eminem, and appeared on his and Jay-Z's Home & Home Tour, performing hit songs such as \"Still D.R.E.\", \"Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang\", and \"Crack a Bottle\", alongside Eminem and another protégé, 50 Cent. Sporting an \"R.I.P. Proof\" shirt, Dre was honored by Eminem telling Detroit's Comerica Park to do the same. They did so, by chanting \"DEEE-TOX\", to which he replied, \"I'm coming!\" On November 14, 2011, Dre announced that he would be taking a break from music after he finished producing for artists Slim the Mobster and Kendrick Lamar. In this break, he stated that he would \"work on bringing his Beats By Dre to a standard as high as Apple\" and would also spend time with his family. On January 9, 2012, Dre headlined the final nights of the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " in April 2012. In June 2014, Marsha Ambrosius stated that she had been working on Detox, but added that the album would be known under another title. In September 2014, Aftermath in-house producer Dawaun Parker confirmed the title change and stated that over 300 beats had been created for the album over the years, but few of them have had vocals recorded over them. The length of time that \"Detox\" had been recorded for, as well as the limited amount of material that had been officially released or leaked from the recording sessions, had given it considerable notoriety within the music industry. Numerous release dates (including the ones mentioned above) had been given for the album over the years since it was first announced, although none of them transpired to be genuine. Several musicians closely affiliated with Dr. Dre, including Snoop Dogg, fellow rappers 50 Cent, the Game and producer DJ Quik, had speculated in interviews that the album will never be released, due to Dr. Dre's business and entrepreneurial ventures having interfered with recording work, as well as causing him to lose motivation to record new material. On August 1, 2015, Dre announced that he would release what would be his final album, titled \"Compton\". It is inspired by the N"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": ".W.A biopic, \"Straight Outta Compton\", and is a compilation-style album, featuring a number of frequent collaborators, including Eminem, Snoop Dogg, Kendrick Lamar, Xzibit and the Game, among others. It was initially released on Apple Music on August 7, with a retail version releasing on August 21. In an interview with \"Rolling Stone\", he revealed that he had about 20 to 40 tracks for \"Detox\" but he did not release it because it did not meet his standards. Dre also revealed that he suffers from social anxiety and due to this, remains secluded and out of attention. On February 12, 2016, it was revealed that Apple would create its first original scripted television series for its then-upcoming Apple TV+ streaming service. Titled \"Vital Signs\", it was set to reflect Dre's life. He was also an executive producer on the show before the show's cancellation sometime in September 2018, due to an overly graphic concept of drugs, gun violence and sex. In October 2016, Sean Combs brought out Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg and others on his Bad Boy reunion tour. In 2018, he produced four songs on \"Oxnard\" by Anderson.Paak. He"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " was the executive producer on the album, as so its follow-up, 2019's \"Ventura\".</s><s>Musical career.:2020–present: Return to production and Super Bowl halftime show. Dr. Dre was the executive producer of Eminem's 2020 release, \"Music To Be Murdered By\". He produced four songs on the album. He also produced two songs on the deluxe edition of the album, \"Side B\", and appeared on the song, \"Gunz Blazing\". On September 30, 2021, it was revealed that Dre would perform at the Super Bowl LVI halftime show alongside Eminem, Snoop Dogg, Mary J. Blige, and Kendrick Lamar. In December 2021, an update for the video game, \"Grand Theft Auto Online\", predominantly featured Dre and added some of his previously unreleased tracks which was released as an EP, \"The Contract\", on February 3, 2022. Around this time, Dre announced he was collaborating with Marsha Ambrosius on \"Casablanco\", and with Mary J. Blige on an upcoming album. Later that year, Snoop Dogg announced that him and Dr. Dre are in the process of recording their new album, \"Missionary\". Snoop said the album will be released via"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " Death Row and Aftermath. On February 13, 2022, Dr. Dre performed at the Super Bowl LVI halftime show alongside Eminem, Snoop Dogg, Kendrick Lamar, and Mary J. Blige, with surprise appearances from 50 Cent and Anderson. Paak. The performance was met with critical acclaim and is the first Super Bowl halftime show to win the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special (Live). The show also won the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Production Design for a Variety Special and Outstanding Music Direction. The same year, he produced numerous songs including \"The King and I\", a collaboration between Eminem and CeeLo Green for the 2022 biopic, \"Elvis,\" and a remix of Kanye West's song \"Use This Gospel\" for DJ Khaled's album \"God Did\". In September 2022, it was reported that Dr. Dre will compose the original score for the upcoming animated series, \"Death for Hire: The Origin of Tehk City\". The show is created by Ice-T and Arabian Prince; based on the graphic novel of the same title, it features the voice talent of Ice-T, his wife Coco Austin, Snoop Dogg, Busta Rhymes, and Treach among others. In February"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " 2023, Dre and Marsha Ambrosius held a listening party for the \"Casablanco\" album in Los Angeles.</s><s>Other ventures.</s><s>Other ventures.:Film appearances. Dr. Dre made his first on screen appearance as a weapons dealer in the 1996 bank robbery movie \"Set It Off\". In 2001, Dr. Dre also appeared in the movies \"The Wash\" and \"Training Day\". A song of his, \"Bad Intentions\" (featuring Knoc-Turn'Al and produced by Mahogany), was featured on \"The Wash\" soundtrack. Dr. Dre also appeared on two other songs \"On the Blvd.\" and \"The Wash\" along with his co-star Snoop Dogg.</s><s>Other ventures.:Crucial Films. In February 2007, it was announced that Dr. Dre would produce dark comedies and horror films for New Line Cinema-owned company Crucial Films, along with longtime video director Phillip Atwell. Dr. Dre announced \"This is a natural switch for me, since I've directed a lot of music videos, and I eventually want to get into directing.\" Along with fellow member Ice Cube, Dr. Dre produced \"Straight Outta Compton\" ("
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "2015), a biographical film about N.W.A.</s><s>Other ventures.:Entrepreneurship.</s><s>Other ventures.:Entrepreneurship.:Beats Electronics. In 2006, Dre co-founded Beats Electronics with his partner, Jimmy Iovine. Its first brand of headphones were launched in July 2008. The line consisted of Beats Studio, a circumaural headphone; Beats Tour, an in-ear headphone; Beats Solo & Solo HD, a supra-aural headphone; Beats Spin; Heartbeats by Lady Gaga, also an in-ear headphone; and Diddy Beats. In late 2009, Hewlett-Packard participated in a deal to bundle Beats By Dr. Dre with some HP laptops and headsets. HP and Dr. Dre announced the deal on October 9, 2009, at a press event. An exclusive laptop, known as the HP ENVY 15 Beats limited edition, was released for sale October 22. In January 2014, Beats Music was introduced and launched as a streaming service. Then, in May, technology giant Apple purchased the Beats brand for $3.4 billion. The deal made Dr. Dre the \"richest man in hip hop\". Dr. Dre became an Apple employee in an executive role, and worked with"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " Apple for years. As of 2022, it was found that Apple had subtracted $200 million from the deal after entertainer Tyrese Gibson revealed the news of the acquisition on social media a month before it was completed without the company's permission.</s><s>Other ventures.:Philanthropy. During May 2013, Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine donated a $70 million endowment to the University of Southern California to create the USC Jimmy Iovine and Andre Young Academy for Arts, Technology and the Business of Innovation. The goal of the academy has been stated as \"to shape the future by nurturing the talents, passions, leadership and risk-taking of uniquely qualified students who are motivated to explore and create new art forms, technologies, and business models.\" The first class of the academy began in September 2014. In June 2017, it was announced that Dr. Dre has committed $10 million to the construction of a performing arts center for the new Compton High School. The center will encompass creative resources and a 1,200-seat theater, and is expected to break ground in 2020. The project is a partnership between Dr. Dre and the Compton Unified School District.</s><s>Other ventures.:Commercial endorsements. In 2002 and 2003, Dr. Dre appeared in TV commercials for"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " Coors Light beer. Beginning in 2009, Dr. Dre appeared in TV commercials that also featured his Beats Electronics product line. A 2009 commercial for the Dr Pepper soft drink had Dr. Dre DJing with Beats headphones and playing a brief snippet off the never-released \"Detox\" album. In 2010, Dr. Dre had a cameo in a commercial for HP laptops that featured a plug for Beats Audio. Then in 2011, the Chrysler 300S \"Imported from Detroit\" ad campaign had a commercial narrated by Dr. Dre and including a plug for Beats Audio.</s><s>Other ventures.:Dr. Dre started Burning Man rumors. An urban legend surfaced in 2011 when a Tumblr blog titled Dr. Dre Started Burning Man began promulgating the notion that the producer, rapper and entrepreneur had discovered Burning Man in 1995 during a music video shoot and offered to cover the cost of the event's permit from the Nevada Bureau of Land Management under an agreement with the festival's organizers that he could institute an entrance fee system, which had not existed before his participation. This claim was supported by an alleged letter from Dre to Nicole Threatt Young that indicated that Dre had shared his experience witnessing the Burning Man festival with her. \"Business Insider\" mentions the portion of the letter where Dr. Dre purportedly"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " states \"someone should get behind this ... and make some money off these fools\" and compares Dr. Dre's potential entrepreneurial engagement with Burning Man as a parallel to Steve Jobs' efforts to centralize and profit from the otherwise unorganized online music industry. According to \"Salon\", Dr. Dre's ethos seems to be aligned with seven of the ten principles of the Burning Man community: \"radical self-reliance, radical self-expression, communal effort, civic responsibility, leaving no trace, participation and immediacy.\"</s><s>Musical influences and style.</s><s>Musical influences and style.:Production style. Dre is noted for his evolving production style, while always keeping in touch with his early musical sound and re-shaping elements from previous work. At the beginning of his career as a producer for the World Class Wreckin Cru with DJ Alonzo Williams in the mid-1980s, his music was in the electro-hop style pioneered by the Unknown DJ, and that of early hip-hop groups like the Beastie Boys and Whodini. From \"Straight Outta Compton\" on, Dre uses live musicians to replay old melodies rather than sampling them. With Ruthless Records, collaborators included guitarist Mike \"Crazy Neck\" Sims, multi"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "-instrumentalist Colin Wolfe, DJ Yella and sound engineer Donovan \"The Dirt Biker\" Sound. Dre is receptive of new ideas from other producers, one example being his fruitful collaboration with Above the Law's producer Cold 187um while at Ruthless. Cold 187 um was at the time experimenting with 1970s P-Funk samples (Parliament, Funkadelic, Bootsy Collins, George Clinton etc.), that Dre also used. Dre has since been accused of \"stealing\" the concept of G-funk from Cold 187 um. Upon leaving Ruthless and forming Death Row Records in 1991, Dre called on veteran West Coast DJ Chris \"the Glove\" Taylor and sound engineer Greg \"Gregski\" Royal, along with Colin Wolfe, to help him on future projects. His 1992 album \"The Chronic\" is thought to be one of the most well-produced hip-hop albums of all time. Musical themes included hard-hitting synthesizer solos played by Wolfe, bass-heavy compositions, background female vocals and Dre fully embracing 1970s funk samples. Dre used a minimoog synth to replay the melody from Leon Haywood's 1972 song \"I Wanna Do Somethin' Freaky to You\" for the Chronic's first single"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " \"Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang\" which became a global hit. For his new protégé Snoop Doggy Dogg's album \"Doggystyle\", Dre collaborated with then 19-year-old producer Daz Dillinger, who received co-production credits on songs \"Serial Killa\" and \"For all My Niggaz & Bitches\", The Dramatics bass player Tony \"T. Money\" Green, guitarist Ricky Rouse, keyboardists Emanuel \"Porkchop\" Dean and Sean \"Barney Rubble\" Thomas and engineer Tommy Daugherty, as well as Warren G and Sam Sneed, who are credited with bringing several samples to the studio. The influence of \"The Chronic\" and \"Doggystyle\" on the popular music of the 1990s went not only far beyond the West Coast, but beyond hip-hop as a genre. Artists as diverse as Master P (\"Bout It, Bout It\"), George Michael (\"Fastlove\"), Mariah Carey (\"Fantasy\"), Adina Howard (\"Freak Like Me\"), Luis Miguel (\"Dame\"), and The Spice Girls (\"Say You'll Be There\") used G-funk instrumentation in their songs. Bad Boy Records producer Chucky Thompson stated in the"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " April 2004 issue of \"XXL\" magazine that the sound of \"Doggystyle\" and \"The Chronic\" was the basis for the Notorious B.I.G.'s 1995 hit single \"Big Poppa\": In 1994, starting with the \"Murder was the Case\" soundtrack, Dre attempted to push the boundaries of G-funk further into a darker sound. In songs such as \"Murder was the Case\" and \"Natural Born Killaz\", the synthesizer pitch is higher and the drum tempo is slowed down to 91 BPM (87 BPM in the remix) to create a dark and gritty atmosphere. Percussion instruments, particularly sleigh bells, are also present. Dre's frequent collaborators from this period included Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania natives Stuart \"Stu-B-Doo\" Bullard, a multi-instrumentalist from the Ozanam Strings Orchestra, Sam Sneed, Stephen \"Bud'da\" Anderson, and percussionist Carl \"Butch\" Small. This style of production has been influential far beyond the West Coast. The beat for the Houston-based group Geto Boys 1996 song \"Still\" follows the same drum pattern as \"Natural Born Killaz\" and Eazy E's \"Wut Would U Do"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "\" (a diss to Dre) is similar to the original \"Murder was the Case\" instrumental. This style of production is usually accompanied by horror and occult-themed lyrics and imagery, being crucial to the creation of horrorcore. By 1996, Dre was again looking to innovate his sound. He recruited keyboardist Camara Kambon to play the keys on \"Been There, Done That\", and through Bud'da and Sam Sneed he was introduced to fellow Pittsburgh native Melvin \"Mel-Man\" Bradford. At this time, he also switched from using the E-mu SP-1200 to the Akai MPC3000 drum kit and sampler, which he still uses today. Beginning with his 1996 compilation Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath, Dre's production has taken a less sample-based approach, with loud, layered snare drums dominating the mix, while synthesizers are still omnipresent. In his critically acclaimed second album, 2001, live instrumentation takes the place of sampling, a famous example being \"The Next Episode\", in which keyboardist Camara Kambon re-played live the main melody from David McCallum's 1967 jazz-funk work \"The Edge\". For every song on \"2001\", Dre had a keyboardist,"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " guitarist and bassist create the basic parts of the beat, while he himself programmed the drums, did the sequencing and overdubbing and added sound effects, and later mixed the songs. During this period, Dre's signature \"west coast whistle\" riffs are still present albeit in a lower pitch, as in \"Light Speed\", \"Housewife\", \"Some L.A. Niggaz\" and Eminem's \"Guilty Conscience\" hook. The sound of \"2001\" had tremendous influence on hip-hop production, redefining the West Coast's sound and expanding the G-funk of the early 1990s. To produce the album, Dre and Mel-Man relied on the talents of Scott Storch and Camara Kambon on the keys, Mike Elizondo and Colin Wolfe on bass guitar, Sean Cruse on lead guitar and sound engineers Richard \"Segal\" Huredia and Mauricio \"Veto\" Iragorri. From the mid-2000s, Dr. Dre has taken on a more soulful production style, using more of a classical piano instead of a keyboard, and having claps replace snares, as evidenced in songs such as Snoop Dogg's \"Imagine\" and \"Boss' Life\", Bust"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "a Rhymes' \"Get You Some\" and \"Been Through the Storm\", Stat Quo's \"Get Low\" and \"The Way It Be\", Jay-Z's \"Lost One\", Nas' \"Hustlers\", and several beats on Eminem's Relapse album. Soul and R&B pianist Mark Batson, having previously worked with The Dave Matthews Band, Seal and Maroon 5 has been credited as the architect of this sound. Besides Batson, Aftermath producer and understudy of Dre's, Dawaun Parker, who has named Q-Tip and J Dilla as his primary influences, is thought to be responsible for giving Dre's newest beats an East Coast feel. Despite an occasional hint of trap about the beats and an intriguingly warped use of autotune in his Compton album song, \"Darkside/Gone\", his production seems to stand slightly apart from current trends in hip-hop like Eminem's song \"Little Engine\" with an ominous horrorcore beat — reminiscent of some of his works on Eminem's album Relapse - or the West Coast joint Lock It Up.</s><s>Musical influences and style.:Production equipment. Dr. Dre has said that his primary instrument in the studio is the Akai MPC"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "3000, a drum machine and sampler, and that he often uses as many as four or five to produce a single recording. He cites 1970s funk musicians such as George Clinton, Isaac Hayes and Curtis Mayfield as his primary musical influences. Unlike most rap producers, he tries to avoid samples as much as possible, preferring to have studio musicians re-play pieces of music he wants to use, because it allows him more flexibility to change the pieces in rhythm and tempo. In 2001 he told \"Time\" magazine, \"I may hear something I like on an old record that may inspire me, but I'd rather use musicians to re-create the sound or elaborate on it. I can control it better.\" Other equipment he uses includes the E-mu SP-1200 drum machine and other keyboards from such manufacturers as Korg, Rhodes, Wurlitzer, Moog, and Roland. Dr. Dre also stresses the importance of equalizing drums properly, telling \"Scratch\" in 2004 that he \"used the same drum sounds on a couple of different songs on one album before but you'd never be able to tell the difference because of the EQ\". Dr. Dre also uses the digital audio workstation Pro Tools and uses the software to combine hardware drum machines and vintage analog"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " keyboards and synthesizers. After founding Aftermath Entertainment in 1996, Dr. Dre took on producer Mel-Man as a co-producer, and his music took on a more synthesizer-based sound, using fewer vocal samples (as he had used on \"Lil' Ghetto Boy\" and \"Let Me Ride\" on \"The Chronic\", for example). Mel-Man has not shared co-production credits with Dr. Dre since approximately 2002, but fellow Aftermath producer Focus has credited Mel-Man as a key architect of the signature Aftermath sound. In 1999, Dr. Dre started working with Mike Elizondo, a bassist, guitarist, and keyboardist who has also produced, written and played on records for female singers such as Poe, Fiona Apple and Alanis Morissette, In the past few years Elizondo has since worked for many of Dr. Dre's productions. Dr. Dre also told \"Scratch\" magazine in a 2004 interview that he has been studying piano and music theory formally, and that a major goal is to accumulate enough musical theory to score movies. In the same interview he stated that he has collaborated with famed 1960s songwriter Burt Bacharach by sending"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " him hip hop beats to play over, and hopes to have an in-person collaboration with him in the future.</s><s>Musical influences and style.:Work ethic. Dr. Dre has stated that he is a perfectionist and is known to pressure the artists with whom he records to give flawless performances. In 2006, Snoop Dogg told the website Dubcnn.com that Dr. Dre had made new artist Bishop Lamont re-record a single bar of vocals 107 times. Dr. Dre has also stated that Eminem is a fellow perfectionist, and attributes his success on Aftermath to his similar work ethic. He gives a lot of input into the delivery of the vocals and will stop an MC during a take if it is not to his liking. However, he gives MCs that he works with room to write lyrics without too much instruction unless it is a specifically conceptual record, as noted by Bishop Lamont in the book \"How to Rap\". A consequence of his perfectionism is that some artists who initially sign deals with Dr. Dre's Aftermath label never release albums. In 2001, Aftermath released the soundtrack to the movie \"The Wash\", featuring a number of Aftermath acts such as Shaunta, D"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "aks, Joe Beast and Toi. To date, none have released full-length albums on Aftermath and have apparently ended their relationships with the label and Dr. Dre. Other noteworthy acts to leave Aftermath without releasing albums include King Tee, \"2001\" vocalist Hittman, Joell Ortiz, Raekwon and Rakim.</s><s>Musical influences and style.:Collaborators and co-producers. Over the years, word of other collaborators who have contributed to Dr. Dre's work has surfaced. During his tenure at Death Row Records, it was alleged that Dr. Dre's stepbrother Warren G and Tha Dogg Pound member Daz made many uncredited contributions to songs on his solo album \"The Chronic\" and Snoop Doggy Dogg's album \"Doggystyle\" (Daz received production credits on Snoop's similar-sounding, albeit less successful album \"Tha Doggfather\" after Young left Death Row Records). It is known that Scott Storch, who has since gone on to become a successful producer in his own right, contributed to Dr. Dre's second album \"2001\"; Storch is credited as a songwriter on several songs and played keyboards on several"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " tracks. In 2006 he told \"Rolling Stone\": Current collaborator Mike Elizondo, when speaking about his work with Young, describes their recording process as a collaborative effort involving several musicians. In 2004 he claimed to \"Songwriter Universe\" magazine that he had written the foundations of the hit Eminem song \"The Real Slim Shady\", stating, \"I initially played a bass line on the song, and Dr. Dre, Tommy Coster Jr. and I built the track from there. Eminem then heard the track, and he wrote the rap to it.\" This account is essentially confirmed by Eminem in his book \"Angry Blonde\", stating that the tune for the song was composed by a studio bassist and keyboardist while Dr. Dre was out of the studio but Young later programmed the song's beat after returning. A group of disgruntled former associates of Dr. Dre complained that they had not received their full due for work on the label in the September 2003 issue of \"The Source\". A producer named Neff-U claimed to have produced the songs \"Say What You Say\" and \"My Dad's Gone Crazy\" on \"The Eminem Show\", the songs \"If I Can't\" and \"Back Down\" on 50 Cent's \""
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "Get Rich or Die Tryin'\", and the beat featured on Dr. Dre's commercial for Coors beer. Although Young studies piano and music theory, he serves as more of a conductor than a musician himself, as Josh Tyrangiel of \"Time\" magazine has noted: Although Snoop Dogg retains working relationships with Warren G and Daz, who are alleged to be uncredited contributors on the hit albums \"The Chronic\" and \"Doggystyle\", he states that Dr. Dre is capable of making beats without the help of collaborators, and that he is responsible for the success of his numerous albums. Dr. Dre's prominent studio collaborators, including Scott Storch, Elizondo, Mark Batson and Dawaun Parker, have shared co-writing, instrumental, and more recently co-production credits on the songs where he is credited as the producer. Anderson.Paak also praised Dr. Dre in a 2016 interview with \"Music Times\", telling the publication that it was a dream come true to work with Dre.</s><s>Musical influences and style.:Ghostwriters. It is acknowledged that most of Dr. Dre's raps are written for him by others, though he retains ultimate control over his lyrics and the"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " themes of his songs. As Aftermath producer Mahogany told \"Scratch\": \"It's like a class room in [the booth]. He'll have three writers in there. They'll bring in something, he'll recite it, then he'll say, 'Change this line, change this word,' like he's grading papers.\" As seen in the credits for tracks Young has appeared on, there are often multiple people who contribute to his songs (although often in hip hop many people are officially credited as a writer for a song, even the producer). In the book \"How to Rap\", RBX explains that writing \"The Chronic\" was a \"team effort\" and details how he ghostwrote \"Let Me Ride\" for Dre. In regard to ghostwriting lyrics he says, \"Dre doesn't profess to be no super-duper rap dude – Dre is a super-duper producer\". As a member of N.W.A, the D.O.C. wrote lyrics for him while he stuck with producing. Jay-Z ghostwrote lyrics for the single \"Still D.R.E.\" from Dr. Dre's album \"2001\".</s><s>Personal life. On December 15, 1981, when Dre was 16 years old and"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " his then-girlfriend Cassandra Joy Greene was 15 years old, the two had a son named Curtis, who was brought up by Greene and first met Dre 20 years later. Curtis performed as a rapper under the name Hood Surgeon. In 1983, Dre and Lisa Johnson had a daughter named La Tanya Danielle Young. Dre and Johnson have three daughters together. In 1988, Dre and Jenita Porter had a son named Andre Young Jr. In 1990, Porter sued Dre, seeking $5,000 of child support per month. On August 23, 2008, Andre died at the age of 20 from an overdose of heroin and morphine at his mother's Woodland Hills home. From 1987 to 1996, Dre dated singer Michel'le, who frequently contributed vocals to Ruthless Records and Death Row Records albums. In 1991, they had a son named Marcel. In April 1992, after a verbal dispute with his engineer, Dre was consequentially shot four times in his leg. In 1996, Dre married Nicole (née Plotzker) Threatt, who was previously married to basketball player Sedale Threatt. They have two children together: a son named Truice (born 1997) and a daughter named Truly (born 2001). In 2001, Dre earned a total of about US$"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "52 million from selling part of his share of Aftermath Entertainment to Interscope Records and his production of such hit songs that year as \"Family Affair\" by Mary J. Blige. \"Rolling Stone\" magazine thus named him the second highest-paid artist of the year. Dr. Dre was ranked 44th in 2004 from earnings of $11.4 million, primarily from production royalties from such projects as albums from G-Unit and D12 and the single \"Rich Girl\" by singer Gwen Stefani and rapper Eve. \"Forbes\" estimated his net worth at US$270 million in 2012. The same publication later reported that he acquired US$110 million via his various endeavors in 2012, making him the highest–paid artist of the year. Income from the 2014 sale of Beats to Apple, contributing to what \"Forbes\" termed \"the biggest single-year payday of any musician in history\", made Dr. Dre the world's richest musical performer of 2015. In 2014, Dre purchased a $40 million home in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles from its previous owners, NFL player Tom Brady and supermodel Gisele Bündchen. It was reported that Dre suffered a brain aneurysm on"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " January 5, 2021, and that he was admitted to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center's ICU in Los Angeles, California. Hours after his admission to the hospital, Dre's home was targeted for an attempted burglary. He eventually received support from LeBron James, Martin Lawrence, LL Cool J, Missy Elliott, Snoop Dogg, Ice Cube, 50 Cent, Ellen DeGeneres, Ciara, her husband Russell Wilson, T.I., Quincy Jones and others. In February, he was released with a following message on Instagram: \"Thanks to my family, friends and fans for their interest and well wishes. I'm doing great and getting excellent care from my medical team. I will be out of the hospital and back home soon. Shout out to all the great medical professionals at Cedars. One Love!!\"</s><s>Controversies and legal issues.</s><s>Controversies and legal issues.:Violence against women. Dre has been accused of multiple incidents of violence against women. On January 27, 1991, at a music industry party at the Po Na Na Souk club in Hollywood, Dr. Dre assaulted television host Dee Barnes of the Fox television program \"Pump it Up!\", following an episode of the show. Barnes had interviewed NWA"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": ", which was followed by an interview with Ice Cube in which Cube mocked NWA. Barnes filed a $22.7 million lawsuit in response to the incident. Subsequently, Dr. Dre was fined $2,500, given two years' probation, ordered to undergo 240 hours of community service, and given a spot on an anti-violence public service announcement on television. The civil suit was settled out of court. Barnes stated that he \"began slamming her face and the right side of her body repeatedly against a wall near the stairway\". Dr. Dre later commented: \"People talk all this shit, but you know, somebody fucks with me, I'm gonna fuck with them. I just did it, you know. Ain't nothing you can do now by talking about it. Besides, it ain't no big thing – I just threw her through a door.\" In March 2015, Michel'le, the mother of one of Dre's children, accused him of subjecting her to domestic violence during their time together as a couple, but did not initiate legal action. Their abusive relationship is portrayed in her 2016 biopic \"\". Dre threatened a lawsuit against Lifetime, Sony Pictures and filmmakers of \"Surviving Compton\" in a cease and desist, but never"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " ultimately took action. Interviewed by Ben Westhoff for the book \"Original Gangstas: the Untold Story of Dr Dre, Eazy-E, Ice Cube, Tupac Shakur, and the Birth of West Coast Rap\", Lisa Johnson stated that Dre beat her many times, including while she was pregnant. She was granted a restraining order against him. Former labelmate Tairrie B claimed that Dre assaulted her at a post-Grammy party in 1990, in response to her track \"Ruthless Bitch\". During press for the 2015 film \"Straight Outta Compton\", questions about the portrayal and behavior of Dre and other prominent figures in the rap community about violence against women – and the question about its absence in the film – were raised. The discussion about the film led to Dre addressing his past behavior in the press. In August 2015, in an interview with \"Rolling Stone\", Dre lamented his abusive past, saying, \"I made some fucking horrible mistakes in my life. I was young, fucking stupid. I would say all the allegations aren't true—some of them are. Those are some of the things that I would like to take back. It was really fucked up. But I paid for those mistakes, and there's no"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " way in hell that I will ever make another mistake like that again.\" In a statement to \"The New York Times\" on August 21, 2015, exactly two weeks after his album, \"Compton\", was released, Dre again addressed his abusive past, stating, \"25 years ago I was a young man drinking too much and in over my head with no real structure in my life. However, none of this is an excuse for what I did. I've been married for 19 years and every day I'm working to be a better man for my family, seeking guidance along the way. I'm doing everything I can so I never resemble that man again. ... I apologize to the women I've hurt. I deeply regret what I did and know that it has forever impacted all of our lives.\" In the 2017 film \"The Defiant Ones\", Dr. Dre explained about the Dee Barnes incident again, \"This was a very low point in my life. I've done a lot of stupid shit in my life. A lot of things I wish I could go and take back. I've experienced abuse. I've watched my mother get abused. So there's absolutely no excuse for it. No woman should ever be treated that way. Any man that puts his hands"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " on a female is a fucking idiot. He's out of his fucking mind, and I was out of my fucking mind at the time. I fucked up, I paid for it, I'm sorry for it, and I apologize for it. I have this dark cloud that follows me, and it's going to be attached to me forever. It's a major blemish on who I am as a man.\"</s><s>Controversies and legal issues.:Second divorce. Dre's wife, Nicole Plotzker-Young, filed for divorce in June 2020, citing irreconcilable differences. In November 2020, she filed legal claims that Dre engaged in verbal violence and infidelity during their marriage. She also stated that he tore up their prenuptial agreement that he wanted her to sign out of anger. Dre's representative responded, calling her claims of infidelity and violence in their marriage \"false\". Before being released from the Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, he was ordered to pay Plotzker-Young $2 million in temporary spousal support. Between the spring and summer of the year, Dre was ordered by the Los Angeles County judge to pay his ex-wife over $300,000 a month in spousal support. The $"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "2 million extension request was also dismissed, due to insufficient claims. In July 2021, Dr. Dre was ordered by the Los Angeles Superior Court Judge to pay an additional $293,306 a month to estranged wife in spousal support starting August 1 until she decides to remarry or \"further order of the Court\". Then, in August, the judge denied his wife's request for a protective order, due to her being afraid of Dre after a snippet leaked on Instagram of him rapping about the divorce proceedings and his possible brain aneurysm earlier that February; in this snippet, he called his wife a \"greedy bitch\". In mid-October, Dr. Dre was served more divorce papers, during his grandmother's funeral. That same month, Dre was officially deemed \"single\" by the judge. The financial owings in this case included expenses of Dre's Malibu, Palisades and Hollywood Hills homes, but not his stock in past ownership of Beats Electronics, prior to its sale to Apple in 2014. As of December 2021, the divorce proceedings have entered its final stages. On December 28, the divorce was settled with Dre keeping most of his assets and income due to the prenuptial agreement, although he would have to pay a 9-"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "figure settlement within one year.</s><s>Controversies and legal issues.:Other. On June 28, 1992, hours before midnight, a barbecue grill and an overfill of charcoal caused Dre's Calabasas mansion to set on fire. Two firefighters who exhausted the fire were treated in the hospital for minor injuries. The fire caused over $125,000 in home damages. Dre pleaded guilty in October 1992 in a case of battery of a police officer and was convicted on two additional battery counts stemming from a brawl in the lobby of the New Orleans hotel in May 1991. In 1993, he was convicted of battery after an altercation with a man who stood outside the front porch of his Woodland Hills home in front of the musician's girlfriend. He claimed that Dre broke his jaw as a result. On January 10, 1994, Dre was arrested after leading police on a 90 mph pursuit through Beverly Hills in his 1987 Ferrari. It was revealed that Dr. Dre had a blood alcohol of 0.16, twice the state of California's legal limit. The conviction violated the conditions of parole following Dre's battery conviction in 1993; he plead no contest and was sentenced to eight months in prison in September 1994. He was ordered to pay a $1,053 fine and attend"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " an alcohol education program. On October 30, 2015, Ruthless co-founder Jerry Heller filed suit against Dre, Ice Cube, Eazy-E's widow, Tomica Woods-Wright, director F. Gary Gray and Universal Pictures for defamation of character and copyright infringement over the biopic, \"Straight Outta Compton\". The lawsuit states that depictions of Heller in the film, portrayed by Paul Giamatti, were wrongfully taken from an autobiography he wrote about his involvement with Ruthless and N.W.A. The case was taken to court in June 2016 where a judge criticized the filing, saying that the film was \"approved to portray these facts in \"colorful and hyperbolic\" terms\". On September 2, 2016, Jerry Heller died of a car accident, preceded by a heart attack. However, his lawsuit kept on through his legal team and members of his estate. In October 2018, the lawsuit was dropped, costing Heller's estate $35 million for punitive and $75 million for compensatory damages. On April 4, 2016, TMZ and the \"New York Daily News\" reported that Suge Knight had accused Dre and the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department of a kill-for-hire plot in the 2014 shooting of Knight in club 1 O"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": "AK. Three months later, in July, Dre was reportedly detained by police after confronting a next-door neighbor in Malibu about a test drive. It was also alleged that he brandished a handgun on the neighbor, but no evidence would be linked and Dre was soon released. On May 8, 2018, Dre lost a name trademark filing to a Pennsylvania gynecologist named Draion Burch, who previously filed a trademark petition in 2015 to use his nickname, Dr. Drai, which has the similar pronunciation. Then, on June 26, Dre and Jimmy Iovine were ordered to pay $25 million to former partner and creative designer Steven Lamar, who sued the two co-founders for $100 million in unpaid royalties for designing the early Beats headphone models. The lawsuit was filed in 2015 after news broke out of Apple's acquisition of the headphone brand a year prior. In August 2021, Dr. Dre's oldest daughter LaTanya Young spoke out about being homeless and unable to support her four children. She is currently working for UberEats and DoorDash, and she also works at warehouse jobs. She is living in debt in her SUV while her children are living with friends. Dr. Dre has allegedly stopped supporting LaTanya financially since January 2020 because she"
},
{
"title": "Dr. Dre",
"text": " has \"spoken about him in the press\".</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Studio albums. - \"The Chronic\" (1992) - \"2001\" (1999) - \"Compton\" (2015)</s><s>Discography.:Soundtrack albums. - \"Deep Cover\" (1992) - \"The Wash\" (2001)</s><s>Discography.:Collaboration albums. with World Class Wreckin' Cru - \"World Class\" (1985) - \"Rapped in Romance\" (1986) with N.W.A. - \"N.W.A. and the Posse\" (1987) - \"Straight Outta Compton\" (1988) - \"100 Miles and Runnin'\" (1990) - \"Niggaz4Life\" (1991)</s><s>Awards and nominations.</s><s>Awards and nominations.:Grammy Awards. Dr. Dre has won seven Grammy Awards. Three of them are for his production work.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Works cited. - - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Dr. Dre",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000415
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Quincy Jones.
|
[
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": "<s>Quincy Jones Quincy Delight Jones Jr. (born March 14, 1933) is an American record producer, songwriter, composer, arranger, and film and television producer. His career spans 70 years, with a record of 80 Grammy Award nominations, 28 Grammys, and a Grammy Legend Award in 1992. Jones came to prominence in the 1950s as a jazz arranger and conductor before working on pop music and film scores. He moved easily between genres, producing pop hit records for Lesley Gore in the early 1960s (including \"It's My Party\") and serving as an arranger and conductor for several collaborations between the jazz artists Frank Sinatra and Count Basie. In 1968, Jones became the first African American to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"The Eyes of Love\" from the film \"Banning\". Jones was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score for his work on the 1967 film \"In Cold Blood\", making him the first African American to be nominated twice in the same year. Jones produced three of the most successful albums by the pop star Michael Jackson: \"Off the Wall\" (1979), \"Thriller\" (1982), and \"Bad\" (1987). In 1985, Jones produced and"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " conducted the charity song \"We Are the World\", which raised funds for victims of famine in Ethiopia. In 1971, Jones became the first African American to be the musical director and conductor of the Academy Awards. In 1995, he was the first African American to receive the academy's Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award. He is tied with sound designer Willie D. Burton as the second most Oscar-nominated African American, with seven nominations each. In 2013, Jones was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame as the winner, alongside Lou Adler, of the Ahmet Ertegun Award. He was named one of the most influential jazz musicians of the 20th century by \"Time\".</s><s>Early life. Quincy Delight Jones Jr. was born in the South Side of Chicago, Illinois on March 14, 1933, the eldest of two sons to Sarah Frances (née Wells; died 1999), a bank officer and apartment complex manager, and Quincy Delight Jones, a semi-professional baseball player and carpenter from Kentucky. Jones's paternal grandmother was an ex-slave from Louisville, and Jones later discovered that his paternal grandfather was Welsh. With the help of the author Alex Haley in 1972 and Latter-day Saint researchers in Salt Lake City, Jones discovered"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " that one of his mother's ancestors was James Lanier, a relative of poet Sidney Lanier. Jones said, \"He had a baby with my great-grandmother [a slave], and my grandmother was born there [on a plantation in Kentucky]. We traced this all the way back to the Laniers, the same family as Tennessee Williams.\" Learning that the Lanier immigrant ancestors were French Huguenots who had court musicians among their ancestors, Jones attributed some of his musicianship to them. For the 2006 PBS television program \"African American Lives\", Jones had his DNA tested, and genealogists researched his family history again. His DNA revealed he is mostly African, but also has 34% European ancestry on both sides of his family. Research showed that he has English, French, Italian, and Welsh ancestry through his father. His mother's side is of West and Central African descent, specifically the Tikar people of Cameroon. His mother also had European ancestry, including Lanier male ancestors who fought for the Confederacy, making him eligible for membership in the Sons of Confederate Veterans. Among his ancestors is Betty Washington Lewis, a sister of president George Washington. Jones's family moved to Chicago during the Great Migration. Jones had a younger brother, Lloyd, who was an engineer"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " for the Seattle television station KOMO-TV until his death in 1998. Jones was introduced to music by his mother, who always sang religious songs, and next-door neighbor Lucy Jackson. When Jones was five or six, Jackson played stride piano next door, and he would listen through the walls. Jackson recalled that after he heard her one-day, she could not get him off her piano. When Jones was young, his mother had a schizophrenic breakdown and was sent to a mental institution. His father divorced her and married Elvera Jones, who already had three children of her own: Waymond, Theresa, and Katherine. Elvera and Quincy Sr. later had three children together: Jeanette, Margie, and Richard. In 1943, the family moved to Bremerton, Washington, Jones's father took a wartime job at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. After the war, the family moved to Seattle, where Jones attended Garfield High School and developed his skills as a trumpeter and arranger. His classmates included Charles Taylor, who played saxophone and whose mother, Evelyn Bundy, was one of Seattle's first society jazz bandleaders. Jones and Taylor began playing music together, and at the age of fourteen, they played with a"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " National Reserve band. Jones said he acquired more experience with music growing up in a smaller city due to the lack of competition. At age 14, Jones introduced himself to 16-year-old Ray Charles after watching him play at the Black Elks Club. Jones cites Charles as an early inspiration for his own music career, noting that Charles overcame his blindness to achieve his musical goals. He credited his father's sturdy work ethic with giving him the means to proceed and his loving strength with holding the family together. Jones said his father had a rhyming motto: \"Once a task is just begun, never leave until it's done. Be the labor great or small, do it well or not at all.\" In 1951, Jones earned a scholarship to Seattle University. After one semester, he transferred to what is now the Berklee College of Music in Boston on another scholarship. There, he played at Izzy Ort's Bar & Grille with Bunny Campbell and Preston Sandiford, whom he cited as important influences. He left his studies after receiving an offer to tour as a trumpeter, arranger, and pianist with bandleader Lionel Hampton and embarked on his professional career. On the road with Hampton, he displayed a gift for arranging songs. He moved to New York City,"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " where he received freelance commissions writing arrangements for Charles, who was by then a close friend, and for Sarah Vaughan, Dinah Washington, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, and Gene Krupa.</s><s>Music career. In 1953, aged 20, Jones traveled with jazz bandleader Lionel Hampton for a European tour of the Hampton orchestra. He said the tour changed his view of racism in the United States: In early 1956, Jones accepted a temporary job at CBS' Stage Show hosted by Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey that was broadcast live from Studio 50 in New York City (known today as the Ed Sullivan Theater). On January 28, February 4, 11 and 18, as well as on March 17 and 24, Jones played second trumpet in the studio band that supported 21-year-old Elvis Presley in his first six television appearances. Presley sang \"Heartbreak Hotel\", which became his first No. 1 record and the \"Billboard\" magazine Pop Record of the year. Soon after, as a trumpeter and musical director for Dizzy Gillespie, Jones went on tour of the Middle East and South America sponsored by the United States Information Agency. After returning, he signed a contract with ABC-Paramount and started his recording career as the leader of his band."
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " In 1957, he settled in Paris, where he studied composition and theory with Nadia Boulanger and Olivier Messiaen and performed at the Paris Olympia. He became music director at Barclay, a French record company and the licensee for Mercury in France. During the 1950s, Jones toured Europe with several jazz orchestras. As musical director of Harold Arlen's jazz musical \"Free and Easy\", he took to the road again. A European tour closed in Paris in February 1960. With musicians from the Arlen show, he formed his big band the Jones Boys with eighteen musicians. The band included double bass player Eddie Jones and trumpeter Reunald Jones (none of the three were related). The band toured North America and Europe, and the concerts met enthusiastic audiences and sparkling reviews, but the earnings failed to support a band of this size. Poor budget planning resulted in an economic disaster; the band dissolved, leaving Jones in a financial crisis. \"We had the best jazz band on the planet, and yet we were literally starving. That's when I discovered that there was \"music\", and there was the \"music business\". If I were to survive, I would have to learn the difference between the two.\" Irving Green, head of Mercury, helped Jones with a"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " personal loan and a job as musical director of the company's New York division. He worked with Doug Moody, founder of Mystic Records.</s><s>Music career.:Breakthrough and rise. In 1961, Jones was promoted as the vice-president of Mercury, becoming the first African American to hold the position. During the same year, at the invitation of director Sidney Lumet, he composed music for \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964). It was the first of his nearly 40 major motion picture scores. Following the success of \"The Pawnbroker\", Jones left Mercury and moved to Los Angeles. After composing film scores for \"Mirage\" and \"The Slender Thread\" in 1965, he was in constant demand as a composer. His film credits over the next seven years included \"Walk, Don't Run\", \"The Deadly Affair\", \"In Cold Blood\", \"In the Heat of the Night\", \"Mackenna's Gold\", \"The Italian Job\", \"Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice\", \"Cactus Flower\", \"The Out-Of-Towners\", \"They Call Me Mister Tibbs!\", \"The Anderson Tapes\", \"$ (Dollars)\", and \"The Getaway\". In addition, he composed \"The Streetbeater"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": "\", which became the theme music for the television sitcom \"Sanford and Son\", starring his close friend Redd Foxx, and the themes for other TV shows, including \"Ironside\", \"Rebop\", \"Banacek\", \"The Bill Cosby Show\", the opening episode of \"Roots\", \"Mad TV\", and the game show \"Now You See It\". In the 1960s, Jones worked as an arranger for Billy Eckstine, Ella Fitzgerald, Shirley Horn, Peggy Lee, Nana Mouskouri, Frank Sinatra, Sarah Vaughan, and Dinah Washington. His solo recordings included \"Walking in Space\", \"Gula Matari\", \"Smackwater Jack\", \"You've Got It Bad Girl\", \"Body Heat\", \"Mellow Madness\", and \"I Heard That!!\" Jones's 1962 tune \"Soul Bossa Nova\", which originated on the \"Big Band Bossa Nova\" album, was used as the theme for the 1997 spy comedy \"\". Jones produced all four million-selling singles for Lesley Gore during the early and mid-sixties, including \"It's My Party\" (UK No. 8; US No. 1), its sequel \"Judy's Turn to Cry\" (US No. "
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": "5), \"She's a Fool\" (also a US No. 5) in 1963, and \"You Don't Own Me\" (US No. 2 for four weeks in 1964). He continued to produce for Gore until 1966, including the Greenwich/Barry hits \"Look of Love\" (US No. 27 in 1965) and \"Maybe I Know\" (UK No. 20; US No. 14 in 1964). In 1975, he founded Qwest Productions, for which he arranged and produced successful albums by Frank Sinatra and others. In 1978, he produced the soundtrack for \"The Wiz\", the musical adaptation of \"The Wizard of Oz\", which starred Michael Jackson and Diana Ross. In 1982, he produced Jackson's \"Thriller\", the bestselling album in history of the music industry. His 1981 album \"The Dude\" yielded the hits \"Ai No Corrida\" (a remake of a song by Chaz Jankel), \"Just Once\", and \"One Hundred Ways\", both sung by James Ingram. Marking Jones's debut as a film producer, 1985's \"The Color Purple\" received 11 Oscar nominations that year, including one for Jones's score. Jones, Thomas Newman, and Alan Silvestri are the"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " only composers besides John Williams to have written scores for a Steven Spielberg-directed theatrical feature film. Additionally, through this picture, Jones is credited with introducing Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey to film audiences around the world. After the 1985 American Music Awards ceremony, Jones used his influence to draw most of the major American recording artists of the day into a studio to record the song \"We Are the World\" to raise money for the victims of famine in Ethiopia. When people marveled at his ability to make the collaboration work, Jones explained that he had taped a sign on the entrance reading \"Check Your Ego at the Door\". He was also quoted as saying, \"We don't want to make a hunger record in tuxedos\", requiring all participants to wear casual clothing in the studio. In 1986, he started off Qwest Entertainment to produce theatrical feature films, through Qwest Film and Television, and launched a home video label, Qwest Home Video, in order to manage the home video titles made by the studio, and Qwest Entertainment would continue to operate their pre-existing subsidiaries like Qwest Records, Quincy Jones Productions and Qwest Music Publishing. In 1990, Quincy Jones Productions joined with Time Warner to create Quincy Jones Entertainment (QJE)."
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " The company signed a 10-picture deal with Warner Bros. and a two-series deal with NBC Productions (now Universal Television). The television show \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\" was completed in 1990, but producers of \"In the House\" (from UPN) rejected its early concept stages. Jones produced the successful \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\" (discovering Will Smith), UPN's \"In the House\", First-Run Syndication's \"The Jenny Jones Show\" (in association with Telepictures Productions, 1994–1997 only) and FOX's \"Madtv\" which ran for 14 seasons. In the early 1990s, he started a huge, ongoing project called \"The Evolution of Black Music\". QJE started a weekly talk show with Jones's friend, Reverend Jesse Jackson, as the host. Beginning in the late 1970s, Jones tried to convince Miles Davis to revive the music he recorded on several classic albums of the 1950s, which was arranged by Gil Evans. Davis always refused, citing a desire to avoid revisiting the past. But in 1991, Davis relented. Despite having pneumonia, he agreed to perform the music at the Montreux Jazz Festival. The recording, \"Miles & Quincy Live at"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " Montreux\", was his last album; he died several months afterward. In 1993, Jones collaborated with David Salzman to produce the concert \"An American Reunion\", a celebration of Bill Clinton's inauguration as President of the United States. During the same year, he and Salzman renamed his company to Quincy Jones/David Salzman Entertainment. In 2001, Jones published his autobiography \"Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones\". On July 31, 2007, he partnered with Wizzard Media to start the Quincy Jones Video Podcast. In each episode, he shares his knowledge and experience in the music industry. The first episode features him in the studio producing \"I Knew I Loved You\" for Celine Dion. This is included on the Ennio Morricone tribute album \"We All Love Ennio Morricone\". Jones helped produce Anita Hall's 2009 album \"Send Love\". In 2013, he produced Emily Bear's album \"Diversity\". After that, he produced albums for Grace, Justin Kauflin, Alfredo Rodríguez, Andreas Varady, and Nikki Yanofsky. He also became a mentor to Jacob Collier. In 2017, Jones and French producer Reza Ackbaraly started Qwest TV, the world's"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " first subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) service for jazz and eclectic music from around the world. The platform features a handpicked selection of ad-free concerts, interviews, documentaries, and exclusive, original content, all in HD or 4K. In 2010, Jones, along with brand strategist Chris Vance, co-founded Playground Sessions, a NY City-based developer of subscription software that teaches people to play the piano using interactive videos. Pianists Harry Connick Jr. and David Sides are among the company's video instructors. Jones worked with Vance and Sides to develop the video lessons and incorporate techniques to modernize the instruction format.</s><s>Music career.:Work with Frank Sinatra. Quincy Jones first worked with Frank Sinatra in 1958 when invited by Princess Grace to arrange a benefit concert at the Monaco Sporting Club. Six years later, Sinatra hired him to arrange and conduct Sinatra's second album with Count Basie, \"It Might as Well Be Swing\" (1964). Jones conducted and arranged Sinatra's live album with the Basie Band, \"Sinatra at the Sands\" (1966). Jones was also the arranger/conductor when Sinatra, Sammy Davis Jr., Dean Martin, and Johnny Carson performed with the Bas"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": "ie orchestra in June 1965 in St. Louis, Missouri, in a benefit for Dismas House. The fund-raiser was broadcast to movie theaters around the country and eventually released on VHS. Later that year, Jones was the arranger/conductor when Sinatra and Basie appeared on \"The Hollywood Palace\" TV show on October 16, 1965. Nineteen years later, Sinatra and Jones teamed up for 1984's \"L.A. Is My Lady\". Jones said,</s><s>Music career.:Work with Michael Jackson. While working on the film \"The Wiz\", Michael Jackson asked Jones to recommend some producers for his upcoming solo album. Jones offered some names but eventually offered to produce the record himself. Jackson accepted and the resulting record, \"Off the Wall\", sold about 20 million copies. This made Jones the most powerful record producer in the industry at that time. Jones and Jackson's next collaboration, \"Thriller\", sold 65 million copies and became the highest-selling album of all time. The rise of MTV and the advent of music videos as promotional tools also contributed to \"Thriller's\" sales. Jones worked on Jackson's album \"Bad\", which sold 45 million copies, and was the last time they worked with each other. Audio"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " interviews with Jones are included in the 2001 special editions of \"Off the Wall\", \"Thriller\", and \"Bad\". In a 2002 interview, when asked if he would work with Jones again, Jackson suggested he might. But in 2007, when Jones was asked by \"NME\", he said, \"Man, please! We already did that. I have talked to him about working with him again but I've got too much to do. I've got 900 products, I'm 74 years old.\" Following Jackson's death on June 25, 2009, Jones said: In October 2013, the BBC and \"The Hollywood Reporter\" said Jones planned to sue Michael Jackson's estate for $10 million. Jones said that MJJ Productions, a song company managed by Jackson's estate and Sony Music Entertainment, improperly re-edited songs to deprive him of royalties and production fees and breached an agreement giving him the right to remix master recordings for albums released after Jackson's death. The songs Jones produced for Jackson were used in the film \"This Is It\". Jones was reported to be filing the suits against the Michael Jackson Cirque du Soleil shows and the 25th-anniversary edition of the \"Bad\" album. He believed he should have received a producer credit in the film."
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": "</s><s>Music career.:Brazilian culture. The Brazilian singer Simone, whom Jones cites as \"one of the world's greatest singers\"; Brazilian musicians Ivan Lins and Milton Nascimento; and percussionist Paulinho da Costa, who Jones called \"one of the best in the business\", have become close friends and partners in his recent works.</s><s>Music career.:Media appearances. Jones had a brief appearance in the 1990 video for the Time song \"Jerk Out\", and was a guest actor on an episode of \"The Boondocks\". He appeared with Ray Charles in the music video of their song \"One Mint Julep\" and also with Ray Charles and Chaka Khan in the music video of their song \"I'll Be Good to You\". Jones hosted an episode of the long-running NBC sketch comedy show \"Saturday Night Live\" on February 10, 1990 (during SNL's 15th season). The episode was notable for having 10 musical guests (the most any \"SNL\" episode has had in its 40 plus years on the air): Tevin Campbell, Andrae Crouch, Sandra Crouch, rappers Kool Moe Dee and Big Daddy Kane, Melle Mel, Quincy D III, Siedah Garrett, Al Jarreau"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": ", and Take 6, and for a performance of Dizzy Gillespie's \"Manteca\" by the SNL Band (conducted by Quincy Jones). Jones impersonated Marion Barry, the former mayor of Washington, D.C., in the recurring sketch \"The Bob Waltman Special\". He later produced his own sketch comedy show, FOX's \"MADtv\", which ran from 1995 to 2009. Jones appeared in the 1999 Walt Disney Pictures animated film \"Fantasia 2000\", introducing the set piece of George Gershwin's \"Rhapsody in Blue\". Two years later, he made a cameo appearance as himself in the film \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\". On February 10, 2008, Jones joined Usher in presenting the Grammy Award for Album of the Year to Herbie Hancock. On January 6, 2009, he appeared on NBC's \"Last Call with Carson Daly\" to discuss his career. Daly informally floated the idea that Jones should become the first minister of culture for the United States, pending the inauguration of Barack Obama as president. Daly noted that only the US and Germany, among leading world countries, did not have a cabinet-level position for this role. Commentators on NPR and in the \"Chronicle of Higher Education\" have also"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " discussed the topic of a minister of culture. In February 2014, Jones appeared in \"Keep on Keepin' On\", a documentary about his friend, jazz trumpeter and flugelhorn player Clark Terry. In the film, Terry introduces Jones to his protégé Justin Kauflin, whom Jones then signs to his band and label. In July 2014, Jones starred in a documentary film called \"The Distortion of Sound\". In September 2015, he was a guest on Dr. Dre's \"The Pharmacy\" on Beats 1 Radio. He was also featured on Jacob Collier's YouTube cover of Michael Jackson's \"PYT (Pretty Young Thing)\". On February 28, 2016, he and Pharrell Williams presented Ennio Morricone with the Oscar for best film score. and in August 2016, he and his music were featured at BBC Proms in Royal Albert Hall, London. On March 20, 2020, Jones guest starred on a music video by Travis Scott and Young Thug for the song \"Out West\". Jones makes and consumes a sandwich during the course of the video. In January 2022, Jones appeared on the album \"Dawn FM\" by Canadian singer the Weeknd, performing a monologue in the sixth track, \"A"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " Tale by Quincy\".</s><s>Activism. Jones's social activism began in the 1960s with his support of Martin Luther King Jr. Jones is one of the founders of the Institute for Black American Music (IBAM), whose events aim to raise enough funds for the creation of a national library of African-American art and music. Jones is also one of the founders of the Black Arts Festival in his hometown of Chicago. In the 1970s, Jones formed the Quincy Jones Workshops. Meeting at the Los Angeles Landmark Variety Arts Center, the workshops educated and honed the skills of inner-city youth in musicianship, acting, and songwriting. Among its alumni were Alton McClain, who had a hit song with Alton McClain and Destiny, and Mark Wilkins, who co-wrote the hit song \"Havin' a Love Attack\" with Mandrill and became National Promotion Director for Mystic Records. For many years, Jones has worked closely with Bono of U2 on a number of philanthropic causes. He is the founder of the Quincy Jones Listen Up Foundation, a nonprofit organization that built more than 100 homes in South Africa and which aims to connect youths with technology, education, culture, and music. One of the organization's programs is an inter"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": "cultural exchange between underprivileged youths from Los Angeles and South Africa. In 2004, Jones helped launch the We Are the Future (WAF) project, which gives children in poor and conflict-ridden areas a chance to live their childhoods and develop a sense of hope. The program is the result of a strategic partnership between the Global Forum, the Quincy Jones Listen Up Foundation, and Hani Masri, with the support of the World Bank, UN agencies, and major companies. The project was launched with a concert in Rome, Italy, in front of an audience of half a million people. Jones supports a number of other charities, including the NAACP, GLAAD, Peace Games, AmfAR, and the Maybach Foundation. He serves on the advisory board of HealthCorps. On July 26, 2007, he announced his endorsement of Hillary Clinton for president. But with the election of Barack Obama, Jones said that his next conversation \"with President Obama [will be] to beg for a secretary of arts.\" This prompted the circulation of a petition on the internet asking Obama to create such a Cabinet-level position in his administration. In 2001, Jones became an honorary member of the board of directors of the Jazz Foundation of America. He worked with the foundation to"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " save the homes and lives of America's elderly jazz and blues musicians, including those who survived Hurricane Katrina. Jones is a spokesperson for the Global Down Syndrome Foundation, co-founded by his friend John Sie, which annually awards the Quincy Jones Exceptional Advocacy Award. Also he is involved in Linda Crnic Institute, Improving the lives of people with Down syndrome through advanced biomedical research.</s><s>Personal life. Jones never learned to drive, citing his involvement in a car crash at age 14 as the reason. Jones revealed that Ray Charles introduced him to heroin at 15. He is a believer in astrology. In regard to religion, he stated in February 2018 that he believes in a God that opposes the love of money but dismisses the notion of an afterlife; he holds a negative opinion of the Catholic Church, believing it is built upon the notions of money and \"fear, smoke, and murder\". Jones claimed to have knowledge of the truth of the Kennedy assassination, stating his belief that mobster Sam Giancana was responsible, as well as outing sexual relationships Marlon Brando had with James Baldwin, Richard Pryor, and Marvin Gaye. In the same interview, Jones stated he dated Ivanka Trump despite expressing disdain for her father. He later apologized for the interview after"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " a family intervention with his six daughters, blaming the things he said on \"word vomit\". In 1974, Jones developed a life-threatening brain aneurysm, leading to a decision to reduce his workload to spend time with his friends and family. Since his family and friends believed Jones's life was coming to an end, they started to plan a memorial service for him. He attended his own service with his neurologist by his side, in case the excitement overwhelmed him. Some of the entertainers at his service were Richard Pryor, Marvin Gaye, Sarah Vaughan, and Sidney Poitier.</s><s>Personal life.:Marriages and children. Jones has been married three times and has seven children with five different women. He was married to Jeri Caldwell from 1957 to 1966, and they had a daughter named Jolie. He had a brief affair with Carol Reynolds, and they had a daughter named Rachel. He was later married to Swedish actress Ulla Andersson from 1967 to 1974, and they had a daughter named Martina and a son named Quincy, who also became a music producer. The day after his divorce from Andersson, Jones married American actress Peggy Lipton. They had two daughters, Kidada (who was born before they were married) and Rashida"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": ", both of whom became actors. Jones and Lipton divorced in 1989. He later dated and lived with German actress Nastassja Kinski from 1991 to 1995, and they had a daughter named Kenya, who became a fashion model. In 1994, rapper Tupac Shakur criticized Jones for having relationships with white women, prompting Jones's daughter Rashida to pen a scathing open letter in response, which was published in \"The Source\". Rashida's sister Kidada developed a romantic relationship with Shakur and had been living with him for four months at the time of his death.</s><s>Awards and honors. - Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music (1983) - Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Ray Charles in 1984. - Grammy Legend Award in 1992 (one of only 15 people ever to receive it). - Third in the list of all-time Grammy award wins. - Garfield High School in Seattle named a performing arts center after him. - Quincy Jones Elementary School, located in South Central Los Angeles, is named after him. - Humanitarian Award at the BET Awards in 2008. - John F. Kennedy Center Honors in 2001. - National Medal of Arts from President Barack Obama on March 2"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": ", 2011. - Los Angeles Press Club Visionary Award in 2014. - Honorary doctorate from the Royal Academy of Music, London, in 2015. - Ahmet Ertegun Award into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2013. - In 2021, Jones was inducted into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame as a \"foundational inductee\".</s><s>Film scores and soundtracks. - \"The Pawnbroker\" (Mercury, 1965) - \"Mirage\" (Mercury, 1965) - \"The Slender Thread\" (Mercury, 1965) - \"Walk, Don't Run\" (Mainstream, 1966) - \"The Deadly Affair\" (Verve, 1967) - \"Enter Laughing\" (Liberty, 1967) - \"Banning\" (1967) - \"In the Heat of the Night\" (United Artists, 1967) - \"In Cold Blood\" (Colgems, 1967) - \"A Dandy in Aspic\" (1968) - \"The Counterfeit Killer\" (1968) - \"Jigsaw\" (1968) - \"For Love of Ivy\" (ABC, 1968) - \"The Hell with Heroes\" (1968) - \"The Split\" (1968)"
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": " - \"Mackenna's Gold\" (RCA Victor, 1969) - \"The Italian Job\" (Paramount, 1969) - \"The Lost Man\" (Uni, 1969) - \"Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice\" (Bell, 1969) - \"John and Mary\" (A&M, 1969) - \"Original Sound Track: Cactus Flower\" (Bell, 1969) from \"Cactus Flower\" (1969) - \"Last of the Mobile Hot Shots\" (1970) - \"The Out-of-Towners\" (1970) - \"Original Motion Picture Score: They Call Me Mister Tibbs!\" (United Artists, 1970) from \"They Call Me Mister Tibbs!\" (1970) - \"Brother John\" (1971) - \"The Anderson Tapes\" (1971) - \"Honky\" (1971) - \"Sanford and Son Theme\" (RCA, 1972) in \"Sanford and Son\"– included in \"You've Got It Bad Girl\" (A&M, 1973) - \"Dollars\" (Reprise, 1972) from \"Dollars\" (1971) - \"The Hot Rock\" (Prophesy, 1972) - \"The New Centurions\" ("
},
{
"title": "Quincy Jones",
"text": "1972) - \"Love Theme From \"The Getaway\"\" (A&M, 1973) in \"The Getaway\" (1972)– included in \"You've Got It Bad Girl\" (A&M, 1973) - \"Roots: The Saga of an American Family\" (A&M, 1977) from \"Roots\" (1977) - \"The Wiz original soundtrack\" (MCA, 1978) from \"The Wiz\" (1978) - \"The Color Purple: Music From the Motion Picture\" (Quest, 1986) from \"The Color Purple\" (1985)</s><s>Filmography. - \"Fantasia 2000\" (1999) – Himself (segment \"Rhapsody in Blue\") - \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) – Himself - \"Sandy Wexler\" (2017) – Himself - \"Quincy\" (2018) – Himself - \"The Black Godfather\" (2019) – Himself - \"Jay Sebring...Cutting to the Truth\" (2020) – Himself</s><s>Further reading. - Video interview. - - - - (26 mins, airdate May 25, 2013)</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Quincy Jones",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000416
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Eric Winter.
|
[
{
"title": "Eric Winter",
"text": "<s>Eric Winter Eric Barrett Winter (born July 17, 1976) is an American actor and former fashion model. He has appeared in the television roles of Rex Brady on the NBC soap opera \"Days of Our Lives\", FBI Special Agent Craig O'Laughlin on the CBS drama series \"The Mentalist\" (2010–2012), Dash Gardiner on the Lifetime fantasy-drama series \"Witches of East End\" (2013–2014), and Sergeant Tim Bradford on the ABC drama \"The Rookie\". His film appearances include \"Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay\" (2008) and \"The Ugly Truth\" (2009).</s><s>Early life. Winter was born on July 17, 1976, in La Mirada, California. He graduated from UCLA with a degree in psychology. To pay for college, he began modeling, and his career goal, which was to become a doctor, changed as he decided to pursue acting.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Modeling. Before his acting roles, Winter was a model and had some high-profile campaigns, such as one print campaign for Tommy Hilfiger. He appeared in a television commercial with Britney Spears for her fragrance, Curious.</s><s>Career.:Acting. Winter played the"
},
{
"title": "Eric Winter",
"text": " role of Rex Brady on the daytime soap opera \"Days of Our Lives\" from July 8, 2002, until July 26, 2005. After leaving \"Days of Our Lives\", he had many small roles in television shows, such as \"\"; \"Love, Inc.\"; \"Charmed\"; and \"Just Legal\". He guest-starred on ABC Family's \"Wildfire\" for five episodes. His character, R.J. Blake, a bull-rider who dated the character of Dani Davis (played by Nicole Tubiola), was killed in the episode \"Heartless\", which aired originally on February 28, 2007. Winter also appeared on \"The Parkers\" in the episode \"The Boomerang Effect\". He appeared in an episode of the CBS series \"The Ex-List\", and in the recurring role of Jason McCallister, the brother of Senator Robert McCallister (Rob Lowe) and love interest of Kevin Walker (Matthew Rhys) on the ABC drama \"Brothers & Sisters\". Winter was a regular on the short-lived CBS series \"Viva Laughlin\" and \"Moonlight\". He appears in the feature films \"Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay\" (2008) and \"The Ugly Truth\" (2009). In 2010"
},
{
"title": "Eric Winter",
"text": ", Winter starred as the character Michael Friend, the imaginary friend of Jane (Alyssa Milano) in the Lifetime television movie \"Sundays at Tiffany's\". From 2010 to 2012, Winter appeared in the CBS crime drama \"The Mentalist\" as FBI agent Craig O'Laughlin, the boyfriend and later fiancé of Amanda Righetti's character Grace Van Pelt. In 2012, he had a recurring role as Luke Lourd on the ABC comedy-drama series \"GCB\". Winter appeared in the video game \"\". In 2013, Winter began starring in the Lifetime television series \"Witches of East End\" as Dash Gardiner. The series was canceled on November 4, 2014, after two seasons. In October 2018, he began starring in the ABC drama \"The Rookie\" as Sergeant Tim Bradford.</s><s>Career.:Book. Winter is the co-author with his wife, Roselyn Sánchez, of the children's book \"Sebi and the Land of Cha Cha Cha\", published in 2017. The book was inspired by their daughter, Sebella 'Sebi' Rose Winter.</s><s>Personal life. Winter was married to actress Allison Ford from 2001 until 2005. He dated actress Roselyn Sánchez"
},
{
"title": "Eric Winter",
"text": " for two years prior to their engagement on January 1, 2008, during a holiday vacation on Vieques, an island just east of mainland Puerto Rico. The couple wed on November 29, 2008, at a historic fort in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Sánchez and Winter have two children.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Eric Winter",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000417
|
Question: Tell me a bio of George Washington.
|
[
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": "<s>George Washington George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, Washington led Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War and served as president of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which created and ratified the Constitution of the United States and the American federal government. Washington has been called the \"Father of his Country\" for his manifold leadership in the nation's founding. Washington's first public office, from 1749 to 1750, was as surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia. He subsequently received his first military training and was assigned command of the Virginia Regiment during the French and Indian War. He was later elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses and was named a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he was appointed Commanding General of the Continental Army and led American forces allied with France to victory over the British at the siege of Yorktown in 1781 during the Revolutionary War, paving the way for American independence. He resigned his commission in 1783 after the Treaty of Paris was signed. Washington played an indispensable role in adopting and ratifying the Constitution"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " of the United States, which replaced the Articles of Confederation in 1789 and remains the world's longest-standing written and codified national constitution to this day. He was then twice elected president by the Electoral College unanimously. As the first U.S. president, Washington implemented a strong, well-financed national government while remaining impartial in a fierce rivalry that emerged between cabinet members Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. During the French Revolution, he proclaimed a policy of neutrality while sanctioning the Jay Treaty. He set enduring precedents for the office of president, including use of the title \"Mr. President\" and taking an Oath of Office with his hand on a Bible. His Farewell Address on September 19, 1796, is widely regarded as a preeminent statement on republicanism. Washington was a slave owner who had a complicated relationship with slavery. During his lifetime, he owned a cumulative total of over 577 slaves, who were forced to work on his farms and wherever he lived, including the President's House in Philadelphia. Yet, as president, he also signed laws passed by Congress that both protected and curtailed slavery. His will stated that one of his slaves, William Lee, should be freed upon his death and that the other 123 slaves should be freed on his"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " wife's death, though she freed them earlier during her lifetime. Washington endeavored to assimilate Native Americans into the Anglo-American culture. He also waged military campaigns against Native American nations during the Revolutionary War and the Northwest Indian War. He was a member of the Anglican Church and the Freemasons and supported broad religious freedom as the Continental Army commanding general and nation's first president. Upon his death, Washington was eulogized by Henry \"Light-Horse Harry\" Lee as \"first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen\". Washington has been memorialized by monuments, a federal holiday, various media depictions, geographical locations including the national capital, the State of Washington, stamps, and currency. Many scholars and ordinary Americans alike rank him among the greatest U.S. presidents. In 1976, Washington was posthumously promoted to the rank of General of the Armies, the highest rank in the U.S. Army.</s><s>Early life (1732–1752). The Washington family was a wealthy Virginia planter family that had made its fortune through land speculation and the cultivation of tobacco. Washington's great-grandfather John Washington emigrated in 1656 from Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, England"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": ", to the English colony of Virginia where he accumulated of land, including Little Hunting Creek on the Potomac River. George Washington was born on February 22, 1732, at Popes Creek in Westmoreland County, in the British colony of Virginia, and was the first of six children of Augustine and Mary Ball Washington. His father was a justice of the peace and a prominent public figure who had four additional children from his first marriage to Jane Butler. The family moved to Little Hunting Creek in 1735. In 1738, they moved to Ferry Farm near Fredericksburg, Virginia, on the Rappahannock River. When Augustine died in 1743, Washington inherited Ferry Farm and ten slaves; his older half-brother Lawrence inherited Little Hunting Creek and renamed it Mount Vernon. Washington did not have the formal education his elder brothers received at Appleby Grammar School in England, but he did attend the Lower Church School in Hartfield. He learned mathematics, trigonometry, and land surveying and became a talented draftsman and map-maker. By early adulthood, he was writing with \"considerable force\" and \"precision\". In his pursuit of admiration, status, and power, his writing displayed little wit or humor. Washington often visited Mount Vernon and"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " Belvoir, the plantation that belonged to Lawrence's father-in-law William Fairfax. Fairfax became Washington's patron and surrogate father, and Washington spent a month in 1748 with a team surveying Fairfax's Shenandoah Valley property. The following year he received a surveyor's license from the College of William & Mary when he was 17 years old. Even though Washington had not served the customary apprenticeship, Fairfax appointed him surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia, and he appeared in Culpeper County to take his oath of office July 20, 1749. He subsequently familiarized himself with the frontier region, and though he resigned from the job in 1750, he continued to do surveys west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. By 1752 he had bought almost in the Valley and owned. In 1751, Washington made his only trip abroad when he accompanied Lawrence to Barbados, hoping the climate would cure his brother's tuberculosis. Washington contracted smallpox during that trip, which immunized him and left his face slightly scarred. Lawrence died in 1752, and Washington leased Mount Vernon from his widow Anne; he inherited it outright after her death in 1761.</s><s>Colonial military career (1752–1758). Lawrence Washington's service as"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " adjutant general of the Virginia militia inspired his half-brother George to seek a commission. Virginia's lieutenant governor, Robert Dinwiddie, appointed George Washington as a major and commander of one of the four militia districts. The British and French were competing for control of the Ohio Valley. While the British were constructing forts along the Ohio River, the French were doing the same, constructing forts between the Ohio River and Lake Erie. In October 1753, Dinwiddie appointed Washington as a special envoy. He had sent George to demand French forces to vacate land that was being claimed by the British. Washington was also appointed to make peace with the Iroquois Confederacy, and to gather further intelligence about the French forces. Washington met with Half-King Tanacharison, and other Iroquois chiefs, at Logstown, and gathered information about the numbers and locations of the French forts, as well as intelligence concerning individuals taken prisoner by the French. Washington was given the nickname Conotocaurius (town destroyer or devourer of villages) by Tanacharison. The nickname had previously been given to his great-grandfather John Washington in the late seventeenth century by the Susquehannock. Washington's party reached the"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " Ohio River in November 1753, and was intercepted by a French patrol. The party was escorted to Fort Le Boeuf, where Washington was received in a friendly manner. He delivered the British demand to vacate to the French commander Saint-Pierre, but the French refused to leave. Saint-Pierre gave Washington his official answer in a sealed envelope after a few days' delay, as well as food and extra winter clothing for his party's journey back to Virginia. Washington completed the precarious mission in 77 days, in difficult winter conditions, achieving a measure of distinction when his report was published in Virginia and in London.</s><s>Colonial military career (1752–1758).:French and Indian War. In February 1754, Dinwiddie promoted Washington to lieutenant colonel and second-in-command of the 300-strong Virginia Regiment, with orders to confront French forces at the Forks of the Ohio. Washington set out for the Forks with half the regiment in April and soon learned a French force of 1,000 had begun construction of Fort Duquesne there. In May, having set up a defensive position at Great Meadows, he learned that the French had made camp away; he decided to take the offensive. The French detachment proved to be only about 50"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " men, so Washington advanced on May 28 with a small force of Virginians and Indian allies to ambush them. What took place, known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen or the \"Jumonville affair\", was disputed, and French forces were killed outright with muskets and hatchets. French commander Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, who carried a diplomatic message for the British to evacuate, was killed. French forces found Jumonville and some of his men dead and scalped and assumed Washington was responsible. Washington blamed his translator for not communicating the French intentions. Dinwiddie congratulated Washington for his victory over the French. This incident ignited the French and Indian War, which later became part of the larger Seven Years' War. The full Virginia Regiment joined Washington at Fort Necessity the following month with news that he had been promoted to command of the regiment and colonel upon the regimental commander's death. The regiment was reinforced by an independent company of a hundred South Carolinians led by Captain James Mackay, whose royal commission outranked that of Washington, and a conflict of command ensued. On July 3, a French force attacked with 900 men, and the ensuing battle ended in Washington's surrender. In the aftermath, Colonel"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " James Innes took command of intercolonial forces, the Virginia Regiment was divided, and Washington was offered a captaincy which he refused, with the resignation of his commission. In 1755, Washington served voluntarily as an aide to General Edward Braddock, who led a British expedition to expel the French from Fort Duquesne and the Ohio Country. On Washington's recommendation, Braddock split the army into one main column and a lightly equipped \"flying column\". Suffering from a severe case of dysentery, Washington was left behind, and when he rejoined Braddock at Monongahela the French and their Indian allies ambushed the divided army. Two-thirds of the British force became casualties, including the mortally wounded Braddock. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Gage, Washington, still very ill, rallied the survivors and formed a rear guard, allowing the remnants of the force to disengage and retreat. During the engagement, he had two horses shot from under him, and his hat and coat were bullet-pierced. His conduct under fire redeemed his reputation among critics of his command in the Battle of Fort Necessity, but he was not included by the succeeding commander (Colonel Thomas Dunbar) in planning subsequent operations. The Virginia Regiment"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " was reconstituted in August 1755, and Dinwiddie appointed Washington its commander, again with the rank of colonel. Washington clashed over seniority almost immediately, this time with John Dagworthy, another captain of superior royal rank, who commanded a detachment of Marylanders at the regiment's headquarters in Fort Cumberland. Washington, impatient for an offensive against Fort Duquesne, was convinced Braddock would have granted him a royal commission and pressed his case in February 1756 with Braddock's successor as Commander-in-Chief, William Shirley, and again in January 1757 with Shirley's successor, Lord Loudoun. Shirley ruled in Washington's favor only in the matter of Dagworthy; Loudoun humiliated Washington, refused him a royal commission and agreed only to relieve him of the responsibility of manning Fort Cumberland. In 1758, the Virginia Regiment was assigned to the British Forbes Expedition to capture Fort Duquesne. Washington disagreed with General John Forbes' tactics and chosen route. Forbes nevertheless made Washington a brevet brigadier general and gave him command of one of the three brigades that would assault the fort. The French abandoned the fort and the valley before the assault was launched; Washington saw only a friendly fire incident which left 14 dead and 26 injured."
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " The war lasted another four years, and Washington resigned his commission and returned to Mount Vernon. Under Washington, the Virginia Regiment had defended of frontier against twenty Indian attacks in ten months. He increased the professionalism of the regiment as it increased from 300 to 1,000 men, and Virginia's frontier population suffered less than other colonies. Some historians have said this was Washington's \"only unqualified success\" during the war. Though he failed to realize a royal commission, he did gain self-confidence, leadership skills, and invaluable knowledge of British military tactics. The destructive competition Washington witnessed among colonial politicians fostered his later support of a strong central government.</s><s>Marriage, civilian, and political life (1755–1775). On January 6, 1759, Washington, at age 26, married Martha Dandridge Custis, the 27-year-old widow of wealthy plantation owner Daniel Parke Custis. The marriage took place at Martha's estate; she was intelligent, gracious, and experienced in managing a planter's estate, and the couple created a happy marriage. They raised John Parke Custis (Jacky) and Martha Parke Custis (Patsy), children from her previous marriage, and later Jacky's children Eleanor Parke Custis"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " (Nelly) and George Washington Parke Custis (Washy). Washington's 1751 bout with smallpox is thought to have rendered him sterile, though it is equally likely that \"Martha may have sustained injury during the birth of Patsy, her final child, making additional births impossible.\" The couple lamented not having any children together. They moved to Mount Vernon, near Alexandria, where he took up life as a planter of tobacco and wheat and emerged as a political figure. The marriage gave Washington control over Martha's one-third dower interest in the Custis estate, and he managed the remaining two-thirds for Martha's children; the estate also included 84 slaves. He became one of Virginia's wealthiest men, which increased his social standing. At Washington's urging, Governor Lord Botetourt fulfilled Dinwiddie's 1754 promise of land bounties to all-volunteer militia during the French and Indian War. In late 1770, Washington inspected the lands in the Ohio and Great Kanawha regions, and he engaged surveyor William Crawford to subdivide it. Crawford allotted to Washington; Washington told the veterans that their land was hilly and unsuitable for farming, and he agreed to purchase, leaving some feeling they had been dup"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": "ed. He also doubled the size of Mount Vernon to and increased its slave population to more than a hundred by 1775. Washington's political activities included supporting the candidacy of his friend George William Fairfax in his 1755 bid to represent the region in the Virginia House of Burgesses. This support led to a dispute which resulted in a physical altercation between Washington and another Virginia planter, William Payne. Washington defused the situation, including ordering officers from the Virginia Regiment to stand down. Washington apologized to Payne the following day at a tavern. Payne had been expecting to be challenged to a duel. As a respected military hero and large landowner, Washington held local offices and was elected to the Virginia provincial legislature, representing Frederick County in the House of Burgesses for seven years beginning in 1758. He plied the voters with beer, brandy, and other beverages, although he was absent while serving on the Forbes Expedition. He won the election with roughly 40 percent of the vote, defeating three other candidates with the help of several local supporters. He rarely spoke in his early legislative career, but he became a prominent critic of Britain's taxation policy and mercantilist policies towards the American colonies starting in the 1760s. By occupation, Washington was a planter, and he"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " imported luxuries and other goods from England, paying for them by exporting tobacco. His profligate spending combined with low tobacco prices left him £1,800 in debt by 1764, prompting him to diversify his holdings. In 1765, because of erosion and other soil problems, he changed Mount Vernon's primary cash crop from tobacco to wheat and expanded operations to include corn flour milling and fishing. Washington also took time for leisure with fox hunting, fishing, dances, theater, cards, backgammon, and billiards. Washington soon was counted among the political and social elite in Virginia. From 1768 to 1775, he invited some 2,000 guests to his Mount Vernon estate, mostly those whom he considered people of rank, and was known to be exceptionally cordial toward his guests. He became more politically active in 1769, presenting legislation in the Virginia Assembly to establish an embargo on goods from Great Britain. Washington's step-daughter Patsy Custis suffered from epileptic attacks from age 12, and she died in his arms in 1773. The following day, he wrote to Burwell Bassett: \"It is easier to conceive, than to describe, the distress of this Family\". He canceled all business activity and remained with Martha every night"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " for three months.</s><s>Marriage, civilian, and political life (1755–1775).:Opposition to the British Parliament and Crown. Washington played a central role before and during the American Revolution. His distrust of the British military had begun when he was passed over for promotion into the Regular Army. Opposed to taxes imposed by the British Parliament on the Colonies without proper representation, he and other colonists were also angered by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which banned American settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains and protected the British fur trade. Washington believed the Stamp Act of 1765 was an \"Act of Oppression\", and he celebrated its repeal the following year. In March 1766, Parliament passed the Declaratory Act asserting that Parliamentary law superseded colonial law. In the late 1760s, the interference of the British Crown in American lucrative western land speculation spurred on the American Revolution. Washington himself was a prosperous land speculator, and in 1767, he encouraged \"adventures\" to acquire backcountry western lands. Washington helped lead widespread protests against the Townshend Acts passed by Parliament in 1767, and he introduced a proposal in May 1769 drafted by George Mason which called Virginians to boycott British goods; the Acts were mostly repealed in"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " 1770. Parliament sought to punish Massachusetts colonists for their role in the Boston Tea Party in 1774 by passing the Coercive Acts, which Washington referred to as \"an invasion of our rights and privileges\". He said Americans must not submit to acts of tyranny since \"custom and use shall make us as tame and abject slaves, as the blacks we rule over with such arbitrary sway\". That July, he and George Mason drafted a list of resolutions for the Fairfax County committee which Washington chaired, and the committee adopted the Fairfax Resolves calling for a Continental Congress, and an end to the slave trade. On August 1, Washington attended the First Virginia Convention, where he was selected as a delegate to the First Continental Congress, September 5 to October 26, 1774, which he also attended. As tensions rose in 1774, he helped train county militias in Virginia and organized enforcement of the Continental Association boycott of British goods instituted by the Congress. The American Revolutionary War began on April 19, 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Siege of Boston. The colonists were divided over breaking away from British rule and split into two factions: Patriots who rejected British rule, and Loyalists who desired to remain subject to the King. General Thomas Gage was commander of British"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " forces in America at the beginning of the war. Upon hearing the shocking news of the onset of war, Washington was \"sobered and dismayed\", and he hastily departed Mount Vernon on May 4, 1775, to join the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775–1783). Congress created the Continental Army on June 14, 1775, and Samuel and John Adams nominated Washington to become its commander-in-chief. Washington was chosen over John Hancock because of his military experience and the belief that a Virginian would better unite the colonies. He was considered an incisive leader who kept his ambition in check. He was unanimously elected commander in chief by Congress the next day. Washington appeared before Congress in uniform and gave an acceptance speech on June 16, declining a salary, though he was later reimbursed expenses. He was commissioned on June 19 and was roundly praised by Congressional delegates, including John Adams, who proclaimed that he was the man best suited to lead and unite the colonies. Congress appointed Washington \"General & Commander in chief of the army of the United Colonies and of all the forces raised or to be raised by them\", and instructed him to take charge of the Siege of Boston on June 22, 1775. Congress chose"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " his primary staff officers, including Major General Artemas Ward, Adjutant General Horatio Gates, Major General Charles Lee, Major General Philip Schuyler, Major General Nathanael Greene, Colonel Henry Knox, and Colonel Alexander Hamilton. Washington was impressed by Colonel Benedict Arnold and gave him responsibility for launching an invasion of Canada. He also engaged French and Indian War compatriot Brigadier General Daniel Morgan. Henry Knox impressed Adams with ordnance knowledge, and Washington promoted him to colonel and chief of artillery. At the start of the Revolutionary War, Washington opposed the recruiting of blacks, both free and enslaved, into the Continental Army and initially banned their enlistment. The British saw an opportunity to divide the colonies, and the colonial governor of Virginia issued a proclamation, which promised freedom to slaves if they joined the British. Desperate for manpower by late 1777, Washington relented and overturned his ban. By the end of the war, around one-tenth of Washington's army were blacks. Following the British surrender, Washington sought to enforce terms of the preliminary Treaty of Paris (1783) by reclaiming slaves freed by the British and returning them to servitude. He arranged to make this request to Sir Guy Carleton on May 6, 1783. Instead,"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " Carleton issued 3,000 freedom certificates and all former slaves in New York City were able to leave before the city was evacuated by the British in late November 1783.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775–1783).:Siege of Boston. Early in 1775, in response to the growing rebellious movement, London sent British troops, commanded by General Thomas Gage, to occupy Boston. They set up fortifications about the city, making it impervious to attack. Various local militias surrounded the city and effectively trapped the British, resulting in a standoff. As Washington headed for Boston, word of his march preceded him, and he was greeted everywhere; gradually, he became a symbol of the Patriot cause. Upon arrival on July 2, 1775, two weeks after the Patriot defeat at nearby Bunker Hill, he set up his Cambridge, Massachusetts headquarters and inspected the new army there, only to find an undisciplined and badly outfitted militia. After consultation, he initiated Benjamin Franklin's suggested reforms—drilling the soldiers and imposing strict discipline, floggings, and incarceration. Washington ordered his officers to identify the skills of recruits to ensure military effectiveness, while removing incompetent officers. He petitioned Gage, his former superior, to release captured Patriot officers from"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " prison and treat them humanely. In October 1775, King George III declared that the colonies were in open rebellion and relieved General Gage of command for incompetence, replacing him with General William Howe. The Continental Army, further diminished by expiring short-term enlistments, and by January 1776 reduced by half to 9,600 men, had to be supplemented with the militia, and was joined by Knox with heavy artillery captured from Fort Ticonderoga. When the Charles River froze over, Washington was eager to cross and storm Boston, but General Gates and others were opposed to untrained militia striking well-garrisoned fortifications. Washington reluctantly agreed to secure the Dorchester Heights, 100 feet above Boston, in an attempt to force the British out of the city. On March 9, under cover of darkness, Washington's troops brought up Knox's big guns and bombarded British ships in Boston harbor. On March 17, 9,000 British troops and Loyalists began a chaotic ten-day evacuation of Boston aboard 120 ships. Soon after, Washington entered the city with 500 men, with explicit orders not to plunder the city. He ordered variolation against smallpox to great effect, as he did later in Morristown, New Jersey. He refrained from"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " exerting military authority in Boston, leaving civilian matters in the hands of local authorities.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775–1783).:Invasion of Quebec (1775). The Invasion of Quebec (June 1775 – October 1776, French: Invasion du Québec) was the first major military initiative by the newly formed Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. On June 27, 1775, Congress authorized General Philip Schuyler to investigate, and, if it seemed appropriate, begin an invasion. Benedict Arnold, passed over for its command, went to Boston and convinced General George Washington to send a supporting force to Quebec City under his command. The objective of the campaign was to seize the Province of Quebec (part of modern-day Canada) from Great Britain, and persuade French-speaking Canadiens to join the revolution on the side of the Thirteen Colonies. One expedition left Fort Ticonderoga under Richard Montgomery, besieged and captured Fort St. Johns, and very nearly captured British General Guy Carleton when taking Montreal. The other expedition, under Benedict Arnold, left Cambridge, Massachusetts and traveled with great difficulty through the wilderness of Maine to Quebec City. The two forces joined there, but they were defeated at the Battle of Quebec in December 1775"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": ", where Montgomery died.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775–1783).:Battle of Long Island. Washington then proceeded to New York City, arriving on April 13, 1776, and began constructing fortifications to thwart the expected British attack. He ordered his occupying forces to treat civilians and their property with respect, to avoid the abuses which Bostonian citizens suffered at the hands of British troops during their occupation. A plot to assassinate or capture him was discovered and thwarted, resulting in the arrest of 98 people involved or complicit (56 of which were from Long Island (Kings (Brooklyn) and Queens counties)), including the Loyalist Mayor of New York David Mathews. Washington's bodyguard, Thomas Hickey, was hanged for mutiny and sedition. General Howe transported his resupplied army, with the British fleet, from Halifax to New York, knowing the city was key to securing the continent. George Germain, who ran the British war effort in England, believed it could be won with one \"decisive blow\". The British forces, including more than a hundred ships and thousands of troops, began arriving on Staten Island on July2 to lay siege to the city. After the Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, Washington informed his troops in"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " his general orders of July9 that Congress had declared the united colonies to be \"free and independent states\". Howe's troop strength totaled 32,000 regulars and Hessian auxiliaries, and Washington's consisted of 23,000, mostly raw recruits and militia. In August, Howe landed 20,000 troops at Gravesend, Brooklyn, and approached Washington's fortifications, as George III proclaimed the rebellious American colonists to be traitors. Washington, opposing his generals, chose to fight, based upon inaccurate information that Howe's army had only 8,000-plus troops. In the Battle of Long Island, Howe assaulted Washington's flank and inflicted 1,500 Patriot casualties, the British suffering 400. Washington retreated, instructing General William Heath to acquisition river craft in the area. On August 30, General William Alexander held off the British and gave cover while the army crossed the East River under darkness to Manhattan Island without loss of life or materiel, although Alexander was captured. Colonel John Glover's Massachusetts regiment successfully evacuated Washington's 9,000 men, horses, and artillery from Brooklyn to Manhattan on August 29. Howe was emboldened by his Long Island victory and dispatched Washington as \"George Washington, Esq.\" in futility to negotiate peace. Washington declined, demanding to be addressed with"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " diplomatic protocol, as general and fellow belligerent, not as a \"rebel\", lest his men are hanged as such if captured. The Royal Navy bombarded the unstable earthworks on lower Manhattan Island. Washington, with misgivings, heeded the advice of Generals Greene and Putnam to defend Fort Washington. They were unable to hold it, and Washington abandoned it despite General Lee's objections, as his army retired north to the White Plains. Howe's pursuit forced Washington to retreat across the Hudson River to Fort Lee to avoid encirclement. Howe landed his troops on Manhattan in November and captured Fort Washington, inflicting high casualties on the Americans. Washington was responsible for delaying the retreat, though he blamed Congress and General Greene. Loyalists in New York considered Howe a liberator and spread a rumor that Washington had set fire to the city. Patriot morale reached its lowest when Lee was captured. Now reduced to 5,400 troops, Washington's army retreated through New Jersey, and Howe broke off pursuit, delaying his advance on Philadelphia, and set up winter quarters in New York.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775–1783).:Crossing the Delaware, Trenton, and Princeton. Washington crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania, where Lee's replacement John"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " Sullivan joined him with 2,000 more troops. The future of the Continental Army was in doubt for lack of supplies, a harsh winter, expiring enlistments, and desertions. Washington was disappointed that many New Jersey residents were Loyalists or skeptical about the prospect of independence. Howe split up his British Army and posted a Hessian garrison at Trenton to hold western New Jersey and the east shore of the Delaware, but the army appeared complacent, and Washington and his generals devised a surprise attack on the Hessians at Trenton, which he codenamed \"Victory or Death\". The army was to cross the Delaware River to Trenton in three divisions: one led by Washington (2,400 troops), another by General James Ewing (700), and the third by Colonel John Cadwalader (1,500). The force was to then split, with Washington taking the Pennington Road and General Sullivan traveling south on the river's edge. Washington first ordered a 60-mile search for Durham boats to transport his army, and he ordered the destruction of vessels that could be used by the British. Washington crossed the Delaware River on Christmas night, December 25, 1776, while he personally risked capture staking out the Jersey shoreline. His men followed across the"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " ice-obstructed river in sleet and snow from McConkey's Ferry, with 40 men per vessel. The wind churned up the waters, and they were pelted with hail, but by 3:00a.m. on December 26, they made it across with no losses. Henry Knox was delayed, managing frightened horses and about 18 field guns on flat-bottomed ferries. Cadwalader and Ewing failed to cross due to the ice and heavy currents, and awaiting Washington doubted his planned attack on Trenton. Once Knox arrived, Washington proceeded to Trenton to take only his troops against the Hessians, rather than risk being spotted returning his army to Pennsylvania. The troops spotted Hessian positions a mile from Trenton, so Washington split his force into two columns, rallying his men: \"Soldiers keep by your officers. For God's sake, keep by your officers.\" The two columns were separated at the Birmingham crossroads. General Nathanael Greene's column took the upper Ferry Road, led by Washington, and General John Sullivan's column advanced on River Road. (.) The Americans marched in sleet and snowfall. Many were shoeless with bloodied feet, and two died of exposure. Meanwhile, Hessian Commander Johann Rall"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " was held up at the home of Abraham Hunt, of Trenton, who had placated Rall and some of his officers with plenty of food and drink into the late hours of the evening and morning. At sunrise, Washington, aided by Major General Knox and artillery, led his men in a surprise attack on an unsuspecting Rall. The Hessians had 22 killed, including Colonel Rall, 83 wounded, and 850 captured with supplies. Washington retreated across the Delaware River to Pennsylvania and returned to New Jersey on January 3, 1777, launching an attack on British regulars at Princeton, with 40 Americans killed or wounded and 273 British killed or captured. American Generals Hugh Mercer and John Cadwalader were being driven back by the British when Mercer was mortally wounded, then Washington arrived and led the men in a counterattack which advanced to within of the British line. Some British troops retreated after a brief stand, while others took refuge in Nassau Hall, which became the target of Colonel Alexander Hamilton's cannons. Washington's troops charged, the British surrendered in less than an hour, and 194 soldiers laid down their arms. Howe retreated to New York City where his army remained inactive until early the next year. From January to May, Washington took up winter headquarters in Jacob Arnold's"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " Tavern in Morristown, New Jersey, while he received munition from Hibernia mines. Meanwhile, \"his troops stayed in [locals]’ homes\" or camped in the Loantaka Valley to the east. While in Morristown, Washington disrupted British supply lines and expelled them from parts of New Jersey. Washington later said the British could have successfully counterattacked his encampment before his troops were dug in. The victories at Trenton and Princeton by Washington revived Patriot morale and changed the course of the war. The British still controlled New York, and many Patriot soldiers did not re-enlist or deserted after the harsh winter campaign. Congress instituted greater rewards for re-enlisting and punishments for desertion to effect greater troop numbers. Strategically, Washington's victories were pivotal for the Revolution and quashed the British strategy of showing overwhelming force followed by offering generous terms. In February 1777, word reached London of the American victories at Trenton and Princeton, and the British realized the Patriots were in a position to demand unconditional independence.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775–1783).:Brandywine, Germantown, and Saratoga. In July 1777, British General John Burgoyne led the Sar"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": "atoga campaign south from Quebec through Lake Champlain and recaptured Fort Ticonderoga intending to divide New England, including control of the Hudson River. However, General Howe in British-occupied New York blundered, taking his army south to Philadelphia rather than up the Hudson River to join Burgoyne near Albany. Meanwhile, Washington and Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette rushed to Philadelphia to engage Howe and were shocked to learn of Burgoyne's progress in upstate New York, where the Patriots were led by General Philip Schuyler and successor Horatio Gates. Washington's army of less experienced men were defeated in the pitched battles at Philadelphia. Howe outmaneuvered Washington at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, and marched unopposed into the nation's capital at Philadelphia. A Patriot attack failed against the British at Germantown in October. Major General Thomas Conway prompted some members of Congress (referred to as the Conway Cabal) to consider removing Washington from command because of the losses incurred at Philadelphia. Washington's supporters resisted, and the matter was finally dropped after much deliberation. Once the plot was exposed, Conway wrote an apology to Washington, resigned, and returned to France. Washington was concerned with Howe's"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " movements during the Saratoga campaign to the north, and he was also aware that Burgoyne was moving south toward Saratoga from Quebec. Washington took some risks to support Gates' army, sending reinforcements north with Generals Benedict Arnold, his most aggressive field commander, and Benjamin Lincoln. On October 7, 1777, Burgoyne tried to take Bemis Heights but was isolated from support by Howe. He was forced to retreat to Saratoga and ultimately surrendered after the Battles of Saratoga. As Washington suspected, Gates' victory emboldened his critics. Biographer John Alden maintains, \"It was inevitable that the defeats of Washington's forces and the concurrent victory of the forces in upper New York should be compared.\" The admiration for Washington was waning, including little credit from John Adams. British commander Howe resigned in May 1778, left America forever, and was replaced by Sir Henry Clinton.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775–1783).:Valley Forge and Monmouth. Washington's army of 11,000 went into winter quarters at Valley Forge north of Philadelphia in December 1777. They suffered between 2,000 and 3,000 deaths in the extreme cold over six months, mostly from disease and lack of food, clothing, and"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " shelter. Meanwhile, the British were comfortably quartered in Philadelphia, paying for supplies in pounds sterling, while Washington struggled with a devalued American paper currency. The woodlands were soon exhausted of game, and by February, lowered morale and increased desertions ensued. Washington made repeated petitions to the Continental Congress for provisions. He received a congressional delegation to check the Army's conditions and expressed the urgency of the situation, proclaiming: \"Something must be done. Important alterations must be made.\" He recommended that Congress expedite supplies, and Congress agreed to strengthen and fund the army's supply lines by reorganizing the commissary department. By late February, supplies began arriving. Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben's incessant drilling soon transformed Washington's recruits into a disciplined fighting force, and the revitalized army emerged from Valley Forge early the following year. Washington promoted Von Steuben to Major General and made him chief of staff. In early 1778, the French responded to Burgoyne's defeat and entered into a Treaty of Alliance with the Americans. The Continental Congress ratified the treaty in May, which amounted to a French declaration of war against Britain. The British evacuated Philadelphia for New York that June and Washington summoned a war council of American and French Generals. He chose a partial attack on"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " the retreating British at the Battle of Monmouth; the British were commanded by Howe's successor General Henry Clinton. Generals Charles Lee and Lafayette moved with 4,000 men, without Washington's knowledge, and bungled their first attack on June 28. Washington relieved Lee and achieved a draw after an expansive battle. At nightfall, the British continued their retreat to New York, and Washington moved his army outside the city. Monmouth was Washington's last battle in the North; he valued the safety of his army more than towns with little value to the British.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775–1783).:West Point espionage. Washington became \"America's first spymaster\" by designing an espionage system against the British. In 1778, Major Benjamin Tallmadge formed the Culper Ring at Washington's direction to covertly collect information about the British in New York. Washington had disregarded incidents of disloyalty by Benedict Arnold, who had distinguished himself in many battles. In 1780, Arnold began supplying British spymaster John André with sensitive information intended to compromise Washington and capture West Point, a key American defensive position on the Hudson River. Historians have noted as possible reasons for Arnold's defection to be his anger at losing promotions to"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " junior officers, or repeated slights from Congress. He was also deeply in debt, profiteering from the war, and disappointed by Washington's lack of support during his eventual court-martial. Arnold repeatedly asked for command of West Point, and Washington finally agreed in August. Arnold met André on September 21, giving him plans to take over the garrison. Militia forces captured André and discovered the plans, but Arnold escaped to New York. Washington recalled the commanders positioned under Arnold at key points around the fort to prevent any complicity, but he did not suspect Arnold's wife Peggy. Washington assumed personal command at West Point and reorganized its defenses. André's trial for espionage ended in a death sentence, and Washington offered to return him to the British in exchange for Arnold, but Clinton refused. André was hanged on October 2, 1780, despite his last request being to face a firing squad, to deter other spies.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775–1783).:Southern theater and Yorktown. In late 1778, General Clinton shipped 3,000 troops from New York to Georgia and launched a Southern invasion against Savannah, reinforced by 2,000 British and Loyalist troops. They repelled an attack by American patriots and French naval"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " forces, which bolstered the British war effort. In June 1778, Iroquois warriors joined with Loyalist rangers led by Walter Butler and killed more than 200 frontiersmen in June, laying waste to the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania. In mid-1779, in response to this and other attacks on New England towns, Washington ordered General John Sullivan to lead an expedition to force the Iroquois out of New York by effecting \"the total destruction and devastation\" of their villages and by taking their women and children hostage. The expedition systematically destroyed Iroquois villages and food stocks, and forced at least 5,036 Iroquois to flee to British Canada. The campaign directly killed a few hundred Iroquois, but according to anthropologist Anthony F. C. Wallace, the net effect of the campaign was to reduce the Iroquois by half, who became unable to support themselves or survive the harsh winter of 1779–1780. Rhiannon Koehler estimates that as many as 5,500 Iroquois, around 55.5% of the population, may have perished as a result of the campaign, which some historians have described as genocidal. Washington's troops went into quarters at Morristown, New Jersey during"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " the winter of 1779–1780 and suffered their worst winter of the war, with temperatures well below freezing. New York Harbor was frozen, snow and ice covered the ground for weeks, and the troops again lacked provisions. Clinton assembled 12,500 troops and attacked Charlestown, South Carolina in January 1780, defeating General Benjamin Lincoln who had only 5,100 Continental troops. The British went on to occupy the South Carolina Piedmont in June, with no Patriot resistance. Clinton returned to New York and left 8,000 troops commanded by General Charles Cornwallis. Congress replaced Lincoln with Horatio Gates; he failed in South Carolina and was replaced by Washington's choice of Nathaniel Greene, but the British already had the South in their grasp. Washington was reinvigorated, however, when Lafayette returned from France with more ships, men, and supplies, and 5,000 veteran French troops led by Marshal Rochambeau arrived at Newport, Rhode Island in July 1780. French naval forces then landed, led by Admiral Grasse, and Washington encouraged Rochambeau to move his fleet south to launch a joint land and naval attack on Arnold's troops. Washington's army went into winter quarters at New Windsor, New York in December 1780, and"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " Washington urged Congress and state officials to expedite provisions in hopes that the army would not \"continue to struggle under the same difficulties they have hitherto endured\". On March 1, 1781, Congress ratified the Articles of Confederation, but the government that took effect on March2 did not have the power to levy taxes, and it loosely held the states together. General Clinton sent Benedict Arnold, now a British Brigadier General with 1,700 troops, to Virginia to capture Portsmouth and conduct raids on Patriot forces from there; Washington responded by sending Lafayette south to counter Arnold's efforts. Washington initially hoped to bring the fight to New York, drawing off British forces from Virginia and ending the war there, but Rochambeau advised Grasse that Cornwallis in Virginia was the better target. Grasse's fleet arrived off the Virginia coast, and Washington saw the advantage. He made a feint towards Clinton in New York, then headed south to Virginia. The siege of Yorktown was a decisive Allied victory by the combined forces of the Continental Army commanded by General Washington, the French Army commanded by the General Comte de Rochambeau, and the French Navy commanded by Admiral de Grasse, in the defeat of Cornwallis' British forces. On August 19, the march to"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " Yorktown led by Washington and Rochambeau began, which is known now as the \"celebrated march\". Washington was in command of an army of 7,800 Frenchmen, 3,100 militia, and 8,000 Continentals. Not well experienced in siege warfare, Washington often referred to the judgment of General Rochambeau and used his advice about how to proceed; however, Rochambeau never challenged Washington's authority as the battle's commanding officer. By late September, Patriot-French forces surrounded Yorktown, trapped the British Army, and prevented British reinforcements from Clinton in the North, while the French navy emerged victorious at the Battle of the Chesapeake. The final American offensive was begun with a shot fired by Washington. The siege ended with a British surrender on October 19, 1781; over 7,000 British soldiers were made prisoners of war, in the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War. Washington negotiated the terms of surrender for two days, and the official signing ceremony took place on October 19; Cornwallis claimed illness and was absent, sending General Charles O'Hara as his proxy. As a gesture of goodwill, Washington held a dinner for the American, French, and British generals, all of whom fratern"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": "ized on friendly terms and identified with one another as members of the same professional military caste.</s><s>Commander in chief (1775–1783).:Southern theater and Yorktown.:Asgill Affair. After the surrender at Yorktown, a situation developed that threatened relations between the newly independent America and Britain. Following a series of retributive executions between Patriots and Loyalists, Washington, in May 1782, wrote in a letter to General Moses Hazen that a British captain should be executed in retaliation for the execution of Joshua Huddy, a Patriot captain, who was hanged at the direction of the Loyalist Richard Lippincott. Washington initially had wanted Lippincott himself to be executed but was rebuffed. Later that same month, Charles Asgill was chosen from amongst 13 British Captains by the drawing of lots from a hat. This was a violation of the 14th article of the Yorktown Articles of Capitulation, which protected prisoners of war from acts of retaliation. Washington's feelings on matters soon changed, declaring in a June letter to General Elias Dayton, \"I most devoutly Wish his Life may be saved.\" Nonetheless, Washington refused to reconsider the death sentence. Rather, he passed on the responsibility of determining Asgill"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": "'s fate to the Continental Congress. After much consideration, and due in large measure to appeals from French Foreign Minister, the comte de Vergennes, Asgill was released to return to England in November 1782. Peter Henriques writes that the Asgill Affair \"could have left an ugly blot on George Washington's reputation\", calling it \"a blip that reminds us even the greatest of men make mistakes\".</s><s>Commander in chief (1775–1783).:Demobilization and resignation. When peace negotiations began in April 1782, both the British and French began gradually evacuating their forces. The American treasury was empty, unpaid, and mutinous soldiers forced the adjournment of Congress, and Washington dispelled unrest by suppressing the Newburgh Conspiracy in March 1783; Congress promised officers a five-year bonus. Washington submitted an account of $450,000 in expenses which he had advanced to the army, equivalent to $ million in. The account was settled, though it was allegedly vague about large sums and included expenses his wife had incurred through visits to his headquarters. The following month, a Congressional committee led by Alexander Hamilton began adapting the army for peacetime. In August 1783, Washington gave the Army's perspective to the committee"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " in his \"Sentiments on a Peace Establishment\", which advised Congress to keep a standing army, create a \"national militia\" of separate state units, and establish a navy and a national military academy. The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783, and Great Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States. Washington then disbanded his army, giving a farewell address to his soldiers on November 2. During this time, Washington oversaw the evacuation of British forces in New York and was greeted by parades and celebrations. There he announced that Colonel Henry Knox had been promoted commander-in-chief. Washington and Governor George Clinton took formal possession of the city on November 25. In early December 1783, Washington bade farewell to his officers at Fraunces Tavern and resigned as commander-in-chief soon thereafter, refuting Loyalist predictions that he would not relinquish his military command. In a final appearance in uniform, he gave a statement to the Congress: \"I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last solemn act of my official life, by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence of them, to his holy keeping.\" Washington's resignation was acclaimed at home and abroad and"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " showed a skeptical world that the new republic would not degenerate into chaos. The same month, Washington was appointed president-general of the Society of the Cincinnati, a newly established hereditary fraternity of Revolutionary War officers. He served in this capacity for the remainder of his life.</s><s>Early republic (1783–1789).</s><s>Early republic (1783–1789).:Return to Mount Vernon. Washington was longing to return home after spending just ten days at Mount Vernon out of years of war. He arrived on Christmas Eve, delighted to be \"free of the bustle of a camp and the busy scenes of public life\". He was a celebrity and was fêted during a visit to his mother at Fredericksburg in February 1784, and he received a constant stream of visitors wishing to pay their respects to him at Mount Vernon. Washington reactivated his interests in the Great Dismal Swamp and Potomac canal projects begun before the war, though neither paid him any dividends, and he undertook a 34-day, trip to check on his land holdings in the Ohio Country. He oversaw the completion of the remodeling work at Mount Vernon, which transformed his residence into the mansion that survives to this day—although his financial situation was not strong. Cred"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": "itors paid him in depreciated wartime currency, and he owed significant amounts in taxes and wages. Mount Vernon had made no profit during his absence, and he saw persistently poor crop yields due to pestilence and poor weather. His estate recorded its eleventh year running at a deficit in 1787, and there was little prospect of improvement. Washington undertook a new landscaping plan and succeeded in cultivating a range of fast-growing trees and shrubs that were native to North America. He also began breeding mules after having been gifted a Spanish jack by King Charles III of Spain in 1784. There were few mules in the United States at that time, and he believed that properly bred mules would revolutionize agriculture and transportation.</s><s>Early republic (1783–1789).:Constitutional Convention of 1787. Before returning to private life in June 1783, Washington called for a strong union. Though he was concerned that he might be criticized for meddling in civil matters, he sent a circular letter to all the states, maintaining that the Articles of Confederation was no more than \"a rope of sand\" linking the states. He believed the nation was on the verge of \"anarchy and confusion\", was vulnerable to foreign intervention, and that a national constitution"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " would unify the states under a strong central government. When Shays' Rebellion erupted in Massachusetts on August 29, 1786, over taxation, Washington was further convinced that a national constitution was needed. Some nationalists feared that the new republic had descended into lawlessness, and they met together on September 11, 1786, at Annapolis to ask Congress to revise the Articles of Confederation. One of their biggest efforts, however, was getting Washington to attend. Congress agreed to a Constitutional Convention to be held in Philadelphia in Spring 1787, and each state was to send delegates. On December 4, 1786, Washington was chosen to lead the Virginia delegation, but he declined on December 21. He had concerns about the legality of the convention and consulted James Madison, Henry Knox, and others. They persuaded him to attend it, however, as his presence might induce reluctant states to send delegates and smooth the way for the ratification process. On March 28, Washington told Governor Edmund Randolph that he would attend the convention but made it clear that he was urged to attend. Washington arrived in Philadelphia on May 9, 1787, though a quorum was not attained until Friday, May 25. Benjamin Franklin nominated Washington to preside over the convention, and he was unanimously elected to serve as president"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " general. The convention's state-mandated purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation with \"all such alterations and further provisions\" required to improve them, and the new government would be established when the resulting document was \"duly confirmed by the several states\". Governor Edmund Randolph of Virginia introduced Madison's Virginia Plan on May 27, the third day of the convention. It called for an entirely new constitution and a sovereign national government, which Washington highly recommended. Washington wrote Alexander Hamilton on July 10: \"I almost despair of seeing a favorable issue to the proceedings of our convention and do therefore repent having had any agency in the business.\" Nevertheless, he lent his prestige to the goodwill and work of the other delegates. He unsuccessfully lobbied many to support ratification of the Constitution, such as anti-federalist Patrick Henry; Washington told him \"the adoption of it under the present circumstances of the Union is in my opinion desirable\" and declared the alternative would be anarchy. Washington and Madison then spent four days at Mount Vernon evaluating the new government's transition.</s><s>Early republic (1783–1789).:Chancellor of William & Mary. In 1788, the Board of Visitors of the College of William & Mary decided to re-establish the position of Chancellor, and elected Washington"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " to the office on January 18. The College Rector Samuel Griffin wrote to Washington inviting him to the post, and in a letter dated April 30, 1788, Washington accepted the position of the 14th Chancellor of the College of William & Mary. He continued to serve in the post through his presidency until his death on December 14, 1799.</s><s>Early republic (1783–1789).:First presidential election. The delegates to the Convention anticipated a Washington presidency and left it to him to define the office once elected. The state electors under the Constitution voted for the president on February 4, 1789, and Washington suspected that most republicans had not voted for him. The mandated March4 date passed without a Congressional quorum to count the votes, but a quorum was reached on April 5. The votes were tallied the next day, and Congressional Secretary Charles Thomson was sent to Mount Vernon to tell Washington he had been elected president. Washington won the majority of every state's electoral votes; John Adams received the next highest number of votes and therefore became vice president. Washington had \"anxious and painful sensations\" about leaving the \"domestic felicity\" of Mount Vernon, but departed for New York City on April 16 to be inaugurated.</s><s>Presidency"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " (1789–1797). Washington was inaugurated on April 30, 1789, taking the oath of office at Federal Hall in New York City. His coach was led by militia and a marching band and followed by statesmen and foreign dignitaries in an inaugural parade, with a crowd of 10,000. Chancellor Robert R. Livingston administered the oath, using a Bible provided by the Masons, after which the militia fired a 13-gun salute. Washington read a speech in the Senate Chamber, asking \"that Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who presides in the councils of nations—and whose providential aids can supply every human defect, consecrate the liberties and happiness of the people of the United States\". Though he wished to serve without a salary, Congress insisted adamantly that he accept it, later providing Washington $25,000 per year to defray costs of the presidency, equivalent to $ million in. Washington wrote to James Madison: \"As the first of everything in our situation will serve to establish a precedent, it is devoutly wished on my part that these precedents be fixed on true principles.\" To that end, he preferred the title \"Mr. President\" over more majestic names proposed by the Senate, including \"His Excell"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": "ency\" and \"His Highness the President\". His executive precedents included the inaugural address, messages to Congress, and the cabinet form of the executive branch. Washington planned to resign after his first term, but the political strife in the nation convinced him he should remain in office. He was an able administrator and a judge of talent and character, and he regularly talked with department heads to get their advice. He tolerated opposing views, despite fears that a democratic system would lead to political violence, and he conducted a smooth transition of power to his successor. He remained non-partisan throughout his presidency and opposed the divisiveness of political parties, but he favored a strong central government, was sympathetic to a Federalist form of government, and leery of the Republican opposition. Washington dealt with major problems. The old Confederation lacked the powers to handle its workload and had weak leadership, no executive, a small bureaucracy of clerks, a large debt, worthless paper money, and no power to establish taxes. He had the task of assembling an executive department and relied on Tobias Lear for advice selecting its officers. Great Britain refused to relinquish its forts in the American West, and Barbary pirates preyed on American merchant ships in the Mediterranean before the United States even had a navy.</s>"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": "<s>Presidency (1789–1797).:Cabinet and executive departments. Congress created executive departments in 1789, including the State Department in July, the War Department in August, and the Treasury Department in September. Washington appointed fellow Virginian Edmund Randolph as Attorney General, Samuel Osgood as Postmaster General, Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, and Henry Knox as Secretary of War. Finally, he appointed Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury. Washington's cabinet became a consulting and advisory body, not mandated by the Constitution. Washington's cabinet members formed rival parties with sharply opposing views, most fiercely illustrated between Hamilton and Jefferson. Washington restricted cabinet discussions to topics of his choosing, without participating in the debate. He occasionally requested cabinet opinions in writing and expected department heads to agreeably carry out his decisions.</s><s>Presidency (1789–1797).:Domestic issues. Washington was apolitical and opposed the formation of parties, suspecting that conflict would undermine republicanism. He exercised great restraint in using his veto power, writing that \"I give my Signature to many Bills with which my Judgment is at variance….\" His closest advisors formed two factions, portending the First Party System. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton formed the Federalist Party to promote national credit"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " and a financially powerful nation. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson opposed Hamilton's agenda and founded the Jeffersonian Republicans. Washington favored Hamilton's agenda, however, and it ultimately went into effect—resulting in bitter controversy. Washington proclaimed November 26, 1789, as a day of Thanksgiving to encourage national unity. \"It is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly to implore His protection and favor.\" He spent that day fasting and visiting debtors in prison to provide them with food and beer.</s><s>Presidency (1789–1797).:Domestic issues.:African Americans. In response to two antislavery petitions that were presented to Congress in 1790, slaveholders in Georgia and South Carolina objected and threatened to \"blow the trumpet of civil war\". Washington and Congress responded with a series of racist measures: naturalized citizenship was denied to black immigrants; blacks were barred from serving in state militias; the Southwest Territory that would soon become the state of Tennessee was permitted to maintain slavery; and two more slave states were admitted (Kentucky in 1792 and Tennessee in 1796). On February 12, 1793, Washington signed into law the Fugitive Slave Act"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": ", which overrode state laws and courts, allowing agents to cross state lines to capture and return escaped slaves. Many free blacks in the north decried the law believing it would allow bounty hunting and the kidnappings of blacks. The Fugitive Slave Act gave effect to the Constitution's Fugitive Slave Clause, and the Act was passed overwhelmingly in Congress (e.g. the vote was 48 to 7 in the House). On the anti-slavery side of the ledger, Washington signed a reenactment of the Northwest Ordinance in 1789, which had freed all slaves brought after 1787 into a vast expanse of federal territory north of the Ohio River, except for slaves escaping from slave states. That 1787 law lapsed when the new U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1789. The Slave Trade Act of 1794, which sharply limited American involvement in the Atlantic slave trade, was also signed by Washington. Congress also acted on February 18, 1791, to admit the free state of Vermont into the Union as the 14th state as of March 4, 1791. }}</s><s>Presidency (1789–1797).:Domestic issues.:National Bank. Washington's first term was largely devoted to economic concerns, in which Hamilton"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " had devised various plans to address matters. The establishment of public credit became a primary challenge for the federal government. Hamilton submitted a report to a deadlocked Congress, and he, Madison, and Jefferson reached the Compromise of 1790 in which Jefferson agreed to Hamilton's debt proposals in exchange for moving the nation's capital temporarily to Philadelphia and then south near Georgetown on the Potomac River. The terms were legislated in the Funding Act of 1790 and the Residence Act, both of which Washington signed into law. Congress authorized the assumption and payment of the nation's debts, with funding provided by customs duties and excise taxes. Hamilton caused controversy among Cabinet members by advocating for the establishment of the First Bank of the United States. Madison and Jefferson objected to the idea, but legislation creating the bank easily passed Congress. Jefferson and Randolph insisted the federal government was going beyond its constitutional authority by establishing the new bank. Hamilton argued the government could charter the bank under the implied powers granted by the constitution. Washington sided with Hamilton and signed the bank legislation on February 25, 1791. Meanwhile, the rift between Hamilton and Jefferson became openly hostile. The nation's first financial crisis occurred in March 1792. Hamilton's Federalists exploited large loans to gain control of U.S. debt"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " securities, causing a run on the national bank; the markets returned to normal by mid-April. Jefferson believed Hamilton was part of the scheme, despite Hamilton's efforts to ameliorate, and Washington again found himself in the middle of a feud.</s><s>Presidency (1789–1797).:Domestic issues.:Jefferson–Hamilton feud. Jefferson and Hamilton adopted diametrically opposed political principles. Hamilton believed in a strong national government requiring a national bank and foreign loans to function, while Jefferson believed the states and the farm element should primarily direct the government; he also resented the idea of banks and foreign loans. To Washington's dismay, the two men persistently entered into disputes and infighting. Hamilton demanded that Jefferson resign if he could not support Washington, and Jefferson told Washington that Hamilton's fiscal system would lead to the overthrow of the republic. Washington urged them to call a truce for the nation's sake, but they ignored him. Washington reversed his decision to retire after his first term to minimize party strife, but the feud continued after his re-election. Jefferson's political actions, his support of Freneau's \"National Gazette\", and his attempt to undermine Hamilton nearly led Washington to dismiss him from the cabinet; Jefferson ultimately resigned his position in December"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " 1793, and Washington forsook him from that time on. The feud led to the well-defined Federalist and Republican parties, and party affiliation became necessary for election to Congress by 1794. Washington remained aloof from congressional attacks on Hamilton, but he did not publicly protect him, either. The Hamilton–Reynolds sex scandal opened Hamilton to disgrace, but Washington continued to hold him in \"very high esteem\" as the dominant force in establishing federal law and government.</s><s>Presidency (1789–1797).:Domestic issues.:Whiskey Rebellion. In March 1791, at Hamilton's urging, with support from Madison, Congress imposed an excise tax on distilled spirits to help curtail the national debt, which took effect in July. Grain farmers strongly protested in Pennsylvania's frontier districts; they argued that they were unrepresented and were shouldering too much of the debt, comparing their situation to excessive British taxation before the Revolutionary War. On August 2, Washington assembled his cabinet to discuss how to deal with the situation. Unlike Washington, who had reservations about using force, Hamilton had long waited for such a situation and was eager to suppress the rebellion by using federal authority and force. Not wanting to involve the federal government if possible, Washington called on Pennsylvania state"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " officials to take the initiative, but they declined to take military action. On August 7, Washington issued his first proclamation for calling up state militias. After appealing for peace, he reminded the protestors that, unlike the rule of the British crown, the Federal law was issued by state-elected representatives. Threats and violence against tax collectors, however, escalated into defiance against federal authority in 1794 and gave rise to the Whiskey Rebellion. Washington issued a final proclamation on September 25, threatening the use of military force to no avail. The federal army was not up to the task, so Washington invoked the Militia Act of 1792 to summon state militias. Governors sent troops, initially commanded by Washington, who gave the command to Light-Horse Harry Lee to lead them into the rebellious districts. They took 150 prisoners, and the remaining rebels dispersed without further fighting. Two of the prisoners were condemned to death, but Washington exercised his Constitutional authority for the first time and pardoned them. Washington's forceful action demonstrated that the new government could protect itself and its tax collectors. This represented the first use of federal military force against the states and citizens, and remains the only time an incumbent president has commanded troops in the field. Washington justified his action against \"certain self-created societies\", which"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " he regarded as \"subversive organizations\" that threatened the national union. He did not dispute their right to protest, but he insisted that their dissent must not violate federal law. Congress agreed and extended their congratulations to him; only Madison and Jefferson expressed indifference.</s><s>Presidency (1789–1797).:Foreign affairs. In April 1792, the French Revolutionary Wars began between Great Britain and France, and Washington declared America's neutrality. The revolutionary government of France sent diplomat Edmond-Charles Genêt to America, and he was welcomed with great enthusiasm. He created a network of new Democratic-Republican Societies promoting France's interests, but Washington denounced them and demanded that the French recall Genêt. The National Assembly of France granted Washington honorary French citizenship on August 26, 1792, during the early stages of the French Revolution. Hamilton formulated the Jay Treaty to normalize trade relations with Great Britain while removing them from western forts, and also to resolve financial debts remaining from the Revolution. Chief Justice John Jay acted as Washington's negotiator and signed the treaty on November 19, 1794; critical Jeffersonians, however, supported France. Washington deliberated, then supported the treaty because it avoided war with Britain, but was disappointed that its provisions favored Britain. He"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " mobilized public opinion and secured ratification in the Senate but faced frequent public criticism. The British agreed to abandon their forts around the Great Lakes, and the United States modified the boundary with Canada. The government liquidated numerous pre-Revolutionary War debts, and the British opened the British West Indies to American trade. The treaty secured peace with Britain and a decade of prosperous trade. Jefferson claimed that it angered France and \"invited rather than avoided\" war. Relations with France deteriorated afterward, leaving succeeding president John Adams with prospective war. James Monroe was the American Minister to France, but Washington recalled him for his opposition to the Treaty. The French refused to accept his replacement Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and the French Directory declared the authority to seize American ships two days before Washington's term ended.</s><s>Presidency (1789–1797).:Native American affairs. Ron Chernow describes Washington as always trying to be even-handed in dealing with the Natives. He states that Washington hoped they would abandon their itinerant hunting life and adapt to fixed agricultural communities in the manner of white settlers. He also maintains that Washington never advocated outright confiscation of tribal land or the forcible removal of tribes and that he berated American settlers who abused natives, admitting that he"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " held out no hope for pacific relations with the natives as long as \"frontier settlers entertain the opinion that there is not the same crime (or indeed no crime at all) in killing a native as in killing a white man.\" By contrast, Colin G. Calloway writes that, \"Washington had a lifelong obsession with getting Indian land, either for himself or for his nation, and initiated policies and campaigns that had devastating effects in Indian country.\" \"The growth of the nation,\" Galloway has stated, \"demanded the dispossession of Indian people. Washington hoped the process could be bloodless and that Indian people would give up their lands for a \"fair\" price and move away. But if Indians refused and resisted, as they often did, he felt he had no choice but to \"extirpate\" them and that the expeditions he sent to destroy Indian towns were therefore entirely justified.\" During the fall of 1789, Washington had to contend with the British refusing to evacuate their forts in the Northwest frontier and their concerted efforts to incite Indian tribes to attack American settlers. The Northwest tribes under Miami chief Little Turtle allied with the British Army to resist American expansion, and killed 1,500 settlers between 1783 and 1790. As documented by Harless in"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " 2018, Washington declared that, \"the Government of the United States are determined that their Administration of Indian Affairs shall be directed entirely by the great principles of Justice and humanity\", and provided that treaties should negotiate their land interests. The administration regarded powerful tribes as foreign nations, and Washington even smoked a peace pipe and drank wine with them at the Philadelphia presidential house. He made numerous attempts to conciliate them; he equated killing indigenous peoples with killing whites and sought to integrate them into European American culture. Secretary of War Henry Knox also attempted to encourage agriculture amongst non-agriculturalist tribes. In the Southwest, negotiations failed between federal commissioners and raiding Indian tribes seeking retribution. Washington invited Creek Chief Alexander McGillivray and 24 leading chiefs to New York to negotiate a treaty and treated them like foreign dignitaries. Knox and McGillivray concluded the Treaty of New York on August 7, 1790, in Federal Hall, which provided the tribes with agricultural supplies and McGillivray with the rank of Brigadier General and an annual salary of $1,200,. In 1790, Washington sent Brigadier General Josiah Harmar to pacify the Northwest tribes, but Little Turtle routed him twice and forced him to withdraw. The Northwestern Confederacy of tribes used guerrilla tactics and were an"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " effective force against the sparsely manned American Army. Washington sent Major General Arthur St. Clair from Fort Washington on an expedition to restore peace in the territory in 1791. On November 4, St. Clair's forces were ambushed and soundly defeated by tribal forces with few survivors, despite Washington's warning of surprise attacks. Washington was outraged over what he viewed to be excessive Native American brutality and execution of captives, including women and children. St. Clair resigned his commission, and Washington replaced him with the Revolutionary War hero Major General Anthony Wayne. From 1792 to 1793, Wayne instructed his troops on Native American warfare tactics and instilled discipline which was lacking under St. Clair. In August 1794, Washington sent Wayne into tribal territory with authority to drive them out by burning their villages and crops in the Maumee Valley. On August 24, the American army under Wayne's leadership defeated the Northwestern Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, and the Treaty of Greenville in August 1795 opened up two-thirds of the Ohio Country for American settlement.</s><s>Presidency (1789–1797).:Second term. Washington initially planned to retire after his first term, while many Americans could not imagine anyone else taking his place. After nearly four years as president,"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " and dealing with the infighting in his own cabinet and with partisan critics, Washington showed little enthusiasm in running for a second term, while Martha also wanted him not to run. James Madison urged him not to retire, that his absence would only allow the dangerous political rift in his cabinet and the House to worsen. Jefferson also pleaded with him not to retire and agreed to drop his attacks on Hamilton, or he would also retire if Washington did. Hamilton maintained that Washington's absence would be \"deplored as the greatest evil\" to the country at this time. Washington's close nephew George Augustine Washington, his manager at Mount Vernon, was critically ill and had to be replaced, further increasing Washington's desire to retire and return to Mount Vernon. When the election of 1792 neared, Washington did not publicly announce his presidential candidacy. Still, he silently consented to run to prevent a further political-personal rift in his cabinet. The Electoral College unanimously elected him president on February 13, 1793, and John Adams as vice president by a vote of 77 to 50. Washington, with nominal fanfare, arrived alone at his inauguration in his carriage. Sworn into office by Associate Justice William Cushing on March 4, 1793, in the Senate Chamber of Congress Hall in Philadelphia"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": ", Washington gave a brief address and then immediately retired to his Philadelphia presidential house, weary of office and in poor health. On April 22, 1793, during the French Revolution, Washington issued his famous Neutrality Proclamation and was resolved to pursue \"a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent Powers\" while he warned Americans not to intervene in the international conflict. Although Washington recognized France's revolutionary government, he would eventually ask French minister to the United States Edmond-Charles Genêt be recalled over the Citizen Genêt affair. Genêt was a diplomatic troublemaker who was openly hostile toward Washington's neutrality policy. He procured four American ships as privateers to strike at Spanish forces (British allies) in Florida while organizing militias to strike at other British possessions. However, his efforts failed to draw America into the foreign campaigns during Washington's presidency. On July 31, 1793, Jefferson submitted his resignation from Washington's cabinet. Washington signed the Naval Act of 1794 and commissioned the first six federal frigates to combat Barbary pirates. In January 1795, Hamilton, who desired more income for his family, resigned from office and was replaced by Washington appointment Oliver Wolcott Jr. Washington and Hamilton remained friends. However, Washington's relationship with his Secretary of"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " War Henry Knox deteriorated. Knox resigned from office due to a rumor that he profited from contracts for the construction of U.S. frigates. In the final months of his presidency, Washington was assailed by his political foes and a partisan press who accused him of being ambitious and greedy, while he argued that he had taken no salary during the war and had risked his life in battle. He regarded the press as a disuniting, \"diabolical\" force of falsehoods, sentiments that he expressed in his Farewell Address. At the end of his second term, Washington retired for personal and political reasons, dismayed with personal attacks, and to ensure that a truly contested presidential election could be held. He did not feel bound to a two-term limit, but his retirement set a significant precedent. Washington is often credited with setting the principle of a two-term presidency, but it was Thomas Jefferson who first refused to run for a third term on political grounds.</s><s>Presidency (1789–1797).:Farewell Address. In 1796, Washington declined to run for a third term of office, believing his death in office would create an image of a lifetime appointment. His retirement established a precedent for a two-term limit on the"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " U.S. presidency. In May 1792, in anticipation of his retirement, Washington instructed James Madison to prepare a \"valedictory address\", an initial draft of which was entitled the \"Farewell Address\". In May 1796, Washington sent the manuscript to his Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton who did an extensive rewrite, while Washington provided final edits. On September 19, 1796, David Claypoole's \"American Daily Advertiser\" published the final version of the address. Washington stressed that national identity was paramount, while a united America would safeguard freedom and prosperity. He warned the nation of three eminent dangers: regionalism, partisanship, and foreign entanglements, and said the \"name of AMERICAN, which belongs to you, in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local discriminations.\" Washington called for men to move beyond partisanship for the common good, stressing that the United States must concentrate on its own interests. He warned against foreign alliances and their influence in domestic affairs, and bitter partisanship and the dangers of political parties. He counseled friendship and commerce with all nations, but advised against involvement in European wars. He stressed the importance of religion, asserting that"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " \"religion and morality are indispensable supports\" in a republic. Washington's address favored Hamilton's Federalist ideology and economic policies. Washington closed the address by reflecting on his legacy: After initial publication, many Republicans, including Madison, criticized the Address and believed it was an anti-French campaign document. Madison believed Washington was strongly pro-British. Madison also was suspicious of who authored the Address. In 1839, Washington biographer Jared Sparks maintained that Washington's \"...Farewell Address was printed and published with the laws, by order of the legislatures, as an evidence of the value they attached to its political precepts, and of their affection for its author.\" In 1972, Washington scholar James Flexner referred to the Farewell Address as receiving as much acclaim as Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence and Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. In 2010, historian Ron Chernow reported the \"Farewell Address\" proved to be one of the most influential statements on republicanism.</s><s>Post-presidency (1797–1799).</s><s>Post-presidency (1797–1799).:Retirement. Washington retired to Mount Vernon in March 1797 and devoted time to his plantations and other business interests, including his. His plantation operations were only minimally profitable"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": ", and his lands in the west (Piedmont) were under Indian attacks and yielded little income, with the squatters there refusing to pay rent. He attempted to sell these but without success. He became an even more committed Federalist. He vocally supported the Alien and Sedition Acts and convinced Federalist John Marshall to run for Congress to weaken the Jeffersonian hold on Virginia. Washington grew restless in retirement, prompted by tensions with France, and he wrote to Secretary of War James McHenry offering to organize President Adams' army. In a continuation of the French Revolutionary Wars, French privateers began seizing American ships in 1798, and relations deteriorated with France and led to the \"Quasi-War\". Without consulting Washington, Adams nominated him for a lieutenant general commission on July 4, 1798, and the position of commander-in-chief of the armies. Washington chose to accept, and he served as the commanding general from July 13, 1798, until his death 17 months later. He participated in planning for a provisional army, but he avoided involvement in details. In advising McHenry of potential officers for the army, he appeared to make a complete break with Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans: \"you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white, as to"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " change the principles of a profest Democrat; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the government of this country.\" Washington delegated the active leadership of the army to Hamilton, a major general. No army invaded the United States during this period, and Washington did not assume a field command. Washington was known to be rich because of the well-known \"glorified façade of wealth and grandeur\" at Mount Vernon, but nearly all his wealth was in the form of land and slaves rather than ready cash. To supplement his income, he erected a for substantial whiskey production. Historians estimate that the estate was worth about $1 million in 1799 dollars, equivalent to $ million in. He bought land parcels to spur development around the new Federal City named in his honor, and he sold individual lots to middle-income investors rather than multiple lots to large investors, believing they would more likely commit to making improvements.</s><s>Post-presidency (1797–1799).:Final days and death. On December 12, 1799, Washington inspected his farms on horseback. He returned home late and had guests over for dinner. He had a sore throat the next day but was well enough to mark trees for cutting. That evening,"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " Washington complained of chest congestion but was still cheerful. On Saturday, however, he awoke to an inflamed throat and difficulty breathing and ordered estate overseer George Rawlins to remove nearly a pint of his blood; bloodletting was a common practice of the time. His family summoned Drs. James Craik, Gustavus Richard Brown, and Elisha C. Dick. Dr. William Thornton arrived some hours after Washington died. Dr. Brown initially believed Washington had quinsy; Dr. Dick thought the condition was a more serious \"violent inflammation of the throat\". They continued the process of bloodletting to approximately five pints, but Washington's condition deteriorated further. Dr. Dick proposed a tracheotomy, but the other physicians were not familiar with that procedure and therefore disapproved. Washington instructed Brown and Dick to leave the room, while he assured Craik, \"Doctor, I die hard, but I am not afraid to go.\" Washington's death came more swiftly than expected. On his deathbed, out of fear of being entombed alive, he instructed his private secretary Tobias Lear to wait three days before his burial. According to Lear, Washington died between 10 p.m. and 11 p.m. on December 14, 1799, with"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " Martha seated at the foot of his bed. His last words were \"'Tis well\", from his conversation with Lear about his burial. He was 67. Congress immediately adjourned for the day upon news of Washington's death, and the Speaker's chair was shroud in black the next morning. The funeral was held four days after his death on December 18, 1799, at Mount Vernon, where his body was interred. Cavalry and foot soldiers led the procession, and six colonels served as the pallbearers. The Mount Vernon funeral service was restricted mostly to family and friends. Reverend Thomas Davis read the funeral service by the vault with a brief address, followed by a ceremony performed by various members of Washington's Masonic lodge in Alexandria, Virginia. Congress chose Light-Horse Harry Lee to deliver the eulogy. Word of his death traveled slowly; church bells rang in the cities, and many places of business closed. People worldwide admired Washington and were saddened by his death, and memorial processions were held in major cities of the United States. Martha wore a black mourning cape for one year, and she burned their correspondence to protect their privacy. Only five letters between the couple are known to have survived: two from Martha to George and three from him to her."
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " The diagnosis of Washington's illness and the immediate cause of his death have been subjects of debate since his death. The published account of Drs. Craik and Brown stated that his symptoms had been consistent with cynanche trachealis, a term of the period used to describe severe inflammation of the upper windpipe, including quinsy. Accusations have persisted since Washington's death concerning medical malpractice with some believing he had been bled to death from his bloodletting treatments. Various modern medical authors have speculated that he died from a severe case of epiglottitis complicated by the treatments, most notably the massive blood loss that almost certainly caused hypovolemic shock.</s><s>Burial, net worth, and aftermath. Washington was buried in the old Washington family vault at Mount Vernon, situated on a grassy slope overspread with willow, juniper, cypress, and chestnut trees. It contained the remains of his brother Lawrence and other family members, but the decrepit brick vault needed repair, prompting Washington to leave instructions in his will for the construction of a new vault. Washington's estate at the time of his death was worth an estimated $780,000 in 1799, equivalent to $ million in. Washington's peak net worth was"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " $587 million, including his 300 slaves. Washington held title to more than 65,000 acres of land in 37 different locations. In 1830, a disgruntled ex-employee of the estate attempted to steal what he thought was Washington's skull, prompting the construction of a more secure vault. The next year, the new vault was constructed at Mount Vernon to receive the remains of George and Martha and other relatives. In 1832, a joint Congressional committee debated moving his body from Mount Vernon to a crypt in the Capitol. The crypt had been built by architect Charles Bulfinch in the 1820s during the reconstruction of the burned-out capital, after the Burning of Washington by the British during the War of 1812. Southern opposition was intense, antagonized by an ever-growing rift between North and South; many were concerned that Washington's remains could end up on \"a shore foreign to his native soil\" if the country became divided, and Washington's remains stayed in Mount Vernon. On October 7, 1837, Washington's remains were placed, still in the original lead coffin, within a marble sarcophagus designed by William Strickland and constructed by John Struthers earlier that year. The sarcophagus was sealed and encased with planks, and"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " an outer vault was constructed around it. The outer vault has the sarcophagi of both George and Martha Washington; the inner vault has the remains of other Washington family members and relatives.</s><s>Personal life. Washington was somewhat reserved in personality, but he generally had a strong presence among others. He made speeches and announcements when required, but he was not a noted orator or debater. He was taller than most of his contemporaries; accounts of his height vary from to tall, he weighed between as an adult, and he was known for his great strength. He had grey-blue eyes and long reddish-brown hair. He did not wear a powdered wig; instead he wore his hair curled, powdered, and tied in a queue in the fashion of the day. Washington frequently suffered from severe tooth decay and ultimately lost all his teeth but one. He had several sets of false teeth which he wore during his presidency. Contrary to common lore, these were not made of wood, but of metal, ivory, bone, animal teeth, and human teeth possibly obtained from slaves. These dental problems left him in constant pain, which he treated with laudanum. As a public figure, he relied on the strict confidence of his dentist. Washington was a talented equestrian"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " early in life. He collected thoroughbreds at Mount Vernon, and his two favorite horses were Blueskin and Nelson. Fellow Virginian Thomas Jefferson said Washington was \"the best horseman of his age and the most graceful figure that could be seen on horseback\"; he also hunted foxes, deer, ducks, and other game. He was an excellent dancer and frequently attended the theater. He drank alcohol in moderation but was morally opposed to excessive drinking, smoking tobacco, gambling, and profanity.</s><s>Personal life.:Religion and Freemasonry. Washington was descended from Anglican minister Lawrence Washington, who was his great-great-grandfather and whose troubles with the Church of England may have prompted his heirs to emigrate to America. Washington was baptized as an infant in April 1732 and became a devoted member of the Church of England, also known as the Anglican Church. He served more than 20 years as a vestryman and churchwarden at Fairfax Parish and Truco Parish in Virginia. He privately prayed and read the Bible daily, and he publicly encouraged people and the nation to pray. He may have taken communion on a regular basis prior to the Revolutionary War, but he did not do so following the war and was admonished by Pastor James Aberc"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": "rombie for failing to do so. Washington believed in a \"wise, inscrutable, and irresistible\" Creator God who was active in the Universe, contrary to deistic thought. He referred to God in Enlightenment terms, including \"Providence\", the \"Creator\", or the \"Almighty\", and the \"Divine Author\" or \"Supreme Being\". He believed in a divine power who watched over battlefields, was involved in the outcome of war, was protecting his life, and was involved in American politics and specifically the creation of the United States. Modern historian Ron Chernow has argued that Washington avoided evangelistic Christianity or hellfire-and-brimstone speech along with communion and anything inclined to \"flaunt his religiosity\". Chernow has said Washington \"never used his religion as a device for partisan purposes or in official undertakings\". No mention of Jesus Christ appears in his private correspondence, and such references are rare in his public writings. However, Washington frequently quoted from the Bible or paraphrased it, and often referred to the Anglican \"Book of Common Prayer\". There is debate on whether he is best classed as a Christian or a theistic rationalist—or both. Washington emphasized religious toleration in a nation with numerous denominations"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " and religions. He publicly attended services of different Christian denominations and prohibited anti-Catholic celebrations in the Army. He engaged workers at Mount Vernon without regard for religious belief or affiliation. While president, he acknowledged major religious sects and gave speeches on religious toleration. He was distinctly rooted in the ideas, values, and modes of thinking of the Enlightenment, but he harbored no contempt of organized Christianity and its clergy, \"being no bigot myself to any mode of worship\". In 1793, speaking to members of the New Church in Baltimore, Washington said, \"We have abundant reason to rejoice that in this Land the light of truth and reason has triumphed over the power of bigotry and superstition.\" Freemasonry was a widely accepted institution in the late 18th century, known for advocating moral teachings. Washington was attracted to the Masons' dedication to the Enlightenment principles of rationality, reason, and brotherhood. American Masonic lodges did not share the anti-clerical perspective of the controversial European lodges. A Masonic lodge was established in Fredericksburg, Virginia in September 1752, and Washington was initiated two months later at the age of 20 as one of its first Entered Apprentices. Within a year, he progressed through its ranks to become a Master Mason. Washington had"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " high regard for the Masonic Order, but his personal lodge attendance was sporadic. In 1777, a convention of Virginia lodges asked him to be the Grand Master of the newly established Grand Lodge of Virginia, but he declined due to his commitments leading the Continental Army. After 1782, he frequently corresponded with Masonic lodges and members, and he was listed as Master in the Virginia charter of Alexandria Lodge No. 22 in 1788.</s><s>Slavery. In Washington's lifetime, slavery was deeply ingrained in the economic and social fabric of Virginia. Slavery was legal in all of the Thirteen Colonies prior to the American Revolution.</s><s>Slavery.:Washington's slaves. Washington owned and rented enslaved African Americans, and during his lifetime over 577 slaves lived and worked at Mount Vernon. He acquired them through inheritance, gaining control of 84 dower slaves upon his marriage to Martha, and purchased at least 71 slaves between 1752 and 1773. From 1786 he rented slaves, at his death he was renting 41. His early views on slavery were no different from any Virginia planter of the time. From the 1760s his attitudes underwent a slow evolution. The first doubts were prompted by his transition from tobacco to grain crops, which left him"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " with a costly surplus of slaves, causing him to question the system's economic efficiency. His growing disillusionment with the institution was spurred by the principles of the American Revolution and revolutionary friends such as Lafayette and Hamilton. Most historians agree the Revolution was central to the evolution of Washington's attitudes on slavery; \"After 1783\", Kenneth Morgan writes, \"...[Washington] began to express inner tensions about the problem of slavery more frequently, though always in private...\" The many contemporary reports of slave treatment at Mount Vernon are varied and conflicting. Historian Kenneth Morgan (2000) maintains that Washington was frugal on spending for clothes and bedding for his slaves, and only provided them with just enough food, and that he maintained strict control over his slaves, instructing his overseers to keep them working hard from dawn to dusk year-round. However, historian Dorothy Twohig (2001) said: \"Food, clothing, and housing seem to have been at least adequate\". Washington faced growing debts involved with the costs of supporting slaves. He held an \"engrained sense of racial superiority\" towards African Americans but harbored no ill feelings toward them. Some enslaved families worked at different locations on the plantation but were allowed to visit one another on their days off. Washington's slaves received two"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " hours off for meals during the workday and were given time off on Sundays and religious holidays. Some accounts report that Washington opposed flogging but at times sanctioned its use, generally as a last resort, on both men and women slaves. Washington used both reward and punishment to encourage discipline and productivity in his slaves. He tried appealing to an individual's sense of pride, gave better blankets and clothing to the \"most deserving\", and motivated his slaves with cash rewards. He believed \"watchfulness and admonition\" to be often better deterrents against transgressions but would punish those who \"will not do their duty by fair means\". Punishment ranged in severity from demotion back to fieldwork, through whipping and beatings, to permanent separation from friends and family by sale. Historian Ron Chernow maintains that overseers were required to warn slaves before resorting to the lash and required Washington's written permission before whipping, though his extended absences did not always permit this. Washington remained dependent on slave labor to work his farms and negotiated the purchase of more slaves in 1786 and 1787. Washington brought several of his slaves with him and his family to the federal capital during his presidency. When the capital moved from New York City to Philadelphia in 1791, the president began rotating his"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " slave household staff periodically between the capital and Mount Vernon. This was done deliberately to circumvent Pennsylvania's Slavery Abolition Act, which, in part, automatically freed any slave who moved to the state and lived there for more than six months. In May 1796, Martha's personal and favorite slave Oney Judge escaped to Portsmouth. At Martha's behest, Washington attempted to capture Ona, using a Treasury agent, but this effort failed. In February 1797, Washington's personal slave Hercules escaped to Philadelphia and was never found. In February 1786, Washington took a census of Mount Vernon and recorded 224 slaves. By 1799, slaves at Mount Vernon totaled 317, including 143 children. Washington owned 124 slaves, leased 40, and held 153 for his wife's dower interest. Washington supported many slaves who were too young or too old to work, greatly increasing Mount Vernon's slave population and causing the plantation to operate at a loss.</s><s>Slavery.:Abolition and manumission. Based on his letters, diary, documents, accounts from colleagues, employees, friends, and visitors, Washington slowly developed a cautious sympathy toward abolitionism that eventually ended with his will freeing his military/war valet Billy Lee, and then subsequently freeing the rest of his personally-"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": "owned slaves outright upon Martha's death. As president, he remained publicly silent on the topic of slavery, believing it was a nationally divisive issue that could destroy the union. During the American Revolutionary War, Washington began to change his views on slavery. In a 1778 letter to Lund Washington, he made clear his desire \"to get quit of Negroes\" when discussing the exchange of slaves for the land he wanted to buy. The next year, Washington stated his intention not to separate enslaved families as a result of \"a change of masters\". During the 1780s, Washington privately expressed his support for the gradual emancipation of slaves. Between 1783 and 1786, he gave moral support to a plan proposed by Lafayette to purchase land and free slaves to work on it, but declined to participate in the experiment. Washington privately expressed support for emancipation to prominent Methodists Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury in 1785 but declined to sign their petition. In personal correspondence the next year, he made clear his desire to see the institution of slavery ended by a gradual legislative process, a view that correlated with the mainstream antislavery literature published in the 1780s that Washington possessed. He significantly reduced his purchases of slaves after the war but continued to acquire them in small numbers. In 1788"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": ", Washington declined a suggestion from a leading French abolitionist, Jacques Brissot, to establish an abolitionist society in Virginia, stating that although he supported the idea, the time was not yet right to confront the issue. The historian Henry Wiencek (2003) believes, based on a remark that appears in the notebook of his biographer David Humphreys, that Washington considered making a public statement by freeing his slaves on the eve of his presidency in 1789. The historian Philip D. Morgan (2005) disagrees, believing the remark was a \"private expression of remorse\" at his inability to free his slaves. Other historians agree with Morgan that Washington was determined not to risk national unity over an issue as divisive as slavery. Washington never responded to any of the antislavery petitions he received, and the subject was not mentioned in either his last address to Congress or his Farewell Address. The first clear indication that Washington seriously intended to free his slaves appears in a letter written to his secretary, Tobias Lear, in 1794. Washington instructed Lear to find buyers for his land in western Virginia, explaining in a private coda that he was doing so \"to liberate a certain species of property which I possess, very repugnantly to my own feelings\". The plan,"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " along with others Washington considered in 1795 and 1796, could not be realized because he failed to find buyers for his land, his reluctance to break up slave families, and the refusal of the Custis heirs to help prevent such separations by freeing their dower slaves at the same time. On July 9, 1799, Washington finished making his last will; the longest provision concerned slavery. All his slaves were to be freed after the death of his wife, Martha. Washington said he did not free them immediately because his slaves intermarried with his wife's dower slaves. He forbade their sale or transportation out of Virginia. His will provided that old and young freed people be taken care of indefinitely; younger ones were to be taught to read and write and placed in suitable occupations. Washington freed more than 160 slaves, including about 25 he had acquired from his wife's brother Bartholomew Dandridge in payment of a debt. He was among the few large slave-holding Virginians during the Revolutionary Era who emancipated their slaves. On January 1, 1801, one year after George Washington's death, Martha Washington signed an order to free his slaves. Many of them, having never strayed far from Mount Vernon, were naturally reluctant to try their luck elsewhere"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": "; others refused to abandon spouses or children still held as dower slaves (the Custis estate) and also stayed with or near Martha. Following George Washington's instructions in his will, funds were used to feed and clothe the young, aged, and infirm slaves until the early 1830s.</s><s>Historical reputation and legacy. Washington's legacy endures as one of the most influential in American history since he served as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, a hero of the Revolution, and the first president of the United States. Various historians maintain that he also was a dominant factor in America's founding, the Revolutionary War, and the Constitutional Convention. Revolutionary War comrade Light-Horse Harry Lee as \"First in war—first in peace—and first in the hearts of his countrymen\". Lee's words became the hallmark by which Washington's reputation was impressed upon the American memory, with some biographers regarding him as the great exemplar of republicanism. He set many precedents for the national government and the presidency in particular, and he was called the \"Father of His Country\" as early as 1778. In 1879, Congress proclaimed Washington's Birthday to be a federal holiday. Twentieth-century biographer Douglas Southall Freeman concluded"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": ", \"The great big thing stamped across that man is character.\" Modern historian David Hackett Fischer has expanded upon Freeman's assessment, defining Washington's character as \"integrity, self-discipline, courage, absolute honesty, resolve, and decision, but also forbearance, decency, and respect for others\". Washington became an international symbol for liberation and nationalism as the leader of the first successful revolution against a colonial empire. The Federalists made him the symbol of their party, but the Jeffersonians continued to distrust his influence for many years and delayed building the Washington Monument. Washington was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences on January 31, 1781, before he had even begun his presidency. He was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States during the United States Bicentennial to ensure he would never be outranked; this was accomplished by the congressional joint resolution passed on January 19, 1976, with an effective appointment date of July 4, 1976. On March 13, 1978, Washington was militarily promoted to the rank of General of the Armies.{{cite magazine }} Parson Weems wrote a hagiographic biography in 1809 to honor Washington. Historian Ron Chernow maintains that Weems attempted"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " to humanize Washington, making him look less stern, and to inspire \"patriotism and morality\" and to foster \"enduring myths\", such as Washington's refusal to lie about damaging his father's cherry tree. Weems' accounts have never been proven or disproven. Historian John Ferling, however, maintains that Washington remains the only founder and president ever to be referred to as \"godlike\", and points out that his character has been the most scrutinized by historians, past and present. Historian Gordon S. Wood concludes that \"the greatest act of his life, the one that gave him his greatest fame, was his resignation as commander-in-chief of the American forces.\" Chernow suggests that Washington was \"burdened by public life\" and divided by \"unacknowledged ambition mingled with self-doubt\". A 1993 review of presidential polls and surveys consistently ranked Washington number 4, 3, or2 among presidents. A 2018 Siena College Research Institute survey ranked him number1 among presidents. In the 21st century, Washington's reputation has been critically scrutinized. Along with various other Founding Fathers, he has been condemned for holding enslaved human beings. Though he expressed the desire to see the abolition of slavery come through legislation,"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " he did not initiate or support any initiatives for bringing about its end. This has led to calls from some activists to remove his name from public buildings and his statue from public spaces. Nonetheless, Washington maintains his place among the highest-ranked U.S. Presidents, listed second (after Lincoln) in a 2021 C-SPAN poll.</s><s>Historical reputation and legacy.:Memorials. Jared Sparks began collecting and publishing Washington's documentary record in the 1830s in \"Life and Writings of George Washington\" (12 vols., 1834–1837). \"The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799\" (1931–1944) is a 39-volume set edited by John Clement Fitzpatrick, whom the George Washington Bicentennial Commission commissioned. It contains more than 17,000 letters and documents and is available online from the University of Virginia.</s><s>Historical reputation and legacy.:Memorials.:Educational institutions. Numerous secondary schools are named in honor of Washington, as are many universities, including George Washington University and Washington University in St. Louis.</s><s>Historical reputation and legacy.:Memorials.:Places and monuments. Many places and monuments have been named in honor of Washington,"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " most notably the capital of the United States, Washington, D.C. The state of Washington is the only US state to be named after a president. Washington appears as one of four U.S. presidents in a colossal statue by Gutzon Borglum on Mount Rushmore in South Dakota.</s><s>Historical reputation and legacy.:Memorials.:Currency and postage. George Washington appears on contemporary U.S. currency, including the one-dollar bill, the Presidential one-dollar coin and the quarter-dollar coin (the Washington quarter). Washington and Benjamin Franklin appeared on the in 1847. Washington has since appeared on many postage issues, more than any other person.</s><s>See also. - British Army during the American Revolutionary War - Founders Online - List of American Revolutionary War battles - List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War - Timeline of the American Revolution</s><s>Bibliography.</s><s>Bibliography.:Print sources. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -"
},
{
"title": "George Washington",
"text": " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Bibliography.:Primary sources. - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Bibliography.:Online sources. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "George Washington",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000418
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Valerie Harper.
|
[
{
"title": "Valerie Harper",
"text": "<s>Valerie Harper Valerie Kathryn Harper (August 22, 1939 – August 30, 2019) was an American actress. She began her career as a dancer on Broadway, making her debut as a replacement in the musical \"Li'l Abner\". She is best remembered for her role as Rhoda Morgenstern on \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\" (1970–1977) and its spinoff \"Rhoda\" (1974–1978). For her work on \"Mary Tyler Moore\", she thrice received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, and later received the award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for \"Rhoda\". From 1986 to 1987, she appeared as Valerie Hogan on the sitcom \"Valerie\", which she subsequently left for salary reasons. Her character was killed off, and the show was retitled \"Valerie's Family\" and eventually \"The Hogan Family\". Actress Sandy Duncan was cast in a new role that served as a replacement for Harper's character. Her film appearances include roles in \"Freebie and the Bean\" (1974) and \"Chapter Two\" (1979), both of which garnered her Golden Globe Award nominations. She returned to stage work in her later career, appearing in several Broadway"
},
{
"title": "Valerie Harper",
"text": " productions. In 2010, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance as Tallulah Bankhead in the play \"Looped\".</s><s>Early life. Harper was born on August 22, 1939, in Suffern, New York, the daughter of Iva Mildred (née McConnell) and Howard Donald Harper. Her father was a lighting salesman; her mother was born (and raised) in Dalmeny, Saskatchewan, before becoming a teacher and later training as a nurse. Her parents married in Alberta before her mother immigrated to the United States. Valerie was the middle child of three, between her sister Leanne and her brother Merrill, who later took the name \"Don\". After her parents' divorce in 1957, she also had a half-sister, Virginia, from her father's second marriage to Angela Posillico (1933–1996). She stated that her parents were expecting a boy. But after her arrival her first and middle names were derived from tennis players Valerie Scott and Kay Stammers who were victorious doubles partners at a tournament Harper’s father was attending the day she was born. She was of French, English, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh ancestry. Harper based her character Rhoda Morgen"
},
{
"title": "Valerie Harper",
"text": "stern on her Italian stepmother and Penny Ann Green (née Joanna Greenberg), with whom she danced in the Broadway musical \"Wildcat\". She was raised Catholic, although at an early age she \"quit\" the church. Her family moved every two years due to her father's work. Harper attended schools in South Orange, New Jersey; Pasadena, California; Monroe, Michigan; Ashland, Oregon; and Jersey City, New Jersey. When her family returned to Oregon, she stayed in the New York City area to study ballet. She attended Lincoln High School in Jersey City, New Jersey before graduating from the private Young Professionals School on West 56th Street, where classmates included Sal Mineo, Tuesday Weld, and Carol Lynley.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Broadway dancer and improv. Harper began her show business career as a dancer and chorus girl on Broadway, and went on to perform in several Broadway shows, some choreographed by Michael Kidd, including \"Wildcat\" (starring Lucille Ball), \"Li'l Abner,\" \"Take Me Along\" (starring Jackie Gleason), and \"Subways Are for Sleeping\". She was also cast in the musical \"Destry Rides Again\", but was forced to leave"
},
{
"title": "Valerie Harper",
"text": " rehearsals due to illness. She returned to Broadway in February 2010, playing Tallulah Bankhead in Matthew Lombardo's \"Looped\" at the Lyceum Theatre. Harper had a bit part in the film version of \"Li'l Abner\" (1959), playing a Yokumberry Tonic wife. She broke into television on an episode of the soap opera \"The Doctors\" (\"Zip Guns can Kill\"), and was an extra in \"Love with the Proper Stranger\". She was in the ensemble cast of Paul Sills' Story Theatre and toured with Second City along with then-husband Richard Schaal, Linda Lavin, and others, later appearing in sketches on \"Playboy After Dark\". She performed several characters in a comedy LP record, \"When You're in Love the Whole World is Jewish\", which included the popular novelty single, \"The Ballad of Irving\", a recitation by TV announcer Frank Gallop. Harper and Schaal moved to Los Angeles in 1968, and co-wrote an episode of \"Love, American Style\".</s><s>Career.:Television. While doing theater in Los Angeles in 1970, Harper was spotted by casting agent Ethel Winant, who called her in to audition for the role of Rhoda Morgenst"
},
{
"title": "Valerie Harper",
"text": "ern on \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\". She co-starred there from 1970 to 1974, then starred in the spinoff series \"Rhoda\" (CBS 1974–1978) in which her character returned to New York City. She won four Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for her work as Rhoda Morgenstern. In 2000, she reunited with Moore in \"Mary and Rhoda\", a television film that reunited their characters in later life. The first season of \"Rhoda\" was released on DVD on April 21, 2009 by Shout! Factory. Harper was nominated for a Golden Globe for \"New Star of the Year\" for her role in \"Freebie and the Bean\" (1974), and was a guest star on \"The Muppet Show\" in 1976, its first season. Harper returned to situation comedy in 1986 when she played family matriarch Valerie Hogan on the NBC series \"Valerie\". Following a salary dispute with NBC and production company Lorimar in 1987, she was fired from the series at the end of its second season, and she sued NBC and Lorimar for breach of contract. Her claims against NBC were dismissed, but the jury found that Lorimar had wrongfully fired her and awarded her $1.4"
},
{
"title": "Valerie Harper",
"text": " million plus 12.5% of the show's profits. The series continued without her, with the explanation that her character had died offscreen. In 1987, it was initially renamed \"Valerie's Family\", then \"The Hogan Family\", as Harper was replaced by Sandy Duncan, who played her sister-in-law Sandy Hogan. Harper appeared in various television films, including a performance as Maggie in a production of the Michael Cristofer play \"The Shadow Box\", directed by Paul Newman, and in guest roles on such series as \"Melrose Place\" (1998) and \"Sex and the City\" (1999).</s><s>Career.:Later career. Harper was a member of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and ran for its presidency in 2001, losing to Melissa Gilbert. She served on SAG's Hollywood board of directors. In 2005–2006, Harper portrayed Golda Meir in a United States national tour of the one-woman drama \"Golda's Balcony\". A film of the production was released in 2007. She played Tallulah Bankhead in the world-premiere production of Matthew Lombardo's \"Looped\" at the Pasadena Playhouse from June 27 to August 3, 2008. The show moved to Arena Stage in Washington"
},
{
"title": "Valerie Harper",
"text": ", D.C., in 2009. It then briefly ran on Broadway at the Lyceum Theatre, from February 2010 (previews) through April 2010, for which Harper received a Tony Award nomination. She was to continue the role on a national tour beginning January 2013, but withdrew due to her health. She played Claire Bremmer, aunt of Susan Delfino (Teri Hatcher), on ABC's \"Desperate Housewives\" in 2011. On September 4, 2013, Harper was announced as a contestant for the 17th season of \"Dancing with the Stars\", partnered with professional dancer Tristan MacManus. They were eliminated from the show on October 7, 2013. Harper appeared as the character Wanda on the American comedy web television series \"Liza on Demand\", in its July 11, 2018, episode: \"Valentine's Day\".</s><s>Career.:Activism and charity work. In the 1970s and '80s, Harper was involved in the women's liberation movement and was an advocate of the Equal Rights Amendment. With Dennis Weaver she co-founded L.I.F.E. (Love Is Feeding Everyone) in 1983, a charity that fed thousands of needy people in Los Angeles.</s><s>Personal life"
},
{
"title": "Valerie Harper",
"text": ". Harper's NYC roommate was Arlene Golonka. Harper married actor Richard Schaal in 1964. They divorced in 1978, after which she had a relationship with Peter Horton. She married Tony Cacciotti in 1987, after dating for seven years, and they adopted a daughter, Cristina. Despite playing Jewish characters such as Rhoda Morgenstern, Harper herself was not Jewish.</s><s>Illness and death. In 2009, Harper was diagnosed with lung cancer. She announced on March 6, 2013, that tests from a January hospital stay revealed she had leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, a rare condition where cancer cells spread into the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain. She explained her doctors had given her as little as three months to live. Although the disease was considered incurable, her doctors said they were treating her with chemotherapy to try to slow its progress. In April 2014, Harper said she was responding well to the treatment. On July 30, 2015, she was hospitalized in Maine after falling unconscious, and taken via medevac to a larger hospital for further treatment. She was later discharged. In 2016, Harper's cancer continued, with treatment at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, but she was well enough to appear"
},
{
"title": "Valerie Harper",
"text": " in a short film, \"My Mom and the Girl\", based on the experiences of director/writer Susie Singer Carter, whose mother has Alzheimer's disease. In September 2017, she said: \"People are saying, 'She's on her way to death and quickly'. Now it's five years instead of three months... I'm going to fight this. I'm going to see a way.\" At the time, she was developing a television series with Carter. By July 2019, she was on a regimen of \"a multitude of medications and chemotherapy drugs\" and was experiencing \"extreme physical and painful challenges\" that required \"around-the-clock, 24/7 care.\" Harper died on the morning of August 30, 2019, in Los Angeles.</s><s>References. Bibliography - - - - - - - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Valerie Harper",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000419
|
Question: Tell me a bio of James Franco.
|
[
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": "<s>James Franco James Edward Franco (born April 19, 1978) is an American actor and filmmaker. He has starred in numerous films, including Sam Raimi's \"Spider-Man\" trilogy (2002–2007), \"Milk\" (2008), \"Eat Pray Love\" (2010), \"Rise of the Planet of the Apes\" (2011), \"Spring Breakers\" (2012), and \"Oz the Great and Powerful\" (2013). He is known for his collaborations with fellow actor Seth Rogen, having appeared in eight films and one television series with him, examples being \"Pineapple Express\" (2008), \"This Is the End\" (2013), \"Sausage Party\" (2016), and \"The Disaster Artist\" (2017), for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor. For his role in \"127 Hours\" (2010), he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. Franco is also known for his work on television where his first prominent acting role was the character Daniel Desario on the short-lived ensemble comedy-drama \"Freaks and Geeks\" (1999–2000), which developed a cult following. He portrayed the title character in the television biographical film \"James Dean\" ("
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": "2001), for which he won a Golden Globe Award, and received nominations for Screen Actors Guild Award and Primetime Emmy Award. Franco had a recurring role on the daytime soap opera \"General Hospital\" (2009–2012) and starred in the limited series \"11.22.63\" (2016). He starred in the David Simon-created HBO drama \"The Deuce\" (2017–2019). Franco volunteers for The Art of Elysium charity and has taught film classes at numerous schools. Franco admitted to having sex with several of his students during his time as a teacher, which led to lawsuits and a $2 million sexual-misconduct settlement in 2021.</s><s>Early life. James Edward Franco was born in Palo Alto, California on April 19, 1978. His mother, Betsy Lou (\"née\" Verne), is a children's book author and occasional actress, and his father, Douglas Eugene Franco, ran a Silicon Valley business. His father was of Portuguese and Swedish ancestry, while his mother was from a family of Russian Jews. His paternal grandmother, Marjorie (\"née\" Peterson), is a published author of young adult books. His maternal grandfather, Daniel, changed his surname from \"Verovitz\" to \"Verne\" some time after 1940"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": ", and his maternal grandmother, Mitzie (\"née\" Levine), owned the prominent Verne Art Gallery in Cleveland, Ohio and was an active member in the National Council of Jewish Women. Franco's family upbringing was \"academic, liberal, and largely secular\". He grew up in California with his two younger brothers, actors Tom and Dave. A \"math whiz\", Franco interned at Lockheed Martin. He was often encouraged by his father to get good grades and did well on the SAT. He graduated from Palo Alto High School in 1996, where he acted in plays. This led to him attending CSSSA in 1998 for theater studies. In his high school years, Franco was arrested for underage drinking, graffiti, and being a part of a group that stole designer fragrances from department stores and sold them to classmates. These arrests led to Franco briefly becoming a ward of the state. Facing the possibility of juvenile hall, he was given a second chance by the judge. He recalled of his troubles with the law, \"It was teen angst. I was uncomfortable in my own skin. I was shy. I changed my ways just in time to get good grades.\" Although the idea of becoming a marine zoologist interested him, Franco had always secretly wanted to become"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " an actor but feared being rejected. He enrolled at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) as an English major, but dropped out after his first year (against his parents' wishes) to pursue a career as an actor, since he would have had to wait two years to audition for their acting program. He instead chose to take acting lessons with Robert Carnegie at the Playhouse West. Around this time, he took up a late-night job at McDonald's to support himself because his parents refused to do so. He was a vegetarian for the year prior to working there. While working at the establishment, he would practice accents on customers, an experience he remembered nostalgically in a 2015 \"Washington Post\" editorial titled \"McDonald's was there for me when no one else was\".</s><s>Acting career.</s><s>Acting career.:1997–2001. After 15 months of training, Franco began auditioning in Los Angeles. His first paid role was a television commercial for Pizza Hut, featuring a dancing Elvis Presley. He found guest roles on television shows but his first break came in 1999, after he was cast in a leading role on the short-lived but well-reviewed NBC television series \"Freaks and Geeks\", which ran for 18 episodes"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " and was canceled due to low viewership. Later, the show became a cult hit among audiences. He has since described the series as \"one of the most fun\" work experiences that he has had. In another interview, Franco said: \"When we were doing \"Freaks and Geeks\", I didn't quite understand how movies and TV worked, and I would improvise even if the camera wasn't on me ... So I was improvising a little bit back then, but not in a productive way.\" After his film debut \"Never Been Kissed\", he played a popular jock Chris in \"Whatever It Takes\" (2000), a modern-day remake of the 1897 play \"Cyrano de Bergerac\". He was subsequently cast as the title role in director Mark Rydell's 2001 TV biographical film \"James Dean\". To immerse himself in the role, Franco went from being a non-smoker to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day, bleached his dark brown hair blond, and learned to ride a motorcycle as well as play guitar and the bongos. To have a greater understanding of Dean, Franco spent hours with two of Dean's associates. Other research included reading books on Dean and studying his movies. While filming \"James"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " Dean\", Franco, to get into character, cut off communication with his family and friends, as well as his then-girlfriend. \"It was a very lonely existence,\" he notes. \"If I wasn't on a set, I was watching James Dean. That was my whole thinking. James Dean. James Dean.\" Despite already being a fan of Dean, Franco feared he might be typecast if he'd captured the actor too convincingly. Ken Tucker of \"Entertainment Weekly\" wrote: \"Franco could have walked through the role and done a passable Dean, but instead gets under the skin of this insecure, rootless young man.\" He received a Golden Globe Award and nominations for an Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award (SAG).</s><s>Acting career.:2002–2007. Franco achieved worldwide fame and attention in the 2002 superhero film \"Spider-Man\", when he played Harry Osborn, the son of the villainous Green Goblin (Willem Dafoe) and best friend of Spider-Man (Tobey Maguire). Originally, Franco was considered for the lead role of Spider-Man/Peter Parker in the film. Todd McCarthy of \"Variety\" noted that there are \"good moments\" between Maguire"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " and Franco in the film. \"Spider-Man\" was a commercial and critical success. The movie grossed $114 million during its opening weekend in North America and went on to earn $822 million worldwide. He next starred in \"Sonny\", a 2002 release in which he was directed by fellow actor Nicolas Cage, whose involvement had attracted Franco to the film. Set in 1980s New Orleans, \"Sonny\" follows the titular character (Franco) returning home after just being discharged from the Army. To prepare for his role, he met with sex workers or people who had previously been prostitutes. The movie was panned by critics, with the \"New York Post\"'s Lou Lumenick calling it an \"instant candidate for worst movie of the year\". Franco was cast as a homeless drug addict in the drama \"City by the Sea\" (2002) after co-star Robert De Niro saw a snippet of his work in \"James Dean\". He lived on the streets for several days to better understand the subject matter as well as talking to former or still-using drug addicts. He also co-starred with Neve Campbell in Robert Altman's ballet movie \"The Company\" (2003). The success of the first \"Spider"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": "-Man\" film led Franco to reprise the role in the 2004 sequel, \"Spider-Man 2\". The movie was well received by critics, and it proved to be a big financial success, setting a new opening weekend box office record for North America. With a revenue of $783 million worldwide, it became the second highest-grossing film in 2004. The following year he made and starred in the black comedy \"The Ape\" and the 2005 war film \"The Great Raid\", in which he portrayed Robert Prince, a captain in the United States Army's elite Sixth Ranger Battalion. In 2006, Franco co-starred with Tyrese Gibson in \"Annapolis\" and played legendary hero Tristan in \"Tristan & Isolde\", a period piece dramatization of the Tristan and Iseult story also starring British actress Sophia Myles. For the former, he did eight months of boxing training and for the latter, he practiced horseback riding and sword fighting. He then completed training for his Private Pilot Licence in preparation for his role in \"Flyboys\", which was released in September 2006; the same month, Franco appeared briefly in \"The Wicker Man\", the remake of the seminal horror film. Also in 2006, he"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " made a cameo appearance in the romantic comedy \"The Holiday\". He again played Harry Osborn in \"Spider-Man 3\" (2007). In contrast to the previous two films' positive reviews, \"Spider-Man 3\" was met with a mixed reception by critics. Nonetheless, with a total worldwide gross of $891 million, it stands as the most successful film in the series, and Franco's highest-grossing film to date. In this same year, Franco made a cameo appearance as himself in the Apatow-directed comedy \"Knocked Up\", which starred \"Freaks and Geeks\" alumni Seth Rogen, Jason Segel and Martin Starr. Franco co-starred with Sienna Miller in the low-budget independent film \"Camille\", a dark fantasy dramedy about a young newlywed couple and \"Interview\", where he appears in a voice only role, both 2007 movies that were ignored by audiences and critics alike. Among his other 2007 projects were \"Good Time Max\", which Franco wrote, directed and starred in. The movie premiered at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival and tells the story of two talented brothers who take very diverse paths in life, one going on to become a doctor whilst the other sibling (Franco) experiences unemployment and"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " uses drugs. The actor chose to cast himself in that role because, \"It was really just a process of elimination. I was better suited for this role than the responsible surgeon\".</s><s>Acting career.:2008–2010. He next starred in \"Pineapple Express\" (2008), a stoner comedy co-starring and co-written by Seth Rogen and produced by Judd Apatow. Of Franco's character, Apatow said, \"You tell him, 'Okay, you're going to play a pot dealer', and he comes back with a three-dimensional character you totally believe exists. He takes it very seriously, even when it's comedy\". In her \"New York Times\" review, critic Manohla Dargis wrote: \"He's delightful as Saul, loosey-goosey and goofy yet irrepressibly sexy, despite that greasy curtain of hair and a crash pad with a zero WAF (Woman Acceptance Factor). It's an unshowy, generous performance and it greatly humanizes a movie that, as it shifts genre gears and cranks up the noise, becomes disappointingly sober and self-serious\". His performance earned him a second Golden Globe nomination, for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": ". He has stated in some interviews that he no longer uses cannabis (although he has occasionally alluded to smoking it, most notably during an extended segment on \"The Colbert Report\"). He was awarded \"High Times\" magazine's Stoner of the Year Award for his work in \"Pineapple Express\". In 2008 he also appeared in two films by American artist Carter, exhibited at the Yvon Lambert gallery in Paris. On September 20, 2008, he hosted the sketch comedy show \"Saturday Night Live\" (\"SNL\"), and a second time on December 19, 2009. Franco starred with Sean Penn, Josh Brolin and Emile Hirsch, in Gus Van Sant's \"Milk\" (2008). In the film he plays Scott Smith, the boyfriend of Harvey Milk (Penn). Kenneth Turan of the \"Los Angeles Times\", in review of the film, wrote: \"Franco is a nice match for him [Penn] as the lover who finally has enough of political life\". For his performance in the film, Franco won the Independent Spirit Award in the category for Best Supporting Actor. In late 2009 he joined the cast of the daytime soap opera \"General Hospital\" on a recurring basis. He plays Franco, a multimedia artist much like himself, who comes to Port Charles"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " to do an art exhibition and becomes obsessed with Jason Morgan (Steve Burton). Franco has called his \"General Hospital\" role performance art. Franco began 2010 by making an appearance on the sitcom \"30 Rock\" where he played himself and carried on a fake romance with Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) in a scheme concocted by their respective agents. After appearing in the commercial successes \"Date Night\", an action comedy, and \"Eat Pray Love\", an adaption of a novel, Franco played poet Allen Ginsberg in the drama \"Howl\", released on September 24. The latter, about his most known poem and the trial about the work, premiered at the Berlin Film Festival and earned modest reviews. In his next project, \"127 Hours\", directed by Danny Boyle, Franco portrayed real-life mountain climber Aron Ralston. It was given a limited release starting on November 5, 2010. \"127 Hours\" centered on Ralston trying to free his hand after it became trapped under a boulder in a ravine while canyoneering alone in Utah and resorting to desperate measures in order to survive, eventually amputating his arm. During the five-week, 12-hours-per-day shoot, Franco would only leave the g"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": "ully set to use the lavatory and would read books such as academic textbooks to keep busy. Franco later called making \"127 Hours\" a once-in-a-lifetime experience. To date, \"127 Hours\" is one of his most well-reviewed movies and was also a commercial success, earning $60.7 million against an $18 million budget. His performance earned him universal acclaim from critics. Subsequently, he was nominated for an Academy Award, Golden Globe and SAG award, as well as winning an Independent Spirit Award.</s><s>Acting career.:2011–present. On February 23, 2011, Franco made a cameo appearance on NBC's \"Minute to Win It\" where the real-life Ralston was participating as a contestant playing for charity. After having an uncredited cameo in the opening scene of \"The Green Hornet\" (2011), he starred opposite Natalie Portman and Danny McBride in the Medieval fantasy comedy \"Your Highness\". In the film, he plays Fabious, a prince who teams up with his brother (McBride) to rescue the soon to be bride of Fabious (played by Zooey Deschanel). In May 2010, he was cast to star in Rupert Wyatt's $93 "
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": "million budgeted \"Rise of the Planet of the Apes\", a reboot of the \"Planet of the Apes\" series which was released on August 5. Franco starred alongside Winona Ryder in \"The Letter\", originally entitled \"The Stare\", directed by Jay Anania. He was cast as a drug-addicted lawyer in \"About Cherry\", also starring Heather Graham, which started shooting the following month in California. He dropped out of the indie film \"While We're Young\" to star in \"Oz the Great and Powerful\", a Disney prequel to L. Frank Baum's \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\" (1900). Filming began in July 2011, and the film was released on March 8, 2013. He has signed to do a sequel to it. At the end of September 2010, the actor acquired the rights to Stephen Elliott's \"The Adderall Diaries\", with the intention to adapt, direct, and star in the film. It was announced in January 2011 that the actor has planned to not only star in, but direct himself in \"The Night Stalker\", a film version of author Philip Carlo's book about the 1980s serial killer, Richard Ramirez. Co-screenwriter of the screenplay, Nicholas Constantine, was initially"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " unconvinced that Franco would be right for the movie, until he learned of Franco's desire to be a director and later watched three of his short films, one of which featured a serial killer, ultimately confirming to the writer that the actor had a darker side. Franco also directed a film version of William Faulkner's novel \"As I Lay Dying\"; the film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. In late 2013, Franco starred in \"This Is the End\" as a fictionalized version of himself stuck in a house during an apocalypse with Seth Rogen, Jay Baruchel, Craig Robinson, Jonah Hill, and Danny McBride, also fictionalized versions of themselves. In February 2012, Franco began shooting a film version of Cormac McCarthy's 1973 novella \"Child of God\", which stars Scott Haze as Lester Ballard. The film chronicles the depraved and violent impulses of the young Tennessee backwoodsman after he is dispossessed of his ancestral land. Child of God was selected in official competition at the 70th Venice Film Festival, an official selection to the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival and an official selection to the prestigious 51st New York Film Festival. In 2013, Franco starred as the gangster"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " \"Alien\" in Harmony Korine's \"Spring Breakers,\" with Vanessa Hudgens, Selena Gomez, Ashley Benson, Gucci Mane and Rachel Korine. A24 films began a campaign in September 2013 in support of a Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination for Franco's performance. In March 2013, it was announced that Franco was set to make his 2014 Broadway stage debut in the role of George in a revival of John Steinbeck's \"Of Mice and Men\". In October 2013, Franco appeared in the music video for \"City of Angels\" by Thirty Seconds to Mars. On March 8, 2013, Franco received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6838 Hollywood Boulevard. In April 2014, Franco directed and appeared in \"Techno Color Sunglasses\", which promoted Gucci's eyewear collection. In December, Franco starred in the controversial Sony comedy thriller, \"The Interview\", a film which played a central role in the real world diplomatic relations between the United States and North Korea as they related to the 2014 Sony hacking incident. In April 2015, two of his projects, titled \"I Am Michael\" and \"True Story\", were shown at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival. In \"I Am Michael\", Franco plays a gay activist who rejects"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " his homosexuality and becomes a conservative Christian pastor with a girlfriend. In \"True Story\", based on a true story, Franco played Christian Longo, a man who was on the FBI's most wanted list for murdering his wife and three children in Oregon, and who had also been hiding under the identity of Michael Finkel, a journalist played by Jonah Hill. In 2015, Franco was cast in the lead role for the Hulu limited series \"11.22.63\" which is based on the novel of the same name by Stephen King. The eight-episode series premiered on February 15, 2016. In 2016, Franco co-produced and starred in \"King Cobra\", a true story about the rise of gay pornographic actor Brent Corrigan and the murder of Bryan Kocis. Franco played Joseph Kerekes who (along with his partner) was convicted of the murder. In the comedy \"Why Him?\", released in December 2016, Franco played an immature tech-billionaire whose girlfriend's conservative father tries to intervene in the couple's relationship, with Zoey Deutch playing the girlfriend and Bryan Cranston as her father. He briefly appeared in the \"Alien\" prequel, \"\", alongside friend and frequent collaborator Danny McBride, and Michael Fassbender and Noomi Rapace"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": ". He played Branson, the captain of the Covenant ship and husband to Daniels, played by Katherine Waterston. The film was released on May 19, 2017. In 2016, Franco directed, co-produced, and starred in \"The Disaster Artist\", the film adaptation of actor Greg Sestero's non-fiction book of the same name, about the making of \"The Room\", which is considered to be one of worst films ever made. In the film, Franco portrayed the film's star, director, screenwriter, and producer Tommy Wiseau, while Franco's brother, Dave, portrayed Sestero. Franco remained in character as Wiseau throughout the entirety of the shoot. \"The Disaster Artist\" was released on December 1, 2017, to positive reviews, while his portrayal of Wiseau gained near-universal praise. His performance won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. At the end of 2017, Franco, almost 40, said he was slowing down to focus on himself. On December 23, 2021, Franco gave his first interview in nearly four years when he appeared on an episode of the \"Jess Cagle Podcast\". In August 2022, Franco was cast as Fidel Castro in \"Alina in Cuba\", a casting decision that was"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " supported by Fidel Castro's daughter.</s><s>Other projects. Franco produced and directed a documentary titled \"Saturday Night\" documenting a week in the production of an episode of \"SNL\". The film began as a short for an NYU class but grew due to his two episodes as host, while short stories he wrote for other classes appeared in \"Esquire\" and \"McSweeney's\". In summer 2010, the fictional Franco from \"General Hospital\" held an exhibit at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles, while the real Franco held an exhibit at the museum based on his experiences on the soap opera. In 2008, Franco was named as the face of Gucci's men's fragrance line. His short films as director \"The Feast of Stephen\" and \"Herbert White\" were both presented within Maryland Film Festival in May 2010. Another of his short movies, \"The Clerk's Tale\", was screened in competition at the Hamptons Film Festival at the end of 2010. In June 2010, James Franco presented his first solo exhibition, \"The Dangerous Book Four Boys\", presented at The Clocktower Gallery in New York City. Curated by Alanna Heiss, the show featured video, drawings, sculptures and installation. On October 19, 2010, Scribner published"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " a collection of short stories, \"Palo Alto\", by Franco. The book is named after the California city where Franco grew up and is dedicated to many of the writers he worked with at Brooklyn College. Inspired by some of Franco's own teenage memories \"Palo Alto\", and memories written and submitted by high school students at Palo Alto Senior High School, consists of life in Palo Alto as experienced by a series of teenagers who spend most of their time indulging in driving drunk, smoking marijuana, and taking part in unplanned acts of violence. Each passage is told by a young narrator. The book has received mixed reviews; \"Los Angeles Times\" called it \"the work of an ambitious young man who clearly loves to read, who has a good eye for detail, but who has spent way too much time on style and virtually none on substance\". \"The Guardian\" reported that Franco's \"foray into the literary world may be met with cynicism in some quarters, but this is a promising debut from a most unlikely source\". Writing in \"The New York Times\", reviewer and fellow author Joshua Mohr praised Franco for how, in the story \"American History\", he juxtaposed historical parts with a present-day social commentary that \"makes the we wonder how much we've actually"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " evolved in post-bellum America\". At least one editor of a literary journal testified he would not publish Franco's stories, claiming he has been published due to his star power, not literary talent. \"Publishers Weekly\" reviewed the collection, stating \"The author fails to find anything remotely insightful to say in these 11 amazingly underwhelming stories\". In January 2011, Franco screened his multimedia project, entitled \"Three's Company The Drama\", in which he merges video and art to update the titular sitcom, at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival. Franco reunited with \"Milk\" director Van Sant to make \"Unfinished\", a project that features two movies: \"Endless Idaho\" and \"My Own Private River\". \"Endless Idaho\" showcases edited outtakes, deleted scenes and behind-the-scenes footage from the 1991 movie \"My Own Private Idaho\", while \"My Own Private River\" focuses on actor River Phoenix. The idea for the exhibition was conceived after Van Sant introduced unused footage from the 1991 film to Franco, inspiring him to turn it into something more. \"Unfinished\" opened from February 26 to April 9 at the Gagosian Gallery in Beverly Hills. On February 27, 2011, he and Anne Hathaway hosted the 83rd Academy Awards."
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " The two were selected to help the awards show achieve its goal of attracting a younger audience. Franco had previously said that he accepted the job for the experience and because it was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. Numerous media viewers criticized Franco for his discontent and lack of energy on stage and the show was widely panned, with some reviewers dubbing it the worst telecast in its history. The actor later spoke about his hosting in an interview on the \"Late Show with David Letterman\". He explained that when accepting the job he never had high hopes, adding \"It was never on my list of things to do. It doesn't mean I didn't care and it doesn't mean I didn't try, right?\" Regarding allegations that he was under the influence of marijuana while hosting, Franco commented \"I think the Tasmanian Devil would look stoned standing next to Anne Hathaway. She has a lot of energy!\" He concluded that he tried his best and could have had \"low energy\" during the telecast. In May, Franco made his dance-theater directorial debut at New York's Stella Adler Studios, where he narrated all the performances. Entitled \"Collage\" and described as a \"mixed-media piece\", the show featured"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " live dance, theater, music, and poetry. Tickets were free but were distributed on a first-come, first-served basis. The actor also directed two short films for songs (\"Blue\" and \"That Someone Is You\") by R.E.M. from their album \"Collapse into Now\" (2011). Franco continued his career as a filmmaker with \"The Broken Tower\", a 90-minute docudrama shot in black and white about poet Hart Crane, who committed suicide by jumping off the steamship \"SS Orizaba\". It originally started out as his master's thesis. It was screened at 2011's Los Angeles Film Festival among more than 200 feature films, short projects, and music videos from more than 30 countries. It was released on DVD in 2012. In 2011, Franco taught a graduate-level film course at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. He has also taught film classes at USC and UCLA, as well as a screenwriting class on the online learning community Skillshare. For his students' film projects, Franco has helped to attract actors, including Seth MacFarlane, Kate Mara, Natalie Portman, Chloe Sevigny, Kristen Wiig and Olivia Wilde. Franco developed an aptitude for art—painting"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " in particular—during his high school years while attending the California State Summer School for the Arts (CSSSA). Franco has said painting was the \"outlet\" he needed in high school, and he \"has actually been painting longer than he has been acting\". His paintings were displayed publicly for the first time at the Glü Gallery in Los Angeles, from January 7, through February 11, 2006. He launched his first European art exhibition in 2011 at Peres Projects in Berlin. In September 2012, Franco announced the release of his band Daddy's first single \"Love in the Old Days\" and their first EP \"MotorCity.\" On July 9, 2013, Franco announced that he would be the featured roastee on the next \"Comedy Central Roast\". The roast aired on September 2, 2013. In February 2014, Franco wrote an article in \"The New York Times\" in support of the metamodernist performance art of Shia LaBeouf, describing LaBeouf's project as one \"in which a young man in a very public profession tries to reclaim his public persona\". In April 2014, the literary publisher Graywolf Press issued Franco's first collection of poetry, \"Directing Herbert White\". The title alludes to a poem (made by Franco into a"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " 2010 short film) by Frank Bidart, who has served as friend and mentor to Franco.</s><s>In the media. Viewed as a sex symbol, Franco was named the Sexiest Man Living in 2009 by \"Salon\". There has often been frequent media coverage of Franco, particularly regarding his interest in going to colleges. In addition to that, Franco has also claimed to have been strongly misquoted by reports in the media and news outlets reporting erroneous information about him. This led to the actor being parodied in an episode of \"SNL\"s Weekend Update segment, which an \"Entertainment Weekly\" writer deemed \"clever\". In a 2011 interview, he stated: Franco has deliberately garnered a reputation for publishing \"selfies\" and wrote an explanatory article for \"The New York Times\" in December 2013. He stated: In April 2012, \"Shalom Life\" ranked Franco and his brother, Dave, together as number two on its list of 50 talented and attractive Jewish men. In 2013, Franco was featured as the cover model and featured focus in the men's magazine \"Man of the World\". In other forms of media, a Chicago-based theater company, Under the Gun Theater, developed a show inspired by and titled after Franco. The 2015"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " production of \"Dear James Franco\" used, parodied and deconstructed letters penned to or by celebrities. The performances used improvisation to satirize their subject matter.</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>Personal life.:Religion. Franco has described himself as Jewish; regarding his secular upbringing, he told \"The Guardian\" that he feels as if he has \"missed out on the Jewish experience\", but has been told not to worry about that by his Jewish friends and said in the same interview that he likes \"the idea of religion as a source of community\". When asked if he was a \"believer\", he responded, \"In God? I don't know. Yes. To a certain extent. It's a complicated question.\" In 2015, he had an official bar mitzvah ceremony, presided over by a rabbi.</s><s>Personal life.:Relationships and sexuality. Due to his support for the LGBT community and his portrayal of gay characters in his projects, Franco's sexuality has been a subject of discussion in media sources. In a March 2015 interview with \"Four Two Nine\" magazine, Franco again opened up about his sexuality, stating, \"In the twenties and thirties, they used to define homosexuality by how you acted and not by whom you slept"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " with. Sailors would fuck guys all the time, but as long as they behaved in masculine ways, they weren't considered gay. Well, I like to think that I'm gay in my art and straight in my life.\" After meeting on the set of \"Whatever It Takes\" in 1999, Franco dated co-star Marla Sokoloff for five years. He was later in a relationship with actress Ahna O'Reilly until 2011. He confirmed their separation in an interview for \"Playboy\" magazine's August 2011 issue, saying that his interest in education got between them.</s><s>Personal life.:Education. Franco, dissatisfied with his career's direction, reenrolled at UCLA in autumn 2006 as an English major with a creative writing concentration. He received permission to take as many as 62 course credits per quarter compared to the normal limit of 19, while still continuing to act, receiving many of his credits from independent study for his involvement on the set of \"Spider-Man 3\". He received his undergraduate degree in June 2008 with a GPA of 3.5/4.0. For his degree, Franco prepared his departmental honors thesis as a novel under the supervision of Mona Simpson. Franco was selected as the commencement speaker at UCLA, and was to speak"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " at the ceremony on June 12, 2009. Several months before commencement, an editorial in the student newspaper questioned his \"caliber\" and a student created a Facebook page protesting the choice. On June 3, Franco withdrew, citing a date conflict with location pre-production on a film. On January 26, 2011, Franco and the \"Harvard Lampoon\" released a satirical video on prominent comedy website Funny or Die mocking his last-minute cancellation. Franco moved to New York to simultaneously attend graduate school at Columbia University School of the Arts for writing, New York University's Tisch School of the Arts for filmmaking, and Brooklyn College for fiction writing, while also attending the low-residency MFA Program for Writers at North Carolina's Warren Wilson College for poetry. He received his M.F.A. from Columbia in 2010. As of 2010, Franco was studying in the Ph.D. program in English at Yale University. He has also attended the Rhode Island School of Design. In an interview with \"Showbiz411\", on September 23, 2010, Franco made the erroneous public announcement that he received a \"D\" grade in \"Acting\" class at the NYU Graduate Film School. He had, in fact, received that grade in a \"Directing the Actor\""
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " class. Franco's professor, José Angel Santana, alleged that Franco did not earn his grades while attending that school and stated that Franco only received high marks and a degree because of his celebrity status as an actor. Franco made unfavorable comments about Santana's teaching. In September 2012, after having been terminated from his position Santana filed a lawsuit against Franco for defamation; Santana claimed that Franco's comments were false and had led to his termination. In September 2013, Franco and Santana settled the defamation lawsuit. \"The matter has been resolved to the mutual satisfaction of the parties,\" said Santana's attorney Matthew Blit. Franco defended himself on the \"Howard Stern Show\", stating that he had told the professor before the semester began that he would have to miss most classes to film \"127 Hours\" and that they had agreed that Franco would receive a \"D\" in the course. In March 2013, Franco was featured in half-page print advertisements for his alma mater UCLA which celebrated the university's famous alumnus as a \"prolific academic\" and carried the tagline: \"Some A-Listers Actually Get A's\".</s><s>Sexual misconduct accusations and lawsuit. In 2014, a seventeen-year-old girl posted screenshots of alleged messages between her and Franco on Instagram. The"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " messages showed that Franco, then aged 35, tried to meet her in a hotel room after she told him she was seventeen. He sent multiple pictures of himself to prove his real identity. Franco admitted on \"Live! With Kelly and Michael\" that he had written the messages. Though his actions were legal, given the age of consent in New York is seventeen, he was the subject of media backlash due to the wide age gap. He initially responded to the scandal by tweeting, \"I HOPE PARENTS KEEP THEIR TEENS AWAY FROM ME. Thank you.\" He later stated he was \"embarrassed\" and that \"I learned my lesson.\" At the 2018 Golden Globe Awards, Franco wore a Time's Up pin in solidarity with the MeToo movement, to protest sexual harassment against women. His pin drew criticism on social media from actress Ally Sheedy, who hinted she had quit acting after working with Franco on a play. A former girlfriend, Violet Paley, also alleged that he once forced her to give him oral sex in a car while they were dating. On January 9, 2018, \"The New York Times\", citing the allegations, canceled a planned event with Franco. On January 10, Franco said on \"The Late Show with Stephen Colbert\" that the"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " accusations made against him on Twitter were \"not accurate\". On January 11, 2018, the \"Los Angeles Times\" reported that five women were accusing Franco of inappropriate or sexually exploitative behavior during the period when Franco was serving as their acting teacher or mentor. One former student stated that Franco \"would always make everybody think there were possible roles on the table if we were to perform sexual acts or take off our shirts\" in his projects. Another alleged that Franco held a sex scenes class and removed students' vaginal guards while simulating oral sex with them. Franco's attorney, Michael Plonsker, disputed the allegations. In her 2018 memoir, Busy Philipps puts forth an account in which Franco screamed at her before violently shoving her to the ground while on the set of \"Freaks and Geeks\". On October 3, 2019, two former students of Franco's now-closed film and acting school, Studio 4, filed a lawsuit against him and his partners. According to \"The New York Times\", the complaint alleged that the program \"was little more than a scheme to provide him and his male collaborators with a pool of young female performers that they could take advantage of.\" The case claimed that pupils were subjected to \"sexually exploitative auditions and film shoots\" and"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " had to sign away their rights to the recordings. The litigants sought unspecified monetary damages as well as the return or destruction of any questionable material. Franco has denied the plaintiffs' claims through his attorney. On February 21, 2021, it was reported that the lawsuit was settled and that, according to documents filed on February 11, both students had agreed to drop their individual claims. The deal was submitted for preliminary court approval by March 15, 2021. In June 2021, terms of the settlement were revealed, and it was disclosed that Franco, pending a judge's approval, would pay more than $2.2 million to resolve two different legal disputes: one by the two women who cited sexual exploitation (they will receive $894,000), and another class-action plaint by approximately 1,500 Studio 4 students who maintain that they were defrauded. A joint statement by the plaintiffs and defendants reads in part: \"While Defendants continue to deny the allegations in the Complaint, they acknowledge that Plaintiffs have raised important issues; and all parties strongly believe that now is a critical time to focus on addressing the mistreatment of women in Hollywood.\" Charlyne Yi worked with Franco on \"The Disaster Artist\" and claimed in April 2021 that, after trying to quit the film"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " over the allegations, a bigger role was offered by the filmmakers to Yi. Yi viewed this enticement as an attempted bribe and also accused Franco's long-time co-star Seth Rogen of enabling his behavior.\"\" A month later, Rogen commented on the allegations against Franco and expressed doubts that he would ever work with him again. On December 23, 2021, Franco admitted to having had sex with students and to being in treatment for sex addiction since 2016; however, he did not address other forms of sexual exploitation.</s><s>Philanthropy. Franco has volunteered at the charity the Art of Elysium, which helps children with serious medical conditions. He said the experience helped save his life. In January 2011, at the Art of Elysium Heaven Gala in Los Angeles, Franco was honored for his work at the hospital, receiving the Spirit of Elysium accolade. On March 31, 2011, the actor took part in \"An Evening with James Franco\", a Washington D.C. dinner benefit for 826DC, a non-profit after-school literature program. Franco became involved with Dave Eggers' 826 National after Eggers asked him to do a conceptual idea for the program, and he directed a documentary for them and has since been a supporter of"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": " them. At the event, he spoke about how he thought schools needed to be more original with their literature programs. \"Writing can do things that video cannot\", he added. In April 2011, Franco autographed a T-shirt that would be auctioned off through the Yoshiki Foundation, with the proceeds being donated for Japanese tsunami relief. On June 14, he was honored by amfAR, the foundation for AIDS research, at the Museum of Modern Art. Franco received the Piaget Award of Inspiration for his humanitarian work and contributions to men's style. In April 2013, Franco received the Ally Award at the 15th annual Miami Gay & Lesbian Film Festival. The award was presented to him in recognition of his unwavering support of the LGBT community. In April 2014, Franco presented at Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS Easter Bonnet Competition with Leighton Meester and Chris O'Dowd, after raising donations at his Broadway show \"Of Mice and Men\". In June 2014, Franco performed in the BC/EFA benefit Broadway Bares.</s><s>Selected works. - Franco, James. \"A Star, a Soap and the Meaning of Art\". \"The Wall Street Journal\", December 4, 2009. - Franco, James"
},
{
"title": "James Franco",
"text": ". \"Just Before the Black\". \"Esquire\", March 24, 2010. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Albums. - 2011: \"Turn It Up\" EP – collaboration with Kalup Linzy - 2012: \"MotorCity\" EP – with Tim O'Keefe, as the duo \"Daddy\" - 2016: \"Let Me Get What I Want\" – with Tim O'Keefe, as the duo \"Daddy\"</s><s>Discography.:Music on other albums. - 2013: \"Hanging with Da Dopeboys\" – featuring DangeRuss from album \"Spring Breakers: Music from the Motion Picture\" - 2013: \"I Love You\" – featuring Kalup Linzy from album \"Romantic Loner\" - 2015: \"11/22/63\"</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "James Franco",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000420
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Katherine Ryan.
|
[
{
"title": "Katherine Ryan",
"text": "<s>Katherine Ryan Katherine Louisa Ryan (born 30 June 1983) is a Canadian comedian, writer, presenter, actress and singer based in the United Kingdom. She has appeared on many British panel shows, including as a regular team captain on \"8 Out of 10 Cats\" and \"Never Mind the Buzzcocks\", \"A League of Their Own\", \"Mock the Week\", \"Would I Lie to You?\", \"QI\", \"Just a Minute, Safeword\", and \"Have I Got News for You\". In 2015, she replaced Steve Jones as the presenter of \"Hair\" on BBC Two. As an actress, Ryan has appeared on numerous television series in the UK, including the sitcoms \"Campus\", \"Episodes\", and her Netflix show \"The Duchess\". As a stand-up comedian, Ryan has appeared on the BBC's \"Live at the Apollo\", both as a featured act and as a lead act. She has had two live stand-up specials released on Netflix: \"Katherine Ryan: In Trouble\" (2017) and \"\" (2019).</s><s>Early life. Ryan's father, Finbar, is a draughtsman and owner of an engineering company who originally emigrated from Ireland to Canada. Her mother Julie"
},
{
"title": "Katherine Ryan",
"text": " McCarthy is British/Canadian and owns an IT consulting company. Ryan and her two younger sisters were born and raised in Sarnia, Ontario. Ryan's parents separated when she was a teenager. When she was 18, she decided to leave home and chose to study city planning at Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University) in Toronto. While attending university, she worked at restaurant chain Hooters, and she then began training other waitresses. In her spare time she undertook open mic nights as an alternative form of personal entertainment, and by graduation, she had developed a basic comedic routine. She was one of the many dancers in MuchMusic's \"Electric Circus\" program.</s><s>Career. After graduation, Ryan continued working for Hooters as a corporate trainer, travelling around Canada to train other waitresses, and helping to open the then-only UK branch in Nottingham. Her partner at the time wanted to explore London, so she agreed to do so for an initial month from summer 2007, moving there permanently from January 2008.</s><s>Career.:As a comedian. Ryan won the Funny Women award in 2008, Rachel Stubbings and Sara Pascoe were runners up. Ryan first appeared on television as herself in episodes of the Canadian music video review show \"Video on"
},
{
"title": "Katherine Ryan",
"text": " Trial\" between season one in 2005 and her last appearance in 2008 in season three. After relocating to the United Kingdom, she first appeared on Channel 4's \"8 Out of 10 Cats\" in 2012. She had previously appeared in the cast of Channel 4's \"Campus\". On 23 February 2013, she appeared as a celebrity contestant on BBC One's \"Let's Dance for Comic Relief\" as Nicki Minaj dancing to \"Starships\". Ryan reached the final, and finished in fourth place. Ryan was later featured on the Whitney Cummings Just for Laughs 2013 Gala that was taped before a live audience on 28 July 2013. She has since taken new routines to the Edinburgh Festival. In 2015, Ryan replaced Steve Jones as the presenter of \"Hair\" on BBC Two. Also in 2015, Ryan became a panellist for Tinie Tempah's team on Sky 1's music/comedy panel show \"Bring the Noise\" and on the ITV2 show, \"Safeword\". In 2016, Ryan appeared on series 2 of \"Taskmaster\". She beat Doc Brown, Joe Wilkinson, Richard Osman and Jon Richardson, to win the season. Ryan went on a comedy tour in 2016, called \"Kathbum\", a name her toddler"
},
{
"title": "Katherine Ryan",
"text": " sister used to call her. In February 2017, Netflix released \"Katherine Ryan: In Trouble\", featuring her stand-up comedy live performance at the Hammersmith Apollo in London, during that tour. She joined Jimmy Carr in 2017 to host four series of the reboot of \"Your Face or Mine?\". In 2018, Ryan joined American comedy panel show, \"The Fix\" as a team captain. In July 2019, Netflix released her second live stand-up special, \"\".</s><s>Career.:Actress. As an actress, Ryan has appeared on numerous television series in the UK, including the sitcoms \"Campus\", \"Episodes\" and \"Badults\". Ryan stars in the August 2020 season 1, Netflix comedy \"The Duchess,\" based on a single mother's life in London; she is credited as its writer, executive producer, and creator.</s><s>Career.:Other work. On 6 June 2014, YouTube comedy duo Jack and Dean released a music video for their song \"Consent\" featuring Ryan in an acting role. In 2015 and 2016 Ryan wrote a weekly column in the British entertainment magazine \"NME\". In 2016 she featured in Disney XD and Teletoon's animated television series \"Counterfeit Cat\", where she voiced Ranceford"
},
{
"title": "Katherine Ryan",
"text": ", the stuck-up, white, odd-eyed cat and leader of the Sunshine Circle for Cats. In 2021 Ryan hosted the six-part reality competition \"\" on BBC2. Also in 2021 she presented the ITV2 dating show \"Ready to Mingle\". In November 2022 Ryan was the subject of an interview in the BBC series \"Louis Theroux Interviews...\" with Louis Theroux, during which she told Theroux about the \"open secret\" of an alleged sexual abuser who was a prominent TV personality. In January 2023, Ryan appeared as \"Pigeon\" on the fourth series of \"The Masked Singer\".</s><s>Recognition. For her comedy work, Ryan won the 2008 Funny Women Award and was described as \"the funniest new female stand up in Britain\" by a national newspaper. In February 2023, Ryan won the Outstanding Female Comedy Entertainment Performance award at the 2023 National Comedy Awards for \"Backstage with Katherine Ryan\".</s><s>Personal life. Ryan dated English actor and TV presenter Jeff Leach and had a relationship with American comedian Alex Edelman. In 2019, Ryan entered into a civil partnership with Bobby Kootstra. The ceremony took place in Denmark in the presence of her daughter. The two had dated in Canada as"
},
{
"title": "Katherine Ryan",
"text": " teenagers and were reunited when Ryan returned to her hometown while filming an episode of the TV show \"Who Do You Think You Are?\" Her second child, a son, was born in June 2021. Her third child, a daughter, was born in December 2022.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Katherine Ryan",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000421
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Ralph Macchio.
|
[
{
"title": "Ralph Macchio",
"text": "<s>Ralph Macchio Ralph George Macchio Jr. ( ; born November 4, 1961) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Daniel LaRusso in three \"Karate Kid\" films and in \"Cobra Kai\", a sequel television series. He also played Johnny Cade in \"The Outsiders\", Jeremy Andretti in \"Eight Is Enough,\" Bill Gambini in \"My Cousin Vinny\", Eugene Martone in \"Crossroads\", and Archie Rodriguez in \"Ugly Betty\", and had a recurring role as Officer Haddix in \"The Deuce\".</s><s>Early life. Macchio was born in Huntington, New York. He is the son of Rosalie (née DeSantis) and Ralph George Macchio Sr., who owned a few laundromats and a wastewater disposal company. Ralph has a younger brother Steven. His father is of half Italian and half Greek descent, and his mother is of Italian ancestry. In a 1980 screen test, Macchio said his family was from Naples. In 1979, Macchio graduated from Half Hollow Hills Central School District in New York. Macchio began tap dancing lessons at the age of three and was discovered by a talent agent when he was 16 years old.</s><s>Care"
},
{
"title": "Ralph Macchio",
"text": "er.</s><s>Career.:Early roles. Macchio was cast as Jeremy Andretti for two seasons in the television series \"Eight Is Enough\". He next won the role of Johnny Cade in the 1983 film \"The Outsiders\".</s><s>Career.:\"Karate Kid\" films. His work on \"The Outsiders\" helped him to win the role of Daniel LaRusso in the blockbuster 1984 film \"The Karate Kid.\" He continued to portray the character in two of its sequels, \"The Karate Kid Part II\" (1986) and \"The Karate Kid Part III\" (1989). In \"The Karate Kid\", Macchio portrayed a \"high school weakling turned bullybuster\" who learns karate from his friend and mentor, Mr. Miyagi (portrayed by Pat Morita). Macchio's work in the \"Karate Kid\" series made him \"stratospherically famous\".</s><s>Career.:Later roles. Macchio appeared in the 1986 film \"Crossroads\", portraying music student Eugene Martone. Also in 1986, Macchio starred in \"Cuba and His Teddy Bear\" on Broadway, alongside Robert DeNiro. In 1992, he starred opposite Joe Pesci and Marisa Tomei in"
},
{
"title": "Ralph Macchio",
"text": " the hit comedy \"My Cousin Vinny\", playing Billy Gambini, who was wrongfully accused of murder while passing through a small Alabama town. In 1996, Macchio performed the lead role of J. Pierrepont Finch in the U.S. tour revival of the 1962 Tony Award-winning musical \"How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying\", and received positive reviews. Referring to his performance as a chorister in a high school production of the same musical, Macchio said, \"I was known as the 'Dancing Kid,' not that I was all that great. But I had been dancing since the age of three, taking lessons at the June Claire School of Dance in Babylon, Long Island.\" In 2005, Macchio played himself in the HBO series \"Entourage\". Beginning in October 2008, he appeared in several episodes of the ABC Network television series \"Ugly Betty\" as Archie Rodriguez, a local politician who is Hilda's love interest. As of November 2008, Macchio was ranked No. 80 among VH1's \"100 Greatest Teen Stars\". On September 20, 2010, Macchio played the adult Carl Morelli in a staged reading of the Charles Messina play \"A Room of My Own\" presented by the B"
},
{
"title": "Ralph Macchio",
"text": "leecker Street Theater Company. In February 2011, it was announced that Macchio would compete on ABC's \"Dancing with the Stars\". He was eliminated during the semi-finals, placing fourth in the overall competition. Macchio appeared in Canadian band Danko Jones' music videos for \"Had Enough\" and \"I Think Bad Thoughts\". In April 2012, Macchio was cast in the film \"Hitchcock\", based on the non-fiction book \"Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho\". Macchio portrayed \"Psycho\" screenwriter Joseph Stefano.</s><s>Career.:Post-\"Karate Kid\" and \"Cobra Kai\". Macchio appeared in the 2007 music video for the song \"Sweep the Leg\" by No More Kings as a caricature of himself and Daniel from \"The Karate Kid.\" In June 2010, Macchio appeared in Funny or Die's online short, \"Wax On, F*ck Off\", in which his loved ones stage an intervention to turn the former child star from a well-adjusted family man into an addict besieged with tabloid scandal in order to help his career, with frequent references to \"The Karate Kid\". A recurring joke in the sketch is that Macchio is confused for an adolescent. The"
},
{
"title": "Ralph Macchio",
"text": " short was lauded by \"TV Guide\"'s Bruce Fretts, who referred to the video as \"sidesplitting\" and \"comic gold\". In 2013, he appeared in \"How I Met Your Mother\". One of the main characters, Barney Stinson, asserts that Macchio's character, Daniel LaRusso, in \"The Karate Kid\" is not the real karate kid; instead, it's Johnny Lawrence, Daniel's nemesis in the film. At a celebration of the 30th anniversary of \"The Karate Kid\" at the Japanese American National Museum in 2014, Macchio said that the yellow 1947 Ford convertible his character Daniel receives from Miyagi in the first film was sitting in his garage. Beginning in 2018, Macchio reprised his role as Daniel LaRusso in \"Cobra Kai\", an action comedy-drama series that began on YouTube Red and later moved to Netflix. \"Cobra Kai\" begins in the fall of 2017, and re-examines the \"Miyagi-Verse\" narrative from Johnny's point of view, beginning with his decision to reopen the Cobra Kai karate dojo, and the rekindling of his old rivalry with Daniel. Along with William Zabka, he"
},
{
"title": "Ralph Macchio",
"text": " is also a co-executive producer of the series.</s><s>Career.:Post-\"Karate Kid\" and \"Cobra Kai\".:Memoir. In 2022, Macchio published the memoir \"Waxing On: The Karate Kid and Me\" (Dutton), in which he reflects upon the legacy of the \"Karate Kid\" films and \"Cobra Kai\".</s><s>Personal life. Macchio was introduced to his future wife, Phyllis Fierro, by his grandmother when he was 15. They married on April 5, 1987, and have two children, Julia (born 1992) and Daniel (born 1996). Fierro is a nurse practitioner. Macchio is a fan of the New York Islanders hockey team and was featured as the team's celebrity captain in the 1991 Pro Set Platinum trading card series. A 2016 bobblehead promotion saw his likeness in the team's uniform donning the iconic 'crane kick' pose from \"The Karate Kid\".</s><s>Book. -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Ralph Macchio",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000422
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Rebecca Romijn.
|
[
{
"title": "Rebecca Romijn",
"text": "<s>Rebecca Romijn Rebecca Alie O'Connell (née Romijn [ ; ], born November 6, 1972) is an American actress and former model. She is known for her role as Mystique in the original trilogy (2000–2006) of the \"X-Men\" film series, as Joan from \"The Punisher\" (2004) (both based on Marvel Comics), the dual roles of Laure Ash and Lily Watts in \"Femme Fatale\" (2002), and Una Chin-Riley on \"\" (2019) and \"\" (2022present). She has also had a recurring role as Alexis Meade on the television series \"Ugly Betty\". Her other major roles include Eve Baird on the TNT series \"The Librarians\", voicing Lois Lane in the DC Animated Movie Universe, and as the host of the reality competition show \"Skin Wars\".</s><s>Early life. Romijn was born in Berkeley, California. Her mother, Elizabeth Romijn (née Kuizenga), is a community college instructor of English as a Second Language (ESL) and textbook author. Rebecca's father, Jaap Romijn, is a custom furniture maker. Her father is a native of Barneveld, the Netherlands, while her"
},
{
"title": "Rebecca Romijn",
"text": " mother is an American of Dutch and English ancestry. Her mother met Rebecca's father as a teenager while living in the Netherlands on a student exchange program. Romijn's maternal grandfather, Henry Bernard Kuizenga, was a Presbyterian minister and seminary professor. On \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\", when questioned about always being glamorous and beautiful, Romijn revealed that in her early teens she was an insecure \"drama geek\" and that, as a result of her growth spurt, she suffered from scoliosis and was in constant pain. Many sources say that she was once nicknamed the \"Jolly Blonde Giant\" because of her height, but she has admitted to making that up \"for a laugh\". While studying music (voice) at the University of California, Santa Cruz, she became involved with fashion modeling and eventually moved to Paris, where she lived for more than three years.</s><s>Career. Among other jobs, Romijn started her modeling career in 1991. She has appeared on the covers of American, French, Spanish, Russian and Swedish editions of \"Elle\", \"Marie Claire\", American, Italian, Spanish, German, Portuguese, Russian, Greek, and Mexican editions of \"Cosmopolitan\", Allure\", Glamour\", \"G"
},
{
"title": "Rebecca Romijn",
"text": "Q\", \"Esquire\", and \"Sports Illustrated\". She has appeared in advertising campaigns for Escada, Christian Dior, La Perla, Tommy Hilfiger, Furla, Liz Claiborne, J. Crew, Victoria's Secret, bebe, La Senza, Dillard's, Pantene, Got Milk?, Miller Lite, and Maybelline. She has walked for Giorgio Armani, Sonia Rykiel, and Anna Molinari along with the likes of Claudia Schiffer, Stephanie Seymour, Karen Mulder, Kate Moss, Naomi Campbell, Linda Evangelista, Cindy Crawford, Helena Christensen and Christy Turlington. She was also the host of MTV's \"House of Style\" from 1998 to 2000. Romijn has been featured numerous times in annual lists of the world's most beautiful women by publications such as \"Maxim\" (2003–2007), AskMen.com (2001–2003, 2005–2006), and \"FHM\" (2000–2005). She appeared as a guest in the animated talk show \"Space Ghost Coast to Coast\" episode \"Chinatown\". In 2000's \"X-Men\", Romijn had her first major film role as Mystique; she returned to the role in 2003's sequel"
},
{
"title": "Rebecca Romijn",
"text": " \"X2\" and for \"\" (2006). In these films, her costume consisted of blue makeup and some strategically placed prosthetics on her otherwise nude body. In \"X2\" she shows up in a bar in one scene in her \"normal\" look and in \"X-Men: The Last Stand\", as a dark-haired \"de-powered\" Mystique. The role has since been recast with Jennifer Lawrence playing the younger version of the character. She had her first leading role in Brian De Palma's \"Femme Fatale\" (2002). She also has starred in films such as \"Rollerball\", \"The Punisher\", and \"Godsend\". She played the leading role in \"Pepper Dennis\", a short-lived TV series on The WB. In January 2007, Romijn made her first appearance on the ABC series \"Ugly Betty\" as a full-time regular cast member. She played Alexis Meade, a transgender woman and the sister of lead character Daniel Meade. In April 2008, it was reported that Romijn would only be appearing as a recurring character in Season 3 due to a change in direction by the writing staff (aligning with Romijn's pregnancy, which would have been inconsistent with her character"
},
{
"title": "Rebecca Romijn",
"text": "'s storyline). In November 2007, Romijn made a guest appearance on the ABC series \"Carpoolers\", where she played the ex-wife of the character Laird, played by her real-life husband Jerry O'Connell. Romijn starred in the ABC series \"Eastwick\", reuniting her with her former \"Pepper Dennis\" co-star, Lindsay Price, before ABC canceled the show on November 9, 2009. She appears in an uncredited cameo in the 2011 feature film \"\", appearing as an older version of the character played by Jennifer Lawrence. Romijn appeared as lab worker Jessie on the Adult Swim live-action show \"\" for two seasons. Between June and September 2013, she starred in TNT's series \"King & Maxwell\" as Michelle Maxwell, a former Secret Service agent who works as a private investigator. In addition to her film ventures, Romijn has also recorded music, performing a cover of Prince's \"Darling Nikki\" for the 2005 album \"Electro Goth Tribute to Prince\". She was also featured on the song \"Color Me Love\" for RuPaul's eighth studio album \"Realness\" in 2015. She starred as Eve Baird, the guardian of the eponymous group in \"The Librarians\", a direct spin-"
},
{
"title": "Rebecca Romijn",
"text": "off of \"The Librarian\" film series. She also hosted GSN's original series and reality show \"Skin Wars\". In 2018 she voiced Lois Lane in the DC Animated Movie Universe. In 2019, she was a recurring guest in the second season of \"\", playing the character of Una Chin-Riley, first officer of the USS \"Enterprise\". She reprised the role in the spin-off series \"\", which was released in 2022. She and husband O’Connell are currently the hosts of \"The Real Love Boat\", which premiered October 5, 2022 on CBS.</s><s>Personal life. Romijn began dating actor John Stamos in 1994 after they met at a Victoria's Secret fashion show where she was modeling. They became engaged on Christmas Eve 1997, and married on September 19, 1998 at the Beverly Hills Hotel. During the marriage, she used the name Rebecca Romijn-Stamos personally and professionally. They announced their separation in April 2004. Stamos filed for divorce in August 2004, and it became final on March 1, 2005. Romijn resumed using her maiden name, but revealed in an August 2013 interview on \"Conan\" that she had never legally changed her name back from Romijn-Stamos after a \"Con"
},
{
"title": "Rebecca Romijn",
"text": "an\" staff member noticed \"Romijn-Stamos\" on her driver's license. In 2004, Romijn started dating actor Jerry O'Connell. They became engaged in September 2005, and married at their home in Calabasas, California on July 14, 2007. They have twin daughters, born in 2008.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Rebecca Romijn",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000423
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Richard Kuklinski.
|
[
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": "<s>Richard Kuklinski Richard Leonard Kuklinski (; April 11, 1935 – March 5, 2006), also known as The Iceman, was an American criminal and convicted contract killer. Kuklinski was engaged in criminal activities for most of his adult life; he ran a burglary ring and distributed pirated pornography. He committed at least five murders between 1980 and 1984. Prosecutors described him as someone who killed for profit. Kuklinski lived with his wife and children in the New Jersey suburb of Dumont. They knew him as a loving father and husband, although one who also had a violent temper. They stated that they were unaware of his crimes. He was given the moniker Iceman by authorities after they discovered that he had frozen the body of one of his victims in an attempt to disguise the time of death. Kuklinski's modus operandi was to lure men to clandestine meetings with the promise of lucrative business deals, then kill them and steal their money. He also killed two associates to prevent them from becoming informants. Eventually, Kuklinski came to the attention of law enforcement when an investigation into his burglary gang linked him to several murders, as he was the last person to have seen five missing men alive. An eighteen-"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": "month-long undercover operation led to his arrest in December 1986. In 1988, he was convicted of four murders and sentenced to life imprisonment. In 2003, he received an additional 30-year sentence after confessing to the murder of a police officer named Peter Calabro. After his murder convictions, Kuklinski gave interviews to writers, prosecutors, criminologists, and psychiatrists. He claimed to have murdered anywhere from 100 to 200 men, often in gruesome fashion. None of these additional murders have been corroborated. Kuklinski also claimed to have worked as a hitman for the Mafia. He said he participated in several famous Mafia killings, including the disappearance and presumed murder of Teamsters' president Jimmy Hoffa. Law enforcement and organized crime experts have expressed skepticism about Kuklinski's claimed Mafia ties. He was the subject of three HBO documentaries aired in 1992, 2001 and 2003; several biographies, and a 2012 feature film \"The Iceman\".</s><s>Early life. Richard Kuklinski was born in his family's apartment on 4th Street in Jersey City, New Jersey, to Stanley Kuklinski ( Stanisław Kukliński; December 22, 1906 – January 1977), a Polish immigrant from Karw"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": "acz, Masovian Voivodeship. His father worked as a brakeman on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. His mother was Anna McNally (January 31, 1911 – March 21, 1972) from Harsimus, a devoutly Catholic first-generation Irish American who worked in a meat-packing plant. He was the second of four children. According to Kuklinski, his father Stanley was a violent alcoholic who beat his children regularly and sometimes beat his wife. Stanley abandoned the family while Richard was still a child, but returned periodically, usually drunk, and his returns were often followed by more beatings for Richard. Anna Kuklinski reportedly was also often abusive. She would beat Richard with broom handles (sometimes breaking the handle on his body during the assaults) and other household objects. He recalled an incident during his pre-teen years when his mother attempted to kill his father Stanley with a kitchen knife. Anna was a zealous Catholic and believed that stern discipline should be accompanied by a strict religious upbringing. Richard, therefore, was raised in the Roman Catholic Church and served as an altar boy. Kuklinski later rejected Catholicism. He regarded his mother as a \"cancer\" who destroyed everything she touched. Kukl"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": "inski had three siblings. Kuklinski's brother Joseph was convicted in 1970 of raping a 12-year-old girl and murdering her by throwing her and her dog off the top of a five-story building. When asked about his brother's crimes, Kuklinski replied: \"We come from the same father.\"</s><s>Criminal history.</s><s>Criminal history.:Early crimes. In the mid-1960s, Kuklinski worked at a Manhattan film lab. Through the lab, he accessed master copies of popular films, and he made bootleg copies of Disney animated films to sell. Kuklinski also discovered a lucrative market for tapes of pornographic movies; copying and distributing pornography was a regular source of income for him. He was once arrested for passing a bad check, the only crime he was charged with prior to his arrest for murder. He was photographed and fingerprinted, but the charges were dropped after he agreed to pay back the money owed. Several of his known murder victims were men he met through trafficking pornography and drugs. He also headed a burglary group with Gary Smith, Barbara Deppner, Daniel Deppner, and Percy House.</s><s>Criminal history.:Murder of George Malliband. On January 30, 1980"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": ", Kuklinski killed George Malliband during a meeting to sell him tapes. Malliband was reportedly carrying $27,000 at the time. Malliband's body was discovered a week later, on February 5, 1980. Kuklinski had placed it in a 55-gallon drum and left it near the Chemitex chemical plant in Jersey City. He cut the tendons of Malliband's leg in order to fit the corpse into the barrel. This was the first murder linked to Kuklinski. Malliband's brother told police officers that Malliband was meeting Kuklinski the day he disappeared. After a plea bargain, Kuklinski admitted to shooting Malliband five times, saying, \"It was due to business.\"</s><s>Criminal history.:Murder of Paul Hoffman. In 1982, Kuklinski met Paul Hoffman, a 51-year-old pharmacist who occasionally browsed \"the store\" in Paterson, New Jersey, a storefront with a back room holding a wide variety of stolen items for sale. Hoffman hoped to make a big profit by purchasing stolen Tagamet, a popular drug to treat peptic ulcers, to re-sell through his pharmacy. He believed Kuklinski could supply the"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " drugs and badgered him to make a deal. Hoffman was last seen on his way to meet Kuklinski with $25,000 to buy prescription drugs from Kuklinski. After a plea bargain, Kuklinski admitted to killing Hoffman on April 29, 1982. He stated that he lured Hoffman into a rented garage and tried to shoot him, but the gun jammed. Instead, he beat Hoffman to death with a tire iron. He said he then stuffed the body into a 55-gallon drum and left it outside a motel in Little Ferry. One day, Kuklinski noticed that the drum had disappeared but never learned what had happened to it. Hoffman's body was never recovered.</s><s>Criminal history.:Murder of Gary Smith. By the early 1980s, Kuklinski's burglary gang was under investigation by law enforcement. In December 1982, Percy House, a member of the gang, was arrested. House agreed to inform on Kuklinski and was placed in protective custody. Warrants were also issued for the arrest of two other gang members, Gary Smith and Daniel Deppner. Kuklinski urged them to lay low and rented them a room at the York Motel in North Bergen, New Jersey."
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " Smith left the motel to visit his daughter. Kuklinski feared that Smith, after he discussed going straight, might become an informant. According to the testimony of Barbara Deppner, Kuklinski, Daniel Deppner, and House (in jail at the time) decided that Smith had to be killed. Kuklinski fed Smith a hamburger laced with cyanide, but when this was slow to work, Daniel Deppner also strangled Smith with a lamp cord. According to forensic pathologist Michael Baden, Smith's death would probably have been attributed to something non-homicidal in nature (such as drug overdose) if Kuklinski relied solely on the poison. However, the ligature mark around Smith's neck, and the fact that the body had been deliberately hidden, proved to investigators that he was murdered. After Barbara Deppner did not return with a car to move Smith's body, Kuklinski and Daniel Deppner placed it in between the mattress and box spring. Over the next four days, a number of patrons rented the room, and although they thought the smell in the room was odd, most of them did not think to look under the bed. Finally, on December 27, 1982, after"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " more complaints from guests about the smell, the motel manager investigated and discovered the decomposing corpse.</s><s>Criminal history.:Murder of Daniel Deppner. After Smith's murder, Kuklinski moved Deppner to an apartment in Bergenfield, New Jersey, belonging to Rich Patterson, then-fiancé of Kuklinski's daughter, Merrick. Patterson was away at the time, but Kuklinski possessed keys to the apartment. Between February and May 1983, Deppner was killed by Kuklinski. Investigators deduced he was murdered in Patterson's apartment after discovering a bloody carpet. Kuklinski enlisted Patterson's help to dispose of Deppner's body, telling Patterson the victim was a friend in trouble with law enforcement and someone had broken in and killed him over the weekend. He added it was best to dump the body to avoid trouble with the police, then forget about the incident. Kuklinski made another mistake when he informed an associate that he had killed Deppner. Deppner's corpse was discovered May 14, 1983, after a bicyclist riding Clinton Road in a wooded area of West Milford, New Jersey, spotted the corpse surrounded by vultures. Kukl"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": "inski wrapped the corpse inside green garbage bags before dumping it. Medical examiners listed Deppner's cause of death as \"undetermined,\" although they noted pinkish spots on his skin, a possible sign of cyanide poisoning. Deppner was also strangled. Investigators guessed that Deppner had already been incapacitated, such as by poison, because the partially-eaten corpse had no defensive wounds and healthy adult men are rarely killed by strangulation. The medical examiner found Deppner's stomach full of undigested food, indicating that he had died shortly after (or during) a meal. The beans that Deppner had eaten were burned, so they reasoned the meal was home-cooked because most restaurants would not get away with serving burned food to customers. Investigating officers discovered the corpse just away from the ranch where Kuklinski's family often went horseback riding. Deppner was the third Kuklinski associate to be found dead.</s><s>Criminal history.:Louis Masgay discovered. On September 25, 1983, the body of Louis Masgay was discovered near a town park near Clausland Mountain Road in Orangetown, New York, with a bullet hole in the back of his head. Masgay disappeared over two"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " years earlier, on July 1, 1981, the day he was to meet Kuklinski at a New Jersey diner to purchase a large quantity of blank videocassette recorder tapes, for which Masgay had $95,000 in his van. His body was stored in a freezer, then discovered fifteen months later. After another plea bargain, Kuklinski admitted to shooting Masgay. However, Kuklinski did not thaw the corpse before he dumped it. He also wrapped it in plastic garbage bags, which kept it insulated and partially frozen. The Rockland County medical examiner found ice crystals inside the body on a warm September day. If the body had thawed before discovery, the medical examiner stated he probably would never have noticed Kuklinski's trickery. Investigators realized Masgay was wearing the clothes his wife and son said he was wearing the day he disappeared. The discovery Kuklinski froze Masgay's corpse encouraged law enforcement officers to nick-name him \"Iceman.\" Newspaper reporters sensationalized Kuklinski's frequently used moniker of \"Iceman\" in headlines.</s><s>Investigation and arrest. Kuklinski came to the attention of Pat Kane, an officer with the New Jersey State Police, when an informant helped"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " Kane connect him to a gang carrying out burglaries in northern New Jersey. He built a file on him. Eventually, five unsolved homicides—Hoffman, Smith, Deppner, Masgay, and Malliband—were linked to Kuklinski because he was the last person to see each of them alive. A joint task force of law enforcement officials titled \"Operation Iceman\" was created between the New Jersey Attorney General's office and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms dedicated to arresting and convicting Kuklinski. The ATF was involved due to Kuklinski's firearm sales. ATF Special Agent Dominick Polifrone went undercover for eighteen months to apprehend Kuklinski. Starting in 1985, Kane and Polifrone worked with Phil Solimene, a close long-time friend of Kuklinski, to get Polifrone close to Kuklinski. Posing as a Mafia-connected criminal named Dominic Provenzano, Polifrone purchased a handgun-muffler combination from Kuklinski. In recordings, Kuklinski discussed a corpse he kept in a freezer for two and a half years. He told Polifrone he preferred poison, saying \"Why be messy? You do it"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " nice and calm.\" He asked Polifrone if he could supply him with pure cyanide. Polifrone told Kuklinski he wanted to hire him to murder a wealthy Jewish cocaine dealer, and recorded Kuklinski speaking in detail about how he would do it. Kuklinski was also recorded boasting he killed a man by putting cyanide on his hamburger, and of his plans to kill \"a couple of rats\" (Barbara Deppner and Percy House). On December 17, 1986, Kuklinski met Polifrone to get cyanide for a planned murder, which was to be an attempt on an undercover police officer. After the recorded conversation with Polifrone, Kuklinski went for a walk. He tested Polifrone's (purported) cyanide on a stray dog, using a hamburger as bait, and saw it was not poison. Suspicious, Kuklinski decided not to go through with the planned murder and went home instead. He was arrested at a roadblock two hours later. His wife was charged with disorderly conduct for interfering with his arrest. Officers discovered a firearm in the vehicle, and she was charged with possession of a firearm because she was a passenger.</s><s>Trial and"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " incarceration. Prosecutors charged Kuklinski with five murder counts and six weapons violations, as well as attempted murder, robbery, and attempted robbery. Law enforcement officials said Kuklinski had large sums of money in Swiss bank accounts and a reservation on a flight to that country. Kuklinski was held on a $2million bail bond, and made to surrender his passport. After the arrest, Kuklinski told reporters ″This is unwarranted, unnecessary. These guys watch too many movies.″ At a press conference, New Jersey state Attorney General W. Cary Edwards characterized the motive for the murders as \"profit\" and said ″He set individuals up for business deals, they disappeared, and the money ended up in his hands.″ At trial, Kuklinski's former associates including Percy House and Barbara Deppner gave evidence against him as did ATF Special Agent Polifrone. The case was prosecuted by Deputy Attorney General Robert Carrol while Kuklinski was represented by a public defender. Kuklinski's lawyer argued Kuklinski had no history of violence, and only projected a \"tough image,\" including his statements to ATF Special Agent Polifrone. The defence theorized Deppner was responsible for the murder"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " of Smith, and there was no cause of death determined for Deppner. Additionally, he argued the testimony of House and Barbara Deppner was unreliable because they lied to law enforcement officials, and House received immunity from prosecution. In March 1988, jurors found Kuklinski guilty of murdering Smith and Deppner, but found the deaths were not proven to be by Kuklinski's conduct, meaning he would not face the death penalty. He was then sentenced to a minimum 60 years in prison. After the trial, Kuklinski pled guilty to killing Masgay and Malliband. Kuklinski was sentenced to an additional two life sentences to be served consecutively. State prosecutors explained he would spend the rest of his life in prison if he had successful appeals to his previous convictions. Kuklinski also confessed to killing Hoffman, but prosecutors decided not to go to trial as they had a weak case and additional life sentences would not have impacted Kuklinski's prison stay. As part of the plea bargains, the firearm charge against his wife and an unrelated marijuana possession charge against his son were dismissed. Kuklinski was ineligible for parole until 2046, when he would have been 111 years old. He was incarcerated at Trenton State"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " Prison. During his incarceration, Kuklinski granted interviews to prosecutors, psychiatrists, criminologists, and writers. Several television producers also spoke to Kuklinski about his criminal career, upbringing, and personal life. These talks culminated in three televised documentaries known as \"The Iceman Tapes\", broadcast on HBO in 1992, 2001, and 2003. According to his daughter, Merrick Kuklinski, her mother convinced Richard to do the interviews and she was paid \"handsomely\" for them. In the last installment, \"The Iceman and the Psychiatrist\", Kuklinski was interviewed by renowned forensic psychiatrist Dr. Park Dietz in 2002. Dietz stated he believed Kuklinski suffered from anti-social personality disorder plus paranoid personality disorder. Writers Anthony Bruno and Philip Carlo wrote biographies of Kuklinski. Kuklinski's wife, Barbara, received a share of the profits from the Bruno book.</s><s>Additional victims. In various interviews, Kuklinski claimed to have murdered around 200 people. He alleged he used multiple ways to kill people, including a crossbow, icepicks, a bomb attached to remote controlled toy, firearms, grenades, as well as cyanide solution spray he considered to be his"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " favorite. He said he committed his first murder at 14, and murdered homeless people for practice. In 2006, Paul Smith, a member of the task force involved in arresting Kuklinski – and later a supervisor of the organized crime division of the New Jersey Attorney General's office – said: \"I checked every one of the murders Kuklinski said he committed, and not one was true.\" He added, \"Authorities throughout the country could not corroborate one case based on the tidbits Kuklinski gave.\" In 2020, Dominick Polifrone said \"I don't believe he killed two-hundred people. I don't believe he killed a hundred people. I’ll go as high as 15, maybe.\" Kuklinski also alleged he was a Mafia contract killer independently working for all the Five Families of New York City, as well as the DeCavalcante family of New Jersey. He claimed he carried out dozens of murders on behalf of Gambino soldier Roy DeMeo. He said he was one of the murderers of Bonanno family boss Carmine Galante in July 1979, and Gambino family boss Paul Castellano in December 1985. For the Castellano murder, Kuklinski said he was"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " personally recruited by John Gotti ally Sammy Gravano, who instructed him to kill Castellano's driver and bodyguard, Thomas Bilotti. He told Philip Carlo he was hired by John Gotti to kidnap, torture, and murder John Favara, the man who accidentally killed Gotti's 12-year-old son Frank after hitting him with his car. However, Kuklinski's alleged involvement in mafia hits has been disputed by other authorities. According to Jerry Capeci, \"[Philip Carlo] claims the Iceman killed Paul Castellano, Carmine Galante and Jimmy Hoffa, along with Roy DeMeo and about 200 others. C’mon, do you believe that? I don't know anyone who believes that. No one.\" After he became a government witness in 1990, Sammy Gravano admitted to planning the murder of Castellano and Bilotti, but said the shooters were all members of John Gotti's crew and were chosen by Gotti; he did not mention Kuklinski. Anthony Bruno felt Kuklinski's participation in the killing of Castellano was \"highly unlikely\". Bruno noted that in 1986 Anthony Indelicato was convicted of Galante's murder and Kuklinski was not mentioned during"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " the trial. Kuklinski biographer Philip Carlo also acknowledged that Kuklinski's claim to have been involved in Galante's murder was untrue. Former Colombo family capo Michael Franzese called Kuklinski a \"pathological liar\" and said, \"I spent 25 years in that life, on the street. I never heard his name mentioned once. Not once.\" Kuklinski claimed he dumped bodies in caves in Bucks County, Pennsylvania and fed a victim to rats in the caves. However, in 2013, the \"Philadelphia Inquirer\" noted the caves have had a lot of visitors since Kuklinski's time, and no human remains have been discovered. Local cave enthusiast Richard Kranzel also queried the idea of flesh-eating rats, saying \"The only rats I encountered in caves are 'cave rats,' and they are reclusive and shy creatures, and definitely not fierce as Kuklinski claims.\" Law enforcement officers also doubt he stored a corpse for two years in a Mister Softee truck.</s><s>Additional victims.:Robert Prongay. In interviews and documentaries, Kuklinski says he killed Robert Prongay, a mentor to him. Prongay was murdered in 1984, shot multiple"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " times in the head, and was subsequently discovered in his Mister Softee ice cream truck. Robbery was not considered a motive at the time. Prongay had been about to go on trial for blowing up the front door of his ex-wife's house. Kuklinski says that Prongay taught him to use cyanide and other methods to kill, and it was Prongay who told him to freeze the body of Masgay. However, Kuklinski says he killed Prongay after he threatened his family. Law enforcement officials have considered Kuklinski a prime suspect in the murder since 1986, but the director of the New Jersey Division of Criminal Justice said no charges were sought because Kuklinski was convicted of other crimes. In 1993, in response to his claims, Hudson County Prosecutor said new charges against Kuklinski were possible since the Prongay murder was still an open investigation, and they would assess whether there was enough evidence to prosecute him. Ultimately, no charges were brought against Kuklinski for the Prongay murder.</s><s>Additional victims.:Roy DeMeo. Kuklinski claimed he killed Gambino Crime family member Roy DeMeo in an interview for the 1993 book \"\"The Ice"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": "man: The True Story of a Cold-Blooded Killer\"\" by Anthony Bruno\".\" He described DeMeo as a mentor of his, but after he fell behind on a loan to distribute pornography, he received a beating. The two later became business partners. Kuklinski says DeMeo taught him how murder for hire could be a way to make money. However, author Jerry Capeci, who has written extensively about DeMeo and the mafia, doubts Kuklinski killed DeMeo or had close ties to the DeMeo crew.\"\" Most sources indicate DeMeo was killed by members of his crew, with no suggestion Kuklinski was involved. Kuklinski is not mentioned in Capeci and Gene Mustain's book about the DeMeo crew, \"Murder Machine\", or Albert DeMeo's account of his father's life in the mob, \"For the Sins of My Father\". Philip Carlo, whose biography of Kuklinski includes the claim that he killed DeMeo, acknowledged in the postscript to a later edition that this claim was probably untrue.</s><s>Additional victims.:Peter Calabro. In his 2001 HBO interview, Kuklinski confessed to killing NYPD officer Peter Calabro,"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " who was ambushed and shot dead by an unknown gunman on March 14, 1980. Calabro was rumored to have mob connections and was investigated for selling confidential information to the Gambino family. His wife Carmella drowned under mysterious circumstances three years earlier and members of her family believed Calabro was responsible. At the time, his murder was thought by law enforcement officials to be revenge either carried out or arranged by his deceased wife's relatives. Her brothers were regarded as \"key suspects,\" but the crime remained unsolved. The Bergen County prosecutor believed Kuklinski's confession to be a fabrication, but his successor decided to proceed with the case. In February 2003, Kuklinski was charged with Calabro's murder, and received another sentence of thirty years. This was considered a waste because it was during multiple life sentences, plus he would be ineligible for parole until he was over the age of 100. Describing the murder, Kuklinski said he parked his van on the side of a narrow road, forcing other drivers to slow to pass. He lay in a snowbank behind his van until Calabro came by at 2 AM, then stepped out and shot him in the head with a sawed-off shotgun, decapitating Calabro"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": ". He stated he was unaware that Calabro was a police officer but said he probably would have murdered him anyway. Kuklinski claimed he was paid to kill Calabro by Gambino crime family soldier (later underboss) Sammy \"The Bull\" Gravano, and The Bull provided the murder weapon. Gravano, serving a twenty-year sentence in Arizona for drugs, was also indicted for the murder. Kuklinski was set to testify against him. Gravano denied any involvement in Calabro's death and rejected a plea bargain, under which, he would receive no additional jail time if he confessed to the crime and informed on all his accomplices. The charges against Gravano were dropped after Kuklinski's death in 2006.</s><s>Additional victims.:Jimmy Hoffa. In his 2001 HBO interview, \"Secrets of a Mafia Hitman\", Kuklinski said he knew who killed former Teamsters union president Jimmy Hoffa. Kuklinski did not claim any personal involvement in Hoffa's disappearance and presumed murder and did not identify any culprit. However, he later claimed he killed Hoffa. In his account, Kuklinski was part of a four-man kidnap team. They grabbed Hoffa in Detroit. While"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " they were in the car, Kuklinski killed Hoffa by stabbing him with a large hunting knife. He said he drove Hoffa's corpse from Detroit to a New Jersey junkyard. It was placed in a drum, set on fire, and then buried in the junkyard. Later, fearing an accomplice might snitch, the drum was disenterred, placed in the trunk of a car, and compacted into a cube. It was sold as scrap metal along with hundreds of other compacted cars. It was shipped off to Japan to be used in making new cars. Deputy Chief Bob Buccino, who worked on the Kuklinski case, said \"They took a body from Detroit, where they have one of the biggest lakes in the world, and drove it all the way back to New Jersey? Come on.\" Buccino added: \"We didn't believe a lot of things he said.\" Former FBI Special Agent Robert Garrity stated Kuklinski's admission to killing Hoffa was \"a hoax,\" and that Kuklinski was never a suspect in Hoffa's disappearance, adding \"I never heard of him.\" Anthony Bruno said he investigated Kuklinski's alleged involvement in Hoffa's disappearance but felt \"[his"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": "] story didn't check out.\" He opined Kuklinski made the confession to \"add extra value to his brand\", and so, he omitted the story from his biography of Kuklinski.</s><s>Personal life. Kuklinski's first wife, Linda, was nine years his senior. They had two sons, Richard Jr. and David. While working for a trucking company, he met Barbara Pedrici, a secretary at the same firm. Richard and Linda divorced, and he married Barbara in September 1961, and had two daughters, Merrick and Christin, and a son, Dwayne. Barbara described his behavior as alternating between \"good Richie\" and \"bad Richie.\" \"Good Richie\" was a hard-working provider and an affectionate father and loving husband, who enjoyed time with his family. Barbara remembered that when Merrick became seriously ill soon after she was born, Richard stayed up night after night to care for her. In contrast, \"Bad Richie\" – who would appear at irregular intervals: sometimes one day after another, other times not appearing for months – was prone to unpredictable fits of rage, smashing furniture and domestic violence. During these periods, he was physically abusive to his wife (one time breaking her nose and giving"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " her a black eye) and emotionally abusive towards his children. Merrick later recalled that he once killed her dog right in front of her to punish her for coming home late. Barbara stated that she had once told Richard she wanted to see other people. He responded by silently jabbing her from behind with a hunting knife so sharp she did not even feel the blade go in. He told her that she belonged to him and that if she tried to leave, he would kill her entire family; when Barbara began screaming at him in anger, he throttled her into unconsciousness. Merrick also remembered a number of road rage incidents involving her father. Kuklinski's family and Dumont, New Jersey neighbors were unaware of his activities, and instead believed he was a successful businessman. Barbara described him as a \"wholesale distributor\" and said he employed an accountant. She did suspect that some of his income was from illegal activities, due to their lifestyle and the large amounts of cash he often possessed. However, given his volatility, she never expressed these worries to him, instead maintaining a \"don't ask questions\" philosophy when it came to his business life or associates. If Richard suddenly left the house in the middle of the night, Barbara would never ask where he was"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " going. The Kuklinskis divorced in 1993, when Richard was in prison. Barbara said the divorce was for \"money reasons.\" She continued to visit him in prison, but only about once a year. On June 6, 1984, Kuklinski filed for personal bankruptcy listing debts of $160,697, and assets of only $300.</s><s>Death. In October 2005, after nearly 18 years in prison, Kuklinski was diagnosed with Kawasaki disease (an inflammation of the blood vessels). He was transferred to a secure wing at St. Francis Medical Center in Trenton, New Jersey. Although he had asked doctors to make sure they revived him if he developed cardiopulmonary arrest (or risk of heart attack), his then-former wife Barbara had signed a \"do not resuscitate\" order. A week before his death, the hospital called Barbara to ask if she wished to rescind the instruction, but she declined. Kuklinski died at age 70 on March 5, 2006. At the request of Kuklinski's family, noted forensic pathologist Michael Baden reviewed his autopsy report. Baden confirmed that Kuklinski died of cardiac arrest and had been suffering with heart disease and phlebitis. Michael Shannon"
},
{
"title": "Richard Kuklinski",
"text": " played Kuklinski in the 2012 film \"The Iceman\" loosely based on Anthony Bruno's book \"The Iceman: The True Story of a Cold-Blooded Killer\". The film was directed by Ariel Vromen and also stars Winona Ryder, Ray Liotta, Stephen Dorff, and Chris Evans. Another movie about Kuklinski which was to star Mickey Rourke in the title role was announced in 2010 but ultimately never made.</s><s>Further reading. - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Richard Kuklinski",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000424
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Aaron Burr.
|
[
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": "<s>Aaron Burr Aaron Burr Jr. (February 6, 1756 – September 14, 1836) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the third vice president of the United States from 1801 to 1805. Burr's legacy is defined by his famous personal conflict with Alexander Hamilton that culminated with Burr killing Hamilton in a duel in 1804, while Burr was vice president. Burr was born to a prominent family in New Jersey. After studying theology at Princeton, he began his career as a lawyer before joining the Continental Army as an officer in the American Revolutionary War in 1775. After leaving military service in 1779, Burr practiced law in New York City, where he became a leading politician and helped form the new Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican Party. As a New York Assemblyman in 1785, Burr supported a bill to end slavery, despite having owned slaves himself. At age 26, Burr married Theodosia Bartow Prevost, who died in 1794 after twelve years of marriage. They had one daughter, Theodosia. In 1791, Burr was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served until 1797. Burr would later run as the Democratic-Republican presidential candidate in the 1800 election. An electoral college tie between Burr and"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " Thomas Jefferson resulted in the House of Representatives voting in Jefferson's favor, with Burr becoming Jefferson's vice president due to receiving the second-highest share of the votes. Although Burr maintained that he supported Jefferson, the president was highly suspicious of Burr, who was relegated to the sidelines of the administration during his vice presidency and was not selected as Jefferson's running mate in 1804 after the ratification of the 12th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. During his last year as vice president, Burr engaged in the duel in which he fatally shot Alexander Hamilton, his political rival, near where Hamilton's son Philip Hamilton died three years prior. Although dueling was illegal, Burr was never tried, and all charges against him were eventually dropped. Nevertheless, Hamilton's death ended Burr's political career. Burr traveled west to the American frontier, seeking new economic and political opportunities. His secretive activities led to his 1807 arrest in Alabama on charges of treason. He was brought to trial more than once for what became known as the Burr conspiracy, an alleged plot to create an independent country led by Burr, but was acquitted each time. With large debts and few influential friends, Burr left the United States to live as an expatriate in Europe. He returned in 1812 and resumed practicing law"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " in New York City. Burr's brief second marriage resulted in divorce and further scandal. Handicapped by a stroke and financially ruined, Burr died at a boarding house in 1836.</s><s>Early life. Aaron Burr Jr. was born in 1756 in Newark, New Jersey, as the second child of the Reverend Aaron Burr Sr., a Presbyterian minister and second president of the College of New Jersey, which became Princeton University. His mother Esther Edwards Burr was the daughter of noted theologian Jonathan Edwards and his wife Sarah. Burr had an older sister Sarah (\"Sally\"), who was named for her maternal grandmother. She married Tapping Reeve, founder of the Litchfield Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut. Burr's father died in 1757 while serving as president of the college at Princeton. Burr's grandfather, Jonathan Edwards, succeeded Burr's father as president and came to live with Burr and his mother in December 1757. Edwards died in March 1758, and Burr's mother and grandmother died within the same year, leaving Burr and his sister orphaned when he was two years old. Young Aaron and Sally were then placed with the William Shippen family in Philadelphia. In 1759, the children's guardianship was assumed by their 21-year-"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": "old maternal uncle Timothy Edwards. The next year, Edwards married Rhoda Ogden and moved the family to Elizabeth, New Jersey where Burr attended the Elizabethtown Academy. Burr had a very strained relationship with his uncle, who was often physically abusive. As a child, he made several attempts to run away from home. At age 13, Burr was admitted to Princeton as a sophomore, where he joined the American Whig Society and the Cliosophic Society, the college's literary and debating societies. In 1772, at age 16, he received his Bachelor of Arts degree, but continued studying theology at Princeton for an additional year. He then undertook rigorous theological training with Joseph Bellamy, a Presbyterian, but changed his career path after two years. At age 19, he moved to Connecticut to study law with his brother-in-law Tapping Reeve. In 1775, news reached Litchfield of the clashes with British troops at Lexington and Concord, and Burr put his studies on hold to enlist in the Continental Army.</s><s>Early life.:Revolutionary War. During the American Revolutionary War, Burr took part in Colonel Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec, an arduous trek of more than through the frontier of Maine. Arnold was impressed by Burr's \"great spirit"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " and resolution\" during the long march. He sent him up the Saint Lawrence River to contact General Richard Montgomery, who had taken Montreal, and escort him to Quebec. Montgomery then promoted Burr to captain and made him an aide-de-camp. Burr distinguished himself during the Battle of Quebec on December 31, 1775, where he attempted to recover Montgomery's corpse after he had been killed. In the spring of 1776, Burr's stepbrother Matthias Ogden helped him to secure a position with George Washington's staff in Manhattan, but he quit on June 26 to be on the battlefield. General Israel Putnam took Burr under his wing, and Burr saved an entire brigade from capture after the British landing in Manhattan by his vigilance in the retreat from lower Manhattan to Harlem. Washington failed to commend his actions in the next day's General Orders, which was the fastest way to obtain a promotion. Burr was already a nationally known hero, but he never received a commendation. According to Ogden, he was infuriated by the incident, which may have led to the eventual estrangement between him and Washington. Nevertheless, Burr defended Washington's decision to evacuate New York as \"a necessary consequence\". It was not until the 1790s that the two men found themselves on opposite"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " sides in politics. Burr was briefly posted in Kingsbridge during 1776, at which time he was charged with protecting 14-year-old Margaret Moncrieffe, the daughter of Staten Island-based British Major Thomas Moncrieffe. Miss Moncrieffe was in Manhattan \"behind enemy lines,\" and Major Moncrieffe asked Washington to ensure her safe return there. Burr fell in love with Margaret, and Margaret's attempts to remain with Burr were unsuccessful. In late 1776, Burr attempted to secure Washington's approval to retake fortifications held by the British on Staten Island, citing his deep familiarity with the area. Washington deferred taking such actions until possibly later in the conflict (which ultimately were not attempted). The British learned of Burr's plans and afterwards took extra precautions. Burr was promoted to lieutenant colonel in July 1777 and assumed virtual leadership of Malcolm's Additional Continental Regiment. There were approximately 300 men under Colonel William Malcolm's nominal command, but Malcolm was frequently called upon to perform other duties, leaving Burr in charge. The regiment successfully fought off many nighttime raids into central New Jersey by Manhattan-based British troops who arrived by water. Later that year, Burr commanded a small contingent during the harsh winter encampment at Valley Forge, guarding \"the Gulph,\""
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " an isolated pass that controlled one approach to the camp. He imposed discipline and defeated an attempted mutiny by some of the troops. Burr's regiment was devastated by British artillery on June 28, 1778, at the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey, and Burr suffered heatstroke. In January 1779, he was assigned to Westchester County, New York in command of Malcolm's Regiment, a region between the British post at Kingsbridge, Bronx and that of the Americans about to the north. This district was part of the more significant command of General Alexander McDougall, and there was much turbulence and plundering by lawless bands of civilians and by raiding parties of ill-disciplined soldiers from both armies. In March 1779, due to continuing bad health, Burr resigned from the Continental Army. He renewed his study of law. Technically, he was no longer in the service, but he remained active in the war; he was assigned by General Washington to perform occasional intelligence missions for Continental generals, such as Arthur St. Clair. On July 5, 1779, he rallied a group of Yale students at New Haven, Connecticut, along with Captain James Hillhouse and the Second Connecticut Governor's Guards, in a skirmish with the British at the West River"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": ". The British advance was repulsed, forcing them to enter New Haven from Hamden, Connecticut.</s><s>Early life.:Marriage to Theodosia Bartow Prevost. Burr met Theodosia Bartow Prevost in August 1778 while she was married to Jacques Marcus Prevost, a Swiss-born British officer in the Royal American Regiment. In Prevost's absence, Burr began regularly visiting Theodosia at The Hermitage, her home in New Jersey. Although she was ten years older than Burr, the constant visits provoked gossip, and by 1780 the two were openly lovers. In December 1781, he learned that Prevost had died in Jamaica of yellow fever. Theodosia and Aaron Burr were married in 1782, and they moved to a house on Wall Street in Lower Manhattan. After several years of severe illness, Theodosia died in 1794 from stomach or uterine cancer. Their only child to survive to adulthood was Theodosia Burr Alston, born in 1783.</s><s>Law and politics. Despite his wartime activities, Burr finished his studies and was admitted to the bar at Albany, New York in 1782, the year of his marriage. He began practicing law in New York City"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " the following year after the British evacuated the city. Burr served in the New York State Assembly in 1784–85. In 1784, as an assemblyman, Burr unsuccessfully sought to abolish slavery immediately following the American Revolutionary War. Also, he continued his military service as a lieutenant colonel and commander of a regiment in the militia brigade commanded by William Malcolm. He became seriously involved in politics in 1789, when George Clinton appointed him as New York State Attorney General. He was also Commissioner of Revolutionary War Claims in 1791. In 1791, he was elected by the legislature as a Senator from New York, defeating incumbent General Philip Schuyler. He served in the Senate until 1797. Burr ran for president in the 1796 election and received 30 electoral votes, coming in fourth behind John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Pinckney. He was shocked by this defeat, but many Democratic-Republican electors voted for Jefferson and no one else, or for Jefferson and a candidate other than Burr. (Jefferson and Burr were again candidates for president and vice president during the election of 1800. Jefferson ran with Burr in exchange for Burr working to obtain New York's electoral votes for Jefferson.) President John Adams appointed Washington as commanding general of U.S. forces in 1798"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": ", but he rejected Burr's application for a brigadier general's commission during the Quasi-War with France. Washington wrote, \"By all that I have known and heard, Colonel Burr is a brave and able officer, but the question is whether he has not equal talents at intrigue.\" Burr was elected to the New York State Assembly in 1798 and served there through 1799. During this time, he cooperated with the Holland Land Company in gaining passage of a law to permit aliens to hold and convey lands. National parties became clearly defined during Adams' Presidency, and Burr loosely associated himself with the Democratic-Republicans. However, he had moderate Federalist allies such as Senator Jonathan Dayton of New Jersey.</s><s>Law and politics.:New York City politics. Burr quickly became a key player in New York politics, largely due to the power of the Tammany Society (which became Tammany Hall). Burr converted it from a social club into a political machine to help Jefferson reach the presidency, particularly in crowded New York City. In September 1799, Burr fought a duel with John Barker Church, whose wife Angelica was the sister of Alexander Hamilton's wife Elizabeth. Church had accused Burr of taking a bribe from the Holland Company in exchange for his political influence. Burr and Church"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " fired at each other and missed, and afterward, Church acknowledged that he was wrong to have accused Burr without proof. Burr accepted this as an apology, and the two men shook hands and ended the dispute. In 1799, Burr founded the Bank of the Manhattan Company, and the enmity between him and Hamilton may have arisen from how he did so. Before the establishment of Burr's bank, the Federalists held a monopoly on banking interests in New York via the federal government's Bank of the United States and Hamilton's Bank of New York. These banks financed operations of significant business interests owned by aristocratic members of the city. Hamilton had prevented the formation of rival banks in the city. Small businessmen relied on tontines to buy property and establish a voting voice (at this time, voting was based upon property rights). Burr solicited support from Hamilton and other Federalists under the guise that he was establishing a badly needed water company for Manhattan. He secretly changed the application for a state charter at the last minute to include the ability to invest surplus funds in any cause that did not violate state law, and dropped any pretense of founding a water company once he had gained approval (although he did dig a well and built a large working water storage tank on the site of"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " his bank, which was still standing and apparently still working in 1898). Hamilton and other supporters believed that he had acted dishonorably in deceiving them. Meanwhile, construction was delayed on a safe water system for Manhattan, and writer Ron Chernow suggests that the delay may have contributed to deaths during a subsequent malaria epidemic. Burr's Manhattan Company was more than a bank; it was a tool to promote Democratic-Republican power and influence, and its loans were directed to partisans. By extending credit to small businessmen, who then obtained enough property to gain the franchise, the bank was able to increase the party's electorate. Federalist bankers in New York responded by trying to organize a credit boycott of Democratic-Republican businessmen.</s><s>1800 presidential election. In the 1800 city elections, Burr combined the political influence of the Manhattan Company with party campaign innovations to deliver New York's support for Jefferson. In 1800, New York's state legislature was to choose the presidential electors, as they had in 1796 (for John Adams). Before the April 1800 legislative elections, the State Assembly was controlled by the Federalists. The City of New York elected assembly members on an at-large basis. Burr and Hamilton were the key campaigners for their respective parties. Burr's Democratic-Republican slate of assemblymen"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " for New York City was elected, giving the party control of the legislature, which in turn gave New York's electoral votes to Jefferson and Burr. This drove another wedge between Hamilton and Burr. Burr enlisted the help of Tammany Hall to win the voting for selection of Electoral College delegates. He gained a place on the Democratic-Republican presidential ticket in the 1800 election with Jefferson. Though Jefferson and Burr won New York, he and Burr tied for the presidency overall, with 73 electoral votes each. Members of the Democratic-Republican Party understood they intended that Jefferson should be president and Burr vice president, but the tied vote required that the final choice be made by the House of Representatives, with each of the 16 states having one vote, and nine votes needed for election. Publicly, Burr remained quiet and refused to surrender the presidency to Jefferson, the great enemy of the Federalists. Rumors circulated that Burr and a faction of Federalists were encouraging Republican representatives to vote for him, blocking Jefferson's election in the House. However, solid evidence of such a conspiracy was lacking, and historians generally gave Burr the benefit of the doubt. In 2011, however, historian Thomas Baker discovered a previously unknown letter from William P. Van Ness to Edward Livingston, two leading Democratic-Republicans in New York"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": ". Van Ness was very close to Burr – serving as his second in the next duel with Hamilton. As a leading Democratic-Republican, Van Ness secretly supported the Federalist plan to elect Burr as president and tried to get Livingston to join. Livingston agreed at first, then reversed himself. Baker argues that Burr probably supported the Van Ness plan: \"There is a compelling pattern of circumstantial evidence, much of it newly discovered, that strongly suggests Aaron Burr did exactly that as part of a stealth campaign to compass the presidency for himself.\" The attempt did not work, due partly to Livingston's reversal, but more to Hamilton's vigorous opposition to Burr. Jefferson was ultimately elected president, and Burr vice president.</s><s>Vice presidency (1801–1805). Jefferson never trusted Burr, so he was effectively shut out of party matters. As Vice President, Burr earned praise from some enemies for his even-handed fairness and his judicial manner as President of the Senate; he fostered some practices for that office that have become time-honored traditions. Burr's judicial manner in presiding over the impeachment trial of Justice Samuel Chase has been credited as helping to preserve the principle of judicial independence that was established by \"Marbury v. Madison\" in 1803. One newspaper wrote that Burr"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " had conducted the proceedings with the \"impartiality of an angel, but with the rigor of a devil\". Burr was not nominated to a second term as Jefferson's running mate in Jefferson's successful 1804 re-election campaign and New York governor George Clinton replaced Burr as Jefferson's vice president on March 4, 1805. Burr's farewell speech on March 2, 1805 moved some of his harshest critics in the Senate to tears. But the 20-minute speech was never recorded in full, and has been preserved only in short quotes and descriptions of the address, which defended the United States of America's system of government.</s><s>Vice presidency (1801–1805).:Duel with Hamilton. When it became clear that Jefferson would drop Burr from his ticket in the 1804 election, the Vice President ran for Governor of New York instead. Burr lost the election to little known Morgan Lewis, in what was the most significant margin of loss in New York's history up to that time. Burr blamed his loss on a personal smear campaign believed to have been orchestrated by his party rivals, including New York governor George Clinton. Alexander Hamilton also opposed Burr, due to his belief that Burr had entertained a Federalist secession movement in New York. In April, the \""
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": "Albany Register\" published a letter from Dr. Charles D. Cooper to Philip Schuyler, which relayed Hamilton's judgment that Burr was \"a dangerous man and one who ought not to be trusted with the reins of government,\" and claiming to know of \"a still more despicable opinion which General Hamilton has expressed of Mr. Burr\". In June, Burr sent this letter to Hamilton, seeking an affirmation or disavowal of Cooper's characterization of Hamilton's remarks. Hamilton replied that Burr should give specifics of Hamilton's remarks, not Cooper's. He said he could not answer regarding Cooper's interpretation. A few more letters followed, in which the exchange escalated to Burr's demanding that Hamilton recant or deny any statement disparaging Burr's honor over the past 15 years. Hamilton, having already been disgraced by the Maria Reynolds adultery scandal and mindful of his reputation and honor, did not. According to historian Thomas Fleming, Burr would have immediately published such an apology, and Hamilton's remaining power in the New York Federalist party would have been diminished. Burr responded by challenging Hamilton to a duel, personal combat under the formalized rules for dueling, the \"code duello\". Dueling had been outlawed in New York; the sentence for conviction of dueling was death."
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " It was illegal in New Jersey as well, but the consequences were less severe. On July 11, 1804, the enemies met outside Weehawken, New Jersey, at the same spot where Hamilton's oldest son had died in a duel just three years prior. Both men fired, and Hamilton was mortally wounded by a shot just above the hip. The observers disagreed on who fired first. They did agree that there was a three-to-four-second interval between the first and the second shot, raising difficult questions in evaluating the two camps' versions. Historian William Weir speculated that Hamilton might have been undone by his machinations: secretly setting his pistol's trigger to require only a half-pound of pressure as opposed to the usual 10 pounds. Weir contends, \"There is no evidence that Burr even knew that his pistol had a set trigger.\"{{cite book }} Louisiana State University history professors Nancy Isenberg and Andrew Burstein concur with this. They note that \"Hamilton brought the pistols, which had a larger barrel than regular dueling pistols, and a secret hair-trigger, and were therefore much more deadly,\" and conclude that \"Hamilton gave himself an unfair advantage in their duel, and got the worst of it anyway.\" However, other"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " accounts state that Hamilton reportedly quietly responded \"not this time\" when his second, Nathaniel Pendleton, asked whether he would set the hair-trigger feature. David O. Stewart, in his biography of Burr, \"American Emperor\", notes that the reports of Hamilton's intentionally missing Burr with his shot began to be published in newspaper reports in papers friendly to Hamilton only in the days after his death. But Ron Chernow, in his biography, \"Alexander Hamilton\", states Hamilton told numerous friends well before the duel of his intention to avoid firing at Burr. Additionally, Hamilton wrote several letters, including a \"Statement on Impending Duel With Aaron Burr\" and his last missives to his wife dated before the duel, which also attest to his intention. The second shot, witnesses reported, followed so soon after the first that witnesses could not agree on who fired first. Before the duel proper, Hamilton took a good deal of time getting used to the feel and weight of the pistol (which had been used in the duel at the same Weehawken site in which his 19-year-old son had been killed), as well as putting on his glasses to see his opponent more clearly. The seconds placed Hamilton so that Burr would have the rising sun behind him, and during the brief"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " duel, one witness reported, Hamilton seemed to be hindered by this placement as the sun was in his eyes. Each man took one shot. Burr's fatally injured Hamilton, while Hamilton's was purposely fired into the air. Burr's bullet entered Hamilton's abdomen above his right hip, piercing Hamilton's liver and spine. Hamilton was evacuated to the Manhattan home of a friend, William Bayard Jr., where he and his family received visitors including Episcopal bishop Benjamin Moore, who gave Hamilton the last rites. Burr was charged with multiple crimes, including murder, in New York and New Jersey, but was never tried in either jurisdiction. He fled to South Carolina, where his daughter lived with her family, but soon returned to Philadelphia and then to Washington to complete his term as vice president. He avoided New York and New Jersey for a time, but all the charges against him were eventually dropped. In the case of New Jersey, the indictment was thrown out on the basis that, although Hamilton was shot in New Jersey, he died in New York.</s><s>Post-vice presidency (1805–1836).</s><s>Post-vice presidency (1805–1836).:Conspiracy and trial. After Burr left the vice presidency at the end of his term in 1805, he"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " journeyed to the Western frontier, areas west of the Allegheny Mountains and down the Ohio River Valley eventually reaching the lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase. Burr had leased 40,000 acres (16,000 ha) of land — known as the Bastrop Tract — along the Ouachita River, in present-day Louisiana, from the Spanish government. Starting in Pittsburgh and then proceeding to Beaver, Pennsylvania, and Wheeling, Virginia, and onward he drummed up support for his planned settlement, whose purpose and status was unclear. His most important contact was General James Wilkinson, Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Army at New Orleans, and Governor of the Louisiana Territory. Others included Harman Blennerhassett, who offered the use of his private island for training and outfitting Burr's expedition. Wilkinson would later prove to be a bad choice. Burr saw war with Spain as a distinct possibility. In case of a war declaration, Andrew Jackson stood ready to help Burr, who would be in a position to join in immediately. Burr's expedition of about eighty men carried modest arms for hunting, and no war \"materiel\" was ever revealed, even when Blennerhassett Island was seized by Ohio militia. The aim"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " of his \"conspiracy,\" he always avowed, was that if he settled there with a large group of armed \"farmers\" and war broke out, he would have a force with which to fight and claim land for himself, thus recouping his fortunes. However, the war did not come as Burr expected: the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty secured Florida for the United States without a fight, and war in Texas did not occur until 1836, the year Burr died. After a near-incident with Spanish forces at Natchitoches, Wilkinson decided he could best serve his conflicting interests by betraying Burr's plans to President Jefferson and his Spanish paymasters. Jefferson issued an order for Burr's arrest, declaring him a traitor before any indictment. Burr read this in a newspaper in the Territory of Orleans on January 10, 1807. Jefferson's warrant put Federal agents on his trail. Burr twice turned himself in to Federal authorities, and both times judges found his actions legal and released him. Jefferson's warrant, however, followed Burr, who fled toward Spanish Florida. He was intercepted at Wakefield, in Mississippi Territory (now in the state of Alabama), on February 19, 1807. He was confined to Fort Stoddert after being arrested"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " on charges of treason. Burr's secret correspondence with Anthony Merry and the Marquis of Casa Yrujo, the British and Spanish ministers at Washington, was eventually revealed. He had tried to secure money and to conceal what may have been his true design, to help Mexico overthrow Spanish power in the Southwest. If Burr intended to found a dynasty in what would have become former Mexican territory this was a misdemeanor, based on the Neutrality Act of 1794, which Congress passed to block filibuster expeditions against U.S. neighbors, such as those of George Rogers Clark and William Blount. Jefferson, however, sought the highest charges against Burr. In 1807, Burr was brought to trial on a charge of treason before the United States Circuit court at Richmond, Virginia. His defense lawyers included Edmund Randolph, John Wickham, Luther Martin, and Benjamin Gaines Botts. Burr had been arraigned four times for treason before a grand jury indicted him. The only physical evidence presented to the Grand Jury was Wilkinson's so-called letter from Burr, which proposed the idea of stealing land in the Louisiana Purchase. During the Jury's examination, the court discovered that the letter was written in Wilkinson's handwriting. He said he had made a copy because he had lost the original."
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " The Grand Jury threw the letter out as evidence, and the news made a laughingstock of the General for the rest of the proceedings. The trial, presided over by Chief Justice John Marshall, began on August 3. requires that treason either be admitted in open court, or proven by an overt act witnessed by two people. Since no two witnesses came forward, Burr was acquitted on September 1, despite the full force of the Jefferson administration's political influence thrown against him. Burr was immediately tried on a misdemeanor charge and was again acquitted. Given that Jefferson was using his influence as president to obtain a conviction, the trial was a major test of the Constitution and the concept of separation of powers. Jefferson challenged the authority of the Supreme Court, specifically Chief Justice Marshall, an Adams appointee who clashed with Jefferson over John Adams' last-minute judicial appointments. Jefferson believed that Burr's treason was obvious. Burr sent a letter to Jefferson in which he stated that he could do Jefferson much harm. The case, as tried, was decided on whether Aaron Burr was present at certain events at certain times and in certain capacities. Thomas Jefferson used all of his influence to get Marshall to convict, but Marshall was not swayed. Historians Nancy Isenberg and Andrew Burstein write that Burr: David O."
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " Stewart, on the other hand, insists that while Burr was not explicitly guilty of treason, according to Marshall's definition, evidence exists that links him to treasonous crimes. For example, Bollman admitted to Jefferson during an interrogation that Burr planned to raise an army and invade Mexico. He said that Burr believed that he should be Mexico's monarch, as a republican government was not right for the Mexican people. Many historians believe the extent of Burr's involvement may never be known.</s><s>Post-vice presidency (1805–1836).:Exile and return. By the conclusion of his trial for treason, despite an acquittal, all of Burr's hopes for a political comeback had been dashed, and he fled America and his creditors for Europe. Dr. David Hosack, Hamilton's physician and a friend to both Hamilton and Burr, lent Burr money for passage on a ship. Burr lived in self-imposed exile from 1808 to 1812, passing most of this period in England, where he occupied a house on Craven Street in London. He became a good friend, even confidant, of the English Utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham, and on occasion lived at Bentham's home. He also spent time in Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, and"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " France. Ever hopeful, he solicited funding for renewing his plans for a conquest of Mexico but was rebuffed. He was ordered out of England and Emperor Napoleon of France refused to receive him. However, one of his ministers held an interview concerning Burr's goals for Spanish Florida or the British possessions in the Caribbean. After returning from Europe, Burr used the surname \"Edwards,\" his mother's maiden name, for a while to avoid creditors. With help from old friends Samuel Swartwout and Matthew L. Davis, Burr returned to New York and his law practice. Later he helped the heirs of the Eden family in a financial lawsuit. By the early 1820s, the remaining members of the Eden household, Eden's widow and two daughters, had become a surrogate family to Burr.</s><s>Post-vice presidency (1805–1836).:Later life and death. Despite financial setbacks, after returning, Burr lived out the remainder of his life in New York in relative peace until 1833. On July 1, 1833, at age 77, Burr married Eliza Jumel, a wealthy widow who was 19 years younger. They lived together briefly at her residence which she had acquired with her first husband, the Morris-Jumel Mansion in"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " the Washington Heights neighborhood in Manhattan. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, it is now preserved and open to the public. Soon after the marriage, Jumel realized her fortune was dwindling due to Burr's land speculation losses, so she separated from him after four months of marriage. She chose Alexander Hamilton Jr. as her divorce lawyer in 1834, the same year Burr suffered an immobilizing stroke. He died on Staten Island in the village of Port Richmond, in a boardinghouse that later became known as the St. James Hotel on September 14, 1836, the same day the divorce was officially completed. He was buried near his father in Princeton, New Jersey.</s><s>Personal life. In addition to his daughter Theodosia, Burr was the father of at least three other children and he adopted two sons. Burr also acted as a parent to his two stepsons by his wife's first marriage and he became a mentor or guardian to several protégés who lived in his home.</s><s>Personal life.:Burr's daughter Theodosia. Theodosia Burr was born in 1783 and was named after her mother. She was the only child of Burr's marriage to Theodosia Bartow Prevost who survived to"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " adulthood. A second daughter, Sally, lived to the age of three. Burr was a devoted and attentive father to Theodosia. Believing that a young woman should have an education equal to that of a young man, Burr prescribed a rigorous course of studies for her which included the classics, French, horsemanship and music. Their surviving correspondence indicates that he affectionately treated his daughter as a close friend and confidante as long as she lived. Theodosia became widely known for her education and accomplishments. In 1801, she married Joseph Alston of South Carolina. They had a son together, Aaron Burr Alston, who died of fever at age ten. During the winter of 1812–1813, Theodosia was lost at sea with the schooner \"Patriot\" off the Carolinas, either murdered by pirates or shipwrecked in a storm.</s><s>Personal life.:Stepchildren and protégés. Upon Burr's marriage, he became stepfather to the two teenage sons of his wife's first marriage. Augustine James Frederick Prevost (called Frederick) and John Bartow Prevost had both joined their father in the Royal American Regiment in December 1780, at the ages of 16 and 14. When they returned in"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " 1783 to become citizens of the United States, Burr acted as a father to them: he assumed responsibility for their education, gave both of them clerkships in his law office, and frequently was accompanied by one of them as an assistant when he traveled on business. John was later appointed by Thomas Jefferson to a post in the Territory of Orleans as the first judge of the Louisiana Supreme Court. Burr served as a guardian to Nathalie de Lage de Volude (1782–1841) from 1794 to 1801, during Theodosia's childhood. The young daughter of a French marquis, Nathalie had been taken to New York for safety during the French Revolution by her governess Caroline de Senat. Burr opened his home to them, allowing Madame Senat to tutor private students there along with his daughter, and Nathalie became a companion and close friend to Theodosia. While traveling to France for an extended visit in 1801, Nathalie met Thomas Sumter Jr., a diplomat and the son of General Thomas Sumter. They married in Paris in March 1802, before returning to his home in South Carolina. From 1810 to 1821, they lived in Rio de Janeiro, where Sumter served as the American"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " ambassador to Portugal during the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil. One of their children, Thomas De Lage Sumter, was a Congressman from South Carolina. In the 1790s, Burr also took the painter John Vanderlyn into his home as a protégé, and provided him with financial support and patronage for 20 years. He arranged Vanderlyn's training by Gilbert Stuart in Philadelphia and sent him in 1796 to the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris where he remained for six years.</s><s>Personal life.:Adopted and acknowledged children. Burr adopted two sons, Aaron Columbus Burr and Charles Burdett, during the 1810s and 1820s after the death of his daughter Theodosia. Aaron (born Aaron Burr Columbe) was born in Paris in 1808 and arrived in America around 1815, and Charles was born in 1814. Both of the boys were reputed to be Burr's biological sons. A Burr biographer described Aaron Columbus Burr as \"the product of a Paris adventure,\" conceived presumably during Burr's exile from the United States between 1808 and 1814. In 1835, the year before his death, Burr acknowledged two young daughters whom he had fathered late in his life, by"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " different mothers. Burr made specific provisions for his surviving daughters in a will dated January 11, 1835, in which he left \"all the rest and residue\" of his estate, after other specific bequests, to six-year-old Frances Ann (born ), and two-year-old Elizabeth (born ).</s><s>Personal life.:Unacknowledged children. In 1787 or earlier, Burr began a relationship with Mary Emmons, also known as Eugenie, who may have been East Indian. She worked as a servant in his household during his first marriage. Emmons may have come from Calcutta to Haiti or Saint-Domingue before coming to America. Burr fathered two children with Emmons, both of whom married into Philadelphia's \"Free Negro\" community in which their families became prominent: - Louisa Burr (Webb) (Darius) (-1878) worked most of her life as a valued servant in the home of Elizabeth Powel Francis Fisher, a prominent Philadelphia society matron, and later in the home of her son Joshua Francis Fisher. She was married to Francis Webb (1788–1829), a founding member of the Pennsylvania Augustine Education Society, secretary of the Haytien Emigration Society formed in 18"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": "24, and distributor of \"Freedom's Journal\" from 1827 to 1829. After his death, Louisa remarried and became Louisa Darius. Her youngest son Frank J. Webb wrote the 1857 novel \"The Garies and Their Friends\". - John Pierre Burr (–1864) became a member of Philadelphia's Underground Railroad and served as an agent for the abolitionist newspaper \"The Liberator\". He worked in the National Black Convention movement and served as chairman of the American Moral Reform Society. One contemporary of John Pierre Burr identified him as a natural son of Burr in a published account, but Burr never acknowledged his relationship or children with Emmons during his life, in contrast to his adoption or acknowledgment of other children born later in his life. In 2018, Louisa and John were acknowledged by the Aaron Burr Association as the children of Burr after Sherri Burr, a descendant of John Pierre, provided both documentary evidence and results of a DNA test to confirm a familial link between descendants of Burr and descendants of John Pierre. The Association installed a headstone at John Pierre's grave to mark his ancestry. Stuart Fisk Johnson, the president of the association, commented, \"A few people didn't want to go into it because Aaron's first wife, Theod"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": "osia, was still alive, and dying of cancer [when Aaron fathered John Pierre]... But the embarrassment is not as important as it is to acknowledge and embrace actual living, robust, accomplished children.\"</s><s>Character. Aaron Burr was a man of complex character who made many friends, but also many powerful enemies. He was indicted for murder after the death of Hamilton, but never prosecuted; he was reported by acquaintances to be curiously unmoved by Hamilton's death, expressing no regret for his role in the result. He was arrested and prosecuted for treason by President Jefferson, but acquitted. Contemporaries often remained suspicious of Burr's motives to the end of his life, continuing to view him as untrustworthy at least since his role in the founding of the Bank of Manhattan. In his later years in New York, Burr provided money and education for several children, some of whom were reputed to be his natural children. To his friends and family, and often to strangers, he could be kind and generous. The wife of the struggling poet Sumner Lincoln Fairfield recorded in her autobiography that in the late 1820s, their friend Burr pawned his watch to provide for the care of the Fairfields' two children. Jane Fairfield wrote that, while"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " traveling, she and her husband had left the children in New York with their grandmother, who proved unable to provide adequate food or heat for them. The grandmother took the children to Burr's home and asked his help: \"[Burr] wept, and replied, 'Though I am poor and have not a dollar, the children of such a mother shall not suffer while I have a watch.' He hastened on this godlike errand, and quickly returned, having pawned the article for twenty dollars, which he gave to make comfortable my precious babes.\" By Fairfield's account, Burr had lost his religious faith before that time; upon seeing a painting of Christ's suffering, Burr candidly told her, \"It is a fable, my child; there never was such a being.\" Burr believed women to be intellectually equal to men and hung a portrait of Mary Wollstonecraft over his mantel. The Burrs' daughter, Theodosia, was taught dance, music, several languages, and learned to shoot from horseback. Until her death at sea in 1813, she remained devoted to her father. Not only did Burr advocate education for women, upon his election to the New York State Legislature, he submitted a bill, which failed to"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " pass, that would have allowed women to vote. Hamilton attacked Burr for supporting the idea women were the intellectual equals of men. Conversely, Burr was considered a notorious womanizer. In addition to cultivating relationships with women in his social circles, Burr's journals indicate that he was a frequent patron of prostitutes during his travels in Europe; he recorded brief notes of dozens of such encounters, and the amounts he paid. He described \"sexual release as the only remedy for his restlessness and irritability\". Burr also fought against anti-immigrant sentiment, led by Hamilton's Federalist party, which suggested that anyone without English heritage was a second-class citizen, and even challenged the rights of non-Anglos to hold office. In response, Burr insisted that anyone who contributed to society deserved all the rights of any other citizen, no matter their background. John Quincy Adams wrote in his diary when Burr died: \"Burr's life, take it all together, was such as in any country of sound morals his friends would be desirous of burying in quiet oblivion.\" Adams' father, President John Adams, had frequently defended Burr during his life. At an earlier time, he wrote, Burr \"had served in the army, and came out of it with the character of a knight"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " without fear and an able officer\". Gordon S. Wood, a leading scholar of the revolutionary period, holds that it was Burr's character that put him at odds with the rest of the \"founding fathers,\" especially Madison, Jefferson, and Hamilton. He believed that this led to his personal and political defeats and, ultimately, to his place outside the golden circle of revered revolutionary figures. Because of Burr's habit of placing self-interest above the good of the whole, those men thought that Burr represented a serious threat to the ideals for which they had fought the revolution. Their ideal, as particularly embodied in Washington and Jefferson, was that of \"disinterested politics,\" a government led by educated gentlemen. They would fulfill their duties in a spirit of public virtue and without regard to personal interests or pursuits. This was the core of an Enlightenment gentleman, and Burr's political enemies thought that he lacked that essential core. Hamilton thought that Burr's self-serving nature made him unfit to hold office, especially the presidency. Although Hamilton considered Jefferson a political enemy, he also believed him a man of public virtue. Hamilton conducted an unrelenting campaign in the House of Representatives to prevent Burr's election to the presidency and gain election of his erstwhile enemy, Jefferson. Hamilton characterized Burr as exceedingly"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " immoral, an \"unprincipled... voluptuary\" and deemed his political quest as one for \"permanent power.\" He contended that Burr cared little about the Constitution and predicted that if he gained any more power, his leadership would continue to be for personal gain, while Jefferson was a true patriot and public servant, committed to preserving the Constitution.</s><s>Legacy. Although Burr is often remembered primarily for his duel with Hamilton, his establishment of guides and rules for the first impeachment trial set a high bar for behavior and procedures in the Senate chamber, many of which are followed today. Historian Nancy Isenberg, explaining why Burr has been demonized in modern times, writes that Burr's villainy is actually the result of a smear campaign invented by his political enemies centuries ago, and then disseminated in newspapers, pamphlets and personal letters during and after his lifetime. According to her, pop-cultural portraits of Burr have blindly repeated these distortions, transforming Burr into the quintessential bad guy of early American history. Stuart Fisk Johnson describes Burr as progressive thinker and doer, a brave military patriot and brilliant lawyer who helped establish some of the physical infrastructure and guiding legal principles which helped in the founding of America. A lasting consequence of Burr's role in the election of"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " 1800 was the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which changed how vice presidents were chosen. As was evident from the 1800 election, the situation could quickly arise where the vice president, as the defeated presidential candidate, could not work well with the president. The Twelfth Amendment required that electoral votes be cast separately for president and vice president. Burr is also sometimes seen as one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, although this characterization is unusual.</s><s>Legacy.:Representation in literature and popular culture. - Burr appears as a character of worldly sophistication in Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1859 historical romance \"The Minister's Wooing\". - Edward Everett Hale's 1863 story \"The Man Without a Country\" is about a fictional co-conspirator of Burr's in the Southwest and Mexico, who is exiled for his crimes. - \"My Theodosia\" (1945) by Anya Seton is a fictional interpretation of the life of Burr's daughter Theodosia. - In \"The Jack Benny Program\" episode \"The Alexander Hamilton Show\", Jack Benny dreams that he is Alexander Hamilton; Dennis Day plays Burr. - Gore Vidal's \"Burr: A Novel\" (1973) is part of his \"Narratives of Empire"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": "\" series. - A 1993 \"Got Milk?\" commercial directed by Michael Bay features a historian obsessed with the study of Aaron Burr—he owns the guns and the bullet from the duel (see Aaron Burr (advertisement)). - PBS's \"American Experience\" episode \"The Duel\" (2000) chronicled the events that led to the Burr–Hamilton duel. - Burr is a principal character in the 2015 Broadway musical \"Hamilton\", written by Lin-Manuel Miranda and inspired by historian Ron Chernow's 2004 biography of Hamilton. Leslie Odom Jr. won the 2016 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his portrayal of Aaron Burr. - Mike Resnick's Alternate Presidents (1992) the short story \"The War of '07\" by Jayge Carr Burr is elected President in 1800 against Thomas Jefferson, establishes an alliance with Napoleon Bonaparte, and creates a family dictatorship.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Citations. - References in popular culture</s><s>References.:Works cited. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " - - - - - - - - - - - - Wood, Gordon S. \"The Real Treason of Aaron Burr.\" \"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society\" 143.2 (1999): 280-295. online - -</s><s>Further reading.</s><s>Further reading.:Biographical. - Alexander, Holmes Moss. \"Aaron Burr: The Proud Pretender\". 1937; Reprinted by Greenwood-Heinemann Publishing, 1973. - Brands, H. W. \"The Heartbreak of Aaron Burr (American Portraits Series)\" (2012). - Cohalan, John P., \"The Saga of Aaron Burr\". (1986) - Künstler, Laurence S. \"The Unpredictable Mr. Aaron Burr\" (1974). - Todd, Charles Burr. \"The True Aaron Burr: A Biographical Sketch\" (1902). New York, A.S. Barnes & Company. - Vail, Philip. \"The Great American Rascal: The Turbulent Life of Aaron Burr\" (1973).</s><s>Further reading.:Scholarly topical studies. - Abernethy, Thomas Perkins. \"Aaron Burr in Mississippi.\" \"Journal of Southern History\" 1949 15 (1): 9–21. -"
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " Adams, Henry, \"History of the United States\", vol. iii. New York, 1890. (For the traditional view of Burr's conspiracy.) - - Faulkner, Robert K. \"John Marshall and the Burr Trial\". \"Journal of American History\" 1966 53(2): 247–258. - Freeman, Joanne B. \"Dueling as Politics: Reinterpreting the Burr-Hamilton Duel.\" \"William and Mary Quarterly\" 53(2) (1996): 289–318. - Harrison, Lowell. 1978. \"The Aaron Burr Conspiracy.\" American History I Illustrated 13:25. - - Larson, Edward J. \"A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign\". New York: Free Press, 2007. - Melton, Buckner F. Jr. \"Aaron Burr: Conspiracy to Treason\". New York: John Wiley, 2002. online edition - Rogow, Arnold A. \"A Fatal Friendship: Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr\" (1998). - Rorabaugh, William J. \"The Political Duel in the Early Republic: Burr v. Hamilton\". \"Journal of the Early Republic\" 1995 15(1): 1–23. - Wells, Colin."
},
{
"title": "Aaron Burr",
"text": " \"Aristocracy, Aaron Burr, and the Poetry of Conspiracy\". \"Early American Literature\" (2004). - Wheelan, Joseph. \"Jefferson's Vendetta: The Pursuit of Aaron Burr and the Judiciary\". New York: Carroll & Graff, 2005.</s><s>Further reading.:Primary sources. - Burr, Aaron. \"Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr\". Mary-Jo Kline and Joanne W. Ryan, eds. 2 vol. Princeton University Press, 1983. 1311 pp. - - Ford, Worthington Chauncey. \"Some Papers of Aaron Burr\" \"Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society\" 29#1: 43–128. 1919 - Robertson, David. \"Reports of the Trials of Colonel Aaron Burr (Late Vice President of the United States) for Treason and for Misdemeanor ... Two Volumes\" (1808) online - Van Ness, William Peter. \"An Examination of the Various Charges Exhibited Against Aaron Burr, vice-president of the United States: and a Development of the Characters and Views of His Political Opponents\". (1803) Available through Haithi Trust -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Aaron Burr",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "North America"
}
|
factscore-000425
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Rory Burns.
|
[
{
"title": "Rory Burns",
"text": "<s>Rory Burns Rory Joseph Burns (born 26 August 1990) is an English cricketer who has played internationally for the England Test cricket team. In domestic cricket, he captains Surrey in first-class and List A cricket. Burns made his Test debut in 2018. He led Surrey to the 2018 and 2022 County Championship titles. He plays as a left-handed opening batsman.</s><s>Early life. Burns was born in Epsom, Surrey and educated at City of London Freemen's School in Ashtead, Surrey, Whitgift School and Cardiff Metropolitan University (UWIC). Whilst at Whitgift school, Rory Burns played with fellow England international Jason Roy, who is the same age.</s><s>Domestic career. Having played Second XI cricket for both Surrey and Hampshire, Burns made his first-class debut for Surrey against Cambridge MCCU in May 2011. He made scores of 23 and 16, and keeping wicket ahead of regular keepers Steven Davies and Gary Wilson he took two catches. This was his only first team appearance for Surrey in the 2011 season. In the 2012 season, he scored a century against Leeds Bradford MCCU and filled in as wicket-keeper in one game before being called upon to open the batting in early July"
},
{
"title": "Rory Burns",
"text": " against Lancashire. He remained on the team for the rest of the season finishing with 741 runs at an average of 49.4. He continued to open the batting in 2013 and 2014, playing all Surrey's first-class games in both seasons. He scored 1000 runs in a season for the first time in 2014. In June 2015, whilst playing for Surrey in a NatWest t20 Blast game against Sussex Sharks at Arundel Castle, Burns collided with teammate Moisés Henriques while attempting to take a catch. Both players were knocked unconscious from the collision with Burns requiring stitches to facial injuries and Henriques suffering a broken jaw. Ambulances and medical staff treated the players on-field before taking them both to hospital. The game was abandoned due to the injuries. Burns returned to the team in late-June and finished the season with 1019 First-Class runs at an average of 48.52. He also played in 7 of Surrey's 10 games in the Royal London Cup, including all the knock-out games, scoring 364 runs. His good form in the previous season saw him selected to represent the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against the champions Yorkshire in the traditional curtain-raiser to the 2016 English cricket season. In"
},
{
"title": "Rory Burns",
"text": " July 2017, he made his highest score of 219 not out versus Hampshire whilst deputising as captain in place of the injured Gareth Batty; the first time he had captained Surrey in a first class match. Before the 2018 season, Burns was appointed club captain for first-class and List A formats, with Batty stepping down. In the 2018 season, Burns led Surrey to their first County Championship title since 2002. In the process, he scored over 1000 runs for the fifth consecutive season, finishing the season overall as Division One's top run-scorer, with 1359 runs at an average of 64.71. Burns' Surrey availability was limited in 2019, 2020 and 2021 by his England duties. In the 2019 County Championship, Burns scored 603 runs in 8 matches at an average of 37.68. Burns only played one match in Surrey's 2020 Bob Willis Trophy campaign, hitting 103 and 52 against Sussex. Playing 9 matches in the 2021 County Championship, Burns scored 617 runs at an average of 47.46. In April 2022, he was bought by the Oval Invincibles for the 2022 season of The Hundred.</s><s>International career. In September 2018, Burns was named in England's Test squad for their tour of Sri Lanka, replacing the retiring"
},
{
"title": "Rory Burns",
"text": " Alastair Cook. He made his Test debut on 6 November 2018, and played all three matches in the series, making 155 runs at an average of 25.83. This was enough for Burns to hold his place into England's tour of the West Indies, where he averaged 24.16, and fell short of a maiden Test century with 84 in the first Test. After a disappointing first home Test, scoring just 12 runs against Ireland, Burns was selected as England's opener for the Ashes alongside Surrey teammate Jason Roy. Burns made his maiden Test century in the first Test at Edgbaston, scoring 133 in \"an urgent, scrappy, dogged\" innings after a period of poor form. Burns success continued throughout the Ashes - he was the series' third highest scorer, making 390 runs in 10 innings, supplementing his century with scores of 53 and 81. Burns' good form continued into the 2019-20 winter, as he scored 184 runs in just 3 innings against New Zealand, including his second Test century at Hamilton. However, after scoring 84 in England's first Test against South Africa, Burns was ruled out the last 3 Tests after rolling his ankle playing a game of football. The injury would have also ruled him out of England's upcoming tour of Sri Lanka,"
},
{
"title": "Rory Burns",
"text": " but the series was later cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Burns came back into the side for the behind closed doors Test series against West Indies and Pakistan in 2020. Against the West Indies, Burns scored 234 runs - England's second most - at 46.80, including two half-centuries in the third Test. However, this success was followed by a series of failures against Pakistan, Burns scoring just 20 runs in his 4 innings. After missing England's 2021 tour of Sri Lanka for the birth of his child, Burns rejoined the team for their tour of India. After scoring just 58 runs in the first two Tests (including 2 ducks), Burns was dropped for the final two Tests. Burns was immediately brought back into the team for England's 2021 home series against New Zealand, and found form straight away. Named England's player of the series, Burns scored 238 runs at 59.50, including 132 in the first Test and 81 in the second. In the following four home Tests against India, Burns made two half-centuries and two ducks, averaging just 26.14. Opening for England in the 2021–22 Ashes, Burns had a disastrous start, being bowled for a golden duck with the opening ball of the first day. This made"
},
{
"title": "Rory Burns",
"text": " Burns the first man since Stan Worthington in 1936 to be dismissed with the first ball of an Ashes series. Burns played in three Tests over the full series scoring 77 runs at an average of 12.83. He was not included for England's subsequent Test tour of the West Indies.</s><s>Personal life. Burns missed England's 2021 tour of Sri Lanka for the birth of his daughter. Burns is very close to his school, Surrey and England teammate Jason Roy, both of them serving as each other's best man at their weddings.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Rory Burns",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000426
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Feroze Gandhi.
|
[
{
"title": "Feroze Gandhi",
"text": "<s>Feroze Gandhi Feroze Gandhi (born Feroze Jehangir Ghandy; 12 September 1912 – 8 September 1960) was an Indian freedom fighter, politician and journalist. Gandhi published the newspapers \"The National Herald\" and \"The Navjivan\". He served as a member of the provincial parliament between 1950 and 1952, and later a member of the Lok Sabha, the Lower House of India's parliament. Gandhi's wife, Indira Nehru (daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India), and their elder son Rajiv were both prime ministers of India.</s><s>Early life. Feroze Jehangir Ghandy was born on 12 September 1912 to a Parsi family at the Tehmulji Nariman Hospital in the Fort district of Bombay; his parents, Jehangir Faredoon Ghandy and Ratimai (née Commissariat), lived in Nauroji Natakwala Bhawan in Khetwadi Mohalla in Bombay. His father Jahangir was a marine engineer working for Killick Nixon and was later promoted as a warrant engineer. Feroze was the youngest of the five children with two brothers Dorab and Faridun Jehangir,"
},
{
"title": "Feroze Gandhi",
"text": " and two sisters, Tehmina Kershashp and Aloo Dastur. The family had migrated to Bombay from Bharuch (now in South Gujarat) where their ancestral home, which belonged to his grandfather, still exists in Kotpariwad. In the early 1920s, after the death of his father, Feroze and his mother moved to Allahabad to live with his unmarried maternal aunt, Shirin Commissariat, a surgeon at the city's Lady Dufferin Hospital. He attended the Vidya Mandir High School and then graduated from the British-staffed Ewing Christian College.</s><s>Family and career. In 1930, the wing of Congress Freedom fighters, the \"Vanar Sena\" was formed. Feroze met Kamala Nehru and Indira among the women demonstrators picketing outside Ewing Christian College. Kamala fainted with the heat of the sun and Feroze went to comfort her. The next day, he abandoned his studies to join the Indian independence movement. Being inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, Feroze changed the spelling of his surname from \"Ghandy\" to \"Gandhi\" after joining the Independence movement. He was imprisoned in 1930, along with Lal Bahadur Shast"
},
{
"title": "Feroze Gandhi",
"text": "ri (the 2nd Prime Minister of India), head of Allahabad District Congress Committee, and lodged in Faizabad Jail for nineteen months. Soon after his release, he was involved with the agrarian no-rent campaign in the United Province (now Uttar Pradesh) and was imprisoned twice, in 1932 and 1933, while working closely with Nehru. Feroze first proposed to Indira in 1933, but she and her mother rejected it, putting forward that she was too young, only 16. He grew close to the Nehru family, especially to Indira's mother Kamala Nehru, accompanying her to the TB sanatorium at Bhowali in 1934, helping arrange her trip to Europe when her condition worsened in April 1935, and visiting her at the sanitarium at Badenweiler and finally at Lausanne, where he was at her bedside when she died on 28 February 1936. In the following years, Indira and Feroze grew closer to each other while in England. They married in March 1942 according to Hindu rituals. Indira's father Jawaharlal Nehru opposed her marriage and approached Mahatma Gandhi to dissuade the young couple, but to no avail. The couple were arrested and jailed in August 1942,"
},
{
"title": "Feroze Gandhi",
"text": " during the Quit India Movement less than six months after their marriage. He was imprisoned for a year in Allahabad's Naini Central Prison. The following five years were of comfortable domestic life and the couple had two sons, Rajiv and Sanjay, born in 1944 and 1946, respectively. After independence, Jawaharlal became the first Prime Minister of India. Feroze and Indira settled in Allahabad with their two young children, and Feroze became Managing Director of \"The National Herald\", a newspaper founded by his father-in-law, Jawaharlal Nehru. After being a member of the provincial parliament (1950–1952), Feroze won independent India's first general elections in 1952, from Rae Bareli constituency in Uttar Pradesh. Indira came down from Delhi and worked as his campaign organizer. Feroze soon became a prominent force in his own right, criticizing the government of his father-in-law and beginning a fight against corruption. In the years after independence, many Indian business houses had become close to the political leaders, and some of them started various financial irregularities. In a case exposed by Feroze in December 1955, he revealed how Ram Kishan Dalmia, as chairman of a bank and an"
},
{
"title": "Feroze Gandhi",
"text": " insurance company, used these companies to fund his takeover of Bennett and Coleman and started transferring money illegally from publicly held companies for personal benefit. In 1957, he was re-elected from Rae Bareli. In the parliament in 1958, he raised the Haridas Mundhra scandal involving the government controlled LIC insurance company. This was a huge embarrassment to the clean image of Nehru's government and eventually led to the resignation of the Finance Minister T.T. Krishnamachari. His rift with Indira had also become public knowledge by then, and added to the media interest in the matter. Feroze also initiated a number of nationalization drives, starting with the Life Insurance Corporation. At one point he also suggested that TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO) be nationalized since they were charging nearly double the price of a Japanese railway engine. This raised a stir in the Parsi community since the Tatas were also Parsi. He continued challenging the government on a number of other issues, and emerged as a parliamentarian well-respected on both sides of the bench.</s><s>Death and legacy. Feroze suffered a heart attack in 1958. Indira, who stayed with her father at Teen Murti House, the official residence of the"
},
{
"title": "Feroze Gandhi",
"text": " prime minister, was at that time away on a state visit to Bhutan. She returned to look after him in Kashmir. Feroze died in 1960 at the Willingdon Hospital, Delhi, after suffering a second heart attack. He was cremated and his ashes interred at the Parsi cemetery in Allahabad. His Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency seat was held by his daughter-in-law, and wife of Rajiv Gandhi, Sonia Gandhi in 2004, 2009, 2014 and 2019. A school of higher education that he helped found was named after him in Rae Bareli. Feroze Gandhi College; http://fgc.edu.in NTPC Limited renamed their Unchahar Thermal Power Station in Uttar Pradesh to Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Plant.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Sources. - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Feroze Gandhi",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000427
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Jean-Claude Van Damme.
|
[
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": "<s>Jean-Claude Van Damme Jean-Claude Camille François Van Varenberg (, ; born 18 October 1960), known professionally as Jean-Claude Van Damme (, ), is a Belgian actor, martial artist, filmmaker, and fight choreographer. Credited with helping popularize martial arts in film, Van Damme is widely regarded as one of the most iconic martial arts action stars of all time. Born and raised in Brussels, Belgium, at the age of ten his father enrolled him in a Shotokan karate school. From there, he went on to develop his fighting skills, both in Shotokan karate and kickboxing. He was a member of the Belgium Karate Team when it won the European Karate Championship on 26 December 1979. With the desire of becoming an actor, he moved to the United States in 1982, where he did odd jobs and worked on several films, until he got his break as the lead in the martial arts film \"Bloodsport\" (1988). Van Damme became a popular action film star and followed up with \"Cyborg\" (1989), \"Kickboxer\" (1989), \"Lionheart\" (1990), \"Death Warrant\" (1990), \"Double Impact\" (1991"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": "), \"Universal Soldier\" (1992), \"Nowhere to Run\" (1993), \"Hard Target\" (1993), \"Timecop\" (1994), \"Street Fighter\" (1994), \"Sudden Death\" (1995), \"The Quest\" (1996), \"Maximum Risk\" (1996), etc. After a decline, Van Damme returned to prominence with the critically acclaimed crime drama \"JCVD\" (2008). Thereafter, Van Damme continued starring in more action films and playing supporting roles in \"The Expendables 2\" (2012), the \"Kung Fu Panda\" franchise (2011–2016), the film series (2016–2018), \"\" (2022), etc.</s><s>Early life and education. Van Damme was born Jean-Claude Camille François Van Varenberg, on 18 October 1960, in Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, Brussels, Belgium, the son of Eliana and Eugène Van Varenberg, who was an accountant and florist. His father is from Brussels and bilingual, and his mother is Flemish (Dutch-speaking). Van Damme was brought up Roman Catholic. His paternal grandmother was Jewish. He began martial arts at the age of ten, enrolled by his father in"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " a Shōtōkan karate school. His styles consist of Shōtōkan Karate and Kickboxing. He eventually earned his black belt in karate at 18. He started lifting weights to improve his physique, which eventually led to a Mr. Belgium bodybuilding title. At the age of 16, he took up ballet, which he studied for five years. According to Van Damme, ballet \"is an art, but it's also one of the most difficult sports. If you can survive a ballet workout, you can survive a workout in any other sport.\" Later he took up both Taekwondo and Muay Thai.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early 1970s to 1980: Martial arts and first film appearance. At the age of 12, Van Damme joined the \"Centre National de Karaté\" (National Center of Karate) under the guidance of Claude Goetz in Belgium. Van Damme trained for four years and he earned a spot on the Belgian Karate Team; he later trained in full-contact karate and kickboxing with Dominique Valera. At the age of 15, Van Damme started his competitive karate career in Belgium. From 1976 to 1980, Van Damme compiled a"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " record of 44 victories and 4 defeats in tournament and non-tournament semi-contact matches. Van Damme was a member of the Belgium Karate Team when it won the European Karate Championship on 26 December 1979 at La Coupe François Persoons Karate Tournament in Brussels. Van Damme placed second at the Challenge Coupe des Espoirs Karate Tournament (1st Trials). At the 3-day tournament, Van Damme defeated 25 opponents before losing in the finals to teammate Angelo Spataro. On 8 March 1980, in Brussels, Belgium, Van Damme competed against his former teammate Patrick Teugels at the Forest National Arena on the undercard of the Dan Macaruso-Dominique Valera Professional Karate Association Light-Heavyweight World Championship bout. Prior to this match, Teugels had defeated Van Damme twice by decision, including a match for the Belgium Lightweight Championship. Van Damme had a 1977 victory over Teugels. Teugels was coming off an impressive showing at the World Association of Kickboxing Organizations World Championships four months earlier, and was favored by some to win this match. According to reports, and Patrick Teugels' own interview (with photos), Teugels lost to Van Damme by TKO"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " in the 1st round. Teugels was kicked in the nose and was unable to continue as a result. In a 2013 interview, Van Damme called this fight his most memorable match. Van Damme began his full-contact career in 1977, when Claude Goetz promoted the first ever full-contact karate tournament in Belgium. From 1977 to 1982, Van Damme compiled a record of 18 victories (18 knockouts) and 1 defeat. In 1979, he had an uncredited role in André Delvaux's \"Woman Between Wolf and Dog\", a Belgian-French drama film starring Marie-Christine Barrault, and Rutger Hauer. In 1980, Van Damme caught the attention of \"Professional Karate Magazine\" publisher and editor Mike Anderson and multiple European champion Geert Lemmens. Both men tabbed Van Damme as an upcoming prospect. Van Damme retired from competition in 1982. During his early life, Van Damme sold flowers in restaurants, and got a loan to open a gym to save some money before his move to the United States.</s><s>Career.:1982 to 1988: Early works and breakthrough. In 1982, Van Damme and childhood friend Michel Qissi moved to the United States in the hope of working"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " as actors. They did a variety of jobs to support themselves. Their first job working on a film as extras in the hip hop dance film \"Breakin'\" (1984), made by Cannon Films. They are seen dancing in the background at a dance demonstration. Around that time he developed a friendship with action martial art film star Chuck Norris. They started sparring together, and Van Damme started to work as a bouncer at a bar named Woody's Wharf, owned by Norris. In the 1984 action film \"Missing in Action\" starring Norris, which was also released by Cannon Films, Van Damme is credited in the stunt team crew. That same year he also had a role in the comedy short film \"Monaco Forever.\" On 2 May 1986, Corey Yuen's martial arts film \"No Retreat, No Surrender\" premiered in Los Angeles. It was Van Damme's first sizeable role when he was cast as the Russian villain. It starred Kurt McKinney, and was released through New World Pictures. McKinney performs as Jason Stillwell, a U.S. teenager who learns karate from the spirit of Bruce Lee. Stillwell uses these lessons to defend his martial arts dojo against a Soviet martial artist played by Van Damme. He was"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " set to star in \"No Retreat, No Surrender 2,\" but backed out. Van Damme worked for director John McTiernan for the film \"Predator\" (1987) as an early (eventually abandoned) version of the titular alien, before being removed and replaced by Kevin Peter Hall. As the first choice to play the titular Predator character, with the intent that he would use his martial arts skills to make the alien an agile, ninja-like hunter, but after few days shot, he left the film. It was reported that Van Damme constantly complained about the monster suit being too hot and causing him to pass out; he allegedly also voiced reservations about only appearing on camera in the suit. Additionally, it became apparent that a more physically imposing actor was needed to make the creature appear threatening against the team of soldiers. The role eventually went to Kevin Peter Hall. After \"Predator\" was a success, Van Damme said that he appreciated the movie and that he had no regrets about missing that role. Van Damme's breakout film was \"Bloodsport\", which opened on 26 February 1988, based on the alleged true story of Frank Dux. It was shot on a $1.5-million budget for Cannon. The film"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " is about U.S. Army Captain Frank Dux (played by Van Damme), trained from his youth in the ways of ninjutsu by Senzo Tanaka, who honors his mentor by taking the place of Tanaka's deceased son Shingo in the illegal martial-arts tournament Kumite in Hong Kong. It became a U.S. box-office hit in the spring of 1988. Producer Mark Di Salle said he was looking for \"a new martial arts star who was a ladies' man, [but Van Damme] appeals to both men and women. He's an American hero who fights for justice the American way and kicks the stuffing out of the bad guys.\" Also in 1988, Van Damme played another Russian villain, in \"Black Eagle\", opposite Sho Kosugi. In the film, Sho Kosugi is a martial artist and special operative for the U.S. government codenamed \"Black Eagle\", and summoned by his superiors after an F-111 carrying an experimental black ops laser tracking device was shot down over Malta by Russian forces.</s><s>Career.:1989 to 1999: International stardom. After the success of \"Bloodsport\", Cannon Films offered Van Damme the lead in \"\", \"American Ninja 3\" or \""
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": "Cyborg\", a cyperpunk martial arts film directed by Albert Pyun. Van Damme chose \"Cyborg\" which premiered in 1989. The film was a low budget box office success and led to two sequels, neither of which Van Damme appeared in. Cannon used Van Damme again in \"Kickboxer\" released that same year. It was highly successful, returning over $50 million on a $3-million budget. The film started the \"Kickboxer\" franchise. Van Damme did not appear in any of the film's four sequels, though he did return as a different character in the reboot series. In 1990 Van Damme starred in \"Death Warrant\", the first script credit for David S. Goyer. Also that year he starred in \"Lionheart\". \"Lionheart\" was directed by Sheldon Lettich who had co-written \"Bloodsport\", and said the film was \"the first movie to demonstrate that Van Damme was more than just a flash-in-the-pan \"Karate Guy\" who would never rise above simplistic low-budget karate movies.\" It also featured rear nudity from Van Damme which Lettich says \"became a very memorable moment for the ladies in the audience, and"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " for the gay guys as well. Showing off his butt (clothed or unclothed) almost became a signature trademark of his after that.\" In 1991, \"Double Impact\" was released. Directed by Lettich, it features Van Damme in the dual role of Alex and Chad Wagner, estranged twin brothers fighting to avenge the deaths of their parents. Upon its opening it received mixed reviews. \"The Los Angeles Times\" said the film “delivers the goods”, while \"Variety\" didn’t like the plotline and predicted a flop. The film grossed $ 23,683,813 in its first 28 days. It made a total of $30,102,717 in the US. Retrospective critics perceive it to be a fun action film, with good comical moments, and a good performance by Van Damme who plays two distinct characters. In 1992, Van Damme starred in one of the biggest blockbusters of the year in the sci-fi action picture \"Universal Soldier\" directed by Roland Emmerich for Carolco. Van Damme (as Luc Deveraux) and Dolph Lundgren (as Sergeant Andrew Scott) play U.S. soldiers during the Vietnam War"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " who are sent to secure a village against North Vietnamese forces. However they end up shooting each other dead after Devereaux discovers that Scott has gone insane and has resorted to mutilating the villagers and barbarically cutting off their ears, taking an innocent girl and boy hostage. They are later reanimated in a secret Army project along with a large group of other previously dead soldiers and sent on a mission as GR operatives. At the 1992 Cannes Film Festival, Van Damme and Lundgren were involved in a verbal altercation that almost turned physical when both men pushed each other only to be separated, but it was believed to have only been a publicity stunt. \"Universal Soldier\" opened in theatres on 10 July 1992, a moderate success domestically with $36,299,898 in US ticket sales, but a major blockbuster worldwide, making over $65 million overseas, which earned the film a total of $102 million worldwide, on a $23 million budget. Van Damme was considered to play Simon Phoenix in \"Demolition Man\" and was briefly considered for the role of Michael Cheritto in \"Heat\". In 1993 Van Damme made a cameo in \"Last Action Hero\", and starred in \"Nowhere To Run\". The film was the first in a"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " three-picture deal between Van Damme and Columbia Pictures and his fee was $3.5 million. Columbia said the film is \"true to his audience and goes beyond his audience.\" In 1994, he starred in \"Hard Target\" for Universal, the first American film from director John Woo. Also released that year he starred in \"Timecop\", playing a time-traveling cop. Directed by Peter Hyams, the film was a huge success, grossing over $100 million worldwide, and remains his highest-grossing film in a lead role to date. Also that year, Van Damme starred in \"Street Fighter,\" written and directed by Steven E. de Souza for Universal and based on the video game. It was poorly received critically. Though a commercial success, making approximately three times its production cost. Van Damme and Hyams re-teamed for Universal' on \"Sudden Death\" released in 1995. Van Damme plays a French Canadian-born firefighter with the Pittsburgh Fire Bureau who suffered a personal crisis after he was unable to save a young girl from a house fire. Now removed from active duty, Darren has become demoted to being fire marshal for the Pittsburgh Civic Arena, where a gang of terrorists are holding U.S."
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " Vice President and several other VIPs hostage in a luxury suite during a game. In 1996, Van Damme starred and turned director for \"The Quest\". That year, he appeared in the TV show \"Friends\" in the two-part episode \"The One After the Superbowl\". He also starred in \"Maximum Risk\", the first American film directed by Ringo Lam, and their first collaboration. Van Damme's first box office bomb since he became a star was \"Double Team\" (1997), a buddy film with basketball superstar Dennis Rodman. It was Hong Kong director Tsui Hark's American debut. In 1998, he and Hark reunited on \"Knock Off.\" Also that year, Van Damme acted in the costume action film, \"Legionnaire\". Despite a $35 million budget, it was not released theatrically in the US, only overseas. In 1999, Van Damme starred in \"\", (1999), where he returns as Luc Deveraux. That year he also starred in \"Inferno.\"</s><s>Career.:2000s: Subsequent films. Released in 2001, \"Replicant\" is the second collaboration between Van Damme and director Ringo Lam, and the fifth time that Van Damme has starred in"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " a dual role. It co-stars Michael Rooker. Also that year he starred in \"The Order\", directed by Sheldon Lettich, and written by Van Damme. In 2002 he starred in \"Derailed.\" \"In Hell\" is a 2003 American prison action film directed by Ringo Lam. It is the third collaboration between Van Damme and Lam. Van Damme plays an American working overseas in Magnitogorsk, Russia. That same year, Van Damme employed his dancing training in the music video for Bob Sinclar's \"Kiss My Eyes\". His 2004 film was \"Wake of Death,\" an action film directed by Philippe Martinez. Ringo Lam was the original director, but he left the project after a few weeks of filming in Canada. It co-stars Simon Yam, Valerie Tian, Tony Schiena, etc. In 2005, he played himself in the French film \"Narco.\" In 2006, he starred in \"Second in Command\" directed by Simon Fellows, and \"The Hard Corps\" directed by Sheldon Lettich. In 2007, played a small role in \"The Exam\", a Turkish comedy-drama film directed by Ömer Faruk Sorak. Also that year he starred in \"Until"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " Death\". Van Damme returned to the mainstream with the limited theatrical release of the 2008 film \"JCVD\", which received positive reviews. \"Time Magazine\" named Van Damme's performance in the film the second best of the year (after Heath Ledger's The Joker in \"The Dark Knight\"), having previously stated that Van Damme \"deserves not a black belt, but an Oscar.\" Also in 2008, he starred in Isaac Florentine's \".\" He then reprised his role as Luc Deveraux alongside Dolph Lundgren in the 2009 film \"\", directed by John Hyams. The film was released theatrically in the Middle East and Southeast Asia and directly to video in the United States and other parts of the world. Since its release, the film has received better than average reviews for a straight-to-DVD franchise sequel.</s><s>Career.:2010–present: Current work. In 2010, Van Damme directed himself in the barely released \"Full Love.\" That same year, he turned down the role of Gunner Jensen in the first instalment of \"The Expendables\" and the role went to Dolph Lundgren. In 2011, Van Damme voiced Master Croc in the computer animation film \"Kung Fu Panda 2"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": "\". In the film, Van Damme voices a character who helps the heroes of the previous film. That same year, he co-starred with Scott Adkins in \"Assassination Games\". Also in 2011, he played a role in the French comedy \"Beur sur la ville.\" Also that year, Van Damme starred in his own reality TV show \"\". The show showcases his family life, his personal troubles, and an upcoming fight. Since 2009, Van Damme has been planning to make a comeback to fight former boxing Olympic gold-medalist Somluck Kamsing. The fight was a focal point in his ITV reality show \"\". The fight has been repeatedly postponed, with many critics doubting it will occur, especially due to the difficulty of booking the venue. In 2012, he acted in the Russian comedy film named \"Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon,\" and \"U.F.O.\" He starred in \"Dragon Eyes\", \"\", and \"Six Bullets\". Also that year, he starred as the main villain in \"The Expendables 2\". The film series follows a mercenary group as they undertake a mission which evolves into a quest for revenge against a rival mercenary (Van Damme). The film was a success. it grossed over"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " $310 million worldwide. Also that year, Van Damme was seen as part of Kam Sing's ring crew when Kam Sing fought against Jomhod Kiatadisak. He also appeared in commercials for Coors Light beer, showing him on a snow-covered mountain wearing a sleeveless denim jacket, and for the washing powder Dash. On 21 October 2012, Van Damme was honored with a life-size statue of himself in his hometown of Brussels. He told reporters during the unveiling, \"Belgium is paying me back something, but really it's to pay back to the dream. So when people come by here, it is not Jean-Claude van Damme but it's a guy from the street who believed in something. I want the statue to represent that\". In 2013 Van Damme acted in the comedy \"Welcome to the Jungle.\" Also that year\",\" he played the main villain in \"Enemies Closer,\" an American action thriller film directed by Peter Hyams. On 13 November 2013, Volvo Trucks released an advertisement on YouTube that shows Van Damme doing the splits while perched with each of his feet on the outer rearview mirrors of one semi-trailer truck and one box truck moving backwards, which Van Damme describes in"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " the commercial as \"the most epic of splits\". The video quickly went viral around the web, receiving more than 11 million views in three days, 35 million in the first week. It was dubbed as \"The Epic Split\". \"Swelter\" is a 2014 American action film where he plays one of the leads. It stars Lennie James, and co-stars Grant Bowler, Josh Henderson, and Alfred Molina. James plays a sheriff in a small town who has a dark past that he can not remember, only to have to confront it when his ex-partners show up looking for stolen money they believe he has. 2015, he starred in the action thriller film \"Pound of Flesh,\" directed by Ernie Barbarash. Also that year, he had a supporting role in a Chinese superhero parody film. In 2016, he returned to his voice role of Master Croc in the \"Kung Fu Panda\" franchise for the third installment. Also that year, he acted in \"\" directed by John Stockwell. It is a reboot of the original where Van Damme was the lead. That year he also played the lead in the tv serie \"Jean-Claude Van Johnson\". In 2017, he starred in \"Kill 'Em All\", an action"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " film directed by Peter Malota. In 2018, he returned to his role in \",\" a sequel to the reboot. That same year, he acted in \"Black Water\". It co-stars Dolph Lundgren in the fifth collaboration between both actors as well as the first time they appear together as on-screen allies. In 22 August of that same year, he starred in Julien Leclercq's \"The Bouncer\". In 2019, Van Damme starred in \"We Die Young\". In 2021, Van Damme starred in \"The Last Mercenary.\" In 2022, Van Damme voiced the character Jean-Clawed in the computer animation film \"\".</s><s>Monument. In 2012, a statue of the actor was unveiled in Anderlecht, Belgium. The artwork, which depicts a younger incarnation of \"the Muscles from Brussels\" in one of his fighting poses from the movie \"Kickboxer\", was commissioned to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Westland Shopping complex. The unveiling took place on Boulevard Sylvain Dupuis and was attended by Van Damme, his parents, Wallonia-Brussels culture minister and nearly 2,000 fans. Van Damme said the statue \"represented the dream of a Brussels kid\" and"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " was \"for all the children who want something bad\", adding that \"if you believe in something strongly enough, it can come true\". In 2019, a Van Damme monument was mounted in the Vandam village of Qabala, Azerbaijan, due to the similarity of the village name and Van Damme's name. The actor subsequently published a post on his Facebook account, thanking those responsible.</s><s>Controversies.</s><s>Controversies.:Lawsuit and fight record controversy. In 1997, Frank Dux, the martial artist whom Van Damme portrayed in \"Bloodsport\", filed a lawsuit against Van Damme for $50,000 for co-writing and consultation work Dux did on the 1996 film \"The Quest\". According to the lawsuit, Dux also accused Van Damme of lying to the public about his martial arts fight record, stating that when Dux tutored Van Damme while Van Damme was laying carpet for a living, Van Damme exhibited a lack of martial arts skills. Van Damme's lawyer, Martin Singer, responded, \"There are records to document his martial arts acclaim. Why, just look at his movies; he didn't get those roles on his acting ability! He's the one who does those splits on chairs"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": ". He doesn't have a stuntman to do that.\"</s><s>Controversies.:Steven Seagal incident. In 2008, actor Sylvester Stallone declared to the British magazine \"FHM\" that \"At a party in my home in Miami in 1997, Van Damme was tired of Steven Seagal claiming he could kick his ass so he offered Seagal outside into my back yard.\" According to Stallone, Seagal made his excuses and left while Van Damme tracked him down at a nightclub and challenged him again. Stallone finished by stating \"Van Damme was too strong. Seagal wanted none of it.\"</s><s>Controversies.:Chuck Zito incident. Tensions arose between Van Damme and bodyguard/stuntman Chuck Zito when Zito began dating Van Damme's estranged wife Darcy LaPier. Zito was reportedly unhappy about LaPier's claim in a divorce action that Van Damme had abused her. On 6 February 1998, the \"New York Daily News\" reported that Van Damme had been punched by Zito the previous night at the Scores strip club in Manhattan, New York. Zito, who had previously bodyguarded Van Damme and did stunts on the film \""
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": "Nowhere to Run\", recalled the incident in his 2002 autobiography \"Street Justice\", claiming that he suffered a broken hand as a result of striking Van Damme several times after Van Damme made disparaging remarks about him to a club bouncer, who then relayed the comments to Zito. Van Damme denied in an appearance on \"Inside Edition\" days after the incident that he had been struck by Zito and challenged Zito to a fight. Zito has stated: \"I hope we can be friends again, but he was abusive. Some people will take that kind of abuse. I am not one of them.\"</s><s>Controversies.:Kadyrov event. In October 2011, Van Damme, along with other celebrities including Hilary Swank, Vanessa-Mae and Seal attracted criticism from human rights groups for attending an event in Russian federal subject Chechnya's capital Grozny on the 35th birthday of Chechen president Ramzan Kadyrov on 5 October. Human rights groups, who had urged the celebrities to cancel their appearances because of abuses carried out under Kadyrov, criticised the celebrities for attending the event. Human Rights Watch released a statement which said, \"Ramzan Kadyrov is linked to a litany of horrific human rights"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " abuses. It's inappropriate for stars to get paid to party with him [...] And getting paid to be part of such a lavish show in Chechnya trivializes the suffering of countless victims of human rights abuses there.\"</s><s>Public image and influence. In the French-speaking world, Van Damme is well known – and often mocked – for the picturesque aphorisms that he delivers on a wide range of topics (personal well-being, spirituality, the environment, women, dogs, his ability to crack walnuts with his buttocks, his realization that Christianity is flawed based on the fact that \"snakes are nice\" and \"apples contain pectin which is anti-cholesterol\", etc.) in a sort of Zen franglais. He was deeply affected by his depiction in the media and the frequent derisive use of his interviews in comedy shows in the early 2000s, becoming increasingly reluctant to grant new interviews in French. He later explained that he was trying to communicate bits of his hard-earned wisdom to young uneducated people dreaming of success, like he used to be himself, and had to struggle with the time constraints of TV, with his difficulties reacquainting with the French language, and with the effects of jet lag, often resulting"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " in a clumsy, haphazard delivery. His public image in the French-speaking world became a major theme of the 2008 movie \"J.C.V.D.\" (directed by Mabrouk El Mechri, a fan of Van Damme's from his childhood, who sought to rehabilitate him by exploring those issues head-on). The original video game \"Mortal Kombat\" was conceived as a fighting game based on Van Damme. Creators Ed Boon and John Tobias had originally wanted to star Van Damme himself in the game. That fell through as he had a prior deal for another game under the auspices of the Sega Genesis platform. Ed Boon and John Tobias eventually decided to create a different character for the game named Johnny Cage, who is modelled after Van Damme, primarily from Van Damme's appearance and outfit in the martial arts film \"Bloodsport\". In the German version of the Donkey Kong 64 website, DK's greatest hero is Jean-Claude van Kong. Renowned UFC fighter Georges St-Pierre was inspired by Van Damme, and described fighting him in the film \"\" as \"a dream come true\". In January 2017, Van Damme featured in an Ultra Tune television advert which was part of"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " a controversial series of ads. Two women were confronted in a car park by a gang of youths in a threatening manner, Van Damme appears to defend them and then the mood lightens and they take pictures with the star. In October 2020, Van Damme rescued a three-month-old chihuahua, saving her from euthanasia after a legal tussle between Norway and Bulgaria.</s><s>Personal life. By the mid-1990s, the stress of the constant filming and promotion of his films, as Van Damme explains, led him to develop a cocaine habit, on which he spent up to $10,000 a week, and consuming up to 10 grams per day by 1996. He was arrested for driving under the influence in 1999. Attempts at drug rehabilitation were unsuccessful, and he resorted to resolve his addiction via quitting cold turkey and exercise. In 1998, he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. In 2011, he discussed the condition on the British reality show \"\", saying, \"Sometimes you're gonna like me, and sometimes you're gonna hate me. But what can I do? I'm not perfect ... I'm an extreme bipolar, and I'm taking medication for this ... When I was young, I was suffering those swing moods"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": ". In the morning, the sky was blue [when I was] going to school, and to me, the sky was black. I was so sad.\" Van Damme has been married five times to four different women. Until 1992 he was married to his third wife, bodybuilder Gladys Portugues, with whom he has two children, Kristopher (born 1987) and Bianca Brigitte (born 1990).) He had begun an affair with actress Darcy LaPier, whom he married in February 1994. From this marriage, the couple has a son named Nicholas (born 10 October 1995). That same year he had an affair with his \"Street Fighter\" co-star Kylie Minogue during filming in Thailand. LaPier, who was pregnant with their son at the time, did not become aware of the affair until Van Damme publicly admitted it in 2012. Van Damme had been in a decade long relationship with Model Alena Kaverina, though still married to Gladys Portugues. Kaverina was born in Ukraine; Van Damme visited the country during the Russian invasion of Ukraine to show his support.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments. Mr. Belgium bodybuilding Championships (1976 Gold) Belgium Karate Lightweight Championships (1977"
},
{
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"text": " Gold) Belgium Karate team European Championships (1979 Gold) Belgium Coupe des Espoirs Karate Tournament Championships (1980 Silver)</s><s>Books cited. - (Wako) - (PKA World Heavyweight Title) - (Eku) - -</s><s>Further reading. - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Jean-Claude Van Damme",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000428
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Daniil Medvedev.
|
[
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": "<s>Daniil Medvedev Daniil Sergeyevich Medvedev (; born 11 February 1996) is a Russian professional tennis player. He is currently ranked as the world No. 5 in men's singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP), and was ranked as the world No. 1 for 16 total weeks. Medvedev has won 18 ATP Tour singles titles, including the 2021 US Open and 2020 ATP Finals. In the former, Medvedev defeated then-world No. 1 Novak Djokovic in the final to deny him the Grand Slam. In the latter, he became the first and only player to defeat the top three ranked players in the world en route to the year-end championship title. He has also won four Masters 1000 titles and contested four major finals. Medvedev made his ATP Tour main draw debut at the singles event of the 2015 Kremlin Cup. In 2017, he participated in a major for the first time at Wimbledon, where he defeated world No. 3 Stan Wawrinka. In 2018, Medvedev won his first ATP Tour singles titles at Sydney and Winston-Salem, and his first ATP 500 title in Tokyo. He achieved a breakthrough in 2019, making his top 10 debut after Wim"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": "bledon and reaching six consecutive tournament finals, including at the US Open. In February 2022, Medvedev became the first man outside of the Big Three to hold the world No. 1 ranking since Andy Murray in November 2016, the third Russian man following Yevgeny Kafelnikov in 1999 and Marat Safin in 2000, and the 27th man overall.</s><s>Early and personal life. Medvedev was born in Moscow to Sergey Medvedev and Olga Medvedeva. Daniil's father, a computer engineer, developed his own business of building materials sales, from the mid-1980s to the early 2010s. Medvedev has two older sisters named Julia and Elena, 12 and 8 years his senior, respectively. When he was 6 years old, his mother noticed an advertisement for group tennis lessons at the pool where he was taking swimming lessons. His father encouraged him to enroll. Medvedev's first tennis teacher was Ekaterina Kryuchkova, a former coach of professional tennis player Vera Zvonareva among others. - - Daniil's other childhood activities besides sport included harpsichord and guitar lessons. Medvedev studied physics and math at a specialized school before graduating early and enrolling in economics and commerce"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. He later dropped out to focus on tennis. He then switched to the Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth, and Tourism, where he received his diploma as coach. With his family he moved to Antibes, France where he trained at the tennis academy. His parents have been living in France since then, as retirees. As a result of living mostly overseas after turning 18, Medvedev can speak French and English fluently, besides his native Russian. Medvedev married his girlfriend Daria Chernyshkova, a Moscow State University graduate and former juniors tennis player, in Moscow on 12 September 2018. - On October 14, 2022, he announced with his wife, Daria, the birth of their daughter. In September 2019, he credited his marriage for the improvement of his tennis results: \"Before I made a proposal, I had been on the 65th place in the ranking, and then in ten months I've won two major tournaments and entered the top 10. We have significantly rebuilt our life, we work for each other. I earn [money], and Dasha helps me to earn more\". Daria also works as his assistant, e.g., she helps to procure travel"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " visas which is not easy with a Russian passport. When he won the US Open on 12 September 2021, his first Grand Slam singles title, Medvedev joked, referring to the final being on the same day as his wedding anniversary, \"If I lose, I have no time to find a present. So I have to win this match.\" Medvedev has been listed as an \"unsuitable\" subject to compulsory military service in the Russian Armed Forces because of his minor health issues due to the preterm birth at 8 months. Like many other Russian tennis players, Medvedev considered switching to the flag of Kazakhstan in the beginning of his professional career for a lack of support from the Russian Tennis Federation. - Sports psychologist Francisca Dauzet has been a part of his French-speaking entourage since 2018. He is a supporter of FC Bayern Munich.</s><s>Junior career. Medvedev played his first junior match in July 2009 at the age of 13 at a grade 4 tournament in Estonia. In December 2010, he won his first junior title as a qualifier at just his third tournament. 2012–2013 would see Medvedev surge on the junior circuit as he won six titles between October 2012 and July 2013 which included four consecutive titles."
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " He made his junior Grand Slam debut at 2013 Junior Wimbledon where he won his first round match against Hong Seong-chan but lost in the second round to 2nd seed Nikola Milojević. At the 2013 Junior US Open, he went into the tournament seeded 10th and made the third round where he lost to Johan Tatlot. Medvedev reached his career-high junior ranking of world No. 13 at the beginning of 2014 and went into the 2014 Junior Australian Open seeded 8th. He ended his junior career after a first round loss at 2014 Junior Wimbledon. Medvedev ended his junior career with an overall win–loss record of 109–43 and wins over several future stars including Alexander Zverev and Reilly Opelka. Junior Grand Slam results – singles: Australian Open: 3R (2014) French Open: 3R (2014) Wimbledon: 2R (2013) US Open: 3R (2013)</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:2015–2016 Early pro career. Medvedev made his ATP main draw debut at the 2015 Kremlin Cup, partnering Aslan Karatsev in the doubles event. The two defeated Aliaksandr Bury and Denis Istomin in the first round but"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " were defeated by Radu Albot and František Čermák in the second round. As a qualifier, Medvedev made his ATP singles main draw debut at the 2016 Nice Open, losing to Guido Pella in three sets. Three weeks later he earned his first singles ATP World Tour win at the 2016 Ricoh Open, defeating Horacio Zeballos in straight sets. Medvedev was disqualified from the second round of the Savannah Challenger event (in Georgia, U.S.) for comments he made after the umpire ruled in favor of his opponent. Medvedev thought he had won a break point against his opponent Donald Young's serve, but chair umpire Sandy French ruled that his returning shot had gone out. After that, Medvedev said Young and French were friends. As both parties are black, he was disqualified mid-match for allegedly 'question[ing] the impartiality of the umpire based on her race'.</s><s>Career.:2017 First ATP final. In January 2017, Medvedev reached his first ATP singles final. In the final at the Chennai Open he lost to Roberto Bautista Agut in two sets. As a result, Medvedev jumped 34 positions from 99 to 65 in the"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " ATP rankings, a new career-high. In February, he advanced to the quarterfinals of both the Open Sud de France and the Open 13, losing to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and Lucas Pouille respectively. In June, he made it to the quarterfinals of the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships, defeating the 6th seed, Robin Haase, and Thanasi Kokkinakis before losing to Ivo Karlović in straight sets. At the Aegon Championships, he advanced to his first ATP 500 quarterfinal by beating Nicolas Mahut and Kokkinakis in the first two rounds, before losing to the No. 6 seed, Grigor Dimitrov, in the quarterfinals. One week later, he on grass advanced to the semifinal of Eastbourne International, losing to Novak Djokovic. Medvedev registered his maiden Grand Slam match win at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships, defeating fifth seed and world No. 3, Stan Wawrinka, in the first round in four sets. He lost in the next round to Ruben Bemelmans. Medvedev was handed three fines totaling $14,500 (£11,200) for his conduct during the match with Bemelmans: $7,000 for"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " insulting the umpire on two occasions and $7,500 for throwing coins under the umpire's chair.</s><s>Career.:2018 First ATP titles. Medvedev started the 2018 season by qualifying for the Sydney International. He reached the final which he won against Australian Alex de Minaur. The final was the youngest ATP Tour tournament final since 2007, when a 20-year-old Rafael Nadal defeated a 19-year-old Novak Djokovic in the final of Indian Wells. It also was the tournament's youngest final since 1989. In August, Medvedev won his second ATP title at the 2018 Winston-Salem Open after defeating Steve Johnson in straight sets. In October, Medvedev won his first ATP 500 and third career ATP title in Tokyo as a qualifier, overcoming Japanese star and No. 3 seeded, Kei Nishikori, in straight sets in the final. This triumph brought him to a new career high ranking of No. 22 and made him the No. 1 player in Russia. The victory also marked the third consecutive final that Medvedev had beaten the home favorite in to win the title. Medvedev reached the Kremlin Cup semifinal, losing to his countryman and eventual champion Karen Khachanov."
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " One week later, he made the semifinals at the ATP 500 Swiss Indoors event, which he lost to Roger Federer. After the tournament, he achieved a new career high ranking of world No. 16. Medvedev finished 2018 with the most hard court match wins of any player on the ATP Tour (38 wins). He also had the most titles on hard court tournaments (3 titles), tying with Roger Federer, Novak Djokovic and Karen Khachanov.</s><s>Career.:2019 Two Masters titles, US Open final. Medvedev started the season strongly by reaching the final of the Brisbane International, defeating Andy Murray, Milos Raonic and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga en route, but then lost to Kei Nishikori. At the Australian Open, he was seeded 15th, the first time he was seeded at a major. He reached the round of 16 for the first time in his career, where he was defeated by eventual champion Novak Djokovic. In February, Medvedev won his fourth ATP title at the Sofia Open, beating Márton Fucsovics in the final. The following week, Medvedev lost in the semifinals of Rotterdam to Gaël Monfils."
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " Medvedev entered the Monte Carlo Masters having only won two of his 13 career matches on clay courts. Despite this, he reached his first ever Masters 1000 quarterfinal at the event after defeating world No. 8 Stefanos Tsitsipas. In the quarterfinals, Medvedev earned his first triumph over a world number 1 ranked player, when he defeated Djokovic in three sets. His run ended in the semifinals against Dušan Lajović. At the Barcelona Open, Medvedev earned his third successive top 10 victory (this time over Kei Nishikori) to reach his first clay-court final. There, he was defeated by world No. 5 Dominic Thiem. Following his victory over Nishikori, Medvedev experienced a five-match losing streak, including an opening-round defeat at the French Open. He returned to form on the grass courts of Queen's Club, reaching his sixth semifinal of the season where he lost to Gilles Simon. Medvedev made his top 10 debut after reaching the third round of Wimbledon. The North American hard-court swing proved to be a momentous breakthrough in Medevdev's career, as he reached four tournament finals (in Washington, Montreal, Cincinnati, and the US"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " Open), becoming only the third man in tennis history to do so (after Ivan Lendl and Andre Agassi). In Washington, he was defeated by Nick Kyrgios in the final. He followed this up with a strong performance at the Rogers Cup, reaching his first Masters final after beating top 10 players Dominic Thiem and Karen Khachanov. In the final, he was defeated by defending champion Rafael Nadal. Medvedev would reach a second consecutive Masters final at Cincinnati after beating defending champion Djokovic for the second time, where he defeated David Goffin in straight sets for his first Masters title. Medvedev entered the US Open as the world No. 5. In his second round match, he fought off cramping to defeat Hugo Dellien in four sets. He then defeated Feliciano López in a contentious match for which he was fined $5,000 for unsportsmanlike conduct and $4,000 for flipping off the crowd. Medvedev next recovered from a set and a break deficit to beat Dominik Köpfer and reach his first Major quarterfinal. He then beat former champion Stan Wawrinka in the quarterfinals and Grigor Dimitrov in the semifinals to reach his first Grand Slam final"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": ". There, Medvedev was defeated by Rafael Nadal in five sets. Medvedev followed up his success in North America with his maiden title on Russian soil at the St. Petersburg Open, to become the first Russian to win the tournament in 15 years. Medvedev then won a second consecutive title at the Shanghai Masters, defeating Alexander Zverev in the final. By reaching the final, Medvedev became the 7th man since 2000 to reach at least nine finals in a season. He ended the season losing his last four matches, including all three round robin matches in his ATP Finals debut.</s><s>Career.:2020 ATP Finals champion, third Masters title. Medvedev opened his season at the inaugural edition of the ATP Cup as Russia's top ranked singles player. He led Russia to the semifinals, where they were eliminated by the Serbian team after Medvedev lost to world No. 2 Novak Djokovic. At the Australian Open, Medvedev was eliminated in the fourth round by former champion Stan Wawrinka in five sets. During the February indoor season, Medvedev suffered early defeats in Rotterdam and Marseille. When the season resumed in August after a six-month hiatus due to the COVID-19"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " pandemic, Medvedev failed to defend his title at Cincinnati Masters, losing to Roberto Bautista Agut in the quarterfinals. As the 3rd seed in the US Open, Medvedev reached the semifinals before losing to eventual champion Dominic Thiem. At the French Open, Medvedev exited the tournament in the first round for the fourth consecutive year, losing to Márton Fucsovics. His struggles with form continued into the October indoor season, failing to string together more than two consecutive match wins in the St. Petersburg Open and Vienna Opens. Medvedev then resurged, winning his first title in a year at the Paris Masters. At the ATP Finals, Medvedev won all his round-robin matches in straight sets, over Alexander Zverev, Novak Djokovic and Diego Schwartzman. Medvedev recovered from a set- and break-deficit to defeat Rafael Nadal in the semifinals, before beating Dominic Thiem in the final, once again coming from a set down. With the victory, he became the first player to have defeated the world's top three players at the ATP Finals, and only the fourth player (after Djokovic, Boris Becker, and David Nalbandian) to"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " have done so at any tournament since the inception of the ATP Tour in 1990.</s><s>Career.:2021 US Open, Davis and ATP Cups champion. At the second edition of the ATP Cup in February, Medvedev led Russia to the title, going 4–0 in singles. This included 3 top ten victories (over Diego Schwartzman, Alexander Zverev, and Matteo Berrettini) extending his win streak over top 10 opponents to ten wins. Medvedev then reached his second Grand Slam final at the Australian Open after straight sets victories over Andrey Rublev and Stefanos Tsitsipas, extending his win streak against top 10 opponents to twelve wins, and his overall win streak to twenty wins. In the final, he was defeated by the defending champion Novak Djokovic in straight sets. Medvedev won his first title of the season at the Open 13 in Marseille, defeating Pierre-Hugues Herbert in the final. With the win, Medvedev ascended to world number 2 in the ATP rankings, becoming the first man outside of the Big Four to occupy a position in the top 2 since Lleyton Hewitt in July 2005. On 13 April, Medvedev tested positive for COVID-19 and was forced"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " to withdraw from the 2021 Monte-Carlo Masters. At the French Open, Medvedev reached the quarterfinals, where he lost to Stefanos Tsitsipas. With the grass-court season, Medvedev took a wildcard to play in the Mallorca Championships, where he won his first career grass-court title. At Wimbledon, he reached the fourth round for the first time in his career. There, he lost to Hubert Hurkacz in a match plagued by rain delays. Medvedev entered both the men's singles and the men's doubles events at the 2020 Summer Olympics. In doubles, Medvedev and Aslan Karatsev were defeated in the first round by Slovakia's Filip Polášek and Lukáš Klein. In singles, he defeated Kazakhstan's Alexander Bublik, India's Sumit Nagal, and Italy's Fabio Fognini to reach the quarterfinals. In the quarterfinals, he lost to Spain's Pablo Carreño Busta. To start the North American hardcourt season, Medvedev competed at the Canadian Open, where he won the title by defeating Reilly Opelka in the final. The following week, he competed at the Cincinnati Masters, reaching the semifinals where"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " he was defeated by Andrey Rublev. At the US Open, Medvedev dropped just one set en route to his first major title, defeating Novak Djokovic in the final. The final received immense attention, as Djokovic was vying to become only the second man in the Open Era to achieve the calendar-year Grand Slam. Following the US Open, Medvedev participated in the Laver Cup as part of Team Europe. Team Europe comfortably won the title, with Medvedev winning his match against Denis Shapovalov in straight sets. At the Indian Wells Masters, Medvedev was upset in the fourth round by Grigor Dimitrov. At the Paris Masters, Medvedev reached the final for the second consecutive year, but lost to Novak Djokovic in three sets. In his third ATP Finals, Medvedev qualified for the semifinals after winning all of his group matches. He there defeated Casper Ruud, but lost in straight sets to Alexander Zverev in the final. Medvedev ended his 2021 season by leading Russia to the Davis Cup title, not dropping a set through his five singles matches.</s><s>Career.:2022 Australian Open final, world No. 1. Medvedev represented Russia in the"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " third edition of the ATP Cup. Russia advanced to the semifinals of the tournament after Medvedev and Roman Safiullin went undefeated in doubles. There, Medvedev won his singles match against Canada's Félix Auger-Aliassime, but Russia was eliminated when Medvedev and Safiullin were defeated in the decisive doubles rubber. In January, Medvedev reached the final of the Australian Open for the second successive year. En route to the final, he beat home favorite Nick Kyrgios, world No. 10 Auger-Aliassime (saving match point), and world No. 4 Stefanos Tsitsipas. In the final, he was defeated in five epic sets by Rafael Nadal despite taking a two-set lead. At 5 hours and 24 minutes, it was the second longest Major final ever played. In February, Medvedev was nominated for the Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year award. Medvedev entered the Mexican Open with the opportunity to gain the world number 1 ranking from Novak Djokovic. Medvedev reached the semifinals where he was defeated once again by Rafael Nadal in a rematch of the Australian Open final. However, as Djokovic was also defeated"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " in the Dubai quarterfinals being played simultaneously, Medvedev ascended to world number 1 for the first time. Medvedev thus became the first man outside of the Big Four to hold the top ranking since Andy Roddick in February 2004, and the third Russian man to achieve the ranking, following Yevgeny Kafelnikov in 1999 and Marat Safin in 2000. At the Indian Wells Masters, Medvedev lost to Gael Monfils in the third round. The loss resulted in his losing the number 1 ranking, with Novak Djokovic once again taking the top spot. Medvedev had a chance to reclaim the number 1 ranking the following fortnight if he reached the semifinals at the Miami Masters, but fell one match short, losing to defending champion Hubert Hurkacz in the quarterfinals. On April 2, Medvedev announced that he would miss the beginning of the clay court season to recover from a hernia procedure. On April 20, the All England Club announced a ban on all Russian and Belarusian players, including Medvedev, from competing at the 2022 Wimbledon Championships due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Following his recovery from surgery, Medvedev returned to play at the Geneva Open, where he lost his opening"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " match to Richard Gasquet in straight sets. At the French Open, Medvedev was eliminated in the fourth round by Marin Čilić. However, as Novak Djokovic failed to defend his title, Medvedev reclaimed the number 1 ranking. Medvedev entered three tournaments in the grass court season, Rosmalen, Halle, and Mallorca. At his first event in Rosmalen, he reached the final without dropping a set before suffering a shock loss to world No. 205 Tim van Rijthoven. He then reached the final at Halle, once again without dropping a set, where he lost to Hubert Hurkacz. In Mallorca, Medvedev was defeated in the quarterfinals by Roberto Bautista Agut. Medvedev started his North American summer hardcourt season by winning the title at the Los Cabos Open defeating Cameron Norrie in the final. In his opening round match against Rinky Hijikata, he recorded his 250th career singles match win. At the Canadian Open, Medvedev, who was the defending champion, lost his opening match to Nick Kyrgios. At the Cincinnati Masters, Medvedev was defeated by Stefanos Tsitsipas in the"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " semifinals. Medvedev was yet again defeated by Kyrgios at the US Open, resulting in Medvedev losing his number one ranking. Medvedev began the fall indoor-hardcourt season by competing at the Moselle Open, where he lost his opening match to Stan Wawrinka in three sets. Medvedev next competed at the Astana Open where he reached the semifinals. In his semifinal match, against Novak Djokovic, Medvedev was forced to retire with the match level at one-set-all with a leg injury. Medvedev returned to play at the Vienna Open where he defeated Denis Shapovalov in the final to win his second title of the year, and second ATP 500 title of his career. Medvedev finished the year on a 4 match losing skid, losing in the opening round in Paris Masters, and losing all three of his round robin matches in the ATP Finals in third-set tiebreakers. This resulted in him dropping to world no. 7 in the year-end rankings.</s><s>Career.:2023: Three consecutive titles, Indian Wells Final. Medvedev started the season at the Adelaide International where he reached the semifinals, losing to Novak Djokovic in"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " straight sets. Seeded 7th at the Australian Open, he defeated opponents Marcos Giron and John Millman before losing to Sebastian Korda in straight sets in the third round. As a result, Medvedev dropped out of the Top 10 to World No. 12. In February, Medvedev entered the ABN AMRO Open in Rotterdam seeded 6th, where he made it to the finals whilst dropping only one set. In the final, he defeated Italian No. 1 Jannik Sinner in three sets, thus returning back to the Top 10. The following week, Medvedev entered the Qatar ExxonMobil Open seeded third and won the tournament, defeating Andy Murray in straight sets in the final. In March, Medvedev defeated No. 2 seed Andrey Rublev in straight sets in an all-Russian final to win in Dubai his third title in three weeks, and his 18th title overall thus winning titles in 18 different cities and becoming the first man in the Open Era to accomplish the feat. In this tournament, he did not drop a set including his win against No. 1 seed Novak Djokovic, snapping his 20-match winning streak. As a result he moved back to world No. 6 on 6 March 20"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": "23. At the next Masters 1000 Indian Wels Masters he reached back-to-back quarterfinals defeating 12th seed Alexander Zverev. His victory against American, Frances Tiafoe propelled him into the final against Carlos Alcaraz. In the finals, he lost to Carlos Alcaraz in straight sets but reentered Top 5.</s><s>Rivalries.</s><s>Rivalries.:Stefanos Tsitsipas. Daniil Medvedev and Stefanos Tsitsipas have faced each other 11 times since 2018, with Medvedev leading the rivalry, 7–4. They are considered to be two of the best tennis players of their generation. Medvedev won his first five matches against Tsitsipas, but Tsitsipas has won four of their last six.</s><s>Rivalries.:Alexander Zverev. Medvedev and Zverev have faced each other 13 times with Medvedev leading the rivalry 7–6. Zverev won the first four matches of their rivalry, but Medvedev won six of their next seven encounters.</s><s>Playing style and mentality. Medvedev is a counterpuncher. Standing at 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) tall,"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " he has an extremely powerful first serve capable of reaching 145 mph (232 km/h). He also hits long, flat groundstrokes, often wearing opponents down with lengthy baseline rallies. Medvedev is also known for his strong return of serve. He tends to adopt an extremely deep position at the back of the court which allows him to hit full-swing groundstrokes rather than blocking the serve back into play. He also possesses one of the best backhands on tour. His forehand is generally the weaker shot of the two. Medvedev is also a mentally strong competitor, which is evident in his attitude on the court, playing style, and demeanor in big matches. According to Francisca Dauzet, the performance coach he has been working with since 2018, he has “monstrous mental potential” and is learning to control his impatience. At times he has been “unable to channel his outbursts”, but Dauzet described him as a quick learner who is \"fast at catching things\". Medvedev's preferred surface is hardcourt and he has been one of the very best and most consistent players on the surface since he first broke through to the top 10 in 2019. He struggles"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": " much more on clay due to his extremely flat strokes and the fact that his movement, one of his biggest strengths on a hardcourt, is hampered. However, he has still achieved solid results on the surface. With his playing style, Novak Djokovic has described Medvedev as a \"very complete\" player and Alexander Zverev called him \"the best player in the world right now\" in October 2019. 2019 ATP Finals champion, Stefanos Tsitsipas, once described his way of playing as \"very boring\"; however, later said \"he just plays extremely smart and outplays you\".</s><s>Endorsements. Medvedev is endorsed by Lacoste for apparel and shoes, Tecnifibre for racquets, and Bovet for watches. He also has been employed as an ambassador by BMW, Tinkoff Bank, and HyperX for gaming accessories, mostly for the Russian-speaking world. He was previously endorsed by Lotto for apparel and shoes until 2019. - Since November 2021, he has been signed as a promoter of the Guojiao 1573 brand.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Grand Slam singles performance timeline. \"Current through the 2023 Australian Open.\"</s><s>"
},
{
"title": "Daniil Medvedev",
"text": "Records. - These records were attained in the Open Era.</s><s>Awards. - National - The Russian Cup in the nominations: - Male Tennis Player of the Year: 2019, 2021; - Team of the Year: 2019, 2021. - Sports title \"Merited Master of Sports of Russia\" (2019)</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Daniil Medvedev",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000429
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Coco Chanel.
|
[
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": "<s>Coco Chanel Gabrielle Bonheur \"Coco\" Chanel (, ; 19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) was a French fashion designer and businesswoman. The founder and namesake of the Chanel brand, she was credited in the post–World War I era with popularizing a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style. This replaced the \"corseted silhouette\" that was dominant beforehand with a style that was simpler, far less time consuming to put on and remove, more comfortable, and less expensive, all without sacrificing elegance. She is the only fashion designer listed on \"Time\" magazine's. A prolific fashion creator, Chanel extended her influence beyond couture clothing, realizing her aesthetic design in jewellery, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product, and Chanel herself designed her famed interlocked-CC monogram, which has been in use since the 1920s. Her couture house closed in 1939, with the outbreak of World War II. Chanel stayed in France and was criticized during the war for collaborating with the Nazi-German occupiers and the Vichy puppet regime to boost her professional career. One of Chanel's liaisons was"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " with a German diplomat, Baron (\"Freiherr\") Hans Günther von Dincklage. After the war, Chanel was interrogated about her relationship with Dincklage, but she was not charged as a collaborator due to intervention by British prime minister Winston Churchill. When the war ended, Chanel moved to Switzerland, returning to Paris in 1954 to revive her fashion house. In 2011, Hal Vaughan published a book about Chanel based on newly declassified documents, revealing that she had collaborated directly with the Nazi intelligence service, the \"Sicherheitsdienst\". One plan in late 1943 was for her to carry an SS peace overture to Churchill to end the war.</s><s>Early life. Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel was born in 1883 to Eugénie Jeanne Devolle Chanel, known as Jeanne, a laundrywoman, in the charity hospital run by the Sisters of Providence (a poorhouse) in Saumur, Maine-et-Loire. She was Jeanne's second child with Albert Chanel; the first, Julia, had been born less than a year earlier. Albert Chanel was an itinerant street vendor who peddled work clothes and undergarments, living a nomadic life,"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " traveling to and from market towns. The family resided in run-down lodgings. In 1884, he married Jeanne Devolle, persuaded to do so by her family who had \"united, effectively, to pay Albert\". At birth, Chanel's name was entered into the official registry as \"Chasnel\". Jeanne was too unwell to attend the registration, and Albert was registered as \"traveling\". With both parents absent, the infant's last name was misspelled, probably due to a clerical error. She went to her grave as Gabrielle Chasnel because to correct, legally, the misspelled name on her birth certificate would reveal that she was born in a poor house hospice. The couple had six children—Julia, Gabrielle, Alphonse (the first boy, born 1885), Antoinette (born 1887), Lucien, and Augustin (who died at six months)—and lived crowded into a one-room lodging in the town of Brive-la-Gaillarde. When Gabrielle was 11, Jeanne died at the age of 32. The children did not attend school. Her father sent his two sons to work as farm laborers and sent his three daughters to the convent of Aubazine,"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " which ran an orphanage. Its religious order, the Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Mary, was \"founded to care for the poor and rejected, including running homes for abandoned and orphaned girls\". It was a stark, frugal life, demanding strict discipline. Placement in the orphanage may have contributed to Chanel's future career, as it was where she learned to sew. At age eighteen, Chanel, too old to remain at Aubazine, went to live in a boarding house for Catholic girls in the town of Moulins. Later in life, Chanel would retell the story of her childhood somewhat differently; she would often include more glamorous accounts, which were generally untrue. She said that when her mother died, her father sailed for America to seek his fortune, and she was sent to live with two aunts. She also claimed to have been born a decade later than 1883 and that her mother had died when she was much younger than 11.</s><s>Personal life and early career.</s><s>Personal life and early career.:Aspirations for a stage career. Having learned to sew during her six years at Aubazine, Chanel found employment as a seamstress. When not sewing, she sang in a cabaret frequented"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " by cavalry officers. Chanel made her stage debut singing at a \"cafe-concert\" (a popular entertainment venue of the era) in a Moulins pavilion, \"La Rotonde\". She was a \"poseuse\", a performer who entertained the crowd between star turns. The money earned was what they managed to accumulate when the plate was passed. It was at this time that Gabrielle acquired the name \"Coco\" when she spent her nights singing in the cabaret, often the song, \"Who Has Seen Coco?\" She often liked to say the nickname was given to her by her father. Others believe \"Coco\" came from \"Ko Ko Ri Ko\", and \"Qui qu'a vu Coco\", or it was an allusion to the French word for kept woman, \"cocotte\". As an entertainer, Chanel radiated a juvenile allure that tantalized the military habitués of the cabaret. In 1906, Chanel worked in the spa resort town of Vichy. Vichy boasted a profusion of concert halls, theatres, and cafés where she hoped to achieve success as a performer. Chanel's youth and physical charms impressed those for whom she auditioned, but her singing voice"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " was marginal and she failed to find stage work. Obliged to find employment, she took work at the \"Grande Grille\", where as a \"donneuse d'eau\" she was one whose job was to dispense glasses of the purportedly curative mineral water for which Vichy was renowned. When the Vichy season ended, Chanel returned to Moulins, and her former haunt \"La Rotonde\". She realized then that a serious stage career was not in her future.</s><s>Personal life and early career.:Aspirations for a stage career.:Balsan and Capel. At Moulins, Chanel met a young French ex-cavalry officer and textile heir, Étienne Balsan. At the age of twenty-three, Chanel became Balsan's mistress, supplanting the courtesan Émilienne d'Alençon as his new favourite. For the next three years, she lived with him in his château Royallieu near Compiègne, an area known for its wooded equestrian paths and the hunting life. It was a lifestyle of self-indulgence. Balsan's wealth allowed the cultivation of a social set"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " that reveled in partying and the gratification of human appetites, with all the implied accompanying decadence. Balsan showered Chanel with the baubles of \"the rich life\"—diamonds, dresses, and pearls. Biographer Justine Picardie, in her 2010 study \"Coco Chanel: The Legend and the Life\", suggests that the fashion designer's nephew, André Palasse, supposedly the only child of her sister Julia-Berthe who had committed suicide, was Chanel's child by Balsan. In 1908, Chanel began an affair with one of Balsan's friends, Captain Arthur Edward 'Boy' Capel. In later years, Chanel reminisced of this time in her life: \"two gentlemen were outbidding for my hot little body.\" Capel, a wealthy member of the English upper class, installed Chanel in an apartment in Paris. and financed her first shops. It is said that Capel's sartorial style influenced the conception of the Chanel look. The bottle design for Chanel No. 5 had two probable origins, both attributable to her association with Capel. It is believed Chanel adapted the rectangular, bevelled lines of the Charvet toiletry bottles"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " he carried in his leather travelling case or she adapted the design of the whiskey decanter Capel used. She so much admired it that she wished to reproduce it in \"exquisite, expensive, delicate glass\". The couple spent time together at fashionable resorts such as Deauville, but despite Chanel's hopes that they would settle together, Capel was never faithful to her. Their affair lasted nine years. Even after Capel married an English aristocrat, Lady Diana Wyndham in 1918, he did not completely break off with Chanel. He died in a car accident on 22 December 1919. A roadside memorial at the site of Capel's accident is said to have been commissioned by Chanel. Twenty-five years after the event, Chanel, then residing in Switzerland, confided to her friend, Paul Morand, \"His death was a terrible blow to me. In losing Capel, I lost everything. What followed was not a life of happiness, I have to say.\" Chanel had begun designing hats while living with Balsan, initially as a diversion that evolved into a commercial enterprise. She became a licensed milliner in 1910 and opened a boutique at 21 rue Cambon, Paris, named \"Chanel Modes\". As this"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " location already housed an established clothing business, Chanel sold only her millinery creations at this address. Chanel's millinery career bloomed once theatre actress Gabrielle Dorziat wore her hats in Fernand Nozière's play \"Bel Ami\" in 1912. Subsequently, Dorziat modelled Chanel's hats again in photographs published in \"Les Modes\".</s><s>Personal life and early career.:Aspirations for a stage career.:Deauville and Biarritz. In 1913, Chanel opened a boutique in Deauville, financed by Arthur Capel, where she introduced deluxe casual clothing suitable for leisure and sport. The fashions were constructed from humble fabrics such as jersey and tricot, at the time primarily used for men's underwear. The location was a prime one, in the center of town on a fashionable street. Here Chanel sold hats, jackets, sweaters, and the \"marinière\", the sailor blouse. Chanel had the dedicated support of two family members, her sister Antoinette, and her paternal aunt Adrienne, who was of a similar age. Adrienne and Antoinette were recruited to model Chanel's designs; on a daily basis the two women paraded through"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " the town and on its boardwalks, advertising the Chanel creations. Chanel, determined to re-create the success she enjoyed in Deauville, opened an establishment in Biarritz in 1915. Biarritz, on the Côte Basque, close to wealthy Spanish clients, was a playground for the moneyed set and those exiled from their native countries by the war. The Biarritz shop was installed not as a store-front, but in a villa opposite the casino. After one year of operation, the business proved to be so lucrative that in 1916 Chanel was able to reimburse Capel's original investment. In Biarritz Chanel met an expatriate aristocrat, the Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia. They had a romantic interlude, and maintained a close association for many years afterward. By 1919, Chanel was registered as a \"couturière\" and established her \"maison de couture\" at 31 rue Cambon, Paris.</s><s>Established couturière. In 1918, Chanel purchased the building at 31 rue Cambon, in one of the most fashionable districts of Paris. In 1921, she opened an early incarnation of a fashion boutique, featuring clothing, hats"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": ", and accessories, later expanded to offer jewellery and fragrances. By 1927, Chanel owned five properties on the rue Cambon, buildings numbered 23 to 31. In the spring of 1920, Chanel was introduced to the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky by Sergei Diaghilev, impresario of the Ballets Russes. During the summer, Chanel discovered that the Stravinsky family sought a place to live, having left the Russian Soviet Republic after the war. She invited them to her new home, \"Bel Respiro\", in the Paris suburb of \"Garches\", until they could find a suitable residence. They arrived at \"Bel Respiro\" during the second week of September and remained until May 1921. Chanel also guaranteed the new (1920) Ballets Russes production of Stravinsky's \"Le Sacre du Printemps\" ('The Rite of Spring') against financial loss with an anonymous gift to Diaghilev, said to be 300,000 francs. In addition to turning out her couture collections, Chanel threw herself into designing dance costumes for the Ballets Russes. In the years 1923–1937, she collaborated on productions choreographed by Diaghilev and dancer Vaslav Nij"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": "insky, notably \"Le Train bleu\", a dance-opera; \"Orphée\" and \"Oedipe Roi\". She developed a romantic relationship with Igor Stravinsky during this time and went on tour around the world with him, unknown to his wife. In 1922, at the Longchamps races, Théophile Bader, founder of the Paris Galeries Lafayette, introduced Chanel to businessman Pierre Wertheimer. Bader was interested in selling Chanel No. 5 in his department store. In 1924, Chanel made an agreement with the Wertheimer brothers, Pierre and Paul, directors since 1917 of the eminent perfume and cosmetics house Bourjois. They created a corporate entity, \"Parfums Chanel\", and the Wertheimers agreed to provide full financing for the production, marketing, and distribution of Chanel No. 5. The Wertheimers would receive seventy percent of the profits, and Théophile Bader twenty percent. For ten percent of the stock, Chanel licensed her name to \"Parfums Chanel\" and withdrew from involvement in business operations. Later, unhappy with the arrangement, Chanel worked for more than twenty years to gain full control of \"Parfums Chanel\". She"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " said that Pierre Wertheimer was \"the bandit who screwed me\". One of Chanel's longest enduring associations was with Misia Sert, a member of the bohemian elite in Paris and wife of Spanish painter José-Maria Sert. It is said that theirs was an immediate bond of kindred souls, and Misia was attracted to Chanel by \"her genius, lethal wit, sarcasm and maniacal destructiveness, which intrigued and appalled everyone\". Both women were convent-schooled, and maintained a friendship of shared interests and confidences. They also shared drug use. By 1935, Chanel had become a habitual drug user, injecting herself with morphine on a daily basis: a habit she maintained to the end of her life. According to Chandler Burr's \"The Emperor of Scent\", Luca Turin related an apocryphal story in circulation that Chanel was \"called Coco because she threw the most fabulous cocaine parties in Paris\". The writer Colette, who moved in the same social circles as Chanel, provided a whimsical description of Chanel at work in her atelier, which appeared in \"Prisons et Paradis\" (1932):If every human face bears a resemblance to some animal, then Mademoiselle"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " Chanel is a small black bull. That tuft of curly black hair, the attribute of bull-calves, falls over her brow all the way to the eyelids and dances with every maneuver of her head.</s><s>Established couturière.:Associations with British aristocrats. In 1923, Vera Bate Lombardi, (born Sarah Gertrude Arkwright), reputedly the illegitimate daughter of the Marquess of Cambridge, offered Chanel entry into the highest levels of British aristocracy. It was an elite group of associations revolving around such figures as politician Winston Churchill, aristocrats such as the Duke of Westminster and royals such as Edward, Prince of Wales. In Monte Carlo in 1923, at age forty, Chanel was introduced by Lombardi to the vastly wealthy Duke of Westminster, Hugh Richard Arthur Grosvenor, known to his intimates as \"Bendor\". The duke lavished Chanel with extravagant jewels, costly art and a home in London's prestigious Mayfair district. His affair with Chanel lasted ten years. The duke, an outspoken antisemite, intensified Chanel's inherent antipathy toward Jews. He shared with her an expressed homophobia. In 1946, Chanel was quoted by her friend and confidant"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": ", Paul Morand, Homosexuals? ... I have seen young women ruined by these awful queers: drugs, divorce, scandal. They will use any means to destroy a competitor and to wreak vengeance on a woman. The queers want to be women—but they are lousy women. They are charming! Coinciding with her introduction to the duke was her introduction, again through Lombardi, to Lombardi's cousin, the Prince of Wales, Edward VIII. The prince allegedly was smitten with Chanel and pursued her in spite of her involvement with the Duke of Westminster. Gossip had it that he visited Chanel in her apartment and requested that she call him \"David\", a privilege reserved only for his closest friends and family. Years later, Diana Vreeland, editor of \"Vogue\", would insist that \"the passionate, focused and fiercely-independent Chanel, a virtual tour de force\", and the Prince \"had a great romantic moment together\". In 1927, the Duke of Westminster gave Chanel a parcel of land he had purchased in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin on the French Riviera. Chanel built a villa here, which she called \"La Pausa\" ('restful pause'), hiring the architect"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " Robert Streitz. Streitz's concept for the staircase and patio contained design elements inspired by Aubazine, the orphanage where Chanel spent her youth. When asked why she did not marry the Duke of Westminster, she is supposed to have said: \"There have been several Duchesses of Westminster. There is only one Chanel.\" During Chanel's affair with the Duke of Westminster in the 1930s, her style began to reflect her personal emotions. Her inability to reinvent the little black dress was a sign of such reality. She began to design a \"less is more\" aesthetic.</s><s>Established couturière.:Designing for film. In 1931, while in Monte Carlo Chanel became acquainted with Samuel Goldwyn. She was introduced through a mutual friend, the Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, cousin to the last tsar of Russia, Nicolas II. Goldwyn offered Chanel a tantalizing proposition. For the sum of a million dollars (approximately US$75 million today), he would bring her to Hollywood twice a year to design costumes for his stars. Chanel accepted the offer. Accompanying her on her first trip to Hollywood was her friend, Misia Sert. En route to California from New York, travelling in a white"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " train carriage luxuriously outfitted for her use, Chanel was interviewed by \"Collier's\" magazine in 1932. She said that she had agreed to go to Hollywood to \"see what the pictures have to offer me and what I have to offer the pictures\". Chanel designed the clothing worn on screen by Gloria Swanson, in \"Tonight or Never\" (1931), and for Ina Claire in \"The Greeks Had a Word for Them\" (1932). Both Greta Garbo and Marlene Dietrich became private clients. Her experience with American film making left Chanel with a dislike for Hollywood's film business and a distaste for the film world's culture, which she called \"infantile\". Chanel's verdict was that \"Hollywood is the capital of bad taste ... and it is vulgar.\" Ultimately, her design aesthetic did not translate well to film. \"The New Yorker\" speculated that Chanel left Hollywood because \"they told her her dresses weren't sensational enough. She made a lady look like a lady. Hollywood wants a lady to look like two ladies.\" Chanel went on to design the costumes for several French films, including Jean Renoir's 1939 film \"La Règle du jeu\", in which she was credited"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " as \"La Maison Chanel\". Chanel introduced the left-wing Renoir to Luchino Visconti, aware that the shy Italian hoped to work in film. Renoir was favorably impressed by Visconti and brought him in to work on his next film project.</s><s>Established couturière.:Significant liaisons: Reverdy and Iribe. Chanel was the mistress of some of the most influential men of her time, but she never married. She had significant relationships with the poet Pierre Reverdy and the illustrator and designer Paul Iribe. After her romance with Reverdy ended in 1926, they maintained a friendship that lasted some forty years. It is postulated that the legendary maxims attributed to Chanel and published in periodicals were crafted under the mentorship of Reverdy—a collaborative effort. A review of her correspondence reveals a complete contradiction between the clumsiness of Chanel the letter writer and the talent of Chanel as a composer of maxims ... After correcting the handful of aphorisms that Chanel wrote about her \"métier\", Reverdy added to this collection of \"Chanelisms\" a series of thoughts of a more general nature, some touching on life and"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " taste, others on allure and love. Her involvement with Iribe was a deep one until his sudden death in 1935. Iribe and Chanel shared the same reactionary politics, Chanel financing Iribe's monthly, ultra-nationalist and anti-republican newsletter, \"Le Témoin\", which encouraged a fear of foreigners and preached antisemitism. In 1936, one year after \"Le Témoin\" ceased publication, Chanel veered to the opposite end of the ideological continuum by financing Pierre Lestringuez's radical left-wing magazine \"Futur\".</s><s>Established couturière.:Rivalry with Schiaparelli. The Chanel couture was a lucrative business enterprise, employing 4,000 people by 1935. As the 1930s progressed, Chanel's place on the throne of haute couture was threatened. The boyish look and the short skirts of the 1920s flapper seemed to disappear overnight. Chanel's designs for film stars in Hollywood were not successful and had not enhanced her reputation as expected. More significantly, Chanel's star had been eclipsed by her premier rival, the designer Elsa Schiaparelli. Schiaparelli's innovative designs, replete with playful"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " references to surrealism, were garnering critical acclaim and generating enthusiasm in the fashion world. Feeling she was losing her avant-garde edge, Chanel collaborated with Jean Cocteau on his theatre piece \"Oedipe Rex\". The costumes she designed were mocked and critically lambasted: \"Wrapped in bandages the actors looked like ambulant mummies or victims of some terrible accident.\" She was also involved in the costuming of \"Baccanale\", a Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo production. The designs were made by Salvador Dalí. However, due to Britain's declaration of war on 3 September 1939, the ballet was forced to leave London. They left the costumes in Europe and were re-made, according to Dali's initial designs, by Karinska.</s><s>World War II. In 1939, at the beginning of World War II, Chanel closed her shops, maintaining her apartment situated above the couture house at 31 Rue de Cambon. She said that it was not a time for fashion; as a result of her action, 4,000 female employees lost their jobs. Her biographer Hal Vaughan suggests that Chanel used the outbreak of war as an opportunity to retaliate against those workers who had striked for higher"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " wages and shorter work hours in the French general labor strike of 1936. In closing her couture house, Chanel made a definitive statement of her political views. Her dislike of Jews, reportedly sharpened by her association with society elites, had solidified her beliefs. She shared with many of her circle a conviction that Jews were a threat to Europe because of the Bolshevik government in the Soviet Union. During the German occupation, Chanel resided at the Hotel Ritz. It was noteworthy as the preferred place of residence for upper-echelon German military staff. During this time, she had a romantic liaison with Baron, a German aristocrat and member of Dincklage noble family. He served as diplomat in Paris and was a former Prussian Army officer and attorney general who had been an operative in military intelligence since 1920, who eased her arrangements at the Ritz.</s><s>World War II.:Battle for control of \"Parfums Chanel\". \"Sleeping with the Enemy, Coco Chanel and the Secret War\" written by Hal Vaughan further solidifies the consistencies of the French intelligence documents released by describing Chanel as a \"vicious antisemite\" who praised Hitler. World War II, specifically the Nazi seizure of all Jewish-owned property and"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " business enterprises, provided Chanel with the opportunity to gain the full monetary fortune generated by \"Parfums Chanel\" and its most profitable product, Chanel No. 5. The directors of \"Parfums Chanel\", the Wertheimers, were Jewish. Chanel used her position as an \"Aryan\" to petition German officials to legalize her claim to sole ownership. She wrote: I have an indisputable right of priority ... the profits that I have received from my creations since the foundation of this business ... are disproportionate ... [and] you can help to repair in part the prejudices I have suffered in the course of these seventeen years.Chanel was not aware that the Wertheimers, anticipating the forthcoming Nazi mandates against Jews had, in May 1940, legally turned control of \"Parfums Chanel\" over to Félix Amiot, a Christian French businessman and industrialist. At war's end, Amiot returned \"Parfums Chanel\" to the hands of the Wertheimers. During the period directly following the end of World War II, the business world watched with interest and some apprehension the ongoing legal wrestle for control of \"Parfums Chanel\". Interested parties in the proceedings were cogn"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": "izant that Chanel's Nazi affiliations during wartime, if made public knowledge, would seriously threaten the reputation and status of the Chanel brand. \"Forbes\" magazine summarized the dilemma faced by the Wertheimers: [it is Pierre Wertheimer's worry] how \"a legal fight might illuminate Chanel's wartime activities and wreck her image—and his business.\" Chanel hired René de Chambrun, Vichy France prime minister Pierre Laval's son-in-law, as her lawyer to sue Wertheimer. Ultimately, the Wertheimers and Chanel came to a mutual accommodation, renegotiating the original 1924 contract. On 17 May 1947, Chanel received wartime profits from the sale of Chanel No. 5, an amount equivalent to some million in 2022 valuation. Her future share would be two percent of all Chanel No. 5 sales worldwide (projected to gross her $34 million a year as of 2022), making her one of the richest women in the world at the time the contract was renegotiated. In addition, Pierre Wertheimer agreed to an unusual stipulation proposed by Chanel herself: Wertheimer agreed to pay all of Chanel's living expenses—from the trivial to the large—"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": "for the rest of her life.</s><s>Activity as Nazi agent. Declassified archival documents unearthed by Vaughan reveal that the French Préfecture de Police had a document on Chanel in which she was described as \"Couturier and perfumer. Pseudonym: Westminster. Agent reference: F 7124. Signalled as suspect in the file\" (\"Pseudonyme: Westminster. Indicatif d'agent: F 7124. Signalée comme suspecte au fichier\"). For Vaughan, this was a piece of revelatory information linking Chanel to German intelligence operations. Anti-Nazi activist Serge Klarsfeld declared, \"Just because Chanel had a spy number doesn't necessarily mean she was personally involved. Some informers had numbers without being aware of it.\" (\"\"Ce n'est pas parce que Coco Chanel avait un numéro d'espion qu'elle était nécessairement impliquée personnellement. Certains indicateurs avaient des numéros sans le savoir\"\"). Vaughan establishes that Chanel committed herself to the German cause as early as 1941 and worked for General Walter Schellenberg, chief of the German intelligence agency \"Sicherhe"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": "itsdienst\" (Security Service; SD) and the military intelligence spy network \"Abwehr\" (Counterintelligence) at the Reich Security Main Office (\"Reichssicherheitshauptamt\"; RSHA) in Berlin. At the end of the war, Schellenberg was tried by the Nuremberg Military Tribunal, and sentenced to six years' imprisonment for war crimes. He was released in 1951 owing to incurable liver disease and took refuge in Italy. Chanel paid for Schellenberg's medical care and living expenses, financially supported his wife and family and paid for Schellenberg's funeral upon his death in 1952. Suspicions of Coco Chanel's involvement first began when German tanks entered Paris and began the Nazi occupation. Chanel immediately sought refuge in the deluxe Hotel Ritz, which was also used as the headquarters of the German military. It was at the Hotel Ritz where she fell in love with Baron Hans Gunther von Dincklage, working in the German embassy close to the Gestapo. When the Nazi occupation of France began, Chanel decided to close her store, claiming a patriotic motivation behind such decision. However, when she moved into the same Hotel Ritz that was housing the German military"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": ", her motivations became clear to many. While many women in France were punished for \"horizontal collaboration\" with German officers, Chanel faced no such action. At the time of the French liberation in 1944, Chanel left a note in her store window explaining Chanel No. 5 to be free to all GIs. During this time, she fled to Switzerland to avoid criminal charges for her collaborations as a Nazi spy. After the liberation, she was known to have been interviewed in Paris by Malcolm Muggeridge, who at the time was an officer in British military intelligence, about her relationship with the Nazis during the occupation of France.</s><s>Activity as Nazi agent.:Operation Modellhut. In late 2014, French intelligence agencies declassified and released documents confirming Coco Chanel's role with Germany in World War II. Working as a spy, Chanel was directly involved in a plan for the Third Reich to take control of Madrid. Such documents identify Chanel as an agent in the German military intelligence, the Abwehr. Chanel visited Madrid in 1943 to convince the British ambassador to Spain, Sir Samuel Hoare, a friend of Winston Churchill, about a possible German surrender once the war was leaning towards an Allied victory. One of the most prominent missions she was"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " involved in was Operation Modellhut (\"Operation Model Hat\"). Her duty was to act as a messenger from Hitler's Foreign Intelligence to Churchill, to prove that some of the Third Reich attempted peace with the Allies. In 1943, Chanel traveled to the RSHA in Berlin—the \"lion's den\"—with her liaison and \"old friend\", the German Embassy in Paris press attaché Baron Hans Günther von Dincklage, a former Prussian Army officer and attorney general, who was also known as \"Sparrow\" among his friends and colleagues. Dincklage was also a collaborator for the German SD; his superiors being Walter Schellenberg and Alexander Waag in Berlin. Chanel and Dincklage were to report to Schellenberg at the RSHA, with a plan that Chanel had proposed to Dincklage: she, Coco Chanel, was to meet Churchill and persuade him to negotiate with the Germans. In late 1943 or early 1944, Chanel and her SS superior, Schellenberg, who had a weakness for unconventional schemes, devised a plan to get Britain to consider a separate peace to be negotiated by the SS. When interrogated by British intelligence at the war's end, Schellenberg maintained that"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " Chanel was \"a person who knew Churchill sufficiently to undertake political negotiations with him\". For this mission, code-named \"Operation Modellhut\", they also recruited Vera Bate Lombardi. Count Joseph von Ledebur-Wicheln, a Nazi agent who defected to the British Secret Service in 1944, recalled a meeting he had with Dincklage in early 1943, in which the baron had suggested including Lombardi as a courier. Dincklage purportedly said, The \"Abwehr\" had first to bring to France a young Italian woman [Lombardi, who] Coco Chanel was attached to because of her lesbian vicesUnaware of the machinations of Schellenberg and Chanel, Lombardi was led to believe that the forthcoming journey to Spain would be a business trip exploring the potential for establishing Chanel couture in Madrid. Lombardi acted as an intermediary, delivering a letter written by Chanel to Churchill, to be forwarded to him via the British Embassy in Madrid. Schellenberg's SS liaison officer, Captain Walter Kutschmann, acted as bagman, \"told to deliver a large sum of money to Chanel in Madrid\". Ultimately, the mission was a failure for the Germans: British intelligence files"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " reveal that the plan collapsed after Lombardi, on arrival in Madrid, proceeded to denounce Chanel and others to the British Embassy as Nazi spies.</s><s>Activity as Nazi agent.:Protection from prosecution. In September 1944, Chanel was interrogated by the Free French Purge Committee, the \"épuration\". The committee had no documented evidence of her collaborative activities and was obliged to release her. According to Chanel's grand-niece, Gabrielle Palasse Labrunie, when Chanel returned home she said, \"Churchill had me freed\". The extent of Churchill's intervention for Chanel after the war became a subject of gossip and speculation. Some historians claimed that people worried that, if Chanel were forced to testify about her own activities at trial, she would expose the pro-Nazi sympathies and activities of certain top-level British officials, members of the society elite and the royal family. Vaughan writes that some claim that Churchill instructed Duff Cooper, British ambassador to the French provisional government, to protect Chanel. Requested to appear in Paris before investigators in 1949, Chanel left her retreat in Switzerland to confront testimony given against her at the war crime trial of Baron Louis de Vaufreland, a French traitor and highly placed German intelligence agent."
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " Chanel denied all the accusations. She offered the presiding judge, Leclercq, a character reference: \"I could arrange for a declaration to come from Mr. Duff Cooper.\" Chanel's friend and biographer Marcel Haedrich said of her wartime interaction with the Nazi regime: If one took seriously the few disclosures that Mademoiselle Chanel allowed herself to make about those black years of the occupation, one's teeth would be set on edge.Churchill and Chanel's friendship marks its origin in the 1920s, with the eruption of Chanel's scandalous beginning when falling in love with the Duke of Westminster. Churchill's intervention at the end of the war prevented Chanel's punishment for spy collaborations, and ultimately salvaged her legacy.</s><s>Activity as Nazi agent.:Controversy. When Vaughan's book was published in August 2011, his disclosure of the contents of recently declassified military intelligence documents generated considerable controversy about Chanel's activities. Maison de Chanel issued a statement, portions of which were published by several media outlets. Chanel corporate \"refuted the claim\" (of espionage), while acknowledging that company officials had read only media excerpts of the book. The Chanel Group stated, What is certain is that she had a relationship"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " with a German aristocrat during the War. Clearly it wasn't the best period to have a love story with a German, even if Baron von Dincklage was English by his mother and she (Chanel) knew him before the War.In an interview given to the Associated Press, author Vaughan discussed the unexpected turn of his research, I was looking for something else and I come across this document saying 'Chanel is a Nazi agent' ... Then I really started hunting through all of the archives, in the United States, in London, in Berlin, and in Rome and I came across not one, but 20, 30, 40 absolutely solid archival materials on Chanel and her lover, Hans Günther von Dincklage, who was a professional Abwehr spy.Vaughan also addressed the discomfort many felt with the revelations provided in his book: A lot of people in this world don't want the iconic figure of Gabrielle Coco Chanel, one of France's great cultural idols, destroyed. This is definitely something that a lot of people would have preferred to put aside, to forget, to just go on selling Chanel scarves and jewellery.</s><s>Post-war life and career. In 1945, Chanel moved"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " to Switzerland, where she lived for several years, part of the time with Dincklage. In 1953 she sold her villa \"La Pausa\" on the French Riviera to the publisher and translator Emery Reves. Five rooms from La Pausa have been replicated at the Dallas Museum of Art, to house the Reves' art collection as well as pieces of furniture belonging to Chanel. Unlike the pre-war era, when women reigned as the premier couturiers, Christian Dior achieved success in 1947 with his \"New Look\", and a cadre of male designers achieved recognition: Dior, Cristóbal Balenciaga, Robert Piguet, and Jacques Fath. Chanel was convinced that women would ultimately rebel against the aesthetic favoured by the male couturiers, what she called \"illogical\" design: the \"waist cinchers, padded bras, heavy skirts, and stiffened jackets\". At more than 70 years old, after having her couture house closed for 15 years, she felt the time was right for her to re-enter the fashion world. The revival of her couture house in 1954 was fully financed by Chanel's opponent in the perfume battle, Pierre Wertheimer. When"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " Chanel came out with her comeback collection in 1954, the French press were cautious due to her collaboration during the war and the controversy of the collection. However, the American and British press saw it as a \"breakthrough\", bringing together fashion and youth in a new way. Bettina Ballard, the influential editor of the US \"Vogue\", remained loyal to Chanel, and featured the model Marie-Hélène Arnaud—the \"face of Chanel\" in the 1950s—in the March 1954 issue, photographed by Henry Clarke, wearing three outfits: a red dress with a V-neck paired with ropes of pearls; a tiered seersucker evening gown; and a navy jersey mid-calf suit. Arnaud wore this outfit, \"with its slightly padded, square shouldered cardigan jacket, two patch pockets and sleeves that unbuttoned back to reveal crisp white cuffs\", above \"a white muslin blouse with a perky collar and bow [that] stayed perfectly in place with small tabs that buttoned onto the waistline of an easy A-line skirt.\" Ballard had bought the suit herself, which gave \"an overwhelming impression of insouciant, youthful elegance\", and orders for the clothing that"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " Arnaud had modelled soon poured in from the US.</s><s>Last years. According to Edmonde Charles-Roux, Chanel had become tyrannical and extremely lonely late in life. In her last years she was sometimes accompanied by Jacques Chazot and her confidante Lilou Marquand. A faithful friend was also the Brazilian Aimée de Heeren, who lived in Paris four months a year at the nearby Hôtel Meurice. The former rivals shared happy memories of times with the Duke of Westminster. They frequently strolled together through central Paris.</s><s>Death. As 1971 began, Chanel was 87 years old, tired, and ailing. She carried out her usual routine of preparing the spring catalogue. She had gone for a long drive on the afternoon of Saturday, 9 January. Soon after, feeling ill, she went to bed early. She announced her final words to her maid which were: \"You see, this is how you die.\" She died on Sunday, 10 January 1971, at the Hotel Ritz, where she had resided for more than 30 years. Her funeral was held at the Église de la Madeleine; her fashion models occupied the first seats during the ceremony and her coffin was covered with white"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " flowers—camellias, gardenias, orchids, azaleas and a few red roses. Salvador Dalí, Serge Lifar, Jacques Chazot, Yves Saint Laurent and Marie-Hélène de Rothschild attended her funeral in the Church of the Madeleine. Her grave is in the Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery, Lausanne, Switzerland. Most of her estate was inherited by her nephew André Palasse, who lived in Switzerland, and his two daughters, who lived in Paris. Although Chanel was viewed as a prominent figure of luxury fashion during her life, Chanel's influence has been examined further after her death in 1971. When Chanel died, the first lady of France, Mme Pompidou, organized a hero's tribute. Soon, damaging documents from French intelligence agencies were released that outlined Chanel's wartime involvements, quickly ending her monumental funeral plans.</s><s>Legacy as designer. As early as 1915, \"Harper's Bazaar\" raved over Chanel's designs: \"The woman who hasn't at least one Chanel is hopelessly out of fashion ... This season the name Chanel is on the lips of every buyer.\" Chanel's ascendancy"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " was the official deathblow to the corseted female silhouette. The frills, fuss, and constraints endured by earlier generations of women were now passé; under her influence—gone were the \"\"aigrettes\", long hair, hobble skirts\". Her design aesthetic redefined the fashionable woman in the post–World War I era. The Chanel trademark look was of youthful ease, liberated physicality, and unencumbered sportive confidence. The horse culture and penchant for hunting so passionately pursued by the elites, especially the British, fired Chanel's imagination. Her own enthusiastic indulgence in the sporting life led to clothing designs informed by those activities. From her excursions on water with the yachting world, she appropriated the clothing associated with nautical pursuits: the horizontal striped shirt, bell-bottom pants, crewneck sweaters, and \"espadrille\" shoes—all traditionally worn by sailors and fishermen.</s><s>Legacy as designer.:Jersey fabric. Chanel's initial triumph was her innovative use of jersey, a machine knit material manufactured for her by the firm Rodier. Traditionally relegated to the manufacture of undergarments and sportswear (tennis, golf, and beach attire), jersey was considered too \"ordinary\""
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " to be used in couture, and was disliked by designers because the knit structure made it difficult to handle compared to woven fabrics. According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, \"With her financial situation precarious in the early years of her design career, Chanel purchased jersey primarily for its low cost. The qualities of the fabric, however, ensured that the designer would continue to use it long after her business became profitable.\" Chanel's early wool jersey travelling suit consisted of a cardigan jacket and pleated skirt, paired with a low-belted pullover top. This ensemble, worn with low-heeled shoes, became the casual look in expensive women's wear. Chanel's introduction of jersey to high-fashion worked well for two reasons: First, the war had caused a shortage of more traditional couture materials, and second, women began desiring simpler and more practical clothes. Her fluid jersey suits and dresses were created with these notions in mind and allowed for free and easy movement. This was greatly appreciated at the time because women were working for the war effort as nurses, civil servants, and in factories. Their jobs involved physical activity and they had to ride trains, buses, and bicycles to get to work. For such circumstances, they desired outfits that did not give"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " way easily and could be put on without the help of servants.</s><s>Legacy as designer.:Slavic influence. Designers such as Paul Poiret and Fortuny introduced ethnic references into haute couture in the 1900s and early 1910s. Chanel continued this trend with Slav-inspired designs in the early 1920s. The beading and embroidery on her garments at this time was exclusively executed by Kitmir, an embroidery house founded by an exiled Russian aristocrat, the Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, who was the sister of Chanel's erstwhile lover, Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich. Kitmir's fusion of oriental stitching with stylised folk motifs was highlighted in Chanel's early collections. One 1922 evening dress came with a matching embroidered 'babushka' headscarf. In addition to the headscarf, Chanel clothing from this period featured square-neck, long belted blouses alluding to Russian \"muzhiks\" (peasant) attire known as the \"roubachka\". Evening designs were often embroidered with sparkling crystal and black jet embroidery.</s><s>Legacy as designer.:Chanel suit. First introduced in 1923, the Chan"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": "el tweed suit was designed for comfort and practicality. It consisted of a jacket and skirt in supple and light wool or mohair tweed, and a blouse and jacket lining in jersey or silk. Chanel did not stiffen the material or use shoulder pads, as was common in contemporary fashion. She cut the jackets on the straight grain, without adding bust darts. This allowed for quick and easy movement. She designed the neckline to leave the neck comfortably free and added functional pockets. For a higher level of comfort, the skirt had a grosgrain stay around the waist, instead of a belt. More importantly, meticulous attention was placed on detail during fittings. Measurements were taken of a customer in a standing position with arms folded at shoulder height. Chanel conducted tests with models, having them walk around, step up to a platform as if climbing stairs of an imaginary bus, and bend as if getting into a low-slung sports car. Chanel wanted to make sure women could do all of these things while wearing her suit, without accidentally exposing parts of their body they wanted covered. Each client would have repeated adjustments until their suit was comfortable enough for them to perform daily activities with comfort and ease.</s><s>Legacy as designer.:"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": "Camellia. The camellia had an established association used in Alexandre Dumas' literary work, \"La Dame aux Camélias\" (The Lady of the Camellias). Its heroine and her story had resonated for Chanel since her youth. The flower was associated with the courtesan, who would wear a camellia to advertise her availability. The camellia came to be identified with The House of Chanel; the designer first used it in 1933 as a decorative element on a white-trimmed black suit.</s><s>Legacy as designer.:Little black dress. After the jersey suit, the concept of the little black dress is often cited as a Chanel contribution to the fashion lexicon, a style still worn to this day. In 1912–1913, the actress Suzanne Orlandi was one of the first women to wear a Chanel little black dress, in velvet with a white collar. In 1920, Chanel herself vowed that, while observing an audience at the opera, she would dress all women in black. In 1926, the American edition of \"Vogue\" published an image of a Chanel little black dress with long sleeves, dubbing it the \"garçonne\" ('little boy' look"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": "). \"Vogue\" predicted that such a simple yet chic design would become a virtual uniform for women of taste, famously comparing its basic lines to the ubiquitous and no less widely accessible Ford automobile. The spare look generated widespread criticism from male journalists, who complained: \"no more bosom, no more stomach, no more rump ... Feminine fashion of this moment in the 20th century will be baptized lop off everything.\" The popularity of the little black dress can be attributed in part to the timing of its introduction. The 1930s was the Great Depression era, when women needed affordable fashion. Chanel boasted that she had enabled the non-wealthy to \"walk around like millionaires\". Chanel started making little black dresses in wool or chenille for the day and in satin, crêpe or velvet for the evening. Chanel proclaimed \"I imposed black; it's still going strong today, for black wipes out everything else around.\"</s><s>Legacy as designer.:Jewlery. Chanel introduced a line of jewelry that was a conceptual innovation, as her designs and materials incorporated both costume jewellery and fine gem stones. This was revolutionary in an era when jewelry was strictly categorized into either fine or costume jewelry. Her inspirations were global,"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " often inspired by design traditions of the Orient and Egypt. Wealthy clients who did not wish to display their costly jewelry in public could wear Chanel creations to impress others. In 1933, designer Paul Iribe collaborated with Chanel in the creation of extravagant jewellery pieces commissioned by the International Guild of Diamond Merchants. The collection, executed exclusively in diamonds and platinum, was exhibited for public viewing and drew a large audience; some 3,000 attendees were recorded in a one-month period. As an antidote for \"vrais bijoux en toc\", the obsession with costly, fine jewels, Chanel turned costume jewelry into a coveted accessory—especially when worn in grand displays, as she did. Originally inspired by the opulent jewels and pearls given to her by aristocratic lovers, Chanel raided her own jewel vault and partnered with Duke Fulco di Verdura to launch a House of Chanel jewelry line. A white enamelled cuff featuring a jewelled Maltese cross was Chanel's personal favourite; it has become an icon of the Verdura–Chanel collaboration. The fashionable and wealthy loved the creations and made the line wildly successful. Chanel said, \"It's disgusting to walk around with millions around the neck because one happens to be rich."
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " I only like fake jewellery ... because it's provocative.\"</s><s>Legacy as designer.:The Chanel bag. In 1929, Chanel introduced a handbag inspired by soldiers' bags. Its thin shoulder strap allowed the user to keep her hands free. Following her comeback, Chanel updated the design in February 1955, creating what would become the \"2.55\" (named for the date of its creation). Whilst details of the classic bag have been reworked, such as the 1980s update by Karl Lagerfeld when the clasp and lock were redesigned to incorporate the Chanel logo and leather was interlaced through the shoulder chain, the bag has retained its original basic form. In 2005, the Chanel firm released an exact replica of the original 1955 bag to commemorate the 50th anniversary of its creation. The bag's design was informed by Chanel's convent days and her love of the sporting world. The chain used for the strap echoed the \"chatelaines\" worn by the caretakers of the orphanage where Chanel grew up, whilst the burgundy lining referenced the convent uniforms. The quilted outside was influenced by the jackets worn by jockeys, whilst at the same time enhancing the bag's shape and volume.</s>"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": "<s>Legacy as designer.:Suntans. In an outdoor environment of turf and sea, Chanel took in the sun, making suntans not only acceptable, but a symbol denoting a life of privilege and leisure. Historically, identifiable exposure to the sun had been the mark of labourers doomed to a life of unremitting, unsheltered toil. \"A milky skin seemed a sure sign of aristocracy.\" By the mid-1920s, women could be seen lounging on the beach without a hat to shield them from the sun's rays. The Chanel influence made sun bathing fashionable.</s><s>Depictions in popular culture.</s><s>Depictions in popular culture.:Theatre. - The Broadway production \"Coco\", with music by André Previn, book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, opened 18 December 1969 and closed 3 October 1970. It is set in 1953–1954 at the time that Chanel was reestablishing her couture house. Chanel was played by Katharine Hepburn for the first eight months, and by Danielle Darrieux for the rest of its run.</s><s>Depictions in popular culture.:Film. - The first film about Chanel was \"Chanel Solitaire\" (1981), directed by"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " George Kaczender and starring Marie-France Pisier, Timothy Dalton, and Rutger Hauer. - \"Coco Chanel\" (2008) was a television movie starring Shirley MacLaine as the 70-year-old Chanel. Directed by Christian Duguay, the film also starred Barbora Bobuľová as the young Chanel and Olivier Sitruk as Boy Capel. - \"Coco avant Chanel\" (\"Coco Before Chanel\") (2009) was a French-language biographical film directed by Anne Fontaine, starring Audrey Tautou as the young Chanel, with Benoît Poelvoorde as Étienne Balsan and Alessandro Nivola as Boy Capel - \"Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky\" (2009) was a French-language film directed by Jan Kounen. Anna Mouglalis played Chanel, and Mads Mikkelsen played Igor Stravinsky. The film was based on the 2002 novel \"Coco and Igor\" by Chris Greenhalgh, which concerns a purported affair between Chanel and Stravinsky. It was chosen to close the Cannes Film Festival of 2009.</s><s>Further reading. - -"
},
{
"title": "Coco Chanel",
"text": " - - - - (Reviewed in \"The Montreal Review\") -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Coco Chanel",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000430
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Henry VII of England.
|
[
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": "<s>Henry VII of England Henry VII (28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was King of England from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. Henry's father, Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, a half-brother of Henry VI of England and a member of the Welsh Tudors of Penmynydd, died three months before his son Henry was born. During Henry's early years, his uncle Henry VI was fighting against Edward IV, a member of the Yorkist Plantagenet branch. After Edward retook the throne in 1471, Henry Tudor spent 14 years in exile in Brittany. He attained the throne when his forces, supported by France, Scotland, and Wales, defeated Edward IV's brother Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV. Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " following the civil war. He is credited with many administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives. His supportive policy toward England's wool industry and his standoff with the Low Countries had long-lasting benefit to the English economy. He paid very close attention to detail, and instead of spending lavishly he concentrated on raising new revenues. He stabilised the government's finances by introducing several new taxes. After his death, a commission found widespread abuses in the tax collection process. Henry reigned for nearly 24 years and was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII.</s><s>Ancestry and early life. Henry VII was born on 28 January 1457 at Pembroke Castle, in the English-speaking portion of Pembrokeshire known as Little England beyond Wales. He was the only child of Lady Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. He was probably baptised at St Mary's Church, Pembroke, though no documentation of the event exists. His father died three months before his birth. Henry's paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of King Henry V. He rose to become one of the \""
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": "Squires to the Body to the King\" after military service at the Battle of Agincourt. Owen is said to have secretly married the widow of Henry V, Catherine of Valois. One of their sons was Edmund, Henry's father. Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and \"formally declared legitimate by Parliament\". The descent of Henry's mother, Margaret, through the legitimised House of Beaufort bolstered Henry's claim to the English throne. She was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (fourth son of Edward III), and his third wife Katherine Swynford. Swynford was Gaunt's mistress for about 25 years. When they married in 1396 they already had four children, including Henry's great-grandfather John Beaufort. Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. In 1407, Henry IV, Gaunt's son by his first wife, issued new Letters Patent confirming the legitimacy of his half-siblings but also declaring them ineligible for the throne. Henry IV's action was of doubtful legality, as the Beauforts were previously legitimised by an Act of Parliament, but it weakened Henry's claim. Nonetheless"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": ", by 1483 Henry was the senior male Lancastrian claimant remaining after the deaths in battle, by murder or execution of Henry VI (son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois), his son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and the other Beaufort line of descent through Lady Margaret's uncle, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. Henry also made some political capital out of his Welsh ancestry in attracting military support and safeguarding his army's passage through Wales on its way to the Battle of Bosworth. He came from an old, established Anglesey family that claimed descent from Cadwaladr, in legend, the last ancient British king, and on occasion Henry displayed the red dragon of Cadwaladr. He took it, as well as the standard of St. George, on his procession through London after the victory at Bosworth. A contemporary writer and Henry's biographer, Bernard André, also made much of Henry's Welsh descent. In 1456, Henry's father Edmund Tudor was captured while fighting for Henry VI in South Wales against the Yorkists. He died shortly afterwards in Carmarthen Castle. His younger brother, Jasper Tudor, the Earl of Pembroke, undertook to protect Edmund's widow Margaret, who was"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " 13 years old when she gave birth to Henry. When Edward IV became King in 1461, Jasper Tudor went into exile abroad. Pembroke Castle, and later the Earldom of Pembroke, were granted to the Yorkist William Herbert, who also assumed the guardianship of Margaret Beaufort and the young Henry. Henry lived in the Herbert household until 1469, when Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (the \"Kingmaker\"), went over to the Lancastrians. Herbert was captured fighting for the Yorkists and executed by Warwick. When Warwick restored Henry VI in 1470, Jasper Tudor returned from exile and brought Henry to court. When the Yorkist Edward IV regained the throne in 1471, Henry fled with other Lancastrians to Brittany. He spent most of the next 14 years under the protection of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. Henry was thus handed over to English envoys and escorted to the Breton port of Saint-Malo. While there, he feigned stomach cramps and delayed his departure long enough to miss the tides. An ally of Henry's, Viscount, soon arrived, bringing news that Francis"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " had recovered, and in the confusion Henry was able to flee to a monastery. There he claimed sanctuary until the envoys were forced to depart.</s><s>Rise to the throne. By 1483, Henry's mother was actively promoting him as an alternative to Richard III, despite her being married to Lord Stanley, a Yorkist. At Rennes Cathedral on Christmas Day 1483, Henry pledged to marry Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of Edward IV. She was Edward's heir since the presumed death of her brothers, the Princes in the Tower, King Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II of Brittany, Henry tried to land in England, but his conspiracy unravelled resulting in the execution of his primary co-conspirator, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. Now supported by Francis II's prime minister, Pierre Landais, Richard III attempted to extradite Henry from Brittany, but Henry escaped to France. He was welcomed by the French, who readily supplied him with troops and equipment for a second invasion. Henry gained the support of the Woodvilles, in-laws of the late Edward IV, and sailed with a small French and Scottish force, landing"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " at Mill Bay near Dale, Pembrokeshire. He marched toward England accompanied by his uncle Jasper and John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. Wales was historically a Lancastrian stronghold, and Henry owed the support he gathered to his Welsh birth and ancestry, being agnatically descended from Rhys ap Gruffydd. He amassed an army of about 5,000–6,000 soldiers. Henry devised a plan to seize the throne by engaging Richard quickly because Richard had reinforcements in Nottingham and Leicester. Though outnumbered, Henry's Lancastrian forces decisively defeated Richard's Yorkist army at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. Several of Richard's key allies, such as Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, and also Lord Stanley and his brother William, crucially switched sides or left the battlefield. Richard III's death at Bosworth Field effectively ended the Wars of the Roses.</s><s>Reign. To secure his hold on the throne, Henry declared himself king by right of conquest retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before Bosworth Field. Thus, anyone who had fought for Richard against him would be guilty of treason and Henry could legally confiscate the lands and property of Richard III, while"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " restoring his own. Henry spared Richard's nephew and designated heir, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, and made the Yorkist heiress Margaret Plantagenet Countess of Salisbury \"suo jure\". He took care not to address the baronage or summon Parliament until after his coronation, which took place in Westminster Abbey on 30 October 1485. After his coronation Henry issued an edict that any gentleman who swore fealty to him would, notwithstanding any previous attainder, be secure in his property and person. Henry honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York and the wedding took place in 1486 at Westminster Abbey. He was 29 years old, she was 20. They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt. Henry married Elizabeth of York with the hope of uniting the Yorkist and Lancastrian sides of the Plantagenet dynastic disputes, and he was largely successful. However, such a level of paranoia persisted that anyone (John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, for example) with blood ties to the Plantagenets was suspected of coveting the throne. Henry had Parliament repeal \"Titulus Regius\", the statute that declared Edward IV's"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " marriage invalid and his children illegitimate, thus legitimising his wife. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of \"Titulus Regius\" gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. Alison Weir points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was plausible only if Henry and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead. Henry secured his crown principally by dividing and undermining the power of the nobility, especially through the aggressive use of bonds and recognisances to secure loyalty. He also enacted laws against livery and maintenance, the great lords' practice of having large numbers of \"retainers\" who wore their lord's badge or uniform and formed a potential private army. Henry began taking precautions against rebellion while still in Leicester after Bosworth Field. Edward, Earl of Warwick, the ten-year-old son of Edward IV's brother George, Duke of Clarence, was the senior surviving male of the House of York. Before departing for London, Henry sent Robert Willoughby to Sheriff Hutton in Yorkshire, to arrest Warwick and take him to the Tower of London. Despite such precautions, Henry faced several"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " rebellions over the next twelve years. The first was the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, abetted by Viscount Lovell, which collapsed without fighting. Next, in 1487, Yorkists led by Lincoln rebelled in support of Lambert Simnel, a boy they claimed to be Edward of Warwick (who was actually a prisoner in the Tower). The rebellion began in Ireland, where the historically Yorkist nobility, headed by the powerful Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, proclaimed Simnel king and provided troops for his invasion of England. The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the Battle of Stoke. Henry showed remarkable clemency to the surviving rebels: he pardoned Kildare and the other Irish nobles, and he made the boy, Simnel, a servant in the royal kitchen where he was in charge of roasting meats on a spit. In 1490, a young Fleming, Perkin Warbeck, appeared and claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, the younger of the \"Princes in the Tower\". Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy. He led attempted invasions of Ireland in 1491 and England in 1495, and persuaded James IV of Scotland"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " to invade England in 1496. In 1497 Warbeck landed in Cornwall with a few thousand troops, but was soon captured and executed. When the King's agents searched the property of William Stanley (Chamberlain of the Household, with direct access to Henry VII) they found a bag of coins amounting to around £10,000 and a collar of livery with Yorkist garnishings. Stanley was accused of supporting Warbeck's cause, arrested and later executed. In response to this threat within his own household, the King instituted more rigid security for access to his person. In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. However, he spared Warwick's elder sister Margaret, who survived until 1541 when she was executed by Henry VIII.</s><s>Reign.:Economics. For most of Henry VII's reign Edward Story was Bishop of Chichester. Story's register still exists and, according to the 19th-century historian W.R.W. Stephens, \"affords some illustrations of the avaricious and parsimonious character of the king\". It seems that Henry was skilful at extracting money from his subjects on many pretexts, including that of war with France or war with Scotland. The money so extracted added to the"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " King's personal fortune rather than being used for the stated purpose. Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration. Despite this, during his reign he became a fiscally prudent monarch who restored the fortunes of an effectively bankrupt exchequer. Henry VII introduced stability to the financial administration of England by keeping the same financial advisors throughout his reign. For instance, except for the first few months of the reign, the Baron Dynham and the Earl of Surrey were the only Lord High Treasurers throughout his reign. Henry VII improved tax collection in the realm by introducing ruthlessly efficient mechanisms of taxation. He was supported in this effort by his chancellor, Archbishop John Morton, whose \"Morton's Fork\" was a catch-22 method of ensuring that nobles paid increased taxes: those nobles who spent little must have saved much, and thus could afford the increased taxes; in contrast, those nobles who spent much obviously had the means to pay the increased taxes. Henry also increased wealth by acquiring land through the act of resumption of 1486 which had been delayed as he focused on defence of the Church, his person and his realm. The capriciousness and lack of due process that indebted many would tarnish his legacy and were"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " soon ended upon Henry VII's death, after a commission revealed widespread abuses. According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple \"greed\" underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years. Following Henry VII's death, Henry VIII executed Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley, his two most hated tax collectors, on trumped-up charges of treason. Henry VII established the pound avoirdupois as a standard of weight; it later became part of the Imperial and customary systems of units. In 1506 he resumed the construction of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, started under Henry VI, guaranteeing finances which would continue even after his death.</s><s>Reign.:Foreign policy. Henry VII's policy was to maintain peace and to create economic prosperity. Up to a point, he succeeded. The Treaty of Redon was signed in February 1489 between Henry and representatives of Brittany. Based on the terms of the accord, Henry sent 6000 troops to fight (at the expense of Brittany) under the command of Lord Daubeney. The purpose of the agreement was to prevent France from annexing Brittany. According to John M. Currin, the treaty redefined Anglo-Breton relations. Henry started a new"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " policy to recover Guyenne and other lost Plantagenet claims in France. The treaty marks a shift from neutrality over the French invasion of Brittany to active intervention against it. Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. However, this treaty came at a price, as Henry mounted a minor invasion of Brittany in November 1492. Henry decided to keep Brittany out of French hands, signed an alliance with Spain to that end, and sent 6,000 troops to France. The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of £24,000. However, as France was becoming more concerned with the Italian Wars, the French were happy to agree to the Treaty of Etaples. Henry had pressured the French by laying siege to Boulogne in October 1492. Henry had been under the financial and physical protection of the French throne or its vassals for most of his life before becoming king. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidised shipbuilding, so strengthening the navy (he commissioned Europe's first ever – and the"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " world's oldest surviving – dry dock at Portsmouth in 1495) and improving trading opportunities. John Cabot, originally from Genoa and Venice, had heard that ships from Bristol had discovered uncharted new found territory far west of Ireland. Having secured financial backing from Florentine bankers in London, Cabot was granted carefully phrased letters patent from Henry in March 1496, permitting him to embark on an exploratory voyage westerly. It is not known precisely where Cabot landed, but he was eventually rewarded with a pension from the king; it is presumed that Cabot perished at sea after a later unsuccessful expedition. Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly united Spanish kingdom; he concluded the Treaty of Medina del Campo, by which his son Arthur, Prince of Wales, was married to Catherine of Aragon. He also concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Scotland (the first treaty between England and Scotland for almost two centuries), which betrothed his daughter Margaret Tudor to King James IV of Scotland. By this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. Though this was not achieved during his reign, the marriage eventually led to the union of the English and Scottish crowns"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " under Margaret's great-grandson, James VI and I, following the death of Henry's granddaughter Elizabeth I. Henry also formed an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (1493–1519) and persuaded Pope Innocent VIII to issue a papal bull of excommunication against all pretenders to Henry's throne. In 1506, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Emery d'Amboise asked Henry VII to become the protector and patron of the Order, as he had an interest in the crusade. Later on, Henry had exchanged letters with Pope Julius II in 1507, in which he encouraged him to establish peace among Christian realms, and to organise an expedition against the Turks of the Ottoman Empire.</s><s>Reign.:Trade agreements. Henry VII was much enriched by trading alum, which was used in the wool and cloth trades as a chemical fixative for dyeing fabrics. Since alum was mined in only one area in Europe (Tolfa, Italy), it was a scarce commodity and therefore especially valuable to its land holder, the Pope. With the English economy heavily invested in wool production, Henry VII became involved in the alum trade in 1486. With the assistance of the Italian merchant banker Lodovico della Fava and the"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " Italian banker Girolamo Frescobaldi, Henry VII became deeply involved in the trade by licensing ships, obtaining alum from the Ottoman Empire, and selling it to the Low Countries and in England. This trade made an expensive commodity cheaper, which raised opposition from Pope Julius II, since the Tolfa mine was a part of papal territory and had given the Pope monopoly control over alum. Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the \"Magnus Intercursus\" (\"great agreement\") of 1496. In 1494, Henry embargoed trade (mainly in wool) with the Burgundian Netherlands in retaliation for Margaret of Burgundy's support for Perkin Warbeck. The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. At the same time, Flemish merchants were ejected from England. The dispute eventually paid off for Henry. Both parties realised they were mutually disadvantaged by the reduction in commerce. Its restoration by the \"Magnus Intercursus\" was very much to England's benefit in removing taxation for English merchants and significantly increasing England's wealth. In turn, Antwerp became an extremely important trade entrepôt (transshipment"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " port), through which, for example, goods from the Baltic, spices from the east and Italian silks were exchanged for English cloth. In 1506, Henry extorted the Treaty of Windsor from Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the \"Malus Intercursus\" (\"evil agreement\"). France, Burgundy, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and the Hanseatic League all rejected the treaty, which was never in force. Philip died shortly after the negotiations.</s><s>Reign.:Law enforcement and justices of the peace. Henry's principal problem was to restore royal authority in a realm recovering from the Wars of the Roses. There were too many powerful noblemen and, as a consequence of the system of so-called bastard feudalism, each had what amounted to private armies of indentured retainers (mercenaries masquerading as servants). Following the example of Edward IV, Henry VII created a Council of Wales and the Marches for his son Arthur, which was intended to govern Wales and the Marches, Cheshire and Cornwall. He was content to allow the"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " nobles their regional influence if they were loyal to him. For instance, the Stanley family had control of Lancashire and Cheshire, upholding the peace on the condition that they stayed within the law. In other cases, he brought his over-powerful subjects to heel by decree. He passed laws against \"livery\" (the upper classes' flaunting of their adherents by giving them badges and emblems) and \"maintenance\" (the keeping of too many male \"servants\"). These laws were used shrewdly in levying fines upon those that he perceived as threats. However, his principal weapon was the Court of Star Chamber. This revived an earlier practice of using a small (and trusted) group of the Privy Council as a personal or Prerogative Court, able to cut through the cumbersome legal system and act swiftly. Serious disputes involving the use of personal power, or threats to royal authority, were thus dealt with. Henry VII used justices of the peace on a large, nationwide scale. They were appointed for every shire and served for a year at a time. Their chief task was to see that the laws of the country were obeyed in their area. Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " under Henry's reign. Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. All Acts of Parliament were overseen by the justices of the peace. For example, they could replace suspect jurors in accordance with the 1495 act preventing the corruption of juries. They were also in charge of various administrative duties, such as the checking of weights and measures. By 1509, justices of the peace were key enforcers of law and order for Henry VII. They were unpaid, which, in comparison with modern standards, meant a smaller tax bill for law enforcement. Local gentry saw the office as one of local influence and prestige and were therefore willing to serve. Overall, this was a successful area of policy for Henry, both in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the Middle Ages.</s><s>Reign.:Later years and death. In 1502, Henry VII's life took a difficult and personal turn in which many people he was close to died in quick succession."
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " His first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the \"English sweating sickness\". This made Henry VII's second son, Henry, Duke of York, heir apparent to the throne. The King, normally a reserved man who rarely showed much emotion in public unless angry, surprised his courtiers by his intense grief and sobbing at his son's death, while his concern for the Queen is evidence that the marriage was a happy one, as is his reaction to Queen Elizabeth's death the following year, when he shut himself away for several days, refusing to speak to anyone. Henry VII was shattered by the loss of Elizabeth, and her death impacted him severely. Henry wanted to maintain the Spanish alliance. Accordingly, he arranged a papal dispensation from Pope Julius II for Prince Henry to marry his brother's widow Catherine, a relationship that would have otherwise precluded marriage in the Church. Elizabeth had died in childbirth, so Henry had the dispensation also permit him to marry Catherine himself. After obtaining the dispensation, Henry had second thoughts about the marriage of his son and Catherine. Catherine's mother Isabella I of Castile had died and Catherine's sister Joanna had succeeded"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " her; Catherine was, therefore, daughter of only one reigning monarch and so less desirable as a spouse for Henry VII's heir-apparent. The marriage did not take place during his lifetime. Otherwise, at the time of his father's arranging of the marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the future Henry VIII was too young to contract the marriage according to Canon Law and would be ineligible until age fourteen. Henry made half-hearted plans to remarry and beget more heirs, but these never came to anything. He entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain — Joanna, Dowager Queen of Naples (a niece of Queen Isabella of Castile), Queen Joanna of Castile, and Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile), were all considered. In 1505 he was sufficiently interested in a potential marriage to Joanna of Naples that he sent ambassadors to Naples to report on the 27-year-old Joanna's physical suitability. The wedding never took place, and the physical description Henry sent with his ambassadors of what he desired in a new wife matched the description of his wife Elizabeth. After 1503, records show the Tower of London was never again used as a royal"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " residence by Henry VII, and all royal births under Henry VIII took place in palaces. Henry VII falls among the minority of British monarchs that never had any known mistresses, and for the times, it is very unusual that he did not remarry: his son Henry was the only male heir left after the death of his wife, thus the death of Arthur created a precarious political position for the House of Tudor. During his lifetime the nobility often criticised Henry VII for re-centralizing power in London, and later the 16th-century historian Francis Bacon was ruthlessly critical of the methods by which he enforced tax law, but it is equally true that Henry VII was diligent about keeping detailed records of his personal finances, down to the last halfpenny; these and one account book detailing the expenses of his queen survive in the British National Archives, as do accounts of courtiers and many of the king's own letters. Until the death of his wife, the evidence is clear from these accounting books that Henry was a more doting father and husband than was widely known and there is evidence that his outwardly austere personality belied a devotion to his family. Letters to relatives have an affectionate tone not captured by official state business, as evidenced by many written to"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " his mother Margaret. Many of the entries show a man who loosened his purse strings generously for his wife and children, and not just on necessities: in spring 1491 he spent a great amount of gold on a lute for his daughter Mary; the following year he spent money on a lion for Elizabeth's menagerie. With Elizabeth's death, the possibilities for such family indulgences greatly diminished. Immediately afterwards, Henry became very sick and nearly died himself, allowing only his mother Margaret Beaufort near him: \"privily departed to a solitary place, and would that no man should resort unto him.\" Further compounding Henry's distress, his older daughter Margaret had previously been betrothed to King James IV of Scotland and within months of her mother's death she had to be escorted to the border by her father: he would never see her again. Margaret Tudor wrote letters to her father declaring her homesickness, but Henry could do nothing but mourn the loss of his family and honour the terms of the peace treaty he had agreed to with the King of Scotland. Henry VII died of tuberculosis at Richmond Palace on 21 April 1509 and was buried in the chapel he commissioned in Westminster Abbey next to his wife, Elizabeth. He was succeeded by his second son,"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " Henry VIII (reigned 1509–47), who would initiate the Protestant Reformation in England. His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509.</s><s>Appearance and character. Amiable and high-spirited, Henry was friendly if dignified in manner, and it was clear that he was extremely intelligent. His biographer, Professor Chrimes, credits him – even before he had become king – with \"a high degree of personal magnetism, ability to inspire confidence, and a growing reputation for shrewd decisiveness\". On the debit side, he may have looked a little delicate as he suffered from poor health.</s><s>Legacy and memory. Historians have always compared Henry VII with his continental contemporaries, especially Louis XI of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon. By 1600 historians emphasised Henry's wisdom in drawing lessons in statecraft from other monarchs. In 1622 Francis Bacon published his \"History of the Reign of King Henry VII\". By 1900 the \"New Monarchy\" interpretation stressed the common factors that in each country led to the revival of monarchical power. This approach raised puzzling questions about similarities and differences in the development of national states. In the late 20th century a model of European state formation was prominent in which Henry less resembles"
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " Louis and Ferdinand.</s><s>Family. Henry VII and Elizabeth had seven children: - Arthur (19 September 1486 – 2 April 1502), Prince of Wales, heir apparent from birth to death (named after the legendary King Arthur) - Margaret (28 November 1489 – 18 October 1541), Queen of Scotland as the wife of James IV and regent for their son James V - Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547), Henry VII's successor - Elizabeth (2 July 1492 – 14 September 1495) - Mary (18 March 1496 – 25 June 1533), briefly Queen of France as the wife of Louis XII, then wife of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk - Edmund (21 February 1499 – 19 June 1500), styled Duke of Somerset but never formally created a peer - Katherine (2 February 1503 – 18 February 1503)</s><s>See also. - \"Cestui que\" - Cultural depictions of Henry VII of England</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Sources. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading.</s><s>Further reading.:Historiography. -</s><s>Further reading.:Other."
},
{
"title": "Henry VII of England",
"text": " - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Henry VII of England",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000431
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Jamie Dornan.
|
[
{
"title": "Jamie Dornan",
"text": "<s>Jamie Dornan James Peter Maxwell Dornan ( born 1 May 1982) is an actor, model, and musician from Northern Ireland. Formerly a character actor, he often portrays solemn, steady characters. The recipient of two Irish Film and Television Awards, he has been nominated for a BAFTA Television Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award. In 2020, he was listed at number 32 on \"The Irish Times\" list of Ireland's greatest film actors. Initially beginning his career as a model in 2001, he appeared in campaigns for Hugo Boss, Dior Homme, and Calvin Klein. Dubbed \"the Golden Torso\" by \"The New York Times\", he was ranked one of the \"25 Biggest Male Models of All Time\" by \"Vogue\" in 2015. In addition, he performed in the folk band Sons of Jim until 2008. He began acting in 2006, and earned international recognition for playing Sheriff Graham Humbert in the series \"Once Upon a Time\" (2011–2013) and serial killer Paul Spector in the crime drama series \"The Fall\" (2013–2016). For the latter, he won the Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in Television and was nominated for a British Academy Television"
},
{
"title": "Jamie Dornan",
"text": " Award for Best Actor. In film, he has portrayed Axel von Fersen in Sofia Coppola's \"Marie Antoinette\" (2006), Christian Grey in the \"Fifty Shades\" franchise (2015–2018), Jan Kubiš in \"Anthropoid\" (2016), Commandant Pat Quinlan in \"The Siege of Jadotville\" (2016), Paul Conroy in \"A Private War\" (2018), and Pa in \"Belfast\" (2021), receiving a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for the lattermost.</s><s>Early life. Dornan was born in Holywood, County Down, Northern Ireland, and grew up in the suburbs of Belfast. His mother, Lorna, died of pancreatic cancer when Dornan was 16. His father Jim Dornan, an obstetrician and gynaecologist who had also considered becoming an actor, died from complications related to COVID-19 on 15 March 2021. He has echoed his father's support throughout his career, stating: \"...Some people go their whole lives without being told, ‘You've made your parents proud’. My dad would tell me every day.\" Dornan has two older"
},
{
"title": "Jamie Dornan",
"text": " sisters: Liesa, who works for Disney in London, and Jessica, a fashion designer based in Falmouth, Cornwall, England. He is a first cousin, twice removed, of actress Greer Garson. His grandparents on both sides of his family were Methodist lay preachers. He attended and boarded at Methodist College Belfast, where he played rugby and participated in the drama department. In school, he appeared in \"Christmas Pantomime\" portraying Widow Twanky which earned him his first drama prize. He also played Baby Face in \"Bugsy Malone\" and the milkman in \"Blood Brothers\" during school productions. He was a member of Belfast's youth amateur drama group, Holywood Players and participated in Ballymoney's Drama Festival with this group on several occasions. From the age of twelve, he participated in the native production of Anton Chekhov's stage dramas. He attended Teesside University but dropped out and moved to London in 2002 to train as an actor, but never applied to drama school. He worked in a pub in Knightsbridge for six months until he embarked on his modelling career. Referring to those six months as a rough time, Dornan stated he went through much financial hardship and to make ends meet, he took a job at"
},
{
"title": "Jamie Dornan",
"text": " the pub.</s><s>Initial career.</s><s>Initial career.:Music. Dornan performed in the folk band Sons of Jim until it disbanded in 2008. He founded the band with his schoolmate David Alexander and formed their own record label Doorstep Records under which they published their songs \"Fairytale\" and \"My Burning Sun\". Sons of Jim supported Scottish singer-songwriter KT Tunstall on tour.</s><s>Initial career.:Modelling. Dornan was not keen to pursue modelling as a career but was persuaded by his step mother and sisters. In 2001, he took part in the Channel 4 reality show \"Model Behaviour\". He was eliminated but signed a modelling contract with Select Model Management. In 2003, he modelled for Abercrombie & Fitch with Malin Åkerman. He then modelled for Aquascutum, Hugo Boss, and Armani. In 2005, he became the face of Dior Homme's fragrance advertising campaign. Dornan's first appearance in Calvin Klein's advertising campaign was in 2004 with Russian model Natalia Vodianova. His later notable works for Calvin Klein include the jeans advertising campaigns with Kate Moss in 2006 and with Eva Mendes in 2010. In 2009, he was made"
},
{
"title": "Jamie Dornan",
"text": " the face of Calvin Klein's 'CK Free' fragrance and appeared solo in Calvin Klein's underwear campaign. In 2006, he was labelled \"The Golden Torso\" by \"The New York Times\". He also appeared as a judge in Calvin Klein's model hunt competition, 'Nine countries, nine men, one winner'. Dornan appeared in commercials for Dolce & Gabbana, Zara, Banana Republic, Dior, Calvin Klein, and Levi's Jeans. In 2006, he was dubbed the \"male Kate Moss\" by \"GQ\" and in 2015 was ranked one of the \"25 Biggest Male Models of All Time\" by \"Vogue\". He was ranked 3rd and 15th on \"GQ\"'s 50 best dressed British men list respectively in 2015 and 2016. In 2018, he became the new face of \"Boss The Scent\" for Hugo Boss alongside Dutch model Birgit Kos. During his career, he worked with fashion photographers Terry Richardson, Bruce Weber, Carter Smith, as well as designer Hedi Slimane. Dornan's modelling significance was his look which was named \"Dornan Furrow\" by the industry and the media. He never participated in ramp walks because of his unconventional style of walking.</s>"
},
{
"title": "Jamie Dornan",
"text": "<s>Acting career.</s><s>Acting career.:2006–2012: Career beginnings. Being a \"model turned actor\", Dornan stated that the designation held significant stigma concerning such transition. He struggled with auditions and casting agents who treated him only as a model, but he had always wanted to act and was steadfast in proving his acting abilities. He moved to Los Angeles with a view to building an acting career in comedy, which eventually never happened. He had also written a comic blog for Funny or Die that did not get published. His first acting role in a film was as Count Axel Fersen in the Sofia Coppola film \"Marie Antoinette\" (2006). He also appeared in the drama film \"Shadows in the Sun\" (2009) alongside Jean Simmons. In 2008, he played the lead role of Ed in the Hammer Horror production \"Beyond the Rave\". Dornan garnered recognition when he appeared in nine episodes of the ABC television series \"Once Upon a Time\" between 2011 and 2013, playing the role of the Huntsman/Sheriff Graham. While Graham was killed by the town's mayor Regina/the Evil Queen in the episode \"The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter\", Dornan stated that he would return as the Hunts"
},
{
"title": "Jamie Dornan",
"text": "man from the Enchanted Forest at some point. He returned as the Huntsman for the season finale \"A Land Without Magic\", and later as Graham for the season two episode \"Welcome to Storybrooke\" in its flashback segment. About his performance, Laura Prudom of \"The Huffington Post\" wrote: \"Irish-born Jamie Dornan did an excellent job of portraying Graham's hopelessness and confusion\".</s><s>Acting career.:2013–2015: Breakthrough with \"The Fall\" and \"Fifty Shades\" trilogy. Dornan received critical acclaim when he starred alongside Gillian Anderson in the Northern Irish drama series \"The Fall\", playing Paul Spector, a serial killer terrorising Belfast. He initially auditioned for the role of a police officer, but he was later called upon to audition for the lead role, for which he was eventually selected. Beginning in 2013, the show aired for three series ending in October 2016. He read books about serial killers and watched interviews of Ted Bundy to get an understanding of the mindset of his character, and stalked a woman in his preparation for the role. Reviewing the first season, David Thomson of \"The New Republic\" complimented Dornan on his performance: \"Jamie Dornan as Paul"
},
{
"title": "Jamie Dornan",
"text": ", has become the center of the drama in a performance that unpeels as slowly as a stripper- and maybe as seductively.\" He won his first Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in Television and was nominated for a British Academy Television Award for Best Actor. He credited \"The Fall\" to be the turning point of his career. In 2014, Dornan was cast as Abe Goffe in \"New Worlds\", a historical drama series. On 23 October 2013, Dornan was cast as Christian Grey in the film adaptation of \"Fifty Shades of Grey\", replacing Charlie Hunnam. Initially announced to be released on 1 August 2014, the film was later rescheduled and released on 13 February 2015. He visited a private sex dungeon as preparation for playing his sadistic character. He reprised his role in the second and third installments of the \"Fifty Shades\" film franchise, \"Fifty Shades Darker\", released in 2017, and \"Fifty Shades Freed\", released in 2018. Earning approximately $1.32 billion, the franchise became the seventh highest-grossing R-rated franchise. Despite being a box office blockbuster, the trilogy was poorly received by critics, with Dornan's performance being critically panned. He later"
},
{
"title": "Jamie Dornan",
"text": " stated that he was reluctant about his involvement in the project and knew the franchise would not be treated well by critics. But he said:\"...it’s given me so much beyond finance-wise, I mean that opportunity to then do the movies...movies like that have so much heart and mean so much to me. I would not have been given those opportunities if I hadn’t done Fifty Shades.\" Dornan played Dr. Allan Pascal in a Miramax film titled \"The 9th Life of Louis Drax\", a supernatural thriller based on a book of the same name. It was released in 2016.</s><s>Acting career.:2016–present: Transition to independent film roles and \"Belfast\". Dornan was cast as Commandant Pat Quinlan in Netflix's historical war film \"The Siege of Jadotville\" in 2016. He was sent to a boot camp in South Africa with the rest of the cast to train for the film. The film got released at the Galway Film Festival 2016, receiving mixed reviews. Writing for \"The Irish Times,\" critic Donald Clarke took note of Dornan's suave acting. For the film, he received his third nomination for best actor in a leading role in Irish Film and"
},
{
"title": "Jamie Dornan",
"text": " Television Award. In the same year, he starred as Jan Kubiš, alongside Cillian Murphy in another war film \"Anthropoid\". Rupert Hawksley of \"The Daily Telegraph\" felt that he made a decent fist of portraying Kubis and said: \"Nazi nail-biter Anthropoid shows Jamie Dornan has many more than 50 shades\". For the film, he received nominations for the British Independent Film Award and Czech Lion Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 2018, Dornan co-starred alongside Peter Dinklage, as a journalist Danny Tate, in the HBO television film \"My Dinner with Hervé\", written and directed by Sacha Gervasi. The film narrated a fictional take on Gervasi's interview with actor Hervé Villechaize in 1993, days before his suicide. Matthew Gilbert of \"The Boston Globe\" said: \"The Danny plot is fine - nothing special really, although Dornan is excellent and manages to bring a good sense of transformation to an underwritten character\". In the same year, Dornan portrayed journalist Paul Conroy in the biographical drama \"A Private War\". Ann Hornaday, writing for \"The Washington Post\", described Dornan's performance as \"a gallantly"
},
{
"title": "Jamie Dornan",
"text": " self-effacing performance\". Kenneth Turan for \"Los Angeles Times\" described Dornan's performance as \"excellent work from the \"Fifty Shades\" veteran\". Later that year, he appeared as Will Scarlet in \"Robin Hood\" and as Nick, a doctor and memoirist, in \"Untogether\". In 2019, Dornan starred as a paramedic in the science fiction thriller film \"Synchronic\". It had its world premiere at the 44th Toronto International Film Festival, receiving positive reviews from critics. He also played the role of an Irish writer in the semi-improvised romantic drama \"Endings, Beginnings\" that year. Dornan then appeared in two comedy films, \"Wild Mountain Thyme\" (2020) and \"Barb and Star Go to Vista Del Mar\" (2021). He won plaudits from critics for his musical number and comedic turn in \"Barb and Star\". Writing for \"TheWrap\", Alonso Duralde addressed his ballad as \"a definite highlight\" of the film and said: \"While it's definitely [Annie] Mumolo and [Kristen] Wiig's show all the way, Dornan winds up being surprisingly capable at holding his own against these two"
},
{
"title": "Jamie Dornan",
"text": " dynamos\". \"Wild Mountain Thyme\", John Patrick Shanley's film adaptation of his own play \"Outside Mullingar\", was poorly received and was criticised for accent inaccuracy. Nevertheless, Simran Hans of \"The Guardian\" described Dornan's performance as \"a commendable feat of comic brilliance, not to be missed.\" Some critics supposed him to be a miscast. In 2021, Dornan portrayed a working class father in Kenneth Branagh's drama film \"Belfast\", the character being based on Branagh's father. His performance received critical acclaim. Critic Peter Travers wrote on \"Good Morning America\": \"Dornan, free of the s&m sex trap of the \"50 Shades of Grey\" trilogy, builds on his virtuoso turn on \"The Fall\" to show an actor of ferocity and feeling as he invests Pa, often absent from home for construction work in England, with simmering emotion and quiet strength\". He received nominations for the Golden Globe Award and Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actor. The film was nominated for Best Picture at the 94th Academy Awards. After \"Belfast\", he secured the lead role of an amnesiac in BBC thriller series \"The Tourist\". Upon its"
},
{
"title": "Jamie Dornan",
"text": " release on BBC iPlayer in January 2022, it became the most watched show of that month with highest ratings until then. He himself and critics alike found his character challenging. In a review for \"The Guardian\", TV critic Lucy Mangan highlighted Dornan's \"compelling performance\" and found him in \"fine form\".</s><s>Charitable work. Dornan has lent his support towards various means and organisations. He was the patron of TinyLife, a Northern Ireland charity for premature and vulnerable babies. In 2017, he participated in a charity football match, Game 4 Grenfell, to provide aid to the victims of Grenfell Tower fire in West London that year. In 2018, Dornan became the patron of the newly established charity Northern Ireland Pancreatic Cancer (NIPanC) which was created in partnership with Pancreatic Cancer Action and the Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund. Due to busy filming schedule, he stepped down from the patronage in 2021 but considered himself a strong supporter of it. In 2020, Dornan read a bedtime story as part of \"Save with Stories\" to raise funds for Save the Children's Emergency Coronavirus Appeal. In the same year, he supported the Faster 5K Friday campaign for the Care Workers Charity"
},
{
"title": "Jamie Dornan",
"text": ", which provides financial grants for care workers. Dornan appeared in annual fundraising events \"Red Nose Day\" by Comic Relief and \"Children in Need\" by BBC. He has also backed emergency campaigns providing help for children's treatment.</s><s>Personal life and other ventures. In 2003, Dornan met actress Keira Knightley in an Asprey photoshoot. After being together for two years, they split up in 2005. In 2010, Dornan met English actress and singer-songwriter Amelia Warner and they became engaged in 2012, and married in 2013. They have three daughters. Dornan is an atheist. In interviews he has said that he considers himself Irish. He launched his menswear clothing line 'Eleven Eleven' in 2022.</s><s>Authored article. -</s><s>Acting credits and awards. Dornan's most acclaimed films, according to review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, include \"A Private War\" (2018), \"Belfast\" (2021), \"My Dinner with Hervé\" (2018), \"Barb and Star Go to Vista Del Mar\" (2021) and \"Synchronic\" (2019). His critically lauded television works are \"The Fall\" (2013–2016"
},
{
"title": "Jamie Dornan",
"text": ") and \"Once Upon a Time\" (2011). Dornan has won two Irish Film and Television Awards, a Broadcasting Press Guild Award and a People's Choice Award. He was nominated in the Best Actor category of the 60th BAFTA Awards for his performance in \"The Fall\".</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Jamie Dornan",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000432
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Napoleon.
|
[
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": "<s>Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a Corsica-born French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the \"de facto\" leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy endures to this day, as a highly celebrated and controversial leader. He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. His campaigns are still studied at military academies worldwide. Between three and six million civilians and soldiers died in what became known as the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon was born on the island of Corsica, not long after its annexation by France, to a native family descending from minor Italian nobility. He supported the French Revolution in 1789 while serving in the French army, and tried to spread its ideals to his native Corsica. He rose rapidly in the Army after he saved the governing French Directory by firing on royalist insurgents"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": ". In 1796, he began a military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies, scoring decisive victories and becoming a national hero. Two years later, he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power. He engineered a coup in November 1799 and became \"First Consul of the Republic\". Differences with the United Kingdom meant France faced the War of the Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered this coalition with victories in the Ulm campaign, and at the Battle of Austerlitz, which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him. Napoleon defeated Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, marched the Grande Armée into Eastern Europe, and defeated the Russians in June 1807 at Friedland, forcing the defeated nations of the Fourth Coalition to accept the Treaties of Tilsit. Two years later, the Austrians challenged the French again during the War of the Fifth Coalition, but Napoleon solidified his grip over Europe after triumphing at the Battle of Wagram. Hoping to extend the Continental System, his embargo against Britain, Napoleon invaded the Iberian Peninsula and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": ". The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted in the Peninsular War aided by a British army, culminating in defeat for Napoleon's marshals. Napoleon launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The resulting campaign witnessed the catastrophic retreat of Napoleon's Grande Armée. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France, resulting in a large coalition army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig. The coalition invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814. He was exiled to the island of Elba, between Corsica and Italy. In France, the Bourbons were restored to power. Napoleon escaped in February 1815 and took control of France. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. The British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic, where he died in 1821 at the age of 51. Napoleon had an extensive impact on the modern world, bringing liberal reforms to the lands he conquered, especially the regions of the Low Countries, Switzerland and parts of modern Italy and Germany. He implemented many liberal policies in France and Western Europe.</s><s>Early life. Napoleon's family was of Italian origin"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": ". His paternal ancestors, the Buonapartes, descended from a minor Tuscan noble family who emigrated to Corsica in the 16th century and his maternal ancestors, the Ramolinos, descended from a minor Genoese noble family. The Buonapartes were also the relatives, by marriage and by birth, of the Pietrasentas, Costas, Paraviccinis, and Bonellis, all Corsican families of the interior. His parents Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino maintained an ancestral home called \"Casa Buonaparte\" in Ajaccio. Napoleon was born there on 15 August 1769. He was the fourth child and third son of the family. He had an elder brother, Joseph, and younger siblings Lucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, Caroline, and Jérôme. Napoleon was baptised as a Catholic, under the name \"Napoleone\". In his youth, his name was also spelled as \"Nabulione\", \"Nabulio\", \"Napolionne\", and \"Napulione\". Napoleon was born in the same year that the Republic of Genoa (former Italian state) ceded the region of Cors"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": "ica to France. The state sold sovereign rights a year before his birth and the island was conquered by France during the year of his birth. It was formally incorporated as a province in 1770, after 500 years under Genoese rule and 14 years of independence. Napoleon's parents joined the Corsican resistance and fought against the French to maintain independence, even when Maria was pregnant with him. His father Carlo was an attorney who had supported and actively collaborated with patriot Pasquale Paoli during the Corsican war of independence against France; after the Corsican defeat at Ponte Novu in 1769 and Paoli's exile in Britain, Carlo began working for the new French government and went on to be named representative of the island to the court of Louis XVI in 1777. The dominant influence of Napoleon's childhood was his mother, whose firm discipline restrained a rambunctious child. Later in life, Napoleon stated, \"The future destiny of the child is always the work of the mother.\"{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcYZlz0ezQUC&q=%22The+future+destiny+of+the+child+is+always+the+work+of+"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": "the+mother%22&pg=PA385 When he turned 9 years old, he moved to the French mainland and enrolled at a religious school in Autun in January 1779. In May, he transferred with a scholarship to a military academy at Brienne-le-Château. In his youth he was an outspoken Corsican nationalist and supported the state's independence from France. Like many Corsicans, Napoleon spoke and read Corsican (as his mother tongue) and Italian (as the official language of Corsica). He began learning French in school at around age 10. Although he became fluent in French, he spoke with a distinctive Corsican accent and never learned how to spell correctly in French. Consequently, Napoleon was treated unfairly by his schoolmates. He was, however, not an isolated case, as it was estimated in 1790 that fewer than 3 million people, out of France's population of 28 million, were able to speak standard French, and those who could write it were even fewer. Napoleon was routinely bullied by his peers for his accent, birthplace, short stature, mannerisms and inability to speak French quickly. He became reserved and melancholy, applying himself to reading. An examiner observed that Napoleon \"has always been distinguished for his application"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography ... This boy would make an excellent sailor\". One story told of Napoleon at the school is that he led junior students to victory against senior students in a snowball fight, showing his leadership abilities. In early adulthood, Napoleon briefly intended to become a writer; he authored a history of Corsica and a romantic novella. On completion of his studies at Brienne in 1784, Napoleon was admitted to the \"École Militaire\" in Paris. He trained to become an artillery officer and, when his father's death reduced his income, was forced to complete the two-year course in one year. He was the first Corsican to graduate from the \"École Militaire\". He was examined by the famed scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace.</s><s>Early career. Upon graduating in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned a second lieutenant in \"La Fère\" artillery regiment. He served in Valence and Auxonne until after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789. Bonaparte was a fervent Corsican nationalist during this period. He asked for leave to join his mentor Pasquale Paoli, when Paoli was allowed to return to Corsica by the National"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " Assembly. Paoli had no sympathy for Napoleon, however, as he deemed his father a traitor for having deserted his cause for Corsican independence. He spent the early years of the Revolution in Corsica, fighting in a complex three-way struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, and Corsican nationalists. Napoleon came to embrace the ideals of the Revolution, becoming a supporter of the Jacobins and joining the pro-French Corsican Republicans who opposed Paoli's policy and his aspirations of secession. He was given command over a battalion of volunteers and was promoted to captain in the regular army in July 1792, despite exceeding his leave of absence and leading a riot against French troops. When Corsica declared formal secession from France and requested the protection of the British government, Napoleon and his commitment to the French Revolution came into conflict with Paoli, who had decided to sabotage the Corsican contribution to the \"Expédition de Sardaigne\", by preventing a French assault on the Sardinian island of La Maddalena. Bonaparte and his family were compelled to flee to Toulon on the French mainland in June 1793 because of the split with Paoli. Although he was born \"Napoleone Buonaparte\", it was after this that Napoleon began styling himself"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " \"Napoléon Bonaparte\". His family did not drop the name Buonaparte until 1796. The first known record of him signing his name as Bonaparte was at the age of 27 (in 1796).</s><s>Early career.:Siege of Toulon. In July 1793, Bonaparte published a pro-republican pamphlet entitled \"Le souper de Beaucaire\" (Supper at Beaucaire) which gained him the support of Augustin Robespierre, the younger brother of the Revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre. With the help of his fellow Corsican Antoine Christophe Saliceti, Bonaparte was appointed senior gunner and artillery commander of the republican forces which arrived on 8 September at Toulon. He adopted a plan to capture a hill where republican guns could dominate the city's harbour and force the British to evacuate. The assault on the position led to the capture of the city, and during it Bonaparte was wounded in the thigh on 16 December. Catching the attention of the Committee of Public Safety, he was put in charge of the artillery of France's Army of Italy. On 22 December he was on his way to his new post in Nice, promoted"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " from the rank of colonel to brigadier general at the age of 24. He devised plans for attacking the Kingdom of Sardinia as part of France's campaign against the First Coalition. The French army carried out Bonaparte's plan in the Battle of Saorgio in April 1794, and then advanced to seize Ormea in the mountains. From Ormea, they headed west to outflank the Austro-Sardinian positions around Saorge. After this campaign, Augustin Robespierre sent Bonaparte on a mission to the Republic of Genoa to determine that country's intentions towards France.</s><s>Early career.:13 Vendémiaire. Some contemporaries alleged that Bonaparte was put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres following their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794. Napoleon's secretary Bourrienne disputed the allegation in his memoirs. According to Bourrienne, jealousy was responsible, between the Army of the Alps and the Army of Italy, with whom Napoleon was seconded at the time. Bonaparte dispatched an impassioned defence in a letter to the commissar Saliceti, and he was acquitted of any wrongdoing. He was released within two weeks ("
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": "on 20 August) and due to his technical skills, was asked to draw up plans to attack Italian positions in the context of France's war with Austria. He also took part in an expedition to take back Corsica from the British, but the French were repulsed by the British Royal Navy. By 1795, Bonaparte had become engaged to Désirée Clary, daughter of François Clary. Désirée's sister Julie Clary had married Bonaparte's elder brother Joseph. In April 1795, he was assigned to the Army of the West, which was engaged in the War in the Vendée—a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in Vendée, a region in west-central France on the Atlantic Ocean. As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general—for which the army already had a full quota—and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting. He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety. He sought unsuccessfully to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan. During this period, he wrote the romantic novella \"Clisson et Eugénie\", about a soldier and his lover, in a clear parallel to Bonaparte"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": "'s own relationship with Désirée. On 15 September, Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for his refusal to serve in the Vendée campaign. He faced a difficult financial situation and reduced career prospects. On 3 October, royalists in Paris declared a rebellion against the National Convention. Paul Barras, a leader of the Thermidorian Reaction, knew of Bonaparte's military exploits at Toulon and gave him command of the improvised forces in defence of the convention in the Tuileries Palace. Napoleon had seen the massacre of the King's Swiss Guard there three years earlier and realized that artillery would be the key to its defence. He ordered a young cavalry officer named Joachim Murat to seize large cannons and used them to repel the attackers on 5 October 1795—\"13 Vendémiaire An IV\" in the French Republican Calendar. 1,400 royalists died and the rest fled. He cleared the streets with \"a whiff of grapeshot\", according to 19th-century historian Thomas Carlyle in \"\". The defeat of the royalist insurrection extinguished the threat to the Convention and earned Bonaparte sudden fame, wealth, and the patronage of the new government, the Directory. Murat married one of"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " Napoleon's sisters, becoming his brother-in-law; he also served under Napoleon as one of his generals. Bonaparte was promoted to Commander of the Interior and given command of the Army of Italy. Within weeks, he was romantically involved with Joséphine de Beauharnais, the former mistress of Barras. The couple married on 9 March 1796 in a civil ceremony.</s><s>Early career.:First Italian campaign. Two days after the marriage, Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy. He immediately went on the offensive, hoping to defeat the forces of Piedmont before their Austrian allies could intervene. In a series of rapid victories during the Montenotte Campaign, he knocked Piedmont out of the war in two weeks. The French then focused on the Austrians for the remainder of the war, the highlight of which became the protracted struggle for Mantua. The Austrians launched a series of offensives against the French to break the siege, but Napoleon defeated every relief effort, scoring victories at the battles of Castiglione, Bassano, Arcole, and Rivoli. The decisive French triumph at Rivoli in January 1797 led to the collapse of the Austrian position in Italy. At Rivoli"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": ", the Austrians lost up to 14,000 men while the French lost about 5,000. The next phase of the campaign featured the French invasion of the Habsburg heartlands. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by the Archduke Charles in 1796, but the Archduke withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning about Napoleon's assault. In the first encounter between the two commanders, Napoleon pushed back his opponent and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning at the Battle of Tarvis in March 1797. The Austrians were alarmed by the French thrust that reached all the way to Leoben, about 100 km from Vienna, and decided to sue for peace. The Treaty of Leoben, followed by the more comprehensive Treaty of Campo Formio, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries, and a secret clause promised the Republic of Venice to Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and, ending 1,100 years of Venetian independence. He authorized the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark. On the journey, Bonaparte conversed much about the warriors of antiquity, especially Alexander, Caesar, Scipio and Hannibal. He studied their strategy and combined it with his own."
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " In a question from Bourrienne, asking whether he gave his preference to Alexander or Caesar, Napoleon said that he places Alexander the Great in the first rank, the main reason being his campaign in Asia. His application of conventional military ideas to real-world situations enabled his military triumphs, such as creative use of artillery as a mobile force to support his infantry. He stated later in life: \"I have fought sixty battles and I have learned nothing which I did not know at the beginning. Look at Caesar; he fought the first like the last\". Bonaparte could win battles by concealment of troop deployments and concentration of his forces on the \"hinge\" of an enemy's weakened front. If he could not use his favourite envelopment strategy, he would take up the central position and attack two co-operating forces at their hinge, swing round to fight one until it fled, then turn to face the other. In this Italian campaign, Bonaparte's army captured 150,000 prisoners, 540 cannons, and 170 standards. The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 pitched battles through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics. During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " his army and another for circulation in France. The royalists attacked Bonaparte for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator. Napoleon's forces extracted an estimated $45 million in funds from Italy during their campaign there, another $12 million in precious metals and jewels. His forces confiscated more than 300 priceless paintings and sculptures. Bonaparte sent General Pierre Augereau to Paris to lead a \"coup d'état\" and purge the royalists on 4 September—the Coup of 18 Fructidor. This left Barras and his Republican allies in control again but dependent upon Bonaparte, who proceeded to peace negotiations with Austria. These negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Campo Formio. Bonaparte returned to Paris in December 1797 as a hero. He met Talleyrand, France's new Foreign Minister—who served in the same capacity for Emperor Napoleon—and they began to prepare for an invasion of Britain.</s><s>Early career.:Egyptian expedition. After two months of planning, Bonaparte decided that France's naval strength was not yet sufficient to confront the British Royal Navy. He decided on a military expedition to seize Egypt and thereby undermine Britain's access to its trade interests in India. Bonaparte wished to"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " establish a French presence in the Middle East and join forces with Tipu Sultan, the Sultan of Mysore who was an enemy of the British. Napoleon assured the Directory that \"as soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together with them, attack the English in their possessions\". The Directory agreed in order to secure a trade route to the Indian subcontinent. In May 1798, Bonaparte was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences. His Egyptian expedition included a group of 167 scientists, with mathematicians, naturalists, chemists, and geodesists among them. Their discoveries included the Rosetta Stone, and their work was published in the \"Description de l'Égypte\" in 1809. En route to Egypt, Bonaparte reached Malta on 9 June 1798, then controlled by the Knights Hospitaller. Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim surrendered after token resistance, and Bonaparte captured an important naval base with the loss of only three men. Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria on 1 July. He fought the Battle of Shubra Khit against the Mamluks, Egypt's ruling"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " military caste. This helped the French practise their defensive tactic for the Battle of the Pyramids, fought on 21 July, about from the pyramids. General Bonaparte's forces of 25,000 roughly equalled those of the Mamluks' Egyptian cavalry. Twenty-nine French and approximately 2,000 Egyptians were killed. The victory boosted the morale of the French army. On 1 August 1798, the British fleet under Sir Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two vessels of the French fleet in the Battle of the Nile, defeating Bonaparte's goal to strengthen the French position in the Mediterranean. His army had succeeded in a temporary increase of French power in Egypt, though it faced repeated uprisings. In early 1799, he moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus (Syria and Galilee). Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of Arish, Gaza, Jaffa, and Haifa. The attack on Jaffa was particularly brutal. Bonaparte discovered that many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, so he ordered the garrison and some 1,500–2,000 prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning. Men, women, and children"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " were robbed and murdered for three days. Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men. 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease—mostly bubonic plague. He failed to reduce the fortress of Acre, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May. To speed up the retreat, Bonaparte ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium. The number who died remains disputed, ranging from a low of 30 to a high of 580. He also brought out 1,000 wounded men. Back in Egypt on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir.</s><s>Ruler of France. While in Egypt, Bonaparte stayed informed of European affairs. He learned that France had suffered a series of defeats in the War of the Second Coalition. On 24 August 1799, fearing that the Republic's future was in doubt, he took advantage of the temporary departure of British ships from French coastal ports and set sail for France, despite the fact that he had received no explicit orders from Paris. The army was left in the charge of Jean-Baptiste Kléber. Unknown to Bonaparte, the Directory had sent him orders to return"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " to ward off possible invasions of French soil, but poor lines of communication prevented the delivery of these messages. By the time that he reached Paris in October, France's situation had been improved by a series of victories. The Republic, however, was bankrupt and the ineffective Directory was unpopular with the French population. The Directory discussed Bonaparte's \"desertion\" but was too weak to punish him. Despite the failures in Egypt, Napoleon returned to a hero's welcome. He drew together an alliance with director Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, his brother Lucien, speaker of the Council of Five Hundred Roger Ducos, director Joseph Fouché, and Talleyrand, and they overthrew the Directory by a coup d'état on 9 November 1799 (\"the 18th Brumaire\" according to the revolutionary calendar), closing down the Council of Five Hundred. Napoleon became \"first consul\" for ten years, with two consuls appointed by him who had consultative voices only. His power was confirmed by the new \"Constitution of the Year VIII\", originally devised by Sieyès to give Napoleon a minor role, but rewritten by Napoleon, and accepted by direct popular vote (3,000,000 in favour, 1,567"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " opposed). The constitution preserved the appearance of a republic but, in reality, established a dictatorship.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Consulate. Napoleon established a political system that historian Martyn Lyons called \"dictatorship by plebiscite\". Worried by the democratic forces unleashed by the Revolution, but unwilling to ignore them entirely, Napoleon resorted to regular electoral consultations with the French people on his road to imperial power. He drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul, taking up residence at the Tuileries. The constitution was approved in a rigged plebiscite held the following January, with 99.94 percent officially listed as voting \"yes\". Napoleon's brother, Lucien, had falsified the returns to show that 3 million people had participated in the plebiscite. The real number was 1.5 million. Political observers at the time assumed the eligible French voting public numbered about 5 million people, so the regime artificially doubled the participation rate to indicate popular enthusiasm for the consulate. In the first few months of the consulate, with war in Europe still raging and internal instability still plaguing the country, Napoleon's grip on power remained very tenuous. In the spring of 1800, Napoleon and"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " his troops crossed the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Napoleon was still in Egypt. After a difficult crossing over the Alps, the French army entered the plains of Northern Italy virtually unopposed. While one French army approached from the north, the Austrians were busy with another stationed in Genoa, which was besieged by a substantial force. The fierce resistance of this French army, under André Masséna, gave the northern force some time to carry out their operations with little interference. After spending several days looking for each other, the two armies collided at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June. General Melas had a numerical advantage, fielding about 30,000 Austrian soldiers while Napoleon commanded 24,000 French troops. The battle began favourably for the Austrians as their initial attack surprised the French and gradually drove them back. Melas stated that he had won the battle and retired to his headquarters around 3 pm, leaving his subordinates in charge of pursuing the French. The French lines never broke during their tactical retreat. Napoleon constantly rode out among the troops urging them to stand and fight. Late in the afternoon, a full division under Desaix arrived on the field and reversed the tide of the battle. A"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " series of artillery barrages and cavalry charges decimated the Austrian army, which fled over the Bormida River back to Alessandria, leaving behind 14,000 casualties. The following day, the Austrian army agreed to abandon Northern Italy once more with the Convention of Alessandria, which granted them safe passage to friendly soil in exchange for their fortresses throughout the region. Although critics have blamed Napoleon for several tactical mistakes preceding the battle, they have also praised his audacity for selecting a risky campaign strategy, choosing to invade the Italian peninsula from the north when the vast majority of French invasions came from the west, near or along the coastline. As David G. Chandler points out, Napoleon spent almost a year getting the Austrians out of Italy in his first campaign. In 1800, it took him only a month to achieve the same goal. German strategist and field marshal Alfred von Schlieffen concluded that \"Bonaparte did not annihilate his enemy but eliminated him and rendered him harmless\" while attaining \"the object of the campaign: the conquest of North Italy\". Napoleon's triumph at Marengo secured his political authority and boosted his popularity back home, but it did not lead to an immediate peace. Bonaparte's brother, Joseph, led the complex"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " negotiations in Lunéville and reported that Austria, emboldened by British support, would not acknowledge the new territory that France had acquired. As negotiations became increasingly fractious, Bonaparte gave orders to his general Moreau to strike Austria once more. Moreau and the French swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory at Hohenlinden in December 1800. As a result, the Austrians capitulated and signed the Treaty of Lunéville in February 1801. The treaty reaffirmed and expanded earlier French gains at Campo Formio.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Consulate.:Temporary peace in Europe. After a decade of constant warfare, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, bringing the Revolutionary Wars to an end. Amiens called for the withdrawal of British troops from recently conquered colonial territories as well as for assurances to curtail the expansionary goals of the French Republic. With Europe at peace and the economy recovering, Napoleon's popularity soared to its highest levels under the consulate, both domestically and abroad. In a new plebiscite during the spring of 1802, the French public came out in huge numbers to approve a constitution that made the Consulate permanent, essentially elevating Napoleon to dictator for life. Whereas"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " the plebiscite two years earlier had brought out 1.5 million people to the polls, the new referendum enticed 3.6 million to go and vote (72 percent of all eligible voters). There was no secret ballot in 1802 and few people wanted to openly defy the regime. The constitution gained approval with over 99% of the vote. His broad powers were spelled out in the new constitution: \"Article 1. The French people name, and the Senate proclaims Napoleon-Bonaparte First Consul for Life.\" After 1802, he was generally referred to as Napoleon rather than Bonaparte. The brief peace in Europe allowed Napoleon to focus on French colonies abroad. Saint-Domingue had managed to acquire a high level of political autonomy during the Revolutionary Wars, with Toussaint L'Ouverture installing himself as de facto dictator by 1801. Napoleon saw a chance to reestablish control over the colony when he signed the Treaty of Amiens. In the 18th century, Saint-Domingue had been France's most profitable colony, producing more sugar than all the British West Indies colonies combined. However, during the Revolution, the National Convention voted to abolish slavery in February 1794. Aware of the expenses required to"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " fund his wars in Europe, Napoleon made the decision to reinstate slavery in all French Caribbean colonies. The 1794 decree had only affected the colonies of Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and Guiana, and did not take effect in Mauritius, Reunion and Martinique, the last of which had been captured by the British and as such remained unaffected by French law. In Guadeloupe slavery had been abolished (and its ban violently enforced) by Victor Hugues against opposition from slaveholders thanks to the 1794 law. However, when slavery was reinstated in 1802, a slave revolt broke out under the leadership of Louis Delgrès. The resulting Law of 20 May had the express purpose of reinstating slavery in Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and French Guiana, and restored slavery throughout most of the French colonial empire (excluding Saint-Domingue) for another half a century, while the French transatlantic slave trade continued for another twenty years. Napoleon sent an expedition under his brother-in-law General Leclerc to reassert control over Saint-Domingue. Although the French managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, the expedition failed when high rates of disease crippled the French army,"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " and Jean-Jacques Dessalines won a string of victories, first against Leclerc, and when he died from yellow fever, then against Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau, whom Napoleon sent to relieve Leclerc with another 20,000 men. In May 1803, Napoleon acknowledged defeat, and the last 8,000 French troops left the island and the slaves proclaimed an independent republic that they called Haiti in 1804. In the process, Dessalines became arguably the most successful military commander in the struggle against Napoleonic France. Seeing the failure of his efforts in Haiti, Napoleon decided in 1803 to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States, instantly doubling the size of the U.S. The selling price in the Louisiana Purchase was less than three cents per acre, a total of $15 million. The peace with Britain proved to be uneasy and controversial. Britain did not evacuate Malta as promised and protested against Bonaparte's annexation of Piedmont and his Act of Mediation, which established a new Swiss Confederation. Neither of these territories were covered by Amiens, but they inflamed tensions significantly. The dispute culminated in a declaration of war by Britain in"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " May 1803; Napoleon responded by reassembling the invasion camp at Boulogne and declaring that every British male between eighteen and sixty years old in France and its dependencies to be arrested as a prisoner of war.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire. During the consulate, Napoleon faced several royalist and Jacobin assassination plots, including the \"Conspiration des poignards\" (Dagger plot) in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (also known as the \"Infernal Machine\") two months later. In January 1804, his police uncovered an assassination plot against him that involved Moreau and which was ostensibly sponsored by the Bourbon family, the former rulers of France. On the advice of Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien, violating the sovereignty of Baden. The Duke was quickly executed after a secret military trial, even though he had not been involved in the plot. Enghien's execution infuriated royal courts throughout Europe, becoming one of the contributing political factors for the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars. To expand his power, Napoleon used these assassination plots to justify the creation of an imperial system based on the Roman model. He believed that a Bourbon restoration would be more"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " difficult if his family's succession was entrenched in the constitution. Launching yet another referendum, Napoleon was elected as \"Emperor of the French\" by a tally exceeding 99%. As with the Life Consulate two years earlier, this referendum produced heavy participation, bringing out almost 3.6 million voters to the polls. A keen observer of Bonaparte's rise to absolute power, Madame de Rémusat, explains that \"men worn out by the turmoil of the Revolution […] looked for the domination of an able ruler\" and that \"people believed quite sincerely that Bonaparte, whether as consul or emperor, would exert his authority and save [them] from the perils of anarchy.\"\"</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:Coronation. Napoleon's coronation, at which Pope Pius VII officiated, took place at Notre Dame de Paris, on 2 December 1804. The ceremony, more or less, lasted around three hours, so the guests who arrived earlier became dull or bored and had to go in out and of the cathedral, to at least rejuvenate their spirits and also to buy food and drink. Two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony: a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire, and a replica of Char"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": "lemagne's crown. Napoleon entered the ceremony wearing the laurel wreath and kept it on his head throughout the proceedings since the laurel wreath symbolized victory, peace and civic virtue. For the official coronation, he raised the replica Charlemagne crown over his own head in a symbolic gesture, but never placed it on top because he was already wearing the golden wreath. After the crown was placed on his head, everyone in the Notre Dame Cathedral stood up spontaneously, the men waving their feathered hats. Josephine, his wife, knelt in front of Napoleon where he then placed the crown on Josephine's head, the event commemorated in the officially sanctioned painting by Jacques-Louis David. Josephine became only the second queen to be crowned and anointed in French history, other than Marie de' Medici. Napoleon was then crowned King of Italy, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, at the Cathedral of Milan on 26 May 1805. He created eighteen Marshals of the Empire from among his top generals to secure the allegiance of the army on 18 May 1804, the official start of the Empire.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:War of the Third Coalition. Great Britain had broken the Peace of Amiens by declaring"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " war on France in May 1803. In December 1804, an Anglo-Swedish agreement became the first step towards the creation of the Third Coalition. By April 1805, Britain had also signed an alliance with Russia. Austria had been defeated by France twice in recent memory and wanted revenge, so it joined the coalition a few months later. Before the formation of the Third Coalition, Napoleon had assembled an invasion force, the \"Armée d'Angleterre\", around six camps at Boulogne in Northern France. He intended to use this invasion force to strike at England. They never invaded, but Napoleon's troops received careful and invaluable training for future military operations. The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon later called \"La Grande Armée\". At the start, this French army had about 200,000 men organized into seven corps, which were large field units that contained 36–40 cannons each and were capable of independent action until other corps could come to the rescue. A single corps properly situated in a strong defensive position could survive at least a day without support, giving the \"Grande Armée\" countless strategic and tactical options on every campaign. On top of these forces, Napoleon created a cavalry reserve of 22,000 organized"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " into two cuirassier divisions, four mounted dragoon divisions, one division of dismounted dragoons, and one of light cavalry, all supported by 24 artillery pieces. By 1805, the \"Grande Armée\" had grown to a force of 350,000 men, who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers. Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle, so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics. The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the British West Indies. In the face of this attack, it was hoped, the British would weaken their defence of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean, allowing a combined Franco-Spanish fleet to take control of the English channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade. However, the plan unravelled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to Cádiz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel. By August 1805, Napoleon had realized that"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " the strategic situation had changed fundamentally. Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies, he decided to strike first and turned his army's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine. His basic objective was to destroy the isolated Austrian armies in Southern Germany before their Russian allies could arrive. On 25 September, after great secrecy and feverish marching, 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of. Austrian commander Karl Mack had gathered the greater part of the Austrian army at the fortress of Ulm in Swabia. Napoleon swung his forces to the southeast and the \"Grande Armée\" performed an elaborate wheeling movement that outflanked the Austrian positions. The Ulm Maneuver completely surprised General Mack, who belatedly understood that his army had been cut off. After some minor engagements that culminated in the Battle of Ulm, Mack finally surrendered after realizing that there was no way to break out of the French encirclement. For just 2,000 French casualties, Napoleon had managed to capture a total of 60,000 Austrian soldiers through his army's rapid marching. Napoleon wrote after the conflict: \"I have accomplished my object, I have destroyed the Austrian army by simply marching.\" The Ulm Campaign is generally regarded as a strategic"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " masterpiece and was influential in the development of the Schlieffen Plan in the late 19th century. For the French, this spectacular victory on land was soured by the decisive victory that the Royal Navy attained at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October. After Trafalgar, the Royal Navy was never again seriously challenged by a French fleet in a large-scale engagement for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars. Following the Ulm Campaign, French forces managed to capture Vienna in November. The fall of Vienna provided the French a huge bounty as they captured 100,000 muskets, 500 cannons, and the intact bridges across the Danube. At this critical juncture, both Tsar Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II decided to engage Napoleon in battle, despite reservations from some of their subordinates. Napoleon sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies but then ordered his forces to retreat so that he could feign a grave weakness. Desperate to lure the Allies into battle, Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the engagement that the French army was in a pitiful state, even abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights, a sloping hill near the village of Austerlitz. At the Battle of Austerlitz, in Moravia on"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " 2 December, he deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank, enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line. A forced march from Vienna by Marshal Davout and his III Corps plugged the gap left by Napoleon just in time. Meanwhile, the heavy Allied deployment against the French right flank weakened their center on the Pratzen Heights, which was viciously attacked by the IV Corps of Marshal Soult. With the Allied center demolished, the French swept through both enemy flanks and sent the Allies fleeing chaotically, capturing thousands of prisoners in the process. The battle is often seen as a tactical masterpiece because of the near-perfect execution of a calibrated but dangerous plan—of the same stature as Cannae, the celebrated triumph by Hannibal some 2,000 years before. The Allied disaster at Austerlitz significantly shook the faith of Emperor Francis in the British-led war effort. France and Austria agreed to an armistice immediately and the Treaty of Pressburg followed shortly after on 26 December. Pressburg took Austria out of both the war and the Coalition while reinforcing the earlier treaties of Campo Formio and of Lunéville between the two powers. The treaty confirmed the Austrian"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " loss of lands to France in Italy and Bavaria, and lands in Germany to Napoleon's German allies. It imposed an indemnity of 40 million francs on the defeated Habsburgs and allowed the fleeing Russian troops free passage through hostile territories and back to their home soil. Napoleon went on to say, \"The battle of Austerlitz is the finest of all I have fought\". Frank McLynn suggests that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a \"personal Napoleonic one\". Vincent Cronin disagrees, stating that Napoleon was not overly ambitious for himself, \"he embodied the ambitions of thirty million Frenchmen\".</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:Middle-Eastern alliances. Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia, and perhaps form an alliance with the Ottoman Empire. In February 1806, Ottoman Emperor Selim III recognised Napoleon as \"Emperor\". He also opted for an alliance with France, calling France \"our sincere and natural ally\". That decision brought the Ottoman Empire into a losing war against Russia and Britain. A Franco-Persian alliance was formed between Napoleon"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " and the Persian Empire of Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar. It collapsed in 1807 when France and Russia formed an unexpected alliance. In the end, Napoleon had made no effective alliances in the Middle East.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:War of the Fourth Coalition and Tilsit. After Austerlitz, Napoleon established the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. A collection of German states intended to serve as a buffer zone between France and Central Europe, the creation of the Confederation spelled the end of the Holy Roman Empire and significantly alarmed the Prussians. The brazen reorganization of German territory by the French risked threatening Prussian influence in the region, if not eliminating it outright. War fever in Berlin rose steadily throughout the summer of 1806. At the insistence of his court, especially his wife Queen Louise, Frederick William III decided to challenge the French domination of Central Europe by going to war. The initial military manoeuvres began in September 1806. In a letter to Marshal Soult detailing the plan for the campaign, Napoleon described the essential features of Napoleonic warfare and introduced the phrase \"le bataillon-carré\" (\"square battalion\"). In the \"bataillon-carré\" system, the"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " various corps of the \"Grande Armée\" would march uniformly together in close supporting distance. If any single corps was attacked, the others could quickly spring into action and arrive to help. Napoleon invaded Prussia with 180,000 troops, rapidly marching on the right bank of the River Saale. As in previous campaigns, his fundamental objective was to destroy one opponent before reinforcements from another could tip the balance of the war. Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army, the French swung westwards and crossed the Saale with overwhelming force. At the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt, fought on 14 October, the French convincingly defeated the Prussians and inflicted heavy casualties. With several major commanders dead or incapacitated, the Prussian king proved incapable of effectively commanding the army, which began to quickly disintegrate. In a vaunted pursuit that epitomized the \"peak of Napoleonic warfare\", according to historian Richard Brooks, the French managed to capture 140,000 soldiers, over 2,000 cannons and hundreds of ammunition wagons, all in a single month. Historian David Chandler wrote of the Prussian forces: \"Never has the morale of any army been more completely shattered\". Despite their overwhelming defeat, the Prussians refused to"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " negotiate with the French until the Russians had an opportunity to enter the fight. Following his triumph, Napoleon imposed the first elements of the Continental System through the Berlin Decree issued in November 1806. The Continental System, which prohibited European nations from trading with Britain, was widely violated throughout his reign. In the next few months, Napoleon marched against the advancing Russian armies through Poland and was involved in the bloody stalemate at the Battle of Eylau in February 1807. After a period of rest and consolidation on both sides, the war restarted in June with an initial struggle at Heilsberg that proved indecisive. On 14 June Napoleon obtained an overwhelming victory over the Russians at the Battle of Friedland, wiping out the majority of the Russian army in a very bloody struggle. The scale of their defeat convinced the Russians to make peace with the French. On 19 June, Tsar Alexander sent an envoy to seek an armistice with Napoleon. The latter assured the envoy that the Vistula River represented the natural borders between French and Russian influence in Europe. On that basis, the two emperors began peace negotiations at the town of Tilsit after meeting on an iconic raft on the River Niemen. The very first thing Alexander said to Napoleon was probably well-cal"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": "ibrated: \"I hate the English as much as you do\". Their meeting lasted two hours. Despite waging wars against each other the two Emperors were very much impressed and fascinated by one another. “Never,” said Alexander afterward, “did I love any man as I loved that man.” Alexander faced pressure from his brother, Duke Constantine, to make peace with Napoleon. Given the victory he had just achieved, the French emperor offered the Russians relatively lenient terms—demanding that Russia join the Continental System, withdraw its forces from Wallachia and Moldavia, and hand over the Ionian Islands to France. By contrast, Napoleon dictated very harsh peace terms for Prussia, despite the ceaseless exhortations of Queen Louise. Wiping out half of Prussian territories from the map, Napoleon created a new kingdom of called Westphalia and appointed his young brother Jérôme as its monarch. Prussia's humiliating treatment at Tilsit caused a deep and bitter antagonism that festered as the Napoleonic era progressed. Moreover, Alexander's pretensions at friendship with Napoleon led the latter to seriously misjudge the true intentions of his Russian counterpart, who would violate numerous provisions of the treaty in the next few years"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": ". Despite these problems, the Treaties of Tilsit at last gave Napoleon a respite from war and allowed him to return to France, which he had not seen in over 300 days.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:Peninsular War and Erfurt. The settlements at Tilsit gave Napoleon time to organize his empire. One of his major objectives became enforcing the Continental System against the British forces. He decided to focus his attention on the Kingdom of Portugal, which consistently violated his trade prohibitions. After defeat in the War of the Oranges in 1801, Portugal adopted a double-sided policy. Unhappy with this change of policy by the Portuguese government, Napoleon negotiated a secret treaty with Charles IV of Spain and sent an army to invade Portugal. On 17 October 1807, 24,000 French troops under General Junot crossed the Pyrenees with Spanish cooperation and headed towards Portugal to enforce Napoleon's orders. This attack was the first step in what would eventually become the Peninsular War, a six-year struggle that significantly sapped French strength. Throughout the winter of 1808, French agents became increasingly involved in Spanish internal affairs, attempting to incite discord between members of the Spanish royal family. On 16 February 1808, secret French mach"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": "inations finally materialized when Napoleon announced that he would intervene to mediate between the rival political factions in the country. Marshal Murat led 120,000 troops into Spain. The French arrived in Madrid on 24 March, where wild riots against the occupation erupted just a few weeks later. Napoleon appointed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as the new King of Spain in the summer of 1808. The appointment enraged a heavily religious and conservative Spanish population. Resistance to French aggression soon spread throughout Spain. The shocking French defeats at the Battle of Bailén and the Battle of Vimiero gave hope to Napoleon's enemies and partly persuaded the French emperor to intervene in person. Before going to Iberia, Napoleon decided to address several lingering issues with the Russians. At the Congress of Erfurt in October 1808, Napoleon hoped to keep Russia on his side during the upcoming struggle in Spain and during any potential conflict against Austria. The two sides reached an agreement, the Erfurt Convention, that called upon Britain to cease its war against France, that recognized the Russian conquest of Finland from Sweden and made it an autonomous Grand Duchy, and that affirmed Russian support for France in a possible war against Austria \"to the best of its ability\". Napoleon then returned to France and prepared for"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " war. The \"Grande Armée\", under the Emperor's personal command, rapidly crossed the Ebro River in November 1808 and inflicted a series of crushing defeats against the Spanish forces. After clearing the last Spanish force guarding the capital at Somosierra, Napoleon entered Madrid on 4 December with 80,000 troops. He then unleashed his soldiers against Moore and the British forces. The British were swiftly driven to the coast, and they withdrew from Spain entirely after a last stand at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809 and the death of Moore. Napoleon would end up leaving Iberia in order to deal with the Austrians in Central Europe, but the Peninsular War continued on long after his absence. He never returned to Spain after the 1808 campaign. Several months after Corunna, the British sent another army to the peninsula under Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington. The war then settled into a complex and asymmetric strategic deadlock where all sides struggled to gain the upper hand. The highlight of the conflict became the brutal \"guerrilla warfare\" that engulfed much of the Spanish countryside. Both sides committed the worst atrocities of the Napoleonic Wars during this phase of the conflict. The vicious guerrilla fighting in Spain, largely absent from the"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " French campaigns in Central Europe, severely disrupted the French lines of supply and communication. Although France maintained roughly 300,000 troops in Iberia during the Peninsular War, the vast majority were tied down to garrison duty and to intelligence operations. The French were never able to concentrate all of their forces effectively, prolonging the war until events elsewhere in Europe finally turned the tide in favour of the Allies. After the invasion of Russia in 1812, the number of French troops in Spain vastly declined as Napoleon needed reinforcements to conserve his strategic position in Europe. By 1814 the Allies had pushed the French out of the peninsula. The impact of the Napoleonic invasion of Spain and ousting of the Spanish Bourbon monarchy in favour of his brother Joseph had an enormous impact on the Spanish empire. In Spanish America many local elites formed juntas and set up mechanisms to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain, whom they considered the legitimate Spanish monarch. The outbreak of the Spanish American wars of independence in most of the empire was a result of Napoleon's destabilizing actions in Spain and led to the rise of strongmen in the wake of these wars.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:War of the Fifth Coalition and Marie Louise. After four years on the sidelines"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": ", Austria sought another war with France to avenge its recent defeats. Austria could not count on Russian support because the latter was at war with Britain, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire in 1809. Frederick William of Prussia initially promised to help the Austrians but reneged before conflict began. A report from the Austrian finance minister suggested that the treasury would run out of money by the middle of 1809 if the large army that the Austrians had formed since the Third Coalition remained mobilized. Although Archduke Charles warned that the Austrians were not ready for another showdown with Napoleon, a stance that landed him in the so-called \"peace party\", he did not want to see the army demobilized either. On 8 February 1809, the advocates for war finally succeeded when the Imperial Government secretly decided on another confrontation against the French. In the early morning of 10 April, leading elements of the Austrian army crossed the Inn River and invaded Bavaria. The early Austrian attack surprised the French; Napoleon himself was still in Paris when he heard about the invasion. He arrived at Donauwörth on the 17th to find the \"Grande Armée\" in a dangerous position, with its two wings separated by and joined by a thin cordon of Bavarian"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " troops. Charles pressed the left wing of the French army and hurled his men towards the III Corps of Marshal Davout. In response, Napoleon came up with a plan to cut off the Austrians in the celebrated \"Landshut Maneuver\". He realigned the axis of his army and marched his soldiers towards the town of Eckmühl. The French scored a convincing win in the resulting Battle of Eckmühl, forcing Charles to withdraw his forces over the Danube and into Bohemia. On 13 May, Vienna fell for the second time in four years, although the war continued since most of the Austrian army had survived the initial engagements in Southern Germany. On 21 May, the French made their first major effort to cross the Danube, precipitating the Battle of Aspern-Essling. The battle was characterized by a vicious back-and-forth struggle for the two villages of Aspern and Essling, the focal points of the French bridgehead. A sustained Austrian artillery bombardment eventually convinced Napoleon to withdraw his forces back onto Lobau Island. Both sides inflicted about 23,000 casualties on each other. It was the first defeat Napoleon suffered in a major set-piece battle, and it caused excitement throughout many parts of Europe because it proved that he"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " could be beaten on the battlefield. After the setback at Aspern-Essling, Napoleon took more than six weeks in planning and preparing for contingencies before he made another attempt at crossing the Danube. From 30 June to the early days of July, the French recrossed the Danube in strength, with more than 180,000 troops marching across the Marchfeld towards the Austrians. Charles received the French with 150,000 of his own men. In the ensuing Battle of Wagram, which also lasted two days, Napoleon commanded his forces in what was the largest battle of his career up until then. Napoleon finished off the battle with a concentrated central thrust that punctured a hole in the Austrian army and forced Charles to retreat. Austrian losses were very heavy, reaching well over 40,000 casualties. The French were too exhausted to pursue the Austrians immediately, but Napoleon eventually caught up with Charles at Znaim and the latter signed an armistice on 12 July. In the Kingdom of Holland, the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians. The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July, by which point the Austrians had already been defeated. The"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " Walcheren Campaign was characterized by little fighting but heavy casualties thanks to the popularly dubbed \"Walcheren Fever\". Over 4,000 British troops were lost in a bungled campaign, and the rest withdrew in December 1809. The main strategic result from the campaign became the delayed political settlement between the French and the Austrians. Emperor Francis waited to see how the British performed in their theatre before entering into negotiations with Napoleon. Once it became apparent the British were going nowhere, the Austrians agreed to peace talks. The resulting Treaty of Schönbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end, they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises of friendship between the two powers. While most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Austria lost over three million subjects, about one-fifth of her total population, as a result of these territorial changes"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": ". Napoleon turned his focus to domestic affairs after the war. Empress Joséphine had still not given birth to a child from Napoleon, who became worried about the future of his empire following his death. Desperate for a legitimate heir, Napoleon divorced Joséphine on 10 January 1810 and started looking for a new wife. Hoping to cement the recent alliance with Austria through a family connection, Napoleon married the 18-year-old Archduchess Marie Louise, daughter of Emperor Francis II. On 20 March 1811, Marie Louise gave birth to a baby boy, whom Napoleon made heir apparent and bestowed the title of \"King of Rome\". His son never actually ruled the empire, but given his brief titular rule and cousin Louis-Napoléon's subsequent naming himself Napoléon III, historians often refer to him as \"Napoleon II\".David Watkin, \"The Roman Forum\". Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2012. 183. books.google.com/books?id=cRrufMNLOhwC&pg=PA183</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:Invasion of Russia. In 1808, Napoleon and Tsar Alexander met at the Congress of Erfurt to preserve the Russo-French alliance"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": ". The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. By 1811, however, tensions had increased, a strain on the relationship became the regular violations of the Continental System by the Russians as their economy was failing, which led Napoleon to threaten Alexander with serious consequences if he formed an alliance with Britain. By 1812, advisers to Alexander suggested the possibility of an invasion of the French Empire and the recapture of Poland. On receipt of intelligence reports on Russia's war preparations, Napoleon expanded his \"Grande Armée\" to more than 450,000 men. He ignored repeated advice against an invasion of the Russian heartland and prepared for an offensive campaign; on 24 June 1812 the invasion commenced. In an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots, Napoleon termed the war the \"Second Polish War\"—the \"First Polish War\" had been the Bar Confederation uprising by Polish nobles against Russia in 1768. Polish patriots wanted the Russian part of Poland to be joined with the Duchy of Warsaw and an independent Poland created. This was rejected by Napoleon, who stated he had promised his ally Austria this would not happen. Napoleon refused to manumit the Russian serfs because of concerns this might provoke a reaction"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " in his army's rear. The serfs later committed atrocities against French soldiers during France's retreat. The Russians avoided Napoleon's objective of a decisive engagement and instead retreated deeper into Russia. A brief attempt at resistance was made at Smolensk in August; the Russians were defeated in a series of battles, and Napoleon resumed his advance. The Russians again avoided battle, although in a few cases this was only achieved because Napoleon uncharacteristically hesitated to attack when the opportunity arose. Owing to the Russian army's scorched earth tactics, the French found it increasingly difficult to forage food for themselves and their horses. The Russians eventually offered battle outside Moscow on 7 September: the Battle of Borodino resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead, wounded or captured, and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time. Although the French had won, the Russian army had accepted, and withstood, the major battle Napoleon had hoped would be decisive. Napoleon's own account was: \"The most terrible of all my battles was the one before Moscow. The French showed themselves to be worthy of victory, but the Russians showed themselves worthy of being invincible\". The Russian army withdrew and retreated past Moscow. Napoleon entered the"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " city, assuming its fall would end the war and Alexander would negotiate peace. Moscow was burned, rather than surrendered, on the order of Moscow's governor Feodor Rostopchin. After five weeks, Napoleon and his army left. In early November Napoleon became concerned about the loss of control back in France after the Malet coup of 1812. His army walked through snow up to their knees, and nearly 10,000 men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November alone. After the Battle of Berezina Napoleon managed to escape but had to abandon much of the remaining artillery and baggage train. On 5 December, shortly before arriving in Vilnius, Napoleon left the army in a sledge. The French suffered in the course of a ruinous retreat, including from the harshness of the Russian Winter. The Armée had begun as over 400,000 frontline troops, with fewer than 40,000 crossing the Berezina River in November 1812. The Russians had lost 150,000 soldiers in battle and hundreds of thousands of civilians.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:War of the Sixth Coalition. There was a lull in fighting over the winter of 1812–13 while both the Russians and the French rebuilt their forces; Napoleon"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " was able to field 350,000 troops. Heartened by France's loss in Russia, Prussia joined with Austria, Sweden, Russia, Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal in a new coalition. Napoleon assumed command in Germany and inflicted a series of defeats on the Coalition culminating in the Battle of Dresden in August 1813. Despite these successes, the numbers continued to mount against Napoleon, and the French army was pinned down by a force twice its size and lost at the Battle of Leipzig. This was by far the largest battle of the Napoleonic Wars and cost more than 90,000 casualties in total. The Allies offered peace terms in the Frankfurt proposals in November 1813. Napoleon would remain as Emperor of the French, but it would be reduced to its \"natural frontiers\". That meant that France could retain control of Belgium, Savoy and the Rhineland (the west bank of the Rhine River), while giving up control of all the rest, including all of Spain and the Netherlands, and most of Italy and Germany. Metternich told Napoleon these were the best terms the Allies were likely to offer; after further victories, the terms would be harsher and harsher. Metternich's motivation was to maintain France as a balance against Russian threats while ending"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " the highly destabilizing series of wars. Napoleon, expecting to win the war, delayed too long and lost this opportunity; by December the Allies had withdrawn the offer. When his back was to the wall in 1814 he tried to reopen peace negotiations on the basis of accepting the Frankfurt proposals. The Allies now had new, harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries, which meant the loss of Belgium, but Napoleon would remain Emperor. However, he rejected the term. The British wanted Napoleon permanently removed, and they prevailed, though Napoleon adamantly refused. Napoleon withdrew into France, his army reduced to 70,000 soldiers and little cavalry; he faced more than three times as many Allied troops. Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's older brother, abdicated as king of Spain on 13 December 1813 and assumed the title of lieutenant general to save the collapsing empire. The French were surrounded: British armies pressed from the south, and other Coalition forces positioned to attack from the German states. By the middle of January 1814, the Coalition had already entered France's borders and launched a two-pronged attack on Paris, with Prussia entering from the north, and Austria from the East, marching out of the capitulated Swiss confederation. The French"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " Empire, however, would not go down so easily. Napoleon launched a series of victories in the Six Days' Campaign. While they repulsed the coalition forces and delayed the capture of Paris by at least a full month, these were not significant enough to turn the tide. The coalitionaries camped on the outskirts of the capital on 29 March. A day later, they advanced onto the demoralised soldiers protecting the city. Joseph Bonaparte led a final battle at the gates of Paris. They were greatly outnumbered, as 30,000 French soldiers were pitted against a combined coalition force that was 5 times greater than theirs. They were defeated, and Joseph retreated out of the city. The leaders of Paris surrendered to the Coalition on the last day of March 1814. On 1 April, Alexander addressed the Sénat conservateur. Long docile to Napoleon, under Talleyrand's prodding it had turned against him. Alexander told the Sénat that the Allies were fighting against Napoleon, not France, and they were prepared to offer honourable peace terms if Napoleon were removed from power. The next day, the Sénat passed the Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur (\"Emperor's Demise Act\"), which declared Napoleon dep"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": "osed. Napoleon had advanced as far as Fontainebleau when he learned that Paris had fallen. When Napoleon proposed the army march on the capital, his senior officers and marshals mutinied. On 4 April, led by Ney, the senior officers confronted Napoleon. When Napoleon asserted the army would follow him, Ney replied the army would follow its generals. While the ordinary soldiers and regimental officers wanted to fight on, the senior commanders were unwilling to continue. Without any senior officers or marshals, any prospective invasion of Paris would have been impossible. Bowing to the inevitable, on 4 April Napoleon abdicated in favour of his son, with Marie Louise as regent. However, the Allies refused to accept this under prodding from Alexander, who feared that Napoleon might find an excuse to retake the throne. Napoleon was then forced to announce his unconditional abdication only two days later. In his farewell address to the soldiers of Old Guard in 20 April, Napoleon said:\"Soldiers of my Old Guard, I have come to bid you farewell. For twenty years you have accompanied me faithfully on the paths of honor and glory....With men like you, our cause was [not] lost, but the war would have dragged on interminably, and it would"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " have been a civil war.... So I am sacrificing our interests to those of our country....Do not lament my fate; if I have agreed to live on, it is to serve our glory. I wish to write the history of the great deeds we have done together. Farewell, my children!\"</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:Exile to Elba. In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the Allies exiled Napoleon to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, off the Tuscan coast. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain the title of \"Emperor\". Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried after nearly being captured by the Russians during the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, however, and he survived to be exiled, while his wife and son took refuge in Austria. He was conveyed to the island on HMS \"Undaunted\" by Captain Thomas Ussher, and he arrived at Portoferraio on 30 May 1814. In the first few months on Elba he created a small navy and army, developed the iron mines, oversaw the construction of new roads, issued decrees on modern agricultural methods, and overhauled the island's legal and"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " educational system. A few months into his exile, Napoleon learned that his ex-wife Josephine had died in France. He was devastated by the news, locking himself in his room and refusing to leave for two days.</s><s>Ruler of France.:French Empire.:Hundred Days. Separated from his wife and son, who had returned to Austria, cut off from the allowance guaranteed to him by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, and aware of rumours he was about to be banished to a remote island in the Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon escaped from Elba in the brig \"Inconstant\" on 26 February 1815 with 700 men. Two days later, he landed on the French mainland at Golfe-Juan and started heading north. The 5th Regiment was sent to intercept him and made contact just south of Grenoble on 7 March 1815. Napoleon approached the regiment alone, dismounted his horse and, when he was within gunshot range, shouted to the soldiers, \"Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish.\" The soldiers quickly responded with, \"Vive L'Empereur!\" Ney, who had boasted to the restored Bourbon king, Louis XVIII, that he would bring Napoleon to Paris in an iron cage,"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " affectionately kissed his former emperor and forgot his oath of allegiance to the Bourbon monarch. The two then marched together toward Paris with a growing army. The unpopular Louis XVIII fled to Belgium after realizing that he had little political support. On 13 March, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw. Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule. Napoleon arrived in Paris on 20 March and governed for a period now called the Hundred Days. By the start of June, the armed forces available to him had reached 200,000, and he decided to go on the offensive to attempt to drive a wedge between the oncoming British and Prussian armies. The French Army of the North crossed the frontier into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, in modern-day Belgium. Napoleon's forces fought two Coalition armies, commanded by the British Duke of Wellington and the Prussian Prince Blücher, at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815. Wellington's army withstood repeated attacks by the French and drove them from the field while the Prussians arrived in force and broke through Napoleon's right flank. Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " turned against him. Realizing that his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine's former palace in Malmaison (on the western bank of the Seine about west of Paris). Even as Napoleon travelled to Paris, the Coalition forces swept through France (arriving in the vicinity of Paris on 29 June), with the stated intent of restoring Louis XVIII to the French throne. When Napoleon heard that Prussian troops had orders to capture him dead or alive, he fled to Rochefort, considering an escape to the United States. British ships were blocking every port. Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland on on 15 July 1815.</s><s>Exile on Saint Helena. Refusing Napoleon's request for political asylum in England, the British kept Napoleon on the island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, from the west coast of Africa. Napoleon arrived at Jamestown, Saint Helena in October 1815 on board the \"HMS Northumberland\". The British also took the precaution of sending a small garrison of soldiers to both Saint Helena and the nearby uninhabited Ascension Island, which lay between St. Helena and Europe, to prevent any escape from the island"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": ".{{cite book Napoleon stayed for two months at Briars pavilion before he was moved to Longwood House, a large wooden bungalow on Saint Helena, in December 1815. By this point, the house had fallen into disrepair. The location and interior of the house was damp, windswept and unhealthy. \"The Times\" published articles insinuating the British government was trying to hasten his death. Napoleon often complained of the living conditions of Longwood House in letters to the island's governor and his custodian, Hudson Lowe, while his attendants complained of \"colds, catarrhs, damp floors and poor provisions.\" Modern scientists have speculated that his later illness may have arisen from arsenic poisoning caused by copper arsenite in the wallpaper at Longwood House. With a small cadre of followers, Napoleon dictated his memoirs and grumbled about the living conditions. Lowe cut Napoleon's expenditure, ruled that no gifts were allowed if they mentioned his imperial status, and made his supporters sign a guarantee they would stay with the prisoner indefinitely. When he held a dinner party, men were expected to wear military dress and \"women [appeared] in evening gowns and gems. It was an explicit denial of the circumstances of his captivity\". While in exile"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": ", Napoleon wrote a book about Julius Caesar, one of his great heroes. He also studied English under the tutelage of Count Emmanuel de Las Cases with the main aim of being able to read English newspapers and books, as access to French newspapers and books was heavily restricted to him on Saint Helena. Napoleon also devoted himself to compiling a book \"\"Mémorial de Ste-Hélène\"\", an account which reflected his self-depiction as a liberal, visionary ruler for European unification, deposed by reactionary elements of the \"Ancien Régime\". Another pastime of Napoleon's while in exile was playing card games. The number of patiences named in his honour seems to suggest that he was an avid player of the solitary game. Napoleon at St Helena is described as being a favourite of his, while Napoleon's Favourite (or St. Helena) is clearly a contender. Other games with a Napoleonic theme include Napoleon's Flank, Napoleon's Shoulder, Napoleon's Square and Little Napoleon Patience. However, Arnold argues that, while Napoleon played cards in exile, the notion that he played numerous patience games is \"based on a misunderstanding\". There were rumours of plots and even of his escape from Saint Helena, but in"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " reality, no serious attempts were ever made. For English poet Lord Byron, Napoleon was the epitome of the Romantic hero, the persecuted, lonely, and flawed genius.</s><s>Exile on Saint Helena.:Death. Napoleon's personal physician, Barry O'Meara, warned London that his declining state of health was mainly caused by the harsh treatment. During the last few years of his life, Napoleon confined himself for months on end in his damp, mold-infested and wretched habitation of Longwood. Years of isolation and loneliness took its toll on Napoleon's mental health, having his court continually reduced, including the arrest of Count Emmanuel de Las Cases, conditions which Lord Holland used to bring about a debate regarding the treatment of Napoleon in captivity. In February 1821, Napoleon's health began to deteriorate rapidly, and he reconciled with the Catholic Church. By March, he had become confined to bed. Napoleon died on 5 May 1821 at Longwood House at age 51, after making his last confession, Extreme Unction and Viaticum in the presence of Father Ange Vignali from his deathbed. His last words were, \"France, l'armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine\" (\"France, the"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " army, head of the army, Joséphine\"). Shortly after his death, an autopsy was conducted and François Carlo Antommarchi, the doctor conducting the autopsy, cut off Napoleon's penis. Napoleon's original death mask was created around 6 May, although it is not clear which doctor created it. Napoleon's heart and intestines were removed and contained separately in two sealed vessels, which were placed inside his coffin at his feet. In his will, he had asked to be buried on the banks of the Seine, but the British governor said he should be buried on Saint Helena, in the Valley of the Willows. In 1840, Louis Philippe I obtained permission from the British government to return Napoleon's remains to France. His casket was opened to confirm that it still contained the former emperor. Despite being dead for nearly two decades, Napoleon had been very well preserved and not decomposed at all. On 15 December 1840, a state funeral was held. The horse-drawn hearse proceeded from the Arc de Triomphe down the Champs-Élysées, across the Place de la Concorde to the Esplanade des Invalides and then to the cupola in St Jérôme's Chapel, where it remained until the tomb designed by"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " Louis Visconti was completed. In 1861, Napoleon's remains were entombed in a sarcophagus of red quartzite from Russia (often mistaken for porphyry) in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides.</s><s>Exile on Saint Helena.:Death.:Cause of death. The cause of Napoleon's death has been debated. His physician, François Carlo Antommarchi, led the autopsy, which found the cause of death to be stomach cancer. Antommarchi did not sign the official report. Napoleon's father had died of stomach cancer, although this was apparently unknown at the time of the autopsy. Antommarchi found evidence of a stomach ulcer; this was the most convenient explanation for the British, who wanted to avoid criticism over their care of Napoleon. In 1955, the diaries of Napoleon's valet, Louis Marchand, were published. His description of Napoleon in the months before his death led Sten Forshufvud in a 1961 paper in \"Nature\" to put forward other causes for his death, including deliberate arsenic poisoning. Arsenic was used as a poison during the era because it was undetectable when administered over a long period. Furthermore, in a 1978 book with Ben Weider"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": ", Forshufvud noted that Napoleon's body was found to be well preserved when moved in 1840. Arsenic is a strong preservative, and therefore this supported the poisoning hypothesis. Forshufvud and Weider observed that Napoleon had attempted to quench abnormal thirst by drinking large amounts of orgeat syrup that contained cyanide compounds in the almonds used for flavouring. They maintained that the potassium tartrate used in his treatment prevented his stomach from expelling these compounds and that his thirst was a symptom of the poison. Their hypothesis was that the calomel given to Napoleon became an overdose, which killed him and left extensive tissue damage behind. According to a 2007 article, the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts was mineral, the most toxic, and according to toxicologist Patrick Kintz, this supported the conclusion that he was murdered. There have been modern studies that have supported the original autopsy finding. In a 2008 study, researchers analysed samples of Napoleon's hair from throughout his life, as well as samples from his family and other contemporaries. All samples had high levels of arsenic, approximately 100 times higher than the current average. According to these researchers, Napoleon's body was already heavily contaminated with arsenic as a boy, and the high"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " arsenic concentration in his hair was not caused by intentional poisoning; people were constantly exposed to arsenic from glues and dyes throughout their lives. Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismissed evidence of arsenic poisoning, suggesting peptic ulcer and gastric cancer as the cause of death.</s><s>Religion. Napoleon was baptised in Ajaccio on 21 July 1771. He was raised as a Catholic but never developed much faith, though he recalled the day of his First Communion in the Catholic Church to be the happiest day of his life. As an adult, Napoleon was a deist, believing in an absent and distant God. However, he had a keen appreciation of the power of organized religion in social and political affairs, and he paid a great deal of attention to bending it to his purposes. He noted the influence of Catholicism's rituals and splendors. Napoleon had a civil marriage with Joséphine de Beauharnais, without religious ceremony. Napoleon was crowned Emperor on 2 December 1804 at Notre-Dame de Paris in a ceremony presided over by Pope Pius VII. On the eve of the coronation ceremony, and at the insistence of Pope Pius VII, a private religious wedding ceremony of Napoleon and Joséphine was celebrated. Cardinal Fesch"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " performed the wedding. This marriage was annulled by tribunals under Napoleon's control in January 1810. On 1 April 1810, Napoleon married the Austrian princess Marie Louise in a Catholic ceremony. Napoleon was excommunicated by the Pope through the bull \"Quum memoranda\" in 1809, but later reconciled with the Catholic Church before his death in 1821. While in exile in Saint Helena he is recorded to have said \"I know men; and I tell you that Jesus Christ is not a man.\"{{cite book He also defended Muhammad (\"a great man\") against Voltaire's \"Mahomet\".</s><s>Religion.:Concordat. Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics, Napoleon and Pope Pius VII signed the Concordat of 1801 on 15 July 1801. It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status. The hostility of devout Catholics against the state had now largely been resolved. The Concordat did not restore the vast church lands and endowments that had been seized during the revolution and sold off. As a part of the Concordat, Napoleon presented another set of laws called the Organic Articles. While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy,"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " the balance of church–state relations had tilted firmly in Napoleon's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances. Napoleon and the Pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially Italy and Germany. Now, Napoleon could win favour with the Catholics while also controlling Rome in a political sense. Napoleon said in April 1801, \"Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them\". French children were issued a catechism that taught them to love and respect Napoleon.</s><s>Religion.:Arrest of Pope Pius VII. In 1809, under Napoleon's orders, Pope Pius VII was placed under arrest in Italy, and in 1812 the prisoner Pontiff was transferred to France, being held in the Palace of Fontainebleau. Because the arrest was made in a clandestine manner, some sources describe it as a kidnapping. In January 1813, Napoleon personally forced the Pope to sign a humiliating \"Concordat of Fontainebleau\" which was later repudiated by the Pontiff. The Pope was not released until 1814, when the Coalition invaded France.</s><s>Religion.:Religious emancipation. Napoleon emancipated Jews,"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " as well as Protestants in Catholic countries and Catholics in Protestant countries, from laws which restricted them to ghettos, and he expanded their rights to property, worship, and careers. Despite the antisemitic reaction to Napoleon's policies from foreign governments and within France, he believed emancipation would benefit France by attracting Jews to the country given the restrictions they faced elsewhere. In 1806 an assembly of Jewish notables was gathered by Napoleon to discuss 12 questions broadly dealing with the relations between Jews and Christians, as well as other issues dealing with the Jewish ability to integrate into French society. Later, after the questions were answered in a satisfactory way according to the Emperor, a \"great Sanhedrin\" was brought together to transform the answers into decisions that would form the basis of the future status of the Jews in France and the rest of the empire Napoleon was building. He stated, \"I will never accept any proposals that will obligate the Jewish people to leave France, because to me the Jews are the same as any other citizen in our country. It takes weakness to chase them out of the country, but it takes strength to assimilate them\". He was seen as so favourable to the Jews that the Russian Orthodox Church formally condemned him as \"Antichrist and the Enemy of God\"."
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " One year after the final meeting of the Sanhedrin, on 17 March 1808, Napoleon placed the Jews on probation. Several new laws restricting the citizenship the Jews had been offered 17 years previously were instituted at that time. However, despite pressure from leaders of a number of Christian communities to refrain from granting Jews emancipation, within one year of the issue of the new restrictions, they were once again lifted in response to the appeal of Jews from all over France.</s><s>Religion.:Freemasonry. It is not known for certain if Napoleon was initiated into Freemasonry. As Emperor, he appointed his brothers to Masonic offices under his jurisdiction: Louis was given the title of Deputy Grand Master in 1805; Jerome the title of Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Westphalia; Joseph was appointed Grand Master of the Grand Orient de France; and finally Lucien was a member of the Grand Orient of France.</s><s>Personality. Historians emphasize the strength of the ambition that took Napoleon from an obscure village to rule over most of Europe. In-depth academic studies about his early life conclude that up until age 2, he had a \"gentle disposition\". His older brother, Joseph, frequently received their mother's attention which made Napoleon more assertive and approval-"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": "driven. During his early schooling years, he would be harshly bullied by classmates for his Corsican identity and limited command of the French language. To withstand the stress he became domineering, eventually developing an inferiority complex. George F. E. Rudé stresses his \"rare combination of will, intellect and physical vigour\". In one-on-one situations he typically had a hypnotic effect on people, seemingly bending the strongest leaders to his will. He understood military technology, but was not an innovator in that regard. He was an innovator in using the financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic resources of France. He could rapidly dictate a series of complex commands to his subordinates, keeping in mind where major units were expected to be at each future point, and like a chess master, \"seeing\" the best plays moves ahead. This intellectual vigour was accompanied by a mixture of \"remarkable charisma and willpower\" and \"a furious temper\" exhibited during failure of his plans; which commanded respect as well as dread from his adjutants. Napoleon maintained strict, efficient work habits, prioritizing what needed to be done. He cheated at cards, but repaid the losses; he had to win at everything he attempted. He kept relays of staff and secretaries at"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " work. Unlike many generals, Napoleon did not examine history to ask what Hannibal or Alexander or anyone else did in a similar situation. Critics said he won many battles simply because of luck; Napoleon responded, \"Give me lucky generals\", arguing that \"luck\" comes to leaders who recognize opportunity, and seize it. Dwyer states that Napoleon's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805–06 heightened his sense of self-grandiosity, leaving him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility. \"I am of the race that founds empires\" he once boasted, deeming himself an heir to the Ancient Romans. In terms of influence on events, it was more than Napoleon's personality that took effect. He reorganized France itself to supply the men and money needed for wars. He inspired his men—the Duke of Wellington said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers, for he inspired confidence from privates to field marshals. The force of his personality neutralized material difficulties as his soldiers fought with the confidence that with Napoleon in charge they would surely win.</s><s>Image. The military historian Martin van Creveld has described him as \"the most competent human being who ever lived\". Since his death, many towns, streets"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": ", ships, and even cartoon characters have been named after him. He has been portrayed in hundreds of films and discussed in hundreds of thousands of books and articles. The German legal scholar Carl Theoder Welcker described Napoleon as \"the greatest master of Machiavellism\". When his contemporaries met him in person, many were surprised by his apparently unremarkable physical appearance in contrast to his significant deeds and reputation, especially in his youth, when he was consistently described as small and thin. English painter Joseph Farington, who observed Napoleon personally in 1802, commented that \"Samuel Rogers stood a little way from me and... seemed to be disappointed in the look of [Napoleon's] countenance [\"face\"] and said it was that of a little Italian.\" Farington said Napoleon's eyes were \"lighter, and more of a grey, than I should have expected from his complexion\", that \"his person is below middle size\", and that \"his general aspect was milder than I had before thought it.\" A personal friend of Napoleon's said that when he first met him in Brienne-le-Château as a young man, Napoleon was only notable \"for the dark color of his complexion, for his piercing and scrutinising glance, and"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " for the style of his conversation\"; he also said that Napoleon was personally a serious and somber man: \"his conversation bore the appearance of ill-humor, and he was certainly not very amiable.\" Johann Ludwig Wurstemberger, who accompanied Napoleon from Camp Fornio in 1797 and on the Swiss campaign of 1798, noted that \"Bonaparte was rather slight and emaciated-looking; his face, too, was very thin, with a dark complexion... his black, unpowdered hair hung down evenly over both shoulders\", but that, despite his slight and unkempt appearance, \"[h]is looks and expression were earnest and powerful.\" Denis Davydov met him personally and considered him remarkably average in appearance: During the Napoleonic Wars, he was taken seriously by the British press as a dangerous tyrant, poised to invade. Despite or due to his average size, Napoleon was mocked in British newspapers as a short tempered small man and he was nicknamed \"Little Boney in a strong fit\".{{cite news Some historians believe his size at death was incorrectly recorded due to use of an obsolete old French yardstick (a French foot equals 33 cm, while an English foot equals 30.47 cm). But"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " Napoleon was a champion of the metric system and had no use for the old yardsticks that had been out of use since 1793 in France. It is likely that he was, the height measured on St. Helena (a British island), since he would have most likely been measured with an English yardstick rather than a yardstick of the French Old Regime. Napoleon surrounded himself with tall bodyguards and was affectionately nicknamed \"le petit caporal\" (the little corporal), reflecting his reported camaraderie with his soldiers rather than his height. When he became First Consul and later Emperor, Napoleon eschewed his general's uniform and habitually wore the green colonel uniform (non-Hussar) of a colonel of the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard, the regiment that served as his personal escort many times, with a large bicorne. He also habitually wore (usually on Sundays) the blue uniform of a colonel of the Imperial Guard Foot Grenadiers (blue with white facings and red cuffs). He also wore his Légion d'honneur star, medal and ribbon, and the Order of the Iron Crown decorations, white French-style culottes and white stockings. This was"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " in contrast to the complex uniforms with many decorations of his marshals and those around him. In his later years he gained quite a bit of weight and had a complexion considered pale or sallow, something contemporaries took note of. Novelist Paul de Kock, who saw him in 1811 on the balcony of the Tuileries, called Napoleon \"yellow, obese, and bloated\". A British captain who met him in 1815 stated \"I felt very much disappointed, as I believe everyone else did, in his appearance ... He is fat, rather what we call pot-bellied, and although his leg is well shaped, it is rather clumsy ... He is very sallow, with light grey eyes, and rather thin, greasy-looking brown hair, and altogether a very nasty, priestlike-looking fellow.\" The stock character of Napoleon is a comically short \"petty tyrant\" and this has become a cliché in popular culture. He is often portrayed wearing a large bicorne hat—sideways—with a hand-in-waistcoat gesture—a reference to the painting produced in 1812 by Jacques-Louis David. In 1908 Alfred Adler, a psychologist, cited Napoleon to describe an inferiority complex in which short people adopt an"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " over-aggressive behaviour to compensate for lack of height; this inspired the term \"Napoleon complex\".</s><s>Reforms. Napoleon instituted various reforms, such as higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems, and established the Banque de France, the first central bank in French history. He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the Organic Articles, which regulated public worship in France. He dissolved the Holy Roman Empire prior to German Unification later in the 19th century. The sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States doubled the size of the United States. In May 1802, he instituted the Legion of Honour, a substitute for the old royalist decorations and orders of chivalry, to encourage civilian and military achievements; the order is still the highest decoration in France.</s><s>Reforms.:Napoleonic Code. Napoleon's set of civil laws, the \"Code Civil\"—now often known as the Napoleonic Code—was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, the \"Second Consul\". Napoleon participated actively in the sessions of the Council of State that revised the drafts."
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " The development of the code was a fundamental change in the nature of the civil law legal system with its stress on clearly written and accessible law. Other codes (\"Les cinq codes\") were commissioned by Napoleon to codify criminal and commerce law; a Code of Criminal Instruction was published, which enacted rules of due process. The Napoleonic code was adopted throughout much of Continental Europe, though only in the lands he conquered, and remained in force after Napoleon's defeat. Napoleon said: \"My true glory is not to have won forty battles ... Waterloo will erase the memory of so many victories. ... But ... what will live forever, is my Civil Code\". The Code influences a quarter of the world's jurisdictions such as those in Continental Europe, the Americas, and Africa. Dieter Langewiesche described the code as a \"revolutionary project\" that spurred the development of bourgeois society in Germany by the extension of the right to own property and an acceleration towards the end of feudalism. Napoleon reorganized what had been the Holy Roman Empire, made up of about three hundred \"Kleinstaaterei\", into a more streamlined forty-state Confederation of the Rhine; this helped promote the German Confederation and the unification of Germany in 1871."
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " The movement toward Italian unification was similarly precipitated by Napoleonic rule. These changes contributed to the development of nationalism and the nation state. Napoleon directly overthrew remnants of feudalism in much of western Continental Europe. He liberalized property laws, ended seigneurial dues, abolished the guild of merchants and craftsmen to facilitate entrepreneurship, legalized divorce, closed the Jewish ghettos and made Jews equal to everyone else. The Inquisition ended as did the Holy Roman Empire. The power of church courts and religious authority was sharply reduced and equality under the law was proclaimed for all men.</s><s>Reforms.:Warfare. In the field of military organization, Napoleon borrowed from previous theorists such as Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert, and from the reforms of preceding French governments, and then developed much of what was already in place. He continued the policy, which emerged from the Revolution, of promotion based primarily on merit. Corps replaced divisions as the largest army units, mobile artillery was integrated into reserve batteries, the staff system became more fluid and cavalry returned as an important formation in French military doctrine. These methods are now referred to as essential features of Napoleonic warfare. Though he consolidated the practice of modern conscription introduced by the Directory, one"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " of the restored monarchy's first acts was to end it. His opponents learned from Napoleon's innovations. The increased importance of artillery after 1807 stemmed from his creation of a highly mobile artillery force, the growth in artillery numbers, and changes in artillery practices. As a result of these factors, Napoleon, rather than relying on infantry to wear away the enemy's defences, now could use massed artillery as a spearhead to pound a break in the enemy's line that was then exploited by supporting infantry and cavalry. McConachy rejects the alternative theory that growing reliance on artillery by the French army beginning in 1807 was an outgrowth of the declining quality of the French infantry and, later, France's inferiority in cavalry numbers. Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th-century operational mobility underwent change. Napoleon's biggest influence was in the conduct of warfare. Antoine-Henri Jomini explained Napoleon's methods in a widely used textbook that influenced all European and American armies. Napoleon was regarded by the influential military theorist Carl von Clausewitz as a genius in the operational art of war, and historians rank him as a great military commander. Wellington, when asked who was the greatest general of the day, answered"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": ": \"In this age, in past ages, in any age, Napoleon\". Under Napoleon, a new emphasis towards the destruction, not just outmaneuvering, of enemy armies emerged. Invasions of enemy territory occurred over broader fronts which made wars costlier and more decisive. The political effect of war increased; defeat for a European power meant more than the loss of isolated enclaves. Near-Carthaginian peaces intertwined whole national efforts, intensifying the Revolutionary phenomenon of total war.</s><s>Reforms.:Metric system. The official introduction of the metric system in September 1799 was unpopular in large sections of French society. Napoleon's rule greatly aided adoption of the new standard not only across France but also across the French sphere of influence. Napoleon took a retrograde step in 1812 when he passed legislation to introduce the \"mesures usuelles\" (traditional units of measurement) for retail trade, a system of measure that resembled the pre-revolutionary units but were based on the kilogram and the metre; for example, the \"livre metrique\" (metric pound) was 500 g, in contrast to the value of the \"livre du roi\" (the king's pound), 489.5 g"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": ". Other units of measure were rounded in a similar manner prior to the definitive introduction of the metric system across parts of Europe in the middle of the 19th century.</s><s>Reforms.:Education. Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of education in France and throughout much of Europe. Napoleon synthesized the best academic elements from the \"Ancien Régime\", The Enlightenment, and the Revolution, with the aim of establishing a stable, well-educated and prosperous society. He made French the only official language. He left some primary education in the hands of religious orders, but he offered public support to secondary education. Napoleon founded a number of state secondary schools (\"lycées\") designed to produce a standardized education that was uniform across France. All students were taught the sciences along with modern and classical languages. Unlike the system during the \"Ancien Régime\", religious topics did not dominate the curriculum, although they were present with the teachers from the clergy. Napoleon hoped to use religion to produce social stability. He gave special attention to the advanced centers, such as the École Polytechnique, that provided both military expertise and state-of-the-art research in science. Napoleon made some of the first efforts at establishing a system"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " of secular and public education. The system featured scholarships and strict discipline, with the result being a French educational system that outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system.</s><s>Memory and evaluation.</s><s>Memory and evaluation.:Criticism. In the political realm, historians debate whether Napoleon was \"an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe\" or \"a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler\". Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions. The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his gains and titles, but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much, until his empire collapsed. He was considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents at the time and ever since. His critics charge that he was not troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands, turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike. His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France's overseas colonies are controversial and affect his reputation. French liberal intellectual Benjamin Constant (1767–1830) was a staunch critic of political homogenisation and"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " personality cult that dominated Napoleonic France and wrote several books condemning Napoleon such as \"\"The Spirit of Conquest and Usurpation\"\" (1814) and \"\"Principles of Politics Applicable to All Representative Governments\"\" (1815). According to Constant, Bonapartism was even more tyrannical than the Bourbon monarchy, since it forced the masses to support its grand universalist narrative through imperialism and jingoism. Napoleon institutionalized plunder of conquered territories: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the Musée du Louvre for a grand central museum; an example which would later be followed by others. He was compared to Adolf Hitler by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947, and Claude Ribbe in 2005. David G. Chandler, a historian of Napoleonic warfare, wrote in 1973 that, \"Nothing could be more degrading to the former [Napoleon] and more flattering to the latter [Hitler]. The comparison is odious. On the whole Napoleon was inspired by a noble dream, wholly dissimilar from Hitler's... Napoleon left great and lasting testimonies to his genius—in codes of law and national identities which survive to the present day. Adolf Hitler left nothing but destruction.\" Critics argue Napoleon"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": "'s true legacy must reflect the loss of status for France and needless deaths brought by his rule: historian Victor Davis Hanson writes, \"After all, the military record is unquestioned—17 years of wars, perhaps six million Europeans dead, France bankrupt, her overseas colonies lost.\" McLynn states that, \"He can be viewed as the man who set back European economic life for a generation by the dislocating impact of his wars.\" Vincent Cronin replies that such criticism relies on the flawed premise that Napoleon was responsible for the wars which bear his name, when in fact France was the victim of a series of coalitions that aimed to destroy the ideals of the Revolution. British military historian Correlli Barnett calls him \"a social misfit\" who exploited France for his personal megalomaniac goals. He says Napoleon's reputation is exaggerated. French scholar Jean Tulard provided an influential account of his image as a saviour. Louis Bergeron has praised the numerous changes he made to French society, especially regarding the law as well as education. His greatest failure was the Russian invasion. Many historians have blamed Napoleon's poor planning, but Russian scholars instead emphasize the Russian response, noting the notorious winter weather was just as hard on the defenders. The large and growing histor"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": "iography in French, English, Russian, Spanish and other languages has been summarized and evaluated by numerous scholars.</s><s>Memory and evaluation.:Propaganda and memory. Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his régime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship, controlling various key constituents of the press, books, theatre, and art were part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France. The propagandistic rhetoric changed in relation to events and to the atmosphere of Napoleon's reign, focusing first on his role as a general in the army and identification as a soldier, and moving to his role as emperor and a civil leader. Specifically targeting his civilian audience, Napoleon fostered a relationship with the contemporary art community, taking an active role in commissioning and controlling different forms of art production to suit his propaganda goals. In England, Russia and across Europe—though not in France—Napoleon was a popular topic of caricature. Hazareesingh (2004) explores how Napoleon's image and memory are best understood. They played a key role in collective political defiance of the Bourbon restoration monarchy in 1815–1830. People from different walks of life and areas of France"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": ", particularly Napoleonic veterans, drew on the Napoleonic legacy and its connections with the ideals of the 1789 Revolution. Widespread rumours of Napoleon's return from St. Helena and Napoleon as an inspiration for patriotism, individual and collective liberties, and political mobilization manifested themselves in seditious materials, displaying the tricolor and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations—they demonstrated the prevailing and successful goal of the varied supporters of Napoleon to constantly destabilize the Bourbon regime. Datta (2005) shows that, following the collapse of militaristic Boulangism in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Concentrating on two plays and two novels from the period—Victorien Sardou's \"Madame Sans-Gêne\" (1893), Maurice Barrès's \"Les Déracinés\" (1897), Edmond Rostand's \"L'Aiglon\" (1900), and André de Lorde and Gyp's \"Napoléonette\" (1913)—Datta examines how writers and critics of the \"Belle Époque\" exploited the Napoleonic"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " legend for diverse political and cultural ends. Reduced to a minor character, the new fictional Napoleon became not a world historical figure but an intimate one, fashioned by individuals' needs and consumed as popular entertainment. In their attempts to represent the emperor as a figure of national unity, proponents and detractors of the Third Republic used the legend as a vehicle for exploring anxieties about gender and fears about the processes of democratization that accompanied this new era of mass politics and culture. International Napoleonic Congresses take place regularly, with participation by members of the French and American military, French politicians and scholars from different countries. In January 2012, the mayor of Montereau-Fault-Yonne, near Paris—the site of a late victory of Napoleon—proposed development of Napoleon's Bivouac, a commemorative theme park at a projected cost of 200 million euros.</s><s>Memory and evaluation.:Long-term influence outside France. Napoleon was responsible for spreading the values of the French Revolution to other countries, especially in legal reform. After the fall of Napoleon, not only was it retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but it has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The code was also used as a model in many parts of Latin America. The reputation of Napoleon in Poland has been favourable, especially for his support of independence, opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class administration. Napoleon had an influence on the establishment of modern Germany. He caused the end of the Holy Roman Empire and helped create middle sized states such as Bavaria and Württemberg along the great powers Prussia and Austria. Although he also directly or indirectly helped to reduce the number of German states (from about 300 to fewer than 50), the middle sized states tried to prevent the unification of Germany as a federalist state. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism which eventually turned the German Confederation into the German Empire after a series of conflicts and other political developments. Napoleon indirectly began the process of Latin American independence when he invaded Spain in 1808. The abdication of King Charles IV and renunciation of his son, Ferdinand VII created a power vacuum that was filled by native born political leaders such as Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín. Such leaders embraced nationalistic sentiments influenced by French nationalism"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " and led successful independence movements in Latin America. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union. From 1796 to 2020, at least 95 major ships were named for him. In the 21st century, at least 18 Napoleon ships are operated under the flag of France, as well as Indonesia, Germany, Italy, Australia, Argentina, India, Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.</s><s>Wives, mistresses, and children. Napoleon married Joséphine (\"née\" Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie) in 1796, when he was 26; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband, Alexandre de Beauharnais, had been executed during the Reign of Terror. Five days after Alexandre de Beauharnais' death, the Reign of Terror initiator Maximilien de Robespierre was overthrown and executed, and, with the help of high-placed friends, Joséphine was freed. Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as \"Rose\", a name which he disliked"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": ". He called her \"Joséphine\" instead, and she went by this name henceforth. Bonaparte often sent her love letters while on his campaigns. He formally adopted her son Eugène and second cousin (via marriage) Stéphanie and arranged dynastic marriages for them. Joséphine had her daughter Hortense marry Napoleon's brother Louis. Joséphine had lovers, such as Lieutenant Hippolyte Charles, during Napoleon's Italian campaign. Napoleon learnt of that affair and a letter he wrote about it was intercepted by the British and published widely, to embarrass Napoleon. Napoleon had his own affairs too: during the Egyptian campaign he took Pauline Bellisle Fourès, the wife of a junior officer, as his mistress. She became known as \"Cleopatra\". While Napoleon's mistresses had children by him, Joséphine did not produce an heir, possibly because of either the stresses of her imprisonment during the Reign of Terror or an abortion she may have had in her twenties. Napoleon chose divorce so he could remarry in search of an heir. Despite his divorce from Josephine, Napoleon showed his dedication to her for the rest of his life. When he heard the news of her death while in exile in Elba, he"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " locked himself in his room and would not come out for two full days. Her name would also be his final word on his deathbed in 1821. On 11 March 1810 by proxy, he married the 19-year-old Marie Louise, Archduchess of Austria, and a great-niece of Marie Antoinette. Thus he had married into a German royal and imperial family. Louise was less than happy with the arrangement, at least at first, stating: \"Just to see the man would be the worst form of torture\". Her great-aunt had been executed in France, while Napoleon had fought numerous campaigns against Austria all throughout his military career. However, she seemed to warm up to him over time. After her wedding, she wrote to her father: \"He loves me very much. I respond to his love sincerely. There is something very fetching and very eager about him that is impossible to resist\". Napoleon and Marie Louise remained married until his death, though she did not join him in exile on Elba and thereafter never saw her husband again. The couple had one child, Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles (1811–1832), known from birth as the King of Rome. He became Napoleon II in 1814 and reigned for only two"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " weeks. He was awarded the title of the Duke of Reichstadt in 1818 and died of tuberculosis aged 21, with no children. Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles Léon (1806–1881) by Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne. Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810–1868), the son of his mistress Maria Walewska, although acknowledged by Walewska's husband, was also widely known to be his child, and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been used to help confirm Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype. He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well, such as Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld by Emilie Victoria Kraus von Wolfsberg and Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte (1816–1907) by Albine de Montholon.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Biographical studies. - - only 140pp; by a scholar - - - - - - - - Gueniffey, Patrice. \"Bonaparte: 1769–1802\" (Harvard UP, 2015, French edition 2013); 1008 pp.; vol 1 of most comprehensive"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " recent scholarly biography by leading French specialist; less emphasis on battles and campaigns excerpt; also online review - ; 200 pp.; quite hostile - influential wide-ranging history - - - ; 303 pp.; short biography by an Oxford scholar online - - -, 412 pp.; by an Oxford scholar -</s><s>References.:Primary sources. - Babelon, Jean-Pierre, D'Huart, Suzanne and De Jonge, Alex. \"Napoleon's Last Will and Testament\". Paddington Press Ltd. New York & London. 1977. ISBN 0-448-22190-X. - Broadley, A. M., and J. Holland Rose. \"Napoleon in caricature 1795–1821\" (John Lane, 1911) online, illustrated -</s><s>References.:Historiography and memory. - - - - Englund, Steven. \"Napoleon and Hitler\". \"Journal of the Historical Society\" (2006) 6#1 pp. 151–69. - - - excerpt and text search - Hazareesingh, Sudhir. \"Memory and Political Imagination: The Legend of Napoleon Revisited\", \"French History\" (2004) 18#4 pp. 463–83. - - Porterfield, Todd,"
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": " and Susan Siegfried. \"Staging Empire: Napoleon, Ingres, and David\" (Penn State Press, 2006). online review.</s><s>References.:Specialty studies. - - - - - - - - - - - - Clausewitz, Carl von (2018). \"Napoleon's 1796 Italian Campaign.\" Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. - Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). \"Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.\" Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. - Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). \"The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.\" Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. - - - - Dobi.A. 1974. “For the Emperor-Bibliophile, Only the Very Best.” \"Wilson Library Bulletin\" 49 (November): 229–33. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mowat, R.B. (1924) \""
},
{
"title": "Napoleon",
"text": "The Diplomacy of Napoleon\" (1924) 350 pp. online - - - Richardson, Hubert N.B. \"A Dictionary of Napoleon and His Times\" (1921) online free 489pp - - - advanced diplomatic history of Napoleon and his era - - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Napoleon",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000433
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Jeremy Corbyn.
|
[
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": "<s>Jeremy Corbyn Jeremy Bernard Corbyn (; born 26 May 1949) is a British politician who served as Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Labour Party from 2015 to 2020. On the political left of the Labour Party, Corbyn describes himself as a socialist. He has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North since 1983. Corbyn sits in the House of Commons as an independent, having had the whip suspended in October 2020. Born in Chippenham, Wiltshire, and raised in Wiltshire and Shropshire, Corbyn joined the Labour Party as a teenager. Moving to London, he became a trade union representative. In 1974, he was elected to Haringey Council and became Secretary of Hornsey Constituency Labour Party until being elected as the MP for Islington North in 1983; he has been reelected to the office nine times. His activism has included roles in Anti-Fascist Action, the Anti-Apartheid Movement, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and advocating for a united Ireland and Palestinian statehood. As a backbench MP, Corbyn routinely voted against the Labour whip, including New Labour governments under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. A vocal opponent of the Iraq War, he chaired the Stop the War Coalition from 2011"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " to 2015, a period when he received the Gandhi International Peace Award; he also won the Seán MacBride Peace Prize in 2017. Analyses of domestic media coverage of Corbyn have found it to be critical or antagonistic. Corbyn has condemned antisemitism, but has been criticised by political opponents for his past associations with individuals accused of antisemitism, and an Equality and Human Rights Commission inquiry into antisemitism found the Labour Party under his leadership was responsible for unlawful acts of discrimination and harassment. Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party in 2015. The party's membership increased sharply, both during the leadership campaign and following his election. Taking the party to the left, he advocated renationalising public utilities and railways, a less interventionist military policy, and reversals of austerity cuts to welfare and public services. Although critical of the European Union, he supported continued membership in the 2016 referendum. After Labour MPs sought to remove him in 2016, he won a second leadership contest. In the 2017 general election, Labour increased its share of the vote to 40%, with its 9.6% vote rise their largest improvement since the 1945 general election. This resulted in a net gain of 30 seats and a hung parliament, but the Conservative Prime Minister, Theresa May, formed a minority"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " government and Labour remained in Opposition. In 2019, after deadlock in Parliament over Brexit, Corbyn endorsed holding a referendum on the withdrawal agreement, with a personal stance of neutrality. In the 2019 general election, Labour's vote share fell to 32%, leading to a net loss of 60 seats and leaving it with 202, its fewest since 1935. Corbyn said he would not lead Labour into the next election, triggering a leadership election in 2020 that was won by Keir Starmer, his Shadow Brexit Secretary. Corbyn was suspended from Labour Party membership in October 2020 after asserting that the scale of antisemitism within the party had been overstated for political reasons. The membership suspension was lifted a month later after Corbyn was issued with a formal warning by a party disciplinary panel, but the Labour leadership declined to restore the whip, denying readmission to the parliamentary party. In March 2023, Labour's national executive committee resolved not to endorse Corbyn standing as a candidate in the next general election.</s><s>Early life. Corbyn was born on 26 May 1949 in Chippenham, Wiltshire, and lived until the age of seven in the nearby village of Kington St Michael. He is the youngest of the four sons of Naomi Loveday (née Josling; 1915–"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": "1987), a maths teacher, and David Benjamin Corbyn (1915–1986), an electrical engineer and expert in power rectifiers. His brother Piers Corbyn is a physicist, meteorologist and weather forecaster. His parents were Labour Party members and peace campaigners who met in the 1930s at a committee meeting in support of the Spanish Republic at Conway Hall during the Spanish Civil War. When Corbyn was seven, the family moved to Pave Lane in Shropshire, where his father bought Yew Tree Manor, a 17th-century farmhouse which was once part of the Duke of Sutherland's Lilleshall estate. Corbyn attended Castle House School, an independent preparatory school near Newport, Shropshire, before, at the age of 11, becoming a day student at the Adams Grammar School in the town. While still at school, Corbyn became active in The Wrekin constituency Young Socialists, his local Labour Party, and the League Against Cruel Sports. He joined the Labour Party at the age of 16 and achieved two A-Levels, at grade E, the lowest-possible passing grade, before leaving school at 18. Corbyn joined the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) in 1966 while at school and later became one of"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " its three vice-chairs and subsequently vice-president. Around this time, he also campaigned against the Vietnam War. After school, Corbyn worked briefly as a reporter for a local newspaper, the \"Newport and Market Drayton Advertiser\". At around the age of 19, he spent two years doing Voluntary Service Overseas in Jamaica as a youth worker and geography teacher. He subsequently travelled through Latin America in 1969 and 1970, visiting Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Chile. While in Brazil he participated in a student demonstration in São Paulo against the Brazilian military government. He also attended a May Day march in Santiago, where the atmosphere around Salvador Allende's Popular Unity alliance which swept to power in the Chilean elections of 1970 made an impression on him: \"[I] noticed something very different from anything I had experienced... What Popular Unity and Allende had done was weld together the folk tradition, the song tradition, the artistic tradition and the intellectual tradition\".</s><s>Early career and political activities. Returning to the UK in 1971, he worked as an official for the National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers. Corbyn began a course in Trade Union Studies at North London Polytechnic but left after a year without a degree after a series of arguments with his tutors"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " over the curriculum. He worked as a trade union organiser for the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) and Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union, where his union was approached by Tony Benn and \"encouraged... to produce a blueprint for workers' control of British Leyland\"; the plans did not proceed after Benn was moved to a different Department. He was appointed a member of a district health authority and in early 1974, at the age of 24, he was elected to Haringey Council in South Hornsey ward. After boundary changes in 1978 he was re-elected in Harringay ward as councillor, remaining so until 1983. As a delegate from Hornsey to the Labour Party Conference in 1978, Corbyn successfully moved a motion calling for dentists to be employed by the NHS rather than as private contractors. He also spoke in another debate, describing a motion calling for greater support for law and order as \"more appropriate to the National Front than to the Labour Party\". Corbyn became the local Labour Party's agent and organiser, and had responsibility for the 1979 general election campaign in Hornsey. Around this time, he became involved with the \"London Labour Briefing,\" where he was a contributor. Described by \"The Times\" in 1981 as"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " \"\"Briefing\"s founder\", \"The Economist\" in a 1982 article named Corbyn as \"\"Briefing\"s general secretary figure\", as did a profile on Corbyn compiled by parliamentary biographer Andrew Roth in 2004, which states that he joined the editorial board as General Secretary in 1979. Michael Crick in his 2016 edition of \"Militant\" says Corbyn was \"a member of the editorial board\", as does Lansley, Goss and Wolmar's 1989 work, \"The Rise and Fall of the Municipal Left\". Corbyn said these reports were inaccurate in 2017, telling Sophy Ridge \"I read the magazine. I wrote for the magazine. I was not a member of the editorial board. I didn't agree with it.\" He worked on Tony Benn's unsuccessful deputy leadership campaign in 1981. He was keen to allow former International Marxist Group member Tariq Ali to join the party, despite Labour's National Executive having declared him unacceptable, and declared that \"so far as we are concerned... he's a member of the party and he'll be issued with a card.\" In May 1982, when Corbyn was chairman of the Constituency Labour Party, Ali was given a party card signed by Corbyn; in November the local party voted by 17 to 14 to insist"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " on Ali's membership \"up to and including the point of disbandment of the party\". In the July 1982 edition of \"Briefing\", Corbyn opposed expulsions of the Trotskyist and entryist group Militant, saying that \"If expulsions are in order for Militant, they should apply to us too.\" In the same year, he was the \"provisional convener\" of \"Defeat the Witch-Hunt Campaign\", based at Corbyn's then address. The Metropolitan Police's Special Branch monitored Corbyn for two decades, until the early 2000s, as he was \"deemed to be a subversive\". According to the Labour Party, \"The Security Services kept files on many peace and Labour movement campaigners at the time, including anti-Apartheid activists and trade unionists\".</s><s>Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015).</s><s>Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015).:Labour in opposition (1982–1997). Corbyn was selected as the Labour Party candidate for the constituency of Islington North, in February 1982, winning the final ballot for selection by 39 votes against 35 for GLC councillor Paul Boateng, who in 1987 became one of the first three Black British Members of Parliament (MP). At the 1983 general"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " election he was elected MP for the constituency, defeating the Independent Labour incumbent Michael O'Halloran, and immediately joined the socialist Campaign Group, later becoming secretary of the group. Shortly after being elected to Parliament, he began writing a weekly column for the left-wing \"Morning Star\" newspaper. In May 2015, he said that \"the \"Star\" is the most precious and only voice we have in the daily media\". In February 2017, the \"Morning Star\" said of Corbyn: \"He has been bullied, betrayed and ridiculed, and yet he carries on with the same grace and care he always shows to others – however objectionable their behaviour and treatment of him might be.\" In 1983, Corbyn spoke on a \"no socialism without gay liberation\" platform and continued to campaign for LGBT rights. He was a campaigner against apartheid in South Africa, serving on the National Executive of the Anti-Apartheid Movement, and was arrested in 1984 while demonstrating outside South Africa House, leading, decades later, to a viral image of Corbyn being arrested circulated by supporters on social media. This was as a member of the City of London Anti-Apartheid Group (CLAAG) who carried out a \"non-stop picket\" for 1,408 days to campaign for Nelson Mandela's"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " release from prison. The Anti-Apartheid Movement did not support this protest, as they had agreed not to demonstrate within 30 feet of the embassy, and the picket failed to gain support from the London ANC; Mandela's failure to respond to CLAAG following his release from prison in 1990 is frequently described as a'snub'. He supported the 1984–85 miners' strike. In 1985, he invited striking miners into the gallery of the House of Commons; they were expelled for shouting: \"Coal not dole\". At the end of the strike Corbyn was given a medallion by the miners in recognition of his help. In 1985, he was appointed national secretary of the newly launched Anti-Fascist Action. During the BBC's \"Newsnight\" in 1984, Conservative MP Terry Dicks said that so-called Labour \"scruffs\" (such as Corbyn, who at this time was known for wearing an old polo-necked sweater to the Commons) should be banned from addressing the House of Commons unless they maintained higher standards. Corbyn responded, saying that: \"It's not a fashion parade, it's not a gentleman's club, it's not a bankers' institute, it's a place where the people are represented.\" In 1990,"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " Corbyn opposed the poll tax (formally known as the Community Charge) and nearly went to jail for not paying the tax. He appeared in court the following year as a result. Corbyn supported the campaign to overturn the convictions of Jawad Botmeh and Samar Alami for the 1994 bombing of the Israeli Embassy in London which argued that there was insufficient evidence to tie them to the act, along with Amnesty International, Unison and a number of journalists and other MPs. Botmeh and Alami had admitted possessing explosives and guns but denied they were for use in Britain. The convictions were upheld by the High Court of Justice in 2001 and by the European Court of Human Rights in 2007. Corbyn sat on the Social Security Select Committee from 1992 to 1997.</s><s>Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015).:Labour in opposition (1982–1997).:Irish politics. A longstanding supporter of a united Ireland, in the 1980s Corbyn met Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams a number of times. Corbyn consistently stated that he maintained links with Sinn Fein in order to work for a resolution to the armed conflict. According to \"The Sunday Times\", Corbyn was involved in over 72 events connected with Sinn Féin or other pro-republican groups during the period"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " of the IRA's paramilitary campaign. Corbyn met Adams at the 1983 and 1989 Labour conferences (facilitated by pro-IRA Red Action) and in 1983 at Westminster, along with a number of other Labour MPs. In 1984, Corbyn and Ken Livingstone invited Adams, two convicted IRA volunteers and other members of Sinn Féin to Westminster. During the 1980s, he campaigned on behalf of the Guildford Four and Birmingham Six, who were wrongly convicted of responsibility for IRA bombings in England in the mid-70s. In 1986, Corbyn was arrested with 15 demonstrators protesting against what they saw as weak evidence and poor treatment during the trial of a group of IRA members including Patrick Magee, who was convicted of the Brighton hotel bombing and other attacks. After refusing police requests to move from outside the court, Corbyn and the other protesters were arrested for obstruction and held for five hours before being released on bail, but were not charged. Following the 1987 Loughgall ambush, in which eight IRA members and one civilian were shot dead by the British Army in a pre-planned ambush of an IRA attack on a Royal Ulster Constabulary base, Corbyn attended a commemoration by the Wolfe Tone Society and stated \"I'm happy to commemorate all those who died fighting for an independent Ireland"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": ".\" Corbyn has said that he had attended the event and a minute of silence to \"call for a peace and dialogue process\". He voted against the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement, saying \"We believe that the agreement strengthens rather than weakens the border between the six and the 26 counties, and those of us who wish to see a United Ireland oppose the agreement for that reason.\" In the early 1990s, MI5 opened a file on Corbyn to monitor his links to the IRA. In 1994, Corbyn signed a Commons motion condemning the 1974 Birmingham pub bombings, which killed 21 people. The meeting took place three weeks after the IRA's bombing of the Conservative Party leadership that killed five people. A short time after IRA plans to bomb London were foiled in 1996, Corbyn invited Adams to the House of Commons for a press conference to promote Adams' autobiography, \"Before the Dawn\". Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary Mo Mowlam and Labour leader Tony Blair condemned the invitation, with Mowlam arguing that it was detrimental to the peace process, and Blair threatening disciplinary action. Adams cancelled the event, to save further embarrassment to Corbyn and to avoid negative publicity. In 1998, he voted for the Good Friday Agreement, saying he looked forward to \"peace, hope and reconciliation in Ireland in the future"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": ".\" In 2017, Corbyn said that he had \"never met the IRA\", although Shadow Home Secretary Diane Abbott later clarified that although he had met members of the IRA, \"he met with them in their capacity as activists in Sinn Fein\".</s><s>Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015).:Labour in government (1997–2010). Between 1997 and 2010, during the most recent Labour Government, Corbyn was the Labour MP who voted most often against the party whip, including three-line whip votes. In 2005 he was identified as the second most rebellious Labour MP of all time when the party was in government. He was the most rebellious Labour MP in the 1997–2001 Parliament, the 2001–2005 Parliament and the 2005–2010 Parliament, defying the whip 428 times while Labour was in power. \"Jacobin\" described him as \"a figure who for decades challenged them [Labour Party elites] from the backbench as one of the most rebellious left-wing members of parliament.\" Corbyn sat on the London Regional Select Committee from 2009 to 2010.</s><s>Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015).:Labour in government (1997–2010).:Stop the War Coalition and anti-war activism. In October 2001, Corbyn was elected to the steering committee"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " of the Stop the War Coalition, which was formed to oppose the War in Afghanistan which started later that year. In 2002, Corbyn reported unrest : \"there is disquiet...about issues of foreign policy\" among some members of the Labour party. He cited \"the deployment of troops to Afghanistan and the threat of bombing Iraq\" as examples. He was vehemently opposed to the Iraq War in 2003, and spoke at dozens of anti-war rallies in Britain and overseas. He spoke at the February anti-Iraq War protest which was said to be the largest such protest in British political history. In 2006, Corbyn was one of 12 Labour MPs to support Plaid Cymru and the Scottish National Party's call for a parliamentary inquiry into the Iraq War. He was elected chair of the coalition in succession to Andrew Murray in September 2011, but resigned once he became Leader of the Labour Party in September 2015.</s><s>Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015).:Labour in government (1997–2010).:Parliamentary groups and activism. Corbyn is a member of a number of Parliamentary Trade Union Groups: he is sponsored by several trade unions, including UNISON, Unite and the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers. He is a supporter of the Un"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": "ite Against Fascism pressure group. Corbyn was chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on the Chagos Islands, chair of the APPG on Mexico, Vice-Chair of the APPG on Latin America and vice-chair of the APPG on Human Rights. He has advocated for the rights of the forcibly removed Chagossians to return to the British Indian Ocean Territory. Corbyn appeared on a call-in show on Press TV, an Iranian government television channel, several times between 2009 and 2012. He was criticised for appearing on the channel in light of Iran executing and imprisoning homosexuals, as well as Corbyn not questioning contributors who called the BBC \"Zionist liars\" and described Israel as a \"disease\". Corbyn said in response that he used the programme to address \"human rights issues\" and that his appearance fee was \"not an enormous amount\" and was used to help meet constituency office costs. Corbyn's final appearance was six months after the network was fined by Ofcom for its part in filming an interview with Maziar Bahari, an Iranian journalist, saying the interview had been held under duress and after torture.</s><s>Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015).:Labour in opposition (2010–2015"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": "). In the 2010 Labour Party leadership election, Corbyn supported Diane Abbott in the first round in which she was eliminated; thereafter, he supported Ed Miliband. Corbyn was one of 16 signatories to an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling for Labour to make a commitment to opposing further austerity, to take rail franchises back into public ownership, and to strengthen collective bargaining arrangements. Corbyn sat on the Justice Select Committee from 2010 to 2015. Before becoming party leader Corbyn had been returned as member of Parliament for Islington North seven times, gaining 60.24% of the vote and a majority of 21,194 in the 2015 general election.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:Leadership election. Following the Labour Party's defeat at the general election on 7 May 2015, Ed Miliband resigned as its party leader, triggering a leadership election. Corbyn decided to stand as a candidate, having been disillusioned by the lack of a left-wing voice, and said to his local newspaper, \"The Islington Tribune\", that he would have a \"clear anti-austerity platform\". He also said he would vote to scrap the Trident nuclear weapons system and would \"seek to withdraw from Nato\"."
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " He suggested that Britain should establish a national investment bank to boost house-building and improve economic growth and lift wages in areas that had less investment in infrastructure. He would also aim to eliminate the current budget deficit over time and restore the 50p top rate of income tax. He added: \"This decision is in response to an overwhelming call by Labour Party members who want to see a broader range of candidates and a thorough debate about the future of the party. I am standing to give Labour Party members a voice in this debate\". He indicated that, if he were elected, policies that he put forward would need to be approved by party members before being adopted and that he wanted to \"implement the democratic will of our party\". The other candidates were Shadow Home Secretary Yvette Cooper, Shadow Health Secretary Andy Burnham and Shadow Care Minister Liz Kendall. Several who nominated Corbyn later said they had ensured he had enough votes to stand, more to widen the political debate within the party than because of a desire or expectation that he would win. At the Second Reading of the Welfare Reform and Work Bill in July 2015, Corbyn joined 47 Labour MPs to oppose the Bill, describing it as \"rotten and indefensible\", whilst the other three leadership candidates abstained under direction from interim leader Harriet Har"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": "man. In August 2015, he called on Iain Duncan Smith to resign as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions after it was reported that thousands of disabled people had died after being found fit to work by Work Capability Assessments (instituted in 2008) between 2011 and 2014, although this was challenged by the government and by FullFact who said that the figure included those who had died and therefore their claim had ended, rather than being found fit for work. Corbyn rapidly became the frontrunner among the candidates and was perceived to benefit from a large influx of new members. Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at the hustings across the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed \"Corbynmania\" by the press. A chant of \"Oh, Jeremy Corbyn\" was adopted as an anthem or chorus by his supporters, sung in the style of a football chant to the tune of a riff from \"Seven Nation Army\" by The White Stripes. The chant later attracted attention at the Glastonbury Festival of 2017, where Corbyn spoke. Membership numbers continued to climb after the start of his leadership. In addition, following a rule change under Miliband, members of the public who supported Labour's aims and values could join the party as \"registered"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " supporters\" for £3 and be entitled to vote in the election. There was speculation that the rule change would lead to Corbyn being elected by registered supporters without majority support from ordinary members. He was elected party leader in a landslide victory on 12 September 2015 with 59.5% of first-preference votes in the first round of voting. He would have won in the first round with 51% of votes, even without \"£3 registered supporters\", having gained the support of 49.6% of full members and 57.6% of affiliated supporters. His 40.5% majority was a larger proportional majority than that attained by Tony Blair in 1994. His margin of victory was said to be \"the largest mandate ever won by a party leader\". An internal Labour Party report, entitled \"The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019\", which was leaked to the media in April 2020, stated that, during the 2015 and 2016 leadership contests staff members at Labour party headquarters looked for ways to exclude from voting members who they believed would vote for Corbyn. The staff members referred to this activity as \"trot busting\", \"bashing trots\" and \"trot spotting\".</s><s>Leadership of the Labour"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " Party (2015–2020).:Corbynmania. Corbynmania was the enthusiastic support for Jeremy Corbyn. Initially viewed as a token candidate for the left wing of the party and not expected to win, many new young members, who had joined after the membership fee had been reduced to £3, were attracted by what they saw as Corbyn's authentic, informal style and radical policies. Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at the hustings across the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed \"Corbynmania\" by the press. Jonathan Dean characterised Corbynmania as a political fandom, comparable with the enthusiastic followings of popular media stars and other modern politicians such as Bernie Sanders and Justin Trudeau. Specific features included use of the #jezwecan hashtag, attendance at rallies and the posting of pictures such as selfies on social media. Artistic, merchandising and other activity consolidated and spread this fannish enthusiasm. This included a “Jeremy Corbyn for Prime Minister” (JC4PM) tour by celebrities such as Charlotte Church, Jeremy Hardy, and Maxine Peake; a Corbyn superhero comic book; mash-ups and videos. Many of Corbyn's supporters felt he possessed personal qualities such as earnestness and modesty leading them to"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " develop a sense of emotional attachment to him as individual. These were seen as cultish by critics such as Margaret Beckett who said in 2016 that the Labour Party had been turned into the \"Jeremy Corbyn Fan Club\". A chant of \"Oh, Jeremy Corbyn\" was adopted as an anthem or chorus by his supporters. Sung in the style of a football chant to the tune of a riff from \"Seven Nation Army\" by The White Stripes, it attracted special attention at the Glastonbury Festival of 2017, where Corbyn appeared and spoke to the crowds. Labour's weaker than expected performance in the 2018 United Kingdom local elections led to suggestions that Corbynmania had peaked.{{citation |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyn-plays-the-patriotic-card-but-gets-a-red-one-3f6hr7clw |author=Sarah Baxter</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017). After being elected leader, Corbyn became Leader of the Official Opposition and shortly thereafter his appointment to the Privy Council was announced. In Corbyn's first Prime Minister's Questions session as leader, he broke with the traditional format"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " by asking the Prime Minister six questions he had received from members of the public, the result of his invitation to Labour Party members to send suggestions, for which he received around 40,000 emails. Corbyn stressed his desire to reduce the \"theatrical\" nature of the House of Commons, and his début was described in a \"Guardian\" editorial as \"a good start\" and a \"long overdue\" change to the tone of PMQs. He delivered his first Labour Party Conference address as leader on 29 September 2015. Party membership nearly doubled between the May 2015 election and October 2015, attributed largely to the election as leader of Corbyn. In September 2015 an unnamed senior serving general in the British Army stated that a mutiny by the Army could occur if a future Corbyn government moved to scrap Trident, pull out of Nato or reduce the size of the armed forces. The general said \"the Army just wouldn't stand for it. The general staff would not allow a prime minister to jeopardise the security of this country and I think people would use whatever means possible, fair or foul to prevent that. You can't put a maverick in charge of a country's security\". In July 2016, a study and analysis by academics from the London School of Economics of months"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " of eight national newspaper articles about Corbyn in the first months of his leadership of Labour showed that 75% of them either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017).:First Shadow Cabinet and other appointments. On 13 September 2015, Corbyn unveiled his Shadow Cabinet. He appointed his leadership campaign manager and long-standing political ally John McDonnell as Shadow Chancellor, leadership opponent Andy Burnham as Shadow Home Secretary, and Angela Eagle as Shadow First Secretary of State to deputise for him in the House of Commons. Corbyn promoted a number of female backbench MPs to Shadow Cabinet roles, including Diane Abbott, Heidi Alexander and Lisa Nandy, making his the first Shadow Cabinet with more women than men, although the most senior roles went to men. In October 2015, Corbyn appointed the \"Guardian\" journalist Seumas Milne as the Labour Party's Executive Director of Strategy and Communications.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017).:Military intervention in Syria. After members of Islamic State carried out terrorist attacks in Paris in November 2015, Corbyn agreed with David Cameron that"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " a political settlement between the Syrian Government and the rebels should be aimed at resolving the Syrian civil war. Prime Minister David Cameron sought to build political consensus for UK military intervention against IS targets in Syria in the days after the attacks. Corbyn warned against \"external intervention\" in Syria but told delegates that Labour would \"consider the proposals the Government brings forward\". After Cameron set out his case for military intervention to Parliament, Corbyn held a Shadow Cabinet meeting, in which he said he would continue with efforts \"to reach a common view\" on Syria, while Shadow Foreign Secretary Hilary Benn suggested the case for air strikes was \"compelling\". Corbyn sent a letter to Labour MPs saying that he could not support military action against Islamic State: \"The issue [is] whether what the Prime Minister is proposing strengthens, or undermines, our national security...I do not believe the current proposal for air strikes in Syria will protect our security and therefore cannot support it.\" Amid widespread reports of division in the Parliamentary Labour Party, Corbyn insisted that the final decision on whether the Labour Party would oppose air strikes rested with him. Corbyn eventually agreed that Labour MPs would be given a free vote on air strikes when the issue was voted on. 66 Labour MPs voted for the Syrian air strikes, including Hilary Benn and Deputy"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " Labour Leader Tom Watson, while Corbyn and the majority of Labour MPs voted against.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017).:January 2016 Shadow Cabinet reshuffle. There was widespread speculation following the vote that Corbyn would reshuffle his Shadow Cabinet to remove Hilary Benn, but Corbyn's January reshuffle retained Benn in the same position. The reshuffle prompted the resignations of three junior shadow ministers who were unhappy that Corbyn had sacked or moved shadow ministers who disagreed with his position on Syria and Trident. On 6 January 2016, Corbyn replaced Shadow Culture Secretary Michael Dugher with Shadow Defence Secretary Maria Eagle (who was in turn replaced by Shadow Employment Minister Emily Thornberry). Thornberry, unlike Maria Eagle, is an opponent of nuclear weapons and British involvement in Syria. Corbyn also replaced Shadow Europe Minister (not attending Shadow Cabinet) Pat McFadden with Pat Glass. On 11 January 2016, Shadow Attorney General Catherine McKinnell resigned, citing party infighting, family reasons and the ability to speak in Parliament beyond her legal portfolio. She was replaced by Karl Turner.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017).:May"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " 2016 local elections. In the 2016 local elections, Labour had a net loss of 18 local council seats and controlled as many councils as before (gaining control of Bristol but losing Dudley). There were also Westminster by-elections in two Labour safe seats, which Labour retained: Ogmore and Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough. The BBC's Projected National Vote Share was 31% for Labour, 30% for the Conservatives, 15% for the Liberal Democrats and 12% for UKIP. Labour candidate Sadiq Khan won the London mayorship from the Conservatives. Labour's misfortunes in Scotland continued, where they fell into third place behind the Conservatives. They retained government in Wales whilst suffering some small losses.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017).:EU referendum. Following the 2016 United Kingdom European Union (EU) membership referendum, Corbyn was accused of \"lukewarm\" campaigning for Britain to remain and showing a \"lack of leadership\" on the issue by several party figures. Alan Johnson, who headed up the Labour In for Britain campaign said \"at times\" it felt as if Corbyn's office was \"working against the rest of the party and had conflicting objectives\". Corbyn's"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " decision to go on holiday during the campaign was also criticised by Phil Wilson, the chair of Labour in for Britain. In September 2016, Corbyn's spokesman said Corbyn wanted access to the European Single Market, but there were \"aspects\" of EU membership related to privatisation \"which Jeremy campaigned against in the referendum campaign.\" Diane Abbott, one of Corbyn's key allies, later said \"Jeremy in his heart of hearts is a Brexiter\". She said Corbyn was hostile to the European Union, which he considered it \"a conspiracy of business people\".</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017).:Shadow Cabinet resignations and vote of no confidence. Three days after the EU referendum, on 26 June, Hilary Benn was sacked after it was disclosed that he had been organising a mass resignation of Shadow Cabinet members to force Corbyn to stand down. Several other Shadow Cabinet members resigned in solidarity with Benn and by the following day, 23 of the 31 Shadow Cabinet members had resigned their roles, as did seven parliamentary private secretaries. On the same day, 27 June, Corbyn announced changes to his Shadow Cabinet, moving Emily Thornberry (to Shadow Foreign Secretary), Diane Abbott (to Shadow Health Secretary), and"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " appointing Pat Glass, Andy McDonald, Clive Lewis, Rebecca Long-Bailey, Kate Osamor, Rachael Maskell, Cat Smith and Dave Anderson to his Shadow Cabinet. Just two days later one of the newly appointed members, Pat Glass, resigned, saying \"the situation is untenable\". A motion of no confidence in Corbyn as Labour leader was tabled by MPs Margaret Hodge and Ann Coffey on 24 June 2016. Hodge said: \"This has been a tumultuous referendum which has been a test of leadership... Jeremy has failed that test\". Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell and union leaders including Len McCluskey condemned the motion. On 28 June, he lost the vote of confidence by Labour Party MPs by 172–40. He responded with a statement that the motion had no \"constitutional legitimacy\" and that he intended to continue as the elected leader. The vote did not require the party to call a leadership election, but was expected to lead to a leadership challenge. Corbyn was encouraged to resign by Tom Watson and senior Labour politicians including his predecessor, Ed Miliband. Several union leaders (from GMB, UCATT, the CWU, the TSSA, ASLEF, the FBU, the BFWAU and the NUM) issued a joint statement saying that"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " Corbyn was \"the democratically-elected leader of Labour and his position should not be challenged except through the proper democratic procedures provided for in the party's constitution\" and that a leadership election would be an \"unnecessary distraction\".</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017).:2016 leadership challenge and election. The division between Corbyn and the Labour parliamentary party continued. On 11 July 2016, Angela Eagle, who had recently resigned from his Shadow Cabinet, formally launched her leadership campaign. After news reports that Eagle's office had been vandalised, and threats and abuse to other MPs, including death threats to himself, Corbyn said: \"It is extremely concerning that Angela Eagle has been the victim of a threatening act\" and called for \"respect and dignity, even where there is disagreement.\" On 12 July 2016, following a dispute as to whether the elected leader would need nominations in an election as a \"challenger\" to their own leadership, Labour's National Executive Committee (NEC) resolved that Corbyn, as the incumbent leader, had an automatic right to be on the ballot, and also decided that members needed to have been a member for more than six months to be eligible to vote, meaning that many members"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " who had joined recently would not be able to vote. The NEC's decision was that \"registered supporters\" would be entitled to vote if they paid a one off fee of £25. 184,541 people subsequently paid the one-off fee to become \"registered supporters\" of the party during the two-day window in July, meaning that over 700,000 people had a vote in the leadership election. The decision to retain Corbyn on the ballot was contested unsuccessfully in a High Court action brought by Labour donor Michael Foster. On 13 July, Owen Smith entered the Labour Party leadership race. Subsequently, on 19 July, Angela Eagle withdrew and offered her endorsement to Smith. A survey of the public on 14 July found that 66% of those surveyed believed that the Labour party needed a new leader before the 2020 elections and only 23 per cent believed that Corbyn would make a good Prime Minister while Theresa May had an approval rating of 55 per cent. A later poll on 23 July found that among those who said they backed Labour, 54% supported Corbyn against just 22% who would prefer Smith. When voters were asked who they thought would be the best prime minister – Corbyn or Theresa May – among Labour supporters 48% said Corbyn and 22% May, among all UK voters 52% chose"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " May and just 16% were for Corbyn. More than 40 female Labour MPs, in an open letter during the campaign in July 2016, called on Corbyn to deal with issues relating to online abuse, and criticised him for his allegedly unsatisfactory responses and inaction. Speaking at the launch of policies intending to democratise the internet in late August, Corbyn described such abuse as \"appalling\". He continued: \"I have set up a code of conduct on this. The Labour party has a code of conduct on this, and it does have to be dealt with\". On 16 August 2016, Corbyn released a video of himself sitting on the floor of a Virgin Trains East Coast train while travelling to a leadership hustings in Gateshead. Corbyn said the train was \"ram-packed\" and used this to support his policy to reverse the 1990s privatisation of the railways of Great Britain. A dispute, nicknamed Traingate in the media, developed a week later when Virgin released CCTV images appearing to show that Corbyn had walked past some available seats on the train before recording his video. Corbyn subsequently said that there had not been room for all his team to sit together, but that a train manager later found seats for him and his team, including his wife, by upgrading other passengers. The"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " psephologist John Curtice wrote just before Corbyn's second leadership win: \"There is evidently a section of the British public, to be found particularly among younger voters, for whom the Labour leader does have an appeal; it just does not look like a section that is big enough, on its own at least, to enable Labour to win a general election\". Meanwhile, on 23 September, a poll for \"The Independent\" by BMG Research suggested that working class voters were more likely to consider Corbyn \"incompetent\" than those from the middle class, and a higher proportion thought he was also \"out of touch\". Martin Kettle of \"The Guardian\" wrote that \"many Labour MPs, even some who face defeat, want an early election\" to prove decisively that Corbyn's Labour is unelectable as a government, stating that \"If there is hope for Labour it lies with the voters. Only they can change the party\". Corbyn was re-elected as Labour leader on 24 September, with 313,209 votes (61.8%) compared to 193,229 (38.2%) for Owen Smith – a slightly increased share of the vote compared to his election in 2015, when he won 59%. On a turnout of 77.6%, Corbyn won the support"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " of 59% of party members, 70% of registered supporters and 60% of affiliated supporters. In his acceptance speech, Corbyn called on the \"Labour family\" to end their divisions and to \"wipe that slate clean from today and get on with the work we've got to do as a party\". He continued: \"Together, arguing for the real change this country needs, I have no doubt this party can win the next election whenever the Prime Minister decides to call it and form the next government.\"</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017).:Article 50. In January 2017, Corbyn announced that he would impose a three-line whip to force Labour MPs to vote in favour of triggering Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union to initiate the withdrawal of the UK from the EU. In response, two Labour whips said they would vote against the bill. Tulip Siddiq, the shadow minister for early years, and Jo Stevens, the Shadow Welsh Secretary resigned in protest. On 1 February, forty seven Labour MPs defied Corbyn's whip on the second reading of the bill.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:First term as Leader of the Opposition ("
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": "2015–2017).:May 2017 local elections. At the 2017 local elections, Labour lost nearly 400 councillors and control of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire county councils. The BBC's Projected National Vote Share was 38% for the Conservatives, 27% for Labour, 18% for the Liberal Democrats and 5% for UKIP, with others on around 12%.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:2017 general election. Corbyn said he welcomed Prime Minister Theresa May's proposal to seek an early general election in 2017. He said his party should support the government's move in the parliamentary vote. The Labour campaign focused on social issues like health care, education and ending austerity. Earlier in the year, Corbyn had become the first opposition party leader since 1982 to lose a by-election to an incumbent government, and at the time May called the election Labour trailed the Conservative Party by up to 25 points in some opinion polls. A large Conservative majority was widely predicted. Following the short campaign, Labour again finished as the second largest party in parliament but surprised many pundits by increasing their share of the popular vote to 40%, resulting in a net gain of 30 seats and a hung parliament. Although Labour started the campaign as far as 20 points"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " behind, it defied expectations by gaining 40% of the vote, its greatest share since 2001. It was the first time Labour had made a net gain of seats since 1997, and the party's 9.6% increase in vote share was its largest in a single general election since 1945. This has partly been attributed to the popularity of its 2017 Manifesto that promised to scrap tuition fees, address public sector pay, make housing more affordable, end austerity, nationalise the railways and provide school students with free lunches. Corbyn's election campaign was run under the slogan \"For the Many, Not the Few\" and featured rallies with a large audience and connected with a grassroots following for the party, including appearing on stage in front of a crowd of 20,000 at the Wirral Live Festival in Prenton Park. He chose to take part in television debates and dressed more professionally than usual, wearing a business suit and tie. He said the result was a public call for the end of \"austerity politics\" and suggested May should step down as Prime Minister. Corbyn said that he had received the largest vote for a winning candidate in the history of his borough.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:2017 general election.:Leaked Labour Party"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " report on antisemitism. In April 2020, an internal Labour Party report, entitled \"The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019\", was leaked to the media. The report was completed in the last months of Corbyn's leadership and was meant to form part of the Labour Party's submission to the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) inquiry into Labour's approach to dealing with antisemitism. It included 10,000 emails and thousands of private WhatsApp communications between former senior party officials. The Labour Party had, after the intervention of party lawyers, decided not to submit the report to the EHRC. According to the report there was \"an abnormal intensity of factional opposition\" to Corbyn which had \"inhibited the proper functioning of the Labour Party bureaucracy\". The report included what it alleges were examples of how senior Labour Party officials including former party general secretary Iain McNicol worked to undermine Labour's campaign in the 2017 general election in order to force a change of leader. The report revealed that senior party officials sent insulting WhatsApp messages about leftwing MPs, including Diane Abbott, and officials in Corbyn's office. Prior to the 2017 election, officials discussed using party resources to assist candidates critical of Corbyn, such"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " as deputy leader Tom Watson. The report stated that officials operated a \"secret key seats team from where a parallel general election campaign was run to support MPs associated with the right wing of the party\". The officials expressed dismay over the party's unexpectedly strong results in the 2017 general election. In response to the report, Labour MP Kate Osamor called for the expulsion of those involved. Stephen Bush wrote in the \"New Statesman\" that the \"report's summary writes a cheque that its findings cannot cash\". In May 2020, the Labour Party National Executive Committee (NEC) appointed barrister Martin Forde to chair an investigation into the leaked report on antisemitism. The inquiry was set up to examine the contents of the report as well as how it was authored and leaked. It was expected to release its findings in 2021, but was delayed indefinitely over concerns it could prejudice an investigation by the information commissioner into the leak, eventually being published in July 2022. In Corbyn's submission to the Forde inquiry, submitted jointly with eight other colleagues, he was reported to have accused officials of sabotage and said their diversion of funds could constitute fraud. The diverted funds refer to the \"Bespoke Materials Service\" (sometimes referred to as the 'Ergon House Project'), which represented"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " 1.2 per cent of Labour's total election spend and was focused towards certain Labour-held seats rather than offensive targets. BMS was apparently not disclosed to Corbyn's office. Officials said their targeting was due to fears Labour would lose seats, based on its poor polling position at the start of the campaign, and that three of the seats supported by BMS were less than 500 votes away from being lost to the Conservatives. The 2017 campaigns chief, Patrick Heneghan also stated that Corbyn's office had demanded he divert funds towards a list of Labour-held seats, some with majorities of over 10,000, to help MPs were considered allies of Corbyn, including Ian Lavery and Jon Trickett. Heneghan said the use of funds in BMS was legal, as it had been authorised by the General Secretary, and stated it had been kept from Corbyn's office because staffers believed they were \"in a bind\" and \"felt it was pointless to try and discuss this sensibly with Jeremy's staff\". \"The Guardian\" reported that \"[w]hile the leaked report does show hostility to Corbyn during the 2017 election, and even dismay among some officials when he did better than expected, there is seemingly no proof of active obstruction\" by Labour officials and that there was"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " \"an argument that any evidence of election-scuppering is circumstantial rather than a smoking gun\". In July 2022, the Forde Report concluded that while the leader's office and party staff “were trying to win in different ways”, it was \"highly unlikely\" this cost Labour the 2017 election (see Publication of Forde Report).</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:2017 general election.:Opinion polling. Opinion polls during the first few months of his leadership gave Corbyn lower personal approval ratings than any previous Labour leader in the early stages of their leadership amongst the general public. His approval amongst party members was initially strong reaching a net approval of +45 in May 2016, though this fell back sharply to just +3 by the end of the next month following criticism of Corbyn's handling of the EU referendum and a string of Shadow Cabinet resignations. A poll by Election Data in February 2017 found that 50% of Labour voters wanted Corbyn to stand down by the next election, while 44% wanted him to stay. In the same month, YouGov found party members' net approval rating of Corbyn was 17%, whereas a year earlier the result found by the same pollsters had been 55%. Also during February 2017, Ips"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": "os MORI found Corbyn's satisfaction rating among the electorate as a whole was minus 38%; among Labour voters it was minus 9%. Polling by the end of the first week of campaigning during the 2017 general election was suggesting a defeat for Labour with the parliamentary party much reduced and a landslide victory for the Conservatives with a majority of perhaps 150 MPs. An ITV Wales/YouGov poll at this time placed the Conservatives on 40% in Wales against Labour's 30%; Labour MPs have formed a majority in Wales since the 1922 election. An opinion poll published on 22 May suggested that the position had been reversed, with Labour now polling 44% in Wales and the Conservatives 34%. Polls following the publication of the Labour and Conservative manifestos suggested that nationally, Labour was narrowing the Conservative lead to nine points, with YouGov putting the party on 35% of the vote. The final election polls predicted an increased majority for the Tories.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2017–2019).</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2017–2019).:June 2017 Shadow Cabinet dismissals. Corbyn sacked three Shadow Cabinet members and a fourth resigned after they"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " rebelled against party orders to abstain on a motion aimed at keeping the UK in the EU single market, which was put forward by Labour MP Chuka Umunna.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2017–2019).:Salisbury poisoning response. On 15 March 2018, Corbyn wrote in \"The Guardian\" that \"to rush way ahead of the evidence\" about Russia's involvement in the Salisbury poisoning \"serves neither justice nor our national security\" and that responsibility for the attack \"is a matter for police and security professionals to determine\". However, he also said that Theresa May was right \"to identify two possibilities for the source of the attack in Salisbury [...] Either this was a crime authored by the Russian state; or that state has allowed these deadly toxins to slip out of the control it has an obligation to exercise.\" This sparked a row within the Labour Party, with more than 30 backbenchers signing an Early Day Motion \"unequivocally\" blaming Russia for the attack and several frontbenchers, including shadow foreign secretary Emily Thornberry, shadow defence secretary Nia Griffith and shadow Brexit secretary Sir Keir Starmer, stating that Russia was to blame. A poll on 17"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " March found only 16% of voters believed Corbyn would be the best person to deal with the UK's relations with Russia, compared to 39% saying Theresa May. On 20 March, Corbyn called for the British authorities to send a sample of the nerve agent involved in the poisoning to Russia, so they could \"say categorically one way or the other\" where it came from. A few days later, Corbyn was satisfied that the evidence pointed to Russia. Polling between 10–13 April found only 23% of voters believed Corbyn had handled the situation well, with 44% (including 28% of 2017 Labour voters) believing he had handled it badly. Corbyn advisor Andrew Murray later said that the Salisbury attack was \"something we got wrong\", saying \"evidence that's emerged since is overwhelming\". Murray said that at the time Corbyn and his team \"just didn't think the Russian state would be so stupid and brazen as to [...] carry out a poisoning attack on British soil\", although he admitted \"given the Litvinenko precedent perhaps we should have done\". Murray also suggested the response was the turning point for Corbyn's leadership, as it \"started bringing all the doubts about Jeremy and the leader's office to the surface again\".</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": ").:Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2017–2019).:Developments of the Labour Party's Brexit policies. Following the 2017 general election, the party faced internal pressure to shift its Brexit policy away from a soft Brexit and towards a second referendum, a position widely supported among the party membership. In response, Corbyn said at the 2018 Labour Party conference that he did not support a second referendum but would abide by the decision of members at the conference. The party conference decided to support a Brexit deal either negotiated by the Conservatives and meeting certain conditions or negotiated by Labour in government. The conference agreed to use all means to stop an unacceptable Brexit deal, including another referendum including an option to remain in the EU, as a last resort. A week after seven Labour MPs left the party in February 2019 to form The Independent Group, partly in protest over Labour's Brexit position, the Labour leadership said it would support another referendum \"as a final resort in order to stop a damaging Tory Brexit being forced on the country\". Following an exodus of Remain voters from Labour at the 2019 Europeans Parliament elections, Corbyn said he was \"listening very carefully\" after key members of his Shadow Cabinet including John McDonnell said publicly Labour should back a second referendum under any circumstances. In July 2019, Corbyn announced"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " Labour's policy was now that there must be a referendum on any Brexit deal, including the deal Labour would attempt to negotiate if it entered government, and that the party would campaign for Remain against any Tory Brexit. During the 2019 election Corbyn would promise to take a \"neutral stance\" during the referendum on any Brexit deal his government would negotiate.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2017–2019).:Breakaway group of Labour MPs. In February 2019, seven MPs – Chuka Umunna, Luciana Berger, Chris Leslie, Angela Smith, Mike Gapes, Gavin Shuker and Ann Coffey – resigned from the Labour Party to form The Independent Group, citing Corbyn's handling of Brexit and of allegations of antisemitism. They were soon joined by Joan Ryan while Ian Austin resigned to sit as an independent. TIG later rebranded as Change UK, and all of the defecting MPs left Parliament at the 2019 general election, with some losing their seats, others not seeking re-election, and some standing and losing in different constituencies from the ones that they had previously held.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:Second term as Leader of the Opposition ("
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": "2017–2019).:Other events. In 2018, Conservative MP Ben Bradley posted a tweet saying that Jeremy Corbyn had passed British secrets to a spy from communist Czechoslovakia. Corbyn threatened legal action against Bradley, which resulted in Bradley deleting the tweet, apologising for his comments which he accepted were \"untrue and false\", and agreeing to pay Corbyn's legal costs and to donate to a charity of Corbyn's choice. In March 2019, Corbyn was assaulted by a Brexit supporter outside a mosque in Finsbury Park, North London. His attacker was sentenced to 28 days in jail. A video of soldiers from the 3rd Battalion, Parachute Regiment, stationed in Afghanistan using an image of Corbyn for target practice was posted on social media in April 2019. Momentum said the video was a consequence of the \"radicalising effect the rightwing press\". \"The Independent\" expressed the view that Corbyn was \"unpopular in parts of the military because of his past policies on Northern Ireland, Trident and opposition to the Iraq War and other foreign interventions\". In July 2019, the soldiers involved received reprimands, with two being demoted. In 2019, Corbyn refused an invitation to attend a state banquet for Donald Trump, hosted by Queen Elizabeth II during the president's June visit to the"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " UK. Corbyn then attended a London protest outside Trump and May's joint press conference and requested a meeting with Trump to discuss issues such as the \"climate emergency, threats to peace and the refugee crisis\". Trump rejected the request, saying that Corbyn was a \"negative force\".</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:2019 general election and resignation. In May 2019, Theresa May announced her resignation and stood down as Prime Minister in July, following the election of her replacement, former Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson. Corbyn said that Labour was ready to fight an election against Johnson. The 2019 Labour Party Manifesto included policies to increase funding for health, negotiate a Brexit deal and hold a referendum giving a choice between the deal and remain, raise the minimum wage, stop the age pension age increase, nationalise key industries, and replace universal credit. Due to the plans to nationalise the \"big six\" energy firms, the National Grid, the water industry, Royal Mail, the railways and the broadband arm of BT, the 2019 manifesto was widely considered as the most radical in several decades, more closely resembling Labour's politics of the 1970s than subsequent decades. The 2019 general election was the worst defeat in seats for Labour since 1935, with Labour winning just 202 out of"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " 650 seats, their fourth successive election defeat. At 32.2%, Labour's share of the vote was down around eight points on the 2017 general election and is lower than that achieved by Neil Kinnock in 1992, although it was higher than in 2010 and 2015. In the aftermath, opinions differed to why the Labour Party was defeated to the extent it was. The Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell largely blamed Brexit and the media representation of the party. Tony Blair argued that the party's unclear position on Brexit and the economic policy pursued by the Corbyn leadership were to blame. Following the Labour Party's unsuccessful performance in the 2019 general election, Corbyn conceded defeat and stated that he intended to step down as leader following the election of a successor and that he would not lead the party into the next election. Corbyn himself was re-elected for Islington North with 64.3% of the vote share and a majority of 26,188 votes over the runner-up candidate representing the Liberal Democrats, with Labour's share of the vote falling by 8.7%. \"The Guardian\" described the results as a \"realignment\" of UK politics as the Conservative landslide took many traditionally Labour seats in England and Wales. Corbyn insisted that he had \"pride in the manifesto\" that Labour put forward and blamed"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " the defeat on Brexit. According to polling by Lord Ashcroft, Corbyn was himself a major contribution to the party's defeat. On 4 April 2020, the results of the 2020 Labour Party leadership election were announced, with Sir Keir Starmer winning the election and succeeding Corbyn as the leader of the Labour Party.</s><s>Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020).:2019 general election and resignation.:Opinion polling. In the months following the 2017 election, Labour consistently had a small lead in opinion polling. After Boris Johnson became Prime Minister in July 2019, he gained double-digit leads over Corbyn on the \"Best PM\" question, although Corbyn was seen to be \"more in touch\" with ordinary people than Johnson. Labour fell behind the Tories, partly because it lost some of its pro-Remain support to the Liberal Democrats.</s><s>Post-leadership.</s><s>Post-leadership.:EHRC report and suspension. On 29 October 2020, a report by the Equalities and Human Rights Commission into anti-Semitism in the Labour party was published, finding that the party was responsible for unlawful acts of harassment and discrimination. Corbyn said in his statement on the report that while anti-Semitism was \"absolutely abhorrent\" and that \"one anti-"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": "Semite [in the Labour Party] is one too many”, he alleged that “the scale of the problem was also dramatically overstated for political reasons by our opponents inside and outside the party, as well as by much of the media\". He further claimed that \"the public perception in an opinion poll last year was that one third of all Labour party members were somehow or other under suspicion of antisemitism. The reality is, it was 0.3 per cent of party members had a case against them which had to be put through the process.\" A fact check by \"Channel 4 News\" noted that Corbyn's \"0.3 per cent\" claim was likely based on an estimate provided by Labour General Secretary Jennie Formby during her investigation and first published in a 2019 study co-authored by Professor Greg Philo. Corbyn's claim that \"one-third\" of party members were believed to be involved in antisemitism complaints by the public likely originated in a Survation poll of 1,009 people conducted in 2019, in which the average perception of respondents familiar with the issue was that 34% of party members were involved in antisemitism complaints; this number is over 300 times the estimate produced by Formby's investigation. In his press conference around half"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " an hour after Corbyn's statement, Starmer said that anyone who thought the problems were \"exaggerated\" or were a \"factional attack\" were \"part of the problem and... should be nowhere near the Labour Party\". Corbyn defended his comments in a TV interview later that day; shortly after it aired, the Labour Party announced that it had suspended Corbyn pending an investigation. On 17 November 2020, a panel drawn from the party's national executive committee decided to readmit Corbyn to the Labour Party. However, Starmer did not restore the Labour whip to Corbyn, effectively denying him readmission to the parliamentary party, saying that he would \"keep this situation under review\". On 23 November 2020, the Labour chief whip Nick Brown wrote to Corbyn asking him to \"unequivocally, unambiguously and without reservation apologise for your comments\". In November 2021, Starmer said Corbyn \"knows what he must do in order to move this forward\" and that it was \"his choice\". He also stated that Corbyn might not be allowed to stand as a Labour candidate in Islington North unless the whip was restored. Corbyn believes his dismissal was unfair and has threatened legal action. In March 2023, Labour's national executive committee resolved not to endorse Corbyn in the next general election"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": ", preventing him from seeking re-election as a Labour candidate.</s><s>Post-leadership.:Peace and Justice Project. On 13 December 2020, Corbyn announced the Project for Peace and Justice. Corbyn launched the project on 17 January 2021, and its affiliates include Christine Blower, Len McCluskey and Zarah Sultana. Rafael Correa said that he \"welcome[d] the creation\" of the project.</s><s>Post-leadership.:Stop the War Coalition statement on Ukraine crisis. On 18 February 2022, in the week before the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Corbyn alongside 11 Labour MPs cosigned a statement from the Stop the War Coalition opposing any war in Ukraine. The statement said that \"the crisis should be settled on a basis which recognises the right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination and addresses Russia's security concerns\", that NATO \"should call a halt to its eastward expansion\", and that the British government's sending of arms to Ukraine and troops to eastern Europe served \"no purpose other than inflaming tensions and indicating disdain for Russian concerns\". The statement's authors also said that they \"refute [sic] the idea that NATO is a defensive alliance\". On the evening of 24 February, the first day of the invasion, Labour chief"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " whip Alan Campbell wrote to all 11 Labour MPs who had signed the statement, requesting that they withdraw their signatures. All 11 agreed to do so the same evening. Corbyn and fellow former Labour independent MP Claudia Webbe did not withdraw their signatures from the statement, though Labour shadow foreign secretary David Lammy urged Corbyn to do so.</s><s>Post-leadership.:Publication of the Forde Report. The Forde Report, written by lawyer Martin Forde in response to the dossier that was leaked in April 2020 (\"The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019\"), was released on 19 July 2022, stating that: \"[R]ather than confront the paramount need to deal with the profoundly serious issue of anti-Semitism in the party, both factions treated it as a factional weapon.\" It also described senior Labour staff as having displayed \"deplorably factional and insensitive, and at times discriminatory, attitudes\" towards Corbyn and his supporters, and detailed concerns by some staff about a \"hierarchy of racism\" in the party which ignored Black people. The report also expressed regret that Corbyn himself did not engage with the authors' request to interview him. Responding to this, Corbyn's former advisor Andrew Fisher"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " wrote: \"Forde confirms that reflection is necessary. Cultural change requires painstaking work, not glib assertions of change.\" Corbyn himself stated that report \"calls into question the behaviour of senior officials in the party, in particular during the 2017 election\" and that \"wrongs must be righted.\"</s><s>Policies and views. In 1997 the political scientists David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh described Corbyn's political stance as \"far-left\". When asked in an interview in 2015 what politicised him Corbyn said, \"Peace issues. Vietnam. Environmental issues\". When asked if he regarded himself as a Marxist, Corbyn responded by saying: \"That is a very interesting question actually. I haven't thought about that for a long time. I haven't really read as much of Marx as we should have done. I have read quite a bit but not that much.\" Supporting John McDonnell's statement that there is \"a lot to learn\" from Karl Marx's book \"Das Kapital\", Corbyn described Marx as a \"great economist\". Corbyn has said he has read some of the works of Adam Smith, Karl Marx and David Ricardo and has \"looked at many, many others\".</s><s>Policies and views.:Economy and taxation. Corbyn has campaigned against"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " private finance initiative schemes, supported a higher rate of income tax for the wealthiest in society, and his shadow chancellor proposed the introduction of a £10 per hour living wage. He advocates recouping losses from tax avoidance and evasion by investing £1 billion in HM Revenue and Customs. Corbyn sought to reduce an estimated £93 billion that companies receive in tax relief. The amount is made up of several reliefs, including railway and energy subsidies, regional development grants, relief on investment and government procurement from the private sector. Corbyn opposes austerity, and has advocated an economic strategy based on investing-to-grow as opposed to making spending cuts. During his first Labour leadership election campaign, Corbyn proposed that the Bank of England should be able to issue money for capital spending, especially housebuilding, instead of quantitative easing, which attempts to stimulate the economy by buying assets from commercial banks. He describes it as \"People's Quantitative Easing\". A number of economists, including Steve Keen, said that Corbyn's candidature for leadership of the Labour party \"recognis[ed] the inspiring possibilities for a fairer and more equal society offered by an information economy in an interdependent world\". Robert Skidelsky offered a qualified endorsement of Corbyn's proposals to carry out QE through a National"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " Investment Bank. As the policy would change the central bank's focus on stabilising prices it has been argued it could increase the perceived risk of investing in the UK and raise the prospect of increased inflation. His second leadership campaign saw him promise £500 billion in additional public spending, though he did not detail how he would fund it. Corbyn has been a consistent supporter of renationalising public utilities, such as the now-privatised British Rail and energy companies, back into public ownership. Initially, Corbyn suggested completely renationalising the entire railway network, but would now bring them under public control \"line by line\" as franchises expire.</s><s>Policies and views.:National and constitutional issues. Corbyn is a longstanding supporter of a united Ireland and reportedly described himself as campaigner against imperialism in Ireland in 1984. In 1985, Corbyn voted against the Anglo-Irish Agreement, saying that it strengthened the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland and he opposed it as he wished to see a united Ireland. In July 1998, Corbyn endorsed the Good Friday Agreement by voting for the Northern Ireland Bill saying: \"We look forward to peace, hope and reconciliation in Ireland in the future.\" Corbyn would prefer Britain to become a republic, but has said that, given the Royal Family's"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " popularity, \"it's not a battle that I am fighting\". On the issue of Scottish independence, when asked if he would consider himself a unionist, Corbyn said: \"No, I would describe myself as a Socialist. I would prefer the UK to stay together, yes, but I recognise the right of people to take the decision on their own autonomy and independence.\" Corbyn said that he did not favour holding a second Scottish independence referendum, but that it would be wrong for the UK Parliament to block such a referendum if the Scottish Parliament desired to have one. As Leader of the Opposition, Corbyn was one of the sponsors for the Constitutional Convention Bill, which was an attempt at codifying the UK's constitution, which has not been compiled into a single document. He appointed a Shadow Minister for the Constitutional Convention into his Shadow Cabinet and Teresa Pearce stepped down after the May 2017 local elections and this position has since remained vacant. In October 2017, Corbyn was one of 113 MPs to sign a cross-party petition to Home Secretary Amber Rudd, which requested making it a criminal offence for opponents of abortion to hold protests outside of abortion clinics. The letter called for buffer zones to be established around clinics, arguing women \"face daily abuse when undergoing terminations\", with protesters instead given space in town"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " centres or Speakers’ corner. He also promised to allow abortion in Northern Ireland as well as same-sex marriage.</s><s>Policies and views.:Education. During the 2015 Labour leadership contest, Corbyn put forward a policy to scrap all tuition fees and restore student maintenance grants. The cost of the policy was estimated at £10 billion which would be funded by \"a 7% rise in national insurance for those earning over £50,000 a year and a 2.5% higher corporation tax, or by slowing the pace at which the deficit is reduced\". Corbyn apologised for the actions of previous Labour governments in imposing \"fees, top-up fees and the replacement of grants with loans\". He said \"I opposed those changes at the time – as did many others – and now we have an opportunity to change course\". During the 2017 election, Corbyn had a policy of scrapping university tuition fees from 2018 restoring the maintenance grants abolished by the Conservatives in 2016 and funding a free national education service. He also pledged to investigate cancelling student loan debts incurred by recent graduates. The policy said that the British average student starts their working life with debts of £44,000 due to tuition costs and that university tuition is free in many northern European countries. The education changes were"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " costed at £9.5 billion and would be funded by increasing taxes on the top 5 per cent of earners and increasing corporations tax.</s><s>Policies and views.:European Union. Corbyn has previously been a left-wing Eurosceptic. In the 1975 European Communities referendum, Corbyn opposed Britain's membership of the European Communities, the precursor of the EU. Corbyn also opposed the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, opposed the Lisbon Treaty in 2008, and backed a proposed referendum on British withdrawal from the EU in 2011. He accused the EU of acting \"brutally\" in the 2015 Greek crisis by allowing financiers to destroy its economy. During his leadership campaign, Corbyn said there might be circumstances in which he would favour withdrawal from the EU. In September 2015, Corbyn said that Labour would campaign for Britain to stay in the EU regardless of the result of Cameron's negotiations, and instead \"pledge to reverse any changes\" if Cameron reduced the rights of workers or citizens. He also believed that Britain should play a crucial role in Europe by making demands about working arrangements across the continent, the levels of corporation taxation and in forming an agreement on environmental regulation. In June 2016, in the run-up to the EU referendum, Corbyn said that"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " there was an \"overwhelming case\" for staying in the EU. In a speech in London, Corbyn said: \"We, the Labour Party, are overwhelmingly for staying in, because we believe the European Union has brought investment, jobs and protection for workers, consumers and the environment.\" Corbyn also criticised media coverage and warnings from both sides, saying that the debate had been dominated too much by \"myth-making and prophecies of doom\". He said he was \"seven, or seven and a half\" out of 10 for staying in the EU. In July 2017, Corbyn said that Britain could not remain in the European Single Market after leaving the EU, saying that membership of the single market was \"dependent on membership of the EU\", although it includes some non-EU countries. Shadow Minister Barry Gardiner later suggested that Corbyn meant that Labour interpreted the referendum result as wanting to leave the single market. Corbyn said that Labour would campaign for an alternative arrangement involving \"tariff free access\". In October 2017, Corbyn said that he would vote remain if there were another referendum. In January 2018, Corbyn reiterated that Labour would not seek to keep the UK in the single market after Brexit and in June 2018 he called for a \"new single market\" deal for the UK after Brexit maintaining"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " \"full access\" to the EU internal market, as opposed to the \"Norway model\" which pro-Remainers in the party wish to see. In 2018, Corbyn said his main reason for not committing to remaining in the single market was freedom from EU rules on state aid to industry. He said the UK government should not be \"held back, inside or outside the EU, from taking the steps we need to support cutting edge industries and local business\". This prompted backlash from senior EU figures, who said that state subsidisation would be a \"red line\" in negotiations, as it would lead to a possible trade war between the UK and EU. One senior figure told \"The Times\": \"We have to protect ourselves and the single market... If a Corbyn government implements his declared policies the level playing field mechanism will lead to increased costs for Britain to access the single market because of distortions caused by state aid.\" Also in 2018, Corbyn said he would seek a new type of customs union with the European Union, but will seek exemptions of some EU regulations for the UK, such as those regarding state aid and government subsidies. In January 2019, Labour lost a vote of no confidence in the government. The Conservative government sought to open cross-party talks while Corbyn initially said Labour would"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " refuse to attend talks unless the government ruled out a \"no deal Brexit\". In March 2019, Corbyn said that he could vote leave in a second referendum, depending on the Brexit deal on offer. Following the 2019 European Parliament election, Corbyn endorsed holding a referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement regardless of who negotiates it.</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:War and peace. During the 1982 Falklands War, in a meeting of Haringey Council, Corbyn opposed a motion offering support to British troops sent to retake the islands, instead declaring the war to be a \"Tory plot\" and submitted an alternative motion that condemned the war as a \"nauseating waste of lives and money\". Corbyn has said that he would like Britain to achieve \"some reasonable accommodation\" with Argentina over their Falkland Islands dispute, with a \"degree of joint administration\" between the two countries over the islands. Corbyn does not consider himself an absolute pacifist and has named the Spanish Civil War, the British naval blockade to stop the slave trade in the nineteenth century and the role of UN peacekeepers in the 1999 crisis in East Timor as justified conflicts. Opposing violence and war has been \"the whole purpose of his life"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": "\". He prominently opposed the invasion of Iraq and War in Afghanistan, NATO-led military intervention in Libya, military strikes against Assad's Syria, and military action against ISIS, and served as the chair of the Stop the War Coalition. When challenged on whether there were any circumstances in which he would deploy military forces overseas he said \"I'm sure there are some but I can't think of them at the moment.\" Corbyn has called for Tony Blair to be investigated for alleged war crimes during the Iraq War. In July 2016, the Chilcot Report of the Iraq Inquiry was issued, criticising Blair for joining the United States in the war against Iraq. Subsequently, Corbyn – who had voted against military action against Iraq – gave a speech in Westminster commenting: \"I now apologise sincerely on behalf of my party for the disastrous decision to go to war in Iraq in March 2003\" which he called an \"act of military aggression launched on a false pretext\" something that has \"long been regarded as illegal by the overwhelming weight of international opinion\". Corbyn specifically apologised to \"the people of Iraq\"; to the families of British soldiers who died in Iraq or returned injured; and to \"the millions of British citizens who feel our democracy was traduced and undermined by the way in which the decision to"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " go to war was taken on.\" Corbyn has said he would prefer to use diplomacy rather than armed force in international conflict. He would avoid military conflict by \"building up the diplomatic relationships and also trying to not isolate any country in Europe\". His aim is to \"achieve a world where we don't need to go to war, where there is no need for it\".</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:NATO. Corbyn favours the United Kingdom leaving NATO, and for NATO to be disbanded. In May 2012, Corbyn authored a piece in the \"Morning Star\" titled \"High time for an end to NATO\" where he described the organisation as an \"instrument of cold war manipulation\", saying that \"The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990, with the ending of the Warsaw Pact mutual defence strategy, was the obvious time for NATO to have been disbanded.\" and also said a 2014 speech that the organisation was an \"engine for the delivery of oil to the oil companies\" and called for it to \"give up, go home and go away\". For these comments and a refusal to answer whether he would defend a NATO ally in the case of attack he was criticised by Anders Fogh Rasmussen, the former Prime Minister of Denmark and NATO Secretary General, who"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " said Corbyn's opinions were \"tempting President Putin to aggression\" and made comparisons between his views and those of the American president Donald Trump. He was also criticised by George Robertson, former Labour Party defence secretary, who said \"It beggars belief that the leader of the party most responsible for the collective security pact of NATO should be so reckless as to undermine it by refusing to say he would come to the aid of an ally\". He has since acknowledged that the British public do not agree with his beliefs that the UK should leave NATO, and instead intends to push for the organisation to \"restrict its role\". He believes there should be a debate about the extent of NATO's powers including its \"democratic accountability\" and why it has taken on a global role. In April 2014, Corbyn wrote an article for the \"Morning Star\" attributing the crisis in Ukraine to NATO. He said the \"root of the crisis\" lay in \"the US drive to expand eastwards\" and described Russia's actions as \"not unprovoked\". He has said it \"probably was\" a mistake to allow former Warsaw Pact countries to join NATO as it has increased tensions with Russia and made the \"world infinitely more dangerous\". Subsequently, he criticized the British government and other Western countries for"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " supplying arms to Ukraine. During the 2017 election, when questioned about Corbyn's anti-NATO statements, Labour Shadow Foreign Secretary Emily Thornberry said, \"Jeremy has been on a journey, to coin a phrase. There have been a number of discussions. It is quite clear that the predominance of opinion within the Labour is that we are committed to NATO.\"</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Nuclear weapons. Corbyn is a longstanding supporter of unilateral nuclear disarmament, although he has suggested a compromise of having submarines without nuclear weapons. He has campaigned for many years against nuclear weapons and the replacement of Trident and has said he would not authorise the use of nuclear weapons if he were prime minister. In June 2016, he agreed to allow Labour MPs a free vote on the replacement of Trident. In the subsequent vote 140 Labour MPs voted with the government in favour of the new submarines, in line with party policy, and 47 joined Corbyn to vote against. During the debate Corbyn said \"I do not believe the threat of mass murder is a legitimate way to deal with international relations\".</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:United States. Following the election of Donald Trump in the 2016 US presidential elections, Corbyn said that he believes that President Trump is"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " not offering solutions to problems, but simply being divisive. Corbyn also called for a proposed Trump state visit to the UK to be cancelled following his executive order banning visitors from certain majority-Muslim countries from entering the US. Corbyn criticised Trump's involvement in British politics after Trump said Boris Johnson should become PM and Nigel Farage should be part of the Brexit negotiating team, saying that it was \"not [Trump's] business who the British prime minister is\" following Trump's endorsement of Boris Johnson as a possible future leader. Corbyn criticised Trump's attacks on Sadiq Khan as \"unacceptable\".</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Israel and Palestine. Corbyn is a member of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign, campaigning, for example, against the killing of Palestinian civilians during conflict in Gaza. In 2012 and again in 2017, Corbyn called for an investigation into Israeli influence in British politics. In August 2016, Corbyn said: \"I am not in favour of the academic or cultural boycott of Israel, and I am not in favour of a blanket boycott of Israeli goods. I do support targeted boycotts aimed at undermining the existence of illegal settlements in the West Bank.\" At a meeting hosted by Stop the War Coalition in 2009, Corbyn said he invited \"friends\" from Hamas and Hezbollah to"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " an event in parliament, referred to Hamas as \"an organisation dedicated towards the good of the Palestinian people,\" and said that the British government's labelling of Hamas as a terrorist organisation is \"a big, big historical mistake.\" Asked on \"Channel 4 News\" in July 2015 why he had called representatives from Hamas and Hezbollah \"friends\", Corbyn explained, \"I use it in a collective way, saying our friends are prepared to talk,\" and that the specific occasion he used it was to introduce speakers from Hezbollah at a Parliamentary meeting about the Middle East. He said that he does not condone the actions of either organisation: \"Does it mean I agree with Hamas and what it does? No. Does it mean I agree with Hezbollah and what they do? No. What it means is that I think to bring about a peace process, you have to talk to people with whom you may profoundly disagree … There is not going to be a peace process unless there is talks involving Israel, Hezbollah and Hamas and I think everyone knows that\", he argued. In January 2017, Corbyn expressed concern about Israeli involvement in British politics, after the broadcasting of \"The Lobby\". He described the actions of the Israeli official, Shai Masot, as \"improper interference in this country's democratic process\""
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " and was concerned on national security grounds that Boris Johnson had said the matter was closed. In his keynote speech at the 2018 annual Labour Party conference, Corbyn said that, if elected, his government would immediately recognise the Palestinian State as a way of supporting a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. He declared that the Labour Party condemned the \"shooting of hundreds of unarmed demonstrators in Gaza by Israeli forces and the passing of Israel's discriminatory nation-state law\". In May 2019, Corbyn sent a message of support to the National Demonstration for Palestine in London in which Ahed Tamimi participated. He said the Labour Party condemned the \"ongoing human rights abuses by Israeli forces, including the shooting by Israeli forces of hundreds of unarmed Palestinian demonstrators in Gaza – most of them refugees or families of refugees – demanding their rights\".</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Tunisian wreath-laying controversy. In October 2014, Corbyn visited Tunisia to attend the \"International Conference on Monitoring the Palestinian Political and Legal Situation in the Light of Israeli Aggression\", organised by the Centre for Strategic Studies for North Africa. While there, Corbyn and other British parliamentarians attended a commemoration for victims of the 1985 Israeli air strikes on the PLO headquarters in Tunis"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": ". The bombardment had been condemned by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and US President Ronald Reagan, as well as the UN Security Council. In August 2018, the \"Daily Mail\" reported, with pictorial evidence, that during the event, Corbyn had also been present at a wreath-laying at the graves of Salah Khalaf and Atef Bseiso, both of whom are thought to have been key members of the Black September Organization, which was behind the 1972 Munich massacre. \"The Jerusalem Post\" commented: \"In another photo, Corbyn is seen close to the grave of terrorist Atef Bseiso, intelligence chief of the Palestine Liberation Organization. Bseiso is also linked to the massacre.\" There was condemnation from some of the British press, as well as from some members of the Labour Party and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. A Labour spokesperson said that \"a wreath was laid on behalf of those at the conference to all those who lost their lives, including families and children\". On 1 August, BBC News showed in a report from inside the cemetery that for the memorial for the 1985 victims, Corbyn would have stood in a designated confined covered area where all dignitaries typically stand during annual ceremonies, which also covers the graves of Bseiso"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " and Khalaf. Corbyn said that he had been present during commemorations where a wreath was laid for Palestinian leaders linked to Black September, but did not think that he had actually been involved. A Labour spokesperson stated that Corbyn \"did not lay any wreath at the graves of those alleged to have been linked to the Black September Organisation or the 1972 Munich killings. He of course condemns that terrible attack, as he does the 1985 bombing.\" The Labour Party initially made a complaint to the press watchdog Independent Press Standards Organisation against several newspapers' alleged misreporting of the event, although this was later dropped.</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Kosovo. Unlike most Labour MPs at the time, Corbyn and a few other backbenchers opposed NATO intervention during the Kosovo War. In 2004, Corbyn and 24 other backbenchers signed a parliamentary motion praising an article by journalist John Pilger for \"reminding readers of the devastating human cost of the so-termed ‘humanitarian’ invasion of Kosovo, led by NATO and the United States in the Spring of 1999, without any sanction of the United Nations Security Council\". The motion also congratulated Pilger \"on his expose of the fraudulent justifications for intervening in a ‘genocide’ that"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " never really existed in Kosovo\". The motion said that initial estimates of casualties by the US Ambassador for War Crimes Issues were much higher than the later body count by the International War Crimes Tribunal. Balkan Insight wrote that, during the 2015 campaign for the Labour leadership, Corbyn was criticised by bloggers and journalists for \"having once apparently dismissed Serbian war crimes in Kosovo as a fabrication\".</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Sri Lanka and the Tamil Tigers. In 2006, Corbyn signed a petition calling for the lifting of the ban on the Tamil Tigers, which it referred to as the \"supposedly terrorist Tamil Tigers\", stating that \"the Sri Lanka government is carrying out an undeclared war against the Tamil people who have been struggling for more than two decades for the legitimate right to self-rule\" and calling for an end to aerial bombardment by the Sri Lankan government. In 2009, Corbyn called for a total economic boycott of Sri Lanka, stating \"the tourism must stop, the arms must stop, the trade must stop\", he later stated the Sri Lankan cricket team should also be boycotted. He expressed outrage particularly at the reports of the depopulation of Tamil areas of Eastern Sri Lanka and the relocation of Tamils, stating that denying Tamils"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " the right to return home was in contravention of international law, as well as reports of systematic sexual violence. In 2016, after Corbyn released a video stating his \"solidarity to stand with the Tamil community in the search for truth, justice, accountability and reconciliation\", while the Labour Party reiterated its \" full implementation of the UN Human Rights Councils resolution on Sri Lanka\", some Tamil activists interpreted the video to be a signal of Jeremy Corbyn's \"support for Tamil self-determination\". In 2017, John McDonnell stated that a Corbyn led Labour government would end arms sales to Sri Lanka.</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Iran. Corbyn has called for the lifting of the sanctions on Iran as part of a negotiated full settlement of issues concerning the Iranian nuclear programme, and the starting of a political process to decommission Israel's nuclear arsenal.</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Saudi Arabia. Corbyn has criticised Britain's close ties with Saudi Arabia and British involvement in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. In January 2016, after a United Nations panel ruled Saudi-led bombing campaign of Yemen contravened international humanitarian law, Corbyn called for an independent inquiry into the UK's arms exports policy to Saudi Arabia. Corbyn and Hilary Benn wrote to David"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " Cameron asking him to \"set out the exact nature of the involvement of UK personnel working with the Saudi military\". Corbyn has constantly called for the British Government to stop selling arms to Saudi Arabia to show that Britain wants a peace process in Yemen, \"not an invasion by Saudi Arabia\". In March 2018, Corbyn accused Theresa May's government of \"colluding\" in war crimes committed by Saudi forces in Yemen. He said that a \"humanitarian disaster is now taking place in Yemen. Millions face starvation...because of the Saudi led bombing campaign and the blockade.\" Corbyn called for the suspension of arms sales to Saudi Arabia after dissident Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi was murdered inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. Corbyn also called for an international investigation into the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi and Saudi's war crimes in Yemen.</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Chagos Islands sovereignty dispute. The sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean is disputed between the United Kingdom and Mauritius. Corbyn said he would respect a UN vote calling on the UK to decolonise the Chagos Archipelago and return Chagos to Mauritius. He said that \"What happened to the Chagos islanders was utterly disgraceful. [They were]"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " forcibly removed from their own islands, unfortunately, by this country. The right of return to those islands is absolutely important as a symbol of the way in which we wish to behave in international law.\"</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Cuba. Corbyn is a longtime supporter of the Cuba Solidarity Campaign, which campaigns against the US embargo against Cuba and supports the Cuban Revolution. In November 2016, following the death of former communist President of Cuba Fidel Castro, While saying that Castro had \"flaws\" and was a \"huge figure of modern history, national independence and 20th Century socialism...Castro's achievements were many\", Corbyn also praised his revolutionary \"heroism\". Internal Labour party critics of Corbyn accused him of glossing over Castro's human rights abuses.</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Venezuela. When Hugo Chávez, the socialist President of Venezuela died in 2013, Corbyn tweeted that \"Hugo Chavez showed that the poor matter and wealth can be shared. He made massive contributions to Venezuela & a very wide world\". In 2014, Corbyn congratulated Chávez's successor, President Nicolás Maduro on his election to the presidency. In February 2019, he said that \"intervention in Venezuela and sanctions against the government of"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " Nicolás Maduro were wrong\" and that \"only Venezuelans have the right to decide their own destiny\". He was against outside interference in Venezuela, \"whether from the US or anywhere else\". He said there \"needed to be dialogue and a negotiated settlement to overcome the crisis\".</s><s>Policies and views.:Foreign affairs.:Kurdistan and Kurds. In 1988, Jeremy Corbyn was one of the first MPs to raise the issue of Saddam Hussein's Halabja chemical attack against the Kurdish people, at a time when Hussein was still an ally of the west. In the aftermath, he called upon the Tory government to institute sanctions against Iraq and Iran to end the Iran–Iraq War, and to end the use of chemical weapons against the Kurds. In 2016, Corbyn said that \"if peace is wanted in the region, the Kurdish people's right to self-determination must be accepted.\" Referring to the Kurdish nationalist leader Abdullah Öcalan, he remarked \"if there will be a peace process and solution, Öcalan must be free and at the table.\" At Chatham House in 2017 he was asked if he would \"condemn the genocide which is going on against the Kurds in Syria and in Turkey,\" Corbyn responded with \"I would be very strong with the"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " Turkish government on its treatment of Kurdish people and minorities and the way in which it's denied them their decency and human rights.\" On warfare by Turkey against the Kurds, Corbyn stated, \"If arms are being used to oppress people internally in violation of international law then they simply should not be supplied to them.\"</s><s>Allegations of antisemitism. Corbyn's critics, including British Orthodox rabbi Jonathan Sacks, former Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth, have accused him of antisemitism in relation to past associations and comments as well as his handling of allegations within the party while defenders have cited his support for Jews against racism. These associations included hosting a meeting where Holocaust survivor and anti-Zionist political activist Hajo Meyer compared Israeli actions in Gaza to elements of the Holocaust; Corbyn stated of this event, \"In the past, in pursuit of justice for the Palestinian people and peace in Israel/Palestine, I have on occasion appeared on platforms with people whose views I completely reject. I apologise for the concerns and anxiety that this has caused.” Corbyn attended \"two or three\" of the annual \"Deir Yassin Remembered commemorations\" in London, with Jewish fellow Labour MP Gerald Kaufman, organised by a group founded by"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " Paul Eisen, who has denied the Holocaust, but it is not known whether Eisen attended the commemorations. Corbyn stated that he was unaware of the views expressed by Eisen, and had associated with Mayer and others with whom he disagreed in pursuit of progress in the Middle East. Eisen had written an essay on his website in 2008 entitled \"My life as a Holocaust denier\". Corbyn has been criticized for his association with cleric Raed Salah, who was arrested in 2011 due to a deportation order a day before he was due to attend a meeting with MPs including Corbyn. Salah was accused of speaking of 'blood libel' (the myth that Jews in Europe had used children's blood in making holy bread) and had said after the 9/11 attacks, that 4,000 \"Jewish clerks\" had been absent on the day of the attacks. Salah denied the accusation of blood libel, of which he was later convicted and sentenced to eight months in prison, and successfully appealed his deportation. Corbyn said that Salah was \"a voice of the Palestinian people that needs to be heard\" and accused then-Home Secretary Theresa May of giving \"an executive detention order against him\". Following Salah's successful appeal against deportation, Corbyn said he was looking forward to inviting the cleric to \""
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": "tea on the House of Commons terrace, because you deserve it\". A Labour source also stated in response, \"Jeremy Corbyn is a determined supporter of justice for the Palestinian people and opponent of anti-Semitism. He condemns support for Palestinians being used as a mask for anti-Semitism and attempts to silence legitimate criticism of Israel by wrongly conflating it with anti-Semitism. There was widespread criticism of the attempt to deport Raed Salah, including from Jews for Justice for Palestinians, and his appeal against deportation succeeded on all grounds.\" In 2018, Corbyn was criticised by Jewish leaders for not recognising an antisemitic canard after Mear One publicised on social media in 2012 that his mural about exploitative bankers and industrialists was being censored and Corbyn responded at the time by questioning its removal. In response to the criticism, Corbyn said he regretted that he \"did not look more closely at the image\", agreed it was antisemitic and endorsed the decision to remove it. In 2020, the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) revealed that an antisemitism complaint had been made against Corbyn in April 2018 over his defence of the mural, and members of Corbyn's office \"directly interfered in the decision not to investigate the case,” an example"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " of political interference the EHRC concluded was \"unlawful\". Corbyn was criticised for a 2013 speech in which he spoke of certain Zionists who had \"berated\" the Palestinian speaker at a meeting, \"they don't want to study history and secondly having lived in this country for a very long time, probably all their lives, they don't understand English irony either\" (used by the speaker). The remarks were criticised for appearing to perpetuate the antisemitic canard that Jews fail or refuse to integrate into wider society. Corbyn responded that he was using \"Zionist\" \"in the accurate political sense and not as a euphemism for Jewish people\". Jonathan Sacks, a former Chief Rabbi, described the remark as \"the most offensive statement made by a senior British politician since Enoch Powell's 1968 ‘rivers of blood’ speech.\" In 2019, Corbyn was criticised for a foreword he wrote in 2011 for a republication of the 1902 book \"\" by John A. Hobson, as the book contains the antisemitic assertion that finance was controlled \"by men of a single and peculiar race, who have behind them many centuries of financial experience\" who \"are in a unique position to control the policy of nations\". In his foreword,"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " he called the book a \"great tome\" and \"brilliant, and very controversial at the time\". Corbyn responded that the language used to describe minorities in Hobson's work is \"absolutely deplorable\", but he stated that his foreword analysed \"the process which led to the first world war\" which he saw as the subject of the book and not Hobson's language. In July 2018 Corbyn was accosted by Labour MP Margaret Hodge in the Commons; she then told him she believed he was “an antisemitic racist” because of his perceived reluctance to adopt the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance's definition of antisemitism in full. In an opinion piece for \"The Guardian\", Hodge explained that, for her, as the daughter of Holocaust survivors, the issue of racism was personal. The party began disciplinary action against Hodge but dropped the charges in August, claiming she had \"expressed regret for the manner in which she raised her views\", but Hodge denied this was the case. Following coverage of alleged antisemitic statements by party members, Corbyn commissioned the Chakrabarti Inquiry and supported changes to the party's rules and procedures to make hate crime a disciplinary offence. In July 2018, Labour, with Corbyn's support,"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " agreed a code of conduct which excluded or amended some of the examples from the IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism relating to Israel. Britain's three main Jewish newspapers jointly called a Corbyn-led government an \"existential threat to Jewish life\" in Britain. Defenders, including Jewish Voice for Labour, have cited his record of opposing and campaigning against racism and antisemitism, and supporting Jewish communal initiatives. He organised a demonstration against a 1970s National Front march through Wood Green; spoke on the 80th anniversary of the Battle of Cable Street, noting that his mother was a protester; signed numerous early day motions condemning antisemitism; in 1987, campaigned to reverse Islington Council's decision to grant the planning application to destroy a Jewish cemetery; and in 2010, called on the UK government to facilitate the settlement of Yemeni Jews in Britain. He also took part in a ceremony in his Islington constituency to commemorate the original site of the North London Synagogue and visited the Theresienstadt Ghetto, calling it a reminder of the dangers of far-right politics, antisemitism and racism. In November 2019, John Bercow, the Jewish former Speaker of the House of Commons and Conservative MP, said that he had known Corbyn for 22 years, did not"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " believe he was antisemitic and had never experienced antisemitism from a Labour Party member. UK academics criticised the media for \"anti-Corbyn bias\" in its coverage of the anti-Semitism debate which they said had been \"weaponised\" against Corbyn ahead of important elections. A September 2018 poll carried out by polling firm Survation, on behalf of the Jewish Chronicle, found that 86% of British Jews and 39% of the British public believed Corbyn to be anti-Semitic. A poll conducted in 2021 by YouGov, again on behalf of the Jewish Chronicle, found that 70% of Labour members dismissed the idea that the party had a problem with anti-Semitism, and 72% believe Corbyn should not have been expelled from the party. In May 2021, Jewish Voice for Labour published a report entitled \"How the EHRC Got It So Wrong: Antisemitism and the Labour Party\". The report, which contained an introduction by Geoffrey Bindman, was critical of the EHRC investigation. In November 2019, British intellectuals, writers and artists urged voters in a letter published in \"The Guardian\" to reject Corbyn in the impending general election, alleging an \"association with antisemitism\". The Labour Party responded by noting their own commitment to rooting out antis"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": "emitism and robust action dealing with it and that several of the signatories had themselves been accused of antisemitism, Islamophobia and misogyny and/or were Conservatives and Liberal Democrats. Another letter, supportive of Corbyn and published in the \"NME\", was signed by thirty high profile figures, including Noam Chomsky, Brian Eno, Naomi Klein, Lowkey, Thurston Moore, Robert Del Naja, Maxine Peake, Mark Ruffalo, Mark Rylance, Alexei Sayle, Roger Waters, Vivienne Westwood and Yanis Varoufakis. The letter describes Corbyn as a \"life-long committed anti-racist\" and says that \"no political party or political leader has done more to address (antisemitism) than Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party.\" A further letter in support of Corbyn, from a number of British Jews, mainly eminent academics, was published in \"The Guardian\" a few days later. An internal Labour Party report, entitled \"The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019\", which was leaked to the media in April 2020, stated that Corbyn's team inherited a lack of \"robust processes, systems, training, education and effective line management\" as"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " well as factional hostility towards Corbyn amongst former senior officials. This contributed to \"a litany of mistakes\" which \"affected the expeditious and resolute handling of disciplinary complaints\". The investigation, which was completed in March 2020, concluded there was \"no evidence\" of antisemitism complaints being treated differently to other forms of complaint, or of current or former staff being \"motivated by antisemitic intent\". It was later reported in \"The Guardian\" that the Labour Party's most senior lawyer had said that the report was deliberately misleading. The report also stated that Corbyn's office was not made aware of the scale of the antisemitism problem in the party because former General Secretary Iain McNicol, and other senior figures provided \"false and misleading information\" to his office. It found that McNicol and staff in the Governance and Legal Unit \"provided timetables for the resolution of cases that were never met; falsely claimed to have processed all antisemitism complaints; falsely claimed that most complaints received were not about Labour members and provided highly inaccurate statistics of antisemitism complaints\". The report also stated Sam Matthews, who was Head of Disputes and acting Head of the Governance and Legal Unit, \"rarely replied or took any action\" in relation to antisem"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": "itism complaints. It said the process for tackling antisemitism complaints improved when Jennie Formby became general secretary in 2018. In July 2020, Corbyn said he was disappointed at the Labour Party's decision to apologise and financially settle defamation cases arising from its response to the July 2019 BBC \"Panorama\" programme \"Is Labour Anti-Semitic?\" The Labour Party (led by Corbyn at the time) had accused the show's presenter John Ware of having \"invented quotes\", which in the settlement they admitted had been untrue. Corbyn said that the Labour Party risked \"giving credibility to misleading and inaccurate allegations about action taken to tackle anti-Semitism in the Labour Party in recent years\" and that the settlements were a \"political decision, not a legal one\". A fundraising campaign, set up with an initial target of £20,000 to help Corbyn with legal fees related to Ware's action, surpassed £270,000 within a few days, eventually reaching over £370,000. Former Corbyn advisor Andrew Murray suggested Corbyn may have struggled to empathise with the Jewish community during his leadership, stating: \"He is very empathetic, Jeremy, but he's empathetic with the poor, the disadvantaged, the migrant, the marginalised. [...] Happily, that is not"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " the Jewish community in Britain today.\" Corbyn raised the question in internal debates of whether there was a risk of giving the Jewish community'special treatment'. In 2021 Corbyn was a guest at the Cambridge Union. He was asked by the society's President, Joel Rosen, what he had done to stop Luciana Berger, a Jewish MP for Liverpool Wavertree, from being “hounded out” of the Labour party. Corbyn replied that Berger \"was not hounded out of the party. She unfortunately decided to resign from the party.\"</s><s>Allegations of antisemitism.:Suspension from the Labour Party. In October 2020, the EHRC announced that its investigation had found that the Labour Party had breached the Equality Act 2010 in three ways: - Unlawful harassment by agents of the party; namely a councillor, Pam Bromley, and Ken Livingstone in his defence of Naz Shah, - failure to provide appropriate training to those handling the complaints, and - 23 instances of \"inappropriate involvement\" by Corbyn's staff in antisemitism complaints. One of the complaints had been against Corbyn personally, regarding his response to the removal of the mural. In response, Corbyn said his team's involvement in complaints was \"to speed up, not hinder the"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " process\", that he did not accept all of the EHRC's findings, and that while \"[o]ne antisemite is one too many\", the scale of antisemitism within Labour had been \"dramatically overstated for political reasons by our opponents inside and outside the party, as well as by much of the media\". Corbyn was suspended from the Labour Party pending investigation by General Secretary David Evans when he failed to retract his remarks; he has said he will \"strongly contest the political intervention to suspend [him]\". Trade union officials such as Len McCluskey and Dave Ward, wrestler Sami Zayn as well as politicians Claudia Webbe, Laura Pidcock, Ken Livingstone, Pablo Iglesias Turrión, Rafael Correa, Jill Stein, Diane Abbott, John McDonnell, Salma Yaqoob, Kate Osborne, Mercedes Villalba, Mary Foy, Nadia Whittome, Apsana Begum, Liam Byrne, Zarah Sultana and Richard Burgon called for the suspension to be revoked. Campaign group Momentum held a virtual rally entitled 'Stand with Corbyn' where they described Corbyn's suspension as \"a naked attack on the left\". On 31 October, the general secretaries of seven of Labour's"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " affiliated trade unions (CWU, FBU, NUM, Unite, BFAWU, ASLEF and TSSA) published a joint statement calling the suspension \"ill-advised and unjust\". A YouGov poll found that 58% of respondents, including 41% of those who had voted Labour in 2019 under Corbyn's leadership, thought it was right to suspend him, with 13% (and 26% of Labour voters) disagreeing while 29% did not know. On 17 November, Corbyn was given a formal warning and reinstated to the Labour Party. Starmer has not yet re-instated the whip to Corbyn. Corbyn received support from a number of Constituency Labour Parties (CLPs) around the country in response to Starmer's decision to remove the whip. The whip was suspended – initially for three months to allow an investigation to be conducted – however this suspension was still in place as of July 2021. On 26 November, Corbyn's lawyers lodged a pre-action disclosure application to the High Court as a prelude to taking legal action against the Labour Party for suspending the whip. The basis of Corbyn's claim is that he and Starmer had agreed to a deal to readmit him to the party. On 27 January 2021, the application for"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " a pre-action disclosure was dismissed. In September 2021, McCluskey wrote that Starmer had reneged on a deal to reinstate the whip to Corbyn in return for Corbyn agreeing to a statement that was co-written by senior Labour staff. McCluskey said he had provided a statement for Corbyn's legal challenge and would appear in court if required.</s><s>Media coverage. Analyses of domestic media coverage of Corbyn have found it to be critical or antagonistic. In July 2016, academics from the London School of Economics published a study of 812 articles about Corbyn taken from eight national newspapers around the time of his Labour leadership election. The study found that 75 percent of the articles either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects. The study's director commented that \"Our analysis shows that Corbyn was thoroughly delegitimised as a political actor from the moment he became a prominent candidate and even more so after he was elected as party leader\". Another report by the Media Reform Coalition and Birkbeck College in July 2016, based on 10 days of coverage around the time of multiple shadow cabinet resignations, found \"marked and persistent imbalance\" in favour of sources critical to him; the \"International Business Times\" was the only outlet that gave him more favourable than"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " critical coverage. In August 2016, a YouGov survey found that 97% of Corbyn supporters agreed that the \"mainstream media as a whole has been deliberately biasing coverage to portray Jeremy Corbyn in a negative manner\", as did 51% of the general \"Labour selectorate\" sample. In May 2017, Loughborough University's Centre for Research in Communication and Culture concluded that the media was attacking Jeremy Corbyn far more than Theresa May during nine election campaign weekdays examined. The \"Daily Mail\" and \"Daily Express\" praised Theresa May for election pledges that were condemned when proposed by Labour in previous elections. In February 2018, Momentum reported that attacks on Corbyn in the press were associated with increases in their membership applications. In September 2019, Labour leaders argued that traditional mainstream media outlets showed bias. In December 2019, a study by Loughborough University found that British press coverage was twice as hostile to Labour and half as critical of the Conservatives during the 2019 general election campaign as it had been during the 2017 campaign. In an interview with \"Middle East Eye\" in June 2020, Corbyn described the media's treatment of himself while he was Labour leader as obsessive and \"at one level laughable, but all designed to be undermining\". He said that the media coverage had diverted his media team"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " from helping him pursue \"a political agenda on homelessness, on poverty in Britain, on housing, on international issues\" to \"rebutting these crazy stories, abusive stories, about me the whole time\". He said he considered suing as a result of media treatment but was guided by advice from Tony Benn, who told him, \"Libel is a rich man's game, and you're not a rich man [...] Go to a libel case – even if you win the case, you'll be destroyed financially in doing so\". Corbyn had in fact taken legal action against Conservative MP Ben Bradley during his leadership (see Other events).</s><s>Personal life. Corbyn lives in the Finsbury Park area of London. He has been married three times and divorced twice, and has three sons with his second wife. In 1974, he married his first wife, Jane Chapman, a fellow Labour Councillor for Haringey and now a professor at the University of Lincoln. They divorced in 1979. In the late 1970s, Corbyn had a brief relationship with Labour MP Diane Abbott. In 1987, Corbyn married Chilean exile Claudia Bracchitta, granddaughter of Ricardo Bracchitta (Consul-General of Spain in Santiago), with whom he has three sons. He missed his youngest"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " son's birth as he was lecturing National Union of Public Employees members at the same hospital. Following a difference of opinion about sending their son to a grammar school (Corbyn opposes selective education) they divorced in 1999 after two years of separation, although Corbyn said in June 2015 that he continues to \"get on very well\" with her. His son subsequently attended Queen Elizabeth's School, which had been his wife's first choice. Their second son, Sebastian, worked on his leadership campaign and was later employed as John McDonnell's Chief of Staff. Corbyn's second oldest brother, Andrew, who was a geologist, died of a brain haemorrhage while in Papua New Guinea in 2001. Corbyn escorted the body from Papua New Guinea to Australia, where his brother's widow and children lived. In 2012, Corbyn went to Mexico to marry his Mexican partner Laura Álvarez, who runs a fair trade coffee import business which has been the subject of some controversy. A former human rights lawyer in Mexico, she first met Corbyn shortly after his divorce from Bracchitta, having come to London to support her sister Marcela following the abduction of her niece to America by her sister's estranged husband. They contacted fellow Labour MP Tony Benn for assistance, who introduced them"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " to Corbyn, who met with the police on their behalf and spoke at fundraisers until the girl was located in 2003. Álvarez then returned to Mexico, with the couple maintaining a long-distance relationship until she moved to London in 2011. Álvarez has described Corbyn as \"not very good at house work but he is a good politician\". They have a cat called El Gato (\"The Cat\" in Spanish), while Corbyn had previously owned a dog called Mango, described by \"The Observer\" in 1984 as his \"only constant companion\" at the time. Corbyn named John Smith as the former Labour leader whom he most admired, describing him as \"a decent, nice, inclusive leader\". He also said he was \"very close and very good friends\" with Michael Foot.</s><s>Personal life.:Personal beliefs and interests. When interviewed by \"The Huffington Post\" in December 2015, Corbyn refused to reveal his religious beliefs and called them a \"private thing\", but denied that he was an atheist. He has said that he is \"sceptical\" of having a god in his life. He compared his concerns about the environment to a sort of \"spiritualism\". Corbyn has described himself as frugal, telling Simon Hattenstone of \""
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": "The Guardian\", \"I don't spend a lot of money, I lead a very normal life, I ride a bicycle and I don't have a car.\" He has been a vegetarian for nearly 50 years, after having volunteered on a pig farm in Jamaica when he was 19, and stated in April 2018 that he was considering becoming a vegan. Although he has been described in the media as teetotal, he said in an interview with the \"Daily Mirror\" that he does drink alcohol but \"very, very little\". Corbyn is a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Cycling. He enjoys reading and writing, and speaks fluent Spanish. He supports Arsenal FC, which is based in his constituency, and has signed parliamentary motions praising the successes of its men's and women's teams. He named Jens Lehmann, Ian Wright, and Dennis Bergkamp as his favourite Arsenal players, and has campaigned for the club to pay its staff a living wage. Corbyn is an avid \"drain spotter\" and has photographed decorative drain and manhole covers throughout the country.</s><s>Awards and recognition. In 2013, Corbyn was awarded the Gandhi International Peace Award for his \"consistent efforts over a 30-year parliamentary career to uphold the Gandhian values of social"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " justice and non‐violence\". In the same year, he was honoured by the Grassroot Diplomat Initiative for his \"ongoing support for a number of non-government organisations and civil causes\". Corbyn has won the Parliamentary \"Beard of the Year Award\" a record six times, as well as being named as the Beard Liberation Front's \"Beard of the Year\", having previously described his beard as \"a form of dissent\" against New Labour. In 2016, Corbyn was the subject of a musical entitled \"Corbyn the Musical: The Motorcycle Diaries\", written by journalists Rupert Myers and Bobby Friedman. In 2017 the American magazine \"Foreign Policy\" named Corbyn in its Top 100 Global Thinkers list for that year \"for inspiring a new generation to re-engage in politics\". In December 2017 he was one of three recipients awarded the Seán MacBride Peace Prize \"for his sustained and powerful political work for disarmament and peace\". The award was announced the previous September.</s><s>See also. - List of peace activists</s><s>Further reading. - Allen, Peter. \"Political science, punditry, and the Corbyn problem\". \"British Politics\" 15.1 (2020): 69–87 online. - Bolton, Matthew. \"Conceptual V"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": "andalism, Historical Distortion: The Labour Antisemitism Crisis and the Limits of Class Instrumentalism\". \"Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism\" 3.2 (2020) online. - Bolton, Matt, and Frederick Harry Pitts, eds. \"Corbynism: A Critical Approach\" (Bingley: Emerald, 2018). - Bower, Tom. \"Dangerous Hero: Corbyn's Ruthless Plot for Power\" (2019) - Cammaerts, Bart, Brooks DeCillia, and João Carlos Magalhães. \"Journalistic transgressions in the representation of Jeremy Corbyn: From watchdog to attackdog\". \"Journalism\" 21.2 (2020): 191–208 online. - Cawthorne, Nigel. \"Jeremy Corbyn: Leading from the Left\". CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015 - - Gilbert, W. Stephen. \"\". London: Eyeware Publishing Ltd (Squint Books series), 2015.. - Hedges, Paul, and Luca Farrow. \"UK Elections: Jeremy Corbyn, Anti-Semitism, and Islamophobia\". \"RSIS Commentaries\" (2 January 2020) online. - - Manwaring, Rob, and Evan Smith. \"Corbyn"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": ", British labour and policy change\". \"British Politics\" 15.1 (2020): 25–47 online. - Mueller, Frank, Andrea Whittle, and Gyuzel Gadelshina. \"The discursive construction of authenticity: The case of Jeremy Corbyn\". \"Discourse, Context & Media\" 31 (2019): 100324 online. - Prince, Rosa. \"Comrade Corbyn: A Very Unlikely Coup: How Jeremy Corbyn Stormed to the Labour Leadership\" (Biteback Publishing, 2016) - Seymour, Richard. \"Corbyn: The Strange Rebirth of Radical Politics\". Verso Books, 2016. - Sinha, Paresha, Owain Smolović Jones, and Brigid Carroll. \"Theorizing dramaturgical resistance leadership from the leadership campaigns of Jeremy Corbyn\". \"Human Relations\" (2019): 0018726719887310. online - Watts, Jake, and Tim Bale. \"Populism as an intra-party phenomenon: The British Labour party under Jeremy Corbyn\". \"British Journal of Politics and International Relations\" 21.1 (2019): 99–115 online - Whiteley, Paul and others. \"Oh Jeremy Corbyn! Why did Labour Party membership soar after the 2015 general election?\". \"British Journal of Politics"
},
{
"title": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"text": " and International Relations\" 21.1 (2019): 80–98. online</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Jeremy Corbyn",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000434
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Radja Nainggolan.
|
[
{
"title": "Radja Nainggolan",
"text": "<s>Radja Nainggolan Radja Nainggolan (born 4 May 1988) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club SPAL. Nicknamed \"Il Ninja\", he spent almost his entire professional career in Italy, representing Piacenza, Cagliari, Roma and Inter Milan. He made 367 appearances and scored 48 goals in Serie A, being named four consecutive times in its Team of the Year. A Belgium international for eight years, Nainggolan played 30 times for his country (scoring six goals) and represented it at Euro 2016.</s><s>Early life. Nainggolan was born in Antwerp, the son of Lizy Bogaerts, a Belgian of Flemish ethnicity who raised him with his three half brothers and his twin sister, and Marianus Nainggolan, an Indonesian of Batak background and member of the Batak Christian Protestant Church. He was raised in Kiel, a working-class and multicultural neighbourhood of the city. His father abandoned the family when Radja was still a child. Nainggolan's mother died in 2010, and after her death he tattooed two large wings on his back with her dates of birth and death. He was raised Roman Catholic and"
},
{
"title": "Radja Nainggolan",
"text": " speaks Dutch, English, French and Italian fluently.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Piacenza. Nainggolan began playing football with Tubantia Borgerhout at the age of 5. Seven years later he moved to the youth team of Germinal Beerschot, where he remained until 2005, when he moved to Italian Serie B club Piacenza. He made his senior debut on 28 May 2006 during a home defeat to Arezzo, being inserted permanently into the first team the following season. In the 2008–09 campaign, Nainggolan became a starter for the Emilia-Romagna side, playing 38 of 42 games and scoring three goals, which contributed to them avoiding relegation.</s><s>Club career.:Cagliari. On 27 January 2010, Nainggolan was loaned to Cagliari with a buyout clause. He made his Serie A debut on 7 February, playing seven minutes in a 3–0 away loss against Inter Milan. After making seven appearances (including being sent off a few minutes after entering the field on 28 February against Chievo), the club announced it had acquired 50% of his rights in a co-ownership deal. In the first part of 2010"
},
{
"title": "Radja Nainggolan",
"text": "–11, under manager Pierpaolo Bisoli, Nainggolan started often due to the absence of Daniele Conti. On 31 October 2010 he scored his first goal in the Italian top division, from a right-footed volley in a 2–0 home win over Bologna. On 31 January 2011, Cagliari redeemed the second half of his contract from Piacenza. In early October 2013, after three seasons as an undisputed first-choice, Nainggolan agreed to an extension until 2016. His performances with the \"Rossoblu\" made him especially popular among their fans, who named him in a top 11 list comprising the best players in the history of the Sardinian club.</s><s>Club career.:Roma. On 7 January 2014, Nainggolan was loaned to fellow top-flight team Roma until the end of the campaign for a fee of €3 million, with an option to purchase 50% of his rights in the ensuing summer for €6 million. He made his debut two days later, starting in a 1–0 home victory over Sampdoria for the Coppa Italia which qualified for the quarter-finals. In the same competition, he also helped dispose of Juventus in said stage"
},
{
"title": "Radja Nainggolan",
"text": " by playing the full 90 minutes at the end of the month. On 22 February 2014, Nainggolan scored his first goal for the capital side, grabbing the 1–0 winner against Bologna. His second, which arrived on 19 April against Fiorentina (same result) ensured his team automatic qualification to the UEFA Champions League. Nainggolan signed a permanent deal with Roma in the 2015 off-season, for €9 million. On 6 July 2016 he renewed his contract until June 2020, extending it a further year the following summer.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan. On 26 June 2018, Nainggolan signed with Inter Milan for €38 million (€24 million plus Davide Santon and Nicolò Zaniolo, valued at €14 million) until June 2022. He scored in his league debut on 1 September, helping the visitors defeat Bologna 3–0, and just over a month later he netted the equaliser in a 2–1 comeback win at PSV in the Champions League group stage to become the first-ever Belgian to score for the club in the competition. In August 2019, Nainggolan returned to Cagliari on a season-long loan. He was named the league's"
},
{
"title": "Radja Nainggolan",
"text": " MVP for November, with two long-range goals and three assists in three matches to help his team to reach fourth place. Nainggolan returned to the Sardegna Arena on 31 December 2020, again on loan.</s><s>Club career.:Antwerp. On 10 August 2021, Inter Milan announced that Nainggolan's contract with the club had been terminated by mutual consent; four days later, the 33-year-old signed a two-year deal with Antwerp. He made his debut in his country's First Division on 22 September, starting in the 4–2 home victory against Genk. His first goal in the competition was the game's only away to neighbours Beerschot on 5 December, and he dedicated the goal to his late mother whose honour had been insulted by the local fans. On 17 October 2022, Nainggolan was suspended indefinitely by Antwerp after being arrested for driving with an expired driver's licence and later smoking an electronic cigarette on the bench ahead of a 3–0 loss at Standard Liége. In December, he left by mutual consent.</s><s>Club career.:SPAL. After weeks of speculation, on 30 January 2023 Nainggolan officially joined Italian second-tier club SPAL"
},
{
"title": "Radja Nainggolan",
"text": ", coached by former Roma team-mate and friend Daniele De Rossi, on a free transfer, signing a five-month contract with an option for one more season in case of promotion.</s><s>International career. Due to his father's heritage, Nainggolan was eligible to represent both Indonesia and Belgium, but ultimately chose to play for the latter nation. He took part at the 2007–09 International Challenge Trophy finals, a tournament which the under-23 team won. Nainggolan earned his first senior cap on 29 May 2009, against Chile in the Kirin Cup. He scored his first goal for the \"Red Devils\" on 5 March 2014, in a 2–2 friendly draw with Côte d'Ivoire. On 13 May 2014, Nainggolan was selected in a standby list for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He did not make the final cut, however. Nainggolan was a starter for the Marc Wilmots-led side during the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying campaign. He scored in an away draw with Bosnia and Herzegovina, and a 4–1 win in Andorra as the team qualified for the tournament for the first time in 16 years. Nainggolan was selected to the finals in"
},
{
"title": "Radja Nainggolan",
"text": " France. He made his debut in the tournament on 13 June, playing 62 minutes in a 2–0 loss against Italy. After featuring as a second-half substitute in the second game, a 3–0 defeat of the Republic of Ireland, he returned to the starting XI against Sweden, scoring the game's only goal at the Stade de Nice after a counter-attack to send his country to the knockout stage as second; in the quarter-finals, he netted from 25 metres to put his country ahead against Wales after 12 minutes, but in an eventual 3–1 loss. On 26 August 2017, aged 29, Nainggolan announced that he would be retiring from international football after not being selected for Belgium's upcoming World Cup qualifiers, and stated that he would be focusing on his club career with Roma. However, he was selected by new manager Roberto Martínez for friendlies against Mexico and Japan in November, only to pull out due to injury. On 21 May 2018, after once again not being picked for the upcoming World Cup in Russia, Nainggolan retired from the international scene.</s><s>Style of play. Considered by many experts to be one of the best and most complete midfielders in Europe, due to his ability to aid his"
},
{
"title": "Radja Nainggolan",
"text": " team both offensively and defensively, Nainggolan is a quick, dynamic, hard-working, physically strong and versatile midfielder, who is capable of playing in several midfield positions; possessing good vision, passing range, and technique, he is often used as a playmaker in front of his team's defensive line. He is also known for his attacking drive, ability to get forward and eye for goal from midfield, courtesy of his powerful and accurate striking ability from distance, as well as his movement and ability to make late attacking runs off the ball; his talent, energy, skill, and wide range of attributes led to him being used in a more offensive role as an advanced playmaker behind the two forwards during his time with Cagliari. Due to his pace, stamina, tenacity and aggressive tackling, as well as his willingness and ability to chase down and press opponents off the ball, Nainggolan is also a good ball-winner, and has frequently been used in a box-to-box role; he is also capable of playing as a winger. After his move to Roma, he was mainly deployed as a central or defensive midfielder in a 4–3–3 formation or in the \"mezzala\" role, and on occasion even as a"
},
{
"title": "Radja Nainggolan",
"text": " right-back; following the arrival of Luciano Spalletti, however, he returned to playing in a more advanced role as an attacking midfielder or second striker in a 4–2–3–1 or a 3–4–2–1 formation. He has also been used in a more central or attacking role on occasion, or even as a false attacking midfielder. In addition to his footballing abilities, Nainggolan has also been praised for his leadership in the media, although he has also drawn criticism for his difficult character and his involvement in several controversial incidents off the pitch.</s><s>Outside of football.</s><s>Outside of football.:Personal life. Nainggolan married Claudia Lai, with the couple being parents to daughters Aysha (b. 2012) and Mailey (b. 2016). His twin sister, Riana, is also a footballer; she is openly lesbian and he spoke out against homophobia. On 10 July 2019, Lai confirmed in an Instagram post that she had been diagnosed with cancer and would begin chemotherapy treatment.</s><s>Outside of football.:Controversy. Nainggolan smoked cigarettes during his playing career. On New Year's Eve 2018, he became the subject of strong controversy in Italy after he posted a video"
},
{
"title": "Radja Nainggolan",
"text": " on Instagram cursing, drinking alcohol and smoking.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Honours. Inter Milan - Serie A: 2020–21 Individual - Serie A Team of the Year: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18 - A.S. Roma Player of the Season: 2016–17 - Serie A Player of the Month: November 2019</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Radja Nainggolan",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000435
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Winston Churchill.
|
[
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": "<s>Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and again from 1951 to 1955. Apart from two years between 1922 and 1924, he was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1900 to 1964 and represented a total of five constituencies. Ideologically an economic liberal and imperialist, he was for most of his career a member of the Conservative Party, which he led from 1940 to 1955. He was a member of the Liberal Party from 1904 to 1924. Of mixed English and American parentage, Churchill was born in Oxfordshire to a wealthy, aristocratic family. He joined the British Army in 1895 and saw action in British India, the Anglo-Sudan War, and the Second Boer War, gaining fame as a war correspondent and writing books about his campaigns. Elected a Conservative MP in 1900, he defected to the Liberals in 1904. In H. H. Asquith's Liberal government, Churchill served as President of the Board of Trade and Home Secretary, championing prison reform and workers' social security. As First Lord of the Admiralty during the First World"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " War, he oversaw the Gallipoli Campaign but, after it proved a disaster, he was demoted to Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. He resigned in November 1915 and joined the Royal Scots Fusiliers on the Western Front for six months. In 1917, he returned to government under David Lloyd George and served successively as Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War, Secretary of State for Air, and Secretary of State for the Colonies, overseeing the Anglo-Irish Treaty and British foreign policy in the Middle East. After two years out of Parliament, he served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in Stanley Baldwin's Conservative government, returning the pound sterling in 1925 to the gold standard at its pre-war parity, a move widely seen as creating deflationary pressure and depressing the UK economy. Out of government during his so-called \"wilderness years\" in the 1930s, Churchill took the lead in calling for British rearmament to counter the growing threat of militarism in Nazi Germany. At the outbreak of the Second World War he was re-appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. In May 1940, he became Prime Minister, succeeding Neville Chamberlain. Churchill formed a national government and oversaw British involvement in the Allied war effort against the Axis"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " powers, resulting in victory in 1945. After the Conservatives' defeat in the 1945 general election, he became Leader of the Opposition. Amid the developing Cold War with the Soviet Union, he publicly warned of an \"iron curtain\" of Soviet influence in Europe and promoted European unity. Between his terms as Prime Minister, he wrote several books recounting his experience during the war. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953. He lost the 1950 election, but was returned to office in 1951. His second term was preoccupied with foreign affairs, especially Anglo-American relations and preservation of what remained of the British Empire with India now no longer part of it. Domestically, his government emphasised housebuilding and completed the development of a nuclear weapon (begun by his predecessor). In declining health, Churchill resigned as Prime Minister in 1955, remaining an MP until 1964. Upon his death in 1965, he was given a state funeral. Widely considered one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Churchill remains popular in the Anglosphere, where he is seen as a victorious wartime leader who played an important role in defending Europe's liberal democracy against the spread of fascism. He has been criticised for some wartime events and also for his imperialist views.</s><s>Early"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " life.</s><s>Early life.:Childhood and schooling: 1874–1895. Churchill was born on 30 November 1874 at his family's ancestral home, Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire. On his father's side, he was a member of the British aristocracy as a direct descendant of the 1st Duke of Marlborough. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, representing the Conservative Party, had been elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Woodstock in 1874. His mother, Jennie, was a daughter of Leonard Jerome, a wealthy American businessman. In 1876, Churchill's paternal grandfather, John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough, was appointed Viceroy of Ireland, then part of the United Kingdom. Randolph became his private secretary and the family relocated to Dublin. Winston's brother, Jack, was born there in 1880. Throughout much of the 1880s, Randolph and Jennie were effectively estranged, and the brothers were mostly cared for by their nanny, Elizabeth Everest. When she died in 1895, Churchill wrote that \"she had been my dearest and most intimate friend during the whole of the twenty years I had lived\". Churchill began boarding at St George's School in Ascot, Berkshire, at age seven but"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " was not academic and his behaviour was poor. In 1884 he transferred to Brunswick School in Hove, where his academic performance improved. In April 1888, aged 13, he narrowly passed the entrance exam for Harrow School. His father wanted him to prepare for a military career and so his last three years at Harrow were in the army form. After two unsuccessful attempts to gain admittance to the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, he succeeded on his third. He was accepted as a cadet in the cavalry, starting in September 1893. His father died in January 1895, a month after Churchill graduated from Sandhurst.</s><s>Early life.:Cuba, India, and Sudan: 1895–1899. In February 1895, Churchill was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 4th Queen's Own Hussars regiment of the British Army, based at Aldershot. Eager to witness military action, he used his mother's influence to get himself posted to a war zone. In the autumn of 1895, he and his friend Reggie Barnes, then a subaltern, went to Cuba to observe the war of independence and became involved in skirmishes after joining Spanish troops attempting to suppress independence fighters. Churchill sent reports about the conflict to the \"Daily Graphic\" in London. He"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " proceeded to New York City and, in admiration of the United States, wrote to his mother about \"what an extraordinary people the Americans are!\". With the Hussars, he went to Bombay in October 1896. Based in Bangalore, he was in India for 19 months, visiting Calcutta three times and joining expeditions to Hyderabad and the North West Frontier. In India, Churchill began a self-education project, reading a range of authors including Plato, Edward Gibbon, Charles Darwin and Thomas Babington Macaulay. The books were sent to him by his mother, with whom he shared frequent correspondence when abroad. In order to learn about politics, he also asked his mother to send him copies of \"The Annual Register\", the political almanac. In one 1898 letter to her, he referred to his religious beliefs, saying: \"I do not accept the Christian or any other form of religious belief\". Churchill had been christened in the Church of England but, as he related later, he underwent a virulently anti-Christian phase in his youth, and as an adult was an agnostic. In another letter to one of his cousins, he referred to religion as \"a delicious narcotic\" and expressed a preference for Protestantism over Roman Catholicism because he felt it"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " \"a step nearer Reason\". Interested in British parliamentary affairs, he declared himself \"a Liberal in all but name\", adding that he could never endorse the Liberal Party's support for Irish home rule. Instead, he allied himself to the Tory democracy wing of the Conservative Party and on a visit home, gave his first public speech for the party's Primrose League at Claverton Down, near Bath. Mixing reformist and conservative perspectives, he supported the promotion of secular, non-denominational education while opposing women's suffrage. Churchill volunteered to join Bindon Blood's Malakand Field Force in its campaign against Mohmand rebels in the Swat Valley of north-west India. Blood accepted him on condition that he was assigned as a journalist, the beginning of Churchill's writing career. He returned to Bangalore in October 1897 and there wrote his first book, \"The Story of the Malakand Field Force\", which received positive reviews. He also wrote his only work of fiction, \"Savrola\", a Ruritanian romance. To keep himself fully occupied, Churchill embraced writing as what Roy Jenkins calls his \"whole habit\", especially through his political career when he was out of office. Writing was his main safeguard against recurring depression, which he referred"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " to as his \"black dog\". Using his contacts in London, Churchill got himself attached to General Kitchener's campaign in the Sudan as a 21st Lancers subaltern while, additionally, working as a journalist for \"The Morning Post\". After fighting in the Battle of Omdurman on 2 September 1898, the 21st Lancers were stood down. In October, Churchill returned to England and began writing \"The River War\", an account of the campaign which was published in November 1899; it was at this time that he decided to leave the army. He was critical of Kitchener's actions during the war, particularly the latter's unmerciful treatment of enemy wounded and his desecration of Muhammad Ahmad's tomb in Omdurman. On 2 December 1898, Churchill embarked for India to settle his military business and complete his resignation from the 4th Hussars. He spent a lot of his time there playing polo, the only ball sport in which he was ever interested. Having left the Hussars, he sailed from Bombay on 20 March 1899, determined to launch a career in politics.</s><s>Early life.:Politics and South Africa: 1899–1901. Seeking a parliamentary career, Churchill spoke at Conservative meetings and was selected as one of the party"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": "'s two parliamentary candidates for the June 1899 by-election in Oldham, Lancashire. While campaigning in Oldham, Churchill referred to himself as \"a Conservative and a Tory Democrat\". Although the Oldham seats had previously been held by the Conservatives, the result was a narrow Liberal victory. Anticipating the outbreak of the Second Boer War between Britain and the Boer Republics, Churchill sailed to South Africa as a journalist for the \"Morning Post\" under the editorship of James Nicol Dunn. In October, he travelled to the conflict zone near Ladysmith, then besieged by Boer troops, before heading for Colenso. After his train was derailed by Boer artillery shelling, he was captured as a prisoner of war (POW) and interned in a Boer POW camp in Pretoria. In December, Churchill escaped from the prison and evaded his captors by stowing away aboard freight trains and hiding in a mine. He eventually made it to safety in Portuguese East Africa. His escape attracted much publicity. In January 1900, he briefly rejoined the army as a lieutenant in the South African Light Horse regiment, joining Redvers Buller's fight to relieve the Siege of Ladysmith and take Pretoria. He was among the first"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " British troops into both places. He and his cousin, the 9th Duke of Marlborough, demanded and received the surrender of 52 Boer prison camp guards. Throughout the war, he had publicly chastised anti-Boer prejudices, calling for them to be treated with \"generosity and tolerance\", and after the war he urged the British to be magnanimous in victory. In July, having resigned his lieutenancy, he returned to Britain. His \"Morning Post\" despatches had been published as \"London to Ladysmith via Pretoria\" and had sold well. Churchill rented a flat in London's Mayfair, using it as his base for the next six years. He stood again as one of the Conservative candidates at Oldham in the October 1900 general election, securing a narrow victory to become a Member of Parliament at age 25. In the same month, he published \"Ian Hamilton's March\", a book about his South African experiences, which became the focus of a lecture tour in November through Britain, America and Canada. Members of Parliament were unpaid and the tour was a financial necessity. In America, Churchill met Mark Twain, President McKinley and Vice President Theodore Roosevelt; he did not get on well with Roosevelt. Later, in spring 1901, he"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " gave more lectures in Paris, Madrid and Gibraltar.</s><s>Early life.:Conservative MP: 1901–1904. In February 1901, Churchill took his seat in the House of Commons, where his maiden speech gained widespread press coverage. He associated with a group of Conservatives known as the Hughligans, but he was critical of the Conservative government on various issues, especially increases in army funding. He believed that additional military expenditure should go to the navy. This upset the Conservative front bench but was supported by Liberals, with whom he increasingly socialised, particularly Liberal Imperialists like H. H. Asquith. In this context, Churchill later wrote that he \"drifted steadily to the left\" of parliamentary politics. He privately considered \"the gradual creation by an evolutionary process of a Democratic or Progressive wing to the Conservative Party\", or alternately a \"Central Party\" to unite the Conservatives and Liberals. By 1903, there was real division between Churchill and the Conservatives, largely because he opposed their promotion of economic protectionism. As a free trader, he took part in the foundation of the Free Food League. Churchill sensed that the animosity of many party members would prevent him from gaining a Cabinet position under a Conservative government. The Liberal Party was then attracting growing support, and so his def"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": "ection in 1904 may also have been influenced by personal ambition. He increasingly voted with the Liberals against the government. For example, he opposed an increase in military expenditure; he supported a Liberal bill to restore legal rights to trade unions; and he opposed the introduction of tariffs on goods imported into the British Empire, describing himself as a \"sober admirer\" of the principles of free trade. Arthur Balfour's government announced protectionist legislation in October 1903. Two months later, incensed by Churchill's criticism of the government, the Oldham Conservative Association informed him that it would not support his candidature at the next general election. In May 1904, Churchill opposed the government's proposed Aliens Bill, designed to curb Jewish migration into Britain. He stated that the bill would \"appeal to insular prejudice against foreigners, to racial prejudice against Jews, and to labour prejudice against competition\" and expressed himself in favour of \"the old tolerant and generous practice of free entry and asylum to which this country has so long adhered and from which it has so greatly gained\". On 31 May 1904, he crossed the floor, defecting from the Conservatives to sit as a member of the Liberal Party in the House of Commons.</s><s>Liberal MP: 1904–1908. As a Liberal"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": ", Churchill attacked government policy and gained a reputation as a radical under the influences of John Morley and David Lloyd George. In December 1905, Balfour resigned as Prime Minister and King Edward VII invited the Liberal leader Henry Campbell-Bannerman to take his place. Hoping to secure a working majority in the House of Commons, Campbell-Bannerman called a general election in January 1906, which the Liberals won. Churchill won the Manchester North West seat. In the same month, his biography of his father was published; he received an advance payment of £8,000. It was generally well received. It was also at this time that the first biography of Churchill himself, written by the Liberal Alexander MacCallum Scott, was published. In the new government, Churchill became Under-Secretary of State for the Colonial Office, a junior ministerial position that he had requested. He worked beneath the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin, and took Edward Marsh as his secretary; Marsh remained Churchill's secretary for 25 years. Churchill's first task was helping to draft a constitution for the Transvaal; and he helped oversee the formation of a government in the Orange River Colony. In dealing with southern Africa, he sought to"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " ensure equality between the British and the Boers. He also announced a gradual phasing out of the use of Chinese indentured labourers in South Africa; he and the government decided that a sudden ban would cause too much upset in the colony and might damage the economy. He expressed concerns about the relations between European settlers and the black African population; after the Zulu launched their Bambatha Rebellion in Natal, Churchill complained about the \"disgusting butchery of the natives\" by Europeans.</s><s>Asquith government: 1908–1915.</s><s>Asquith government: 1908–1915.:President of the Board of Trade: 1908–1910. Asquith succeeded the terminally ill Campbell-Bannerman on 8 April 1908 and, four days later, Churchill was appointed President of the Board of Trade, succeeding Lloyd George who became Chancellor of the Exchequer. Aged 33, Churchill was the youngest Cabinet member since 1866. Newly appointed Cabinet ministers were legally obliged to seek re-election at a by-election and on 24 April, Churchill lost the Manchester North West by-election to the Conservative candidate by 429 votes. On 9 May, the Liberals stood him in the safe seat of Dundee, where he won comfortably. In"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " private life, Churchill proposed marriage to Clementine Hozier; they were married on 12 September 1908 at St Margaret's, Westminster and honeymooned in Baveno, Venice, and Veverí Castle in Moravia. They lived at 33 Eccleston Square, London, and their first daughter, Diana, was born in July 1909. Churchill and Clementine were married for over 56 years until his death. The success of his marriage was important to Churchill's career as Clementine's unbroken affection provided him with a secure and happy background. One of Churchill's first tasks as a minister was to arbitrate in an industrial dispute among ship-workers and employers on the River Tyne. He afterwards established a Standing Court of Arbitration to deal with future industrial disputes, establishing a reputation as a conciliator. In Cabinet, he worked with Lloyd George to champion social reform. He promoted what he called a \"network of State intervention and regulation\" akin to that in Germany. Continuing Lloyd George's work, Churchill introduced the Mines Eight Hours Bill, which legally prohibited miners from working more than an eight-hour day. He introduced the Trade Boards Bill, creating Trade Boards which could prosecute exploitative employers. Passing with a large majority, it established the principle of a minimum"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " wage and the right of workers to have meal breaks. In May 1909, he proposed the Labour Exchanges Bill to establish over 200 Labour Exchanges through which the unemployed would be assisted in finding employment. He also promoted the idea of an unemployment insurance scheme, which would be part-funded by the state. To ensure funding for their reforms, Lloyd George and Churchill denounced Reginald McKenna's policy of naval expansion, refusing to believe that war with Germany was inevitable. As Chancellor, Lloyd George presented his \"People's Budget\" on 29 April 1909, calling it a war budget to eliminate poverty. With Churchill as his closest ally, Lloyd George proposed unprecedented taxes on the rich to fund the Liberal welfare programmes. The budget was vetoed by the Conservative peers who dominated the House of Lords. His social reforms under threat, Churchill became president of the Budget League, and warned that upper-class obstruction could anger working-class Britons and lead to class war. The government called the January 1910 general election, which resulted in a narrow Liberal victory; Churchill retained his seat at Dundee. After the election, he proposed the abolition of the House of Lords in a cabinet memorandum, suggesting that it be succeeded either by a unicameral system or by a new, smaller second chamber that lacked an in"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": "-built advantage for the Conservatives. In April, the Lords relented and the People's Budget passed into law. Churchill continued to campaign against the House of Lords and assisted passage of the Parliament Act 1911 which reduced and restricted its powers.</s><s>Asquith government: 1908–1915.:Home Secretary: 1910–1911. In February 1910, Churchill was promoted to Home Secretary, giving him control over the police and prison services; he implemented a prison reform programme. Measures included a distinction between criminal and political prisoners, with prison rules for the latter being relaxed. There were educational innovations like the establishment of libraries for prisoners, and a requirement for each prison to stage entertainments four times a year. The rules on solitary confinement were relaxed somewhat, and Churchill proposed the abolition of automatic imprisonment of those who failed to pay fines. Imprisonment of people aged between 16 and 21 was abolished except for the most serious offences. Churchill commuted 21 of the 43 capital sentences passed while he was Home Secretary. One of the major domestic issues in Britain was women's suffrage. Churchill supported giving women the vote, but he would only back a bill to that effect if it had majority support from the (male) electorate. His proposed solution was a referendum on the issue, but this"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " found no favour with Asquith and women's suffrage remained unresolved until 1918. Many suffragettes believed that Churchill was a committed opponent of women's suffrage, and targeted his meetings for protest. In November 1910, the suffragist Hugh Franklin attacked Churchill with a whip; Franklin was arrested and imprisoned for six weeks. In the summer of 1910, Churchill had to deal with the Tonypandy Riot, in which coal miners in the Rhondda Valley violently protested against their working conditions. The Chief Constable of Glamorgan requested troops to help police quell the rioting. Churchill, learning that the troops were already travelling, allowed them to go as far as Swindon and Cardiff, but blocked their deployment; he was concerned that the use of troops could lead to bloodshed. Instead he sent 270 London police, who were not equipped with firearms, to assist their Welsh counterparts. As the riots continued, he offered the protesters an interview with the government's chief industrial arbitrator, which they accepted. Privately, Churchill regarded both the mine owners and striking miners as being \"very unreasonable\". \"The Times\" and other media outlets accused him of being too soft on the rioters; in contrast, many in the Labour Party, which was linked to the trade unions"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": ", regarded him as having been too heavy-handed. In consequence of the latter, Churchill incurred the long-term suspicion of the labour movement. Asquith called a general election in December 1910 and the Liberals were re-elected with Churchill secure in Dundee. In January 1911, Churchill became involved in the Siege of Sidney Street; three Latvian burglars had killed several police officers and hidden in a house in London's East End, which was surrounded by police. Churchill stood with the police though he did not direct their operation. After the house caught fire, he told the fire brigade not to proceed into the house because of the threat posed by the armed men. Afterwards, two of the burglars were found dead. Although he faced criticism for his decision, he stated that he \"thought it better to let the house burn down rather than spend good British lives in rescuing those ferocious rascals\". In March 1911, Churchill introduced the second reading of the Coal Mines Bill in parliament. When implemented, it imposed stricter safety standards at coal mines. He also formulated the Shops Bill to improve the working conditions of shop workers; it faced opposition from shop owners and only passed into law in a much emasculated form. In April, Lloyd George introduced the first health and"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " unemployment insurance legislation, the National Insurance Act 1911; Churchill had been instrumental in drafting it. In May, Clementine gave birth to their second child, Randolph, named after Churchill's father. In response to escalating civil strife in 1911, Churchill sent troops into Liverpool to quell protesting dockers and rallied against a national railway strike. During the Agadir Crisis of April 1911, when there was a threat of war between France and Germany, Churchill suggested an alliance with France and Russia to safeguard the independence of Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands to counter possible German expansionism. The Agadir Crisis had a profound effect on Churchill and he altered his views about the need for naval expansion.</s><s>Asquith government: 1908–1915.:First Lord of the Admiralty. In October 1911, Asquith appointed Churchill First Lord of the Admiralty, and he took up official residence at Admiralty House. He created a naval war staff and, over the next two and a half years, focused on naval preparation, visiting naval stations and dockyards, seeking to improve morale, and scrutinising German naval developments. After the German government passed its 1912 Naval Law to increase warship production, Churchill vowed that Britain would do the same and that for every new battleship built by"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " the Germans, Britain would build two. He invited Germany to engage in a mutual de-escalation of naval building projects, but this was refused. Churchill pushed for higher pay and greater recreational facilities for naval staff, an increase in the building of submarines, and a renewed focus on the Royal Naval Air Service, encouraging them to experiment with how aircraft could be used for military purposes. He coined the term \"seaplane\" and ordered 100 to be constructed. Some Liberals objected to his levels of naval expenditure; in December 1913 he threatened to resign if his proposal for four new battleships in 1914–15 was rejected. In June 1914, he convinced the House of Commons to authorise the government purchase of a 51 percent share in the profits of oil produced by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, to secure continued oil access for the Royal Navy. The central issue in Britain at the time was Irish Home Rule and, in 1912, Asquith's government introduced the Home Rule Bill. Churchill supported it and urged Ulster Unionists to accept it as he opposed the partition of Ireland. Concerning the possibility of the Partition of Ireland, Churchill stated: \"Whatever Ulster's right may be, she cannot stand in the way of the whole of the rest of Ireland. Half a province"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " cannot impose a permanent veto on the nation. Half a province cannot obstruct forever the reconciliation between the British and Irish democracies\". Speaking in the House of Commons on 16 February 1922, Churchill said: \"What Irishmen all over the world most desire is not hostility against this country, but the unity of their own\". Later, following a Cabinet decision, he boosted the naval presence in Ireland to deal with any Unionist uprising. Seeking a compromise, Churchill suggested that Ireland remain part of a federal United Kingdom but this angered Liberals and Irish nationalists. As First Lord, Churchill was tasked with overseeing Britain's naval effort when the First World War began in August 1914. In the same month, the navy transported 120,000 British troops to France and began a blockade of Germany's North Sea ports. Churchill sent submarines to the Baltic Sea to assist the Russian Navy and he sent the Marine Brigade to Ostend, forcing a reallocation of German troops. In September, Churchill assumed full responsibility for Britain's aerial defence. On 7 October, Clementine gave birth to their third child, Sarah. In October, Churchill visited Antwerp to observe Belgian defences against the besieging Germans and promised British reinforcements for the city. Soon afterwards, however, Antwerp fell to the Germans and Churchill was criticised"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " in the press. He maintained that his actions had prolonged resistance and enabled the Allies to secure Calais and Dunkirk. In November, Asquith called a War Council, consisting of himself, Lloyd George, Edward Grey, Kitchener, and Churchill. Churchill set the development of the tank on the right track, and financed its creation with Admiralty funds. Churchill was interested in the Middle Eastern theatre and wanted to relieve Turkish pressure on the Russians in the Caucasus by staging attacks against Turkey in the Dardanelles. He hoped that, if successful, the British could even seize Constantinople. Approval was given and, in March 1915, an Anglo-French task force attempted a naval bombardment of Turkish defences in the Dardanelles. In April, the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, including the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), began its assault at Gallipoli. Both campaigns failed and Churchill was held by many MPs, particularly Conservatives, to be personally responsible. In May, Asquith agreed under parliamentary pressure to form an all-party coalition government, but the Conservatives' one condition of entry was that Churchill must be removed from the Admiralty. Churchill pleaded his case with both Asquith and Conservative leader Bonar Law, but had to accept"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " demotion and became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.</s><s>Military service, 1915–1916. On 25 November 1915, Churchill resigned from the government, although he remained an MP. Asquith rejected his request to be appointed Governor-General of British East Africa. Churchill decided to join the Army and was attached to the 2nd Grenadier Guards, on the Western Front. In January 1916, he was temporarily promoted to lieutenant-colonel and given command of the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers. After a period of training, the battalion was moved to a sector of the Belgian Front near Ploegsteert. For over three months, they faced continual shelling although no German offensive. Churchill narrowly escaped death when, during a visit by his staff officer cousin the 9th Duke of Marlborough, a large piece of shrapnel fell between them. In May, the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers were merged into the 15th Division. Churchill did not request a new command, instead securing permission to leave active service. His temporary promotion ended on 16 May 1916, when he returned to the rank of major. Back in the House of Commons, Churchill spoke out on war issues, calling for conscription to be extended to the Irish,"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " greater recognition of soldiers' bravery, and for the introduction of steel helmets for troops. It was in November 1916 that he penned \"The greater application of mechanical power to the prosecution of an offensive on land\", but it fell on deaf ears. He was frustrated at being out of office as a backbencher, but he was repeatedly blamed for Gallipoli, mainly by the pro-Conservative press. Churchill argued his case before the Dardanelles Commission, whose published report placed no blame on him personally for the campaign's failure.</s><s>Lloyd George government: 1916–1922.</s><s>Lloyd George government: 1916–1922.:Minister of Munitions: 1917–1919. In October 1916, Asquith resigned as Prime Minister and was succeeded by Lloyd George who, in May 1917, sent Churchill to inspect the French war effort. In July, Churchill was appointed Minister of Munitions. He quickly negotiated an end to a strike in munitions factories along the Clyde and increased munitions production. It was in his October 1917 letter to the attention of his Cabinet colleagues that he penned the plan of attack for the next year that would bring final victory to the Allies. He ended a second strike, in June 1918, by threatening to conscript"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " strikers into the army. In the House of Commons, Churchill voted in support of the Representation of the People Act 1918, which gave some British women the right to vote. In November 1918, four days after the Armistice, Churchill's fourth child, Marigold, was born.</s><s>Lloyd George government: 1916–1922.:Secretary of State for War and Air: 1919–1921. With the war over, Lloyd George called a general election with voting on Saturday, 14 December 1918. During the election campaign, Churchill called for the nationalisation of the railways, a control on monopolies, tax reform, and the creation of a League of Nations to prevent future wars. He was returned as MP for Dundee and, although the Conservatives won a majority, Lloyd George was retained as Prime Minister. In January 1919, Lloyd George moved Churchill to the War Office as both Secretary of State for War and Secretary of State for Air. Churchill was responsible for demobilising the British Army, although he convinced Lloyd George to keep a million men conscripted for the British Army of the Rhine. Churchill was one of the few government figures who opposed harsh measures against the defeated Germany, and he cautioned against demobilising the German Army, warning that"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " they may be needed as a bulwark against threats from the newly established Soviet Russia. He was an outspoken opponent of Vladimir Lenin's new Communist Party government in Russia. He initially supported the use of British troops to assist the anti-Communist White forces in the Russian Civil War, but soon recognised the desire of the British people to bring them home. After the Soviets won the civil war, Churchill proposed a \"cordon sanitaire\" around the country. In the Irish War of Independence, he supported the use of the para-military Black and Tans to combat Irish revolutionaries. After British troops in Iraq clashed with Kurdish rebels, Churchill authorised two squadrons to the area, proposing that they be equipped with mustard gas to be used to \"inflict punishment upon recalcitrant natives without inflicting grave injury upon them\", although this was never implemented. More broadly, he saw the occupation of Iraq as a drain on Britain and proposed, unsuccessfully, that the government should hand control of central and northern Iraq back to Turkey.</s><s>Lloyd George government: 1916–1922.:Secretary of State for the Colonies: 1921–1922. Churchill became Secretary of State for the Colonies in February 1921. The following month, the first exhibit of his paintings was held; it"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " took place in Paris, with Churchill exhibiting under a pseudonym. In May, his mother died; followed in August by his two-year-old daughter Marigold who succumbed to septicaemia. Marigold's death devastated her parents and Churchill was haunted by the tragedy for the rest of his life. Churchill was involved in negotiations with Sinn Féin leaders and helped draft the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Elsewhere, he was responsible for reducing the cost of occupying the Middle East, and was involved in the installations of Faisal I of Iraq and his brother Abdullah I of Jordan. Churchill travelled to Mandatory Palestine where, as a supporter of Zionism, he refused an Arab Palestinian petition to prohibit Jewish migration to Palestine. He did allow some temporary restrictions following the 1921 Jaffa riots. In September 1922, the Chanak Crisis erupted as Turkish forces threatened to occupy the Dardanelles neutral zone, which was policed by the British army based in Chanak (now Çanakkale). Churchill and Lloyd George favoured military resistance to any Turkish advance but the majority Conservatives in the coalition government opposed it. A political debacle ensued which resulted in the Conservative withdrawal from the government, precipitating the November 1922 general election. Also in September, Churchill's fifth"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " and last child, Mary, was born, and in the same month he purchased Chartwell, in Kent, which became his family home for the rest of his lifetime. In October 1922, he underwent an operation for appendicitis. While he was in hospital, Lloyd George's coalition was dissolved. In the general election, Churchill lost his Dundee seat to Edwin Scrymgeour, a prohibitionist candidate. Later, he wrote that he was \"without an office, without a seat, without a party, and without an appendix\". Still, he could be satisfied with his elevation as one of 50 Companions of Honour, as named in Lloyd George's 1922 Dissolution Honours list.</s><s>Out of Parliament: 1922–1924. Churchill spent much of the next six months at the Villa Rêve d'Or near Cannes, where he devoted himself to painting and writing his memoirs. He wrote an autobiographical history of the war, \"The World Crisis\". The first volume was published in April 1923 and the rest over the next ten years. After the 1923 general election was called, seven Liberal associations asked Churchill to stand as their candidate, and he selected Leicester West, but he did not win the seat. A Labour government led by Ramsay MacDonald"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " took power. Churchill had hoped they would be defeated by a Conservative-Liberal coalition. He strongly opposed the MacDonald government's decision to loan money to Soviet Russia and feared the signing of an Anglo-Soviet Treaty. On 19 March 1924, alienated by Liberal support for Labour, Churchill stood as an independent anti-socialist candidate in the Westminster Abbey by-election but was defeated. In May, he addressed a Conservative meeting in Liverpool and declared that there was no longer a place for the Liberal Party in British politics. He said that Liberals must back the Conservatives to stop Labour and ensure \"the successful defeat of socialism\". In July, he agreed with Conservative leader Stanley Baldwin that he would be selected as a Conservative candidate in the next general election, which was held on 29 October. Churchill stood at Epping, but he described himself as a \"Constitutionalist\". The Conservatives were victorious and Baldwin formed the new government. Although Churchill had no background in finance or economics, Baldwin appointed him as Chancellor of the Exchequer.</s><s>Chancellor of the Exchequer: 1924–1929. Becoming Chancellor on 6 November 1924, Churchill formally rejoined the Conservative Party. As Chancellor, he intended to pursue his free trade principles in the form of \"laissez-faire"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": "\" economics, as under the Liberal social reforms. In April 1925, he controversially albeit reluctantly restored the gold standard in his first budget at its 1914 parity against the advice of some leading economists including John Maynard Keynes. The return to gold is held to have caused deflation and resultant unemployment with a devastating impact on the coal industry. Churchill presented five budgets in all to April 1929. Among his measures were reduction of the state pension age from 70 to 65; immediate provision of widow's pensions; reduction of military expenditure; income tax reductions and imposition of taxes on luxury items. During the General Strike of 1926, Churchill edited the \"British Gazette\", the government's anti-strike propaganda newspaper. After the strike ended, he acted as an intermediary between striking miners and their employers. He later called for the introduction of a legally binding minimum wage. In early 1927, Churchill visited Rome where he met Mussolini, whom he praised for his stand against Leninism.</s><s>The \"Wilderness Years\": 1929–1939.</s><s>The \"Wilderness Years\": 1929–1939.:\"Marlborough\" and the India Question: 1929–1932. In the 1929 general election, Churchill retained his Epping seat but the Conservatives were defeated and MacDonald formed his second Labour government."
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " Out of office, Churchill was prone to depression (his \"black dog\") as he sensed his political talents being wasted and time passing him by – in all such times, writing provided the antidote. He began work on \"\", a four-volume biography of his ancestor John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. It was by this time that he had developed a reputation for being a heavy drinker of alcoholic beverages, although Jenkins believes that was often exaggerated. Hoping that the Labour government could be ousted, he gained Baldwin's approval to work towards establishing a Conservative-Liberal coalition, although many Liberals were reluctant. In October 1930, after his return from a trip to North America, Churchill published his autobiography, \"My Early Life\", which sold well and was translated into multiple languages. In January 1931, Churchill resigned from the Conservative Shadow Cabinet because Baldwin supported the decision of the Labour government to grant Dominion status to India. Churchill believed that enhanced home rule status would hasten calls for full independence. He was particularly opposed to Mohandas Gandhi, whom he considered \"a seditious Middle Temple lawyer, now posing as a fakir\". His views enraged Labour and Liberal opinion although he was supported by many grassroot Conservatives. The October 1931 general election was a landslide victory for"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " the Conservatives Churchill nearly doubled his majority in Epping, but he was not given a ministerial position. The Commons debated Dominion Status for India on 3 December and Churchill insisted on dividing the House, but this backfired as only 43 MPs supported him. He embarked on a lecture tour of North America, hoping to recoup financial losses sustained in the Wall Street Crash. On 13 December, he was crossing Fifth Avenue in New York City when he was knocked down by a car, suffering a head wound from which he developed neuritis. To further his convalescence, he and Clementine took ship to Nassau for three weeks but Churchill became depressed there about his financial and political losses. He returned to America in late January 1932 and completed most of his lectures before arriving home on 18 March. Having worked on \"Marlborough\" for much of 1932, Churchill in late August decided to visit his ancestor's battlefields. Staying at the Regina Hotel in Munich, he met Ernst Hanfstaengl, a friend of Hitler, who was then rising in prominence. Hanfstaengl tried to arrange a meeting between Churchill and Hitler, but Hitler was unenthusiastic: \"What on earth would I talk to him about?\" he asked. After Churchill raised concerns about"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " Hitler's anti-Semitism, Hitler did not come to the hotel that day or the next. Hitler allegedly told Hanfstaengl that Churchill was not in office and was of no consequence. Soon after visiting Blenheim, Churchill was afflicted with paratyphoid fever and spent two weeks at a sanatorium in Salzburg. He returned to Chartwell on 25 September, still working on \"Marlborough\". Two days later, he collapsed while walking in the grounds after a recurrence of paratyphoid which caused an ulcer to haemorrhage. He was taken to a London nursing home and remained there until late October.</s><s>The \"Wilderness Years\": 1929–1939.:Warnings about Germany and the abdication crisis: 1933–1936. After Hitler came to power on 30 January 1933, Churchill was quick to recognise the menace of such a regime and expressed alarm that the British government had reduced air force spending and warned that Germany would soon overtake Britain in air force production. Armed with official data provided clandestinely by two senior civil servants, Desmond Morton and Ralph Wigram, Churchill was able to speak with authority about what was happening in Germany, especially the development of the Luftwaffe. He"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " told the people of his concerns in a radio broadcast in November 1934, having earlier denounced the intolerance and militarism of Nazism in the House of Commons. While Churchill regarded Mussolini's regime as a bulwark against the perceived threat of communist revolution, he opposed the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, despite describing the country as a primitive, uncivilised nation. Writing about the Spanish Civil War, he referred to Franco's army as the \"anti-red movement\", but later became critical of Franco. Two of his nephews, Esmond and Giles Romilly, fought as volunteers in the International Brigades in defence of the legitimate Republican government. Between October 1933 and September 1938, the four volumes of \"Marlborough: His Life and Times\" were published and sold well. In December 1934, the India Bill entered Parliament and was passed in February 1935. Churchill and 83 other Conservative MPs voted against it. In June 1935, MacDonald resigned and was succeeded as Prime Minister by Baldwin. Baldwin then led the Conservatives to victory in the 1935 general election; Churchill retained his seat with an increased majority but was again left out of the government. In January 1936, Edward VIII succeeded his father, George V, as monarch. His desire to marry an American divorcee, Wall"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": "is Simpson, caused the abdication crisis. Churchill supported Edward and clashed with Baldwin on the issue. Afterwards, although Churchill immediately pledged loyalty to George VI, he wrote that the abdication was \"premature and probably quite unnecessary\".</s><s>The \"Wilderness Years\": 1929–1939.:Anti-appeasement: 1937–1939. In May 1937, Baldwin resigned and was succeeded as Prime Minister by Neville Chamberlain. At first, Churchill welcomed Chamberlain's appointment but, in February 1938, matters came to a head after Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden resigned over Chamberlain's appeasement of Mussolini, a policy which Chamberlain was extending towards Hitler. In 1938, Churchill warned the government against appeasement and called for collective action to deter German aggression. In March, the \"Evening Standard\" ceased publication of his fortnightly articles, but the \"Daily Telegraph\" published them instead. Following the German annexation of Austria, Churchill spoke in the House of Commons, declaring that \"the gravity of the events[…] cannot be exaggerated\"... He began calling for a mutual defence pact among European states threatened by German expansionism, arguing that this was the only way to halt Hitler. This was to no avail as, in September, Germany mobilised to invade the Sudet"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": "enland in Czechoslovakia. Churchill visited Chamberlain at Downing Street and urged him to tell Germany that Britain would declare war if the Germans invaded Czechoslovak territory; Chamberlain was not willing to do this. On 30 September, Chamberlain signed up to the Munich Agreement, agreeing to allow German annexation of the Sudetenland. Speaking in the House of Commons on 5 October, Churchill called the agreement \"a total and unmitigated defeat\". Following the final dismemberment of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, Churchill and his supporters called for the foundation of a national coalition. His popularity increased and people began to agitate for his return to office.</s><s>First Lord of the Admiralty: September 1939 to May 1940.</s><s>First Lord of the Admiralty: September 1939 to May 1940.:The Phoney War and the Norwegian Campaign. On 3 September 1939, the day Britain declared war on Germany, Chamberlain reappointed Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty and he joined Chamberlain's war cabinet. Churchill later claimed that the Board of the Admiralty sent a signal to the Fleet: \"Winston is back\". As First Lord, Churchill was one of the highest-profile ministers during the so-called \"Phoney War\", when the only significant action by British forces was"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " at sea. Churchill was ebullient after the Battle of the River Plate on 13 December 1939 and afterwards welcomed home the crews, congratulating them on \"a brilliant sea fight\" and saying that their actions in a cold, dark winter had \"warmed the cockles of the British heart\". On 16 February 1940, Churchill personally ordered Captain Philip Vian of the destroyer to board the German supply ship in Norwegian waters freeing 299 captured British merchant seamen who had been captured by the. These actions, supplemented by his speeches, considerably enhanced Churchill's reputation. He was concerned about German naval activity in the Baltic Sea and initially wanted to send a naval force there but this was soon changed to a plan, codenamed \"Operation Wilfred\", to mine Norwegian waters and stop iron ore shipments from Narvik to Germany. There were disagreements about mining, both in the war cabinet and with the French government. As a result, \"Wilfred\" was delayed until 8 April 1940, the day before the German invasion of Norway was launched.</s><s>First Lord of the Admiralty: September 1939 to May 1940.:The Norway Debate and Chamberlain's resignation. After the Allies failed to prevent the German occupation of Norway, the Commons held an open debate from 7 to 9 May on the government's"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " conduct of the war. This has come to be known as the Norway Debate and is renowned as one of the most significant events in parliamentary history. On the second day (Wednesday, 8 May), the Labour opposition called for a division which was in effect a vote of no confidence in Chamberlain's government. There was considerable support for Churchill on both sides of the House but, as a member of the government, he was obliged to speak on its behalf. He was called upon to wind up the debate, which placed him in the difficult position of having to defend the government without damaging his own prestige. Although the government won the vote, its majority was drastically reduced amid calls for a national government to be formed. In the early hours of 10 May, German forces invaded Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands as a prelude to their assault on France. Since the division vote, Chamberlain had been trying to form a coalition but Labour declared on the Friday afternoon that they would not serve under his leadership, although they would accept another Conservative. The only two candidates were Churchill and Lord Halifax, the Foreign Secretary. The matter had already been discussed at a meeting on the 9th between Chamberlain, Halifax, Churchill, and David Margesson, the government Chief Whip. Halifax admitted that he could not govern effectively"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " as a member of the House of Lords and so Chamberlain advised the King to send for Churchill, who became Prime Minister. Churchill later wrote of feeling a profound sense of relief in that he now had authority over the whole scene. He believed himself to be walking with destiny and that his life so far had been \"a preparation for this hour and for this trial\".</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941.:War ministry created. In May, Churchill was still generally unpopular with many Conservatives and probably most of the Labour Party. Chamberlain remained Conservative Party leader until October when ill health forced his resignation. By that time, Churchill had won the doubters over and his succession as party leader was a formality. He began his premiership by forming a five-man war cabinet which included Chamberlain as Lord President of the Council, Labour leader Clement Attlee as Lord Privy Seal (later as Deputy Prime Minister), Halifax as Foreign Secretary and Labour's Arthur Greenwood as a minister without portfolio. In practice, these five were augmented by the service chiefs and ministers who attended the majority"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " of meetings. The cabinet changed in size and membership as the war progressed, one of the key appointments being the leading trades unionist Ernest Bevin as Minister of Labour and National Service. In response to previous criticisms that there had been no clear single minister in charge of the prosecution of the war, Churchill created and assumed the additional position of Minister of Defence, making him the most powerful wartime Prime Minister in British history. He drafted outside experts into government to fulfil vital functions, especially on the Home Front. These included personal friends like Lord Beaverbrook and Frederick Lindemann, who became the government's scientific advisor.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941.:Resolve to fight on. At the end of May, with the British Expeditionary Force in retreat to Dunkirk and the Fall of France seemingly imminent, Halifax proposed that the government should explore the possibility of a negotiated peace settlement using the still-neutral Mussolini as an intermediary. There were several high-level meetings from 26 to 28 May, including two with the French premier Paul Reynaud. Churchill's resolve was to fight on, even if France capitulated, but his position remained precarious until Chamberlain resolved to support him. Churchill had the full support of the"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " two Labour members but knew he could not survive as Prime Minister if both Chamberlain and Halifax were against him. In the end, by gaining the support of his outer cabinet, Churchill outmanoeuvred Halifax and won Chamberlain over. Churchill believed that the only option was to fight on and his use of rhetoric hardened public opinion against a peaceful resolution and prepared the British people for a long war – Jenkins says Churchill's speeches were \"an inspiration for the nation, and a catharsis for Churchill himself\". Churchill succeeded as an orator despite being handicapped from childhood with a speech impediment. He had a lateral lisp and was unable to pronounce the letter \"s\", verbalising it with a slur. He worked hard on his pronunciation by repeating phrases designed to cure his problem with the sibilant \"s\". He was ultimately successful and was eventually able to say: \"My impediment is no hindrance\". In time, he turned the impediment into an asset and could use it to great effect, as when he called Hitler a \"Nar-zee\" (rhymes with \"khazi\"; emphasis on the \"z\"), rather than a Nazi (\"ts\"). His first speech as Prime Minister, delivered to the Commons on 13 May was the \"blood, toil, tears"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " and sweat\" speech. It was little more than a short statement but, Jenkins says, \"it included phrases which have reverberated down the decades\". Churchill made it plain to the nation that a long, hard road lay ahead and that victory was the final goal:</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941.:Operation Dynamo and the Battle of France. Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of 338,226 Allied servicemen from Dunkirk, ended on Tuesday, 4 June when the French rearguard surrendered. The total was far in excess of expectations and it gave rise to a popular view that Dunkirk had been a miracle, and even a victory. Churchill himself referred to \"a miracle of deliverance\" in his \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech to the Commons that afternoon, though he shortly reminded everyone that: \"We must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations\". The speech ended on a note of defiance coupled with a clear appeal to the United States: Germany initiated \"Fall Rot\" the following day and Italy entered the war on the 10th. The Wehrmacht occupied Paris on the 14th and completed their"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " conquest of France on 25 June. It was now inevitable that Hitler would attack and probably try to invade Great Britain. Faced with this, Churchill addressed the Commons on 18 June and delivered one of his most famous speeches, ending with this peroration: Churchill was determined to fight back and ordered the commencement of the Western Desert campaign on 11 June, an immediate response to the Italian declaration of war. This went well at first while the Italian army was the sole opposition and Operation Compass was a noted success. In early 1941, however, Mussolini requested German support and Hitler sent the Afrika Korps to Tripoli under the command of \"Generalleutnant\" Erwin Rommel, who arrived not long after Churchill had halted \"Compass\" so that he could reassign forces to Greece where the Balkans campaign was entering a critical phase. In other initiatives through June and July 1940, Churchill ordered the formation of both the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and the Commandos. The SOE was ordered to promote and execute subversive activity in Nazi-occupied Europe while the Commandos were charged with raids on specific military targets there. Hugh Dalton, the Minister of Economic Warfare, took political responsibility for the SOE and recorded in his diary that Churchill told him: \"And now go and"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " set Europe ablaze\".</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941.:The Battle of Britain and the Blitz. On 20 August 1940, at the height of the Battle of Britain, Churchill addressed the Commons to outline the war situation. In the middle of this speech, he made a statement that created a famous nickname for the RAF fighter pilots involved in the battle: The Luftwaffe altered its strategy from 7 September 1940 and began the Blitz, which was especially intensive through October and November. Churchill's morale during the Blitz was generally high and he told his private secretary John Colville in November that he thought the threat of invasion was past. He was confident that Great Britain could hold its own, given the increase in output, but was realistic about its chances of actually winning the war without American intervention.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941.:Lend-Lease. In September 1940, the British and American governments concluded the Destroyers for Bases Agreement, by which fifty American destroyers were transferred to the Royal Navy in exchange for free US base rights in Bermuda, the Caribbean and Newfoundland. An added advantage for Britain was that its military assets"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " in those bases could be redeployed elsewhere. Churchill's good relations with United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt helped secure vital food, oil and munitions via the North Atlantic shipping routes. It was for this reason that Churchill was relieved when Roosevelt was re-elected in 1940. Upon re-election, Roosevelt set about implementing a new method of providing necessities to Great Britain without the need for monetary payment. He persuaded Congress that repayment for this immensely costly service would take the form of defending the US. The policy was known as Lend-Lease and it was formally enacted on 11 March 1941.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941.:Operation Barbarossa. Hitler launched his invasion of the Soviet Union on Sunday, 22 June 1941. It was no surprise to Churchill, who had known since early April, from Enigma decrypts at Bletchley Park, that the attack was imminent. He had tried to warn General Secretary Joseph Stalin via the British ambassador to Moscow, Stafford Cripps, but to no avail as Stalin did not trust Churchill. The night before the attack, already intending an address to the nation, Churchill alluded to his hitherto anti-communist views by saying to Colville: \""
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": "If Hitler invaded Hell, I would at least make a favourable reference to the Devil\".</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941.:Atlantic Charter. In August 1941, Churchill made his first transatlantic crossing of the war on board and met Roosevelt in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland. On 14 August, they issued the joint statement that has become known as the Atlantic Charter. This outlined the goals of both countries for the future of the world and it is seen as the inspiration for the 1942 Declaration by United Nations, itself the basis of the United Nations which was founded in June 1945.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.:Pearl Harbor and United States entry into the war. On 7–8 December 1941, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was followed by their invasion of Malaya and, on the 8th, Churchill declared war on Japan. Three days later came the joint declaration of war by Germany and Italy against the United States. Churchill went to Washington later in the month to meet Roosevelt for the first Washington Conference (cod"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": "ename \"Arcadia\"). This was important for \"Europe First\", the decision to prioritise victory in Europe over victory in the Pacific, taken by Roosevelt while Churchill was still in mid-Atlantic. The Americans agreed with Churchill that Hitler was the main enemy and that the defeat of Germany was key to Allied success. It was also agreed that the first joint Anglo-American strike would be Operation Torch, the invasion of French North Africa (i.e., Algeria and Morocco). Originally planned for the spring of 1942, it was finally launched in November 1942 when the crucial Second Battle of El Alamein was already underway. On 26 December, Churchill addressed a joint meeting of the US Congress but, that night, he suffered a mild heart attack which was diagnosed by his physician, Sir Charles Wilson (later Lord Moran), as a coronary deficiency needing several weeks' bed rest. Churchill insisted that he did not need bed rest and, two days later, journeyed on to Ottawa by train where he gave a speech to the Canadian Parliament that included the \"some chicken, some neck\" line in which he recalled French predictions in 1940 that \"Britain alone would have her neck wrung like a chicken\". He arrived home in mid-January, having flown from Bermuda to Plymouth in an American flying boat"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": ", to find that there was a crisis of confidence in both his coalition government and himself personally, and he decided to face a vote of confidence in the Commons, which he won easily. While he was away, the Eighth Army, having already relieved the Siege of Tobruk, had pursued Operation Crusader against Rommel's forces in Libya, successfully driving them back to a defensive position at El Agheila in Cyrenaica. On 21 January 1942, however, Rommel launched a surprise counter-attack which drove the Allies back to Gazala. Elsewhere, recent British success in the Battle of the Atlantic was compromised by the Kriegsmarine's introduction of its M4 4-rotor Enigma, whose signals could not be deciphered by Bletchley Park for nearly a year. In the Far East, the news was much worse with Japanese advances in all theatres, especially at sea and in Malaya. At a press conference in Washington, Churchill had to play down his increasing doubts about the security of Singapore.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.:Fall of Singapore, loss of Burma and the Bengal famine. Churchill already had grave concerns about the fighting quality of British"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " troops after the defeats in Norway, France, Greece and Crete. Following the fall of Singapore to the Japanese on 15 February 1942, he felt that his misgivings were confirmed and said: \"(this is) the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British military history\". More bad news had come on 11 February as the Kriegsmarine pulled off its audacious \"Channel Dash\", a massive blow to British naval prestige. The combined effect of these events was to sink Churchill's morale to its lowest point of the whole war. Meanwhile, the Japanese had occupied most of Burma by the end of April 1942. Counter-offensives were hampered by the monsoon season and by disordered conditions in Bengal and Bihar, as well as a severe cyclone which devastated the region in October 1942. A combination of factors, including the curtailment of essential rice imports from Burma, poor administration, wartime inflation and a series of large-scale natural disasters such as flooding and crop disease led to the Bengal famine of 1943, in which an estimated 2.1–3.8 million people died. From December 1942 onwards, food shortages had prompted senior officials in India to ask London for grain imports, although the colonial authorities failed to recognise the seriousness of the emerging famine and responded inept"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": "ly. Churchill's government was criticised for refusing to approve more imports, a policy it ascribed to an acute wartime shortage of shipping. When the British realised the full extent of the famine in September 1943, Churchill ordered the transportation of 130,000 tons of Iraqi and Australian grain to Bengal and the war cabinet agreed to send 200,000 tons by the end of the year. During the last quarter of 1943, 100,000 tons of rice and 176,000 tons of wheat were imported, compared to averages of 55,000 tons of rice and 54,000 tons of wheat earlier in the year. In October, Churchill wrote to the newly appointed Viceroy of India, Lord Wavell, charging him with the responsibility of ending the famine. In February 1944, as preparation for Operation Overlord placed greater demands on Allied shipping, Churchill cabled Wavell saying: \"I will certainly help you all I can, but you must not ask the impossible\". Grain shipment requests continued to be turned down by the government throughout 1944, and Wavell complained to Churchill in October that \"the vital problems of India are being treated by His Majesty's Government with neglect, even sometimes with hostility and contempt\". The relative impact of British policies on the death toll of the famine remains a matter of controversy"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " among scholars.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.:International conferences in 1942. On 20 May 1942, the Soviet Foreign Affairs minister, Vyacheslav Molotov, arrived in London and stayed until the 28th before going on to Washington. The purpose of this visit was to sign a treaty of friendship but Molotov wanted it done on the basis of certain territorial concessions regarding Poland and the Baltic countries. Churchill and Eden worked for a compromise and eventually a twenty-year treaty was formalised but with the question of frontiers placed on hold. Molotov was also seeking a Second Front in Europe but all Churchill could do was confirm that preparations were in progress and make no promises on a date. Churchill felt well pleased with these negotiations and said as much when he contacted Roosevelt on the 27th. The previous day, however, Rommel had launched his counter-offensive, \"Operation Venice\", to begin the Battle of Gazala. The Allies were ultimately driven out of Libya and suffered a major defeat in the loss of Tobruk on 21 June. Churchill was with Roosevelt when the news of Tobruk reached him. He was shocked by the surrender of 35,000 troops which was,"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " apart from Singapore, \"the heaviest blow\" he received in the war. The Axis advance was eventually halted at the First Battle of El Alamein in July and the Battle of Alam el Halfa in early September. Both sides were exhausted and in urgent need of reinforcements and supplies. Churchill had returned to Washington on 17 June. He and Roosevelt agreed on the implementation of \"Operation Torch\" as the necessary precursor to an invasion of Europe. Roosevelt had appointed General Dwight D. Eisenhower as commanding officer of the European Theater of Operations, United States Army (ETOUSA). Having received the news from North Africa, Churchill obtained shipment from America to the Eighth Army of 300 Sherman tanks and 100 howitzers. He returned to Britain on 25 June and had to face another motion of no confidence, this time in his central direction of the war, but again he won easily. In August, despite health concerns, Churchill visited the British forces in North Africa, raising morale in the process, en route to Moscow for his first meeting with Stalin. He was accompanied by Roosevelt's special envoy Averell Harriman. He was in Moscow 12–16 August and had four lengthy meetings with Stalin. Although they got along quite well together on a personal level, there was little chance of any"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " real progress given the state of the war with the Germans still advancing in all theatres. Stalin was desperate for the Allies to open the Second Front in Europe, as Churchill had discussed with Molotov in May, and the answer was the same.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.:Turn of the tide: El Alamein and Stalingrad. While he was in Cairo in early August, Churchill decided to appoint Field Marshal Alexander as Field Marshal Auchinleck's successor as Commander-in-Chief of the Middle East Theatre. Command of the Eighth Army was given to General William Gott but he was shot down and killed while flying to Cairo, only three days later and General Montgomery succeeded him. Churchill returned to Cairo from Moscow on 17 August and could see for himself that the Alexander/Montgomery combination was already having an effect. He returned to England on the 21st, nine days before Rommel launched his final offensive. As 1942 drew to a close, the tide of war began to turn with Allied victory in the key battles of El Alamein and Stalingrad. Until November, the Allies had always been on the defensive, but from November, the Germans were. Churchill ordered the"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " church bells to be rung throughout Great Britain for the first time since early 1940. On 10 November, knowing that El Alamein was a victory, he delivered one of his most memorable war speeches to the Lord Mayor's Luncheon at the Mansion House in London, in response to the Allied victory at El Alamein: \"This is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning\".</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.:International conferences in 1943. In January 1943, Churchill met Roosevelt at the Casablanca Conference (codename \"Symbol\"), which lasted ten days. It was also attended by General Charles de Gaulle on behalf of the Free French Forces. Stalin had hoped to attend but declined because of the situation at Stalingrad. Although Churchill expressed doubts on the matter, the so-called Casablanca Declaration committed the Allies to securing \"unconditional surrender\" by the Axis powers. From Morocco, Churchill went to Cairo, Adana, Cyprus, Cairo again and Algiers for various purposes. He arrived home on 7 February having been out of the country for nearly a month. He addressed"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " the Commons on the 11th and then became seriously ill with pneumonia the following day, necessitating more than one month of rest, recuperation and convalescence – for the latter, he moved to Chequers. He returned to work in London on 15 March. Churchill made two transatlantic crossings during the year, meeting Roosevelt at both the third Washington Conference (codename \"Trident\") in May and the first Quebec Conference (codename \"Quadrant\") in August. In November, Churchill and Roosevelt met Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek at the Cairo Conference (codename \"Sextant\"). The most important conference of the year was soon afterwards (28 November to 1 December) at Tehran (codename \"Eureka\"), where Churchill and Roosevelt met Stalin in the first of the \"Big Three\" meetings, preceding those at Yalta and Potsdam in 1945. Roosevelt and Stalin co-operated in persuading Churchill to commit to the opening of a second front in western Europe and it was also agreed that Germany would be divided after the war, but no firm decisions were made about how. On their way back from Tehran, Churchill and Roosevelt held a second Cairo conference with Turkish president İsmet İnönü"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": ", but were unable to gain any commitment from Turkey to join the Allies. Churchill went from Cairo to Tunis, arriving on 10 December, initially as Eisenhower's guest (soon afterwards, Eisenhower took over as Supreme Allied Commander of the new SHAEF just being created in London). While Churchill was in Tunis, he became seriously ill with atrial fibrillation and was forced to remain until after Christmas while a succession of specialists were drafted in to ensure his recovery. Clementine and Colville arrived to keep him company; Colville had just returned to Downing Street after more than two years in the RAF. On 27 December, the party went on to Marrakesh for convalescence. Feeling much better, Churchill flew to Gibraltar on 14 January 1944 and sailed home on the. He was back in London on the morning of 18 January and surprised MPs by attending Prime Minister's Questions in the Commons that afternoon. Since 12 January 1943, when he set off for the Casablanca Conference, Churchill had been abroad or seriously ill for 203 of the 371 days.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.:Invasions of Sicily and Italy. In the autumn of 1942, after Churchill's meeting with Stalin in Moscow"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": ", he was approached by Eisenhower, commanding the North African Theater of Operations, United States Army (NATOUSA), and his aides on the subject of where the Western Allies should launch their first strike in Europe. According to General Mark Clark, who later commanded the United States Fifth Army in the Italian campaign, the Americans openly admitted that a cross-Channel operation in the near future was \"utterly impossible\". As an alternative, Churchill recommended \"slit(ting) the soft belly of the Mediterranean\" and persuaded them to invade first Sicily and then Italy after they had defeated the Afrika Korps in North Africa. After the war, Clark still agreed that Churchill's analysis was correct but he added that, when the Allies landed at Salerno, they found that Italy was \"a tough old gut\". The invasion of Sicily began on 9 July and was successfully completed by 17 August. Churchill was then all for driving straight up the Italian mainland with Rome as the main target, but the Americans wanted to withdraw several divisions to England in the build-up of forces for Operation Overlord, now scheduled for the spring of 1944. Churchill was still not keen on \"Overlord\" as he feared that an Anglo-American army in France might not be a match for the fighting efficiency of the"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " Wehrmacht. He preferred peripheral operations, including a plan called Operation Jupiter for an invasion of northern Norway. Events in Sicily had an unexpected impact in Italy. King Victor Emmanuel sacked Mussolini on 25 July and appointed Marshal Badoglio as Prime Minister. Badoglio opened negotiations with the Allies which resulted in the Armistice of Cassibile on 3 September. In response, the Germans activated Operation Achse and took control of most of Italy. Although he still preferred Italy to Normandy as the Allies' main route into the Third Reich, Churchill was deeply concerned about the strong German resistance at Salerno and, later, after the Allies successfully gained their bridgehead at Anzio but still failed to break the stalemate, he caustically said that instead of \"hurling a wildcat onto the shore\", the Allied force had become a \"stranded whale\". The big obstacle was Monte Cassino and it was not until mid-May 1944 when it was finally overcome, enabling the Allies to at last advance on Rome, which was taken on 4 June.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.:Preparations for D-Day. The difficulties in Italy caused Churchill to have a"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " change of heart and mind about Allied strategy to the extent that, when the Anzio stalemate developed soon after his return to England from North Africa, he threw himself into the planning of \"Overlord\" and set up an ongoing series of meetings with SHAEF and the British Chiefs of Staff over which he regularly presided. These were always attended by either Eisenhower or his chief of staff General Walter Bedell Smith. Churchill was especially taken by the Mulberry project but he was also keen to make the most of Allied air power which, by the beginning of 1944, had become overwhelming. Churchill never fully lost his apprehension about the invasion, however, and underwent great fluctuation of mood as D-Day approached. Jenkins says that he faced potential victory with much less buoyancy than when he defiantly faced the prospect of defeat four years earlier.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944.:Need for post-war reform. Churchill could not ignore the need for post-war reforms covering a broad sweep of areas such as agriculture, education, employment, health, housing and welfare. The Beveridge Report with its five \"Giant Evils\" was published in November 1942 and assumed great importance amid widespread popular acclaim"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": ". Even so, Churchill was not really interested because he was focused on winning the war and saw reform in terms of tidying up afterwards. His attitude was demonstrated in a Sunday evening radio broadcast on 26 March 1944. He was obliged to devote most of it to the subject of reform and showed a distinct lack of interest. In their respective diaries, Colville said Churchill had broadcast \"indifferently\" and Harold Nicolson said that, to many people, Churchill came across the air as \"a worn and petulant old man\". In the end, however, it was the population's demand for reform that decided the 1945 general election. Labour was perceived as the party that would deliver Beveridge. Arthur Greenwood had initiated its preceding social insurance and allied services inquiry in June 1941. Attlee, Bevin and Labour's other coalition ministers through the war were seen to be working towards reform and earned the trust of the electorate.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945.:D-Day: Allied invasion of Normandy. Churchill was determined to be actively involved in the Normandy invasion and hoped to cross the Channel on D-Day"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " itself (6 June 1944) or at least on D-Day+1. His desire caused unnecessary consternation at SHAEF until he was effectively vetoed by the King who told Churchill that, as head of all three services, he (the King) ought to go too. Churchill expected an Allied death toll of 20,000 on D-Day but he was proven to be pessimistic because less than 8,000 died in the whole of June. He made his first visit to Normandy on 12 June to visit Montgomery, whose HQ was then about five miles inland. That evening, as he was returning to London, the first V-1 flying bombs were launched. In a longer visit to Normandy on 22–23 July, Churchill went to Cherbourg and Arromanches where he saw the Mulberry Harbour.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945.:Quebec Conference, September 1944. Churchill met Roosevelt at the Second Quebec Conference (codename \"Octagon\") from 12 to 16 September 1944. Between themselves, they reached agreement on the Morgenthau Plan for the Allied occupation of Germany after the war, the intention of which was not only to demilitarise but also de-industrialise Germany. Eden strongly"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " opposed it and was later able to persuade Churchill to disown it. US Secretary of State Cordell Hull also opposed it and convinced Roosevelt that it was infeasible.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945.:Moscow Conference, October 1944. At the fourth Moscow conference (codename \"Tolstoy\") from 9 to 19 October 1944, Churchill and Eden met Stalin and Molotov. This conference has gained notoriety for the so-called \"Percentages agreement\" in which Churchill and Stalin effectively agreed the post-war fate of the Balkans. By that time, the Soviet armies were in Rumania and Bulgaria. Churchill suggested a scale of predominance throughout the whole region so as not to, as he put it, \"get at cross-purposes in small ways\". He wrote down some suggested percentages of influence per country and gave it to Stalin who ticked it. The agreement was that Russia would have 90% control of Romania and 75% control of Bulgaria. The UK and the USA would have 90% control of Greece. Hungary and Yugoslavia would be 50% each. In 1958, five years after the account of this meeting was published (in Churchill's \"The Second World War\"), Soviet authorities denied"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " that Stalin had accepted such an \"imperialist proposal\".</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945.:Yalta Conference, February 1945. From 30 January to 2 February 1945, Churchill and Roosevelt met for their Malta Conference ahead of the second \"Big Three\" event at Yalta from 4 to 11 February. Yalta had massive implications for the post-war world. There were two predominant issues: the question of setting up the United Nations Organisation after the war, on which much progress was made; and the more vexed question of Poland's post-war status, which Churchill saw as a test case for the future of Eastern Europe. Churchill faced some strong criticism for the Yalta agreement on Poland. For example, 27 Tory MPs voted against him when the matter was debated in the Commons at the end of the month. Jenkins, however, maintains that Churchill did as well as he could have done in very difficult circumstances, not least the fact that Roosevelt was seriously ill and could not provide Churchill with meaningful support. Another outcome of Yalta was the so-called Operation Keelhaul. The Western Allies agreed to the forcible repatriation of all Soviet citizens in the Allied zones, including prisoners of"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " war, to the Soviet Union and the policy was later extended to all Eastern European refugees, many of whom were anti-Communist. Keelhaul was implemented between 14 August 1946 and 9 May 1947.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945.:Area bombing controversy. On the nights of 13–15 February 1945, some 1,200 British and US bombers attacked the German city of Dresden, which was crowded with wounded and refugees from the Eastern Front. The attacks were part of an area bombing campaign that was initiated by Churchill in January with the intention of shortening the war. Churchill came to regret the bombing because initial reports suggested an excessive number of civilian casualties close to the end of the war, though an independent commission in 2010 confirmed a death toll between 22,700 and 25,000. On 28 March, he decided to restrict area bombing and sent a memorandum to General Ismay for the Chiefs of Staff Committee: British historian Frederick Taylor has pointed out that the number of Soviet citizens who died from German bombing was roughly equivalent to the number of German citizens who died from Allied raids. Jenkins asks if Churchill was moved more by foreboding than by regret but admits it is easy to criticise with the hindsight of victory."
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " He adds that the area bombing campaign was no more reprehensible than President Truman's use of the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki six months later. Andrew Marr, quoting Max Hastings, says that Churchill's memorandum was a \"calculated political attempt... to distance himself... from the rising controversy surrounding the area offensive\".</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945.:VE Day (Victory in Europe Day). On 7 May 1945 at the SHAEF headquarters in Reims the Allies accepted Germany's surrender. The next day was Victory in Europe Day (VE Day) when Churchill broadcast to the nation that Germany had surrendered and that a final ceasefire on all fronts in Europe would come into effect at one minute past midnight that night (i.e., on the 9th). Afterwards, Churchill went to Buckingham Palace where he appeared on the balcony with the Royal Family before a huge crowd of celebrating citizens. He went from the palace to Whitehall where he addressed another large crowd: \"God bless you all. This is your victory. In our long history, we have never seen a greater day than this. Everyone, man or woman, has done their best\". At this point he asked Ernest Bevin to come forward and share the"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " applause. Bevin said: \"No, Winston, this is your day\", and proceeded to conduct the people in the singing of \"For He's a Jolly Good Fellow\". In the evening, Churchill made another broadcast to the nation asserting that the defeat of Japan would follow in the coming months (the Japanese surrendered on 15 August 1945).</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Caretaker government: May 1945 to July 1945. With a general election looming (there had been none for almost a decade), and with the Labour ministers refusing to continue the wartime coalition, Churchill resigned as Prime Minister on 23 May 1945. Later that day, he accepted the King's invitation to form a new government, known officially as the National Government, like the Conservative-dominated coalition of the 1930s, but sometimes called the caretaker ministry. It contained Conservatives, National Liberals and a few non-party figures such as Sir John Anderson and Lord Woolton, but not Labour or Archibald Sinclair's Official Liberals. Although Churchill continued to carry out the functions of Prime Minister, including exchanging messages with the US administration about the upcoming Potsdam Conference, he was not formally reappointed until 28 May.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Caretaker government: May 1945 to July"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " 1945.:Potsdam Conference. Churchill was Great Britain's representative at the post-war Potsdam Conference when it opened on 17 July and was accompanied at its sessions not only by Eden as Foreign Secretary but also, pending the result of the July general election, by Attlee. They attended nine sessions in nine days before returning to England for their election counts. After the landslide Labour victory, Attlee returned with Bevin as the new Foreign Secretary and there were a further five days of discussion. Potsdam went badly for Churchill. Eden later described his performance as \"appalling\", saying that he was unprepared and verbose. Churchill upset the Chinese, exasperated the Americans and was easily led by Stalin, whom he was supposed to be resisting.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1940–1945.:Caretaker government: May 1945 to July 1945.:General election, July 1945. Churchill mishandled the election campaign by resorting to party politics and trying to denigrate Labour. On 4 June, he committed a serious political gaffe by saying in a radio broadcast that a Labour government would require \"some form of Gestapo\" to enforce its agenda. It backfired badly and Attlee made political capital by saying in his reply broadcast next day: \"The voice we heard last"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " night was that of Mr Churchill, but the mind was that of Lord Beaverbrook\". Jenkins says that this broadcast was \"the making of Attlee\". Although polling day was 5 July, the results of the election did not become known until 26 July, owing to the need to collect the votes of those serving overseas. Clementine and daughter Mary had been at the count in Woodford, Churchill's new constituency in Essex, and had returned to Downing Street to meet him for lunch. Churchill was unopposed by the major parties in Woodford, but his majority over a sole independent candidate was much less than expected. He now anticipated defeat by Labour and Mary later described the lunch as \"an occasion of Stygian gloom\". To Clementine's suggestion that election defeat might be \"a blessing in disguise\", Churchill retorted: \"At the moment it seems very effectively disguised\". That afternoon Churchill's doctor Lord Moran (so he later recorded in his book \"The Struggle for Survival\") commiserated with him on the \"ingratitude\" of the British public, to which Churchill replied: \"I wouldn't call it that. They have had a very hard time\". Having lost the election, despite enjoying much personal support amongst the British population, he resigned as Prime Minister that evening and"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " was succeeded by Attlee who formed the first majority Labour government. Many reasons have been given for Churchill's defeat, key among them being that a desire for post-war reform was widespread amongst the population and that the man who had led Britain in war was not seen as the man to lead the nation in peace. Although the Conservative Party was unpopular, many electors appear to have wanted Churchill to continue as Prime Minister whatever the outcome, or to have wrongly believed that this would be possible.</s><s>Leader of the Opposition: 1945–1951.</s><s>Leader of the Opposition: 1945–1951.:\"Iron Curtain\" speech. Churchill continued to lead the Conservative Party and, for six years, served as Leader of the Opposition. In 1946, he was in America for nearly three months from early January to late March. It was on this trip that he gave his \"Iron Curtain\" speech about the USSR and its creation of the Eastern Bloc. Speaking on 5 March 1946 in the company of President Truman at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, Churchill declared: The essence of his view was that, though the Soviet Union did not want war with the western Allies, its entrenched position in Eastern Europe had made it impossible for the three great powers to provide the world with"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " a \"triangular leadership\". Churchill's desire was much closer collaboration between Britain and America. Within the same speech, he called for \"a special relationship between the British Commonwealth and Empire and the United States\", but he emphasised the need for co-operation within the framework of the United Nations Charter.</s><s>Leader of the Opposition: 1945–1951.:Politics. Churchill was an early proponent of pan-Europeanism, having called for a \"United States of Europe\" in a 1930 article. He supported the creations of the Council of Europe in 1949 and the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951, but his support was always with the firm proviso that Britain must not actually join any federal grouping. Having lived in Ireland as a child, Churchill always opposed its partition. As a minister in 1913 and again in 1921, he suggested that Ulster should be part of a united Ireland, but with a degree of autonomy from an independent Irish government. He was always opposed on this by Ulster Unionists. While he was Leader of the Opposition, he told John W. Dulanty and Frederick Boland, successive Irish ambassadors to London, that he still hoped for reunification. Labour won the 1950 general election, but with a much-reduced majority. Churchill continued to serve as Leader"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " of the Opposition.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1951–1955.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1951–1955.:Election result and cabinet appointments. Despite losing the popular vote to Labour, the Conservatives won an overall majority of 17 seats in the October 1951 general election and Churchill again became Prime Minister, remaining in office until his resignation on 5 April 1955. Eden, his eventual successor, was restored to Foreign Affairs, the portfolio with which Churchill was preoccupied throughout his tenure. Future Prime Minister Harold Macmillan was appointed Minister of Housing and Local Government with a manifesto commitment to build 300,000 new houses per annum, Churchill's only real domestic concern. He achieved the target and, in October 1954, was promoted to Minister of Defence.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1951–1955.:Health issues to eventual resignation. Churchill was nearly 77 when he took office and was not in good health following several minor strokes. By December, George VI had become concerned about Churchill's decline and intended asking him to stand down in favour of Eden, but the King had his own serious health issues and died on 6 February without making the request. Churchill developed a close friendship with Elizabeth II and, in the spring of 1953, he accepted the Order of the Garter at her"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " request. He was knighted as Sir Winston on 24 April 1953. It was widely expected that he would retire after the Queen's Coronation in June 1953 but, after Eden became seriously ill, Churchill increased his own responsibilities by taking over at the Foreign Office. Eden was incapacitated until the end of the year and was never completely well again. On the evening of 23 June 1953, Churchill suffered a serious stroke and became partially paralysed down one side. Had Eden been well, Churchill's premiership would most likely have been over. The matter was kept secret and Churchill went home to Chartwell to recuperate. He had fully recovered by November. He retired as Prime Minister in April 1955 and was succeeded by Eden.</s><s>Prime Minister: 1951–1955.:Foreign affairs. Churchill feared a global conflagration and firmly believed that the only way to preserve peace and freedom was to build on a solid foundation of friendship and co-operation between Britain and America. He made four official transatlantic visits from January 1952 to July 1954. He enjoyed a good relationship with Truman but difficulties arose over the planned European Defence Community (EDC), by which Truman hoped to reduce America's military presence in West Germany; Churchill was sceptical about the EDC. Churchill wanted US"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " military support of British interests in Egypt and the Middle East, but that was refused. While Truman expected British military involvement in Korea, he viewed any US commitment to the Middle East as maintaining British imperialism. The Americans recognised that the British Empire was in terminal decline and had welcomed the Attlee government's policy of decolonisation. Churchill believed that Britain's position as a world power depended on the empire's continued existence. Churchill had been obliged to recognise Colonel Nasser's revolutionary government of Egypt, which took power in 1952. Much to Churchill's private dismay, agreement was reached in October 1954 on the phased evacuation of British troops from their Suez base. In addition, Britain agreed to terminate its rule in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan by 1956, though this was in return for Nasser's abandonment of Egyptian claims over the region. Elsewhere, the Malayan Emergency, a guerrilla war fought by Communist fighters against Commonwealth forces, had begun in 1948 and continued past Malayan independence (1957) until 1960. Churchill's government maintained the military response to the crisis and adopted a similar strategy for the Mau Mau Uprising in British Kenya (1952–1960). Churchill was uneasy about the election of Eisenhower as Truman's successor. After Stalin died on 5 March 1953, Churchill sought a summit"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " meeting with the Soviets but Eisenhower refused out of fear that the Soviets would use it for propaganda. By July of that year, Churchill was deeply regretting that the Democrats had not been returned. He told Colville that Eisenhower as president was \"both weak and stupid\". Churchill believed that Eisenhower did not fully comprehend the danger posed by the H-bomb and he greatly distrusted Eisenhower's Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles. Churchill hosted Eisenhower to no avail at the Three-Powers Bermuda Conference (with French Prime Minister Joseph Laniel being the third participant) in December 1953; they met again in June/July 1954 at the White House. In the end, it was the Soviets who proposed a four-power summit, but it did not meet until 18 July 1955, three months after Churchill had retired.</s><s>Later life: 1955–1965.</s><s>Later life: 1955–1965.:Retirement: 1955–1964. Elizabeth II offered to create Churchill Duke of London, but he declined because of the objections of his son Randolph, who would have inherited the title on his father's death. Although publicly supportive, Churchill was privately scathing about Eden's handling of the Suez Crisis and Clementine believed that many of his visits to the United States in the following"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " years were attempts to help repair Anglo-American relations. After leaving the premiership, Churchill remained an MP until he stood down at the 1964 general election. Apart from 1922 to 1924, he had been an MP since October 1900 and had represented five constituencies. By the time of the 1959 general election, he seldom attended the House of Commons. Despite the Conservative landslide in 1959, his own majority in Woodford fell by more than 1000. He spent most of his retirement at Chartwell or at his London home in Hyde Park Gate, and became a habitué of high society at La Pausa on the French Riviera. In June 1962, when he was 87, Churchill had a fall in Monte Carlo and broke his hip. He was flown home to a London hospital where he remained for three weeks. Jenkins says that Churchill was never the same after this accident and his last two years were something of a twilight period. In 1963, US President John F. Kennedy, acting under authorisation granted by an Act of Congress, proclaimed him an honorary citizen of the United States, but he was unable to attend the White House ceremony. There has been speculation that he became very depressed in his final years but this has been emphatically denied by his personal secretary Anthony Montague Browne, who"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " was with him for his last 10 years. Montague Browne wrote that he never heard Churchill refer to depression and certainly he did not suffer from it.</s><s>Later life: 1955–1965.:Death, funeral and memorials. Churchill suffered his final stroke on 12 January 1965 and died twelve days later on the 24th, the seventieth anniversary of his father's death. Like the Duke of Wellington in 1852 and William Gladstone in 1898, Churchill was given a state funeral. Planning for this had begun in 1953 under the code-name of \"Operation Hope Not\" and a detailed plan had been produced by 1958. His coffin lay in state at Westminster Hall for three days and the funeral ceremony was at St Paul's Cathedral on 30 January. Afterwards, the coffin was taken by boat along the River Thames to Waterloo Station and from there by a special train to the family plot at St Martin's Church, Bladon, near his birthplace at Blenheim Palace. Worldwide, numerous memorials have been dedicated to Churchill. His statue in Parliament Square was unveiled by his widow Clementine in 1973 and is one of only twelve in the square, all of prominent political figures, including Churchill's friend Lloyd George and his India policy nemesis Gandhi. Elsewhere in London, the"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " wartime Cabinet War Rooms have been renamed the Churchill Museum and Cabinet War Rooms. Churchill College, Cambridge, was established as a national memorial to Churchill. An indication of Churchill's high esteem in the UK is the result of the 2002 BBC poll, attracting 447,423 votes, in which he was voted the greatest Briton of all time, his nearest rival being Isambard Kingdom Brunel some 56,000 votes behind. He is one of only eight people to be granted honorary citizenship of the United States; others include Lafayette, Raoul Wallenberg and Mother Teresa. The United States Navy honoured him in 1999 by naming a new as the. Other memorials in North America include the National Churchill Museum in Fulton, Missouri, where he made the 1946 \"Iron Curtain\" speech; Churchill Square in central Edmonton, Alberta; and the Winston Churchill Range, a mountain range northwest of Lake Louise, also in Alberta, which was renamed after Churchill in 1956. Churchill Archives Centre on the campus of Churchill College at the University of Cambridge houses Churchill's personal papers and is open to the public.</s><s>Artist, historian, and writer. Churchill was a prolific writer. His output included a novel (\"Savrola\"), two biographies, three volumes of memoirs, several histories, and"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " numerous press articles. Two of his most famous works, published after his first premiership brought his international fame to new heights, were his six-volume memoir, \"The Second World War\", and the four-volume \"A History of the English-Speaking Peoples\". In recognition of his \"mastery of historical and biographical description\" and oratorial output, Churchill received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953. He used either \"Winston S. Churchill\" or \"Winston Spencer Churchill\" as his pen name to avoid confusion with the American novelist of the same name, with whom he struck up a friendly correspondence. For many years, he relied heavily upon his press articles to assuage his financial worries: in 1937, for example, he wrote 64 published articles and some of his contracts were quite lucrative. As well as writing, Churchill became an accomplished amateur artist after his resignation from the Admiralty in 1915. Using the pseudonym \"Charles Morin\", he continued this hobby throughout his life and completed hundreds of paintings, many of which are on show in the studio at Chartwell as well as in private collections. Churchill was an amateur bricklayer, constructing buildings and garden walls at Chartwell. To further this hobby, he joined the Amalgamated Union of Building Trade"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " Workers but was expelled after he revived his membership of the Conservative Party. He also bred butterflies at Chartwell, keeping them in a converted summerhouse each year until the weather was right for their release. He was well known for his love of animals and always had several pets, mainly cats but also dogs, pigs, lambs, bantams, goats and fox cubs among others. Churchill has often been quoted as saying that \"cats look down on us and dogs look up to us, but pigs treat us as equals\", or words to that effect, but the International Churchill Society believe he has mostly been misquoted.</s><s>Legacy and assessments.</s><s>Legacy and assessments.:\"A man of destiny\". Roy Jenkins concludes his biography of Churchill by comparing him favourably with W. E. Gladstone and summarising: Churchill always self-confidently believed himself to be \"a man of destiny\". Because of this he lacked restraint and could be reckless. His self-belief manifested itself in terms of his \"affinity with war\" of which, according to Sebastian Haffner, he exhibited \"a profound and innate understanding\". Churchill considered himself a military genius but that made him vulnerable to failure and Paul Addison says Gallipoli was \"the"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " greatest blow his self-image was ever to sustain\". Jenkins points out, however, that although Churchill was excited and exhilarated by war, he was never indifferent to the suffering it causes.</s><s>Legacy and assessments.:Political ideology. As a politician, Churchill was perceived by some observers to have been largely motivated by personal ambition rather than political principle. During his early parliamentary career, he was often deliberately provocative and argumentative to an unusual degree; and his barbed rhetorical style earned him many enemies in parliament. On the other hand, he was deemed to be an honest politician who displayed particular loyalty to his family and close friends. He was, according to Jenkins, \"singularly lacking in inhibition or concealment\". Robert Rhodes James said he \"lacked any capacity for intrigue and was refreshingly innocent and straightforward\". Until the outbreak of the Second World War, Churchill's approach to politics generated widespread \"mistrust and dislike\", largely on account of his two party defections. His biographers have variously categorised him, in terms of political ideology, as \"fundamentally conservative\", \"(always) liberal in outlook\", and \"never circumscribed by party affiliation\". Jenkins says that Churchill's self-belief was \"far stronger than any class or tribal loyalty\"."
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " Whether Churchill was a conservative or a liberal, he was nearly always opposed to socialism because of its propensity for state planning and his belief in free markets. The exception was during his wartime coalition when he was completely reliant upon the support of his Labour colleagues. Although the Labour leaders were willing to join his coalition, Churchill had long been regarded as an enemy of the working class. His response to the Rhondda Valley unrest and his anti-socialist rhetoric brought condemnation from socialists. They saw him as a reactionary who represented imperialism, militarism, and the interests of the upper classes in the class war. His role in opposing the General Strike earned the enmity of many strikers and most members of the Labour movement. Paradoxically, Churchill was supportive of trade unionism, which he saw as the \"antithesis of socialism\". On the other hand, his detractors did not take Churchill's domestic reforms into account, for he was in many respects a radical and a reformer, but always with the intention of preserving the existing social structure, never of challenging it. He could not empathise with the poor, so he sympathised with them instead, displaying what Addison calls the attitude of a \"benevolent paternalist\". Jenkins, himself a senior Labour minister, remarked that"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " Churchill had \"a substantial record as a social reformer\" for his work in the early years of his ministerial career. Similarly, Rhodes James thought that, as a social reformer, Churchill's achievements were \"considerable\". This, said Rhodes James, had been achieved because Churchill as a minister had \"three outstanding qualities. He worked hard; he put his proposals efficiently through the Cabinet and Parliament; he carried his Department with him. These ministerial merits are not as common as might be thought\".</s><s>Legacy and assessments.:Imperialism and racial views. Assessments of Churchill's legacy are largely based on his leadership of the British people in the Second World War. Even so, his personal views on empire and race continue to stir debate. Churchill was a staunch imperialist and monarchist, and he consistently exhibited a \"romanticised view\" of both the British Empire and the reigning monarch, especially of Elizabeth II during his last term as premier. Churchill has been described as a \"liberal imperialist\" who saw British imperialism as a form of altruism that benefited its subject peoples because \"by conquering and dominating other peoples, the British were also elevating and protecting them\". Martin Gilbert asserted that Churchill held a hierarchical perspective of race, seeing racial characteristics as signs of the"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " maturity of a society. Churchill's views on race were driven by his imperialist mindset and outlook. He advocated against black or indigenous self-rule in Africa, Australia, the Caribbean, the Americas and India, believing that the British Empire promoted and maintained the welfare of those who lived in the colonies; he insisted that \"our responsibility to the native races remains a real one\". In 1906, Churchill stated that \"We will endeavour... to advance the principle of equal rights of civilized men irrespective of colour\". According to Addison, Churchill was opposed to immigration from the Commonwealth. Addison makes the point that Churchill opposed anti-Semitism (as in 1904, when he was fiercely critical of the proposed Aliens Bill) and argues that he would never have tried \"to stoke up racial animosity against immigrants, or to persecute minorities\". In the 1920s, Churchill supported Zionism but believed that communism was the product of an international Jewish conspiracy; in an article in the \"Illustrated Sunday Herald\", Churchill wrote that a group of \"international\" Jews supported a Bolshevist \"world-wide conspiracy for the overthrow of civilisation and for the reconstitution of society on the basis of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and impossible equality\". Although this belief was not unique among"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " British politicians of the time, few had the stature of Churchill, and the article was criticised by the \"Jewish Chronicle\" at the time. Churchill made a number of disparaging remarks about non-white ethnicities throughout his life, including a series of racist comments and jokes about Indian nationalists made to colleagues during the inter-war period and his wartime premiership. Historian Philip Murphy partly attributes the strength of this vitriol to an \"almost childish desire to shock\" his inner circle. Churchill's response to the Bengal famine was criticised by some contemporaries as slow (see ), a controversy later increased by the publication of private remarks made to Secretary for India Leo Amery, in which Churchill allegedly said that aid would be inadequate because \"Indians [were] breeding like rabbits\". Philip Murphy says that, following the independence of India in 1947, Churchill adopted a more pragmatic stance towards empire, although he continued to use imperial rhetoric. During his second term as prime minister, he was seen as a moderating influence on Britain's suppression of armed insurgencies against colonial rule in Malaya and Kenya; he argued that ruthless policies contradicted British values and international opinion.</s><s>Cultural depictions. While the biographies by Addison, Gilbert, Jenkins and Rhodes James are among the most acclaimed works about"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " Churchill, he has been the subject of numerous others. Writing in 2012–13 for the International Churchill Society, Professor David Freeman counted 62 in total, excluding non-English books, to the end of the 20th century. At a public ceremony in Westminster Hall on 30 November 1954, Churchill's 80th birthday, the joint Houses of Parliament presented him with a full-length portrait of himself, which had been painted by Graham Sutherland. Churchill and Clementine reportedly hated it and, later, she had it destroyed. Churchill has been widely depicted on stage and screen. Notable screen biographical films include \"Young Winston\" (1972), directed by Richard Attenborough and featuring Simon Ward in the title role with Anne Bancroft and Robert Shaw as his parents; \"\" (1981; co-written by Martin Gilbert), starring Robert Hardy as Churchill and Siân Phillips as Clementine; \"The Gathering Storm\" (2002), starring Albert Finney as Churchill and Vanessa Redgrave as Clementine; \"Into the Storm\" (2009), starring Brendan Gleeson as Churchill and Janet McTeer as Clementine; \"Darkest Hour\" (2017), starring Gary Oldman as Churchill. John Lithgow played Churchill in \"The Crown\" (2016–2019). Fin"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": "ney, Gleeson, Oldman and Lithgow all won major awards for their performances as Churchill.</s><s>Family and ancestry.</s><s>Family and ancestry.:Marriage and children. Churchill married Clementine Hozier in September 1908. They remained married for 57 years. Churchill was aware of the strain that his political career placed on his marriage, and, according to Colville, he had a brief affair in the 1930s with Doris Castlerosse, although this is discounted by Andrew Roberts. The Churchills' first child, Diana, was born in July 1909; the second, Randolph, in May 1911. Their third, Sarah, was born in October 1914, and their fourth, Marigold, in November 1918. Marigold died in August 1921, from sepsis of the throat, and she was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. Although her remains were re-located to Bladon churchyard in 2019 to join the rest of her family, her cenotaph still stands at Kensal Green. On 15 September 1922, the Churchills' last child, Mary, was born. Later that month, the Churchills bought Chartwell, which would be their home until Winston's death in 1965. According to Jenkins, Churchill"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " was an \"enthusiastic and loving father\" but one who expected too much of his children.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - - - - - - \"Link\" - \"Link\" - \"Link\" - \"Link\" - \"Link\" - \"Link\" - \"Link\" - \"Link\" - \"Link\" - \"Link\" - \"Link\" - - - - \"Link\" - - \"Link\" - \"Library Link\" - \"Library Link\" - \"Link\" - \"Link\" (published in England as \"Arms and the Covenant\": \"Link\") - \"Link\" - - - - - - - - - - - - \"Link\" - - - The book includes illustrations of more than 500 paintings by Churchill. - - - - - - - - - -"
},
{
"title": "Winston Churchill",
"text": " - - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Winston Churchill",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000436
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Ivan Perišić.
|
[
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": "<s>Ivan Perišić Ivan Perišić (; born 2 February 1989) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays for Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur and the Croatia national team. Usually deployed as a winger, he has also featured as an attacking midfielder, second striker, or wing-back known for his ambidexterity and versatility. A product of the Hajduk Split and Sochaux youth academies, Perišić made a name for himself while playing for Club Brugge, where he was the Belgian Pro League top goalscorer and was named Belgian Footballer of the Year for 2011. This earned him a transfer to Borussia Dortmund, with whom he won the 2011–12 Bundesliga, before signing with VfL Wolfsburg for €8 million in January 2013. He remained there for two and a half seasons, winning the 2015 DFB-Pokal Final, before moving to Inter Milan for €16 million. In 2019, he joined Bayern Munich on loan, winning the treble. After returning to Inter Milan, he won the 2020–21 Serie A and the 2021 Supercoppa Italiana. Perišić made his debut for the Croatia national team in 2011, and represented"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": " his nation at Euro 2012, 2016 and 2020, as well as the 2014, 2018 and 2022 World Cup, reaching the final of the 2018 tournament. Instrumental to Croatia's second \"golden generation\", Perišić is the nation's player with most goal contributions at the major tournaments (18).</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Early career. Perišić played in the youth ranks of the club he grew up supporting, Hajduk Split. He received interest from a number of clubs, including Anderlecht, PSV, Ajax, Hertha BSC and Hamburger SV. The only match he played for Hajduk was a friendly 3–1 win over Smederevo in Murska Sobota on 16 July 2006. Returning from Murska Sobota to Split, Perišić received offers from Anderlecht and Sochaux. Hajduk offered Perišić a €100,000 contract, which was only €20,000 less than Hajduk's best player Niko Kranjčar's contract. However, the Perišić family opted for French club Sochaux, which paid €360,000 to sign him in the summer"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": " of 2006. Sochaux's coach Alain Perrin personally arrived to Split with a private jet to convince Perišić to sign, waiting two days for his signature. His physical and technical attributes led to comparisons to former Croatia international Aljoša Asanović by some journalists. He was a member of the Sochaux youth team, which won the Coupe Gambardella in 2007. During his time at Sochaux, he failed to make a first-team appearance, but did play for the B team. In January 2009, Perišić was sent on loan to Belgian top flight club Roeselare for six months. At the end of the 2008–09 season, there were reports Perišić sought to join Belgian side Anderlecht.</s><s>Club career.:Club Brugge. On 26 August 2009, Belgian club Club Brugge acquired Perišić from Sochaux for a €250,000 transfer fee and signed him to a three-year contract. Prior his move, Perišić was linked with a move to German side Hertha BSC, having gone on trial. In the opening match of the season, Perišić scored his first"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": " goal in a 1–1 draw against Genk, then scored his second in two consecutive games and provided assists in a 4–1 win over Westerlo. Overall, Perišić scored 9 goals in 33 league appearances, also making eight appearances in Brugge's Europa League campaign, scoring four goals. At the end of the season, Perišić signed a new three-year contract at Brugge, keeping him until 2015. Belgian football critics predicted a bright future for Perišić. In the 2010–11 season, he was the top scorer of the Belgian Jupiler Pro League after scoring 22 goals for Club Brugge, also being named Player of the Year in Belgium. During the season, Perišić scored four goals and provided an assist in a 5–0 win against Charleroi on 29 December 2010.</s><s>Club career.:Borussia Dortmund. On 23 May 2011, Perišić signed a five-year contract to play for German side Borussia Dortmund after Dortmund paid an estimated €5 million transfer fee to Brugge.{{cite web |title=BVB verpflichtet kroatischen Nationalspieler Ivan Perisic Per"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": "išić began the 2012–13 Bundesliga season scoring a brace in a 3–2 loss against Hamburger SV on 22 September 2012. However, Perišić soon found his first team opportunities limited, having played less in the first team and soon told Croatian channel Nova TV he had received no support from Dortmund manager Jürgen Klopp and accused him of favouring other players.{{cite news |title=Borussia Dortmund hold contract extension talks with Marcel Schmelzer |url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11095/8253377/ |publisher=Sky Sports |date=16 November 2012</s><s>Club career.:VfL Wolfsburg. On 6 January 2013, it was reported Perišić transferred for €8 million to VfL Wolfsburg.{{cite news On 3 August 2013, Perišić scored his first cup goal for Wolfsburg in their 3–1 win against Karlsruher SC. On 26 October 2013, Perišić opened his goal scoring form in the 2013–14 season in their 3–0 win against Werder Bremen, also creating an assist on a goal. On matchday 30, he"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": " scored a brace in Wolfsburg's 4–1 home win against 1. FC Nürnberg. Perišić finished the season with ten league goals, second-best on the team behind fellow countryman Ivica Olić.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan. On 30 August 2015, Perišić signed with Italian club Inter Milan on a five-year contract for a transfer fee of €16 million. He was presented on 10 September alongside Adem Ljajić, where he was assigned squad number 44, stating, \"Inter were too big an opportunity to turn down.\"</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2015–16 season. Perišić made his competitive debut for the club three days after signing, starting and playing 85 minutes in a 1–0 win against cross-city rivals Milan in the \"Derby della Madonnina\". He opened his scoring account on 4 October in his fifth league appearance in the 1–1 away draw against Sampdoria, profiting from Mauro Icardi's assist, which was followed by another goal against Palermo two weeks later. On 15 December, Perišić made his Coppa Italia debut in the round of 16 match"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": " against Cagliari at home, appearing as a second-half substitute and scoring the team's third goal of the match in an eventual 3–0 win. He began 2016 on 6 January in the match away against Empoli; his cross from close range was finished home by Icardi for the only goal of the match, which kept Inter top to the table. On 7 February, during the match against Hellas Verona, Perišić came on as a 46th-minute substitute to change the fate of the match, providing an assist for Icardi and also scoring for himself to level the result 3–3, rescuing a point for his side. March was Perišić's best month in personal terms, scoring four goals and providing three assists. On 2 March, in the returning leg of Coppa Italia's semi-final against Juventus at San Siro, Perišić scored the team's second goal of the match to help Inter overturn the 3–0 defeat and equal the aggregate 3–3, which led the match into the penalty shoot-outs. However, Inter lost 5–3 and were eliminated from the competition. Perišić scored Inter's last goal of 2015–16 season in"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": " a 2–1 home win against Empoli on the final matchday. Perišić finished his first season with Inter Milan by playing 37 matches, including 34 in league, scoring nine goals, seven of them in league, and Inter Milan finished fourth in Serie A, returning in European competitions after a one-year absence and was eliminated in the semi-final in the Coppa Italia. He was also Inter Milan's top assist provider with six assists.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2016–17 season. Perišić opened his second Inter season by playing in the last 30 minutes of the first matchday as fell away at Chievo. He then scored his first goal of the new season in the \"Derby d'Italia\" against Juventus at home, entering in the 69th minute and heading home an Mauro Icardi cross nine minutes later to give Inter second win of the season, also the first in league against Juventus since November 2012. Perišić played his first European match for Inter Milan on 29 September in team's second 2016–17 UEFA Europa League group stage match against Sparta Prague, appearing in the last 27 minutes of a 3–1 away defeat. On 20 November, in the"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": " \"Derby\" against rivals Milan, he first provided the Antonio Candreva's long-range strike before scoring himself a last minute equaliser, as Inter took one point in the last moments. On 8 January 2017, Inter Milan's first match of the calendar year, Perišić provided a Man of the Match performance by scoring both goals in a 2–1 away win at Udinese; it was his first Inter brace which took his tally up to six goals. This was followed by another splendid individual performance against Chievo six days later as he scored his team's second goal after an individual effort in an eventual 3–1 win. On 5 February, in the matchday 23 against Juventus at Juventus Stadium, Perišić received his first-ever career red card as Inter Milan were defeated 1–0. He was subsequently banned for two matches by Italian Football Federation (FIGC) for aggressive confrontation of the referee. After Inter Milan appealed the suspension, it was reduced to one match. He returned from suspension on 19 February in the 1–0 win at Bologna, and scored his second brace on 5 March in a 5–1 thrashing of Cagliari at Stadio Sant'Elia. On 22 April,"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": " Perišić reached double-figures for the first time with Inter Milan after scoring in a 5–4 away defeat against Fiorentina. On the final matchday, he provided a stunning individual performance by providing two assists after individual efforts, also scoring his 11th goal of the season as Inter thrashed Udinese 5–2 at home end the season on a high. Perišić finished his second Inter season by making 42 appearances in all competitions, including 36 in league, which 31 were as starter, as Inter finished the Serie A in seventh position, once again failing to qualify for the UEFA Champions League. He scored 11 goals, his highest tally since 2010–11 season with Club Brugge; and also provided ten assists, including eight in Serie A, breaking his last season's record.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2017–18 season. Perišić started his third Inter season on a high, first scoring and assisting in the opening day of 2017–18 Serie A against Fiorentina, then providing two assists in the away match at Roma as Inter won 3–1, Inter Milan's first league win at the Stadio Olimpico in nine years. On 8 September, Peri"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": "šić signed a new contract extension with Inter Milan, keeping him at the San Siro until June 2022. Upon signing, Perišić said, \"It's a special day, it's certainly emotional and I'm happy after the stress of this summer. Now, we can look forward and I'm only thinking about Inter. After signing, the pitch is the only thing left for me to think about.\" His second goal of the season, a late screamer outside the zone against newly promoted SPAL two days later, was his 20th career Serie A goal. Perišić scored his first Serie A hat-trick on 3 December in the 5–0 home win over Chievo. His 100th appearance in all competitions for Inter occurred later on 30 December in the goalless draw versus Lazio on matchday 19.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2018–19 season. Perišić played his first Champions League game for Inter on 18 September 2018, in a 2–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur. In January 2019, English club Arsenal attempted to sign Perišić. He agreed to a deal with the club; however, Inter Milan blocked the deal. Teammate Mauro Icardi"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": "'s agent Wanda Nara spoke out about Perišić's reasons for the departure, speculating that they might be of personal nature. Nara's comments resulted in a fallout between the players, resulting in Icardi being stripped of captaincy and dropped from the team ahead of a Europa League away fixture against Rapid Wien. Perišić featured in 34 matches in Serie A, only behind Samir Handanović and Matteo Politano, scoring 8 goals; hence being the second top scorer for Inter after Icardi. Following the appointment of Antonio Conte, Perišić struggled to fit into the new manager's system during pre-season.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2019–20 season: Loan to Bayern Munich. On 13 August 2019, Perišić joined German club Bayern Munich on a season-long loan. Bayern had the option of signing Perišić on a permanent deal in the summer of 2020. On 31 August he scored his first goal for Bayern and provided an assist in a 6–1 victory over Mainz. On 4 February 2020, during training ahead of a DFB-Pokal match against 1899 Hoffenheim, Perišić suffered a right"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": " ankle fracture following a tackle from teammate Álvaro Odriozola. He underwent a surgery the same day. He came back to the team on 17 May, coming on for Serge Gnabry in 85th minute of the game against Union Berlin, the club's first game after the league suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 10 June, he scored the opening goal in a 2–1 victory over Eintracht Frankfurt in the DFB-Pokal semi-final. On 4 July, he provided Robert Lewandowski with an assist in the DFB-Pokal Final as Bayern defeated Bayer Leverkusen 4–2 and secured the domestic double. On 8 August, he scored in a Champions League round of 16 second leg, as Bayern defeated Chelsea 4–1 (7–1 on aggregate). Six days later, he scored in a quarter-final 8–2 win over Barcelona at Estádio da Luz. On 23 August, he became the eleventh Croatian to win the Champions League in history, as Bayern defeated Paris Saint-Germain 1–0 in the final. On 9 September, Bayern announced they had opted not to sign Perišić on permanent deal, after failing to negotiate"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": " a deal with Inter and he returned to his parent club.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2020–21 season. On 31 October 2020, Perišić scored his first goal of the season for Inter Milan in a 2–2 home draw against Parma. On 3 November, he scored his first Champions League goal for Inter Milan in a 2–3 defeat against Real Madrid. During the spring part of the season, Perišić was praised by Conte for successfully adapting to his system, moving from the position of a winger to that of a wing-back. On 2 May 2021, four matchdays before the end of the season, Sassuolo drew 1–1 with Atalanta at home, meaning that Inter mathematically secured the Serie A title. It was Inter's first league title since 2009–10 season, ending Juventus' nine-season-long league-winning streak. The title was also Perišić's first trophy with the \"Nerrazzuri\".</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2021–22 season. On 24 November 2021, Perišić was praised for his performance in the 2–0 victory over Shakhtar Donetsk in the Champions League, as he assisted Edin"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": " Džeko's second goal, although his goal and Lautaro Martínez's goal that he also assisted were ruled out. The victory qualified Inter Milan for the Round of 16 for the first time since the 2011–12 season. On 11 May 2022, in the Coppa Italia Final against Juventus, Perišić broke the deadlock in the first half of extra time by scoring a brace and bringing the score from 2–2 to the eventual 4–2.</s><s>Club career.:Tottenham Hotspur. On 31 May 2022, Tottenham Hotspur signed Perišić on a free transfer, reuniting him with former manager Conte. He became the fifth Croatian in history to sign with the club. He played his first minutes for the club in a 2–1 friendly victory over Rangers on 23 July. Perišić made his Premier League debut on 6 August 2022, coming on as a second-half substitute for Ryan Sessegnon in a 4–1 home victory over Southampton.</s><s>International career. Perišić has appeared internationally for the Croatia national under-17, under-19 and under-21 teams. He participated in the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification for Croatia"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": ", where he scored two goals. On 26 March 2011, at age 22, Perišić made his debut for the senior national team against Georgia. He was a member of Croatia's squad for UEFA Euro 2012, starting in the team's opening two matches against the Republic of Ireland and Italy, and appearing as a substitute in the team's final match, a 1–0 loss to Spain. During the 2014 World Cup qualification, Perišić appeared in 12 matches for Croatia and scored his first international goal in a 1–1 draw with Belgium. On 14 May, Perišić was named in Croatia's 30-man preliminary squad for the 2014 World Cup. On 31 May, he scored a brace in a 2–1 win against Mali in a World Cup warm-up match in Osijek. Perišić was confirmed as a member of Croatia's final 23-man World Cup squad on 2 June. Perišić was in Croatia's starting team for the opening match of the 2014 World Cup, a controversial 3–1 defeat to tournament hosts Brazil at the Arena Corinthians, São Paulo. In the following match, he scored Croatia's second goal as they defeated Cameroon 4–0. On 23 June, he"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": " scored a consolation goal in the team's final group match, 3–1 defeat to Mexico which eliminated them from the tournament. Despite Croatia's early elimination, Perišić was ranked as the second-best performing player of the group stage by FIFA. Perišić was Croatia's top goalscorer in Euro 2016 qualifying, scoring six goals in nine matches as Croatia qualified in second place in Group H. In Croatia's second Euro 2016 group match, Perišić scored the opening goal of a 2–2 draw with the Czech Republic. Five days later, he scored the winning goal against Spain, which secured qualification to the knockout stage as group winners for Croatia. Perišić appeared regularly in Croatia's successful 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign, as they finished runner-up in Group I which sent them to second round. The team played Greece, winning the first leg 4–1, with Perišić scoring the third goal in 33rd minute. Croatia booked their spot to the World Cup final stages in Russia on 12 November by playing a goalless draw in the returning leg. In May 2018, Perišić was named in Croatia's final squad for the 2018 World Cup. In the third group stage match"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": ", Perišić scored in the last minute of the regular time in the 2–1 win over Iceland as Croatia topped Group D on full points. During Croatia's semi-final match against England on 11 July, Perišić scored Croatia's equaliser in the second half of regulation time, and later also set-up Mario Mandžukić's match-winning goal in the second half of extra-time to give Croatia a 2–1 victory, sending the team to the World Cup final for the first time in their history. He was named Man of the Match. In the final against France on 15 July, he scored Croatia's temporary equaliser in the first half, although the match eventually ended in a 4–2 defeat to France. Perišić covered the most ground of any player in the tournament, running a total of 72.5 kilometres. During Euro 2020 qualifying, Perišić scored three times—against Wales at home and Slovakia home and away—as Croatia topped Group E. On 19 November 2019, he captained the national team for the first time ever in a friendly 2–1 victory over Georgia, scoring the winning goal. On 8 September 2020, he captained Croatia once again in a 4"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": "–2 Nations League defeat to France at Stade de France. On 1 June 2021, Perišić made this 100th appearance for the national team in a friendly 1–1 draw with Armenia in which he scored Croatia's goal. He was selected in Croatia's final squad for UEFA Euro 2020, where he was the team's most efficient performer, scoring twice (in the 1–1 draw with the Czech Republic and the 3–1 victory over Scotland) and assisting once (in the latter match). However, on 27 June, he tested positive for COVID-19 which ruled him out of the squad for the knockout phase. On 9 November 2022, Perišić was selected in Croatia's final squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. At the tournament, he assisted three times—twice in the 4–1 group stage victory over Canada and once in the 2–1 third place play-off victory over Morocco—and scored once, the equalizer in the 1–1 round of 16 draw with Japan. That way, he extended his record of the Croatia player with the most goal contributions at major tournaments (18), as well as surpassed Davor Šuker as the Croatia player with the most goals scored at major tournaments (10)."
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": "</s><s>Beach volleyball. Perišić took part at the 2017 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour for the Poreč Major tournament, a professional competition, partnering Nikša Dellorco. The pair lost their first match against Álvaro Morais Filho and Saymon Barbosa.</s><s>Personal life. Despite being born in Split, Perišić grew up in the town of Omiš. As a child, he worked on his father's poultry farm. Perišić married Josipa in 2012, having first met her while they were in high school. The pair have two children: a son, Leonardo, born on 9 October 2012; and a daughter, Manuela, born on 28 July 2014.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>Honours. Borussia Dortmund - Bundesliga: 2011–12 - DFB-Pokal: 2011–12 VfL Wolfsburg - DFB-Pokal: 2014–15 - DFL-Supercup: 2015 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga: 2019–20 - DFB-Pokal: 2019–20 - UEFA Champions League: 2019–20"
},
{
"title": "Ivan Perišić",
"text": " Inter Milan - Serie A: 2020–21 - Coppa Italia: 2021–22 - Supercoppa Italiana: 2021 Croatia - FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2018; third place: 2022 Individual - Belgian Pro League top goalscorer: 2010–11 - Belgian Professional Footballer of the Year: 2010–11 - Vatrena krila: 2014 - Serie A Goal of the Month: April 2022 Orders - Order of Duke Branimir: 2018</s><s>See also. - List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Ivan Perišić",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000437
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Kevin De Bruyne.
|
[
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": "<s>Kevin De Bruyne Kevin De Bruyne (born 28 June 1991) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Manchester City and captains the Belgium national team. He is widely regarded as one of the best players in the world. Pundits have often described him as a \"complete footballer\". De Bruyne began his career at Genk, where he was a regular player when they won the 2010–11 Belgian Pro League. In 2012 he joined English club Chelsea, where he was used sparingly and then loaned to Werder Bremen. He signed with Wolfsburg for £18 million in 2014, where he established himself as one of the best players in the Bundesliga and was integral in the club's 2014–15 DFB-Pokal win. In the summer of 2015 De Bruyne joined Manchester City for a club record £54 million. He has since won four Premier League titles, five League Cups and an FA Cup with the club. In 2017–18 he had a significant role in Manchester City's record in becoming the only Premier League team to attain 100 points in a single season. In 2019–20, De Bruyne equalled the record for most assists in a Premier League season and was awarded Player of the Season"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " (which he won again in 2021–22). De Bruyne made his full international debut in 2010, and he has since earned over 90 caps and scored 26 goals for Belgium. He was a member of the Belgian squads that reached the quarter-finals both at the 2014 FIFA World Cup and at UEFA Euro 2016. He was named in the FIFA World Cup Dream Team of the 2018 FIFA World Cup as Belgium finished in third place, as well as appearing in UEFA Euro 2020 and the 2022 FIFA World Cup. De Bruyne has been named in the UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season and IFFHS Men's World Team five times each, the ESM Team of the Year four times, the FIFA FIFPRO World 11 and UEFA Team of the Year three times each, the \"France Football\" World XI, and the Bundesliga Team of the Year. He has also won the Premier League Playmaker of the Season twice, the PFA Players' Player of the Year twice, Manchester City's Player of the Year four times, the UEFA Champions League Midfielder of the Season, the Bundesliga Player of the Year, the Footballer of the Year (Germany), the Belgian Sportsman of the Year and the IFFHS World's Best Playmaker twice.</s><s>Club career"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": ".</s><s>Club career.:Genk. De Bruyne began his career with hometown club KVV Drongen in 1997. Two years later, he joined Gent and moved to Genk in 2005. De Bruyne continued his development in their youth set-up and was rewarded for his progress by being promoted to the first team squad in 2008. From an Interview with his youth club, it was revealed that De Bruyne was a Liverpool fan and admirer of Michael Owen. De Bruyne made his first team debut for Genk in a 3–0 defeat at Charleroi on 9 May 2009. Having established himself in the team the following season, on 7 February 2010, De Bruyne scored his first goal for the club, which secured all three points for Genk in a 1–0 win against Standard Liège. He scored five goals and made 16 assists in 32 league matches during the 2010–11 season as Genk were crowned Belgian champions for the third time. On 29 October 2011, De Bruyne scored his first hat-trick for Genk against Club Brugge, which ended in a 5–4 win for Genk. On 28 January 2012, De Bruyne scored a brace against OH Leuven in a 5–0"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " win. On 18 February 2012, De Bruyne scored his first goal back at Genk following his agreed transfer to Chelsea and also assisted the other goal in a 1–2 away win against Mons. De Bruyne ended the season by wrapping up the scoring in a 3–1 victory over Gent. He finished the league campaign with eight goals from 28 appearances.</s><s>Club career.:Chelsea. On 31 January 2012, on the winter transfer deadline day, Premier League club Chelsea and Genk announced the permanent signing of De Bruyne, with the fee rumoured to be in the region of £7 million. He signed a five-and-a-half-year contract at Stamford Bridge, but would stay at Genk for the remainder of the 2011–12 season. De Bruyne told the club website, \"To come to a team like Chelsea is a dream but now I have to work hard to achieve the level that's necessary.\" On 18 July 2012, De Bruyne made his debut for Chelsea in a friendly match against Major League Soccer (MLS) side Seattle Sounders FC in a 4–2 win. De Bruyne also played the first half against Ligue 1 giants Paris Saint-Germain at Yankee Stadium, New York City.</s><s>Club"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " career.:Chelsea.:Werder Bremen (loan). On 31 July 2012, Chelsea announced that De Bruyne was to join Werder Bremen in the Bundesliga on a season-long loan deal. He scored his first goal for Bremen in a 3–2 defeat to Hannover 96 on 15 September, netting from 11 yards out after being played in by Eljero Elia. He continued his good form, scoring in Bremen's next game, a 2–2 draw with VfB Stuttgart, on 23 September. De Bruyne got back on the score sheet on 18 November, scoring the winning goal — despite his team being down to 10 men — as Bremen came from a goal down to defeat Fortuna Düsseldorf 2–1. De Bruyne scored his first goal in over two months on 4 May 2013, since netting a consolation goal in Bayern Munich's 6–1 hammering of Bremen, putting his side up 2–0 at home to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim before a late brace from Sven Schipplock meant that the game finished 2–2. He followed this up with a goal in Bremen's next match, securing a place in"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " the Bundesliga for the next season with a 1–1 draw against Eintracht Frankfurt on 11 May.</s><s>Club career.:Chelsea.:Return to Chelsea. After a successful loan spell in the Bundesliga with Werder Bremen, De Bruyne was linked with a move to stay in Germany with either Borussia Dortmund or Bayer Leverkusen. Incoming manager José Mourinho, however, assured De Bruyne he was a part of Chelsea's plan for the future, and the player officially returned to Chelsea on 1 July 2013. De Bruyne injured a knee while scoring his first goal for Chelsea, in a pre-season friendly game against a Malaysia XI, but was fit to make his competitive debut on the opening day of the 2013–14 Premier League season against Hull City, and made an assist for the first goal in a 2–0 win.</s><s>Club career.:Wolfsburg.</s><s>Club career.:Wolfsburg.:2013–14 season. On 18 January 2014, Wolfsburg signed De Bruyne for a fee of £18 million (€22 million). On 25 January 2014, he made his debut for Wolfsburg in a 3–1 home loss against Hannover 96. On 12 April 2014, De Bruyne assisted 2 goals in their 4"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": "–1 home win against 1. FC Nürnberg. After a week he scored his first goal for Wolfsburg in 3–1 away win against Hamburger SV. He also scored in the last two matches of the Bundesliga helping his team to win against VfB Stuttgart and Borussia Mönchengladbach.</s><s>Club career.:Wolfsburg.:2014–15 season. De Bruyne scored his first goal of the 2014–15 season on 2 October 2014, volleying in a clearance from outside the box to salvage a 1–1 draw against Lille in the Europa League. In the third group match away to Krasnodar on 23 October, De Bruyne scored twice as Wolfsburg secured their first win in the competition with a 4–2 victory. On 30 January 2015, he scored another brace in a 4–1 home win against Bayern Munich, their first Bundesliga defeat since April 2014. On 1 March 2015, De Bruyne assisted three goals in a 5–3 win over his former club Werder Bremen. On 12 March 2015, De Bruyne scored two goals in a 3–1 first leg Europa League round of 16 victory over Internazionale. On 15 March 2015, he scored one goal"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " and assisted another two in 3–0 victory over SC Freiburg. De Bruyne ended the league season with 10 goals and 21 assists, the latter a new Bundesliga record, as Wolfsburg finished second in the Bundesliga and qualified for the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League. On 30 May 2015, he started and scored in the 2015 DFB-Pokal Final as \"Die Wölfe\" defeated Borussia Dortmund 3–1 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin. De Bruyne ended his breakout season with 16 goals and 27 assists in all competitions, and was named the 2015 Germany Footballer of the Year.</s><s>Club career.:Wolfsburg.:2015–16 season. De Bruyne began the season by winning the 2015 DFL-Supercup against Bayern Munich, providing the cross for Nicklas Bendtner's 89th-minute equaliser for a 1–1 draw and then scoring in the subsequent penalty shootout. On 8 August 2015, he continued his good form by scoring his first goal of the season, and providing two assists in a 4–1 win at Stuttgarter Kickers in the first round of the DFB-Pokal. In August, in the midst of transfer speculation, De Bruyne said that he"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " would not force Wolfsburg to sell him, but also said that he could not ignore interest from Manchester City, saying: \"If an offer does come, I will hear about it and how much it is, but I have not yet heard anything... I would not go to England just to prove that I can play there. I do not have to go to England... If I go there it's because for me and for my family it is a good choice. That's the key for me.\" On 10 August, it was reported that Manchester City had made a second bid for De Bruyne worth £47 million. Wolfsburg sporting director, Klaus Allofs, said the club would fight to keep him, saying \"I think some other clubs have definitely turned Kevin’s head... Some huge figures are doing the rounds and I can understand why Kevin is leaving everything open.\" On 27 August, it was reported that City had made a further bid for De Bruyne worth £58 million. Klaus Allofs said that City had made an \"astonishing\" wage offer to De Bruyne.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.:2015–16 season. On 30 August 2015, Manchester City announced the arrival of De"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " Bruyne on a six-year contract, for a reported club-record fee of £55 million (€75 million), making him the second most expensive transfer in British football history after Ángel Di María's move to Manchester United in 2014. He made his debut for the team in the Premier League on 12 September against Crystal Palace, replacing the injured Sergio Agüero in the 25th minute. On 19 September, he scored his first goal for the club against West Ham United in first half stoppage time in an eventual 2–1 loss. He went on to score in a 4–1 League Cup win against Sunderland, on 22 September and a 4–1 loss to Tottenham Hotspur in the Premier League on 26 September. On 3 October, he scored in the team's 6–1 win against Newcastle United. On 2 October, De Bruyne was announced as one of the players on the longlist for the prestigious FIFA Ballon d'Or award, alongside teammates Agüero and Yaya Touré. Just 18 days later, on 20 October he was revealed by FIFA as one of the players on the 23-man shortlist for the Ballon d'Or. On 21 October, De Bruyne scored an injury-time winner"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " against Sevilla in the UEFA Champions League, to take City within one point of group leaders Juventus, with three games remaining. On 1 December, he scored a brace in a 4–1 win over Hull City to send Manchester City through to the semi-finals of the Football League Cup. On 27 January 2016, De Bruyne scored a goal in a League Cup semi-final 3–1 victory over Everton, but sustained an injury to his right knee that would keep him out of the team for two months. On 2 April, De Bruyne made his return from injury in a 4–0 win against Bournemouth at Dean Court, scoring the team's second goal in the twelfth minute. Four days later, he scored the opening goal in a 2–2 draw with Paris Saint-Germain in the UEFA Champions League quarter-final first-leg at the Parc des Princes. On 12 April, De Bruyne scored the winning goal against Paris Saint-Germain, advancing Manchester City to the Champions League semi-finals, for the first time in the club's history, on an aggregate score of 3–2. Writing in \"The Independent\", Mark Ogden said, \"It was a stunning goal from the Belgian, who took a touch"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " to control the ball before curling it beyond Kevin Trapp from the edge of the penalty area.\" De Bruyne's next goal came on 8 May 2016 in a 2–2 draw with Arsenal, although the result left City's Champions League qualification hopes out of their own hands.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.:2016–17 season. On 10 September 2016, De Bruyne scored and assisted in the first Manchester derby of the season which City won 2–1 and was awarded the \"Man of the Match\". On 17 September 2016, De Bruyne was awarded the \"Man of the Match\", in a 4–0 win over Bournemouth. De Bruyne scored the first, assisted the fourth, and provided key passes on both the second and third goals. After the international break, Manchester City drew their next game, against Everton, played on 15 October 2016 with the scoreline finishing at 1–1. Agüero and De Bruyne both missed their penalties while Nolito came off the bench to equalise for City. On 1 November, De Bruyne scored from a free kick in the team's 3–1 win over FC Barcelona. On 21 January 2017, De Bruyne was involved in both of City's goals, as he netted once himself"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " and also assisted Leroy Sané's, in a 2–2 home draw with Tottenham Hotspur; he was subsequently named man of the match. On 19 March 2017, De Bruyne displayed an excellent performance in a 1–1 draw against Liverpool at the Etihad Stadium, where he set up a goal for Agüero.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.:2017–18 season. De Bruyne set up both Agüero's and Gabriel Jesus' goals, on 9 September 2017, in a 5–0 home victory over Liverpool. On 16 September, De Bruyne assisted Agüero for his first goal in an eventual 6–0 win over Watford. On 26 September, De Bruyne scored his first goal of the 2017–18 season in a 2–0 win over Shakhtar Donetsk. On 30 September 2017, he scored his first goal of the 2017–18 Premier League season, as City beat his former club Chelsea with a 1–0 scoreline at Stamford Bridge. On 14 October, De Bruyne provided two assists in a 7–2 win over Stoke City. On 5 November, De Bruyne scored in a 3–1 win over Arsenal. On 18 November, he scored in a 2–0 away win over Leicester City."
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " On 29 November, he scored City's opener and assisted Raheem Sterling's last-minute winner in a 2–1 win over Southampton. On 13 December, De Bruyne scored in a 4–0 away win over Swansea City, which extended their record run of consecutive top-flight wins to 15 games. On 16 December, he scored in a 4–1 win over Tottenham Hotspur, with Pep Guardiola saying that De Bruyne is \"helping the club become a better institution\". On 27 December, De Bruyne provided an assist for Sterling's goal in a 1–0 win over Newcastle United. On 9 January, De Bruyne scored in a 2–1 win over Bristol City in the first leg of the semi-finals of the EFL Cup. On 20 January, he provided an assist for Agüero's first goal of the game (who scored a hat-trick in the game), in a 3–1 win over Newcastle United. On 22 January 2018, De Bruyne signed a new long-term contract with the club, keeping him at the club until 2023. On 23 January, he scored the winning goal in a 3–2 win over Bristol City in the EFL Cup semi-final second leg, which helped City advance"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " to the final, having won the tie by an aggregate scoreline of 5–3. On 31 January, he scored and assisted in a 3–0 win over West Bromwich Albion, and was voted BBC \"Man of the Match\". On 10 February, he provided three assists, two for Agüero and one for Raheem Sterling, in a 5–1 win over Leicester City, taking his assists tally to 14. On 25 February, he started in the 2018 EFL Cup Final against Arsenal, and played the whole 90 minutes, with Manchester City winning 3–0 to obtain their first piece of silverware of the 2017–18 season, and their first trophy overall under Pep Guardiola. On 31 March 2018, he provided an assist for Gabriel Jesus in a 3–1 win over Everton, ensuring that City would require only one more win to secure the Premier League title. On 22 April, he scored in a 5–0 win over Swansea City. On 13 May, on the final day of the season, De Bruyne assisted Gabriel Jesus' winning goal in a 1–0 win over Southampton, which took champions City's total points tally to 100. De Bruyne was also voted as BBC \"Man of the Match\". For his 16 assists registered across the"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " league season, De Bruyne won the inaugural Premier League Playmaker of the Season award. He was also selected in the PFA Team of the Year, and was also voted as Manchester City Player of the Season.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.:2018–19 season. On 15 August 2018, De Bruyne suffered a knee injury during a training session, with several news websites reporting that he could potentially not play for up to three months. Two days later, Manchester City confirmed that he had suffered a lesion of the lateral collateral ligament in his right knee, with no surgery required, and that he was expected to not play for three months. Soon after De Bruyne returned to action in October 2018, he once again suffered a knee ligament injury in the fourth round of the EFL Cup against Fulham. The injury was expected to keep him out for 5–6 weeks but he resumed full training much earlier than expected after only 3 weeks out. He came on as substitute in the FA Cup final against Watford, scoring the third goal and assisting two more, as City won the first-ever domestic treble in English men's football. His performances meant he was named \"Man of the Match\".</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.:2019–20"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " season. On 30 November 2019, De Bruyne scored a half-volley in a 2–2 draw against Newcastle in the league, that strike was later voted as Premier League Goal of the Month for November. On 15 December 2019, he scored a brace in a 3–0 Premier League win over Arsenal at the Emirates. De Bruyne scored his 50th City goal in all competitions on 26 February 2020 in their 2–1 victory, coming from behind, over Real Madrid in their Champions League Round of 16 clash. In the final Premier League match of the season, City beat Norwich City 5–0 at home. De Bruyne scored two goals and registered his 20th league assist, which equalled Thierry Henry's record for the most assists in a season, and also won his second Playmaker of the Season award. In addition he became the first player in history to reach 20 assists in a single season in two of Europe's top five leagues. His long range curler in that game also won him Premier League Goal of the Month for the second time in the season. At the end of the season he was awarded the Premier League Player of the Season after scoring 13 goals, providing 20 assists and creating 104 chances from open play, the most for a player"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " in any of Europe's top five leagues since 2006. He was also named in the PFA Team of the Year and won the PFA Player of the Year award, becoming the first ever Manchester City player to win it.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.:2020–21 season. On 21 September 2020, De Bruyne scored and assisted in a 3–1 away win over Wolverhampton Wanderers in City's first game of the season. With the crucial visit of the Premier League champions, Liverpool, De Bruyne assisted Gabriel Jesus' equalizer before winning a penalty, which he subsequently fired wide. The game ended in a 1–1 draw. On 7 April, De Bruyne signed a four-year contract after negotiating it with help of statistical data to make case for a 30% pay increase. On 25 April 2021, De Bruyne's free-kick was headed into the goal by Aymeric Laporte, allowing City to win 1–0 against Tottenham Hotspur in the EFL Cup Final at Wembley Stadium. On 28 April, he scored a goal in a 2–1 away win over Paris Saint-Germain in the Champions League semi-finals. On 29 May, De Bruyne had a head injury after colliding with Antonio R"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": "üdiger in the second half of the Champions League Final, to be substituted by Gabriel Jesus; however, his team lost 1–0 against his former club Chelsea. Medical scans after the game revealed De Bruyne to have suffered acute nose bone and left orbital fractures, placing doubt on his participation in the rescheduled UEFA Euro 2020 tournament. At the end of the season, Kevin was awarded with the PFA Player's Player Of The Year award.</s><s>Club career.:Manchester City.:2021–22 season. On 11 May 2022, De Bruyne scored four goals inside 24 minutes in City's 5–1 win at Wolverhampton Wanderers, his first hat-trick with the club and the third-quickest in Premier League history. Sky Sports commentator Andy Hinchcliffe described the feat as \"Twenty-three minutes of footballing genius\" and Jeremy Wilson, writing in \"The Daily Telegraph\", said \"De Bruyne's 'wrong-footed' hat-trick was one of the best displays in Premier League history\". De Bruyne was again bestowed with the Premier League Player of the Season award, becoming the fourth player to win the award more than once. He also went on to win Manchester City's Player of the Year award for the fourth"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " time. As a result, he tied Richard Dunne for the most player of the year awards at the club.</s><s>International career. De Bruyne was capped by Belgium at under-18, under-19, and under-21 level. He made his debut for the Belgian senior team on 11 August 2010 in an international friendly against Finland in Turku; the game ended in a 1–0 loss for Belgium. Before making his full debut for Belgium's senior side, De Bruyne was eligible to play for Burundi, his mother's birthplace. De Bruyne became a regular member of Belgium's team during the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign, where he scored four goals as the Red Devils qualified for their first major tournament in 12 years.</s><s>International career.:2014–2016: First World Cup and Euro appearances. On 13 May 2014, he was named in Belgium's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In their first game of the tournament, against Algeria in Belo Horizonte, De Bruyne assisted Marouane Fellaini's equaliser and was named man of the match by FIFA. In the round of 16, De Bruyne scored Belgium's opening goal in the third minute of extra time as they defeated the United States 2–1"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": ". On 10 October 2014, De Bruyne scored twice in a 6–0 rout of Andorra in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying, equaling the team's record victory in a European qualifier set in 1986. On 3 September 2015, De Bruyne scored in a 3–1 win over Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 10 October 2015, De Bruyne scored in a 4–1 win over Andorra, which secured Belgium's place at the UEFA Euro 2016 finals. Three days later, he scored in a 3–1 win over Israel, securing Belgium top-spot in the group. On 31 May 2016, De Bruyne was selected for Belgium's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016. On 18 June 2016, De Bruyne was praised for his performance in Belgium's 3–0 win over the Republic of Ireland. On 26 June 2016, De Bruyne was voted BBC \"Man of the Match\" for his performance in a 4–0 win over Hungary in the round of 16, where he provided two assists.</s><s>International career.:2016–2018: 2018 World Cup. De Bruyne was selected for Belgium's final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On 18 June, in the opening game against debutants Panama,"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " De Bruyne provided an assist for Romelu Lukaku in an eventual 3–0 win. On 6 July, he scored the second goal of the match in a 2–1 quarter-final victory over Brazil and was named the man of the match. In the semi-finals, Belgium were defeated 1–0 by eventual champions France. On 14 July, Belgium defeated England 2–0 in the third-place play-off.</s><s>International career.:2018–2022: Euro 2020 and 2022 World Cup. On 17 June 2021, De Bruyne scored his first and the winning goal in Belgium's second match of UEFA Euro 2020, a 2–1 win over Denmark, having earlier in the game assisted the team's first goal. During the round of 16 clash with Portugal, De Bruyne suffered an ankle injury from a tackle from behind, by Portugal's Joao Palhinha. On 2 July Belgium manager Roberto Martinez said that De Bruyne could recover in time for the quarter-final match, later that day, despite not training all week and he was later confirmed in the starting line-up. De Bruyne started all three games in the 2022 FIFA World Cup as Belgium were eliminated in the group stage.</s><s>International career.:2022–present"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": ": Assuming the captaincy. On 21 March 2023, De Bruyne was announced as Belgium's new captain, following the international retirement of Eden Hazard.</s><s>Style of play. De Bruyne is widely regarded as one of the best players in the world and he has often been described as a \"complete\" footballer. Considered to be a versatile and highly talented player in the media, he plays mainly as a central or an attacking midfielder but can also operate in several other positions and has been used as a winger or second striker. He has even been deployed in a deeper creative midfield position and on occasion, a box-to-box role or as a false 9. He is often described by pundits as one of the best and most complete modern day advanced playmakers due to his technique, skill, athleticism, work-rate off the ball, vision, crossing accuracy, wide range of passing, and powerful long-range shooting ability with either foot. Although he is not blessed with significant physical strength, pace, or ability in the air, he is a quick and elegant player on the ball with good dribbling skills, while his positional sense, tactical intelligence, movement, direct style of play and ability to run at defences when in possession also enable him to take advantage of"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " spaces in the opposition's defence and subsequently create chances and goalscoring opportunities for himself or his teammates, making him a dangerous offensive threat on counter-attacks. In addition to his creative abilities, he is also capable of scoring goals by making late runs off the ball from behind into the penalty area and is an accurate set-piece taker. De Bruyne was ranked the fourth-best footballer in the world by \"The Guardian\" in 2017 and the twelfth-best in 2019. In 2020, his Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola described him as the best midfielder in the world.</s><s>Personal life. De Bruyne's mother is Belgian, born in Burundi and has also lived in the Ivory Coast. Drongen, his hometown, is a sub municipality of the city of Ghent, in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. Aside from his mother tongue Dutch, De Bruyne also speaks French, English, and German. Since 2014, De Bruyne has been in a relationship with Michèle Lacroix. The couple married in June 2017, and have three children together. His autobiography, titled \"Keep It Simple\", was published by Borgerhoff & Lamberigts in October 2014, following an incident between De Bruyne"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": " and his compatriot Thibaut Courtois, in which De Bruyne's then-girlfriend left him for Courtois. De Bruyne wrote in his autobiography, \"Although I still can not believe what Courtois has done, we continue to work together professionally.\" De Bruyne was an ambassador for the 2014 Special Olympics, which took place in Antwerp, and was involved in a controversial advertisement campaign, via his personal Instagram account. Employing the slogan (in Dutch): \"Would you still be my fan if I looked like this?\", De Bruyne was depicted resembling a person with Down syndrome.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>Honours. Genk - Belgian Pro League: 2010–11 - Belgian Cup: 2008–09 - Belgian Super Cup: 2011 VfL Wolfsburg - DFB-Pokal: 2014–15 - DFL-Supercup: 2015 Manchester City - Premier League: 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21, 2021–22 - FA Cup: 2018–19 - Football League Cup/EFL Cup: 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21 - FA Community Shield: 2019 - UEFA Champions League runner"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": "-up: 2020–21 Belgium - FIFA World Cup third place: 2018 Individual - Bundesliga Young Player of the Year: 2012–13 - Bundesliga Player of the Year: 2014–15 - Bundesliga Team of the Year: 2014–15 - Bundesliga top assist provider: 2014–15 - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2014–15 - Goal of the Month (Germany): October 2014 - Footballer of the Year (Germany): 2015 - \"France Football\" World XI: 2015 - Belgian Sportsman of the Year: 2015 - Best Belgian Player Abroad: 2015, 2016 - Manchester City Player of the Season: 2015–16, 2017–18, 2019–20, 2021–22 - Manchester City Goal of the Season: 2019–20 - FIFA FIFPRO World 11: 2020, 2021, 2022 - IFFHS Men's World Team: 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 - UEFA Team of the Year: 2017, 2019, 2020 - ESM Team of the Year: 2017–18, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22 - PFA Premier League Team of the Year: 2017–18, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22 - Premier League Playmaker of the Season: 2017–18, 2019–"
},
{
"title": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"text": "20 - UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21 - UEFA Champions League Team of the Season: 2021–22 - FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2018 - Premier League Goal of the Month: November 2019, July 2020 - Premier League Player of the Season: 2019–20, 2021–22 - PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2019–20, 2020–21 - UEFA Champions League Midfielder of the Season: 2019–20 - IFFHS World's Best Playmaker: 2020, 2021 - IFFHS UEFA Team of the Decade: 2011–2020 - IFFHS All Time Belgium XI - Ballon d'Or 3rd place: 2022</s><s>Bibliography. - \"Keep It Simple\" (2014) (autobiography, co-authored with Raoul de Groote), Amsterdam: Borgerhoff & Lamberigts,</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Kevin De Bruyne",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000438
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Gemma Arterton.
|
[
{
"title": "Gemma Arterton",
"text": "<s>Gemma Arterton Gemma Christina Arterton (born 2 February 1986) is an English actress and producer. After her stage debut in Shakespeare's \"Love's Labour's Lost\" at the Globe Theatre (2007), Arterton made her feature film debut in the comedy \"St Trinian's\" (2007). She portrayed Bond Girl Strawberry Fields in the James Bond film \"Quantum of Solace\" (2008), a performance which won her an Empire Award for Best Newcomer. Arterton has since appeared in a number of films, including \"The Disappearance of Alice Creed\" (2009), \"Tamara Drewe\" (2010), \"Clash of the Titans\" (2010), \"\" (2010), \"\" (2013), \"Their Finest\" (2016), \"The Escape\" (2017), and \"Vita and Virginia\" (2018). She received the Harper's Bazaar Woman of the Year Award for acting in and producing \"The Escape\". Her theatrical highlights have included starring in \"The Duchess of Malfi\" (2014), \"Made in Dagenham\" (2014), \"Nell Gwynn\" (2016) and \"Saint Joan\" (2017). Arterton was nominated for Olivier Awards for her work on"
},
{
"title": "Gemma Arterton",
"text": " both \"Nell Gwynn\" and \"Made in Dagenham\", and she won the Evening Standard Theatre Award for the latter. Since 2016, Arterton has run her own production company, Rebel Park Productions, which focuses on creating female-led content in front of and behind the camera. She has executive-produced four feature films and two short films. She is also on record as being a supporter of the Time's Up, ERA 50:50 and MeToo movements. Arterton played an integral role in persuading actresses to wear black at the 2018 BAFTAs in support of Time'sUp, and has been involved with ERA 50:50, an equal pay campaign in the UK, since its inception.</s><s>Early life and education. Arterton was born at North Kent Hospital in Gravesend with polydactyly, a condition resulting in extra fingers which a doctor removed shortly after her birth. Her mother, Sally-Anne Heap, runs a cleaning business, and her father, Barry J. Arterton, is a welder. They divorced during Arterton's early childhood, and she grew up on a council estate with her mother and younger sister, Hannah Arterton, who is also an actress. Her"
},
{
"title": "Gemma Arterton",
"text": " matrilineal great-grandmother was a German-Jewish concert violinist. Arterton attended Gravesend Grammar School for Girls, a state grammar school in Kent (now Mayfield Grammar School) and made her amateur stage debut in a production of Alan Ayckbourn's \"The Boy Who Fell into a Book\". Her performance won her the best actress prize in a competition at a local festival. At age 16, Arterton left Gravesend Grammar School to attend acting college at the Miskin Theatre at North Kent College in Dartford. She later studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), graduating in 2008.</s><s>Career. Arterton had her first professional role in Stephen Poliakoff's \"Capturing Mary\" while she was still at drama school. She made her stage debut as Rosaline in Shakespeare's \"Love's Labour's Lost\" at the Globe Theatre in London in July 2007 before graduating later that year. She made her film debut in \"St Trinian's\" (2007) as Head Girl Kelly. In 2008, she appeared in the James Bond film \"Quantum of Solace\". Chosen from around fifteen hundred candidates, Arterton plays Bond Girl Strawberry Fields, in what is described"
},
{
"title": "Gemma Arterton",
"text": " as a \"nice-sized role\". Arterton describes her character as \"the thinking man's crumpet\". In the same year, she played the eponymous protagonist in the BBC adaptation of Thomas Hardy's \"Tess of the d'Urbervilles\". Also in 2008, she played Elizabeth Bennet in the ITV serial, \"Lost in Austen\". Her most controversial role to date was in the 2009 film \"The Disappearance of Alice Creed\", in which her character is kidnapped and abused in several graphic nude scenes. The role required her to be handcuffed to a bed and wear a ball gag in her mouth throughout. She requested that she be left tied to the bed even when the camera was not on her to help her performance. She joked that the crew would put the ball gag back in if she was chatting too much. The film was well received, with Frank Scheck for \"The Hollywood Reporter\" noting, \"Arterton… handles the rigorous physical and emotional demands of her role with great skill\". Arterton was the face of Avon's Bond Girl 007 fragrance, when it was launched in October 2008. In 2010, Arterton made her West End debut in the UK premiere of \"The Little Dog Laughed\". She was"
},
{
"title": "Gemma Arterton",
"text": " originally attached to star in a new adaptation of \"Wuthering Heights\" as Catherine Earnshaw; however, she later left the project. Arterton appeared in pivotal roles in the 2010 films \"Clash of the Titans\" and \"\", and played the lead in \"Tamara Drewe\". In 2010 Arterton also starred in the Almeida Theatre's production of \"The Master Builder\" directed by Travis Preston, where she was widely praised for her performance as Hilde Wangel. In 2011, Arterton was nominated for the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Rising Star Award and was under consideration for Leading Actress for her performances in \"Tamara Drewe\" and \"The Disappearance of Alice Creed\". In November 2012, she was selected as a member of the main competition jury at the 2012 International Film Festival of Marrakech. Arterton starred in the action horror film \"\" as Gretel, opposite Jeremy Renner who played Hansel. The 3-D film was set 15 years after Hansel and Gretel killed the witch who kidnapped them. It was released on 25 January 2013. In January 2014, she took the title role in John Webster's \"The Duchess of Malfi\", the inaugural production at the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse"
},
{
"title": "Gemma Arterton",
"text": ", the new indoor theatre at Shakespeare's Globe. Both the play and Arterton herself received positive reviews, with Paul Taylor for \"The Independent\" reporting. \"The luminous Gemma Arterton beautifully captures the multi-faceted quality of the Duchess\". In the same year, she starred with Ryan Reynolds, Anna Kendrick and Jacki Weaver in the psychological thriller film, \"The Voices\". In 2015, Arterton starred as the titular lead in \"Gemma Bovery\"\".\" The film is a re-imagining of Gustave Flaubert's 19th century classic \"Madame Bovary\" directed by Anne Fontaine. Arterton learnt to speak French for the role, never having spoken the language previously. In 2014–2015, Arterton starred in \"Made in Dagenham\", a stage musical about the Ford sewing machinists strike of 1968 concerning equal pay for women. Since its premiere on 5 November 2014 at the Adelphi Theatre in London, she has publicly expressed her support for their cause. She played a fictional character named Rita O'Grady and her performance received mixed reviews from critics. Simon Edge, for the \"Daily Express\", complained of an \"underpowered central performance from Gemma Arter"
},
{
"title": "Gemma Arterton",
"text": "ton as Rita\". However, Matt Trueman for \"Variety\" praised Arterton for her \"all-out star turn\" and Paul Taylor, for \"The Independent\", praised how \"Arterton holds the show together beautifully\". Despite the show closing after only five months, Arterton was nevertheless nominated for an Olivier Award for best actress in a musical, and went on to win the Evening Standard award for Newcomer in a Musical. In a 2015 interview with the \"Independent\" newspaper, Arterton stated that she was the director Jonathan Glazer's choice for the lead role in his movie \"Under the Skin\". Glazer, however, was forced to recast because Arterton was not famous enough for the film to secure financing. In February 2016, Arterton started a run playing the title role in the Shakespeare's Globe transfer of \"Nell Gwynn\", at the West End's Apollo Theatre. Arterton was praised by critics, with Michael Billington for \"The Guardian\" citing her \"natural sparkle\". For her performance she was nominated for an Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Play. In July 2016, she was named as a member of the main competition jury for the 73rd Venice International Film Festival. Also in"
},
{
"title": "Gemma Arterton",
"text": " this year, Arterton was nominated for a BIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as the teacher Helen Justineau in \"The Girl with All the Gifts\". Her performance, a story set in a dystopian future world ravaged by a zombie pathogen, was generally well reviewed. In 2016, Arterton set up Rebel Park Productions to create female-lead and female-centric film and TV projects. She produced the well-received short film \"Leading Lady Parts\" in support of Time's Up. The film starred Emilia Clarke, Tom Hiddleston and Gemma Chan and helped to raise awareness for the UK Justice and Equality Fund. In the same year, she played one of four lead roles in Arnaud des Pallières' French language film \"Orpheline\" (\"Orphan\"), a role in which she exercised the French language skills she had acquired for her role in \"Gemma Bovery\". In 2017, Arterton took on the role of Joan in Josie Rourke's interpretation of George Bernard Shaw's classic story \"Saint Joan\". While the play itself received mixed reviews, Arterton's performance was widely praised as the highlight of the show. In the same year, she appeared as the fictional young"
},
{
"title": "Gemma Arterton",
"text": " screenwriter Catrin Cole in \"Their Finest\", a wartime romcom about a propaganda film crew working during the Second World War. Arterton's performance amongst the impressive ensemble of supporting actors (Bill Nighy, Sam Claflin and Eddie Marsan) was generally well received. In 2018, Arterton produced and co-created \"The Escape\", a largely improvised film about a mother struggling with the breakdown of her marriage. The film received excellent reviews and Arterton was nominated for a BIFA award for Best Actress in a British Independent Film. She was awarded Woman of the Year by \"Harper's Bazaar\" magazine for her work on the film. Also in 2018, Arterton was one of 928 new members invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, 49% of whom were female as part of the Academy's ongoing attempt to increase representation. In 2018, it was announced that Arterton would play late singer Dusty Springfield in a film about her life. However, no further news about the project has been released since. In 2019, Arterton appeared in the Netflix comedy \"Murder Mystery\" (which stars Adam Sandler, Jennifer Aniston and Luke Evans). Despite the film's largely negative reviews,"
},
{
"title": "Gemma Arterton",
"text": " it was watched by 30.9 million Netflix account-holders in its first three days of release, then a record for the streaming service. In the same year, Arterton played the socialite and author Vita Sackville-West in \"Vita and Virginia\", a film about the romantic relationship between Arterton's character and Virginia Woolf which was the inspiration for Woolf's novel \"\". Arterton is credited as executive producer of the film. She also produced and starred in the short film \"Hayley Alien\", which was written and directed by her sister and co-star, Hannah Arterton. Arterton was an executive producer and starred in the Second World War film, \"Summerland\", directed by Jessica Swale. Arterton had previously worked with Swale on the stage show \"Nell Gwynn\".</s><s>Personal life. Arterton met production assistant John Nolan on the set of \"Quantum of Solace\" and they lived together in London. In 2008, she had a relationship with the Spanish stuntman Eduardo Muñoz, whom she met on the set of \"\". They lived together in a London flat, but they split up after six months. Arterton married Stefano Catelli in 2010"
},
{
"title": "Gemma Arterton",
"text": "; however, they separated in 2013, and, in August 2015, their divorce was finalised \"by consent\" at the Central Family Court in High Holborn. Arterton said she \"never really believed in exchanging vows\" and that she was not sure she would \"want to walk down the aisle again\". In 2013, Arterton stated that she wanted to wait until she has accomplished something in the acting world before having children. In 2019, she married actor Rory Keenan. On 4 November 2022, she confirmed that she was expecting her first child with Keenan. Their son was born in December.</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:Music videos. - \"Kerala\" (2016) by Bonobo - \"Remember Where You Are\" (2021) by Jessie Ware</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Gemma Arterton",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000439
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Irina Shayk.
|
[
{
"title": "Irina Shayk",
"text": "<s>Irina Shayk Irina Valeryevna Shaykhlislamova (; born 6 January 1986), known professionally as Irina Shayk (; ), is a Russian model and television personality who received international recognition when she appeared as the first Russian model on the cover of the 2011 \"Sports Illustrated\" Swimsuit Issue. Models.com ranks her as one of the New Supers.</s><s>Early life. Shayk was born in Yemanzhelinsk (Chelyabinsk Oblast region), Soviet Union, to a Volga Tatar father, Valery Shaykhlislamov, a coal miner, and ethnic Russian mother, Olga, a kindergarten music teacher. She has stated that she inherited her looks from her father and that people often mistake her for being South American, saying, \"My father was dark skinned, because he was Tatar, sometimes Tatars can look Brazilian. I get my light eyes from my mother.\" She has one sibling, a sister named Tatiana Petenkova. She is also an aunt to Tatiana's three children including a niece named \"Irina\" after her. Shayk started playing piano at age six. At age nine, she enrolled in a music school and studied there for seven years,"
},
{
"title": "Irina Shayk",
"text": " both playing the piano and singing in the choir, since her mother wanted her to study music. Her father died of complications of pneumonia when she was 14, leaving her family with little money and forcing her mother to work two jobs to provide for the family. After high school, Shayk studied marketing but later instead chose to enter a beauty school with her older sister. While there, she was noticed by a person from a local modeling agency who was struck by her beauty. She was urged to participate in the \"Miss Chelyabinsk 2004\" beauty contest, which she won; she described this contest as far below the standard of beauty contests one would expect in metropolitan European cities or in the United States.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Modeling.</s><s>Career.:Modeling.:2007–2010: Early years. In 2007, Shayk replaced Ana Beatriz Barros as the face of Intimissimi, and in the same year debuted in the annual \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\". After being the face of Intimissimi for three years, Shayk was made the official ambassador for the brand in 2010. Her other modeling campaigns included Beach Bunny Swimwear, and Guess for the spring/summer 2009 season. Other work includes the"
},
{
"title": "Irina Shayk",
"text": " Victoria's Secret catalog, Lacoste, Cesare Paciotti and Morellato. She signed with IMG Models in May 2009.</s><s>Career.:Modeling.:2011–2015: Mainstream success. Shayk modeled the Armani Exchange spring/summer 2010 campaign. She also starred in Kanye West's \"Power\", directed by artist Marco Brambilla. She was on the cover of \"Ocean Drive\" and \"GQ\" South Africa for the August issue. She ranked first in the \"50 Hottest Russian Women\" list by \"Complex\" magazine. She made a change from swimwear to high fashion with a spread in Spain's \"Harper's Bazaar\" and landed the cover of \"Elle\" Spain for their November 2010 issue. \"Glamour\" Spain awarded her \"Best International Model of 2010\". At the end of the year, she was pictured nude in the \"GQ Spain\" December issue; however, she claimed that she had not stripped for the photoshoot, and that the magazine had digitally altered the images to remove her lingerie. GQ responded that there are 15 witnesses of her posing nude. On Valentine's Day, in an episode of the \"Late Show with David Letterman\","
},
{
"title": "Irina Shayk",
"text": " it was revealed via \"Billboard\" that Shayk was the covermodel for the 2011 \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\". This was the fifth time she has been featured in the magazine, but the first time she has been on the cover. She is the first Russian to appear on the cover. Shayk became the face of swim label Luli Fama's 2011 advertising campaign and look book. In 2011, she covered magazines such as \"Tatler Russia\", \"Twelv\", \"Cosmopolitan Spain\", \"GQ Mexico\", \"Glamour Spain\", \"Amica Italy\" and appeared on the covered of \"Elle Spain\", the special edition for Christmas. She also worked for many brands like Rampage, replacing Bar Refaeli, Replay and XTI. The same year, she was voted \"Sexiest Woman In The World\" in the Hungarian magazine Periodika. In 2012, she covered \"Esquire UK\", \"Harper's Bazaar Arabia\" and \"Ukraine\", \"Marie Claire Ukraine\", \"Spain\" and \"Russia\", \"GQ Germany\", \"Glamour Russia\" and appeared on 14 \"Cosmopolitan\" spring covers worldwide. She also covered \"S Moda Spain\" and \"The Sunday Times Style\". She also did"
},
{
"title": "Irina Shayk",
"text": " an editorial for \"Vanity Fair Italy\". The same year, she has appeared in campaigns for Morellato, Agua Bendita and Blanco. In November, Shayk covered \"Twelv\" Magazine, Second Issue with fellow Russian model Anne V. In the same month, she appeared in an editorial for Vogue Spain December issue working with Mario Testino. In February 2013, she covered \"Vs.\" magazine with Anne V and the same month she did an editorial for CR Fashion book issue 2 photographed by Bruce Weber and styled by Carine Roitfeld. The same month, she did the runway of Jeremy Scott during the New York fashion week. In March 2013, she did the runway of Givenchy during the Paris fashion week. Also in 2013, Shayk featured several times in \"Harper's Bazaar US\". She featured for the second time in CR fashion book issue 3. In September, she covered \"Allure\" Russia. She was also the cover model of \"Vogue\" Spain, landing her first \"Vogue\" cover photographed by Giampaolo Sgura. In 2014, she was the placard bearer for the Russian team during the opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics.</s><s>Career.:Modeling.:2016–present"
},
{
"title": "Irina Shayk",
"text": ": Transition to high fashion work. Shayk has walked the runways for Miu Miu, Bottega Veneta, Marc Jacobs, Chanel, Ralph Lauren, Schiaparelli, Mugler, Moschino, Burberry, Versace, Givenchy, Diane Von Furstenberg, Giles Deacon, Desigual, Jeremy Scott, Hugo Boss, Philipp Plein, Salvatore Ferragamo, Tory Burch, Victoria Beckham, Valentino, Max Mara, Brandon Maxwell, Isabel Marant, Etro, Vivienne Westwood, Richard Quinn, Oscar de la Renta, Vivienne Westwood, Missoni, Michael Kors, and Mango. She even walked for the last Jean Paul Gaultier fashion show in 2020. In 2016, she walked in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show while 6 months pregnant with baby girl Lea de Seine Shayk Cooper. She has appeared in advertising campaigns for Burberry, Jean Paul Gaultier, Marc Jacobs, Versace, Alberta Ferretti, Givenchy, Missoni, La Perla, Roberto Cavalli, Giorgio Armani, Dsquared2, La Senza, Morellato, Bebe, Lord & Taylor, Lacoste"
},
{
"title": "Irina Shayk",
"text": ", Armani Exchange, Guess?, Blumarine, Saks Fifth Avenue, Victoria's Secret, and Avon. In October 2015, she became the new L'Oréal Paris International Spokesperson.</s><s>Career.:Acting. Shayk made her acting debut as Megara alongside Dwayne Johnson in the 2014 film \"Hercules\".</s><s>Personal life. Shayk dated Linkin Park drummer Rob Bourdon from 2007 to 2009. She met Portuguese footballer Cristiano Ronaldo in 2009 and they started dating soon after. She ended the relationship with Ronaldo in January 2015. In spring 2015, she started dating American actor Bradley Cooper. Their daughter Lea De Seine was born in Los Angeles on March 21, 2017. The couple split up in June 2019.</s><s>Philanthropy. Shayk is helping a maternity hospital in her hometown of Yemanzhelinsk. She and her sister helped rebuild the children's ward of the local hospital, and now Shayk raises money on behalf of a Russian charity, Pomogi - \"Help\" (), which provides care to sick children. Shayk is the official ambassador for Pomogi in Russia. She is an ambassador for the Food Bank for New York City as well as the ASPCA. She is"
},
{
"title": "Irina Shayk",
"text": " against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, has stated an intention of donating to UNICEF and Red Cross to support their humanitarian efforts in Ukraine, and has asked her followers to donate too.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Irina Shayk",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000440
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Rafael Nadal.
|
[
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": "<s>Rafael Nadal Rafael Nadal Parera (, ; born 3 June 1986) is a Spanish professional tennis player. He is currently ranked world No. 13 in singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). He has been ranked world No. 1 for 209 weeks, and has finished as the year-end No. 1 five times. He also holds the record for most consecutive weeks in the Top 10 of the ATP Rankings, having never left the Top 10 from April 2005 to March 2023, a total of 912 weeks. Nadal has won a joint-record 22 Grand Slam men's singles titles, including a record 14 French Open titles. He has won 92 ATP singles titles, including 36 Masters titles, with 63 of these on clay courts. Nadal is one of only two men to complete the Career Golden Slam in singles. His 81 consecutive wins on clay is the longest single-surface win streak in the Open Era. For over a decade, Nadal has dominated men's tennis along with Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic as the Big Three, collectively considered by many to be the three greatest male tennis players of all time. At the start of his professional career, Nadal became one of the most successful teenagers in"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " ATP Tour history, reaching the world No. 2 ranking and winning 16 titles before turning 20, including his first French Open and six Masters events. Nadal became the world No. 1 for the first time in 2008 after defeating Federer in a historic Wimbledon final, his first major victory off clay. He followed up his win with an Olympic singles gold at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. After defeating Djokovic in the 2010 US Open final, then-24-year-old Nadal became the youngest man in the Open Era to achieve the Career Grand Slam, and the first man to win majors on three different surfaces (hard, grass, and clay) in the same year (Surface Slam). After two injury-plagued seasons, Nadal made a stellar return in one of the greatest comeback seasons of all time in 2013; reaching 14 finals, winning two majors and five Masters events including the US Open Series sweep (Summer Slam). He continued his dominance at the French Open, securing six titles, two US Open titles, an Australian Open title, and an Olympic doubles gold at the 2016 Rio Olympics with Marc López. Nadal surpassed his joint-record with Djokovic and Federer for the most major men's singles titles at the 2022 Australian Open"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": ", and became one of four men in history to complete the double Career Grand Slam in singles. He appeared in the Top 10 of the ATP rankings continuously from April 2005 to March 2023 – a record spanning 18 years. As a vigorous left-handed player, one of Nadal's main strengths is his forehand, which he hits with extremely heavy topspin at difficult angles. He is one of the best at breaking serve, regularly appearing among the tour leaders in percentage of return games, return points, and break points won. Nadal has won the Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award five times, and was the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year in 2011 and 2021. He is also a recipient of the Grand Cross of the Order of Dos De Mayo, the Grand Cross of Naval Merit, and the Medal of the City of Paris. Representing Spain, he has won two Olympic gold medals, and led the nation to four Davis Cup titles. Nadal has also opened a tennis academy in Mallorca, and is an active philanthropist.</s><s>Early life. Rafael Nadal Parera was born on 3 June 1986 in Manacor, a town on the island of Mallorca in the Balearic Islands, Spain, to parents Ana Mar"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": "ía Parera Femenías and Sebastián Nadal Homar. His father is a businessman, owner of an insurance company, glass and window company Vidres Mallorca, and the restaurant, Sa Punta. Rafael has a younger sister, María Isabel. His uncle, Miguel Ángel Nadal, is a retired professional footballer, who played for RCD Mallorca, FC Barcelona and the Spanish national team. He idolized Barcelona striker Ronaldo as a child, and via his uncle got access to the Barcelona dressing room to have a photo with the Brazilian. Recognizing a natural talent in Nadal, another uncle and tennis coach, Toni Nadal, introduced him to the game when he was three years old and coached him from 2005 to 2017. At age 8, Nadal won an under-12 regional tennis championship at a time when he was also a promising football player. This made Toni Nadal intensify training, and it was at that time that his uncle encouraged Nadal to play left-handed for a natural advantage on the tennis court, after studying Nadal's then two-handed forehand stroke. At age 12, Nadal won the Spanish and European tennis titles in his age group, while he was also playing"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " football. Nadal's father made him choose between football and tennis so that his schoolwork would not deteriorate entirely. Nadal said: \"I chose tennis. Football had to stop straight away.\" When he was 14, the Spanish tennis federation requested that Nadal leave Mallorca and move to Barcelona to continue his tennis training. His family turned down this request, partly because they feared his education would suffer, but also because Toni said that \"I don't want to believe that you have to go to America, or other places to be a good athlete. You can do it from your home.\" The decision to stay home meant less financial support from the federation; instead, Nadal's father covered the costs. In May 2001, he defeated former Grand Slam tournament champion Pat Cash in a clay-court exhibition match.</s><s>Professional tennis career.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2001–2004: Early career and Davis Cup title. Nadal turned professional at age 15, and participated in two events on the ITF junior circuit. He finished 2001 with a Challenger series record of 1–1 in singles with no titles or finals appearances. He did not participate in any doubles Challengers events. At ITF Futures, Nadal's record was 7–5 in"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " singles and 1–2 in doubles, with no titles or finals appearances. In 2002, Nadal reached the semifinals of the junior singles event at Wimbledon, in his first ITF junior event. In the same year, he helped Spain defeat the US in the final of the Junior Davis Cup in his second and final appearance on the ITF junior circuit. Nadal's Challenger level record in 2002 was 4–2 in singles with no titles. He did not participate in any doubles Challengers events. Nadal finished the year with a Futures record of 40–9 in singles and 10–9 in doubles. He won 6 singles tournaments at this level, including 5 on clay and 1 on hard courts. He did not reach any doubles finals. On 29 April 2002, in his hometown of Mallorca and at 15 years and 10 months of age, Nadal won his first ATP match by defeating Ramón Delgado, and became the ninth player in the Open Era to do so before the age of 16. In doubles, Nadal and his partner, Bartolomé Salvá Vidal, were defeated in the first round by David Adams and Simon Aspelin. In 2003, Nadal won two Challenger titles and finished the year ranked as the world No"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": ". 49. He won the ATP Newcomer of the Year Award. In his Wimbledon debut in 2003, he became the youngest man to reach the third round since Boris Becker in 1984, thus having never contested in a major qualifying event before. Nadal then participated at Båstad, where he lost to Nicolas Lapentti in the quarterfinals, and at Stuttgart, where he lost to Fernando González in the round of 32. At Umag, he lost to Carlos Moyá in the semifinals. After playing two more Challenger level events, the last of his career, Nadal finished his 2003 campaign with three first round losses in ATP events. Nadal also competed in seven doubles tournaments in 2003, and won his first ATP title (doubles or singles) at Umag, partnering Álex López Morón to defeat Todd Perry and Thomas Shimada in the final. 2004 started with a doubles title alongside Tommy Robredo at the Chennai Open. In singles, Nadal reached the third round of the Australian Open, where he lost in straight-sets to former world No. 1 and Australian native Lleyton Hewitt. Later that year, Nadal played the first of his many matches against Roger Federer, then ranked No"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": ". 1, in the third round of the Miami Open, winning in straight sets before a loss to Fernando González in the fourth round. He missed most of the clay court season, including the French Open, because of a stress fracture in his left ankle. In August, Nadal won his first ATP singles title at the Prokom Open by defeating José Acasuso in the final. Nadal, at 18 years and six months of age, became the youngest player to register a singles victory in a Davis Cup final for a winning nation. By beating world No. 2 Andy Roddick on clay in Spain, he helped Spain clinch the 2004 title over the United States. He finished the year ranked as the world No. 51.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2005: First major title. At the 2005 Australian Open, Nadal lost in the fourth round to eventual runner-up Lleyton Hewitt. Two months later, he reached the final of the 2005 Miami Masters, and despite being two points from a straight-sets victory, he was defeated in five sets by No. 1 Roger Federer. Both performances were considered breakthroughs for Nadal. He then dominated the spring clay-court season. He won 24 consecutive singles matches, breaking Andre Ag"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": "assi's Open Era record of consecutive match wins for a male teenager. Nadal won the Torneo Conde de Godó in Barcelona and beat 2004 French Open runner-up Guillermo Coria in the finals of the 2005 Monte Carlo Masters and the 2005 Italian Open. These victories raised his ranking to world No. 5 and made him one of the favorites at his career-first French Open. On his 19th birthday, Nadal defeated Federer in the French Open semifinals, being one of only four players to defeat him that year (along with Marat Safin, Richard Gasquet, and David Nalbandian). Two days later he defeated Mariano Puerta in the final, becoming the second man, after Mats Wilander in 1982, to win the French Open on his first attempt. He was the first male teenager to win a major singles title since Pete Sampras won the 1990 US Open at age 19. Winning improved his ranking to No. 3. Three days after his victory in Paris, Nadal's 24-match winning streak was snapped in the first round of the grass court Gerry Weber Open in Halle, Germany, where he lost to Alexander Waske. He then lost in the second round of 2005 Wimbledon to Gilles Mü"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": "ller of Luxembourg. Immediately after Wimbledon, Nadal won 16 consecutive matches and three consecutive tournaments, bringing his ranking to No. 2 on 25 July 2005. Nadal started his North American summer hard-court season by defeating Agassi in the final of the 2005 Canada Masters, but lost in the first round of the 2005 Cincinnati Masters. Nadal was seeded second at the 2005 US Open, but was upset in the third round by No. 49 James Blake in four sets. In September, he defeated Coria in the final of the China Open in Beijing and won both of his Davis Cup matches against Italy. In October, he won his fourth Masters title of the year, defeating Ivan Ljubičić in the final of the 2005 Madrid Masters. He then suffered a foot injury that prevented him from competing in the year-ending Tennis Masters Cup. Both Nadal and Federer won eleven singles titles and four Masters titles in 2005. Nadal broke Mats Wilander's previous teenage record of nine in 1983. Eight of Nadal's titles were on clay, and the remainder were on hard courts. Nadal won 79 matches, second only to Federer's 81. Also, he earned the highest year-end ranking ever by a Spaniard and the ATP Most"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " Improved Player of the Year award.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2006: Second French Open title. Nadal missed the Australian Open because of a foot injury. In February, he lost in the semifinals of the first tournament he played, the Open 13 tournament in Marseille, France. Two weeks later, he handed Roger Federer his first loss of the year in the final of the Dubai Duty Free Men's Open (in 2006, Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray were the only two men who defeated Federer). To complete the spring hard-court season, Nadal was upset in the semifinals of the Pacific Life Open in Indian Wells, California, by James Blake, and was upset in the second round of the 2006 Miami Masters. On European clay, Nadal won all four tournaments he entered and 24 consecutive matches. He defeated Federer in the final of the Masters Series Monte Carlo in four sets. The following week, he defeated Tommy Robredo in the final of the Open Sabadell Atlántico tournament in Barcelona. After a one-week break, Nadal won Italian Open title defeating Federer in a fifth-set tiebreaker in the final, after saving two match points and equaling Björn Borg's tally of 16 ATP titles won as a teenager"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": ". Nadal broke Argentinian Guillermo Vilas's 29-year male record of 53 consecutive clay-court match victories by winning his first round match at the French Open. Vilas presented Nadal with a trophy, but commented later that Nadal's feat was less impressive than his own because Nadal's winning streak covered two years and was accomplished by adding easy tournaments to his schedule. Nadal went on to play Federer in the final of the French Open. The first two sets of the match were hardly competitive, as the rivals traded 6–1 sets. Nadal won the third set easily and served for the match in the fourth set before Federer broke him and forced a tiebreaker. Nadal won the tiebreaker and became the first to defeat Federer in a Grand Slam tournament final. Nadal injured his shoulder during a quarterfinal match against Lleyton Hewitt at the Artois Championships, played on grass at the Queen's Club in London. Nadal was unable to complete the match, which ended his 26-match winning streak. Nadal was seeded second at Wimbledon, and was two points from defeat against American qualifier Robert Kendrick in the second round before coming back to win in five sets. In the third round, Nadal defeated"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " No. 20 Andre Agassi in straight sets in Agassi's last career match at Wimbledon. Nadal also won his next three matches in straight sets, which set up his first Wimbledon final, which was against Federer, who had won this tournament the three previous years. Nadal was the first Spanish man since Manuel Santana in 1966, to reach the Wimbledon final, but Federer won the match in four sets to win his fourth consecutive Wimbledon title. During the lead up to the US Open, Nadal played the two Masters tournaments in North America. He was upset in the third round of the Rogers Cup in Toronto and the quarterfinals of the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in Cincinnati. Nadal was seeded second at the US Open, but lost in the quarterfinals to No. 54 Mikhail Youzhny of Russia in four sets. Nadal played only three tournaments the remainder of the year. Joachim Johansson, ranked No. 690, upset Nadal in the second round of the Stockholm Open. The following week, Nadal lost to Tomáš Berdych in the quarterfinals of the year's last Masters tournament, the Mutua Madrileña Masters in Madrid. During the round-robin stage of the year"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": "-ending Tennis Masters Cup, Nadal lost to James Blake but defeated Nikolay Davydenko and Robredo. Because of those two victories, Nadal qualified for the semifinals, where he lost to Federer. This was Nadal's third loss in nine career matches with Federer. Nadal went on to become the first player since Andre Agassi in 1994–95 to finish the year ranked No. 2 in consecutive years.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2007: Third French Open title. Nadal started the year by playing in six hard-court tournaments. He lost in the semifinals and first round of his first two tournaments and then lost in the quarterfinals of the Australian Open to eventual runner-up Fernando González. After another quarterfinal loss at the Dubai Tennis Championships, he won the 2007 Indian Wells Masters, before Novak Djokovic defeated him in the quarterfinals of the 2007 Miami Masters. He had comparatively more success after returning to Europe to play five clay-court tournaments. He won the titles at the Monte-Carlo Masters, the Open Sabadell Atlántico in Barcelona, and the Italian, before losing to Roger Federer in Hamburg Masters final. This defeat ended his 81-match winning streak on clay, which is the"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " male Open Era record for consecutive wins on a single surface. He then rebounded to win the French Open for the third straight year, defeating Federer once again in the final. Between the tournaments in Barcelona and Rome, Nadal defeated Federer in the \"Battle of Surfaces\" exhibition match in Mallorca, Spain, with the tennis court being half grass and half clay. Nadal played the Artois Championships at the Queen's Club in London for the second consecutive year. As in 2006, Nadal was upset in the quarterfinals. Nadal then won consecutive five-set matches during the third and fourth rounds of Wimbledon before being beaten by Federer in the five-set final. This was Federer's first five-set match at Wimbledon since 2001. In July, Nadal won the clay-court Mercedes Cup in Stuttgart, which proved to be his last title of the year. He played three important tournaments during the North American summer hard court season. He was a semifinalist at the Canadian Masters in Montreal before losing his first match at the Cincinnati Masters. He was the second-seeded player at the US Open, but was defeated in the fourth round by David Ferrer. After a month-long break from tournament tennis"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": ", Nadal played Madrid Masters and Paris Masters. David Nalbandian upset him in the quarterfinals and final of those tournaments. To end the year, Nadal won two of his three-round robin matches to advance to the semifinals of the Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, where Federer defeated him in straight sets. During the second half of the year, Nadal battled a knee injury suffered during the Wimbledon final. In addition, there were rumors at the end of the year that the foot injury he suffered during 2005, caused long-term damage, which were given credence by coach Toni Nadal's claim that the problem was \"serious\". Nadal and his spokesman strongly denied this, however, with Nadal himself calling the story \"totally false\".</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2008: Two majors, Olympic singles gold, Davis Cup, and world No. 1. Nadal began the year in India, where he was comprehensively beaten by Mikhail Youzhny in the final of the Chennai Open. Nadal then reached the semifinals of the Australian Open for the first time; Jo-Wilfried Tsonga defeated him in the semifinals in straight sets. Nadal also reached the final of the Miami Masters for the second time. During the spring"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " clay-court season, Nadal won four singles titles and defeated Roger Federer in three finals. He beat Federer at the Monte Carlo Masters for the third straight year, capturing his Open Era record fourth consecutive title there. Nadal then won his fourth consecutive title at the Open Sabadell Atlántico tournament in Barcelona. A few weeks later, Nadal won his first Masters Hamburg title defeating Federer in a three-set final. He then won the French Open, becoming the fifth man in the Open Era to win a Grand Slam singles title without losing a set. He defeated Federer in the final for the third straight year, but this was the most lopsided of all their matches, as Nadal only lost four games and gave Federer his first bagel since 1999. This was Nadal's fourth consecutive French title, tying Björn Borg's all-time record. Nadal became the fourth male player during Open era to win the same Grand Slam singles tournament four consecutive years (the others being Borg, Pete Sampras, and Federer). Nadal then played Federer in the final of Wimbledon for the third consecutive year, in the most anticipated match of their rivalry. Nadal entered the final on a 23-match winning streak"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": ", including his first career grass-court title at the Stella Artois Championships staged at the Queen's Club in London prior to Wimbledon. Federer had won his record fifth grass-court title at the Gerry Weber Open in Halle, and then reached the Wimbledon final without losing a set. Unlike their previous two Wimbledon finals, though, Federer was not the prohibitive favorite, and many analysts picked Nadal to win. They played the longest (in terms of time on court, not in terms of numbers of games) final in Wimbledon history, and because of rain delays, Nadal won the fifth set 9–7 in near-darkness. (The 2019 final later broke the record of longest Wimbledon final.) The match was widely lauded as the greatest Wimbledon final ever, with some tennis critics even calling it the greatest match in tennis history. By winning his first Wimbledon title, Nadal became the third man in the open era to win both the French Open and Wimbledon in the same year, after Rod Laver in 1969, and Borg in 1978–1980, (Federer later accomplished this the following year) as well as the second Spaniard to win Wimbledon. He also ended Federer's record streak of five consecutive"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " Wimbledon titles and 65 straight wins on grass courts. This was also the first time that Nadal won two Grand Slam tournaments back-to-back. After Wimbledon, Nadal extended his winning streak to a career-best 32 matches. He won his second Rogers Cup title in Toronto, and then made it into the semifinals of the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters in Cincinnati. As a result, Nadal clinched the US Open Series. Nadal then played at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, where he defeated Serbia's Novak Djokovic in the semifinals and Chile's Fernando González in the final to win the gold medal. With the win, Nadal finally clinched the world No. 1 ranking on 18 August, ending Federer's record four-and-a-half-year reign at the top. At the US Open, Nadal was the top-seeded player for the first time at a major. He did not lose a set during his first three matches, defeating qualifiers in the first and second rounds and Viktor Troicki in the third round. In the semifinals, he lost to Andy Murray. Later in the year in Madrid, Nadal helped Spain defeat the United States in the Davis Cup semifinals. At the Madrid Masters, Nad"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": "al lost in the semifinals to Gilles Simon. However, his performance at the event guaranteed him the year-end No. 1 ranking, making him the first Spaniard to finish a season as such in the Open Era. Two weeks later at the Paris Masters, Nadal reached the quarterfinals, where he withdrew because of a knee injury. The following week, Nadal announced his withdrawal from the year-ending Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, citing tendinitis of the knee. On 10 November, Nadal withdrew from Spain's Davis Cup final against Argentina, as his knee injury had not healed completely.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2009: Australian Open and Davis Cup titles. Nadal's first ATP Tour event for the season was the Qatar Open, where he lost in the quarterfinals to Gaël Monfils. Nadal also entered and won the tournament's doubles event partnering Marc López, where they defeated the No. 1-ranked doubles team of Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić in the final. At the 2009 Australian Open – Men's singles, Nadal won his first five matches without dropping a set, before defeating Fernando Verdasco in the semifinals in the second longest match in Australian Open history at 5 hours and 14"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " minutes. This set up a championship match with Roger Federer, their first meeting in a hard-court major. Nadal defeated Federer in a five-set final to earn his first hard-court major singles title, and become the first Spaniard to win the Australian Open. At the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament in Rotterdam, Nadal lost in the final to second-seeded Andy Murray in three sets. Although this knee problem was not associated with Nadal's right-knee tendonitis, it was serious enough to cause him to withdraw from the Dubai Championships a week later. In March, Nadal helped Spain defeat Serbia in a Davis Cup World Group first-round tie on clay in Benidorm, Spain. Nadal defeated Janko Tipsarević and Novak Djokovic. At the 2009 Indian Wells Masters, Nadal won his thirteenth Masters tournament, defeating Murray in the final. The next ATP tour event was the 2009 Miami Masters. Nadal advanced to the quarterfinals, where he again faced Argentinian del Potro, this time losing the match. Nadal began his European clay court season at the Monte Carlo Masters, where he defeated Novak Djokovic to win a record fifth consecutive singles title"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " there. He then won back to back titles in Barcelona and Italian Open, defeating Ferrer and Djokovic respectively. He then surprisingly lost the final of the Madrid Open to Roger Federer. This was the first time that Nadal had lost to Federer since the semifinals of the 2007 Tennis Masters Cup. By beating Lleyton Hewitt in the third round of the French Open, Nadal set a record of 31 consecutive wins at the French Open, beating the previous record of 28 by Björn Borg. This run came to an end on 31 May 2009, when Nadal lost to eventual runner-up, Robin Söderling in the 4th round. This was Nadal's first and, until 2015, only loss at the French Open. After his surprise defeat in France, Nadal withdrew from the AEGON Championships. It was confirmed that he was suffering from tendinitis in both of his knees. On 19 June, Nadal withdrew from the 2009 Wimbledon Championships, citing his recurring knee injury. Roger Federer went on to win the title, and Nadal consequently dropped back to No. 2 on 6 July 2009. On 4 August, Toni Nadal confirmed that Nadal would return to play at the Rogers Cup in Montreal."
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " There, he lost in the quarterfinals to Juan Martín del Potro. With this loss, he relinquished the No. 2 spot to Andy Murray on 17 August 2009, ranking outside the top two for the first time since 25 July 2005. At the US Open Nadal fell in the semifinals, losing to eventual champion Juan Martín del Potro. At the ATP Finals, Nadal lost all three of his matches against Robin Söderling, Nikolay Davydenko, and Novak Djokovic respectively without winning a set. In December, Nadal participated in the second Davis Cup final of his career. He defeated Tomáš Berdych in his first singles rubber to give the Spanish Davis Cup Team their first point in the tie. After the Spanish Davis Cup team had secured its fourth Davis Cup victory, Nadal defeated Jan Hájek in the first Davis Cup dead rubber of his career. Nadal finished the year as No. 2 for the fourth time in five years.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2010: Majors on all three surfaces, year-end No. 1, and Career Golden Slam. Nadal has called 2010 his best year as a professional tennis player. The 2010 tennis season Nadal became the first male player in"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " tennis history to win Grand Slam tournaments on three different surfaces (clay, grass and hard court) in the same calendar year. Nadal began the year by participating in the Capitala World Tennis Championship in Abu Dhabi. In the final, Nadal defeated Robin Söderling in straight sets. Nadal participated in the Qatar ExxonMobil Open ATP 250 event in Doha, where he lost in the finals to Nikolay Davydenko. In the Australian Open, Nadal reached the quarterfinals, where he had to pull out at 3–0 down in the third set against Andy Murray. After examining Nadal's knees, doctors told him that he should take two weeks of rest, and then two weeks of rehabilitation. Nadal reached the semifinals in singles at the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, where he was defeated by Ivan Ljubičić in three sets. After Indian Wells, Nadal reached the semifinals of the Sony Ericsson Open, where he lost to eventual champion Andy Roddick in three sets. Nadal won the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, beating Fernando Verdasco in the final. With this win, Nadal became the first player in the open era to win a tournament title for six straight years."
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " Nadal next chose to skip the Barcelona tournament, and his next tournament was the Italian Open. He defeated David Ferrer in the final for his fifth title at Rome. Nadal then won the 2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open, defeating Roger Federer in straight sets. The win gave him his 18th Masters title, breaking the all-time record. Nadal moved back to No. 2 the following day. Entering the French Open, many were expecting another Nadal-Federer final. However, Robin Söderling defeated Federer in the quarterfinals. Nadal advanced to the final and defeated Söderling in straight sets. The victory marked the second time that Nadal had won the French Open without dropping a set. In June, Nadal entered the AEGON Championships, which he had won in 2008. He was defeated by compatriot Feliciano López in the quarterfinals. At the Wimbledon Championships, he won his first two matches in straight sets. In the third round he needed five sets to defeat Philipp Petzschner. During the match Nadal was warned twice for allegedly receiving coaching from his coach and uncle, Toni Nadal, resulting in a $2,000 fine by Wimbledon officials"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": ". He then defeated Andy Murray in the semifinals and Tomáš Berdych in the final to win his second Wimbledon title and his eighth career major title just past the age of 24. In his first tournament since Wimbledon, Nadal advanced to the semifinals of the Rogers Cup, where he was defeated by Andy Murray. Nadal also competed in the doubles with Djokovic in a high-profile partnership between the world Nos. 1 and 2. The pair lost in the first round to Milos Raonic and Vasek Pospisil. The next week, Nadal was the top seed at the Cincinnati Masters, losing in the quarterfinals to Marcos Baghdatis. At the 2010 US Open, Nadal reached his first final without dropping a set. In the final, he defeated Novak Djokovic in four sets, completing the Career Grand Slam for Nadal; he also became the second male after Andre Agassi to complete a Career Golden Slam. Nadal's US Open victory meant that he also became the first man to win majors on clay, grass, and hard courts in the same year, and the first to win the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open in the same year since Rod Laver in 1969. Nadal's"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " victory also clinched the year-end No. 1 ranking for 2010. Nadal began his Asian tour at the 2010 PTT Thailand Open in Bangkok where he lost to compatriot Guillermo García-López in the semifinals. Nadal was able to regroup, winning the 2010 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships in Tokyo by defeating Gaël Monfils for his seventh title of the season. Nadal next played in the Shanghai Rolex Masters, where he lost to No. 12 Jürgen Melzer in the third round. On 5 November, Nadal announced that he was pulling out of the Paris Masters owing to tendinitis in his left shoulder. On 21 November 2010, in London, Nadal won the Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award for the first time. At the 2010 ATP Finals in London, Nadal won all of his round-robin matches. In the semifinal, he defeated Murray in three sets, before losing to Roger Federer in the final.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2011: Sixth French Open title and Davis Cup crown. Nadal started 2011 by participating in the Mubadala World Tennis Championship in Abu Dhabi. In the final, he won over Roger Federer. At the Qatar ExxonMobil Open,"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " he fell in straight sets Nikolay Davydenko in the semifinals. He and countryman López won the doubles title by defeating Daniele Bracciali and Andreas Seppi. In the quarterfinals of the Australian Open, Nadal suffered a hamstring injury against David Ferrer early in the pair's quarterfinal match and ultimately lost in straight sets, thus ending his effort to win four major tournaments in a row. In March, Nadal helped Spain defeat Belgium in a 2011 Davis Cup World Group first-round tie in the Spiroudome in Charleroi, Belgium. Nadal defeated Ruben Bemelmans and Olivier Rochus. At both the 2011 BNP Paribas Open and the 2011 Sony Ericsson Open, Nadal reached the final and lost to Novak Djokovic in three sets. This was the first time Nadal reached the finals of Indian Wells and Miami in the same year. Nadal began his clay-court season by winning the 2011 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters with the loss of just one set. In the final, he avenged his defeat by David Ferrer in the quarterfinals of the Australian Open. Just a week later, Nadal won his sixth Barcelona Open crown, again defeating Ferrer"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " in straight sets. He then lost to Novak Djokovic in the Italian Open and Madrid Open finals. However, Nadal retained his No. 1 ranking during the clay-court season and won his sixth French Open title by defeating Roger Federer. At Wimbledon, Nadal reached the final after three four-set matches. This set up a final against No. 2 Novak Djokovic, who had beaten Nadal in all four of their matches in 2011. After dropping the third set, Djokovic defeated Nadal in the fourth. Djokovic's success at the tournament also meant that the Serb overtook Nadal as world No. 1. After resting for a month from a foot injury sustained during Wimbledon, he contested the 2011 Rogers Cup, where he was beaten by Croatian Ivan Dodig in the quarterfinals. He next played in the 2011 Cincinnati Masters, where he lost to Mardy Fish, again in the quarterfinals. At the 2011 US Open, Nadal made headlines when after defeating David Nalbandian in the fourth round, he collapsed in his post-match press conference because to severe cramps. He again lost in four sets to Novak Djokovic in the final. After the US Open, Nadal made"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " the final of the Japan Open Tennis Championships. Nadal, who was the 2010 champion, was defeated by Andy Murray. At the Shanghai Masters, he was upset in the third round by No. 23 ranked Florian Mayer. At the 2011 ATP Finals, Nadal was defeated by Roger Federer and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the round-robin stage, and was subsequently eliminated from the tournament. In the Davis Cup final in December, he helped Spain win the title with victories over Juan Mónaco and Juan Martín del Potro.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2012: Seventh French Open title. Nadal began his ATP Tour season at the Qatar Open. In the semifinal, he lost to Gaël Monfils in two sets. In the Australian Open Nadal won his first four matches without dropping a set. He then won in his quarterfinal and semifinal matches against Tomáš Berdych and Roger Federer respectively. In the final, on 29 January, he was beaten by Novak Djokovic in a five-set match that lasted 5 hours and 53 minutes, the longest Grand Slam final of all time. Nadal made it to the semifinals in Indian Wells, where he was beaten in straight sets by eventual champion Roger"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " Federer. He also made the semifinals in Miami, but withdrew because of knee problems. As the clay court season started, Nadal was seeded 2nd at the 2012 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters. In the final he topped No. 1 Novak Djokovic to win his 8th consecutive Monte Carlo trophy. This ended a streak of seven straight final losses to Djokovic. A day after the Monte Carlo final, Nadal traveled to Barcelona where he received a bye in the first round. His tremendous record on clay continued as he beat compatriot David Ferrer in a three-set final to clinch his seventh title in eight years at the Barcelona Open. At the Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open Nadal surprisingly lost to Fernando Verdasco, whom he held a 13–0 record against. He heavily criticized the new blue-colored clay and threatened not to attend in the future if the surface was not changed back to red clay. Several other players such as Novak Djokovic voiced similar criticism. In the last tournament before the French Open, Nadal defeated Djokovic in a tight straight-set final. This was his second victory over Novak Djokovic in 2012 and his third title of the season, as well as his 6"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": "th Rome title overall. At the 2012 French Open, Nadal dropped only 30 games against his first five opponents. In the semifinals he dismantled Ferrer to set up another final against Novak Djokovic. This marked the first time two opposing players faced each other in four consecutive Grand Slam finals. Nadal won the first two sets before Djokovic claimed the third. Play was suspended in the fourth set due to rain. When the match resumed the following day, Nadal won when Djokovic double-faulted on match point, sealing a record 7th French Open title for Nadal. By winning his seventh title at the French Open, Nadal surpassed Borg's overall titles record to become the most successful male player in French Open history. Nadal lost a total of only three sets in the 2012 clay court season. As a warm-up ahead of Wimbledon Nadal played in Halle, losing to Philipp Kohlschreiber in the quarterfinals. At Wimbledon, Nadal was upset in the second round by Lukáš Rosol in a close five-set match. This was the first time since the Wimbledon 2005 championships that Nadal had failed to progress past the 2nd round of a Grand Slam tournament. In July 2012,"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " Nadal withdrew from the 2012 Olympics owing to tendinitis in his knee, which subsequently led to him pulling out of both the Rogers Cup and the Cincinnati Masters. He later withdrew from the rest of the 2012 season, as he felt he still was not healthy enough to compete. Nadal ended 2012 ranked No. 4 in the world, the first time in eight years that he has not been ranked 1st or 2nd at the end of the year.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2013: Two majors and return to No. 1. Two weeks prior to the Australian Open, Nadal officially withdrew from the tournament citing a stomach virus. Nadal's withdrawal saw him drop out of the ATP's Top Four for the first time since 2005. Playing in his first tournaments in South America since 2005, Nadal made his comeback at the VTR Open in Chile, where he was upset by Argentine No. 73 Horacio Zeballos in the final. At the Brasil Open, Nadal reached the final, where he defeated David Nalbandian. In the title match of the Abierto Mexicano Telcel in Acapulco, Nadal defeated David Ferrer, losing just two games in the match. Nadal then returned to the American"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " hard courts, playing the Indian Wells Masters as the fifth seed. He lost only one set, and defeated No. 2 Roger Federer and No. 6 Tomáš Berdych before beating Juan Martín del Potro in the final. After withdrawing from Miami, Nadal attempted to defend his title at the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, but was beaten by Djokovic in straight sets. He then won his eighth title at the Barcelona Open. Nadal went on to win the Mutua Madrid Open, beating Stanislas Wawrinka in the final. In May, he defeated Roger Federer for his 7th championship at the 2013 Italian Open. These victories raised his ranking to No. 4. Nadal won the 2013 French Open after beating Novak Djokovic in the semifinal and David Ferrer in the final, breaking the record for the most match wins in the tournament in the process with his 59th match victory. His match with Djokovic is widely considered one of the greatest clay court matches ever played, as Nadal came back from down a break in the fifth set to take out a hard-fought 4-hour, 37-minute victory. Nadal then lost his first-round match at the 2013 Wimbledon"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " Championships in straight sets to unseeded Belgian Steve Darcis (ranked No. 135), the first time he had ever lost in the first round of a major. In August, Nadal won a close semifinal match in Montreal, denying Djokovic his fourth Rogers Cup title. Nadal proceeded to win the title after beating Milos Raonic in the final in straight sets. He won his 26th Masters title in Cincinnati on Sunday 18 August after beating John Isner in the final. Nadal concluded a brilliant North American hard court season with his 4th hard court title of the year, defeating Djokovic at the 2013 US Open final in four sets, bringing his Grand Slam count to 13 and giving him a male tennis record paycheck of $3.6 million. Later in September, Nadal helped Spain secure their Davis Cup World Group Playoff spot for 2014, with a victory against Sergiy Stakhovsky and a doubles win with Marc Lopez. In October, he reached the final of the China Open, helping him regain the No. 1 ranking. In the final, he was beaten by Djokovic in straight sets. At the 2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters, he reached the semifinals but was defeated by Del Potro. In November, Nadal played"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " his final event of the season in London at the 2013 ATP Finals where he secured the year-end No. 1 spot. He beat David Ferrer, Stanislas Wawrinka and Tomáš Berdych in the round robin stage to set up a semifinal victory over Roger Federer. Nadal met Djokovic in the final, losing in straight sets.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2014: Ninth French Open title and sustained injuries. Rafael Nadal began his 2014 season at the Qatar Open in Doha, defeating Lukáš Rosol in the first round and he won the title after defeating Gaël Monfils in the final. At the Australian Open, he defeated Roger Federer to reach his third Australian Open final. This marked Nadal's 11th consecutive victory in a major semifinal, second only to Borg's all-time record of 14. In the final, he faced Stanislas Wawrinka, against whom he entered the match with a 12–0 record. However, Nadal suffered a back injury during the warm-up, which progressively worsened as the match wore on. Nadal lost the first two sets, and although he won the third set, he ultimately lost the match in four sets."
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " The first tournament he played after that was the inaugural Rio Open which he won after defeating Alexandr Dolgopolov in the final. However, at the Indian Wells Masters, Dolgopolov would avenge his loss, defeating Nadal in three sets in the third round. He reached the final of the Miami Masters, falling to Novak Djokovic in straight sets. Nadal began his clay court season with a quarterfinal loss to David Ferrer in the Monte-Carlo Masters. He was stunned by Nicolas Almagro in the quarterfinals of the Barcelona Open. Nadal then won his 27th masters title at the Madrid Open after Kei Nishikori retired in the third set of the final. On 8 June 2014, Nadal defeated Novak Djokovic in the Men's Singles French Open final to win his 9th French Open title and a 5th straight win. Nadal equaled Pete Sampras' total of 14 Grand Slam wins. Nadal then lost in the second round of the Halle Open to Dustin Brown the following week. Nadal entered the Wimbledon Championships in a bid to win the tournament for the third time. In the fourth round he was upset by Australian teenager Nick Kyrgios in four sets. Nadal"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " withdrew from the American swing owing to a wrist injury. He made his return at the 2014 China Open but was defeated in the quarterfinals by Martin Klizan in three sets. At the 2014 Shanghai Rolex Masters, he was suffering from appendicitis. He lost his opening match to Feliciano Lopez in straight sets. Later, he was upset by Borna Ćorić at the quarterfinals of the 2014 Swiss Indoors. After the loss, he announced that he would skip the rest of the season to undergo surgery for his appendix.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2015: Continued struggles and rankings drop. Nadal began the year as the defending Champion at the Qatar Open, but suffered a shocking three set defeat to Michael Berrer in the first round. He won the doubles title with Juan Mónaco. At the Australian Open, Nadal lost in straight sets to Tomáš Berdych in the quarterfinal, thus ending a 17-match winning streak against the seventh-seeded Czech. In February, Nadal lost in the semifinals to Fabio Fognini at the Rio Open, before going on to win his 46th career clay-court title against Juan Mónaco at the Argentina Open. Nadal then participated at the Indian Wells"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " and Miami Open but suffered early defeats to Milos Raonic and Fernando Verdasco, in the quarterfinals and third round respectively. Nadal then began his spring clay season at the Monte Carlo Masters and reached the semifinals where he lost to Novak Djokovic in straight sets. After losing to Fognini again at the Barcelona Open quarterfinals, Nadal entered the Madrid Open as the two-time defending champion but lost in the final to Andy Murray in straight sets, resulting in his dropping out of the top five for the first time since 2005. He then lost in the quarterfinals of the Italian Open to Stan Wawrinka in straight sets. Nadal lost to eventual runner-up Djokovic in the quarterfinals of the French Open, ending his winning streak of 39 consecutive victories in Paris since his defeat by Robin Söderling in 2009. Nadal went on to win the 2015 Mercedes Cup against Serbian Viktor Troicki, his first grass court title since he won at Wimbledon in 2010. He was unable to continue his good form on grass as he lost in the first round of the Aegon Championships to Alexandr Dolgopolov in three sets. Nadal's struggles continued when he lost in the second round of Wimbledon to Dustin"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " Brown. In the third round of the 2015 US Open, Nadal once again lost to Fognini, despite having won the first two sets. This early exit ended Nadal's record 10-year streak of winning at least one major.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2016: Olympic doubles gold medal. Nadal started the year winning the Mubadala Title defeating Milos Raonic in straight sets. After that, he entered the Doha, Qatar, where he reached the finals, losing to Djokovic in straight sets. This was their 47th match, after which Djokovic led their head-to-head rivalry with 24 matches won. At the Australian Open, Nadal was defeated in five sets by compatriot Fernando Verdasco in the first round. The defeat marked his first opening round exit at the Australian Open. In April he won his 28th Masters title in Monte Carlo. He went on to win his 17th ATP 500 in Barcelona, winning the trophy for the ninth time in his career. He continued the clay court season in Madrid, falling to Murray in the semifinal. The following week, Nadal played in Italian Open where he reached the quarterfinal. Nadal was again defeated by Djokovic in straight sets, although he"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " had a break advantage in both sets and served to win the second. Following Federer's withdrawal due to injury, Nadal was named the fourth seed at the French Open. On 26 May, he became the eighth male player in tennis history to record 200 Grand Slam match wins, as he defeated Facundo Bagnis in straight sets in the second round of the Slam. Following the victory, however, Nadal had to withdraw from competition owing to a left wrist injury initially suffered during the Madrid Open, handing Marcel Granollers a walkover into the fourth round. On 9 June, Nadal announced that the same wrist injury that forced him to withdraw from the French Open needed more time to heal, and that he would not play at the 2016 Wimbledon Championships. At the Rio 2016 Olympics, Nadal achieved 800 career wins with his quarterfinal victory over the Brazilian Thomaz Bellucci. Partnering Marc López, he won the gold medal in men's doubles event for Spain by defeating Romania's Florin Mergea and Horia Tecau in the finals. This made Nadal the second man in the Open Era to have won gold medals in both singles and doubles. Nadal also advanced to the bronze medal match in the men's singles but was defeated by Ke"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": "i Nishikori. At the US Open Nadal was seeded 4th and advanced to the fourth round but was defeated by 24th seed Lucas Pouille in 5 sets. The defeat meant that 2016 was the first year since 2004 in which Nadal had failed to reach a Grand Slam quarter-final. He played the Shanghai Masters and was upset in the second round by Viktor Troicki. He subsequently ended his 2016 season to let his wrist recover.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2017: \"La Decima\", US Open win, and year-end No. 1. Nadal opened his season by playing at the Brisbane International for the first time, where he reached the quarterfinals before losing to Milos Raonic in three sets. In the second round of the tournament, he defeated Mischa Zverev for the loss of just two games; Nadal began the Australian Open with straight-set wins over Florian Mayer and Marcos Baghdatis, before more difficult wins over Alexander Zverev and Gael Monfils, which set up his first quarterfinal berth at a Grand Slam since the 2015 French Open. Nadal defeated Raonic and Grigor Dimitrov in the quarterfinal and semifinal, respectively (the latter lasting for five sets over five hours"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": "), to set up a final against Roger Federer, his first Grand Slam final since he won the 2014 French Open. Nadal went on to lose to Federer in five sets; this was the first time that Nadal had lost to Federer in a Grand Slam since the final of the 2007 Wimbledon Championships. Nadal made it to the final of Acapulco without dropping a set, but was defeated by big-serving Sam Querrey. In a rematch of the Australian Open final Nadal took on Roger Federer in the fourth round at Indian Wells but again lost to his old rival, this time in straight sets; it was their earliest meeting in a tournament in over a decade. In the Miami Masters, Nadal reached the final to again play Federer, and was once again defeated in straight sets. Nadal then won his 29th Masters title in Monte Carlo; it was his tenth victory in the principality, the most wins by any player at a single tournament in the Open era. Nadal won his 18th ATP 500 title in Barcelona without dropping a set, also marking his tenth victory in Barcelona. Nadal next played in the Madrid Open, where he defeated Dominic Thiem to tie Novak Djokovic's all-time Masters"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " record of 30 titles. Nadal went on to beat Stan Wawrinka in straight sets and win a record tenth French Open title. This marked his first Grand Slam title since 2014, ending his three-year drought in Grand Slams. Nadal won every set that he played in the tournament, dropping a total of only 35 games in seven matches, which is the second-fewest by any male player (second only to Björn Borg's 32 dropped games at the 1978 French Open) en route to a major title in the Open Era. The title \"La Décima\" (\"the tenth\" in Spanish) was used to proclaim Nadal's achievement in becoming the first player, male or female, to win 10 titles at a single major in the Open Era, following similar feats at Monte Carlo and Barcelona. Nadal also climbed to second on the all-time major singles titles list, with 15, placing him one ahead of Pete Sampras. Nadal lost in the round of 16 at Wimbledon, 13–15 in the fifth set, to Gilles Müller. He returned to competition in Montreal. He won his first match against Coric in straight sets but fell in the Round of 16 to Canadian teenager Denis Shapovalov. By"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " 21 August, he retook the ATP No. 1 ranking from Andy Murray. Nadal earned his third US Open title against first-time Grand Slam finalist Kevin Anderson, winning the final in straight sets. This marked the first time that Nadal had captured two Grand Slam tournaments in a year since 2013, and the second time since 2010. Nadal extended his winning streak by winning the China Open, winning the final against Nick Kyrgios in straight sets. On 11 September 2017, Nadal and Garbiñe Muguruza made Spain the first country since the United States 14 years ago to simultaneously top both the ATP and the WTA rankings, with Muguruza making her debut in the No. 1 spot. After defeating Hyeon Chung in the second round of the Paris Masters Nadal secured the year-end No. 1. He became year-end No. 1 for the fourth time in his career, tying him for fourth all-time with Novak Djokovic, Ivan Lendl and John McEnroe, behind Pete Sampras (6), and Roger Federer and Jimmy Connors (5). By securing the year-end no. 1 ranking, Nadal became the first player aged over 30 to finish as year-end No"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": ". 1 and the first to finish in the top spot four years since he last achieved the feat; he also broke a number of other historical records, all of which he broke again in 2019.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2018: 11th French Open and Monte Carlo titles. Nadal began his 2018 season at the Kooyong Classic, where he lost to Richard Gasquet in the first round. He then played at the exhibition tournament in Melbourne, losing in the final to Tomáš Berdych. At the Australian Open, Nadal recorded straight-sets wins in the first three rounds, before notching a tougher four-set win against Diego Schwartzman in the fourth round. He faced Marin Čilić in the quarterfinal, but retired in the fifth set due to a hip injury. On 16 February, Nadal dropped to the No. 2 ranking after 26 weeks at the top when his rival Roger Federer overtook him in points. Nadal withdrew from the Mexican Open, Indian Wells Masters, and Miami Open due to an injury. Despite his absence in Miami, he regained the No. 1 ranking on 2 April due to Federer's second-round loss. After recovering from injury, Nadal helped secure the Spanish Davis Cup team a victory"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " over Germany in the quarterfinal of the World Group. He beat Philipp Kohlschreiber and Alexander Zverev in straight sets. At the Monte Carlo Masters, Nadal successfully defended his title and won a then-record-breaking 31st Masters title, thus becoming the player with the most Masters titles in tennis history. It also marked his 11th title in Monte Carlo, as well as the 76th title in his career. Because he defended the points won the previous year, he kept his No. 1 ranking and began his 171st week as the world No. 1. Nadal won in Monte Carlo without dropping a set, beating Kei Nishikori in the final. Nadal went on to win his 11th title in Barcelona, defeating Stefanos Tsitsipas in straight sets, becoming the first player in the open era to win 400 matches on both clay and hard. The win marked his 20th ATP 500 series title, which put him back atop the list of most ATP 500 titles, tied with Roger Federer. It also marked his 14th consecutive season with at least one ATP 500 title. Fresh after achieving the \"Undecima\" at Monte Carlo and Barcelona, Nadal had to defend yet another title at Madrid. He reached the"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " quarterfinals, defeating Gael Monfils and Diego Schwartzman in straight sets, to extend his record to 50 consecutive sets won on clay, starting from the 2017 French Open. His win over Schwartzman broke John McEnroe's record of 49 straight sets won on a single surface. McEnroe had previously achieved the record on carpet in 1984. In a surprise, Nadal lost in straight sets to Dominic Thiem in the quarterfinals, ending his 21-match and record 50-set winning streaks on clay. He also relinquished his world No. 1 ranking to Federer in the process. At the Italian Open, Nadal captured his 8th title in the Italian capital as well as his 78th career title, defeating Alexander Zverev in three sets, thus overtaking John McEnroe in the fourth place on the list of most titles won in the Open Era. It was Nadal's 32nd Masters title – most of any player in the Open Era. With his victory in Rome, Nadal also regained the No. 1 spot from Federer. Then at the French Open, Nadal won his 17th Grand Slam title. This tied Margaret Court's record for singles titles at a Grand Slam event (Court won 11 Australian Opens, but seven"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " came when it was the Australian Championships, an amateur event). En route to the title, Nadal dropped only one set, beating Dominic Thiem in the final in three sets. Nadal became just the fourth man in the Open Era to win three or more major titles after turning 30. Going into Wimbledon, Nadal was ranked world number one, but was seeded second due to Wimbledon's seeding algorithm. He made it to the quarterfinals without dropping set. He then faced #5 seed Juan Martín del Potro, who he defeated in five sets. In the semifinals he faced long-time rival Novak Djokovic, who was aiming to reach his first major final since the 2016 US Open. This match lasted 5 hours and 17 minutes, spread over two days, becoming the second-longest Wimbledon semifinal in history, second only to the match between Kevin Anderson and John Isner held earlier on the same day. Djokovic defeated Nadal in five sets with the fifth set being 10–8. This was Nadal's first defeat in the semifinals of a major since the 2009 US Open, and his first-ever defeat in the semifinals of Wimbledon. Despite this, Nadal achieved his best results at Wimbledon since 2011."
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " This performance, combined with Roger Federer's unsuccessful title defence, ensured that Nadal retained the world number one ranking after the grass season. He then won the Rogers Cup, a record-extending 33rd Masters title. This was Nadal's first Masters title win on hard court since 2013. He then withdrew from the Cincinnati Masters to prepare for the US Open. Nadal was the top seed during his title defence at the US Open. He first faced David Ferrer in Ferrer's last Grand Slam match, who retired due to injury during the second set. In his semi-final matchup against Juan Martin del Potro, Nadal retired after losing the second set 6–2 due to knee pain. On 31 October, he announced his withdrawal from the Paris Masters due to an abdominal injury and as a result Novak Djokovic replaced him as world No. 1.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2019: Fourth French-US title double, Davis Cup, and year-end No. 1. Nadal was due to start his season at the Brisbane International, but withdrew shortly before due to an injury. He was seeded second at the 2019 Australian Open, where he progressed to his fifth Australian Open final, and did so without losing a set. Nadal then"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " lost in straight sets to Novak Djokovic, winning only eight games for the match and marking Nadal's first straight-sets defeat in a major final. Nadal next played at the Mexico Open, where he lost to Nick Kyrgios in the second round despite holding three match points. He withdrew from both Indian Wells and Miami due to a right hip injury. Nadal began the clay season at the Monte Carlo Masters, reaching the semifinals, where he was upset by Fabio Fognini in straight sets. He then competed in Barcelona, reaching the semifinals where he lost to Dominic Thiem in straight sets. In Madrid, he reached his third clay-court semifinal of the year, but lost to Stefanos Tsitsipas in three sets. He won his first tournament of the year in Rome, with a three-set win over Djokovic in the final. At the 2019 French Open, Nadal defeated Kei Nishikori and Roger Federer (their first meeting at the tournament since 2011) en route to the final, dropping only one set en route. In a rematch of the previous year's final, Nadal prevailed in four sets against Thiem to claim his record-extending twelfth French Open title. In doing so,"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " he broke Margaret Court's all-time record of singles titles won at the same major. Nadal next played at Wimbledon and, like the previous year, reached the semifinals, where he faced Federer for the first time at Wimbledon since the 2008 final. Nadal lost the match in four sets. At the Rogers Cup, Nadal was the defending champion and top seed. By defeating Fabio Fognini in the quarterfinals, he surpassed Roger Federer's record of 378 victories at Masters tournaments. In the final, Nadal yielded just three games to Daniil Medvedev, winning in straight sets. This victory marked the first time he defended a title on a surface other than clay. At the US Open, Nadal lost only one set (against Marin Čilić) en route to the final, where he won against Medvedev in five sets. In doing so, Nadal claimed his fourth US Open title and 19th major title overall (placing him only one behind Roger Federer in overall standings), and completed his second-best season in terms of Grand Slam singles results. At the Paris Masters, Nadal reached the semifinals, but withdrew due to an abdominal injury. At the ATP Finals, Nadal defeated Tsitsipas"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " and Medvedev in the round-robin stage, but failed to progress to the semifinals. Despite his elimination, Nadal secured the year-end No. 1 ranking when Djokovic was also eliminated in the round-robin stage. This was Nadal's fifth time as the year-end No. 1 player, drawing level with Jimmy Connors, Federer and Djokovic behind Pete Sampras (six), and in doing so, he surpassed a number of the records he set in 2017, becoming (at the time) the oldest person to finish as the year-end No. 1 player, and creating a record eleven-year gap between his first and last year-end No. 1 seasons (2008 and 2019, respectively). At the 2019 Davis Cup Finals, Nadal helped Spain win its sixth Davis Cup title, defeating Canada in the final. Nadal won all eight of his matches in singles and doubles, extending his winning streak in Davis Cup singles matches to 29 (29–1 record overall), without dropping a set or having his serve broken; he also won the tournament's Most Valuable Player award.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2020: 13th French Open title. Nadal began his 2020 season by playing at the inaugural 2020 ATP"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " Cup and helped Spain reach the final where they lost to Serbia, with Nadal losing to Djokovic in straight sets. Nadal then played at the 2020 Australian Open and won his first three matches in straight sets against Hugo Dellien, Federico Delbonis and Pablo Carreño Busta. In the fourth round, he defeated Nick Kyrgios in four sets and reached the quarterfinals, where he lost to eventual runner-up Dominic Thiem in four sets. Afterwards, Nadal went on to win his third Mexican Open title, defeating Taylor Fritz in straights sets in the final. Nadal lost in the quarter-final of the Italian Open after Diego Schwartzman beat him in straight sets. Nadal won his 13th French Open title, beating Novak Djokovic in straight sets in the tournament's final, only losing seven games. In doing so, he won his 20th Grand Slam title, equalling Roger Federer's record as the man with the most Grand Slam titles. It also marked his 100th win at the tournament, losing only twice in 16 years. His straight-sets victory over Djokovic marked also the 4th time that he won a Grand Slam without losing a set, all at the French Open, doing it also"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " in 2008, 2010 and 2017. At the Paris Masters, Nadal defeated compatriot Feliciano López in the second round to get his 1,000 victory in the ATP Tour, becoming the fourth man in the Open Era to achieve that milestone. He then reached the semifinals where he lost to Alexander Zverev in straight sets. On 9 November 2020, Nadal reached his 790th back to back week as one of the ten highest placed players on the ATP rankings and surpassed the record held by Jimmy Connors. At the 2020 ATP Finals, Nadal played in the London 2020 group. He defeated Rublev and defending champion Tsitsipas progressing to the semifinals and securing ending the year as no. 2. It was the first time since 2015 that Nadal reached the semifinals. Nadal then lost his semifinal match to eventual champion Daniil Medvedev in three sets. This was the seventh time that Nadal had finished Year-end No. 2 and now leads the \"Big Three\" with 12 Top 2 finishes.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2021: 12th Barcelona Open and 10th Italian Open titles, and injury-shortened season. At the 2021 Australian Open, Nadal lost in the quarterfinals to world No. 5"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " Stefanos Tsitsipas, despite being two sets to love up. This marked only the second time Nadal had lost a Grand Slam match after being two sets up. Nadal next played at the Monte Carlo Masters and defeated Federico Delbonis and Grigor Dimitrov in straight sets to reach the quarterfinals, where he lost to Andrey Rublev in three sets. On 25 April, Nadal won a record-extending twelfth Barcelona Open trophy with a three-set victory over Stefanos Tsitsipas in the final, saving a championship point in the third set. At 3 hours and 38 minutes, this was the longest best-of-three-set ATP Tour final since statistics started being tracked in 1991. He followed up in May by making the quarterfinals at the Madrid Open and winning his record-extending tenth Italian Open title. In the latter, he saved two match points against Denis Shapovalov and defeated Novak Djokovic in the final. At the French Open, Nadal entered as the heavy favorite seeking to become the first man to win 21 majors. He reached the semifinals after wins over Jannik Sinner and Diego Schwartzman, where he encountered Novak Djokovic in a rematch of the previous year"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": "'s final. There, Nadal was upset by eventual champion Djokovic in four sets, in only his third-ever loss at the French Open. Following his loss, Nadal withdrew from both Wimbledon and the Olympics, citing schedule reasons. Nadal returned to action at the 2021 Citi Open, revealing that his recent withdrawals were actually due to a recurring left foot injury that returned at the 2021 French Open. He defeated home favorite Jack Sock in a tight 3 set match before being upset by 50th ranked Lloyd Harris in the 3rd round. He was then set to defend his title at the National Bank Open, but withdrew from the tournament before his first match, citing the same foot injury. He also withdrew from the Cincinnati Masters. On 20 August 2021, just 10 days out from the US Open, Nadal announced that would be ending his 2021 season due to the left foot issue that had been troubling him for most of the year. Therefore, his ranking fell to No.6, due to his injury. Nadal returned to the court on 17 December 2021, in an exhibition match at the Mubadala World Tennis Championship in Abu Dhabi. Receiving a bye in the quarterfinals, Nadal lost to Andy Murray in the semifinals in straight sets. In"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " the third place play-off, he lost to Denis Shapovalov in three sets.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2022: Historic 21st and 22nd majors, and double Career Grand Slam. In January, Nadal won his 89th ATP singles title at Melbourne Summer Set 1, defeating first time finalist Maxime Cressy in the final. Following wins over Karen Khachanov, Denis Shapovalov, and Matteo Berrettini, Nadal won his second Australian Open title and a 21st major title overall by defeating Daniil Medvedev in a five-set final, coming back from two sets down. With the win, Nadal surpassed a tie held with Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer for the most men's singles major titles of all time. Nadal also became the second man in the Open Era, after Djokovic, to complete the double Career Grand Slam. At the Mexican Open, Nadal won the title without dropping a set, which included a win over Medvedev, who that week had clinched the world No. 1 ranking. He also extended his winning streak to 15 matches, his best start to a season in his career. Nadal next entered the 2022 Indian Wells Masters as the fourth"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " seed. After seeing off a final set tie-break from Sebastian Korda in the second round, Nadal beat Dan Evans, Reilly Opelka, Nick Kyrgios, and Carlos Alcaraz to reach his fourth final of the season and extend his winning streak to 20 matches. Nadal was beaten by Taylor Fritz in straight sets in the final, ending his winning streak. On 22 March, it was reported that Nadal will be unable to play for between four and six weeks, due to a rib stress fracture that occurred during Indian Wells. Nadal returned at the Madrid Open, where he defeated Miomir Kecmanovic, David Goffin in the second and third rounds respectively. He then lost to Carlos Alcaraz in a rematch of their Indian Wells semifinal. Nadal then entered Rome, where he was the defending champion. He defeated John Isner in straight sets, but then lost to Denis Shapovalov in three sets despite leading by a set and a break. At the French Open, Nadal recorded his 106th win defeating Jordan Thompson in the first round. With a 106–3 record at the French Open, he became the player with the most wins at a single major. He recorded his 300th career major win by defeating"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " Corentin Moutet in the second round. He defeated Botic van de Zandschulp in the third round and faced Felix Auger Aliassime (coached by Nadal's uncle Toni) in the fourth round, winning the encounter after being taken to five sets for only the third time in his career at the French Open. Nadal met Djokovic for a record-extending 59th time in the quarterfinals – the first singles match in tennis history to feature two players each holding at least 20 Grand Slam titles and 1000 career match wins. Nadal emerged victorious in four sets to advance to his 15th French Open semifinal. He faced Alexander Zverev in a grueling battle lasting over three hours with only two sets played, and ended with Zverev's retirement due to an ankle injury. As a result, Nadal advanced to his record-extending 14th French Open final. There, he defeated Casper Ruud in three dominant sets to win his 14th French Open title and 22nd major title overall. In doing so, he became the oldest French Open champion ever, and the third man to earn four Top-10 wins en route to a major title since the ATP rankings started in 1973, after Mats Wil"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": "ander (1982 French Open) and Roger Federer (2017 Australian Open). He ascended to world No. 4 on 6 June 2022. After treating his foot injury, Nadal returned to Wimbledon for the first time in three years, however he tore an abdominal muscle during the tournament. Following wins over Francisco Cerúndolo, Ričardas Berankis, Lorenzo Sonego, and Botic van de Zandschulp, he faced Taylor Fritz in the quarterfinal, which aggravated his abdominal injury. Despite winning the encounter, Nadal withdrew from the tournament the following day. After a six-week layoff following Wimbledon, Nadal lost in the opening round at the Cincinnati Masters to eventual champion Borna Ćorić. Despite this setback, Nadal was the first to qualify for the 2022 Nitto ATP Finals. Nadal returned to the US Open after three years, where he won the tournament the last time he competed. He defeated Rinky Hijikata, Fabio Fognini and Richard Gasquet, before losing to American Frances Tiafoe. His fourth round loss to Tiafoe became his first and only loss at a major in 2022, and also resulted in his earliest major defeat since the 2017 Wimbledon Championships"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": ". At the Laver Cup, Nadal competed for Team Europe alongside his fellow Big Four members Roger Federer, Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray. He played one match on Day 1, where he partnered in doubles with long-time rival Federer, for Federer's final professional match. They lost to Jack Sock and Frances Tiafoe. Nadal withdrew from the tournament the following day, citing \"personal reasons\". At the 2022 ATP Finals, Nadal won his last match of the year against Casper Ruud after losing his first two matches against Taylor Fritz and Felix Auger Aliassime. Nadal finished the 2022 season with a year-end ranking of world No. 2, becoming the oldest year-end top-2 player in the history of the ATP rankings.</s><s>Professional tennis career.:2023: Struggles with injury and exit from top 10 after 18 consecutive years. Nadal was the defending champion at the 2023 Australian Open, but lost in straight sets to Mackenzie McDonald in the second round. During the match, Nadal was severely hampered by a hip injury for which he received treatment throughout the game. In late February, Nadal officially announced his withdrawal from the Indian Wells and Miami Masters to recuperate from"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " the injury he sustained at the Australian Open. As a result, he exited the Top 10 for the first time since 25 April 2005 (after 18 years, 912 consecutive weeks) on 20 March 2023, ending the longest Top-10 streak in ATP rankings history. According to tournament organizers, Nadal is still aiming to make a comeback despite the injury at the 2023 Monte-Carlo Masters.</s><s>Rivalries.</s><s>Rivalries.:Nadal vs. Federer. Roger Federer and Nadal have been playing each other since 2004, and their rivalry is a significant part of both men's careers. They held the top two rankings on the ATP Tour from July 2005 to 14 August 2009, and again from 11 September 2017 to 15 October 2018. They are the only pair of men to be consistently ranked in the Top 2 for four years continuously (from July 2005 to August 2009). Nadal ascended to No. 2 in July 2005 and held this spot for a record 160 consecutive weeks before surpassing Federer in August 2008. They have played 40 times. Nadal leads 24–16 overall and 10–4 in Grand Slam tournaments. Nadal has a winning record on clay (14–2) and outdoor hard courts (8–6),"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " while Federer leads the indoor hard courts 5–1 and grass 3–1. As tournament seedings are based on rankings, 24 of their matches have been in tournament finals, including a joint-record nine Grand Slam tournament finals (tied with Djokovic–Nadal). From 2006 to 2008, they played in every French Open and Wimbledon final, and also met in the title match of the 2009 Australian Open, the 2011 French Open and the 2017 Australian Open. Nadal won six of the nine, losing the first two Wimbledon finals. Four of these matches were five-set matches (2007 and 2008 Wimbledon, 2009 and 2017 Australian Open), and the 2008 Wimbledon final has been lauded as the greatest match ever by many long-time tennis analysts. Nadal is the only player who has competed and won against Federer in the final of a Grand Slam on all three surfaces (grass, hard, and clay).</s><s>Rivalries.:Nadal vs. Djokovic. Novak Djokovic and Nadal have met 59 times (more than any other pair in the Open Era). Nadal leads 11–7 at Grand Slam events but trails 29–30 overall. They have played a joint-record 18 Grand Slam matches and a"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " joint-record nine Grand Slam tournament finals (tied with Nadal–Federer). Nadal leads on clay 20–8, while Djokovic leads on hard courts 20–7, and they are tied on grass 2–2. In 2009, this rivalry was listed as the third greatest of the previous 10 years by ATPworldtour.com. Djokovic is one of only two players to have at least ten match wins against Nadal (the other being Federer) and the only person to defeat Nadal seven consecutive times, doing so twice, and two times consecutively on clay. The two earlier shared the record for the longest match played in a best of three sets (4 hours and 3 minutes) at the 2009 Mutua Madrid Open semifinals until the match between Roger Federer and Juan Martín del Potro in the London 2012 Olympics Semifinal, which lasted 4 hours and 26 minutes. They have also played in a record 14 ATP Masters finals. In their first ever meeting in a Grand Slam final at the 2010 US Open Nadal prevailed over Djokovic in four sets. Nadal achieved a Career Grand Slam with this victory. In the 2011 Wimbledon final, Djokovic won in four sets for his first Grand Slam final victory"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " over Nadal. Djokovic also defeated Nadal in the 2011 US Open Final. In 2012, Djokovic defeated Nadal in the Australian Open final for a third consecutive Grand Slam final win over Nadal. This is the longest Grand Slam tournament final in Open era history at 5 hours, 53 minutes. Nadal won their last three 2012 meetings in the final of the Monte Carlo Masters, Italian Open and French Open in April, May, and June 2012, respectively. In 2013, Djokovic defeated Nadal in straight sets in the final at Monte Carlo, ending Nadal's record eight consecutive titles there, but Nadal got revenge at the French Open in an epic five-setter 9–7 in the fifth. In August 2013, Nadal won in Montreal, denying Djokovic his fourth Rogers Cup title. Nadal also defeated Djokovic in the 2013 US Open Final. Nadal defeated Djokovic in the 2014 French Open final. Djokovic then won seven consecutive meetings including a win in straight sets in the quarterfinals of the 2015 French Open which ended Nadal's 39-match win streak at the French Open and an opportunity for a sixth consecutive title, with Djokovic becoming only the second player after Robin Söderling"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " to defeat Nadal at the event. Nadal easily defeated Djokovic in the 2017 Madrid Open semifinals (6–2, 6–4), his first victory against the Serb since the 2014 French Open. When they next met Nadal beat Djokovic again, this time on clay in the 2018 Rome semifinals. They then met in the 2018 Wimbledon semifinals, where Djokovic finally emerged victorious after a battle lasting over five hours that was spread over two days and went to 10–8 in the fifth set. Then in the 2019 Australian Open final, Djokovic easily won in straight sets, marking Nadal's first straight-sets loss in a Grand Slam final. But in the 2019 Italian Open final, it was Nadal who defeated the Serbian in three sets, and also featured the first time either of them (Nadal) got a 6–0 win in a set. In the final of the postponed 2020 French Open, Nadal easily defeated Djokovic in straight sets (including a second 6–0) for his record-tying 20th Grand Slam Championship. At the following year's French Open semifinals, however, Djokovic defeated Nadal in four bruising sets en route to his title win and double Career Grand Slam. Nadal"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " avenged his loss after defeating Djokovic in four sets in the quarterfinals of the 2022 French Open. It marked the first tennis match in history to feature two players holding at least 20 major titles and 1000 career match-wins.</s><s>Rivalries.:Nadal vs. Murray. Nadal and Andy Murray have met on 24 occasions since 2007, with Nadal leading 17–7. Nadal leads 7–2 on clay, 3–0 on grass, and 7–5 on hard courts (including 4–4 on outdoor courts, but Nadal leads 3–1 on indoor hard courts), but trails 1–3 in finals. The pair once met regularly at Grand Slam level, with nine out of their 23 meetings coming in Grand Slams, with Nadal leading 7–2 (3–0 at Wimbledon, 2–0 at the French Open, 1–1 at the Australian Open, and 1–1 at the US Open). Seven of these nine appearances have been in quarterfinals and semifinals, making the rivalry an important part of both men's careers. Nadal defeated Murray in three consecutive Grand Slam semifinals in 2011 from the French Open to the US Open. They have never met in a Grand Slam final, but Murray leads 3–"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": "1 in ATP finals, with Nadal winning at Indian Wells in 2009 and Murray winning in Rotterdam the same year, Tokyo in 2011, and Madrid in 2015.</s><s>Rivalries.:Nadal vs. Wawrinka. Nadal and Stan Wawrinka have met 20 times, with Nadal leading. Although this rivalry has less significance than rivalries with the other members of the Big Four, the pair have met in several prestigious tournaments. The rivalry saw Nadal winning the first 12 encounters, all in straight sets, including 2 finals, one of which is a Masters final at Madrid in 2013. However, since Wawrinka's breakthrough season in 2013 the pair has won an almost equal number of matches against each other (3–4) from 2014 onward. Wawrinka scored his first win against Nadal in their most important encounter, the 2014 Australian Open final in 4 sets, denying Nadal's double career slam. It was also the only match between the pair not resulting in a straight set win for either player. Nadal won their second Grand Slam final, at the 2017 French Open.</s><s>Rivalries.:Nadal vs. Ferrer. Nadal and compatriot David Ferrer met a total of 32 times"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": ", with the total record ending in favor of Nadal with Ferrer's retirement. Nadal and Ferrer had met in several prestigious tournaments and important matches. Ferrer won their first meeting in 2004 in Stuttgart in 3 sets, but Nadal went on to win the next four until Ferrer defeated him in the 4th round of the 2007 US Open. The pair met in their first tournament final in 2008, in Barcelona, where Nadal won in three sets. They met a year later again in the Barcelona final, with Nadal taking the title in straight sets. In 2010, the pair met in their first Masters final in Rome, where Nadal won in straight sets. Ferrer, however, would get his revenge in the 2011 Australian Open quarterfinal, defeating Nadal in straight sets for the first time at a Grand Slam tournament. Their biggest meeting, came in the 2013 French Open final. Ferrer was in his first major final, whereas Nadal was aiming for his 8th title at the French Open, and 13th overall. It was a straightforward victory for Nadal, 6–3, 6–2, 6–3. Between that meeting and 2015, Ferrer and Nadal would go on to play 6 more matches, with Nad"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": "al winning 4 of the 6. In 2018, Ferrer announced that the US Open would be his last Grand Slam tournament, and he would retire the next year in the clay court season in Spain. Nadal and Ferrer had their first meeting since 2015 in the first round in the US Open. Ferrer's final match at a Grand Slam tournament, however, ended in injury as he was forced to retire in the 2nd set against Nadal. Yet, in his second to last tournament in Barcelona, he would have one more meeting with Nadal. Although it was a straight sets victory it was a close match until the end, with the resilient Ferrer fighting until the last point. The overall score was 6–3, 6–3 in the final match between the two before Ferrer's retirement at the 2019 Madrid Open.</s><s>Rivalries.:Nadal vs. del Potro. Nadal and Juan Martin del Potro met 17 times, with Nadal leading. Outside the Big Four, no active player has more wins against Nadal than del Potro. The two met in many prestigious tournaments, including at three of the four majors and the Olympics. Nadal won their first four meetings between 2007 and 2009, before del Potro went on to"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " win the next three, including a straight-sets victory at the 2009 US Open semifinals (he later went on to defeat Roger Federer in the final). Their next significant meeting came during the 2011 Davis Cup final. Nadal beat del Potro in four sets to claim the Davis Cup for Spain. In 2013, Nadal denied del Potro his first Masters title, with a victory in the final of the Indian Wells Masters. However, del Potro sought revenge in the semifinals of the 2016 Rio Olympics, narrowly beating Nadal via a third-set tie break. After a long span of injuries for both players, the pair met at a major for the first time since 2011 at the 2017 US Open. Del Potro, coming off of a four-set victory over Federer, had reached the semifinals of a major for the first time since 2013. However, Nadal defeated del Potro in four sets. The pair then met in three of the four majors in 2018, including a memorable match in the Wimbledon quarterfinals. The match went on for nearly five hours, with Nadal coming out on top, 7–5, 6–7, 4–6, 6–4, 6–4. The pair met again at the 2018 US Open, where"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " Nadal retired against del Potro in the semifinals. Del Potro then reached his first major final since his victory at the 2009 US Open, but lost in straight sets to Novak Djokovic.</s><s>Rivalries.:Nadal vs. Berdych. Nadal and Tomas Berdych met a total of 24 times, with Nadal leading. Although this rivalry is lopsided in favor of Nadal, the two had several close matches in prestigious tournaments. The pair met at 2 of the 4 Grand Slam tournaments, with 3 meetings at the Australian Open and 2 at Wimbledon, including the 2010 final. Nadal and Berdych first met in an ATP tournament in Båstad, where both men reached the final. Nadal won the match in 3 sets, in what was only his 8th title on the tour. Nadal and Berdych met a few more times in 2005–06, all in Masters tournaments. Out of their 4 matches, Berdych was able to win in 3, in Canada, Madrid, and Cincinnati. Their first meeting in a Grand Slam came at Wimbledon in 2007. They met in the quarterfinal round, where Nadal defeated Berdych in straight sets. Their next significant meeting was in"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " the opening round of the 2009 Davis Cup Final, where Nadal again defeated Berdych in straight sets. Spain went on to win the Davis Cup that year. Their next meeting in a final came at a Grand Slam, in Wimbledon. Nadal had reached his 4th Wimbledon final, in an attempt to win his second title. Berdych had reached his first Grand Slam final, defeating Roger Federer in 4 sets in the quarterfinal and Novak Djokovic in straight sets in the semifinal. However, the Spaniard was too good for the Czech in the final, and Nadal won in straight sets to take his 8th Grand Slam title. Their next meeting in a Grand Slam came only two years later in the 2012 Australian Open quarterfinal, where Nadal won in 4 tight sets. Nadal would later go on to lose the final to Djokovic in 5 sets. After multiple meetings from 2012 to 2014, all won by Nadal, the pair met again at the 2015 Australian Open quarterfinal. Here, after 18 straight losses over 9 years, Berdych was able to claim a win over Nadal, his only one in a Grand Slam against the Spaniard. Berdych won in straight sets, including a \"bag"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": "el\" (6–0) in the second. The two met later in 2015 in Madrid, where Nadal won in straight sets. After a gap of 4 years, Nadal and Berdych's last encounter was in the round of 16 at the 2019 Australian Open. After both players had prematurely ended their 2018 seasons with injuries, both had been playing very well in the 2019 season up to that point, with Berdych reaching the final in Doha. However, like many of their meetings, Nadal dominated the Czech and beat him in straight sets. Berdych retired at the end of the 2019 season.</s><s>Legacy. Nadal holds the joint-record for the most major men's singles titles in tennis history with Novak Djokovic, winning 22 titles. He stands alone in the Open Era as the player with the most clay court titles (63), consisting of an all-time record 14 French Open titles, 12 Barcelona Open titles, 11 Monte-Carlo Masters titles, and 10 Italian Open titles. His 14 French Open titles are a record at any single tournament, and he is the sole title leader in three key tiers of the ATP Tour; Grand Slam, ATP Masters 1000, and ATP 500. Nadal holds the record for"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " the longest single-surface win streak in matches (81 on clay) and in sets (50 on clay) in the history of the Open Era. Nadal's dominance on clay is reflected by his honorific title as the \"King of Clay\", and he is widely regarded as the greatest clay-court player in history. Nadal's records and evolution into an all-court champion have established him as one of the greatest players in tennis history, with some former tennis players and analysts considering him to be the greatest tennis player of all time. Former tennis player and eight-time Grand Slam champion Andre Agassi picked Nadal as the greatest of all time because of the way the Spaniard \"had to deal with Federer, Djokovic, and Murray in the golden age of tennis\". Nadal leads the head-to-head record at majors against the other members of the Big Three and holds the record for the most majors won beating a Big Three member en-route (13). Nadal is one of two men, along with Agassi, to win the Olympic gold medal as well as the four majors in singles in his career, a feat known as a Career Golden Slam. He is the only male player in history to complete the Career Grand Slam and win an"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " Olympic gold medal in both singles and doubles. He is one of four men in history, along with Roy Emerson, Rod Laver and Djokovic, to complete the double Career Grand Slam in singles. In 2010, Nadal became the first man to achieve the Surface Slam by winning majors on three different surfaces (clay, grass and hard courts) in the same calendar year. At the age of 24, he became the youngest player in the Open Era to complete the Career Grand Slam, and one of three men, along with Mats Wilander and Djokovic, to win at least two majors on each surface (Double Career Surface Slam). The same year, he became the only player in history to win all three Masters clay court tournaments (Monte-Carlo, Madrid, Rome) and the French Open in a calendar year, a feat known as a Clay Slam. In 2017, Nadal achieved \"La Décima\" (Spanish: the tenth) by becoming the first man with 10 titles at a single major, following similar feats at the Monte-Carlo Masters and Barcelona Open. In 2020, Nadal became the first player to win the French Open in three different decades. In 2022, he went on to become the first man to win multiple"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " majors in three separate decades. Nadal holds the all-time records for the most years (15) winning at least one major (2005–2014, 2017–2020, 2022), the most consecutive years (10) winning a major (2005–2014), the most majors won without losing a set (4), the most match wins at a single major (112 at the French Open), and the highest match-winning percentage at clay court majors (97.4%), among many others. He holds the Open Era records for the highest clay court match-winning percentage (91.3%), the highest outdoor match-winning percentage (84.8%), and the most consecutive seasons winning at least one tournament (19 years) and two tournaments (18 years), respectively. He has won the most outdoor Masters titles (35), Big Titles (58), and ATP Tour titles (90) in the Open Era. Nadal is the only man to have been ranked world No. 1 in three different decades (2000s, 2010s, and 2020s). He also holds the record for the most wins against world No. 1 ranked players (23). He appeared in the Top 10 of the ATP rankings consecutively from April 2005 to March 2023 – a record spanning 912 weeks"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": ". He played an instrumental role in taking Spain to four Davis Cup crowns, and is the winner of two Olympic gold medals. Among his numerous career accolades, Nadal was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year in 2011 and 2021. He is an honorary recipient of the Grand Cross of the Order of Dos De Mayo, the Grand Cross of Naval Merit, the Princess of Asturias Award, and the Medal of the City of Paris. He was also included in \"Time\" magazine's list of the 100 Most Influential People in 2022.</s><s>Playing style and coaching. Nadal's playing style and personality has been described by Jimmy Connors: \"He's built out of a mold that I think I came from also, that you walk out there, you give everything you have from the first point to the end no matter what the score. And you're willing to lay it all out on the line and you're not afraid to let the people see that.\" Nadal generally plays an aggressive, behind-the-baseline game founded on heavy topspin groundstrokes, consistency, speedy footwork and tenacious court coverage, thus making him an aggressive counterpuncher. Known for his athleticism and speed around the court, Nadal is"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " an excellent defender who hits well on the run, constructing winning plays from seemingly defensive positions. He also plays very fine dropshots, which work especially well because his heavy topspin often forces opponents to the back of the court. Nadal employs a semi-western grip forehand, often with a \"lasso-whip\" follow-through, where his left arm hits through the ball and finishes above his left shoulder – as opposed to a more traditional finish across the body or around his opposite shoulder. Nadal's forehand groundstroke form allows him to hit shots with heavy topspin – more so than many of his contemporaries. San Francisco tennis researcher John Yandell used a high-speed video camera and special software to count the average number of revolutions of a tennis ball hit full force by Nadal. Yandell concluded: While Nadal's shots tend to land short of the baseline, the characteristically high bounces his forehands achieve tend to mitigate the advantage an opponent would normally gain from capitalizing on a short ball. Although his forehand is based on heavy topspin, he can hit the ball deep and flat with a more orthodox follow through for clean winners. Nadal's serve was initially considered a weak point in his game, although his improvements in both"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " first-serve points won and break points saved since 2005 have allowed him to consistently compete for and win major titles on faster surfaces. Nadal relies on the consistency of his serve to gain a strategic advantage in points, rather than going for service winners. However, before the 2010 US Open, he altered his service motion, arriving in the trophy pose earlier and pulling the racket lower during the trophy pose. Before the 2010 US Open, Nadal modified his service grip to a more continental one. These two changes in his serve increased his average speed by around 10 mph during the 2010 US Open, maxing out at 135 mph (217 km/h), allowing him to win more free points on his serve. Since the 2010 US Open, Nadal's serve speed dropped to previous levels and was again cited as in need of improvement.{{cite web|author=Thomas Skuzinski After signing his new coach Carlos Moyá in December 2016, Nadal's game style acquired a more offensive approach. Under Moyá's direction, Nadal improved his serve, and incorporated serve-and-volley as a surprise tactic in some of his matches. Nadal is a clay court specialist, in the sense that he has been extremely successful on that surface. He"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " has won 14 times at the French Open, 12 at Barcelona, 11 at Monte Carlo, and 10 at Rome. However, Nadal has shed that label owing to his success on other surfaces, including holding simultaneous Grand Slam tournament titles on grass, hard courts, and clay on two separate occasions, winning ten Masters titles on hard court, and winning an Olympic gold medal on hard court. Despite praise for Nadal's talent and skill, in the past, some had questioned his longevity in the sport, citing his build and playing style as conducive to injury. Nadal himself has admitted to the physical toll hard courts place on ATP Tour players, calling for a reevaluated tour schedule featuring fewer hard court tournaments. This \"longevity\" narrative has proven inaccurate, and pundits today admire his resilience. Nadal has had three coaches during his career. Toni Nadal, his uncle, coached him from 1990 to 2017. He is currently coached by Francisco Roig (2005–) and Carlos Moyá (2016–). In an interview in CBS's \"60 Minutes\" in May 2021, Nadal said he has never broken a racket with anger in a match. He added that his family does not approve of it and breaking a racket means he is not in control of his emotions"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": ". Nadal is known for a host of on court rituals including specific bodily movements and the positioning of items courtside. Nadal himself has rejected that such rituals stem from an obsessive–compulsive disorder complex or are based on superstition. Nadal's extensive time taken between points has received criticism from other players including Roger Federer and Denis Shapovalov.</s><s>Public image.</s><s>Public image.:Equipment and endorsements. Nadal has been sponsored by Kia Motors since 2006. He has appeared in advertising campaigns for Kia as a global ambassador for the company. In May 2008, Kia released a claymation viral ad featuring Nadal in a tennis match with an alien. In May 2015, Nadal extended his partnership with Kia for another five years. Nike serves as Nadal's clothing and shoe sponsor. Nadal's signature on-court attire entailed a variety of sleeveless shirts paired with 3/4 length capri pants. For the 2009 season, Nadal adopted more-traditional on-court apparel. Nike encouraged Nadal to update his look in order to reflect his new status as the sport's top player at that time and associate Nadal with a style that, while less distinctive than his \"pirate\" look, would"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " be more widely emulated by consumers. At warmup tournaments in Abu Dhabi and Doha, Nadal played matches in a polo shirt specifically designed for him by Nike, paired with shorts cut above the knee. Nadal's new, more conventional style carried over to the 2009 Australian Open, where he was outfitted with Nike's Bold Crew Men's Tee and Nadal Long Check Shorts. Nadal wears Nike's Air CourtBallistec 2.3 tennis shoes, bearing various customizations throughout the season, including his nickname \"Rafa\" on the right shoe and a stylized bull logo on the left. He became the face of Lanvin's \"L'Homme Sport\" cologne in April 2009. Nadal uses an AeroPro Drive racquet with a -inch L2 grip., Nadal's racquets are painted to resemble the new Babolat AeroPro Drive with Cortex GT racquet in order to market a current model which Babolat sells. Nadal uses no replacement grip, and instead wraps two overgrips around the handle. He used Duralast 15L strings until the 2010 season, when he switched to Babolat's new, black-colored, RPM Blast string. Nadal's rackets are"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " always strung at, regardless of which surface or conditions he is playing on., Nadal is the international ambassador for Quely, a company from his native Mallorca that manufactures biscuits, bakery and chocolate-coated products; he has consumed their products ever since he was a young child. In 2010, luxury watchmaker Richard Mille announced that he had developed an ultra-light wristwatch in collaboration with Nadal called the Richard Mille RM027 Tourbillon watch. The watch is made of titanium and lithium and is valued at US$525,000; Nadal was involved in the design and testing of the watch on the tennis court. During the 2010 French Open, Men's Fitness reported that Nadal wore the Richard Mille watch on the court as part of a sponsorship deal with the Swiss watchmaker. Nadal replaced Cristiano Ronaldo as the new face of Emporio Armani Underwear and Armani Jeans for the spring/summer 2011 collection. This was the first time that the label has chosen a tennis player for the job; association football has ruled lately prior to Ronaldo, David Beckham graced the ads since 2008. Armani said that he selected Nadal as his latest male underwear model because \"...he is ideal as"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " he represents a healthy and positive model for youngsters\". In June 2012, Nadal joined the group of sports endorsers of the PokerStars online poker cardroom. Nadal won a charity poker tournament against retired Brazilian football player Ronaldo in 2014.</s><s>Public image.:Court name and tributes. In April 2017, the centre court of the Barcelona Open was named Pista Rafa Nadal. In 2021, prior to the start of tournament, the French Open paid tribute to Nadal with the installation of a 3-meters tall steel statue at Stade Roland Garros. It was created by Jordi Díez Fernández, one of Spain's most renowned sculptors.</s><s>Public image.:In popular culture. Nadal's autobiography, \"Rafa\" (Hyperion, 2012, ), written with assistance from John Carlin, was published in August 2011. In February 2010, Rafael Nadal was featured in the music video of Shakira's \"Gypsy\". and part of her album release \"She Wolf\". In explaining why she chose Nadal for the video, Shakira was quoted as saying in an interview with the \"Latin American Herald Tribune\": \"I thought that maybe I needed someone I could in some way identify with. And Rafael Nad"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": "al is a person who has been totally committed to his career since he was very young. Since he was 17, I believe.\"</s><s>Public image.:Asteroid. 128036 Rafaelnadal is a main belt asteroid discovered in 2003 at the Observatorio Astronómico de Mallorca and named after Nadal. The decision to name the asteroid after Nadal was made by the International Astronomical Union in response to a request by the observatory. The asteroid is four kilometers in diameter and travels through space at a speed of 20 km per second.</s><s>Off the court.</s><s>Off the court.:Rafa Nadal Sports Centre. Nadal owns and trains at the Rafa Nadal Sports Centre () in his hometown of Manacor, Mallorca. The centre houses the Rafa Nadal Tennis Academy, where the American International School of Mallorca is located. Also located in the centre is a sports residence, a Rafael Nadal museum, a health clinic, a fitness centre with spa and a café. The facility has 26 tennis courts among its sporting areas.</s><s>Off the court.:Rafa Nadal Sports Centre.:Greece, Kuwait, and Mexico branches. Nadal also owns and operates three other similar Raf"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": "a Nadal Academy/Centre facilities in Al Zahra, Kuwait (called the Rafa Nadal Academy Kuwait), Cancún, Mexico (called the Rafa Nadal Tennis Centre Mexico), and Chalkidiki, Greece (called the Rafa Nadal Tennis Centre Greece). The Mexico and Greece Centres started operations in 2019 while the Kuwait Academy opened in 2020.</s><s>Off the court.:Philanthropy. Nadal took part in Thailand's \"A Million Trees for the King\" project, planting a tree in honour of King Bhumibol Adulyadej on a visit to Hua Hin during his Thailand Open 2010. \"For me it's an honour to be part of this project\", said Nadal. \"It's a very good project. I want to congratulate the Thai people and congratulate the King for this unbelievable day. I wish all the best for this idea. It's very, very nice.\"</s><s>Off the court.:Philanthropy.:Fundación Rafa Nadal. The creation of the Fundación Rafa Nadal took place in November 2007, and its official presentation was in February 2008, at the Manacor Tennis Club in Mallorca, Spain. The foundation will focus on social work and"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " development aid particularly on childhood and youth. On deciding why to start a foundation, Nadal said \"This can be the beginning of my future, when I retire and have more time, [...] I am doing very well and I owe society, [...] A month-and-a-half ago I was in Chennai, in India. The truth is we live great here...I can contribute something with my image...\" Nadal was inspired by the Red Cross benefit match against malaria with Real Madrid goalkeeper Iker Casillas, recalling, \"We raised an amount of money that we would never have imagined. I have to thank Iker, my project partner, who went all out for it, [...] That is why the time has come to set up my own foundation and determine the destination of the money.\" Nadal's mother, Ana María Parera, chairs the charitable organization and father Sebastian is vice-chairman. Coach and uncle Toni Nadal and his agent, former tennis player Carlos Costa, are also involved. Roger Federer has given Nadal advice on getting involved in philanthropy. Despite the fact that poverty in India struck him particularly hard, Nadal wants to start by helping \"people close by, in the Balearic Islands, in Spain, and then"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": ", if possible, abroad\". On 16 October 2010, Nadal traveled to India for the first time to visit his tennis academy for underprivileged children at Anantapur Sports Village, in the Anantapur City, Andhra Pradesh. His foundation has also worked in the Anantapur Educational Center project, in collaboration with the Vicente Ferrer Foundation.</s><s>Off the court.:Philanthropy.:Floods in Majorca. Rafael Nadal opened his tennis academy centre to Majorca flood victims in October 2018. By that time he was recovering at home in Majorca, shortly after having to leave the US Open due to injury and one day after the flood he worked personally with some friends to help the victims. Later, Nadal donated €1 million for rebuilding Sant Llorenç des Cardassar, the most affected town by the floods in the island. Nadal also organized other charitable activities to help repair the damage of the disaster, such as the Olazábal & Nadal charity golf tournament and a charity tennis match in which he was going to participate and that had to be suspended because he had to have an operation on an ankle injury, later identified as Mueller-Weiss Syndrome.</s><s>Off the court.:Philanthropy"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": ".:Other charities. Nadal supports or has supported other charities, such as City Harvest, Elton John AIDS Foundation, Laureus Sport for Good Foundation and Small Steps Project.</s><s>Off the court.:Involvement in football. Nadal is an avid fan of association football club Real Madrid. On 8 July 2010, it was reported that he had become a shareholder of RCD Mallorca, his local club by birth, in an attempt to assist the club from debt. Nadal reportedly owns 10 percent and was offered the role of vice president, which he rejected. His uncle Miguel Ángel Nadal became assistant coach under Michael Laudrup. Nadal remains a passionate Real Madrid supporter; \"ESPN.com\" writer Graham Hunter wrote, \"He's as \"Merengue\" as [Real Madrid icons] Raúl, Iker Casillas and Alfredo Di Stéfano.\" Shortly after acquiring his interest in Mallorca, Nadal called out UEFA for apparent hypocrisy in ejecting the club from the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League for excessive debts, saying through a club spokesperson, \"Well, if those are the criteria upon which UEFA is operating, then European competition will only comprise two or three clubs because all the rest are"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " in debt, too.\" He is a fervent supporter of the Spanish national team, and he was one of six people not affiliated with the team or the national federation allowed to enter the team's locker room following Spain's victory in the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final.</s><s>Personal life. Nadal lived with his parents and younger sister María Isabel in a five-storey apartment building in their hometown of Manacor, Mallorca. In June 2009, Spanish newspaper \"La Vanguardia\", and then \"The New York Times\", reported that his parents, Ana María and Sebastián, had separated. This news came after weeks of speculation in Internet posts and message boards over Nadal's personal issues as the cause of his setback. Nadal has been in a relationship with María Francisca (Mery) Perelló Pascual (often mistakenly referred to as Xisca in the press) since 2005, and their engagement was reported in January 2019. The couple married in October 2019. On 8 October 2022, they welcomed their first child, a son named Rafael. Nadal is an agnostic atheist. Nadal speaks Spanish, Balearic Catalan and English. In addition to tennis and football, Nadal enjoys playing golf and poker"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": ". In April 2014, he played the world's No. 1 female poker player, Vanessa Selbst, in a poker game in Monaco. In October 2020, Nadal competed in the professional-level Balearic Golf Championship, obtaining a World Amateur Golf Ranking in the process. As a young boy, he would run home from school to watch Goku in his favorite Japanese anime, \"Dragon Ball\". CNN released an article about Nadal's childhood inspiration, and called him \"the Dragon Ball of tennis\" owing to his unorthodox style \"from another planet\". Despite playing tennis left-handed, Nadal is known for being right-handed while doing things in everyday life such as writing and playing golf.</s><s>Personal life.:Health. In 2021, Nadal announced that he had a rare chronic disorder of his left ankle, Mueller-Weiss syndrome. He was diagnosed at the age of 19 and held off surgery as long as he could. After surgery in 2021, he returned to tennis in early 2022, winning the Australian Open. He later received two numbing injections and anti-inflammatories before each of his seven matches en route to winning the 2022 French Open. Nadal stated that he is not willing to do this again. In an open statement regarding his injury, he"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " said, \"I am not injured, I am a player living with an injury.\"</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Grand Slam tournament performance timeline. \"Current through the 2023 Australian Open.\"</s><s>Records.</s><s>Records.:Open Era records. - These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis. - Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements. - Records in \"italics\" are currently active streaks. - ^ Denotes consecutive streak.</s><s>Professional awards. - ITF World Champion (5): 2008, 2010, 2017, 2019, 2022 - ATP Player of the Year (5): 2008, 2010, 2013, 2017, 2019 - Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year: 2006 - Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year (2): 2011, 2021 - Laureus World Sports Award for Comeback of the Year: 2014 - BBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year: 2010 - ATP Newcomer of the Year: 2003 - ATP Most Improved Player of the Year: 2005 - Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award (5): 2010, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 - ATP Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year: 2011 - ATP Comeback Player of the Year:"
},
{
"title": "Rafael Nadal",
"text": " 2013 - ATP Fan's Favourite Award: 2022</s><s>See also. - List of career achievements by Rafael Nadal - All-time tennis records – Men's singles (since 1877) - Open Era tennis records – Men's singles (since 1968) - List of Grand Slam–related tennis records (since 1877) - List of Grand Slam men's singles champions (since 1877) - List of Olympic medalists in tennis (since 1896) - List of ATP Tour top-level tournament singles champions (since 1990) - Tennis Masters Series singles records and statistics (since 1990) - ATP Tour records (since 1990) - List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players (since 1973) - World number 1 ranked male tennis players (all-time) - Sport in Spain - Tennis in Spain</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Rafael Nadal",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000441
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Heinrich Himmler.
|
[
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": "<s>Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was of the (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany. Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and a main architect of the Holocaust. As a member of a reserve battalion during World War I, Himmler did not see active service, and did not fight. He studied agriculture at university, and joined the Nazi Party in 1923 and the SS in 1925. In 1929, he was appointed by Adolf Hitler. Over the next 16 years, he developed the SS from a 290-man battalion into a million-strong paramilitary group, and set up and controlled the Nazi concentration camps. He was known for good organisational skills and for selecting highly competent subordinates, such as Reinhard Heydrich in 1931. From 1943 onwards, he was both Chief of German Police and Minister of the Interior, overseeing all internal and external police and security forces, including the Gestapo (Secret State Police). He controlled the Waffen-SS, the military branch of the SS. Himmler held an interest in varieties of occultism and \"Völkisch\" topics,"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " and he employed elements of these beliefs to develop the racial policy of Nazi Germany and incorporated esoteric symbolism and rituals into the SS. Himmler formed the \"Einsatzgruppen\" and built extermination camps. As overseer of the Nazi genocidal programs, Himmler directed the killing of some six million Jews, between 200,000 and 500,000 Romanis, and other victims. The total number of civilians killed by the regime is estimated at 11 to 14 million people. Most of them were Polish and Soviet citizens. Late in World War II, Hitler briefly appointed him a military commander and later Commander of the Replacement (Home) Army and General Plenipotentiary for the administration of the entire Third Reich (\"Generalbevollmächtigter für die Verwaltung\"). Specifically, he was given command of the Army Group Upper Rhine and the Army Group Vistula. After Himmler failed to achieve his assigned objectives, Hitler replaced him in these posts. Realising the war was lost, Himmler attempted to open peace talks with the western Allies without Hitler's knowledge, shortly before the end of the war. Hearing of this, Hitler dismissed him from all his posts in April 1945 and ordered his arrest. Himm"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": "ler attempted to go into hiding, but was detained and then arrested by British forces once his identity became known. While in British custody, he committed suicide on 23 May 1945.</s><s>Early life. Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was born in Munich on 7 October 1900 into a conservative middle-class Roman Catholic family. His father was Joseph Gebhard Himmler (1865–1936), a teacher, and his mother was Anna Maria Himmler (née Heyder; 1866–1941), a devout Roman Catholic. Heinrich had two brothers: Gebhard Ludwig (1898–1982) and Ernst Hermann (1905–1945). Himmler's first name, Heinrich, was that of his godfather, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, a member of the royal family of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler. He attended a grammar school in Landshut, where his father was deputy principal. While he did well in his schoolwork, he struggled in athletics. He had poor health, suffering from lifelong stomach complaints and other ailments. In his youth he trained daily with weights and exercised to become stronger. Other boys at the school later remembered him as studious and"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " awkward in social situations. Himmler's diary, which he kept intermittently from the age of 10, shows that he took a keen interest in current events, dueling, and \"the serious discussion of religion and sex\". In 1915, he began training with the Landshut Cadet Corps. His father used his connections with the royal family to get Himmler accepted as an officer candidate, and he enlisted with the reserve battalion of the 11th Bavarian Regiment in December 1917. His brother, Gebhard, served on the western front and saw combat, receiving the Iron Cross and eventually being promoted to lieutenant. In November 1918, while Himmler was still in training, the war ended with Germany's defeat, denying him the opportunity to become an officer or see combat. After his discharge on 18 December, he returned to Landshut. After the war, Himmler completed his grammar-school education. From 1919 to 1922, he studied agriculture at the Munich (now Technical University Munich) following a brief apprenticeship on a farm and a subsequent illness. Although many regulations that discriminated against non-Christians—including Jews and other minority groups—had been eliminated during the unification of Germany in 1871, antisemitism continued to exist and thrive in Germany"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " and other parts of Europe. Himmler was antisemitic by the time he went to university, but not exceptionally so; students at his school would avoid their Jewish classmates. He remained a devout Catholic while a student and spent most of his leisure time with members of his fencing fraternity, the \"League of Apollo\", the president of which was Jewish. Himmler maintained a polite demeanor with him and with other Jewish members of the fraternity, in spite of his growing antisemitism. During his second year at university, Himmler redoubled his attempts to pursue a military career. Although he was not successful, he was able to extend his involvement in the paramilitary scene in Munich. It was at this time that he first met Ernst Röhm, an early member of the Nazi Party and co-founder of the (\"Storm Battalion\"; SA). Himmler admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group, the (Imperial War Flag Society). In 1922, Himmler became more interested in the \"Jewish question\", with his diary entries containing an increasing number of antisemitic remarks and recording a number of discussions about Jews with his classmates. His reading lists, as recorded"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " in his diary, were dominated by antisemitic pamphlets, German myths, and occult tracts. After the murder of Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau on 24 June, Himmler's political views veered towards the radical right, and he took part in demonstrations against the Treaty of Versailles. Hyperinflation was raging, and his parents could no longer afford to educate all three sons. Disappointed by his failure to make a career in the military and his parents' inability to finance his doctoral studies, he was forced to take a low-paying office job after obtaining his agricultural diploma. He remained in this position until September 1923.</s><s>Early life.:Nazi activist. Himmler joined the Nazi Party in August 1923, receiving party number 14303. As a member of Röhm's paramilitary unit, Himmler was involved in the Beer Hall Putsch—an unsuccessful attempt by Hitler and the Nazi Party to seize power in Munich. This event would set Himmler on a life of politics. He was questioned by the police about his role in the putsch, but was not charged because of insufficient evidence. However, he lost his job, was unable to find employment as a farm manager, and had to move in with his parents in Munich"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": ". Frustrated by these failures, he became ever more irritable, aggressive, and opinionated, alienating both friends and family members. In 1923–24, Himmler, while searching for a world view, came to abandon Catholicism and focused on the occult and in antisemitism. Germanic mythology, reinforced by occult ideas, became a religion for him. Himmler found the Nazi Party appealing because its political positions agreed with his own views. Initially, he was not swept up by Hitler's charisma or the cult of Führer worship. However, as he learned more about Hitler through his reading, he began to regard him as a useful face of the party, and he later admired and even worshipped him. To consolidate and advance his own position in the Nazi Party, Himmler took advantage of the disarray in the party following Hitler's arrest in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch. From mid-1924 he worked under Gregor Strasser as a party secretary and propaganda assistant. Travelling all over Bavaria agitating for the party, he gave speeches and distributed literature. Placed in charge of the party office in Lower Bavaria by Strasser from late 1924, he was responsible for integrating the area's membership with the Nazi"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " Party under Hitler when the party was re-founded in February 1925. That same year, he joined the (SS) as an (SS-Leader); his SS number was 168. The SS, initially part of the much larger SA, was formed in 1923 for Hitler's personal protection and was re-formed in 1925 as an elite unit of the SA. Himmler's first leadership position in the SS was that of (district leader) in Lower Bavaria from 1926. Strasser appointed Himmler deputy propaganda chief in January 1927. As was typical in the Nazi Party, he had considerable freedom of action in his post, which increased over time. He began to collect statistics on the number of Jews, Freemasons, and enemies of the party, and following his strong need for control, he developed an elaborate bureaucracy. In September 1927, Himmler told Hitler of his vision to transform the SS into a loyal, powerful, racially pure elite unit. Convinced that Himmler was the man for the job, Hitler appointed him Deputy, with the rank of. Around this time, Himmler joined the Artaman League, a youth group. There he met Rudolf Höss, who was later commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, and Wal"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": "ther Darré, whose book \"The Peasantry as the Life Source of the Nordic Race\" caught Hitler's attention, leading to his later appointment as Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture. Darré was a firm believer in the superiority of the Nordic race, and his philosophy was a major influence on Himmler.</s><s>Rise in the SS. Upon the resignation of SS commander Erhard Heiden in January 1929, Himmler assumed the position of \"Reichsführer-SS\" with Hitler's approval; he still carried out his duties at propaganda headquarters. One of his first responsibilities was to organise SS participants at the Nuremberg Rally that September. Over the next year, Himmler grew the SS from a force of about 290 men to about 3,000. By 1930 Himmler had persuaded Hitler to run the SS as a separate organisation, although it was officially still subordinate to the SA. To gain political power, the Nazi Party took advantage of the economic downturn during the Great Depression. The coalition government of the Weimar Republic was unable to improve the economy, so many voters turned to the political extreme, which included the Nazi Party. Hitler used populist rhetoric, including blaming scapegoats—particularly the Jews—for the economic"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " hardships. In September 1930, Himmler was first elected as a deputy to the \"Reichstag\". In the 1932 election, the Nazis won 37.3 percent of the vote and 230 seats in the Reichstag. Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933, heading a short-lived coalition of his Nazis and the German National People's Party. The new cabinet initially included only three members of the Nazi Party: Hitler, Hermann Göring as minister without portfolio and Minister of the Interior for Prussia, and Wilhelm Frick as Reich Interior Minister. Less than a month later, the Reichstag building was set on fire. Hitler took advantage of this event, forcing Hindenburg to sign the Reichstag Fire Decree, which suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial. The Enabling Act, passed by the Reichstag on 23 March 1933, gave the Cabinet—in practice, Hitler—full legislative powers, and the country became a de facto dictatorship. On 1 August 1934, Hitler's cabinet passed a law which stipulated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. Hindenburg died the next morning, and Hitler became both head"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " of state and head of government under the title \"Führer und Reichskanzler\" (leader and chancellor). The Nazi Party's rise to power provided Himmler and the SS an unfettered opportunity to thrive. By 1933, the SS numbered 52,000 members. Strict membership requirements ensured that all members were of Hitler's Aryan \"Herrenvolk\" (\"Aryan master race\"). Applicants were vetted for Nordic qualities—in Himmler's words, \"like a nursery gardener trying to reproduce a good old strain which has been adulterated and debased; we started from the principles of plant selection and then proceeded quite unashamedly to weed out the men whom we did not think we could use for the build-up of the SS.\" Few dared mention that by his own standards, Himmler did not meet his own ideals. Himmler's organised, bookish intellect served him well as he began setting up different SS departments. In 1931 he appointed Reinhard Heydrich chief of the new Ic Service (intelligence service), which was renamed the \"Sicherheitsdienst\" (SD: Security Service) in 1932. He later officially appointed Heydrich his deputy. The two men had"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " a good working relationship and a mutual respect. In 1933, they began to remove the SS from SA control. Along with Interior Minister Frick, they hoped to create a unified German police force. In March 1933, Reich Governor of Bavaria Franz Ritter von Epp appointed Himmler chief of the Munich Police. Himmler appointed Heydrich commander of Department IV, the political police. Thereafter, Himmler and Heydrich took over the political police of state after state; soon only Prussia was controlled by Göring. Effective 1 January 1933, Hitler promoted Himmler to the rank of SS-\"Obergruppenführer\", equal in rank to the senior SA commanders. On 2 June Himmler, along with the heads of the other two Nazi paramilitary organizations, the SA and the Hitler Youth, was named a \"Reichsleiter\", the second highest political rank in the Nazi Party. On 10 July, he was named to the Prussian State Council. On 2 October 1933, he became a founding member of Hans Frank's Academy for German Law at its inaugural meeting. Himmler further established the SS Race and Settlement Main Office (\"Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt\" or RuSHA"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": "). He appointed Darré as its first chief, with the rank of SS-\"Gruppenführer\". The department implemented racial policies and monitored the \"racial integrity\" of the SS membership. SS men were carefully vetted for their racial background. On 31 December 1931, Himmler introduced the \"marriage order\", which required SS men wishing to marry to produce family trees proving that both families were of Aryan descent to 1800. If any non-Aryan forebears were found in either family tree during the racial investigation, the person concerned was excluded from the SS. Each man was issued a \"Sippenbuch\", a genealogical record detailing his genetic history. Himmler expected that each SS marriage should produce at least four children, thus creating a pool of genetically superior prospective SS members. The programme had disappointing results; less than 40 per cent of SS men married and each produced only about one child. In March 1933, less than three months after the Nazis came to power, Himmler set up the first official concentration camp at Dachau. Hitler had stated that he did not want it to be just another prison or detention camp. Himmler appointed Theodor Eicke, a convicted felon and ardent Nazi, to run"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " the camp in June 1933. Eicke devised a system that was used as a model for future camps throughout Germany. Its features included isolation of victims from the outside world, elaborate roll calls and work details, the use of force and executions to exact obedience, and a strict disciplinary code for the guards. Uniforms were issued for prisoners and guards alike; the guards' uniforms had a special \"Totenkopf\" insignia on their collars. By the end of 1934, Himmler took control of the camps under the aegis of the SS, creating a separate division, the \"SS-Totenkopfverbände\". Initially the camps housed political opponents; over time, undesirable members of German society—criminals, vagrants, deviants—were placed in the camps as well. In 1936 Himmler wrote in the pamphlet \"The SS as an Anti-Bolshevist Fighting Organization\" that the SS were to fight against the \"Jewish-Bolshevik revolution of subhumans\". A Hitler decree issued in December 1937 allowed for the incarceration of anyone deemed by the regime to be an undesirable member of society. This included Jews, Gypsies, communists, and those persons of any other cultural,"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " racial, political, or religious affiliation deemed by the Nazis to be \"Untermensch\" (sub-human). Thus, the camps became a mechanism for social and racial engineering. By the outbreak of World War II in autumn 1939, there were six camps housing some 27,000 inmates. Death tolls were high.</s><s>Rise in the SS.:Consolidation of power. In early 1934, Hitler and other Nazi leaders became concerned that Röhm was planning a coup d'état. Röhm had socialist and populist views, and believed that the real revolution had not yet begun. He felt that the SA—now numbering some three million men, far dwarfing the army—should become the sole arms-bearing corps of the state, and that the army should be absorbed into the SA under his leadership. Röhm lobbied Hitler to appoint him Minister of Defence, a position held by conservative General Werner von Blomberg. Göring had created a Prussian secret police force, the \"Geheime Staatspolizei\" or Gestapo in 1933, and appointed Rudolf Diels as its head. Göring, concerned that Diels was not ruthless enough to use the Gestapo effectively to counteract the power of the SA, handed"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " over its control to Himmler on 20 April 1934. Also on that date, Hitler appointed Himmler chief of all German police outside Prussia. This was a radical departure from long-standing German practice that law enforcement was a state and local matter. Heydrich, named chief of the Gestapo by Himmler on 22 April 1934, also continued as head of the SD. Hitler decided on 21 June that Röhm and the SA leadership had to be eliminated. He sent Göring to Berlin on 29 June, to meet with Himmler and Heydrich to plan the action. Hitler took charge in Munich, where Röhm was arrested; he gave Röhm the choice to commit suicide or be shot. When Röhm refused to kill himself, he was shot dead by two SS officers. Between 85 and 200 members of the SA leadership and other political adversaries, including Gregor Strasser, were killed between 30 June and 2 July 1934 in these actions, known as the Night of the Long Knives. With the SA thus neutralised, the SS became an independent organisation answerable only to Hitler on 20 July 1934. Himmler's title of \"Reichsführer-SS\" became the highest formal SS rank,"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " equivalent to a field marshal in the army. The SA was converted into a sports and training organisation. On 15 September 1935, Hitler presented two laws—known as the Nuremberg Laws—to the Reichstag. The laws banned marriage between non-Jewish and Jewish Germans and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. The laws also deprived so-called \"non-Aryans\" of the benefits of German citizenship. These laws were among the first race-based measures instituted by the Third Reich. Himmler and Heydrich wanted to extend the power of the SS; thus, they urged Hitler to form a national police force overseen by the SS, to guard Nazi Germany against its many enemies at the time—real and imagined. Interior Minister Frick also wanted a national police force, but one controlled by him, with Kurt Daluege as his police chief. Hitler left it to Himmler and Heydrich to work out the arrangements with Frick. Himmler and Heydrich had greater bargaining power, as they were allied with Frick's old enemy, Göring. Heydrich drew up a set of proposals and Himmler sent him to meet with Frick. An angry"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " Frick then consulted with Hitler, who told him to agree to the proposals. Frick acquiesced, and on 17 June 1936 Hitler decreed the unification of all police forces in the Reich, and named Himmler Chief of German Police and a State Secretary in the Ministry of the Interior. In this role, Himmler was still nominally subordinate to Frick. In practice, however, the police was now effectively a division of the SS, and hence independent of Frick's control. This move gave Himmler operational control over Germany's entire detective force. He also gained authority over all of Germany's uniformed law enforcement agencies, which were amalgamated into the new \"Ordnungspolizei\" (Orpo: \"order police\"), which became a branch of the SS under Daluege. Shortly thereafter, Himmler created the \"Kriminalpolizei\" (Kripo: criminal police) as the umbrella organisation for all criminal investigation agencies in Germany. The Kripo was merged with the Gestapo into the \"Sicherheitspolizei\" (SiPo: security police), under Heydrich's command. In September 1939, following the outbreak of World War II, Himmler formed the \""
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": "SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt\" (RSHA: Reich Security Main Office) to bring the SiPo (which included the Gestapo and Kripo) and the SD together under one umbrella. He again placed Heydrich in command. Under Himmler's leadership, the SS developed its own military branch, the \"SS-Verfügungstruppe\" (SS-VT), which later evolved into the Waffen-SS. Nominally under the authority of Himmler, the Waffen-SS developed a fully militarised structure of command and operations. It grew from three regiments to over 38 divisions during World War II, serving alongside the \"Heer\" (army), but never being formally part of it. In addition to his military ambitions, Himmler established the beginnings of a parallel economy under the umbrella of the SS. To this end, administrator Oswald Pohl set up the \"Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe\" (German Economic Enterprise) in 1940. Under the auspices of the SS Economy and Administration Head Office, this holding company owned housing corporations, factories, and publishing houses. Pohl was unscrupulous and quickly exploited the companies for personal gain. In"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " contrast, Himmler was honest in matters of money and business. In 1938, as part of his preparations for war, Hitler ended the German alliance with China, and entered into an agreement with the more modern Japan. That same year, Austria was unified with Nazi Germany in the Anschluss, and the Munich Agreement gave Nazi Germany control over the Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia. Hitler's primary motivations for war included obtaining additional \"Lebensraum\" (\"living space\") for the Germanic peoples, who were considered racially superior according to Nazi ideology. A second goal was the elimination of those considered racially inferior, particularly the Jews and Slavs, from territories controlled by the Reich. From 1933 to 1938, hundreds of thousands of Jews emigrated to the United States, Palestine, Great Britain, and other countries. Some converted to Christianity.</s><s>Rise in the SS.:Anti-church struggle. According to Himmler biographer Peter Longerich, Himmler believed that a major task of the SS should be \"acting as the vanguard in overcoming Christianity and restoring a 'Germanic' way of living\" as part of preparations for the coming conflict between \"humans and subhumans\". Longerich wrote that, while the"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " Nazi movement as a whole launched itself against Jews and Communists, \"by linking de-Christianisation with re-Germanization, Himmler had provided the SS with a goal and purpose all of its own\". Himmler was vehemently opposed to Christian sexual morality and the \"principle of Christian mercy\", both of which he saw as dangerous obstacles to his planned battle with \"subhumans\". In 1937, Himmler declared: In early 1937, Himmler had his personal staff work with academics to create a framework to replace Christianity within the Germanic cultural heritage. The project gave rise to the Deutschrechtlichte Institute, headed by Professor Karl Eckhardt, at the University of Bonn.</s><s>World War II. When Hitler and his army chiefs asked for a pretext for the invasion of Poland in 1939, Himmler, Heydrich, and Heinrich Müller masterminded and carried out a false flag project code-named Operation Himmler. German soldiers dressed in Polish uniforms undertook border skirmishes which deceptively suggested Polish aggression against Germany. The incidents were then used in Nazi propaganda to justify the invasion of Poland, the opening event of World War II. At the beginning of the war against Poland, Hitler authorised the killing of Polish civilians"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": ", including Jews and ethnic Poles. The \"Einsatzgruppen\" (SS task forces) had originally been formed by Heydrich to secure government papers and offices in areas taken over by Germany before World War II. Authorised by Hitler and under the direction of Himmler and Heydrich, the \"Einsatzgruppen\" units—now repurposed as death squads—followed the \"Heer\" (army) into Poland, and by the end of 1939 they had murdered some 65,000 intellectuals and other civilians. Militias and \"Heer\" units also took part in these killings. Under Himmler's orders via the RSHA, these squads were also tasked with rounding up Jews and others for placement in ghettos and concentration camps. Germany subsequently invaded Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, and France, and began bombing Great Britain in preparation for Operation Sea Lion, the planned invasion of the United Kingdom. On 21 June 1941, the day before invasion of the Soviet Union, Himmler commissioned the preparation of the \"Generalplan Ost\" (General Plan for the East); the plan was finalised in July 1942. It called for the Baltic States, Poland, Western Ukraine, and Byelorussia to"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " be conquered and resettled by ten million German citizens. The current residents—some 31 million people—would be expelled further east, starved, or used for forced labour. The plan would have extended the borders of Germany to the east by. Himmler expected that it would take twenty to thirty years to complete the plan, at a cost of. Himmler stated openly: \"It is a question of existence, thus it will be a racial struggle of pitiless severity, in the course of which 20 to 30 million Slavs and Jews will perish through military actions and crises of food supply.\" Himmler declared that the war in the east was a pan-European crusade to defend the traditional values of old Europe from the \"Godless Bolshevik hordes\". Constantly struggling with the Wehrmacht for recruits, Himmler solved this problem through the creation of Waffen-SS units composed of Germanic folk groups taken from the Balkans and eastern Europe. Equally vital were recruits from among the Germanic considered peoples of northern and western Europe, in the Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, Denmark and Finland. Spain and Italy also provided men for Waffen-SS units. Among western countries, the number of volunteers varied from a high of 25,000"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " from the Netherlands to 300 each from Sweden and Switzerland. From the east, the highest number of men came from Lithuania (50,000) and the lowest from Bulgaria (600). After 1943 most men from the east were conscripts. The performance of the eastern Waffen-SS units was, as a whole, sub-standard. In late 1941, Hitler named Heydrich as Deputy Reich Protector of the newly established Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Heydrich began to racially classify the Czechs, deporting many to concentration camps. Members of a swelling resistance were shot, earning Heydrich the nickname \"the Butcher of Prague\". This appointment strengthened the collaboration between Himmler and Heydrich, and Himmler was proud to have SS control over a state. Despite having direct access to Hitler, Heydrich's loyalty to Himmler remained firm. With Hitler's approval, Himmler re-established the \"Einsatzgruppen\" in the lead-up to the planned invasion of the Soviet Union. In March 1941, Hitler addressed his army leaders, detailing his intention to smash the Soviet Empire and destroy the Bolshevik intelligentsia and leadership. His special directive, the \"Guidelines in Special Spheres re Directive"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " No. 21 (Operation Barbarossa)\", read: \"In the operations area of the army, the \"Reichsführer-SS\" has been given special tasks on the orders of the \"Führer\", in order to prepare the political administration. These tasks arise from the forthcoming final struggle of two opposing political systems. Within the framework of these tasks, the \"Reichsführer-SS\" acts independently and on his own responsibility.\" Hitler thus intended to prevent internal friction like that occurring earlier in Poland in 1939, when several German Army generals had attempted to bring \"Einsatzgruppen\" leaders to trial for the murders they had committed. Following the army into the Soviet Union, the \"Einsatzgruppen\" rounded up and killed Jews and others deemed undesirable by the Nazi state. Hitler was sent frequent reports. In addition, 2.8 million Soviet prisoners of war died of starvation, mistreatment or executions in just eight months of 1941–42. As many as 500,000 Soviet prisoners of war died or were executed in Nazi concentration camps over the course of the war; most of them were shot or gassed. By early 1941, following Himmler's orders, ten concentration camps had been constructed in"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " which inmates were subjected to forced labour. Jews from all over Germany and the occupied territories were deported to the camps or confined to ghettos. As the Germans were pushed back from Moscow in December 1941, signalling that the expected quick defeat of the Soviet Union had failed to materialize, Hitler and other Nazi officials realised that mass deportations to the east would no longer be possible. As a result, instead of deportation, many Jews in Europe were destined for death.</s><s>Final Solution, the Holocaust, racial policy, and eugenics. Nazi racial policies, including the notion that people who were racially inferior had no right to live, date back to the earliest days of the party; Hitler discusses this in. Around the time of the German declaration of war on the United States in December 1941, Hitler resolved that the Jews of Europe were to be \"exterminated\". Heydrich arranged a meeting, held on 20 January 1942 at Wannsee, a suburb of Berlin. Attended by top Nazi officials, it was used to outline the plans for the \"final solution to the Jewish question\". Heydrich detailed how those Jews able to work would be worked to death; those unable to work would be killed outright. Heydrich calculated the number of Jews to be"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " killed at 11 million and told the attendees that Hitler had placed Himmler in charge of the plan. In June 1942, Heydrich was assassinated in Prague in Operation Anthropoid, led by Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš, members of Czechoslovakia's army-in-exile. Both men had been trained by the British Special Operations Executive for the mission to kill Heydrich. During the two funeral services, Himmler—the chief mourner—took charge of Heydrich's two young sons, and he gave the eulogy in Berlin. On 9 June, after discussions with Himmler and Karl Hermann Frank, Hitler ordered brutal reprisals for Heydrich's death. Over 13,000 people were arrested, and the village of Lidice was razed to the ground; its male inhabitants and all adults in the village of Ležáky were murdered. At least 1,300 people were executed by firing squads. Himmler took over leadership of the RSHA and stepped up the pace of the killing of Jews in (Operation Reinhard), named in Heydrich's honour. He ordered the camps—three extermination camps—to be constructed at Bełż"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": "ec, Sobibór, and Treblinka. Initially the victims were killed with gas vans or by firing squad, but these methods proved impracticable for an operation of this scale. In August 1941, Himmler attended the shooting of 100 Jews at Minsk. Nauseated and shaken by the experience, he was concerned about the impact such actions would have on the mental health of his SS men. He decided that alternate methods of killing should be found. On his orders, by early 1942 the camp at Auschwitz had been greatly expanded, including the addition of gas chambers, where victims were killed using the pesticide Zyklon B. Himmler visited the camp in person on 17 and 18 July 1942. He was given a demonstration of a mass killing using the gas chamber in Bunker 2 and toured the building site of the new IG Farben plant being constructed at the nearby town of Monowitz. By the end of the war, at least 5.5 million Jews had been killed by the Nazi regime; most estimates range closer to 6 million. Himmler visited the camp at Sobibór in early 1943, by which time 250,000 people had been killed at that location alone. After witnessing a gassing, he gave 28 people"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " promotions and ordered the operation of the camp to be wound down. In a prisoner revolt that October, the remaining prisoners killed most of the guards and SS personnel. Several hundred prisoners escaped; about a hundred were immediately re-captured and killed. Some of the escapees joined partisan units operating in the area. The camp was dismantled by December 1943. The Nazis also targeted Romani (Gypsies) as \"asocial\" and \"criminals\". By 1935, they were confined into special camps away from ethnic Germans. In 1938, Himmler issued an order in which he said that the \"Gypsy question\" would be determined by \"race\". Himmler believed that the Romani were originally Aryan but had become a mixed race; only the \"racially pure\" were to be allowed to live. In 1939, Himmler ordered thousands of Gypsies to be sent to the Dachau concentration camp and by 1942, ordered all Romani sent to Auschwitz concentration camp. Himmler was one of the main architects of the Holocaust, using his deep belief in the racist Nazi ideology to justify the murder of millions of victims. Longerich surmises that Hitler, Himmler, and Heydrich designed the Holocaust during a period of"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " intensive meetings and exchanges in April–May 1942. The Nazis planned to kill Polish intellectuals and restrict non-Germans in the General Government and conquered territories to a fourth-grade education. They further wanted to breed a master race of racially pure Nordic Aryans in Germany. As a student of agriculture and a farmer, Himmler was acquainted with the principles of selective breeding, which he proposed to apply to humans. He believed that he could engineer the German populace, for example, through eugenics, to be Nordic in appearance within several decades of the end of the war.</s><s>Final Solution, the Holocaust, racial policy, and eugenics.:Posen speeches. On 4 October 1943, during a secret meeting with top SS officials in the city of Poznań (Posen), and on 6 October 1943, in a speech to the party elite—the \"Gauleiters\" and \"Reichsleiters\"—Himmler referred explicitly to the \"extermination\" () of the Jewish people. A translated excerpt from the speech of 4 October reads: Because the Allies had indicated that they were going to pursue criminal charges for German war crimes, Hitler tried to gain the loyalty and silence of his subordinates by making them all parties to"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " the ongoing genocide. Hitler therefore authorised Himmler's speeches to ensure that all party leaders were complicit in the crimes and could not later deny knowledge of the killings.</s><s>Final Solution, the Holocaust, racial policy, and eugenics.:Germanization. As Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood (RKFDV) with the incorporated VoMi, Himmler was deeply involved in the Germanization program for the East, particularly Poland. As laid out in the General Plan for the East, the aim was to enslave, expel or exterminate the native population and to make (\"living space\") for (ethnic Germans). He continued his plans to colonise the east, even when many Germans were reluctant to relocate there, and despite negative effects on the war effort. Himmler's racial groupings began with the, the classification of people deemed of German blood. These included Germans who had collaborated with Germany before the war, but also those who considered themselves German but had been neutral; those who were partially \"Polonized\" but \"Germanizable\"; and Germans who were of Polish nationality. Himmler ordered that those who refused to be classified as ethnic Germans should be deported to concentration camps, have their children taken away, or be assigned to"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " forced labour. Himmler's belief that \"it is in the nature of German blood to resist\" led to his conclusion that Balts or Slavs who resisted Germanization were racially superior to more compliant ones. He declared that no drop of German blood would be lost or left behind to mingle with an \"alien race\". The plan also included the kidnapping of Eastern European children by Nazi Germany. Himmler urged: The \"racially valuable\" children were to be removed from all contact with Poles and raised as Germans, with German names. Himmler declared: \"We have faith above all in this our own blood, which has flowed into a foreign nationality through the vicissitudes of German history. We are convinced that our own philosophy and ideals will reverberate in the spirit of these children who racially belong to us.\" The children were to be adopted by German families. Children who passed muster at first but were later rejected were taken to in Łódź Ghetto, where most of them eventually died. By January 1943, Himmler reported that 629,000 ethnic Germans had been resettled; however, most resettled Germans did not live in the envisioned small farms, but in temporary camps or quarters in towns. Half a million"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " residents of the annexed Polish territories, as well as from Slovenia, Alsace, Lorraine, and Luxembourg were deported to the General Government or sent to Germany as slave labour. Himmler instructed that the German nation should view all foreign workers brought to Germany as a danger to their German blood. In accordance with German racial laws, sexual relations between Germans and foreigners were forbidden as (race defilement).</s><s>20 July plot. On 20 July 1944, a group of German army officers led by Claus von Stauffenberg and including some of the highest-ranked members of the German armed forces attempted to assassinate Hitler, but failed to do so. The next day, Himmler formed a special commission that arrested over 5,000 suspected and known opponents of the regime. Hitler ordered brutal reprisals that resulted in the execution of more than 4,900 people. Though Himmler was embarrassed by his failure to uncover the plot, it led to an increase in his powers and authority. General Friedrich Fromm, commander-in-chief of the Replacement Army (\"Ersatzheer\") and Stauffenberg's immediate superior, was one of those implicated in the conspiracy. Hitler removed Fromm from his post and named Himmler as his successor."
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " Since the Replacement Army consisted of two million men, Himmler hoped to draw on these reserves to fill posts within the Waffen-SS. He appointed Hans Jüttner, director of the SS Leadership Main Office, as his deputy, and began to fill top Replacement Army posts with SS men. By November 1944 Himmler had merged the army officer recruitment department with that of the Waffen-SS and had successfully lobbied for an increase in the quotas for recruits to the SS. By this time, Hitler had appointed Himmler as \"Reichsminister\" of the Interior, succeeding Frick, and General Plenipotentiary for Administration (\"Generalbevollmächtigter für die Verwaltung\"). At the same time (24 August 1943) he also joined the six-member Council of Ministers for the Defense of the Reich, which operated as the war cabinet. In August 1944 Hitler authorised him to restructure the organisation and administration of the Waffen-SS, the army, and the police services. As head of the Replacement Army, Himmler was now responsible for prisoners of war. He was also in charge of the Wehrmacht penal system, and controlled the development of Wehrmacht"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " armaments until January 1945.</s><s>Command of army group. On 6 June 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France during Operation Overlord. In response, Army Group Upper Rhine (\"Heeresgruppe Oberrhein\") group was formed to engage the advancing US 7th Army (under command of General Alexander Patch) and French 1st Army (led by General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny) in the Alsace region along the west bank of the Rhine. In late 1944, Hitler appointed Himmler commander-in-chief of Army Group Upper Rhine. On 26 September 1944 Hitler ordered Himmler to create special army units, the \"Volkssturm\" (\"People's Storm\" or \"People's Army\"). All males aged sixteen to sixty were eligible for conscription into this militia, over the protests of Armaments Minister Albert Speer, who noted that irreplaceable skilled workers were being removed from armaments production. Hitler confidently believed six million men could be raised, and the new units would \"initiate a people's war against the invader\". These hopes were wildly optimistic. In October 1944, children as young as fourteen were being enlisted. Because of severe shortages in weapons and equipment"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " and lack of training, members of the \"Volkssturm\" were poorly prepared for combat, and about 175,000 of them lost their lives in the final months of the war. On 1 January 1945, Hitler and his generals launched Operation North Wind. The goal was to break through the lines of the US 7th Army and French 1st Army to support the southern thrust in the Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes offensive), the final major German offensive of the war. After limited initial gains by the Germans, the Americans halted the offensive. By 25 January, Operation North Wind had officially ended. On 25 January 1945, despite Himmler's lack of military experience, Hitler appointed him as commander of the hastily formed Army Group Vistula (\"Heeresgruppe Weichsel\") to halt the Soviet Red Army's Vistula–Oder offensive into Pomerania – a decision that appalled the German General Staff. Himmler established his command centre at Schneidemühl, using his special train, \"Sonderzug Steiermark\", as his headquarters. The train had only one telephone line, inadequate maps, and no signal detachment or radios with which to establish communication and relay military orders. Himmler seldom left the train"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": ", only worked about four hours per day, and insisted on a daily massage before commencing work and a lengthy nap after lunch. General Heinz Guderian talked to Himmler on 9 February and demanded, that Operation Solstice, an attack from Pomerania against the northern flank of Marshal Georgy Zhukov's 1st Belorussian Front, should be in progress by the 16th. Himmler argued that he was not ready to commit himself to a specific date. Given Himmler's lack of qualifications as an army group commander, Guderian convinced himself that Himmler tried to conceal his incompetence. On 13 February Guderian met Hitler and demanded that General Walther Wenck be given a special mandate to command the offensive by Army Group Vistula. Hitler sent Wenck with a \"special mandate\", but without specifying Wenck's authority. The offensive was launched on 16 February 1945, but soon stuck in rain and mud, facing mine fields and strong antitank defenses. That night Wenck was severely injured in a car accident, but it is doubtful that he could have salvaged the operation, as Guderian later claimed. Himmler ordered the offensive to stop on the 18th by a \"directive for reg"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": "rouping\". Hitler officially ended Operation Solstice on 21 February and ordered Himmler to transfer a corps headquarter and three divisions to Army Group Center. Himmler was unable to devise any viable plans for completion of his military objectives. Under pressure from Hitler over the worsening military situation, Himmler became anxious and unable to give him coherent reports. When the counter-attack failed to stop the Soviet advance, Hitler held Himmler personally liable and accused him of not following orders. Himmler's military command ended on 20 March, when Hitler replaced him with General Gotthard Heinrici as Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Vistula. By this time Himmler, who had been under the care of his doctor since 18 February, had fled to the Hohenlychen Sanatorium. Hitler sent Guderian on a forced medical leave of absence, and he reassigned his post as chief of staff to Hans Krebs on 29 March. Himmler's failure and Hitler's response marked a serious deterioration in the relationship between the two men. By that time, the inner circle of people whom Hitler trusted was rapidly shrinking.</s><s>Command of army group.:Peace negotiations. In early 1945, the German war effort was on the verge of"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " collapse and Himmler's relationship with Hitler had deteriorated. Himmler considered independently negotiating a peace settlement. His masseur, Felix Kersten, who had moved to Sweden, acted as an intermediary in negotiations with Count Folke Bernadotte, head of the Swedish Red Cross. Letters were exchanged between the two men, and direct meetings were arranged by Walter Schellenberg of the RSHA. Himmler and Hitler met for the last time on 20 April 1945—Hitler's birthday—in Berlin, and Himmler swore unswerving loyalty to Hitler. At a military briefing on that day, Hitler stated that he would not leave Berlin, in spite of Soviet advances. Along with Göring, Himmler quickly left the city after the briefing. On 21 April, Himmler met with Norbert Masur, a Swedish representative of the World Jewish Congress, to discuss the release of Jewish concentration camp inmates. As a result of these negotiations, about 20,000 people were released in the White Buses operation. Himmler falsely claimed in the meeting that the crematoria at camps had been built to deal with the bodies of prisoners who had died in a typhus epidemic. He also claimed very high survival rates for the camps at Auschwitz and Ber"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": "gen-Belsen, even as these sites were liberated and it became obvious that his figures were false. On 23 April, Himmler met directly with Bernadotte at the Swedish consulate in Lübeck. Representing himself as the provisional leader of Germany, he claimed that Hitler would be dead within the next few days. Hoping that the British and Americans would fight the Soviets alongside what remained of the Wehrmacht, Himmler asked Bernadotte to inform General Dwight Eisenhower that Germany wished to surrender to the Western Allies, and not to the Soviet Union. Bernadotte asked Himmler to put his proposal in writing, and Himmler obliged. Meanwhile, Göring had sent a telegram, a few hours earlier, asking Hitler for permission to assume leadership of the \"Reich\" in his capacity as Hitler's designated deputy—an act that Hitler, under the prodding of Martin Bormann, interpreted as a demand to step down or face a coup. On 27 April, Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's HQ in Berlin, Hermann Fegelein, was caught in civilian clothes preparing to desert; he was arrested and brought back to the \"Führerbunker\". On the evening of 28 April, the"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " BBC broadcast a Reuters news report about Himmler's attempted negotiations with the western Allies. Hitler had long considered Himmler to be second only to Joseph Goebbels in loyalty; he called Himmler \"the loyal Heinrich\" (). Hitler flew into a rage at this betrayal, and told those still with him in the bunker complex that Himmler's secret negotiations were the worst treachery he had ever known. Hitler ordered Himmler's arrest, and Fegelein was court-martialed and shot. By this time, the Soviets had advanced to the Potsdamer Platz, only from the Reich Chancellery, and were preparing to storm the Chancellery. This report, combined with Himmler's treachery, prompted Hitler to write his last will and testament. In the testament, completed on 29 April—one day prior to his suicide—Hitler declared both Himmler and Göring to be traitors. He stripped Himmler of all of his party and state offices and expelled him from the Nazi Party. Hitler named Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as his successor. Himmler met Dönitz in Flensburg and offered himself as second-in-command. He maintained that he was entitled to"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " a position in Dönitz's interim government as \"Reichsführer-SS\", believing the SS would be in a good position to restore and maintain order after the war. Dönitz repeatedly rejected Himmler's overtures and initiated peace negotiations with the Allies. He wrote a letter on 6 May—two days before the German Instrument of Surrender—formally dismissing Himmler from all his posts.</s><s>Capture and death. Rejected by his former comrades and hunted by the Allies, Himmler attempted to go into hiding. He had not made extensive preparations for this, but he carried a forged paybook under the name of Sergeant Heinrich Hizinger. With a small band of companions, he headed south on 11 May to Friedrichskoog, without a final destination in mind. They continued on to Neuhaus, where the group split up. On 21 May, Himmler and two aides were stopped and detained at a checkpoint in Bremervörde set up by former Soviet POWs. Over the following two days, he was moved around to several camps and was brought to the British 31st Civilian Interrogation Camp near Lüneburg, on 23 May. The officials noticed that Himmler's"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " identity papers bore a stamp which British military intelligence had seen being used by fleeing members of the SS. The duty officer, Captain Thomas Selvester, began a routine interrogation. Himmler admitted who he was, and Selvester had the prisoner searched. Himmler was taken to the headquarters of the Second British Army in Lüneburg, where a doctor conducted a medical exam on him. The doctor attempted to examine the inside of Himmler's mouth, but the prisoner was reluctant to open it and jerked his head away. Himmler then bit into a hidden potassium cyanide pill and collapsed onto the floor. He was dead within 15 minutes, despite efforts to expel the poison from his system. Shortly afterward, Himmler's body was buried in an unmarked grave near Lüneburg. The grave's location remains unknown.</s><s>Mysticism and symbolism. Himmler was interested in mysticism and the occult from an early age. He tied this interest into his racist philosophy, looking for proof of Aryan and Nordic racial superiority from ancient times. He promoted a cult of ancestor worship, particularly among members of the SS, as a way to keep the race pure and provide immortality to the nation. Viewing the SS as an \""
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": "order\" along the lines of the Teutonic Knights, he had them take over the Church of the Teutonic Order in Vienna in 1939. He began the process of replacing Christianity with a new moral code that rejected humanitarianism and challenged the Christian concept of marriage. The Ahnenerbe, a research society founded by Himmler in 1935, searched the globe for proof of the superiority and ancient origins of the Germanic race. All regalia and uniforms of Nazi Germany, particularly those of the SS, used symbolism in their designs. The stylised lightning bolt logo of the SS was chosen in 1932. The logo is a pair of runes from a set of 18 Armanen runes created by Guido von List in 1906. The ancient Sowilō rune originally symbolised the sun, but was renamed \"Sieg\" (victory) in List's iconography. Himmler modified a variety of existing customs to emphasise the elitism and central role of the SS; an SS naming ceremony was to replace baptism, marriage ceremonies were to be altered, a separate SS funeral ceremony was to be held in addition to Christian ceremonies, and SS-centric celebrations of the summer and winter solstices were instituted. The \"Totenkopf\""
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " (death's head) symbol, used by German military units for hundreds of years, had been chosen for the SS by Julius Schreck. Himmler placed particular importance on the death's-head rings; they were never to be sold, and were to be returned to him upon the death of the owner. He interpreted the death's-head symbol to mean solidarity to the cause and a commitment unto death.</s><s>Relationship with Hitler. As second in command of the SS and then Reichsführer-SS, Himmler was in regular contact with Hitler to arrange for SS men as bodyguards; Himmler was not involved with Nazi Party policy-making decisions in the years leading up to the seizure of power. From the late 1930s, the SS was independent of the control of other state agencies or government departments, and he reported only to Hitler. Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to subordinates and to place them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped with those of others. In this way, Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power. His cabinet never met after 1938, and he discouraged his ministers from meeting independently. Hitler typically did not issue written orders,"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " but gave them orally at meetings or in phone conversations; he also had Bormann convey orders. Bormann used his position as Hitler's secretary to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. Hitler promoted and practised the \"Führerprinzip\". The principle required absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus Hitler viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader—at the apex. Accordingly, Himmler placed himself in a position of subservience to Hitler, and was unconditionally obedient to him. However, he—like other top Nazi officials—had aspirations to one day succeed Hitler as leader of the Reich. Himmler considered Speer to be an especially dangerous rival, both in the Reich administration and as a potential successor to Hitler. Speer refused to accept Himmler's offer of the high rank of, as he felt to do so would put him in Himmler's debt and obligate him to allow Himmler a say in armaments production. Hitler called Himmler's mystical and pseudoreligious interests \"nonsense\". Himmler was not a member of Hitler's inner circle; the two men were not very close, and rarely saw each other socially."
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " Himmler socialised almost exclusively with other members of the SS. His unconditional loyalty and efforts to please Hitler earned him the nickname of \"der treue Heinrich\" (\"the faithful Heinrich\"). In the last days of the war, when it became clear that Hitler planned to die in Berlin, Himmler left his long-time superior to try to save himself.</s><s>Marriage and family. Himmler met his future wife, Margarete Boden, in 1927. Seven years his senior, she was a nurse who shared his interest in herbal medicine and homoeopathy, and was part owner of a small private clinic. They were married in July 1928, and their only child, Gudrun, was born on 8 August 1929. The couple were also foster parents to a boy named Gerhard von Ahe, son of an SS officer who had died before the war. Margarete sold her share of the clinic and used the proceeds to buy a plot of land in Waldtrudering, near Munich, where they erected a prefabricated house. Himmler was constantly away on party business, so his wife took charge of their efforts—mostly unsuccessful—to raise livestock for sale. They had a dog, Töhle"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": ". After the Nazis came to power the family moved first to Möhlstrasse in Munich, and in 1934 to Lake Tegern, where they bought a house. Himmler also later obtained a large house in the Berlin suburb of Dahlem, free of charge, as an official residence. The couple saw little of each other as Himmler became totally absorbed by work. The relationship was strained. The couple did unite for social functions; they were frequent guests at the Heydrich home. Margarete saw it as her duty to invite the wives of the senior SS leaders over for afternoon coffee and tea on Wednesday afternoons. Hedwig Potthast, Himmler's young secretary starting in 1936, became his mistress by 1939. She left her job in 1941. He arranged accommodation for her, first in Mecklenburg and later at Berchtesgaden. He fathered two children with her: a son, Helge (born 15 February 1942) and a daughter, Nanette Dorothea (born 20 July 1944, Berchtesgaden). Margarete, by then living in Gmund with her daughter, learned of the relationship sometime in 1941; she and Himmler were already separated, and she decided to tolerate"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " the relationship for the sake of her daughter. Working as a nurse for the German Red Cross during the war, Margarete was appointed supervisor in one of Germany's military districts, Wehrkreis III (Berlin-Brandenburg). Himmler was close to his first daughter, Gudrun, whom he nicknamed \"Püppi\" (\"dolly\"); he phoned her every few days and visited as often as he could. Margarete's diaries reveal that Gerhard had to leave the National Political Educational Institute in Berlin because of poor results. At the age of 16 he joined the SS in Brno and shortly afterwards went \"into battle\". He was captured by the Russians but later returned to Germany. Hedwig and Margarete both remained loyal to Himmler. Writing to Gebhard in February 1945, Margarete said, \"How wonderful that he has been called to great tasks and is equal to them. The whole of Germany is looking to him.\" Hedwig expressed similar sentiments in a letter to Himmler in January. Margarete and Gudrun left Gmund as Allied troops advanced into the area. They were arrested by American troops in Bolzano, Italy, and held in various internment camps in"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " Italy, France, and Germany. They were brought to Nuremberg to testify at the trials and were released in November 1946. Gudrun emerged from the experience embittered by her alleged mistreatment and remained devoted to her father's memory. She later worked for the West German spy agency \"Bundesnachrichtendienst\" (BND) from 1961 to 1963.</s><s>Historical assessment. Peter Longerich observes that Himmler's ability to consolidate his ever-increasing powers and responsibilities into a coherent system under the auspices of the SS led him to become one of the most powerful men in the Third Reich. Historian Wolfgang Sauer says that \"although he was pedantic, dogmatic, and dull, Himmler emerged under Hitler as second in actual power. His strength lay in a combination of unusual shrewdness, burning ambition, and servile loyalty to Hitler.\" In 2008, the German news magazine described Himmler as one of the most brutal mass murderers in history and the architect of the Holocaust. Historian John Toland relates a story by Günter Syrup, a subordinate of Heydrich. Heydrich showed him a picture of Himmler and said: \"The top half is"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " the teacher, but the lower half is the sadist.\" Historian Adrian Weale comments that Himmler and the SS followed Hitler's policies without question or ethical considerations. Himmler accepted Hitler and Nazi ideology and saw the SS as a chivalric Teutonic order of new Germans. Himmler adopted the doctrine of (\"mission command\"), whereby orders were given as broad directives, with authority delegated downward to the appropriate level to carry them out in a timely and efficient manner. Weale states that the SS ideology gave the men a doctrinal framework, and the mission command tactics allowed the junior officers leeway to act on their own initiative to obtain the desired results.</s><s>See also. - Glossary of Nazi Germany - Heinrich Himmler papers - \"Lebensborn\" - List of Nazi Party leaders and officials - List of SS personnel</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. Printed - {{cite book | editor1-last = Biondi - {{cite book | last = Breitman - {{cite book | last = Bullock - {{cite book | last = Cecil - {{cite book | last = Cesarani - {{cite book | last = Duffy - {{cite book |"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " last = Evans - {{cite book | last = Evans - {{cite book | last = Evans - {{cite book | last = Flaherty - {{cite book | editor1-last = Frank - {{cite book | last = Gerwarth - {{cite book | last = Gilbert - {{cite book | last = Goldhagen - {{cite AV media | people = Grazhdan, Anna (director); Artem Drabkin & Aleksey Isaev (writers); Valeriy Babich, Vlad Ryashin, et al. (producers) - {{cite book | last = Hillgruber - {{cite book | last = Himmler - {{Cite book | author = Internationaler Militärgerichtshof Nürnberg (IMT) - {{cite book | last = Kershaw - - {{cite book | last = Kohn-Bramstedt - {{cite book | last = Kolb - {{cite book | last = Lewy - {{cite book | last = Longerich - {{cite book | last = Lukas - {{cite book | last = Majer - {{cite book | last"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": "1 = Manvell - {{cite book | last1 = Manvell - {{cite book | last = McNab - {{cite book | last = Nicholas - {{cite book | last = Overy - {{cite book | last = Padfield - {{cite book | last = Penkower - {{cite book | last = Pringle - {{cite book | last = Rupp - {{cite book | last = Sereny - {{cite book | last = Shirer - {{cite book | last = Speer - {{cite book | last = Steinbacher - {{cite book | last = Toland - {{cite book | last = Trevor-Roper - {{cite book | last = Weale - {{cite book | last = Williams - {{cite book | last = Williams - {{cite book | last = Yenne - {{cite book | editor1-last = Zentner - {{cite book |last=Ziemke Online - {{cite web | title = How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? How do we know? Do we have their names? - {{cite web | title = Introduction to the Holocaust - {{c"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": "ite web | title = The Treatment of Soviet POWs: Starvation, Disease, and Shootings, June 1941– January 1942 - {{cite news | last = Corera - {{cite book | last = Himmler - {{cite web |last = Himmler - {{cite web |last = Himmler - {{cite web | last = Lisciotto - {{cite book | last = Longerich - {{cite book | last = Longerich - {{cite journal | last = van Roekel - {{cite web | last = Sauer - {{cite journal | last = Sereny - {{Cite web | author = Staff - {{cite news | author = Staff - {{cite web | author = Staff - {{cite web | author = US War Department, Office of Strategic Services - {{cite magazine | last = Von Wiegrefe Further reading - {{cite book | last = Frischauer - {{cite journal | last = Haiger - {{cite book | last = Hale - {{cite book | last = Himmler - {{cite book | last = Himmler - {{cite book | last = Höhne -"
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Himmler",
"text": " {{cite book | last = Höss - {{cite book | last = Morgan - {{cite book | last = Reitlinger - {{cite book | last = Russell</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Heinrich Himmler",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000442
|
Question: Tell me a bio of PewDiePie.
|
[
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": "<s>PewDiePie Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg (, ; born 24 October 1989), better known as PewDiePie ( ), is a Swedish YouTuber known for his Let's Play videos and comedic formatted videos and shows. Kjellberg's popularity on YouTube and extensive media coverage have made him one of the most noted online personalities and content creators. He has been portrayed in the media as a figurehead for YouTube, especially in the genre of gaming. Born and raised in Gothenburg, Kjellberg registered his YouTube channel \"PewDiePie\" in 2010, primarily posting Let's Play videos of horror and action video games. His channel gained a substantial following and was one of the fastest growing channels in 2012 and 2013, before becoming the most-subscribed on YouTube on 15 August 2013. From 29 December 2014 to 14 February 2017, Kjellberg's channel was also the most-viewed on the platform. During this period, his content shifted focus from Let's Plays and diversified to include vlogs, comedy shorts, formatted shows, and music videos. Kjellberg's content was already noted for its polarizing reception among general audiences online, but in the late 2010s, it became more controversial and"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " attracted increased media scrutiny. In 2019, following a public competition with Indian record label T-Series, Kjellberg was overtaken as the most-subscribed YouTube channel. Subsequently, Kjellberg became more reserved online, uploading less consistently and taking frequent breaks from Internet use. He eventually semi-retired from YouTube, choosing to upload for fun, rather than as a career. Meanwhile, in his personal life, he moved to Japan with his wife, Italian Internet personality Marzia. With over 111 million subscribers and 28.8 billion views, his channel still ranks as one of the most-subscribed and viewed on YouTube. His popularity online has been noted to boost sales for the video games he plays, and has allowed him to stir support for charity fundraising drives. In 2016, \"Time\" magazine named him as one of the world's 100 most influential people.</s><s>Early life and education. Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg was born on 24 October 1989 in Gothenburg, where he was also raised. - He was born to Lotta Kristine Johanna (née Hellstrand, born 1958) and Ulf Christian Kjellberg (born 1957), and grew up with his older sister, Fanny"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": ". His mother, a former chief information officer (CIO), was named the 2010 CIO of the Year in Sweden. His father is a corporate executive. During his childhood, Kjellberg was interested in art and has detailed that he would draw popular video game characters such as Mario and Sonic the Hedgehog, as well as play video games on his Super Nintendo Entertainment System, such as \"Star Fox\" and \"\". During high school, he frequently played video games in his bedroom and would skip classes to join at an Internet café with friends. During his last year of high school, he bought a computer with the money he made selling artwork through his grandmother's gallery. Kjellberg then went on to pursue a degree in industrial economics and technology management at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, but left the university in 2011. While it has been reported that he left Chalmers to focus on his YouTube career, Kjellberg clarified in 2017 that he had left due to a lack of interest in his course of study. He further expressed that, in general, leaving university to pursue a YouTube career would be \"fucking stupid\". Kjellberg has also discussed an enjoyment of Adobe Photoshop, wanting to work on photo manipulation art using the program"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " rather than be in school. Following this passion after he departed from Chalmers, he entered Photoshop contests and almost earned an apprenticeship at a prominent Scandinavian advertising agency. He was also interested in creating content on YouTube; after not earning the apprenticeship, he sold limited edition prints of his photoshopped images to purchase a computer to work on YouTube videos.</s><s>Internet career.</s><s>Internet career.:2010–2012: Early years. Kjellberg originally registered a YouTube account under the name \"Pewdie\" in December 2006; he explained that \"pew\" represents the sound of lasers and \"die\" refers to dying. After initially forgetting the password to this account, he registered the \"PewDiePie\" YouTube channel on 29 April 2010. Following his exit from Chalmers, his parents refused to financially support him, so he funded his early videos by working as a harbor captain, selling prints of his Photoshop art, and working at a hot dog stand. Kjellberg stated that the ability to make videos was more important to him than a prestigious career. Five years later, Kjellberg recalled, \"I knew people were big at other types of videos, but there was no one big in gaming, and I didn't know you could"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " make money out of it. It was never like a career that I could just quit college to pursue. It was just something I loved to do.\" In his early years as a YouTube creator, Kjellberg focused on video game commentaries, most notably of horror and action video games. Some of his earliest videos featured commentaries of mainstream video games including \"Minecraft\" and \"Call of Duty\", although he was particularly noted for his Let's Plays of \"\" and its related mods. On these videos, Kjellberg has stated \"I was so shy back then,\" and added, \"It was so weird to me, sitting alone in a room talking into a microphone. That was unheard of back at the time. No one really did it.\" Kjellberg's oldest video available for viewing is titled \"Minecraft Multiplayer Fun\". Uploaded on 2 October 2010, the video is noted for containing mainly Swedish commentary from Kjellberg, rather than the English language he would later employ in his videos. The video has amassed over 21 million video views as of August 2022. Starting on 2 September 2011, he also began posting weekly vlogs under the title of \"Fridays with PewDiePie\". The series was a weekly deviation from the Let's Play"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " videos that formed most of his content output at the time, and often featured vlogs, and Kjellberg completing viewer requests. By December 2011, Kjellberg's channel had around 60,000 subscribers, before rapidly increasing in 2012. Around the time his channel earned 700,000 subscribers, Kjellberg spoke at Nonick Conference 2012. July 2012 saw his channel reaching 1 million subscribers, and it reached 2 million subscribers in September. In October, OpenSlate ranked Kjellberg's channel as the No. 1 YouTube channel. Kjellberg signed with Maker Studios in December, a multi-channel network (MCN) that drives the growth of the channels under it. Prior to his partnership with Maker, he was signed to Machinima, which operates as a rival to Maker. Kjellberg expressed feeling neglected by Machinima, and frustrated with their treatment; he hired a lawyer to free him from his contract with the network. Early in his YouTube career, Kjellberg used jokes about rape in his videos. A satirical video mocking Kjellberg's content highlighted his usage of such jokes. Shortly after, Kjellberg attracted criticism and controversy for the jokes, and in October 2012, he addressed the"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " issue through a Tumblr post, writing, \"I just wanted to make clear that I'm no longer making rape jokes, as I mentioned before I'm not looking to hurt anyone and I apologise if it ever did.\" \"The Globe and Mail\" stated \"\"unlike\" many young gamers, he listened when fans and critics alike pointed out their harmful nature, and resolved to stop making rape jokes.\"</s><s>Internet career.:2013–2014: Becoming the most-subscribed user and continued growth. On 18 February 2013, Kjellberg's channel reached 5 million subscribers. In April, he was covered in \"The New York Times\" after surpassing 6 million subscribers. In May 2013, at the inaugural Starcount Social Stars Awards in Singapore, Kjellberg won the award for \"Swedish Social Star\". Competing against Jenna Marbles, Smosh, and Toby Turner, he also won the award for \"Most Popular Social Show\". In July 2013, he overtook Jenna Marbles to become the second most-subscribed YouTube user, and reached 10 million subscribers on 9 July 2013. In August, Kjellberg signed with Maker's gaming sub-network, Polaris. Polaris functioned as a relaunching of The Game Station, Maker's"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " gaming network. Kjellberg's subscriber count surpassed that of the leading channel, Smosh, on 15 August. Kjellberg received a certificate from Guinness World Records for becoming the most subscribed YouTuber. In November, YouTube's Spotlight channel overtook Kjellberg's as the most-subscribed. Later in the month, Kjellberg proclaimed his dislike of YouTube's new comment system, and disabled the comment section on all of his videos. On 23 December 2013, his channel overtook the YouTube Spotlight channel, to once again become the most-subscribed on YouTube. Throughout 2012 and 2013, Kjellberg's channel was one of the fastest-growing on YouTube, in terms of subscribers gained. \"Billboard\" reported that the channel gained more subscribers than any other channel in 2013. In 2014, Kjellberg's commentaries, originally best known for featuring horror video games, began to feature games that interested him regardless of genre. \"Kotaku\" wrote: \"Instead of limiting himself to horror games, Pewdiepie is now actively playing more things that interest him.\" In March 2014, he updated his video production output, announcing he would be scaling down the frequency of uploads. In August 2014, Maker Studios released"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " an official PewDiePie app for the iPhone, allowing audiences to view his videos, create custom favourite video feeds, and share videos with others. Later in the month, Kjellberg uploaded a video, announcing he would permanently disable comments on his YouTube videos. He cited most comments being spam and self-advertising and was not what he wanted to see. After disabling comments, Kjellberg continued interacting with his audience through Twitter and Reddit. On 13 October, he decided to allow comments on his videos once more, albeit only after approval. However, he expressed that he toggled his comment settings this way so that he could redirect viewers to instead comment on the forums of his Broarmy.net website. He stated in a later video that disabling comments made him happier. In the same year, Kjellberg began streaming videos of his co-hosted series, \"BroKen\", onto MLG.tv. He co-hosted the series with Kenneth Morrison, better known as CinnamonToastKen, who is also a video game commentator. In October 2014, Kjellberg hinted at the possibility that he would not renew his contract with Maker Studios upon its expiration in December 2014. He had expressed his frustrations with the studio's parent company, Disney"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": ". Kjellberg mulled the option of launching his own network. However, in light of news outlets reporting his disinterest with Maker, he tweeted, \"I feel like I was misquoted in The \"WSJ\", and I'm really happy with the work that Maker has been doing for me.\" Kjellberg would ultimately continue creating videos under Maker. His relationship with Maker saw the network launch an official PewDiePie website, app, and online store to sell merchandise, while Kjellberg promoted Maker's media interests, and gave the network a share of his YouTube ad revenue. In 2014 alone, Kjellberg's account amassed nearly 14 million new subscribers, and over 4.1 billion total views; both figures were higher than any other user. According to Social Blade, on 29 December 2014, Kjellberg's channel amassed over 7 billion views, to become the most-viewed channel on the website.</s><s>Internet career.:2015–2017: YouTube Red, Revelmode, and style change. \"The New York Times\" retrospectively noted that around 2015, Kjellberg's video content experienced a change in style: \"He began to take more risks. He continued playing video games, but he started experimenting. He"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " did viral challenges, made fun of other YouTubers, and reviewed meme submissions from his fans.\" Kjellberg has attributed his content around this time as a result of immaturity, boredom with playing video games, YouTube's platform incentives, and the belief that his channel's growth had plateaued. One video cited as being representative of this change featured Kjellberg reading erotic fan fiction about characters from the Disney film \"Frozen\". Then-CEO of The Walt Disney Company Bob Iger was reportedly angered by the video, putting Kjellberg's deal with Maker Studios, a Disney subsidiary, in jeopardy. On 6 September 2015, his YouTube account became the first to surpass 10 billion video views. Later in the month, Kjellberg teased about having a role in a web television series, stating that he was in Los Angeles for the show's shooting. Although not many details were revealed at the time, it was later announced that the series would be an original YouTube Red series, titled \"Scare PewDiePie\". The series premiered the following February. In January 2016, Kjellberg announced a partnership with Maker Studios to produce Revelmode, a sub-network of Maker, that would showcase Kjellberg and his friends on YouTube"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " in original series. After the deal, the head of Maker Studios, Courtney Holt, stated, \"we're thrilled to be doubling down with Felix.\" Along with Kjellberg, eight other YouTubers signed to the network upon its creation: CinnamonToastKen, Marzia, Dodger, Emma Blackery, Jacksepticeye, Jelly, Kwebbelkop, and Markiplier. Three YouTubers – Cryaotic, KickThePJ, and Slogoman – would later join the sub-network after its launch. Throughout 2016, Kjellberg's video style change became more apparent. While producing fewer Let's Play videos about horror games, his style of humour changed; he commented that he had shifted to drier humour, which was often not understood by younger viewers. He examined his older videos, and while noting the stylistic changes he had undergone, he expressed specific regret for his casual use of words like \"gay\" or \"retarded\" in a derogatory sense. In December 2016, \"Kotaku\"s Patricia Hernandez wrote about his stylistic changes, explaining that \"over the last year, the PewDiePie channel has also had an underlying friction, as Kjellberg slowly distances"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " himself from many of the things that made him famous. He's doing fewer Let's Plays of horror games like \"Amnesia\", and adding, \"the PewDiePie of 2016 can still be immature, sure, but [...] a defining aspect of recent PewDiePie videos is existential angst, as he describes the bleak reality of making content for a machine he cannot fully control or understand.\" On 2 December 2016, he uploaded a video discussing his frustration with the issue of YouTube accounts experiencing an unexplained loss of subscribers and views. Kjellberg stated that many people working with YouTube \"have no idea of the struggles that came with being a content creator.\" A Google representative issued a statement to \"Ars Technica\", stating that no decreases in subscriber numbers were out of the ordinary. Kjellberg's video was uploaded as his channel approached 50 million subscribers, and he stated he would delete his channel once it reached the milestone. On 8 December, his channel reached 50 million subscribers, becoming the first YouTube channel to do so. He shortly thereafter received a custom Play Button from YouTube as a reward for reaching this milestone. Ultimately, Kjellberg did not delete his PewDiePie channel, and instead deleted a smaller second channel he had then-recently created. His threat"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " to quit was also reported to be \"in fact, a promotional stunt\" for \"Scare PewDiePie\". Kjellberg nevertheless continued to express discontent with the platform, aiming further criticism at YouTube's changing algorithm negatively affecting viewership for content creators. The site's algorithm began to focus on watch time statistics and \"favor videos that drew daily viewers, higher engagement (more likes and comments) and cleaner 'ad-friendly' fare.\" Kjellberg later recounted to \"The New York Times\" that the platform's boundaries were widely unknown to creators. He responded to the algorithm changes by uploading vlogs that \"mixed earnest schmaltz [...] with inanity.\" Additionally, he \"enjoyed wading into the meme culture and edgelord humor that accompanied Donald Trump's ascent\". During this late 2016 and early 2017 period Kjellberg uploaded a string of videos addressing what Kjellberg saw as negative effects to content creator viewership caused by the new algorithm. As a satirical knock on the changing algorithms, Kjellberg made several videos asking viewers to help the video reach specific engagement milestones such as one million likes, dislikes, and comments. The videos were successful, promptly achieving the goal Kjellberg requested from viewers; the"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " dislike video accumulated over 5 million dislikes before YouTube made such figures private in November 2021, becoming one of the most-disliked on the entire platform. -</s><s>Internet career.:2017–2018: Media controversies, streaming, and formatted shows. In a video posted in January 2017, Kjellberg featured two paid individuals on Fiverr, asked to hold a sign that read \"Death to all Jews\". He alleged his intent was not against Jews, but to showcase how \"crazy\" the modern world and website were. The video received negative attention and caused a media backlash, with various publications writing critically of Kjellberg's defense of his controversial content as jokes taken out of context, and opining that his content helps normalise ideologies such as fascism, neo-Nazism, and white supremacy. \"The Wall Street Journal\" alleged that this was not the first time Kjellberg had used antisemitic language and imagery in his videos. Kjellberg and the two individuals later apologised, but the event led Maker Studios to cut their ties with Kjellberg and Google to drop him from the Google Preferred advertising program and cancel the upcoming second season of the \"Scare PewDiePie\" YouTube Red series. Ultimately, he apologised for"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " his jokes, but strongly rebuked media coverage of the event, with particular criticism aimed at \"The Wall Street Journal\". According to Social Blade his channel's total view count was surpassed by the Indian record label T-Series at the top of YouTube's view rankings on 14 February. In April, while still continuing to upload new content onto YouTube, Kjellberg created Netglow, a crowdsourced channel on the livestreaming service Twitch. On Netglow, he started streaming \"Best Club\", a weekly live stream show. \"Best Club\" premiered on 9 April, with its first episode featuring Brad Smith alongside Kjellberg. Kjellberg commented that his decision to create Netglow was in the works prior to the aforementioned allegations of antisemitic themes in his videos. \"Business Insider\" detailed that Kjellberg's first stream amassed around 60,000 viewers, and that Netglow had accumulated 93,000 subscribers to that point. In September, while Kjellberg was live-streaming gameplay of \"\" to his YouTube channel, he used the ethnic slur \"nigger\" towards another player in the game. The video clip of the incident quickly went viral despite Kjellberg deleting it, and garnered widespread criticism across the internet"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": ". Kjellberg later apologised for the incident in a short video uploaded to his YouTube channel. As a response to the incident, Campo Santo co-founder Sean Vanaman referred to Kjellberg as \"worse than a closeted racist\", announced that Campo Santo would file copyright strikes against Kjellberg's videos featuring the studio's game \"Firewatch\", and encouraged other game developers to do the same. Amidst the controversy stirred up by the incident, it was brought to light that Kjellberg was following several prominent far-right and white supremacist figures on Twitter, such as Stefan Molyneux, Carl Benjamin and Lauren Southern. He would later deactivate his Twitter account and unfollow everyone he was previously following, stating \"What I don’t like is the constant posturing that goes on there. People just can’t seem to help themselves from pointing out what is good and what is bad, or how others are bad and you are good.\" In 2018, Paul MacInnes of \"The Guardian\" wrote about Kjellberg's YouTube content; he noted that each week Kjellberg posted videos featuring one of three series formats, comparing this uploading pattern to television programming. The three series listed"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " were \"You Laugh You Lose\", which features Kjellberg watching humorous video clips while trying to not laugh; \"Last Week I Asked You\" (\"LWIAY\"), having begun as a parody and homage to Jack Douglass' \"Yesterday I Asked You (YIAY)\", where he challenges his audience to create content and reviews the output; and \"Meme Review\", in which he reviews popular Internet memes. Furthermore, Kjellberg began a book club-styled series, with his own enjoyment with the series also being noted. Kjellberg also began \"Pew News\", a satirical series where he presents and discusses recent news stories while in-character, often as fictional characters named after CNN hosts, such as Gloria Borger, Poppy Harlow, or Mary Katharine Ham and sometimes, an amalgamation of these names. \"Pew News\" parodies both mainstream news channels, such as CNN, and YouTube news channels, such as DramaAlert. Topics covered by Kjellberg on \"Pew News\" included culture war topics he previously avoided. In May 2018, Kjellberg attracted controversy for using the term \"Twitch thots\" in a video that featured him watching a compilation of female Twitch streamers. Al"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": "inity, a streamer featured in the video, responded by making a copyright claim against his video, which she stated was later removed by CollabDRM, a company that strikes videos on behalf of creators. Alinity stated that her reaction was caused by \"the rampant sexism in online communities\", arguing that Kjellberg's comments degraded women; she refused to accept Kjellberg's apology. In July, Kjellberg posted a meme with singer Demi Lovato's face; the meme jokingly referenced Lovato's struggles with addiction. The meme was posted around the same time Lovato was hospitalized after suffering an opioid overdose. As a result, he received criticism from online users. Kjellberg later deleted the meme, and apologized for the incident. In a video uploaded in early December, Kjellberg promoted several small content creators on YouTube, recommending his viewers to subscribe to them. Among those creators was \"E;R\", whom Kjellberg highlighted for a video essay on Netflix's \"Death Note\". Shortly thereafter, \"The Verge\"s Julia Alexander said that the video in question used imagery of the Charlottesville car attack, and that the channel made frequent use of racial and homophobic slurs. In December 2018, \"Vox\" reported"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " that \"E;R\" also contained white supremacist messaging. After online criticism, he described his posting as an \"oopsie\" and asserted that he had posted it \"recommending someone for their anime review\", rather than any intention to promote antisemitism. Kjellberg said he was largely unaware of E;R's content apart from the \"Death Note\" video essay, revoked his recommendation of the channel, and edited his video to remove the reference. On 27 December 2018, Kjellberg uploaded \"YouTube Rewind 2018 but it's actually good\", in response to the generally negatively-received \"\", which was originally uploaded by YouTube's Spotlight channel.</s><s>Internet career.:2018–2019: Subscriber competition with T-Series. On 5 October 2018, Kjellberg uploaded a diss track against Indian record label T-Series titled \"Tseries Diss Track\" (stylized in all caps and later renamed \"Bitch Lasagna\") in response to their YouTube channel being projected to surpass his in subscribers. The video went on to replace \"A Funny Montage\" as Kjellberg's most-viewed video. It included some lines mocking the Indian background of T-Series, which were described as racist in media publications. K"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": "jellberg also made allegations against T-Series using subscribing bots but failed to prove so, as YouTube claims to have a strong policy against fake-engagement. On the prospect of being surpassed by T-Series in terms of subscriber count, he stated he was not concerned about T-Series, but feared the consequences a corporate channel surpassing him would have for YouTube as a video-sharing platform. Online campaigns to \"subscribe to PewDiePie\" greatly assisted Kjellberg's subscriber growth; his channel gained 6.62 million subscribers in December 2018 alone, compared to the 7 million subscribers gained in all of 2017. On 12 March, Kjellberg uploaded an episode of his show \"Pew News\" in which he mentioned the 2019 Pulwama terrorist attack, where 40 Indian paramilitary troops were killed by a member of a Pakistan-based jihadist group. Following the attack, T-Series removed several songs by Pakistani artists on its YouTube channel after being pressurised by political party MNS to isolate Pakistani artists, a course of action that Kjellberg disagreed with. The outlet Zee News reported that Kjellberg \"faced strong criticism for his comments on the heightened tension between Pakistan and India in [the] March 12 issue of \"P"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": "ew News\"\". Kjellberg also issued a clarification on Twitter, expressing that he was not attempting to speak on the broader India–Pakistan relations, but rather on the more specific context of T-Series removing artists' songs from its YouTube channel. On 15 March, the perpetrator of the live-streamed Christchurch mosque shootings said \"remember lads, subscribe to PewDiePie\" before carrying out the attacks. In response, Kjellberg tweeted his disgust after having his name associated with the attack, and offered condolences to those affected by the tragedy. Various journalists covering the shooting reported that Kjellberg was not complicit with the shootings. \"The New York Times\" suggested that Kjellberg's mention in the shootings was a ploy for the news media to attribute blame to Kjellberg, and to otherwise inflame political tensions. After briefly gaining the title several times in early 2019, on 27 March, T-Series surpassed Kjellberg in subscribers to become the most-subscribed channel on YouTube. On 31 March, Kjellberg posted another diss track music video, titled \"Congratulations\", ironically congratulating T-Series for obtaining the title. Many of the song's lyrics were performed in a sarcastic tone, at the expense of"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " T-Series. In the music video, Kjellberg mocked T-Series and its actions, alleging T-Series was founded to sell pirated songs and mocking them for sending him a cease and desist letter after \"Bitch Lasagna\". Following the video's release, Kjellberg temporarily regained the most-subscribed position over T-Series. On 9 April, Kjellberg announced that he would live-stream exclusively on streaming service DLive, as part of a deal with the company. On 11 April, T-Series started to seek court orders to remove Kjellberg's \"diss tracks\" from YouTube. The alleged court order was ruled in favor of T-Series. It was allegedly stated that the complaint against Kjellberg claimed that his songs were \"defamatory, disparaging, insulting, and offensive\", and noted that comments on the videos were \"abusive, vulgar, and also racist in nature.\" Access to the music videos on YouTube was later blocked in India. The two parties were reported to have come to a settlement later that July, although Kjellberg's videos remained blocked in India. Finally, on 28 April, Kjellberg uploaded a video entitled \"Ending the Subscribe to Pew"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": "diepie Meme\" in which he asked his followers to refrain from using the phrase \"Subscribe to PewDiePie\", due to incidents such as the phrase being graffitied on a war memorial, and its mention by the Christchurch mosque shooter. The following day, during a live stream, Kjellberg showed a plane flying over New York City with a banner attached saying \"Subscribe to PewDiePie\". Kjellberg stated that the event was \"a nice little wrap up\" to the Subscribe to PewDiePie meme.</s><s>Internet career.:2019: Nimses, \"Minecraft\" series, and milestones. The remainder of 2019 saw further controversies for PewDiePie; in early June, Kjellberg uploaded a video on YouTube sponsored by social media application Nimses. The app spiked in popularity after he promoted it on his YouTube channel. Controversy ensued, however, when Nimses' location features and privacy settings led fans of Kjellberg and fellow YouTubers to believe that he was promoting a privacy-invasive app, with some fans suspecting the app of being a pyramid scheme due to a referral program in the app that offered more in-application currency. The Pirate Party Germany also criticized his promotion of Nimses,"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " warning that Kjellberg was promoting a potentially harmful app to a large audience. Andrey Boborykin, the head of marketing and communications at Nimses, published a blog post denying the allegations that the app is privacy-invasive. Kjellberg himself also responded to the allegations in a video, dismissing them as \"rumors\", and claimed that Nimses was no more invasive than other social media apps. Despite being surpassed by T-Series and the aforementioned controversy, Kjellberg continued to achieve high viewership on the site, mainly propelled by a return to consistent gaming uploads. On 21 June, Kjellberg launched \"Gaming Week\", during which he would focus on uploading Let's Play videos every day, for the first time in several years. Among the games played were \"Minecraft\", which he was openly surprised by how much he enjoyed playing it. Kjellberg largely centered his videos around \"Minecraft\" in the following months, with the content featured in his series \"Meme Review\" and \"LWIAY\" also becoming focused on the game. Although he had played \"Minecraft\" earlier in his YouTube career, he had very rarely played it in the following years due to his reluctance to join the trend of \"Minecraft\" You"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": "Tubers, who he felt only played the game because of its popularity rather than for their enjoyment. This transition was largely successful for Kjellberg, who received a large increase in views, achieving over 570 million views during the month of July (the most views received by the channel in a month since at least October 2016), and his daily number of new subscribers growing from 25,000 to 45,000 during that month. Despite this success, Kjellberg insisted that he played the game for his enjoyment, and did not want to become solely a \"\"Minecraft\" YouTuber\", stating, \"If \"Minecraft\" gets boring, I can just move on to other things.\" On 25 August, Kjellberg became the first individual YouTuber to surpass 100 million subscribers; his channel was the second overall to reach the milestone (after T-Series, who passed the mark earlier in the year). YouTube tweeted a congratulatory post to note the occurrence, and awarded him a Red Diamond Play Button. In December, Kjellberg was acknowledged as the most-viewed creator of the year, with more than 4 billion views in 2019.</s><s>Internet career.:2019–2020: China ban, brief breaks, and content deals. In October 2019"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": ", Kjellberg stated in a video that his YouTube content, as well as content related to him on other websites such as Reddit, had been blocked in China. He explained that this was due to his comments about the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, and an image of Chinese president Xi Jinping being compared to Winnie the Pooh shown in a previous video. In November, \"Business Insider\" reported Kjellberg as a client of Re6l, a Toronto-based influencer media and ecommerce company. In December, Kjellberg announced that he would take a break from YouTube the following year, and deleted his Twitter account because of his dissatisfaction with the site. Kjellberg's hiatus ultimately proved to be brief, lasting a little over a month during early 2020. Taking short breaks from creating online content proved to become a behavior he would repeat throughout the following years. In his first video uploaded following his 2020 hiatus, Kjellberg made jokes about the COVID-19 pandemic, and spoke in mock-Chinese phrases. After receiving criticism for these jokes, Kjellberg uploaded another video in which he made more jokes about COVID-19, and defended the jokes he made in his previous video. Kjellberg signed"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " an exclusive deal to stream on YouTube in May, as the platform was enrolling high-profile streamers to rival competitors like Twitch and Mixer. At the time of signing with YouTube, Kjellberg had amassed over 800,000 followers on DLive, but due to his deal with the former, and not having streamed on the latter in four months, \"Tubefilter\" noted that it was unclear if Kjellberg was still affiliated with DLive. Kjellberg's DLive channel was eventually deactivated. In October, Kjellberg's fans began to suspect his channel was shadowbanned, after noticing it and his recent uploads failed to appear in YouTube's search results. YouTube responded to the shadowban allegations on Twitter, claiming that the reason for the problems was due to search results being influenced by YouTube's system somehow flagging his recent uploads, and that due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, YouTube was taking longer to review videos, including Kjellberg's. YouTube apologized for the situation and stated they were \"working on fixing the issue.\"</s><s>Internet career.:2020–present: Soft retirement and move to Japan. In November, Kjellberg uploaded a Q&A"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " video, reflecting on his YouTube career. During the video, he expressed that he views himself as \"retired\" from YouTube, having felt so internally since earlier in the year. He continued to upload videos fairly frequently on the platform afterwards, albeit, inconsistently. He also \"committed to posting more unstructured content, like vlogs.\" In January 2021, Kjellberg signed a distribution deal with Jellysmack, a content creation company. The deal entails Jellysmack optimizing and then distributing Kjellberg's content for a Facebook Watch audience. Although now having his content released onto the Facebook platform, Kjellberg continued to debut his content on YouTube. On 14 February, Kjellberg uploaded a diss track titled \"Coco\" about Cocomelon, a kids-oriented channel which had been rising in subscribers for several years, and was growing by nearly two million subscribers per month. Kjellberg clarified that the children appearing in the music video were provided with a clean version of the lyrics to mime to while they were being filmed, and that their parents allowed them to participate in the video. The video was later taken down by YouTube who claimed that it violated their policies on harassment and child safety."
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " Kjellberg stated he \"[didn't] actually care about Cocomelon\" and did not want the pretend-rivalry with the channel to \"get out of control\", as his rivalry with T-Series had previously. In May 2022, Kjellberg and his wife Marzia moved from England to Japan. Much of his content following the move centered around \"vlogs about daily life around Tokyo.\" In September, Kjellberg explained the shift his upload philosophy underwent when he announced his \"retirement\" from the platform: he opted to share videos for fun, as he did when he first began uploading videos. On 14 November, MrBeast surpassed PewDiePie as the most-subscribed individual creator on YouTube (and fourth place overall). The two have been noted as contemporaries and friends, with MrBeast having previously supported the 'Subscribe to PewDiePie' campaign during Kjellberg's competition with T-Series. Previously, Kjellberg answered a viewer question relating to whether MrBeast would surpass his subscriber count, replying \"He definitely will... He definitely deserves it, I hope he does it.\"</s><s>YouTube content.</s><s>YouTube content.:Style. Early in his career, Kjellberg's content mainly"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " consisted of Let's Play videos. His commentaries of horror games made up his best-known content during this early stage, although he eventually expanded into other genres. Unlike conventional walkthroughs, Kjellberg devoted his Let's Play videos to communicating more personally with his audience. \"Variety\" detailed that Kjellberg \"acts like he's spending time with a friend. He begins each video introducing himself in a high-pitched, goofy voice, drawing out the vowels of his YouTube moniker, then delves into the videos.\" Known for his idiosyncratic sense of humor, the nature of his video content has been described by various outlets as goofy, energetic, and obnoxious, yet genuine and unfiltered. Lev Grossman of \"Time\" noted that \"he's totally unpolished, but at the same time his timing is consistently spot-on,\" adding that \"most of the critical literature about PewDiePie focuses on the bad language and crude physical humor–and admittedly there are a lot of both–and the fact that he is, at the end of the day, just a guy playing video games and yelling.\" Rob Walker of Yahoo! wrote Kjellberg's \"chosen mode of sharing his critique happens to be ribald entertainment"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": ", an unmediated stream of blurted jokes, startled yelps, goofy voices, politically incorrect comments, and pretty much nonstop profanity.\" Occasionally, Kjellberg resorts to just gameplay, resulting in silent or emotional commentary; his playthrough of \"The Last of Us\", was detailed to leave the usually vocal gamer speechless at its ending. With his channel's growth, Kjellberg's content has become more diverse; in addition to traditional Let's Play videos, he has uploaded content including vlogs, comedy shorts, and formatted shows. Toward the end of the 2010s, he began uploading much reaction-style content, such as his late 2018 and early 2019 videos reacting to various compilations of TikTok videos. Kjellberg has also uploaded music onto his channel, often accompanied by animation, fan art, or live footage. Oftentimes, music videos uploaded onto his channel are collaborative in nature, as has worked with artists such as The Gregory Brothers (also known as Schmoyoho), Boyinaband, Roomie, and Party In Backyard.</s><s>YouTube content.:Production and output. During the early portion of his YouTube career, Kjellberg did not hire any editor or outside assistance to help with his"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " video output, stating he wanted \"YouTube to be YouTube.\" While his early videos would simply feature raw footage, he later began to dedicate time to edit his videos. Swedish magazine \"Icon\" noted his use of the Adobe Premiere Pro editing software. On separate occasions, he later sought an editor and a production assistant to help with his content creation. Although now having an editor for his videos, in a 2017 video, he maintained that \"I'm just a guy. It's literally just me. There's not a producer out there [...] there's no writer, there's no camera guy.\" In July of that same year, Kjellberg commented that a couple of months prior, he had an office and a limited number of employees assisting him with his content creation. Kjellberg has been noted by both himself and media outlets as prolific on the platform, having uploaded videos with a high frequency. By early 2017, he had uploaded almost 3,500 videos to his channel, around 400 of which have been made private. As a result, Kjellberg has made videos and statements expressing his feelings of burnout from frequently creating content for the platform and its effect on his mental health. In March 2017, Kjellberg commented that his channel was running on a"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " daily output, stating, \"[there's] a lot of challenges in doing daily content, [...] but I still really, really love the daily challenge—the daily grind—of just being like, 'hey, I'm gonna make a video today, no matter what.' And sometimes it really works, and sometimes it doesn't.\"</s><s>YouTube content.:Subscribers and viewership. Media writers have noted that Kjellberg's content has been largely built up \"methodically,\" as opposed to him having risen to fame through a viral video. At the same time, the growth of Kjellberg's channel has been described as rapid by various sources; Douglas Holt of the \"Harvard Business Review\" commented that \"the power of crowdculture propelled [Kjellberg] to global fame and influence in record time.\" Many close to Kjellberg have described him as \"steadfastly loyal to his YouTube audience,\" with one calling him \"a little spectrumy\" in this regard. By December 2011, Kjellberg's channel had around 60,000 subscribers, and on 9 May 2012, it reached 500,000 subscribers. In March 2012, Swedish newspaper \"Expressen\" reported that Kjellberg had uploaded at least one video"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " per day for the seven months preceding their report. Additionally, the publication noted that Kjellberg's channel accumulated 71 million total video views to that point and 25 million video views in February 2012 alone. The channel reached 1 million subscribers in July 2012, and 2 million subscribers in September. Throughout 2012 and 2013, Kjellberg's channel was one of the fastest-growing on YouTube, in terms of subscribers gained. In 2013, the channel grew from 3.5 million to just under 19 million subscribers, and by the end of 2013, it was gaining a new subscriber every 1.037 seconds. \"Billboard\" reported that the channel gained more subscribers than any other channel in 2013. In June 2013, \"Tubefilter\" began a monthly listing of the most viewed YouTube channels. In 2013, Kjellberg was consistently toward the top of this listing, ranking #1 in June, July, August, October, and December of that year. - - - - Analyzing \"Tubefilter\"s data, \"The Guardian\" reported that Kjellberg's channel earned 1.3 billion video views in the second half of 2013. The channel had two of the ten most-viewed gaming videos in"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " 2013: the sixth-part of his \"Mad Father\" Let's Play was the third-most viewed of the year, earning 27 million views, and an entry in his \"Funny Gaming Montage\" series ranked as the eight-most viewed gaming video of 2013. On 18 February 2013, Kjellberg's channel reached 5 million subscribers, and in April, he was covered in \"The New York Times\" after surpassing 6 million subscribers. Many of Kjellberg's most-viewed videos are highlight compilations of his Let's Play videos. One of these compilations, \"A Funny Montage\", was uploaded in June 2013, and spent a considerable amount of time as Kjellberg's most-viewed, with publications citing it as such through 2018. In July 2013, he overtook Jenna Marbles to become the second-most-subscribed YouTube user, and reached 10 million subscribers on 9 July. Kjellberg's subscriber count surpassed that of the leading channel, Smosh, on 15 August 2013. On 31 October 2013, his channel became the first to reach 15 million subscribers. Shortly after, PewDiePie was surpassed by YouTube's Spotlight channel in subscribers. After jostling for the top position"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " during the next month, PewDiePie's channel took firm hold of the most-subscribed title on 23 December. - - - - On 9 January 2014, the channel reached the 20 million subscriber milestone. In 2014, Kjellberg's channel was the most-viewed in January, and then for seven consecutive months from March to September.* - In August 2014, \"Tubefilter\" reported that the channel surpassed the Rihanna VEVO channel on 19 July as the most-viewed on YouTube at around 5.2 billion video views. Data from Social Blade, however, shows that the channel still had less video views than the emimusic channel. According to their data, the channel surpassed emimusic on 29 December 2014, at over 7.2 billion views, to become the most-viewed channel on the website. According to \"Tubefilter\" and \"The Guardian\", the channel amassed nearly 14 million new subscribers and around 4.1 billion video views in 2014; both figures were higher than any other user. The latter figure was a reported 81% increase from the channel's video views in 2013; the channel was the most viewed in that year, as well. During July 2015, his"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " videos were documented to receive over 300 million views per month. It eclipsed the 10 billion video view milestone on 6 September 2015, becoming the first channel to do so. At that time, \"A Funny Montage\" (then-titled \"Funny Montage #1\") was Kjellberg's most-viewed video, with approximately 68.8 million views; a partial reason it accumulated many views was due to its status as the PewDiePie channel trailer. In 2016, the channel experienced decreased viewership, which was similarly experienced by other content creators across the platform, due to changes in YouTube's algorithm. On 8 December, it reached 50 million subscribers, becoming the first YouTube channel to do so. Online campaigns to \"subscribe to PewDiePie\" greatly assisted Kjellberg's subscriber growth; his channel gained 6.62 million subscribers in December 2018 alone, compared to the 7 million subscribers gained in all of 2017. Renewed interest in Kjellberg's videos due to his subscriber competition with T-Series resulted in his channel earning over 500 million video views in December 2018, which was then the channel's single-highest monthly view count. After briefly gaining the title several times in early 2019, on 27 March, T-Series surpassed"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " Kjellberg in subscribers to become the most-subscribed channel on YouTube. The day after \"Congratulations\" was uploaded, Kjellberg temporarily regained his lead over T-Series as the most subscribed channel. In July 2019, in large part due to Kjellberg's \"Minecraft\" gameplay videos, his channel surged in video views. \"The Verge\" noted that it was Kjellberg's most successful month in years, in terms of viewership. Data from Social Blade shows the channel received 573 million video views, a then-single-month record amount of views for Kjellberg's channel. - Kjellberg was the most-viewed creator of 2019, with his channel receiving over 4 billion views during the year. Along with T-Series, the PewDiePie channel is one of only two on YouTube to receive all five tiers of YouTube Creator Awards: Silver, Gold, Diamond, Custom, and Red Diamond Creator. These awards are earned upon surpassing the 100,000; 1 million; 10 million; 50 million; and 100 million subscriber milestones, respectively. Kjellberg nicknamed his Custom Creator Award the Ruby Play Button, which he received in 2016. In 2019, Kjellberg's channel became the"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " second overall, and the first run by an individual creator, to receive the Red Diamond Creator Award.</s><s>YouTube content.:Critical reception. Kjellberg's YouTube content has been met with mixed critical reception. Media outlets write that he is one of the most popular creators online, despite being involved in multiple media controversies. His content has been described by various outlets as goofy, energetic, and filled with profanity, and his on-camera personality has been generally received as genuine, unfiltered, and self-aware by various outlets. Kjellberg's content has also been received negatively by the media, with detractors describing it as \"obnoxious\" and often reporting his popularity as an \"inexplicable phenomenon\". Rob Walker of \"Yahoo!\" has commented positively on Kjellberg's intelligence, stating Kjellberg is \"clearly\" smart based on when he speaks directly to his audience. Other outlets, such as \"Time\" and \"The Verge\", have written similar sentiments, describing Kjellberg as \"articulate\" and \"self conscious\", respectively. In contrast, Andrew Wallenstein of \"Variety\" heavily criticised Kjellberg, following his channel becoming the most-subscribed on YouTube, describing his videos as"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " \"aggressive stupidity\" and \"psychobabble.\" Lev Grossman of \"Time\" noted that \"he's totally unpolished, but at the same time his timing is consistently spot-on,\" adding that \"most of the critical literature about PewDiePie focuses on the bad language and crude physical humor–and admittedly there are a lot of both–and the fact that he is, at the end of the day, just a guy playing video games and yelling.\" Walker wrote Kjellberg's \"chosen mode of sharing his critique happens to be ribald entertainment, an unmediated stream of blurted jokes, startled yelps, goofy voices, politically incorrect comments, and pretty much nonstop profanity.\" Justin Charity of \"The Ringer\" stated, \"PewDiePie isn't a comedian in any conventional sense,\" but described his \"hosting style [as] loopy and irreverent in the extreme: He's a little bit stand-up, a little bit shock jock, a little bit 4chan bottom-feeder.\" In regards to his early Let's Play content, Swedish columnist Lars Lindstrom commented positively, stating that \"Felix Kjellberg [having] a comic talent is indisputable. It is both"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " amazingly awful and amazingly funny when a father bikes around with his son in the game \"Happy Wheels\" and both get crushed and bloody again and again and PewDiePie improvises absurd comments as the game continues. The secret is that he loves to play these games and that he has fun doing it.\" As his content went through changes in style in 2016, Patricia Hernandez of \"Kotaku\" wrote, \"the PewDiePie of 2016 can still be immature, sure, but [...] a defining aspect of recent PewDiePie videos is existential angst, as he describes the bleak reality of making content for a machine he cannot fully control or understand.\" Following the controversy regarding alleged antisemitic content in his videos, many media publications both in and outside of the gaming and tech industries severely criticised Kjellberg's content. These outlets suggested that Kjellberg's content contained and promoted fascist, white supremacist, and alt-right ideologies. A \"Wired\" article covering the controversy referred to him as a \"poster boy for white supremacists\". Charity opined that Kjellberg's \"occasional, reactionary irreverence has become a core component of his appeal. Likewise, for critics and fans who value inclusivity — and among outside"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " observers who view [Kjellberg]'s conduct as inexplicably frequent in the news — [Kjellberg] represents all that is wrong and alienating about games culture.\"</s><s>YouTube content.:Censorship. In April 2019, \"Congratulations\" and \"Bitch Lasagna\" were banned in India when the Delhi High Court granted an injunction in favor of T-Series. The complaint against Kjellberg allegedly stated that his songs were \"defamatory, disparaging, insulting, and offensive,\" and noted that comments on the videos were \"abusive, vulgar, and also racist in nature.\" Although both parties came to a settlement later in the year, Kjellberg's videos remain blocked in India. On 16 October 2019, Kjellberg uploaded an episode of his \"Meme Review\" series, in which he reacted to memes about the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests. The video also featured his commentary on the China–NBA issue and the Blitzchung controversy, as well as memes comparing Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping to Winnie-the-Pooh. As a result, Kjellberg's channel and content were reportedly censored in China. The BBC wrote that instead of a complete ban,"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " only \"some content related to the YouTuber has indeed been made inaccessible online,\" and that \"there is no evidence to suggest this was done on the orders of the government.\" The BBC suggested that Baidu seemingly removed PewDiePie-related messages on a forum out of caution, but that \"a [Baidu] search for his name still returns more than eight million results.\" \"Vox\" wrote that \"access to reposted PewDiePie videos and music\" appeared to be available to some regional users. According to \"Business Insider\", \"For years, critics of Pewds have been campaigning for YouTube to bar him from the platform to no avail.\"</s><s>Public image and influence. Since breaking through on YouTube with his Let's Play-styled videos, Kjellberg has emerged as one of the most noted, influential, and controversial online personalities. He has also been cited by various publications as largely influential for digital content creation and Internet culture, particularly relating to video gaming subcultures. \"Eurogamer\" noted that Kjellberg was cast by media reports as a \"figurehead\" of YouTubers, and for being nearly synonymous with gaming YouTubers in general. In 2016, Douglas Holt of \"Harvard"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " Business Review\" wrote of Kjellberg as \"YouTube's greatest success\", and regarded him, about gaming subcultures, \"the star of this digital art world—just as Jean-Michel Basquiat and Patti Smith had done in urban art worlds back in the analog days\". Lev Grossman of \"Time\" wrote that Kjellberg dominated \"an entire medium single-handed,\" and pioneered \"a new form of fame not controlled or manufactured by a studio or a network.\" Kjellberg has stated that he dislikes being called \"famous\". In a 2014 interview with \"The Wall Street Journal\", he called the influence he has \"kind of scary\". In a \"Rolling Stone\" article, Kjellberg admitted to being shocked by his fame; he recalled a gaming event near his hometown, stating \"I remember there were five security guards yelling at a crowd to back up – it was out of control. It was shocking to find myself in that situation, where I was that celebrity person.\" In a 2019 interview with the \"New York Times\", Kjellberg commented on his influence stating, \"it's weird for me to be in this position because I don't really want to be in this position.\" He went on"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " to express feelings of nostalgia for his early YouTube career, when he had fewer subscribers, and admitted to periodically thinking about giving up the platform altogether. Colleagues and media have referred to Kjellberg as \"normally press shy\", \"quiet\", and \"much more reserved in real life.\"</s><s>Public image and influence.:As a YouTube personality.</s><s>Public image and influence.:As a YouTube personality.:After becoming the most-subscribed. In September 2014, Rob Walker of \"Yahoo!\" called Kjellberg's popularity \"insane\", writing that it \"strikes me as considerably more curious – I mean, you know who Rihanna is, but would you recognize this kid if he was standing in line behind you at the bank?\" Walker, among other reporters, has questioned and analysed reasons for his popularity. Walker commented on Kjellberg's interaction with his audience, writing, \"While he can be raucous and crude, it always comes across as genuine. He constantly addresses his audience as a bunch of peer-like friends, as opposed to distant, genuflecting fans. He's certainly more than willing to make fun of himself in the process.\" In 2015, Ross Miller of \"The Verge\" wrote, \""
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": "Love it or hate it, his success – like so many other YouTube personalities – isn't just in playing games but actually connecting and talking directly to an audience. No agent, press release, or any other intermediary. He just hit record.\" Writing about and analyzing Kjellberg's career, Kevin Roose of \"The New York Times\" wrote that during the period in which Kjellberg had the most-subscribed channel but prior to his alleged antisemitism controversy, \"[Kjellberg] was not just the YouTuber with the biggest channel. To many Inner YouTubers, he represented the values of the platform — lo-fi, authentic, defiantly weird.\"</s><s>Public image and influence.:As a YouTube personality.:Following media controversies. In the wake of the \"Wall Street Journal\" controversy, John Herman of \"The New York Times\" commented that \"[Kjellberg] bemoaned [YouTube's] structure and the way it had changed; he balked at its limits and took joy in causing offense and flouting rules. Over time, he grew into an unlikely, disorienting, and insistently unserious political identity: He became YouTube's very own populist reactionary.\" YouTube's chief business officer Robert K"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": "yncl stated Kjellberg \"underestimated the responsibility he had as the platform's most popular ambassador, even if he himself is not a hateful person.\" In 2018, Paul MacInnes of \"The Guardian\" wrote, \"Given the scale of his audience and his influence, not much is written about PewDiePie. Tech sites like \"The Verge\" and \"Polygon\" report on him and often critique him severely. But in the mainstream media, his name has broken through only either as a result of novelty or scandal,\" and noted that his content was rarely written about. Touching on Kjellberg's alleged antisemitic controversy, MacInnes also added that he \"is funny, intelligent, innovative and highly charismatic [...] to call him an alt-right agitator would perhaps be unfair as he has never publicly identified with the proto-fascist movement. But he shares much of their culture and amplifies it across the world. People should pay PewDiePie more attention.\" Max Read of \"Intelligencer\" retrospectively opined on Kjellberg's alleged antisemitic controversy, commenting that \"Kjellberg, for his part, is seen as a standard-bearer for the oppressed YouTuber subject to the whims"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " of YouTube's corporate masters — a symbol of the ongoing tension between YouTube and the culture that it spawned,\" and added that \"he, through fights over his behavior and his position within the YouTube space, is something like a gateway drug to bigger political battles over free speech, the role of media, and diversity.\" Shortly prior to his 2020 hiatus, Erin Nyren of \"Variety\" commented that Kjellberg's \"popularity continues unabated in spite of—or perhaps because of—the fact that he has been the subject of ongoing controversies.\"</s><s>Public image and influence.:Media lists and rankings. Kjellberg's influence has ranked highly on various lists. Subtitled as the \"King of YouTube\" on \"The Verge\"s 2014 \"Verge 50\" list—the outlet's \"definitive list of the most interesting people building the future.\" On his listing's blurb, \"The Verge\" wrote that \"Kjellberg's real talent is finding the human within games. He's just a normal person, finding the authentic in games for an audience that are desperate for a little more humanity.\" In 2015, Kjellberg was included on \"Time\"'s list of the 30 most influential people on the Internet, with the"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " publication writing that his channel \"broadcasts some of the most-watched programs in pop culture.\" Later in 2015, Kjellberg was featured on the cover of \"Variety\"s \"Famechangers\" issue, with the magazine ranking him as the \"#1 Famechanger\", or \"those whose influence stands head and shoulders above the rest\". The following year, \"Time\" included him on their \"Time 100\" list, with \"South Park\" co-creator Trey Parker writing in his entry, \"I know it might seem weird, especially to those of us from an older generation, that people would spend so much time watching someone else play video games [...] But I choose to see it as the birth of a new art form. And I don't think anyone should underestimate its most powerful artist.\" \"Forbes\" wrote that \"[Kjellberg's] overall brand suffered earlier this year [2017] when he included antisemitic content in nine of his videos,\" when citing their reason for not ranking him as the top gaming influence. \"Forbes\" still included Kjellberg in the gaming category of their June 2017 \"Top Influencers\" list. In September 2019, \"The Sunday Times\" ranked him first on their list of the"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " UK's 100 most influential people online.</s><s>Public image and influence.:Channel demographics. Kjellberg's channel appeals strongly to younger viewers, a group Google refers to as \"Generation C\" for their habits of \"creation, curation, connection and community\". This demographic has been more commonly referred to as Generation Z by researchers and popular media. In a 2017 video, Kjellberg shared a screenshot of data provided by YouTube regarding his channel statistics, which suggested his largest demographic was among the 18–24 age group, followed by the 25–34 age group. Surveys conducted throughout the 2010s highlighted that favorable opinions of Kjellberg, as well as his name recognition and online influence within these age ranges, was comparable to that of mainstream figures such as Jennifer Lawrence, Justin Bieber, and LeBron James. \"The New York Times\" published results of an online reader poll the publication held, showing that only 17% of their digital readers correctly identified Kjellberg after seeing an image of him; the outlet wrote that the poll's results \"probably reflect the fact that \"Times\" readers are older than a representative sample of Americans, citing that \"in 2015, the median digital \"Times\" subscriber was 54 years old.\" In 2016, Maker Studios"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": "' international chief content officer was cited in \"The Guardian\" as comparing \"the average parent's bafflement at their teenage children's passion for stars like PewDiePie, KSI, and Zoella to past generations' inability to comprehend punk rock or gangsta rap.\" Studies of the gaming community on YouTube have shown that 95% of video game players engage in watching online videos related to gaming, which has been linked to being an important reason for Kjellberg's popularity.</s><s>Public image and influence.:Fan base. \"ESPN\" noted in 2015 that Kjellberg typically performed a \"Brofist\" gesture at the end of his videos, and often referred to his fan base as the \"Bro Army\", addressing his audience as \"bros\". Likewise, media outlets also adopted the name when referring to Kjellberg's fan base. Later in his YouTube career, Kjellberg stopped using the term \"Bro Army\", and began to refer to his audience as \"Squad Fam\", \"9 year olds\", and later \"19 year olds\", in his videos. The fan base has been subject to criticism; in July 2018, \"Wired\" published an article, referring to Kjellberg's fan base as \"toxic\", stating"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " that \"it's not just that they've stuck with the Swedish gamer/alleged comedian as he peppered his videos with racial slurs, rape jokes, antisemitism, and homophobia for nearly a decade (though that's bad enough). It's also that they insist that PewDiePie somehow isn't being hateful at all.\" At the 2013 Social Star Awards in Singapore, Kjellberg greeted his fans personally despite security warning him against doing so. Kjellberg also mentioned this event to \"Rolling Stone\", stating, \"I didn't even understand they were screaming for me at first.\" Kjellberg has commented on fans from Malaysia and Singapore; during a trip to Kuala Lumpur in 2016, fans entered his hotel to search for him, which he expressed annoyance with. In a 2019 vlog, Kjellberg expressed that fans in Malaysia and Singapore can be \"very hectic and scream-ish and crazy, and they lose their minds when they see you.\" He later apologized to fans from the two countries, stating that seeing the effect he had \"on fans back then [during his 2013 trip to Singapore] was cool\" and that he would \"be lying\" if he claimed to hate this initial experience with fans, although added that he has"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " grown to not enjoy being treated as more than a person. \"Business Insider Singapore\" reported that some fans took offense to Kjellberg's comments, but that \"most netizens accepted the YouTuber's apology and admitted that fans had gone overboard in invading his privacy.\" Relating to his responsibility to his audience, Kjellberg has stated, \"many people see me as a friend they can chill with for 15 minutes a day,\" adding, \"The loneliness in front of the computer screens brings us together. But I never set out to be a role model; I just want to invite them to come over to my place.\" Correlating with this note, his audience has been reported to provide positive remarks about him; some of his viewers created and contributed to a thread expressing that he has made them happier and feel better about themselves. Conversely, during an informal Twitter poll conducted by one \"Kotaku\" reporter, respondents described him as \"annoying\" and an \"obnoxious waste of time.\" Additionally, \"Rolling Stone\" has documented the existence of several Reddit threads dedicated to sharing disparaging views of Kjellberg.</s><s>Public image and influence.:Influence on video games. Kjellberg has been noted to support video"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " games from indie developers, often having played through such titles in his videos. His commentaries have had a positive effect on sales of indie games, with \"The Washington Post\" writing that \"gamemakers have observed a kind of Oprah effect.\" The developers of the indie game \"McPixel\" stated, \"The largest force driving attention to \"McPixel\" at that time were 'Let's Play' videos. Mostly by Jesse Cox and PewDiePie.\" Kjellberg has also been confirmed to have driven the popularity of \"Yandere Simulator\" during that game's development, and positively influenced the sales of \"\" and \"Goat Simulator\". Although games being featured on Kjellberg's channel have reportedly contributed to their commercial success, he has stated, \"I just want to play the games, not influence sales.\" In 2019, Kjellberg's \"Minecraft\" videos led a surge of interest towards the game, which saw an increase in players. It also registered the largest-trending score on YouTube since January 2017 and surpassed \"Fortnite\" as the most-searched game on YouTube, with the searches for \"Minecraft\" on Google almost doubling since previous months. Video game media outlets, such as \"Polygon\" and \""
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": "The Verge\", largely credited this newfound success to Kjellberg, with \"The Verge\" suggesting that the surge \"proves that the 'PewDiePie Effect' is still real\" (about the Oprah effect-like success enjoyed by games Kjellberg has played). Several other popular YouTubers followed suit by focusing on \"Minecraft\" content. \"Polygon\" also noted that in the wake of Kjellberg's focus on \"Minecraft\", YouTubers focused on \"Fortnite\" began to shift towards making \"Minecraft\" videos instead. Kjellberg, along with characters from \"\", were referred to by a \"McPixel\" level designed in his honour. Additionally, in the video game \"Surgeon Simulator 2013\", the Alien Surgery stage features an organ called \"Pewdsball\" in honour of Kjellberg. Kjellberg agreed to allow the developers of \"Surgeon Simulator 2013\" to use his likeness in \"GOTY IDST\", a showering simulation video game. Kjellberg was also included as an NPC in the indie game \"Party Hard\", and had a voice acting role in \"Pinstripe\", a puzzle adventure game.</s><s>Public image and influence.:In"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": "come. In March 2014, Kjellberg made an estimated $140,000–$1.4 million from YouTube revenue, according to Social Blade. In June 2014, \"The Wall Street Journal\" reported that Kjellberg earned $4 million in 2013; Kjellberg confirmed on Reddit that the figures were somewhat close to what he actually earned. In July 2015, the Swedish newspaper \"Expressen\" reported that Kjellberg's production company, PewDie Productions AB, reported earnings of 63.7 million SEK ($7.5 million) in 2014. In 2015, outlets described Kjellberg's income as sizeable, and even \"remarkable\"; Kjellberg appeared at the top of \"Forbes\" October 2015 list of the richest YouTube stars with a reported $12 million earned in 2015. In December 2016, \"Forbes\" named Kjellberg as the highest-earning YouTuber with his annual income reaching $15 million. This was up 20% from 2015, largely due to his YouTube Red series \"Scare PewDiePie\" and his book \"This Book Loves You\", which sold over 112,000 copies according to Nielsen Bookscan. Kjellberg relies"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " on external revenue sources rather than YouTube's ad model, which he has stated is common for most YouTube content creators; Kjellberg commented that YouTube's ad revenue model is inefficient, unstable, and insecure. According to \"Forbes\", Kjellberg's income dropped to $12 million in 2017, which made him the sixth highest-paid YouTuber during that year. \"Forbes\" commented that Kjellberg's income would have been higher had he avoided the pushback from advertisers resulting from the controversies surrounding his videos in 2017. Extensive media coverage on his earnings has been met with frustration by Kjellberg, who has stated that he is \"tired of talking about how much [he makes]\", and suggested that media outlets should rather report on the money he raised for charity. \"The Guardian\" commented that the reason the media was so captivated by Kjellberg's earnings is that the topic \"offers a rare insight into the money being made at the top end of YouTube stardom,\" adding \"it's very rare for any YouTube creator to talk about their earnings publicly, not least because YouTube itself does not encourage it.\"</s><s>Other ventures.</s><s>Other ventures.:Video games, authorship and fashion design"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": ". On 24 September 2015, Kjellberg released his own video game, \"\", on iOS and Android. The game was developed by Canadian game developer Outerminds in collaboration with Kjellberg. On 29 September 2016, he released another game developed by Outerminds, \"PewDiePie's Tuber Simulator\". It was released as a free app on iOS and Android devices and reached the number one spot on the App Store within a few days of its release. On 31 October 2017, former \"Goat Simulator\" developer and lead designer Armin Ibrisagic announced his partnership with Kjellberg for his video game \"Animal Super Squad\". Kjellberg helped Ibrisagic with the core concept of the game and provided him with feedback and creative direction. In 2019, Kjellberg released two more video games: \"PewDiePie's Pixelings\" on 15 November and \"Poopdie\" on 12 December. The latter game was rejected from the App Store due to its \"crude imagery and sound effects which may disgust users\", but is available on Android. Penguin Group's Razorbill imprint released Kjellberg's \"This Book Loves You\", a parody of self-help books, on 20 October 2015"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": ". The book is a collection of anti-proverbs paired with visuals. It was number-one on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list for two weeks in the Young Adult Paperback category. Kjellberg and his wife Marzia launched Tsuki, a unisex clothing brand which they announced in a YouTube video.</s><s>Other ventures.:Sponsorships. Beginning in April 2014 and spanning into August, Kjellberg, along with his then-girlfriend Marzia, began a marketing campaign for the Legendary Pictures film \"As Above, So Below\". Kjellberg's videos for the marketing campaign included a miniseries featuring him participating in the \"Catacombs Challenge\". The challenge involved Kjellberg searching for three keys in the catacombs to open a container holding \"the Philosopher's stone\". The couple's videos were able to earn nearly 20 million views. Maker Studios, which both Kjellberg and Marzia were represented by, brokered the ad deal between the two and Legendary Pictures. In January 2015, Mountain Dew partnered with Kjellberg to launch a fan fiction contest, in which winning fan fiction will be animated into video formats and then uploaded onto his channel. While he entered partnerships"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " early in his YouTube career, Kjellberg maintained that he worked with few brands and conducted few promotions. He stated he felt he made enough money from YouTube and found endorsing too many brands to be disrespectful to his fans. On this topic, Kjellberg has expressed disappointment when a sizable portion of people misinterpret his intentions; he stated, \"if I mention on Twitter that I find this or that Kickstarter project cool, people immediately start to ask what economical interests I might have in it.\" Eventually, Kjellberg began to work with more brands, stating that he wanted to have a genuine relationship with brands and added he was lucky to not be dependent on working with them to support his career. In January 2019, Kjellberg announced a partnership with energy drink company G Fuel.</s><s>Other ventures.:Appearances in other media. Aside from his own YouTube channel, Kjellberg has made appearances in the videos of other YouTube creators. In April 2013, he made a cameo in an episode of \"Epic Rap Battles of History\", portraying Mikhail Baryshnikov. In July 2013, he starred alongside Anthony Padilla and Ian Hecox of Smosh, as well as Jenna Marbles, as guest judges on the second season of \"Internet Icon\". K"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": "jellberg also appeared in YouTube's annual year-end \"Rewind\" series each year from 2013 to 2016; he once again appeared in. On 3 June 2014, Sveriges Radio announced that Kjellberg was chosen to host his own episode of the Swedish radio show \"Sommar i P1\". Due to his international popularity, the episode was recorded in both Swedish and English. The Swedish version was broadcast on 9 August 2014 on Sveriges Radio P1, and when the broadcast started the English version was published online. The link to the Swedish version of the broadcast was shared over 3,500 times, and the link to the English version was shared about 49,000 times. In December 2014, Kjellberg guest-starred in two episodes of the 18th season of \"South Park.\" The two episodes served as a two-part season finale. The first part, titled \"#REHASH\" aired on 3 December, while the second part, titled \"#HappyHolograms\", aired on 10 December. In the episodes, he parodied himself and other Let's Play commentators, providing commentary over \"Call of Duty\" gameplay in an overly expressive way. In July 2015, Kjellberg was announced as a voice"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " actor in the Vimeo fantasy series, \"Oscar's Hotel for Fantastical Creatures\". In October of the same year, he appeared as a guest on \"The Late Show with Stephen Colbert,\" where Colbert referred to him as \"Emperor of the Internet\". In February 2016, he appeared on \"Conan\", playing \"Far Cry Primal\" as part of the show's Clueless Gamer segment. In 2019, he was a guest on the \"Cold Ones\" YouTube podcast.</s><s>Philanthropy. Kjellberg's popularity has allowed him to stir support for fundraising drives. In February 2012, Kjellberg ran for King of the Web, an online contest. He lost the overall title, but still became the \"Gaming King of the Web\" for the 1–15 February 2012 voting period. During the following voting period, Kjellberg won and donated his cash winnings to the World Wildlife Fund. He has raised money for the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and began a \"Water Campaign\" charity, where his fans could donate money to, in celebration of reaching ten million subscribers. Kjellberg contributed one dollar to the charity for every 500 views the video announcing the campaign accumulated, up to a maximum of $10,000"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": ". Kjellberg had the stated goal of raising US$, but at the end of the drive, the amount raised was $. Kjellberg organized another charity drive for Charity: Water in February 2016. The drive raised $, surpassing a $100,000 goal. In celebration of reaching 25 million subscribers in June 2014, Kjellberg announced another charity drive for Save the Children. It raised over $630,000, surpassing a $250,000 goal. In an interview with the Swedish magazine \"Icon\", he has expressed a desire to continue these drives as time goes on, and also credited John and Hank Green as two individuals who gave him the idea of making unique videos for charity. These videos are purchased by game manufacturers and advertisers, for prices ranging up to $50,000. In December 2016, he hosted \"Cringemas\", a livestream held across two days (9 and 10 December, both at around 6 pm–10 pm GMT), with other Revelmode creators. During the livestream, they helped raise money for RED, a charity committed to helping eliminate HIV/AIDS in Africa. After the first day, the fundraiser raised over $200,000, after YouTube doubled their goal of $100,000, and at"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " the end of the livestream, they had raised a total of over $1.3 million with help from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. On 3 December 2018, Kjellberg announced that he had started a fundraiser on GoFundMe for Child Rights and You (CRY) to help Indian children, partially in response to racist comments left on his videos directed toward Indians. Kjellberg also hosted a livestream on 4 December, donating all of its proceeds to CRY. He raised over $200,000. On 21 July 2019, Kjellberg started a fundraiser on GoFundMe with American actor Jack Black for National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), in the wake of the suicide of the internet personality Etika in June 2019. Kjellberg and Jack Black streamed themselves playing \"Minecraft\" together to raise money for their fundraiser. Kjellberg donated $10,000 to his fundraiser and managed to raise over $30,000 for NAMI. Kjellberg has previously spoken on the topic of mental health, including his struggles with his own, and as part of the UK's Mental Health Awareness Week in 2017, he highlighted various resources to help one's mental health in a video. In celebration of receiving his 100"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " million subscribers Play Button in September 2019, Kjellberg announced in a video that he was donating $50,000 to the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), an international Jewish non-governmental organisation. Part of Kjellberg's fanbase criticized his decision, citing controversial actions and stances of the ADL. \"Kotaku\" and \"Vice\" praised Kjellberg's donation and were critical of the portion of Kjellberg's fanbase who opposed the donation. Two days after his initial announcement, Kjellberg announced in another video that he had decided to withdraw his donation. He expressed that he was advised to donate to the ADL, and did not hand-pick an organization that he was passionate about, as he had done with previous donations. Additionally, he confirmed that he would still make a $50,000 donation to an organization at some point in the future, but after undergoing his usual process to select a suitable one. On 31 October 2019, Kjellberg donated $69,420 to Team Trees, a fundraising drive taking action against deforestation by pledging to plant one tree for every dollar donated. The donation number is a comedic in-joke combining numbers from internet culture: 69 and 420. In early June 2020"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": ", Kjellberg raised more than $116,000 for the Sentencing Project, victims of police brutality, and for small businesses affected by Black Lives Matter demonstrators looting and rioting after the murder of George Floyd. In January 2021, Kjellberg raised nearly $1 million for Red Nose Day, Movember, Papyrus, Blue Ocean Foundation, Save the Children Lebanon, and Winston's Wish.</s><s>Personal life. Kjellberg married his long-time Italian girlfriend Marzia Bisognin on 19 August 2019. The two were introduced to each other through a friend of Bisognin's in 2011, and after establishing an online relationship, Kjellberg flew to Italy to meet her. The pair shuffled between Sweden and Italy, before settling in Brighton, England. Kjellberg explained that they moved to the UK in July 2013 for preference to live close to the sea and for better Internet connectivity. He said he enjoyed the general anonymity that living in Brighton granted him. On 5 February 2023, Kjellberg and his wife announced that they were expecting a child. A 2018 trip to Japan inspired Kjellberg to move to the country. Announcing their intention to permanently move there, Kjellberg and his wife"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": " subsequently bought a home in Japan the following year. The home was robbed in late 2019, and the couple's move was delayed due to Japan restricting relocation regulations in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2022, Kjellberg and his wife moved to their home in Japan with a 5-year business visa. After moving to Japan, Kjellberg expressed enjoying a lack of recognition while in public. Regarding his political beliefs, Kjellberg stated in October 2019 that he is \"more apolitical than anything\", and that he was \"somewhere in between\" left-wing and right-wing. In June 2014, Kjellberg stated that he is an agnostic atheist. Kjellberg has frequently mentioned in videos that he adheres to a pescetarian diet for various reasons. To deal with stress stemming from his content creation workload, Kjellberg developed a daily whiskey-drinking habit. During a \"Cold Ones\" podcast interview in July 2019, Kjellberg shared that a book on Buddhism inspired him to drop the habit.</s><s>Bibliography. - \"This Book Loves You\" (15 October 2015)</s><s>See also. - List of YouTubers - Internet in Sweden"
},
{
"title": "PewDiePie",
"text": "</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Primary video, playlist, and post sources. In the text these references are preceded by a double dagger (‡):</s><s>Further reading and viewing. - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "PewDiePie",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000443
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Jacques Cousteau.
|
[
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": "<s>Jacques Cousteau Jacques-Yves Cousteau, (,, ; 11 June 191025 June 1997) was a French naval officer, oceanographer, filmmaker and author. He co-invented the first successful Aqua-Lung, open-circuit SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus). The apparatus assisted him in producing some of the first underwater documentaries. Cousteau wrote many books describing his undersea explorations. In his first book, \"\", Cousteau surmised the existence of the echolocation abilities of porpoises. The book was adapted into an underwater documentary called \"The Silent World\". Co-directed by Cousteau and Louis Malle, it was one of the first films to use underwater cinematography to document the ocean depths in color. The film won the 1956 Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and remained the only documentary to do so until 2004, when \"Fahrenheit 9/11\" received the award. It was also awarded the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957. From 1966 to 1976, he hosted \"The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau\", a documentary television series, presented on American commercial television stations. A second documentary series, \"The"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": " Cousteau Odyssey\", ran from 1977 to 1982 on public television stations.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Early life. Cousteau was born on 11 June 1910, in Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, France, to Daniel and Élisabeth Cousteau. He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau completed his preparatory studies at the Collège Stanislas in Paris. In 1930, he entered the École navale and graduated as a gunnery officer. However, an automobile accident, which broke both his arms, cut short his career in naval aviation. The accident forced Cousteau to change his plans to become a naval pilot, so he then indulged his passion for the ocean. In Toulon, where he was serving on the \"Condorcet\", Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles, predecessors of modern swimming goggles. Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935–1938) and in the USSR (1939). On 12 July 1937, he"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": " married Simone Melchior, his business partner, with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940–1979). His sons took part in the adventures of the \"Calypso\". In 1991, six months after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son, Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982, during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife).</s><s>Biography.:Early 1940s: innovation of modern underwater diving. The years of World War II were decisive for the history of diving. After the armistice of 1940, the family of Simone and Jacques-Yves Cousteau took refuge in Megève, where he became a friend of the Ichac family who also lived there. Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Marcel Ichac shared the same desire to reveal to the general public unknown and inaccessible places — for Cousteau the underwater world and for Ichac the high mountains. The two neighbors took the first ex-aequo prize of the Congress of Documentary Film in 1943, for the first French underwater film: \"Par dix-h"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": "uit mètres de fond\" (\"18 meters deep\"), made without breathing apparatus the previous year in the Embiez islands in Var, with Philippe Tailliez and Frédéric Dumas, using a depth-pressure-proof camera case developed by mechanical engineer Léon Vèche, an engineer of Arts and Measures at the Naval College. In 1943, they made the film \"Épaves\" (\"Shipwrecks\"), in which they used two of the very first Aqua-Lung prototypes. These prototypes were made in Boulogne-Billancourt by the Air Liquide company, following instructions from Cousteau and Émile Gagnan. When making \"Épaves\", Cousteau could not find the necessary blank reels of movie film, but had to buy hundreds of small still camera film reels the same width, intended for a make of child's camera, and cemented them together to make long reels. Having kept bonds with the English speakers (he spent part of his childhood in the United States and usually spoke English) and with French soldiers in North Africa (under Admiral Lemonnier), Jacques-Yves Cousteau (whose villa \"Baobab\" at Sanary ("
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": "Var) was opposite Admiral Darlan's villa \"Reine\"), helped the French Navy to join again with the Allies; he assembled a commando operation against the Italian espionage services in France, and received several military decorations for his deeds. At that time, he kept his distance from his brother Pierre-Antoine Cousteau, a \"pen anti-semite\" who wrote the collaborationist newspaper \"Je suis partout\" (\"I am everywhere\") and who received the death sentence in 1946. However, this was later commuted to a life sentence, and Pierre-Antoine was released in 1954. During the 1940s, Cousteau is credited with improving the Aqua-Lung design which gave birth to the open-circuit scuba technology used today. According to his first book, \"\" (1953), Cousteau started diving with Fernez goggles in 1936, and in 1939 used the self-contained underwater breathing apparatus invented in 1926 by Commander Yves le Prieur. Cousteau was not satisfied with the length of time he could spend underwater with the Le Prieur apparatus so he improved it to extend underwater duration by adding a demand regulator, invented in 1942 by Émile Gagnan. In 1943 Cousteau tried out"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": " the first prototype Aqua-Lung which finally made extended underwater exploration possible.</s><s>Biography.:Late 1940s: GERS and \"Élie Monnier\". In 1946, Cousteau and Tailliez showed the film \"Épaves\" (\"Shipwrecks\") to Admiral Lemonnier, who gave them the responsibility of setting up the Groupement de Recherches Sous-marines (GRS) (Underwater Research Group) of the French Navy in Toulon. A little later it became the GERS (Groupe d'Études et de Recherches Sous-Marines, = Underwater Studies and Research Group), then the COMISMER (\"COMmandement des Interventions Sous la MER\", = \"Undersea Interventions Command\"), and finally more recently the CEPHISMER. In 1947, Chief Petty Officer Maurice Fargues became the first diver to die using an aqualung, while attempting a new depth record with the GERS near Toulon. In 1948, between missions of mine clearance, underwater exploration and technological and physiological tests, Cousteau undertook a first campaign in the Mediterranean on board the sloop \"Élie Monnier\", with Philippe Taill"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": "iez, Frédéric Dumas, Jean Alinat and the scenario writer Marcel Ichac. The small team also undertook the exploration of the Roman wreck of Mahdia (Tunisia). It was the first underwater archaeology operation using autonomous diving, opening the way for scientific underwater archaeology. Cousteau and Marcel Ichac brought back from there the Carnets diving film (presented and preceded with the Cannes Film Festival 1951). Cousteau and the \"Élie Monnier\" then took part in the rescue of Professor Jacques Piccard's bathyscaphe, the FNRS-2, during the 1949 expedition to Dakar. Thanks to this rescue, the French Navy was able to reuse the sphere of the bathyscaphe to construct the FNRS-3. The adventures of this period are told in the two books \"\" (1953, by Cousteau and Dumas) and \"Plongées sans câble\" (1954, by Philippe Tailliez).</s><s>Biography.:1950–1970s. In 1949, Cousteau left the French Navy. In 1950, he founded the French Oceanographic Campaigns (FOC), and leased a ship called \"Calypso"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": "\" from Thomas Loel Guinness for a symbolic one franc a year. Cousteau refitted the \"Calypso\" as a mobile laboratory for field research and as his principal vessel for diving and filming. He also carried out underwater archaeological excavations in the Mediterranean, in particular at Grand-Congloué (1952). With the publication of his first book in 1953, \"\", Cousteau correctly predicted the existence of the echolocation abilities of porpoises. He reported that his research vessel, the \"Élie Monier\", was heading to the Straits of Gibraltar and noticed a group of porpoises following them. Cousteau changed course a few degrees off the optimal course to the center of the strait, and the porpoises followed for a few minutes, then diverged toward mid-channel again. It was evident that they knew where the optimal course lay, even if the humans did not. Cousteau concluded that the cetaceans had something like sonar, which was a relatively new feature on submarines. In 1954, Cousteau conducted a survey of Abu Dhabi waters on behalf of British Petroleum. Among those accompanying him was Louis Malle who made a black-and-white film of the expedition for"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": " the company. Cousteau won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1956 for \"The Silent World\" co-produced with Malle. In 1957, Cousteau took over as leader of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco. Afterward, with the assistance of Jean Mollard, he made a \"diving saucer\" SP-350, an experimental underwater vehicle which could reach a depth of 350 meters. The successful experiment was quickly repeated in 1965 with two vehicles which reached 500 meters. In 1957, he was elected as director of the Oceanographical Museum of Monaco. He directed Précontinent, about the experiments of diving in saturation (long-duration immersion, houses under the sea), and was admitted to the United States National Academy of Sciences. He was involved in the creation of Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques and served as its inaugural president from 1959 to 1973. Cousteau also took part in inventing the \"SP-350 Denise Diving Saucer\" in 1959 which was an invention best for exploring the ocean floor, as it allowed one to explore on solid ground. In October 1960, a large amount of radioactive waste was going to be discarded in the Mediterranean Sea by the"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": " Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA). The CEA argued that the dumps were experimental in nature, and that French oceanographers such as Vsevelod Romanovsky had recommended it. Romanovsky and other French scientists, including Louis Fage and Jacques Cousteau, repudiated the claim, saying that Romanovsky had in mind a much smaller amount. The CEA claimed that there was little circulation (and hence little need for concern) at the dump site between Nice and Corsica, but French public opinion sided with the oceanographers rather than with the CEA atomic energy scientists. The CEA chief, Francis Perrin, decided to postpone the dump. Cousteau organized a publicity campaign which in less than two weeks gained wide popular support. The train carrying the waste was stopped by women and children sitting on the railway tracks, and it was sent back to its origin. In the 1960s, Cousteau was involved with a set of three projects to build underwater \"villages\"; the projects were named Precontinent I, Precontinent II and Precontinent III. Each ensuing project was aimed at increasing the depth at which people continuously lived under water, and were an attempt at creating an environment in which men could live and"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": " work on the sea floor. The projects are best known as Conshelf I (1962), Conshelf II (1963), and Conshelf III (1965). The names \"Precontinent\", and \"Continental Shelf Station\" (Conshelf) were used interchangeably by Cousteau. A meeting with American television companies (ABC, Métromédia, NBC) created the series \"The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau\", with the character of the commander in the red bonnet inherited from standard diving dress intended to give the films a \"personalized adventure\" style. This documentary television series ran for ten years from 1966 to 1976. A second documentary series, \"The Cousteau Odyssey\", ran from 1977 to 1982 on public television stations. In 1970, he wrote the book \"The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea\" with his son Philippe. In this book, Cousteau described the oceanic whitetip shark as \"the most dangerous of all sharks\". In December 1972, two years after the volcano's last eruption, The Cousteau Society was filming \"Voyage au bout du monde\" on Deception Island, Antarctica, when Michel Laval, \"Calypso\""
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": "s second in command, was struck and killed by a rotor of the helicopter that was ferrying between \"Calypso\" and the island. In 1973, along with his two sons and Frederick Hyman, he created the Cousteau Society for the Protection of Ocean Life, Frederick Hyman being its first President. In 1975, John Denver released the tribute song \"Calypso\" on his album \"Windsong\", and on the B-side of his hit song \"I'm Sorry\". \"Calypso\" became a hit on its own and was later considered the new A-side, reaching No. 2 on the charts. In 1976, Cousteau located the wreck of HMHS \"Britannic\". He also found the wreck of the French 17th-century ship-of-the-line \"La Therese\" in coastal waters of Crete. In 1977, together with Peter Scott, he received the UN International Environment prize. On 28 June 1979, while the \"Calypso\" was on an expedition to Portugal, his second son Philippe, his preferred and designated successor and with whom he had co-produced all his films since 1969, died in a PBY Catalina flying boat crash in the Tagus river near"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": " Lisbon. Cousteau was deeply affected. He called his eldest son, the architect Jean-Michel, to his side. This collaboration lasted 14 years.</s><s>Biography.:1980–1990s. From 1980 to 1981, he was a regular on the animal reality show \"Those Amazing Animals\", along with Burgess Meredith, Priscilla Presley, and Jim Stafford. In 1980, Cousteau traveled to Canada to make two films on the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, \"Cries from the Deep\" and \"St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea\". In 1985, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from U.S. President Ronald Reagan. From 1986 to 1992, Cousteau released \"Rediscovery of the World\". On 24 November 1988, he was elected to the Académie française, chair 17, succeeding Jean Delay. His official reception under the cupola took place on 22 June 1989, the response to his speech of reception being given by Bertrand Poirot-Delpech. After his death, he was replaced by Érik Orsenna on 28 May 1998. In June 1990, the composer Jean Michel Jarre paid homage to the commander by entitling his new album \"Waiting for"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": " Cousteau\". He also composed the music for Cousteau's documentary \"Palawan, the last refuge\". On 2 December 1990, his wife, Simone Cousteau died of cancer. In June 1991, in Paris, Jacques-Yves Cousteau remarried, to Francine Triplet, with whom he had (before this marriage) two children, Diane and Pierre-Yves. Francine Cousteau currently continues her husband's work as the head of the Cousteau Foundation and Cousteau Society. From that point, the relations between Jacques-Yves and his elder son, who is 8 years older than Francine, worsened. In November 1991, Cousteau gave an interview to the \"UNESCO Courier\", in which he stated that he was in favour of human population control and population decrease. Widely quoted on the Internet are these two paragraphs from the interview: \"What should we do to eliminate suffering and disease? It's a wonderful idea but perhaps not altogether a beneficial one in the long run. If we try to implement it we may jeopardize the future of our species...It's terrible to have to say this. World population must be stabilized and to do that we must eliminate 350,000 people per day. This"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": " is so horrible to contemplate that we shouldn't even say it. But the general situation in which we are involved is lamentable\". In 1992, he was invited to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the United Nations' International Conference on Environment and Development, and then he became a regular consultant for the UN and the World Bank. In 1995, Cousteau became involved in a legal battle with his son Jean-Michel, who was advertising the \"Cousteau Fiji Islands Resort\" in the South Pacific, to prevent him from using the Cousteau name for business purposes in the United States. This resulted in Jean-Michel Cousteau being ordered by the court to not encourage confusion between his for-profit business and his father's non-profit endeavours. On 11 January 1996, \"Calypso\" was accidentally rammed and sunk in the port of Singapore by a barge. The \"Calypso\" was refloated and towed home to France.</s><s>Biography.:Religious views. Though he was not particularly a religious man, Cousteau believed that the teachings of the different major religions provide valuable ideals and thoughts to protect the environment. In a Chapter entitled \"The Holy Scriptures and The Environment\" in the post"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": "humous work \"The Human, the Orchid, and the Octopus\", he is quoted as stating that \"The glory of nature provides evidence that God exists\".</s><s>Biography.:Opinion on recreational fishing. Cousteau said that just because fish are cold-blooded does not mean they do not feel pain, and that recreational fishermen only say so to reassure their conscience.</s><s>Death and legacy. Jacques-Yves Cousteau died of a heart attack on 25 June 1997 in Paris, two weeks after his 87th birthday. He was buried in the family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac, his birthplace. An homage was paid to him by the town by naming the street which runs out to the house of his birth \"rue du Commandant Cousteau\", where a commemorative plaque was placed. Cousteau's legacy includes more than 120 television documentaries, more than 50 books, and an environmental protection foundation with 300,000 members. Cousteau liked to call himself an \"oceanographic technician\". He was, in reality, a sophisticated showman, teacher, and lover of nature. His work permitted many people to explore the resources of the oceans. His work also created a new kind of scientific communication, criticized"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": " at the time by some academics. The so-called \"divulgationism\", a simple way of sharing scientific concepts, was soon employed in other disciplines and became one of the most important characteristics of modern television broadcasting. His Oceanographic Museum in Monaco, and perhaps even he himself, has been identified as introducing the Caulerpa \"Killer Algae,\" which is destroying much of the Mediterranean's ecosystem. The Cousteau Society and its French counterpart, l'Équipe Cousteau, both of which Jacques-Yves Cousteau founded, are still active today. The Society is currently attempting to turn the original \"Calypso\" into a museum and it is raising funds to build a successor vessel, the \"Calypso II\". In 2007, the International Watch Company introduced the IWC Aquatimer Chronograph \"Cousteau Divers\" Special Edition. The timepiece incorporated a sliver of wood from the interior of Cousteau's Calypso research vessel. Having developed the diver's watch, IWC offered support to The Cousteau Society. The proceeds from the timepieces' sales were partially donated to the non-profit organization involved in conservation of marine life and preservation of tropical coral reefs. Fab"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": "ien Cousteau, the grandson of Jacques Cousteau, is in the process of constructing a community of ocean flooring analysis stations, called Proteus, off Curaçao at a depth of about 20 m in a marine-protected area. Aquanauts could reside and work in these underwater habitats. Front-end engineering has started in 2022 with the habitat put on the sea bottom in 2025.</s><s>Awards and honors. During his lifetime, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these distinctions: - Cross of War 1939–1945 (1945) - National Geographic Society's Special Gold Medal in 1961 - Commander of the Legion of Honour (1972) - Officer of the Order of Maritime Merit (1980) - Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (1985) - U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom (1985) - Induction into the Television Hall of Fame (1987) - Elected to the Académie Française (1988) - Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters - Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia (26 January 1990) - Omicron Delta Kappa (1996)</s><s>Bibliography. - \"\" (1953, with Frédéric Dumas) - \"Captain Cousteaus"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": " Underwater Treasury\" (1959, with James Dugan) - \"The Living Sea\" (1963, with James Dugan) - \"World Without Sun\" (1965) - \"The Undersea Discoveries of Jacques-Yves Cousteau\" (1970–1975, 8-volumes, with Philippe Diolé) - \"The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea\" (1970) - \"Diving for Sunken Treasure\" (1971) - \"Life and Death in a Coral Sea\" (1971) - \"The Whale: Mighty Monarch of the Sea\" (1972) - \"Octopus and Squid: The Soft Intelligence\" (1973) - \"Three Adventures: Galápagos, Titicaca, the Blue Holes\" (1973) - \"Diving Companions: Sea Lion, Elephant Seal, Walrus\" (1974) - \"Dolphins\" (1975) - \"The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau\" (1973–78, 21 volumes) - \"Oasis in Space\" (vol 1) - \"The Act of Life\" (vol 2) - \"Quest for Food\" (vol 3) - \"Window in the Sea\" (vol 4) - \"The Art of Motion\" ("
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": "vol 5) - \"Attack and Defense\" (vol 6) - \"Invisible Messages\" (vol 7) - \"Instinct and Intelligence\" (vol 8) - \"Pharaohs of the Sea\" (vol 9) - \"Mammals in the Sea\" (vol 10) - \"Provinces of the Sea\" (vol 11) - \"Man Re-Enters Sea\" (vol 12) - \"A Sea of Legends\" (vol 13) - \"Adventure of Life\" (vol 14) - \"Outer and Inner Space\" (vol 15) - \"The Whitecaps\" (vol 16) - \"Riches of the Sea\" (vol 17) - \"Challenges of the Sea\" (vol 18) - \"The Sea in Danger\" (vol 19) - \"Guide to the Sea and Index\" (vol 20) - \"Calypso\" (1978, vol 21) - \"A Bill of Rights for Future Generations\" (1979) - \"Life at the Bottom of the World\" (1980) - \"The Cousteau United States Almanac of the Environment\" (1981, a.k.a. \" The Cousteau Almanac of the Environment: An Inventory of Life on"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": " a Water Planet\") - \"Jacques Cousteau's Calypso\" (1983, with Alexis Sivirine) - \"Marine Life of the Caribbean\" (1984, with James Cribb and Thomas H. Suchanek) - \"Jacques Cousteau's Amazon Journey\" (1984, with Mose Richards) - \"Jacques Cousteau: The Ocean World\" (1985) - \"The Whale\" (1987, with Philippe Diolé) - \"Jacques Cousteau: Whales\" (1988, with Yves Paccalet) - \"The Human, The Orchid and The Octopus\" (and Susan Schiefelbein, coauthor; Bloomsbury 2007)</s><s>Media portrayals. Jacques Cousteau has been portrayed in films: - The American comedy film \"The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou\", directed by Wes Anderson and first released in December 2004, portrays Steve Zissou, a fictional oceanographer strongly inspired by Jacques Cousteau. - The French film \"The Odyssey\", directed by Jérôme Salle and first released in October 2016, focuses on Cousteau's life, especially regarding his relation with his first wife, Simone Melch"
},
{
"title": "Jacques Cousteau",
"text": "ior, and his second son, Philippe Cousteau. - Jacques Cousteau was featured in Epic Rap Battle of History's sixth season, and was portrayed by Peter Shukoff. He faced off against Steve Irwin, portrayed by Lloyd Ahlquist.</s><s>See also. - \"Becoming Cousteau\", a 2021 full-length film biography - List of Legion of Honour recipients by name (C)</s><s>Further reading. - \"Undersea Explorer: The Story of Captain Cousteau\" (1957) by James Dugan - \"Jacques Cousteau and the Undersea World\" (2000) by Roger King - \"Jacques-Yves Cousteau: His Story Under the Sea\" (2002) by John Bankston - \"Jacques Cousteau: A Life Under the Sea\" (2008) by Kathleen Olmstead</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Jacques Cousteau",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
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|
factscore-000444
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Marcus Aurelius.
|
[
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": "<s>Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (; English: ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good Emperors (a term coined some 13 centuries later by Niccolò Machiavelli), and the last emperor of the Pax Romana, an age of relative peace, calmness and stability for the Roman Empire lasting from 27 BC to 180 AD. He served as Roman consul in 140, 145, and 161. Marcus Aurelius was born during the reign of Hadrian to the emperor's nephew, the praetor Marcus Annius Verus, and the heiress Domitia Calvilla. His father died when he was three, and his mother and grandfather raised him. After Hadrian's adoptive son, Aelius Caesar, died in 138, the emperor adopted Marcus's uncle Antoninus Pius as his new heir. In turn, Antoninus adopted Marcus and Lucius, the son of Aelius. Hadrian died that year, and Antoninus became emperor. Now heir to the throne, Marcus studied Greek and Latin under tutors such as Herodes Atticus and Marcus Cornelius Fr"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": "onto. He married Antoninus' daughter Faustina in 145. After Antoninus died in 161, Marcus Aurelius acceded to the throne alongside his adoptive brother, who reigned under the name Lucius Verus. Under his rule the Roman Empire witnessed heavy military conflict. In the East, the Romans fought successfully with a revitalized Parthian Empire and the rebel Kingdom of Armenia. Marcus defeated the Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatian Iazyges in the Marcomannic Wars; however, these and other Germanic peoples began to represent a troubling reality for the Empire. He modified the silver purity of the Roman currency, the denarius. The persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire appears to have increased during his reign, but his involvement in this is unlikely, as early Christians living in the 2nd century never claimed him as a persecutor and Tertullian even called Marcus a \"protector of Christians\". The Antonine Plague broke out in 165 or 166 and devastated the population of the Roman Empire, causing the deaths of five to ten million people. Lucius Verus may have died from the plague in 169. Unlike some of his predecessors, Marcus chose not to adopt an heir. His children included Lucilla, who married Lucius,"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " and Commodus, whose succession after Marcus has been a subject of debate among both contemporary and modern historians. The Column and Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius still stand in Rome, where they were erected in celebration of his military victories. \"Meditations\", the writings of \"the philosopher\" – as contemporary biographers called Marcus – are a significant source of the modern understanding of ancient Stoic philosophy. These writings have been praised by fellow writers, philosophers, monarchs, and politicians centuries after his death.</s><s>Sources. The major sources depicting the life and rule of Marcus Aurelius are patchy and frequently unreliable. The most important group of sources, the biographies contained in the \"Historia Augusta\", claimed to be written by a group of authors at the turn of the 4th century AD, but it is believed they were in fact written by a single author (referred to here as 'the biographer') from about AD 395. The later biographies and the biographies of subordinate emperors and usurpers are unreliable, but the earlier biographies, derived primarily from now-lost earlier sources (Marius Maximus or Ignotus), are much more accurate. For Marcus's life and rule, the biographies of Hadrian, Antoninus"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": ", Marcus, and Lucius are largely reliable, but those of Aelius Verus and Avidius Cassius are not. A body of correspondence between Marcus's tutor Fronto and various Antonine officials survives in a series of patchy manuscripts, covering the period from c. 138 to 166. Marcus's own \"Meditations\" offer a window on his inner life, but are largely undateable and make few specific references to worldly affairs. The main narrative source for the period is Cassius Dio, a Greek senator from Bithynian Nicaea who wrote a history of Rome from its founding to 229 in eighty books. Dio is vital for the military history of the period, but his senatorial prejudices and strong opposition to imperial expansion obscure his perspective. Some other literary sources provide specific details: the writings of the physician Galen on the habits of the Antonine elite, the orations of Aelius Aristides on the temper of the times, and the constitutions preserved in the \"Digest\" and \"Codex Justinianeus\" on Marcus' legal work. Inscriptions and coin finds supplement the literary sources.</s><s>Early life.</s><s>Early life.:Name. Marcus was born in Rome on 26 April 121. His birth name"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " is sometimes given as Marcus Annius Verus, but sources assign this name to him upon his father's death and unofficial adoption by his grandfather, upon his coming of age. He may have been known as Marcus Annius Catilius Severus, at birth or some point in his youth, or Marcus Catilius Severus Annius Verus. Upon his adoption by Antoninus as heir to the throne, he was known as Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar and, upon his ascension, he was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus until his death; Epiphanius of Salamis, in his chronology of the Roman emperors included in his \"On Weights and Measures\", calls him \"Marcus Aurelius Verus\".</s><s>Early life.:Family origins. Marcus' paternal family was of Roman Italo-Hispanic origins. His father was Marcus Annius Verus (III). The gens Annia was of Italic origins (with legendary claims of descendance from Numa Pompilius) and a branch of it, the \"Annii Veri\", moved to Ucubi, a small town south east of Córdoba in Iberian Baetica. This branch rose to prominence in Rome in the late"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " 1st century AD. Marcus's great-grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (I) was a senator and (according to the \"Historia Augusta\") ex-praetor; his grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (II) was made patrician in 73–74. Through his grandmother Rupilia Faustina, Marcus was a member of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty; the emperor Trajan's sororal niece Salonia Matidia was the step-mother of Rupilia and her step-sister, Hadrian's wife Sabina. Marcus's mother, Domitia Lucilla Minor (also known as Domitia Calvilla), was the daughter of the Roman patrician P. Calvisius Tullus and inherited a great fortune (described at length in one of Pliny's letters) from her parents and grandparents. Her inheritance included large brickworks on the outskirts of Rome – a profitable enterprise in an era when the city was experiencing a construction boom – and the \"Horti Domitia Calvillae\" (or \"Lucillae\"), a villa on the Caelian hill of Rome. Marcus himself was born and raised in the \"Horti\" and referred to the Caelian hill as"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " 'My Caelian'. The adoptive family of Marcus was of Roman Italo-Gallic origins: the gens Aurelia, into which Marcus was adopted at the age of 17, was a Sabine gens; Antoninus Pius, his adoptive father, came from the Aurelii Fulvi, a branch of the Aurelii based in Roman Gaul.</s><s>Early life.:Childhood. Marcus's sister, Annia Cornificia Faustina, was probably born in 122 or 123. His father probably died in 124, when Marcus was three years old during his praetorship. Though he can hardly have known his father, Marcus wrote in his \"Meditations\" that he had learned'modesty and manliness' from his memories of his father and the man's posthumous reputation. His mother Lucilla did not remarry and, following prevailing aristocratic customs, probably did not spend much time with her son. Instead, Marcus was in the care of 'nurses', and was raised after his father's death by his grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (II), who had always retained the legal authority of \"patria potestas\" over his son and grandson. Technically this was not an adoption, the creation of a new"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " and different \"patria potestas\". Lucius Catilius Severus, described as Marcus's maternal great-grandfather, also participated in his upbringing; he was probably the elder Domitia Lucilla's stepfather. Marcus was raised in his parents' home on the Caelian Hill, an upscale area with few public buildings but many aristocratic villas. Marcus's grandfather owned a palace beside the Lateran, where he would spend much of his childhood. Marcus thanks his grandfather for teaching him 'good character and avoidance of bad temper'. He was less fond of the mistress his grandfather took and lived with after the death of his wife Rupilia. Marcus was grateful that he did not have to live with her longer than he did. From a young age, Marcus displayed enthusiasm for wrestling and boxing. He trained in wrestling as a youth and into his teenage years, learned to fight in armour and joined the Salii, an order of priests dedicated to the god Mars that were responsible for the sacred shields, called Ancilia, and possibly for heralding war season's beginning and end. Marcus was educated at home, in line with contemporary aristocratic trends; he thanks Catilius Severus for encouraging him to avoid public schools. One of his teachers, Diognetus"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": ", a painting master, proved particularly influential; he seems to have introduced Marcus Aurelius to the philosophic way of life. In April 132, at the behest of Diognetus, Marcus took up the dress and habits of the philosopher: he studied while wearing a rough Greek cloak, and would sleep on the ground until his mother convinced him to sleep on a bed. A new set of tutors – the Homeric scholar Alexander of Cotiaeum along with Trosius Aper and Tuticius Proculus, teachers of Latin – took over Marcus's education in about 132 or 133. Marcus thanks Alexander for his training in literary styling. Alexander's influence – an emphasis on matter over style and careful wording, with the occasional Homeric quotation – has been detected in Marcus' \"Meditations\".</s><s>Early life.:Succession to Hadrian. In late 136, Hadrian almost died from a hemorrhage. Convalescent in his villa at Tivoli, he selected Lucius Ceionius Commodus, Marcus's intended father-in-law, as his successor and adopted son, according to the biographer 'against the wishes of everyone'. While his motives are not certain, it would appear that his goal was to eventually place the then-too-"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": "young Marcus on the throne. As part of his adoption, Commodus took the name, Lucius Aelius Caesar. His health was so poor that, during a ceremony to mark his becoming heir to the throne, he was too weak to lift a large shield on his own. After a brief stationing on the Danube frontier, Aelius returned to Rome to make an address to the Senate on the first day of 138. However, the night before the scheduled speech, he grew ill and died of a hemorrhage later in the day. On 24 January 138, Hadrian selected Aurelius Antoninus, the husband of Marcus's aunt Faustina the Elder, as his new successor. As part of Hadrian's terms, Antoninus, in turn, adopted Marcus and Lucius Commodus, the son of Lucius Aelius. Marcus became M. Aelius Aurelius Verus, and Lucius became L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus. At Hadrian's request, Antoninus' daughter Faustina was betrothed to Lucius. Marcus reportedly greeted the news that Hadrian had become his adoptive grandfather with sadness, instead of joy. Only with reluctance did he move from his mother's house on the Caelian to Hadrian's private"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " home. At some time in 138, Hadrian requested in the Senate that Marcus be exempt from the law barring him from becoming \"quaestor\" before his twenty-fourth birthday. The Senate complied, and Marcus served under Antoninus, the consul for 139. Marcus's adoption diverted him from the typical career path of his class. If not for his adoption, he probably would have become \"triumvir monetalis\", a highly regarded post involving token administration of the state mint; after that, he could have served as tribune with a legion, becoming the legion's nominal second-in-command. Marcus probably would have opted for travel and further education instead. As it was, Marcus was set apart from his fellow citizens. Nonetheless, his biographer attests that his character remained unaffected: 'He still showed the same respect to his relations as he had when he was an ordinary citizen, and he was as thrifty and careful of his possessions as he had been when he lived in a private household'. After a series of suicide attempts, all thwarted by Antoninus, Hadrian left for Baiae, a seaside resort on the Campanian coast. His condition did not improve, and he abandoned the diet prescribed by his doctors, indulging himself in food and"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " drink. He sent for Antoninus, who was at his side when he died on 10 July 138. His remains were buried quietly at Puteoli. The succession to Antoninus was peaceful and stable: Antoninus kept Hadrian's nominees in office and appeased the senate, respecting its privileges and commuting the death sentences of men charged in Hadrian's last days. For his dutiful behaviour, Antoninus was asked to accept the name 'Pius'.</s><s>Early life.:Heir to Antoninus Pius (138–145). Immediately after Hadrian's death, Antoninus approached Marcus and requested that his marriage arrangements be amended: Marcus's betrothal to Ceionia Fabia would be annulled, and he would be betrothed to Faustina, Antoninus' daughter, instead. Faustina's betrothal to Ceionia's brother Lucius Commodus would also have to be annulled. Marcus consented to Antoninus's proposal. He was made consul for 140 with Antoninus as his colleague, and was appointed as a \"seviri\", one of the knights' six commanders, at the order's annual parade on 15 July 139. As the heir apparent, Marcus became \"princeps iuventut"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": "is\", head of the equestrian order. He now took the name Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar. Marcus would later caution himself against taking the name too seriously: 'See that you do not turn into a Caesar; do not be dipped into the purple dye – for that can happen'. At the senate's request, Marcus joined all the priestly colleges (\"pontifices\", \"augures\", \"quindecimviri sacris faciundis\", \"septemviri epulonum\", etc.); direct evidence for membership, however, is available only for the Arval Brethren. Antoninus demanded that Marcus reside in the House of Tiberius, the imperial palace on the Palatine, and take up the habits of his new station, the \"aulicum fastigium\" or 'pomp of the court', against Marcus' objections. Marcus would struggle to reconcile the life of the court with his philosophic yearnings. He told himself it was an attainable goal – 'Where life is possible, then it is possible to live the right life; life is possible in a palace, so it is possible to live the right life in a palace' – but he found it difficult nonetheless."
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " He would criticize himself in the \"Meditations\" for 'abusing court life' in front of company. As quaestor, Marcus would have had little real administrative work to do. He would read imperial letters to the senate when Antoninus was absent and would do secretarial work for the senators. But he felt drowned in paperwork and complained to his tutor, Marcus Cornelius Fronto: 'I am so out of breath from dictating nearly thirty letters'. He was being 'fitted for ruling the state', in the words of his biographer. He was required to make a speech to the assembled senators as well, making oratorical training essential for the job. On 1 January 145, Marcus was made consul a second time. Fronto urged him in a letter to have plenty of sleep'so that you may come into the Senate with a good colour and read your speech with a strong voice'. Marcus had complained of an illness in an earlier letter: 'As far as my strength is concerned, I am beginning to get it back; and there is no trace of the pain in my chest. But that ulcer [...] I am having treatment and taking care not to do anything that interferes with it'. Never particularly healthy or strong, Marcus was praised"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " by Cassius Dio, writing of his later years, for behaving dutifully in spite of his various illnesses. In April 145, Marcus married Faustina, legally his sister, as had been planned since 138. Little is specifically known of the ceremony, but the biographer calls it 'noteworthy'. Coins were issued with the heads of the couple, and Antoninus, as \"Pontifex Maximus\", would have officiated. Marcus makes no apparent reference to the marriage in his surviving letters, and only sparing references to Faustina.</s><s>Early life.:Fronto and further education. After taking the \"toga virilis\" in 136, Marcus probably began his training in oratory. He had three tutors in Greek (Aninus Macer, Caninius Celer, and Herodes Atticus) and one in Latin (Marcus Cornelius Fronto). The latter two were the most esteemed orators of their time, but probably did not become his tutors until his adoption by Antoninus in 138. The preponderance of Greek tutors indicates the importance of the Greek language to the aristocracy of Rome. This was the age of the Second Sophistic, a renaissance in Greek letters. Although educated in Rome, in his \"Meditations"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": "\" Marcus would write his inmost thoughts in Greek. Atticus was controversial: an enormously rich Athenian (probably the richest man in the eastern half of the empire), he was quick to anger and resented by his fellow Athenians for his patronizing manner. Atticus was an inveterate opponent of Stoicism and philosophic pretensions. He thought the Stoics' desire for apatheia was foolish: they would live a'sluggish, enervated life', he said. In spite of the influence of Atticus, Marcus would later become a Stoic. He would not mention Herodes at all in his \"Meditations\", in spite of the fact that they would come into contact many times over the following decades. Fronto was highly esteemed: in the self-consciously antiquarian world of Latin letters, he was thought of as second only to Cicero, perhaps even an alternative to him. He did not care much for Atticus, though Marcus was eventually to put the pair on speaking terms. Fronto exercised a complete mastery of Latin, capable of tracing expressions through the literature, producing obscure synonyms, and challenging minor improprieties in word choice. A significant amount of the correspondence between Fronto and Marcus has survived. The pair"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " were very close, using intimate language such as 'Farewell my Fronto, wherever you are, my most sweet love and delight. How is it between you and me? I love you and you are not here' in their correspondence. Marcus spent time with Fronto's wife and daughter, both named Cratia, and they enjoyed light conversation. He wrote Fronto a letter on his birthday, claiming to love him as he loved himself, and calling on the gods to ensure that every word he learnt of literature, he would learn 'from the lips of Fronto'. His prayers for Fronto's health were more than conventional, because Fronto was frequently ill; at times, he seems to be an almost constant invalid, always suffering – about one-quarter of the surviving letters deal with the man's sicknesses. Marcus asks that Fronto's pain be inflicted on himself, 'of my own accord with every kind of discomfort'. Fronto never became Marcus's full-time teacher and continued his career as an advocate. One notorious case brought him into conflict with Atticus. Marcus pleaded with Fronto, first with 'advice', then as a 'favour', not to attack Atticus; he had already asked Atticus to refrain from making the first"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " blows. Fronto replied that he was surprised to discover Marcus counted Atticus as a friend (perhaps Atticus was not yet Marcus' tutor), and allowed that Marcus might be correct, but nonetheless affirmed his intent to win the case by any means necessary: '[T]he charges are frightful and must be spoken of as frightful. Those in particular that refer to the beating and robbing I will describe so that they savour of gall and bile. If I happen to call him an uneducated little Greek it will not mean war to the death'. The outcome of the trial is unknown. By the age of twenty-five (between April 146 and April 147), Marcus had grown disaffected with his studies in jurisprudence, and showed some signs of general malaise. His master, he writes to Fronto, was an unpleasant blowhard, and had made 'a hit at' him: 'It is easy to sit yawning next to a judge, he says, but to \"be\" a judge is noble work'. Marcus had grown tired of his exercises, of taking positions in imaginary debates. When he criticized the insincerity of conventional language, Fronto took to defend it. In any case, Marcus' formal education was now over. He"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " had kept his teachers on good terms, following them devotedly. It 'affected his health adversely', his biographer writes, to have devoted so much effort to his studies. It was the only thing the biographer could find fault with in Marcus's entire boyhood. Fronto had warned Marcus against the study of philosophy early on: \"It is better never to have touched the teaching of philosophy [...] than to have tasted it superficially, with the edge of the lips, as the saying is\". He disdained philosophy and philosophers and looked down on Marcus's sessions with Apollonius of Chalcedon and others in this circle. Fronto put an uncharitable interpretation of Marcus's 'conversion to philosophy': 'In the fashion of the young, tired of boring work', Marcus had turned to philosophy to escape the constant exercises of oratorical training. Marcus kept in close touch with Fronto, but would ignore Fronto's scruples. Apollonius may have introduced Marcus to Stoic philosophy, but Quintus Junius Rusticus would have the strongest influence on the boy. He was the man Fronto recognized as having 'wooed Marcus away' from oratory. He was older than Fronto and twenty years older than Marcus"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": ". As the grandson of Arulenus Rusticus, one of the martyrs to the tyranny of Domitian (\"r\". 81–96), he was heir to the tradition of 'Stoic Opposition' to the 'bad emperors' of the 1st century; the true successor of Seneca (as opposed to Fronto, the false one). Marcus thanks Rusticus for teaching him 'not to be led astray into enthusiasm for rhetoric, for writing on speculative themes, for discoursing on moralizing texts... To avoid oratory, poetry, and 'fine writing''. Philostratus describes how even when Marcus was an old man, in the latter part of his reign, he studied under Sextus of Chaeronea: The Emperor Marcus was an eager disciple of Sextus the Boeotian philosopher, being often in his company and frequenting his house. Lucius, who had just come to Rome, asked the Emperor, whom he met on his way, where he was going to and on what errand, and Marcus answered,'it is good even for an old man to learn; I am now on my way to Sextus the philosopher to learn what I do not yet know.' And Lucius, raising his hand"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " to heaven, said,'O Zeus, the king of the Romans in his old age takes up his tablets and goes to school.'</s><s>Early life.:Births and deaths. On 30 November 147, Faustina gave birth to a girl named Domitia Faustina. She was the first of at least thirteen children (including two sets of twins) that Faustina would bear over the next twenty-three years. The next day, 1 December, Antoninus gave Marcus the tribunician power and the \"imperium\" – authority over the armies and provinces of the emperor. As tribune, he had the right to bring one measure before the senate after the four Antoninus could introduce. His tribunician powers would be renewed with Antoninus's on 10 December 147. The first mention of Domitia in Marcus's letters reveals her as a sickly infant. 'Caesar to Fronto. If the gods are willing we seem to have a hope of recovery. The diarrhea has stopped, the little attacks of fever have been driven away. But the emaciation is still extreme and there is still quite a bit of coughing'. He and Faustina, Marcus wrote, had been 'pretty occupied' with the girl's care. Domitia would die in 151"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": ". In 149, Faustina gave birth again, to twin sons. Contemporary coinage commemorates the event, with crossed cornucopiae beneath portrait busts of the two small boys, and the legend \"temporum felicitas\", 'the happiness of the times'. They did not survive long. Before the end of the year, another family coin was issued: it shows only a tiny girl, Domitia Faustina, and one boy baby. Then another: the girl alone. The infants were buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian, where their epitaphs survive. They were called Titus Aurelius Antoninus and Tiberius Aelius Aurelius. Marcus steadied himself: 'One man prays: 'How I may not lose my little child', but you must pray: 'How I may not be afraid to lose him'. He quoted from the \"Iliad\" what he called the \"briefest and most familiar saying [...] enough to dispel sorrow and fear\": poem leaves, the wind scatters some on the face of the ground; like unto them are the children of men./poem – \"Iliad\" vi.146 Another daughter was born on 7 March 150, Annia Aurelia Gal"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": "eria Lucilla. At some time between 155 and 161, probably soon after 155, Marcus's mother Domitia Lucilla died. Faustina probably had another daughter in 151, but the child, Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina, might not have been born until 153. Another son, Tiberius Aelius Antoninus, was born in 152. A coin issue celebrates \"fecunditati Augustae\", 'to Augusta's fertility', depicting two girls and an infant. The boy did not survive long, as evidenced by coins from 156, only depicting the two girls. He might have died in 152, the same year as Marcus's sister Cornificia. By 28 March 158, when Marcus replied, another of his children was dead. Marcus thanked the temple synod, 'even though this turned out otherwise'. The child's name is unknown. In 159 and 160, Faustina gave birth to daughters: Fadilla and Cornificia, named respectively after Faustina's and Marcus's dead sisters.</s><s>Early life.:Antoninus Pius's last years. Lucius started his political career as a quaestor in 153. He was consul in 154, and was consul again with Marcus in 161. Lucius had no other"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " titles, except that of'son of Augustus'. Lucius had a markedly different personality from Marcus: he enjoyed sports of all kinds, but especially hunting and wrestling; he took obvious pleasure in the circus games and gladiatorial fights. He did not marry until 164. In 156, Antoninus turned 70. He found it difficult to keep himself upright without stays. He started nibbling on dry bread to give him the strength to stay awake through his morning receptions. As Antoninus aged, Marcus would take on more administrative duties, more still when he became the praetorian prefect (an office that was as much secretarial as military) when Marcus Gavius Maximus died in 156 or 157. In 160, Marcus and Lucius were designated joint consuls for the following year. Antoninus may have already been ill. Two days before his death, the biographer reports, Antoninus was at his ancestral estate at Lorium, in Etruria, about 19 kilometres (12 mi) from Rome. He ate Alpine cheese at dinner quite greedily. In the night he vomited; he had a fever the next day. The day after that, 7 March 161, he summoned the imperial council, and passed the state and his daughter to Marcus. The emperor gave"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " the keynote to his life in the last word that he uttered when the tribune of the night-watch came to ask the password – 'aequanimitas' (equanimity). He then turned over, as if going to sleep, and died. His death closed out the longest reign since Augustus, surpassing Tiberius by a couple of months.</s><s>Emperor.</s><s>Emperor.:Accession of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (161). After Antoninus died in 161, Marcus was effectively sole ruler of the Empire. The formalities of the position would follow. The Senate would soon grant him the name Augustus and the title \"imperator\", and he would soon be formally elected as \"pontifex maximus\", chief priest of the official cults. Marcus made some show of resistance: the biographer writes that he was 'compelled' to take imperial power. This may have been a genuine \"horror imperii\", 'fear of imperial power'. Marcus, with his preference for the philosophic life, found the imperial office unappealing. His training as a Stoic however, had made the choice clear to him that it was his duty. Although Marcus showed no personal affection for Hadrian (sign"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": "ificantly, he does not thank him in the first book of his \"Meditations\"), he presumably believed it his duty to enact the man's succession plans. Thus, although the Senate planned to confirm Marcus alone, he refused to take office unless Lucius received equal powers. The Senate accepted, granting Lucius the \"imperium\", the tribunician power, and the title Augustus. Marcus became, in official titulature, Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus; Lucius, forgoing his name Commodus and taking Marcus's family name Verus, became Imperator Caesar Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus. It was the first time that Rome was ruled by two emperors. In spite of their nominal equality, Marcus held more \"auctoritas\", or 'authority', than Lucius. He had been consul once more than Lucius, he had shared in Antoninus's rule, and he alone was \"pontifex maximus\". It would have been clear to the public which emperor was the more senior. As the biographer wrote: \"Verus obeyed Marcus [...] as a lieutenant obeys a proconsul or a governor obeys the emperor\". Immediately after their Senate confirmation, the emperors proceeded to the Castra Praetoria,"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " the camp of the Praetorian Guard. Lucius addressed the assembled troops, which then acclaimed the pair as \"imperatores\". Then, like every new emperor since Claudius, Lucius promised the troops a special \"donativum\". This donative, however, was twice the size of those past: 20,000 sesterces (5,000 denarii) per capita, with more to officers. In return for this bounty, equivalent to several years' pay, the troops swore an oath to protect the emperors. The ceremony was perhaps not entirely necessary, given that Marcus's accession had been peaceful and unopposed, but it was good insurance against later military troubles. Upon his accession he also devalued the Roman currency. He decreased the silver purity of the denarius from 83.5% to 79% – the silver weight dropping from to. Antoninus's funeral ceremonies were, in the words of the biographer, 'elaborate'. If his funeral followed those of his predecessors, his body would have been cremated on a pyre at the Campus Martius, and his spirit would have been seen as ascending to the gods' home in the heavens. Marcus and Lucius nominated their father for deification. In contrast to their"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " behaviour during Antoninus's campaign to deify Hadrian, the Senate did not oppose the emperors' wishes. A \"flamen\", or cultic priest, was appointed to minister the cult of the deified Divus Antoninus. Antoninus's remains were laid to rest in Hadrian's mausoleum, beside the remains of Marcus's children and of Hadrian himself. The temple he had dedicated to his wife, Diva Faustina, became the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. It survives as the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda. In accordance with his will, Antoninus's fortune passed on to Faustina. (Marcus had little need of his wife's fortune. Indeed, at his accession, Marcus transferred part of his mother's estate to his nephew, Ummius Quadratus.) Faustina was three months pregnant at her husband's accession. During the pregnancy she dreamed of giving birth to two serpents, one fiercer than the other. On 31 August, she gave birth at Lanuvium to twins: T. Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus. Aside from the fact that the twins shared Caligula's birthday, the omens were favorable, and the"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " astrologers drew positive horoscopes for the children. The births were celebrated on the imperial coinage.</s><s>Emperor.:Early rule. Soon after the emperor's accession, Marcus's eleven-year-old daughter, Annia Lucilla, was betrothed to Lucius (in spite of the fact that he was, formally, her uncle). At the ceremonies commemorating the event, new provisions were made for the support of poor children, along the lines of earlier imperial foundations. Marcus and Lucius proved popular with the people of Rome, who strongly approved of their \"civiliter\" (\"lacking pomp\") behaviour. The emperors permitted free speech, evidenced by the fact that the comedy writer Marullus was able to criticize them without suffering retribution. As the biographer wrote, \"No one missed the lenient ways of Pius\". Marcus replaced a number of the empire's major officials. The \"ab epistulis\" Sextus Caecilius Crescens Volusianus, in charge of the imperial correspondence, was replaced with Titus Varius Clemens. Clemens was from the frontier province of Pannonia and had served in the war in Mauretania. Recently, he had served as procurator of five provinces"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": ". He was a man suited for a time of military crisis. Lucius Volusius Maecianus, Marcus's former tutor, had been prefectural governor of Egypt at Marcus's accession. Maecianus was recalled, made senator, and appointed prefect of the treasury (\"aerarium Saturni\"). He was made consul soon after. Fronto's son-in-law, Gaius Aufidius Victorinus, was appointed governor of Germania Superior. Fronto returned to his Roman townhouse at dawn on 28 March, having left his home in Cirta as soon as news of his pupils' accession reached him. He sent a note to the imperial freedman Charilas, asking if he could call on the emperors. Fronto would later explain that he had not dared to write the emperors directly. The tutor was immensely proud of his students. Reflecting on the speech he had written on taking his consulship in 143, when he had praised the young Marcus, Fronto was ebullient: \"There was then an outstanding natural ability in you; there is now perfected excellence. There was then a crop of growing corn; there is now a ripe, gathered harvest. What I was hoping for then"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": ", I have now. The hope has become a reality\". Fronto called on Marcus alone; neither thought to invite Lucius. Lucius was less esteemed by Fronto than his brother, as his interests were on a lower level. Lucius asked Fronto to adjudicate in a dispute he and his friend Calpurnius were having on the relative merits of two actors. Marcus told Fronto of his reading – Coelius and a little Cicero – and his family. His daughters were in Rome with their great-great-aunt Matidia; Marcus thought the evening air of the country was too cold for them. He asked Fronto for'some particularly eloquent reading matter, something of your own, or Cato, or Cicero, or Sallust or Gracchus – or some poet, for I need distraction, especially in this kind of way, by reading something that will uplift and diffuse my pressing anxieties.' Marcus's early reign proceeded smoothly; he was able to give himself wholly to philosophy and the pursuit of popular affection. Soon, however, he would find he had many anxieties. It would mean the end of the \"felicitas temporum\" ('happy times') that the coinage of 161 had proclaimed. In either autumn 161 or"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " spring 162, the Tiber overflowed its banks, flooding much of Rome. It drowned many animals, leaving the city in famine. Marcus and Lucius gave the crisis their personal attention. In other times of famine, the emperors are said to have provided for the Italian communities out of the Roman granaries. Fronto's letters continued through Marcus's early reign. Fronto felt that, because of Marcus's prominence and public duties, lessons were more important now than they had ever been before. He believed Marcus was 'beginning to feel the wish to be eloquent once more, in spite of having for a time lost interest in eloquence'. Fronto would again remind his pupil of the tension between his role and his philosophic pretensions: 'Suppose, Caesar, that you can attain to the wisdom of Cleanthes and Zeno, yet, against your will, not the philosopher's woolen cape'. The early days of Marcus's reign were the happiest of Fronto's life: Marcus was beloved by the people of Rome, an excellent emperor, a fond pupil, and perhaps most importantly, as eloquent as could be wished. Marcus had displayed rhetorical skill in his speech to the senate after an earthquake at Cyzicus. It had conveyed the drama of"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " the disaster, and the Senate had been awed: \"Not more suddenly or violently was the city stirred by the earthquake than the minds of your hearers by your speech\". Fronto was hugely pleased.</s><s>Emperor.:War with Parthia (161–166). On his deathbed, Antoninus spoke of nothing but the state and the foreign kings who had wronged him. One of those kings, Vologases IV of Parthia, made his move in late summer or early autumn 161. Vologases entered the Kingdom of Armenia (then a Roman client state), expelled its king and installed his own – Pacorus, an Arsacid like himself. The governor of Cappadocia, the frontline in all Armenian conflicts, was Marcus Sedatius Severianus, a Gaul with much experience in military matters. Convinced by the prophet Alexander of Abonoteichus that he could defeat the Parthians easily and win glory for himself, Severianus led a legion (perhaps the IX Hispana) into Armenia, but was trapped by the great Parthian general Chosrhoes at Elegeia, a town just beyond the Cappadocian frontiers, high up past the headwaters of the Euphrates."
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " After Severianus made some unsuccessful efforts to engage Chosrhoes, he committed suicide, and his legion was massacred. The campaign had lasted only three days. There was threat of war on other frontiers as well – in Britain, and in Raetia and Upper Germany, where the Chatti of the Taunus mountains had recently crossed over the \"limes\". Marcus was unprepared. Antoninus seems to have given him no military experience; the biographer writes that Marcus spent the whole of Antoninus's twenty-three-year reign at his emperor's side and not in the provinces, where most previous emperors had spent their early careers. More bad news arrived: the Syrian governor's army had been defeated by the Parthians, and retreated in disarray. Reinforcements were dispatched for the Parthian frontier. P. Julius Geminius Marcianus, an African senator commanding X Gemina at Vindobona (Vienna), left for Cappadocia with detachments from the Danubian legions. Three full legions were also sent east: I Minervia from Bonn in Upper Germany, II Adiutrix from Aquincum, and V Macedonica from Troesmis. The northern frontiers were"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " strategically weakened; frontier governors were told to avoid conflict wherever possible. M. Annius Libo, Marcus's first cousin, was sent to replace the Syrian governor. His first consulship was in 161, so he was probably in his early thirties, and as a patrician, he lacked military experience. Marcus had chosen a reliable man rather than a talented one. Marcus took a four-day public holiday at Alsium, a resort town on the coast of Etruria. He was too anxious to relax. Writing to Fronto, he declared that he would not speak about his holiday. Fronto replied: 'What? Do I not know that you went to Alsium with the intention of devoting yourself to games, joking, and complete leisure for four whole days?' He encouraged Marcus to rest, calling on the example of his predecessors (Antoninus had enjoyed exercise in the \"palaestra\", fishing, and comedy), going so far as to write up a fable about the gods' division of the day between morning and evening – Marcus had apparently been spending most of his evenings on judicial matters instead of at leisure. Marcus could not take Fronto's advice. 'I have duties hanging over me that can hardly be begged"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " off', he wrote back. Marcus Aurelius put on Fronto's voice to chastise himself: ''Much good has my advice done you', you will say!' He had rested, and would rest often, but 'this devotion to duty! Who knows better than you how demanding it is!' Fronto sent Marcus a selection of reading material, and, to settle his unease over the course of the Parthian war, a long and considered letter, full of historical references. In modern editions of Fronto's works, it is labeled \"De bello Parthico\" (\"On the Parthian War\"). There had been reverses in Rome's past, Fronto writes, but in the end, Romans had always prevailed over their enemies: 'Always and everywhere [Mars] has changed our troubles into successes and our terrors into triumphs'. Over the winter of 161–162, news that a rebellion was brewing in Syria arrived and it was decided that Lucius should direct the Parthian war in person. He was stronger and healthier than Marcus, the argument went, and thus more suited to military activity. Lucius's biographer suggests ulterior motives: to restrain Lucius's debaucheries, to make him thrifty, to reform his morals by"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " the terror of war, and to realize that he was an emperor. Whatever the case, the senate gave its assent, and, in the summer of 162, Lucius left. Marcus would remain in Rome, as the city 'demanded the presence of an emperor'. Lucius spent most of the campaign in Antioch, though he wintered at Laodicea and summered at Daphne, a resort just outside Antioch. Critics declaimed Lucius's luxurious lifestyle, saying that he had taken to gambling, would 'dice the whole night through', and enjoyed the company of actors. Libo died early in the war; perhaps Lucius had murdered him. In the middle of the war, perhaps in autumn 163 or early 164, Lucius made a trip to Ephesus to be married to Marcus's daughter Lucilla. Marcus moved up the date; perhaps he had already heard of Lucius's mistress Panthea. Lucilla's thirteenth birthday was in March 163; whatever the date of her marriage, she was not yet fifteen. Lucilla was accompanied by her mother Faustina and Lucius's uncle (his father's half-brother) M. Vettulenus Civica Barbarus, who was made \"comes Augusti\", 'companion of the"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " emperors'. Marcus may have wanted Civica to watch over Lucius, the job Libo had failed at. Marcus may have planned to accompany them all the way to Smyrna (the biographer says he told the senate he would), but this did not happen. He only accompanied the group as far as Brundisium, where they boarded a ship for the east. He returned to Rome immediately thereafter, and sent out special instructions to his proconsuls not to give the group any official reception. The Armenian capital Artaxata was captured in 163. At the end of the year, Lucius took the title \"Armeniacus\", despite having never seen combat; Marcus declined to accept the title until the following year. When Lucius was hailed as \"imperator\" again, however, Marcus did not hesitate to take the \"Imperator II\" with him. Occupied Armenia was reconstructed on Roman terms. In 164, a new capital, Kaine Polis ('New City'), replaced Artaxata. A new king was installed: a Roman senator of consular rank and Arsacid descent, Gaius Julius Sohaemus. He may not even have been crowned in Armenia; the ceremony may have taken place in Antioch, or even Ephesus"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": ". Sohaemus was hailed on the imperial coinage of 164 under the legend : Lucius sat on a throne with his staff while Sohaemus stood before him, saluting the emperor. In 163, the Parthians intervened in Osroene, a Roman client in upper Mesopotamia centred on Edessa, and installed their own king on its throne. In response, Roman forces were moved downstream, to cross the Euphrates at a more southerly point. Before the end of 163, however, Roman forces had moved north to occupy Dausara and Nicephorium on the northern, Parthian bank. Soon after the conquest of the north bank of the Euphrates, other Roman forces moved on Osroene from Armenia, taking Anthemusia, a town southwest of Edessa. In 165, Roman forces moved on Mesopotamia. Edessa was re-occupied, and Mannus, the king deposed by the Parthians, was re-installed. The Parthians retreated to Nisibis, but this too was besieged and captured. The Parthian army dispersed in the Tigris. A second force, under Avidius Cassius and the III Gallica, moved down the Euphrates, and"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " fought a major battle at Dura. By the end of the year, Cassius's army had reached the twin metropolises of Mesopotamia: Seleucia on the right bank of the Tigris and Ctesiphon on the left. Ctesiphon was taken and its royal palace set to flame. The citizens of Seleucia, still largely Greek (the city had been commissioned and settled as a capital of the Seleucid Empire, one of Alexander the Great's successor kingdoms), opened its gates to the invaders. The city was sacked nonetheless, leaving a black mark on Lucius's reputation. Excuses were sought, or invented: the official version had it that the Seleucids broke faith first. Cassius's army, although suffering from a shortage of supplies and the effects of a plague contracted in Seleucia, made it back to Roman territory safely. Lucius took the title Parthicus Maximus, and he and Marcus were hailed as \"imperatores\" again, earning the title 'imp. III'. Cassius's army returned to the field in 166, crossing over the Tigris into Media. Lucius took the title 'Medicus', and the emperors were again hailed as \"imperat"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": "ores\", becoming 'imp. IV' in imperial titulature. Marcus took the Parthicus Maximus now, after another tactful delay. On 12 October of that year, Marcus proclaimed two of his sons, Annius and Commodus, as his heirs.</s><s>Emperor.:War with Germanic tribes (166–180). During the early 160s, Fronto's son-in-law Victorinus was stationed as a legate in Germany. He was there with his wife and children (another child had stayed with Fronto and his wife in Rome). The condition on the northern frontier looked grave. A frontier post had been destroyed, and it looked like all the peoples of central and northern Europe were in turmoil. There was corruption among the officers: Victorinus had to ask for the resignation of a legionary legate who was taking bribes. Experienced governors had been replaced by friends and relatives of the imperial family. Lucius Dasumius Tullius Tuscus, a distant relative of Hadrian, was in Upper Pannonia, succeeding the experienced Marcus Nonius Macrinus. Lower Pannonia was under the obscure Tiberius Haterius Saturnius. Marcus Servilius Fabianus Maximus was shuffled from Lower Moes"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": "ia to Upper Moesia when Marcus Iallius Bassus had joined Lucius in Antioch. Lower Moesia was filled by Pontius Laelianus's son. The Dacias were still divided in three, governed by a praetorian senator and two procurators. The peace could not hold long; Lower Pannonia did not even have a legion. Starting in the 160s, Germanic tribes, and other nomadic people launched raids along the northern border, particularly into Gaul and across the Danube. This new impetus westwards was probably due to attacks from tribes further east. A first invasion by the Chatti in the province of Germania Superior was repulsed in 162. Far more dangerous was the invasion of 166, when the Marcomanni of Bohemia, clients of the Roman Empire since AD 19, crossed the Danube together with the Lombards and other Germanic tribes. Soon thereafter, the Iranian Sarmatian Iazyges attacked between the Danube and the Theiss rivers. The Costoboci, coming from the Carpathian area, invaded Moesia, Macedonia, and Greece. After a long struggle, Marcus managed to push back the invaders. Numerous members of Germanic tribes settled in frontier regions like D"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": "acia, Pannonia, Germany, and Italy itself. This was not a new thing, but this time the numbers of settlers required the creation of two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, Sarmatia and Marcomannia, including today's Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. Some Germanic tribes who settled in Ravenna revolted and managed to seize possession of the city. For this reason, Marcus decided not only against bringing more barbarians into Italy, but even banished those who had previously been brought there.</s><s>Emperor.:Legal and administrative work. Like many emperors, Marcus spent most of his time addressing matters of law such as petitions and hearing disputes, but unlike many of his predecessors, he was already proficient in imperial administration when he assumed power. He took great care in the theory and practice of legislation. Professional jurists called him \"an emperor most skilled in the law\" and \"a most prudent and conscientiously just emperor\". He showed marked interest in three areas of the law: the manumission of slaves, the guardianship of orphans and minors, and the choice of city councillors (\"decuriones\"). Marcus showed a great deal of respect to the Roman Senate and routinely asked them for permission to spend"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " money even though he did not need to do so as the absolute ruler of the Empire. In one speech, Marcus himself reminded the Senate that the imperial palace where he lived was not truly his possession but theirs. In 168, he revalued the denarius, increasing the silver purity from 79% to 82% – the actual silver weight increasing from. However, two years later he reverted to the previous values because of the military crises facing the empire.</s><s>Emperor.:Legal and administrative work.:Trade with Han China and outbreak of plague. A possible contact with Han China occurred in 166 when a Roman traveller visited the Han court, claiming to be an ambassador representing a certain Andun (Chinese: 安 敦), ruler of Daqin, who can be identified either with Marcus or his predecessor Antoninus. In addition to Republican-era Roman glasswares found at Guangzhou along the South China Sea, Roman golden medallions made during the reign of Antoninus and perhaps even Marcus have been found at Óc Eo, Vietnam, then part of the Kingdom of Funan near the Chinese province of Jiaozhi (in northern Vietnam). This may have been the port city of Kattigara, described by Ptolemy ("
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": "c. 150) as being visited by a Greek sailor named Alexander and lying beyond the Golden Chersonese (i.e. Malay Peninsula). Roman coins from the reigns of Tiberius to Aurelian have been found in Xi'an, China (site of the Han capital Chang'an), although the far greater amount of Roman coins in India suggests the Roman maritime trade for purchasing Chinese silk was centred there, not in China or even the overland Silk Road running through Persia. The Antonine Plague started in Mesopotamia in 165 or 166 at the end of Lucius's campaign against the Parthians. It may have continued into the reign of Commodus. Galen, who was in Rome when the plague spread to the city in 166, mentioned that \"fever, diarrhoea, and inflammation of the pharynx, along with dry or pustular eruptions of the skin after nine days\" were among the symptoms. It is believed that the plague was smallpox. In the view of historian Rafe de Crespigny, the plagues afflicting the Eastern Han empire of China during the reigns of Emperor Huan of Han (r. 146–168) and Emperor Ling of Han (r. 168–"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": "189), which struck in 151, 161, 171, 173, 179, 182, and 185, were perhaps connected to the plague in Rome. Raoul McLaughlin writes that the travel of Roman subjects to the Han Chinese court in 166 may have started a new era of Roman–Far East trade. However, it was also a \"harbinger of something much more ominous\". According to McLaughlin, the disease caused \"irreparable\" damage to the Roman maritime trade in the Indian Ocean as proven by the archaeological record spanning from Egypt to India, as well as significantly decreased Roman commercial activity in Southeast Asia.</s><s>Emperor.:Death and succession (180). Marcus Aurelius died at the age of 58 on 17 March 180 of unknown causes in his military quarters either in the city of Vindobona (province of Pannonia Superior, today Vienna) or near of Sirmium (province of Pannonia Inferior, modern Sremska Mitrovica). He was immediately deified and his ashes were returned to Rome, where they rested in Hadrian's mausoleum (modern Castel Sant'Angelo) until the Visigoth sack of the city in 410. His campaigns against Germans and Sarmatians were"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " also commemorated by a column and a temple built in Rome. Some scholars consider his death to be the end of the \"Pax Romana\". Marcus was succeeded by his son Commodus, whom he had named Caesar in 166 and with whom he had jointly ruled since 177. Biological sons of the emperor, if there were any, were considered heirs; however, it was only the second time that a \"non-adoptive\" son had succeeded his father, the only other having been a century earlier when Vespasian was succeeded by his son Titus. Historians have criticized the succession to Commodus, citing Commodus's erratic behaviour and lack of political and military acumen. At the end of his history of Marcus's reign, Cassius Dio wrote an encomium to the emperor, and described the transition to Commodus in his own lifetime with sorrow: [Marcus] did not meet with the good fortune that he deserved, for he was not strong in body and was involved in a multitude of troubles throughout practically his entire reign. But for my part, I admire him all the more for this very reason, that amid unusual and extraordinary difficulties he both survived himself and preserved the empire. Just one thing prevented him from being completely happy, namely, that"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " after rearing and educating his son in the best possible way he was vastly disappointed in him. This matter must be our next topic; for our history now descends from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust, as affairs did for the Romans of that day. Dio adds that from Marcus's first days as counsellor to Antoninus to his final days as emperor of Rome, \"he remained the same [person] and did not change in the least.\" Michael Grant, in \"The Climax of Rome\", writes of Commodus: The youth turned out to be very erratic, or at least so anti-traditional that disaster was inevitable. But whether or not Marcus ought to have known this to be so, the rejections of his son's claims in favour of someone else would almost certainly have involved one of the civil wars which were to proliferate so disastrously around future successions.</s><s>Attitude towards Christians. In the first two centuries of the Christian era, it was local Roman officials who were largely responsible for the persecution of Christians. In the second century, the emperors treated Christianity as a local problem to be dealt with by their subordinates. The number and severity of persecutions of Christians in various locations of the empire seemingly increased during"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The extent to which the emperor himself directed, encouraged, or was aware of these persecutions is unclear and much debated by historians. The early Christian apologist Justin Martyr, includes within his First Apology (written between AD 140 and 150) a letter from Marcus Aurelius to the Roman Senate (prior to his reign) describing a battlefield incident in which Marcus believed Christian prayer had saved his army from thirst when \"water poured from heaven\" after which, \"immediately we recognized the presence of God.\" Marcus goes on to request the Senate desist from earlier courses of Christian persecution by Rome. However, this letter was one of three from Roman emperors included by Martyr, two of which (including the Aurelius letter) are regarded as spurious.</s><s>Marriage and children. Marcus and his cousin-wife Faustina had at least 14 children during their 30-year marriage, including two sets of twins. One son and four daughters outlived their father. Their children included: - Domitia Faustina (147–151) - Titus Aelius Antoninus (149) - Titus Aelius Aurelius (149) - Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla (150–182), married"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " her father's co-ruler Lucius Verus, then Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, had issue from both marriages - Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina (born 151), married Gnaeus Claudius Severus, had a son - Tiberius Aelius Antoninus (born 152, died before 156) - Unknown child (died before 158) - Annia Aurelia Fadilla (born 159), married Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus, had issue - Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor (born 160), married Marcus Petronius Sura Mamertinus, had a son - Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (161–165), elder twin brother of Commodus - Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (Commodus) (161–192), twin brother of Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, later emperor, married Bruttia Crispina, no issue - Marcus Annius Verus Caesar (162–169) - Hadrianus - Vibia Aurelia Sabina (170– died before 217), married Lucius Antistius Burrus, no issue</s><s>Writings. While on campaign between 170 and 180, Marcus wrote his \"Meditations\" in Greek as"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " a source for his own guidance and self-improvement. The original title of this work, if it had one, is unknown. 'Meditations' – as well as other titles including 'To Himself' – were adopted later. He had a logical mind, and his notes were representative of Stoic philosophy and spirituality. \"Meditations\" is still revered as a literary monument to a government of service and duty. George Long's English translation of \"Meditations\" was included in Volume 2 of the \"Harvard Classics\". According to Hays, the book was a favourite of Christina of Sweden, Frederick the Great, John Stuart Mill, Matthew Arnold, and Goethe, and is admired by modern figures such as Wen Jiabao and Bill Clinton. It has been considered by many commentators to be one of the greatest works of philosophy. It is not known how widely Marcus's writings were circulated after his death. There are stray references in the ancient literature to the popularity of his precepts, and Julian the Apostate was well aware of his reputation as a philosopher, though he does not specifically mention \"Meditations\". It survived in the scholarly traditions of the Eastern Church, and the first surviving quotes of the book, as well as the first known reference of it by name"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " ('Marcus's writings to himself') are from Arethas of Caesarea in the 10th century and in the Byzantine Suda (perhaps inserted by Arethas himself). It was first published in 1558 in Zurich by Wilhelm Xylander (né Holzmann), from a manuscript reportedly lost shortly afterwards. The oldest surviving complete manuscript copy is in the Vatican library and dates to the 14th century.</s><s>Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius. The Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome is the only Roman equestrian statue which has survived into the modern period. This may be due to it being wrongly identified during the Middle Ages as a depiction of the Christian emperor Constantine the Great, and spared the destruction which statues of pagan figures suffered. Crafted of bronze in circa 175, it stands and is now located in the Capitoline Museums of Rome. The emperor's hand is outstretched in an act of clemency offered to a bested enemy, while his weary facial expression due to the stress of leading Rome into nearly constant battles perhaps represents a break with the classical tradition of sculpture.</s><s>Column of Marcus Aurelius. Marcus's victory column, established in Rome either in his last few years of life or"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " after his reign and completed in 193, was built to commemorate his victory over the Sarmatians and Germanic tribes in 176. A spiral of carved reliefs wraps around the column, showing scenes from his military campaigns. A statue of Marcus had stood atop the column but disappeared during the Middle Ages. It was replaced with a statue of Saint Paul in 1589 by Pope Sixtus V. The column of Marcus and the column of Trajan are often compared by scholars given how they are both Doric in style, had a pedestal at the base, had sculpted friezes depicting their respective military victories, and a statue on top.</s><s>Legacy and reputation. Marcus acquired the reputation of a philosopher king within his lifetime, and the title would remain after his death; both Dio and the biographer call him \"the philosopher\". Christians such as Justin Martyr, Athenagoras, and Eusebius also gave him the title. The latter went so far as to call him \"more philanthropic and philosophic\" than Antoninus and Hadrian, and set him against the persecuting emperors Domitian and Nero to make the contrast bolder. The historian Herodian wrote:Alone of the emperors, he gave proof of"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " his learning not by mere words or knowledge of philosophical doctrines but by his blameless character and temperate way of life. Iain King explains that Marcus's legacy was tragic: [The emperor's] Stoic philosophy – which is about self-restraint, duty, and respect for others – was so abjectly abandoned by the imperial line he anointed on his death.</s><s>In popular culture. - Dilip Kumar played a fictionalized version of Marcus Aurelius in the 1958 Hindi movie \"Yahudi\". - In the 1964 epic drama \"The Fall of The Roman Empire\", Alec Guinness portrays Marcus Aurelius. The film is noteworthy for using quotes from \"Meditations\". - In \"Twin Peaks\", the final episode of season 2 (1991), \"Beyond Life and Death\", in the bank vault Marcus Aurelius is quoted (praising Audrey's civil disobedience): \"Waste no time arguing what a good man should be. Be one.\" - In the 2000 film \"Gladiator\", Richard Harris portrays Marcus Aurelius as a mentor to the main character. - In the 2017 docu-drama miniseries \"Roman Empire\", John Bach portrays Marcus Aurelius.</s><s>See also. - List of Roman emperors</s>"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": "<s>Citations. All citations to the \"Historia Augusta\" are to individual biographies, and are marked with a \"HA\". Citations to the works of Fronto are cross-referenced to C.R. Haines's Loeb edition.</s><s>Bibliography.</s><s>Bibliography.:Ancient. - Aristides, Aelius. \"Orationes\" (in Latin). - Victor, Aurelius. \"De Caesaribus\" (in Latin). - Dio, Cassius. \"Roman History\" (in Greek). - \"Digest\" (in Latin). - Epiphanius of Salamis. \"On Weights and Measures\" (in Latin). - Fronto, Marcus Cornelius. \"The Correspondence of Marcus Cornelius Fronto: With Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Lucius Verus, Antoninus Pius, and Various Friends\" (in Latin). - Gellius, Aulus. \"Noctes Atticae\" (\"Attic Nights\"). - Herodian. \"Ab Excessu Divi Marci\" (\"History of the Roman Empire from the Death of Marcus Aurelius\", in Latin). - Lucian. - Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. \"Meditations\"."
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " - \"Scriptores Historiae Augustae\" (Authors of the Historia Augusta). \"Historia Augusta\" (\"Augustan History\"). - Themistius. \"Orationes\" (in Latin).</s><s>Bibliography.:Modern. - Ackermann, Marsha E.; Schroeder, Michael J.; Terry, Jancie J.; Lo Upshur, Jiu-Hwa; Whitters, Mark F. \"Encyclopedia of World History, Ackerman-Schroeder-Terry-Hwa Lo, 2008: Encyclopedia of World History\". New York: Facts on File, 2008.. - Adams, Geoff W. \"Marcus Aurelius in the Historia Augusta and Beyond\". Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013.. - An, Jiayao. 'When Glass Was Treasured in China'. Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner (eds), \"Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road\", 79–94. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2002.. - Astarita, Maria L. \"Avidio Cassio\" (in Italian). Rome: Edizione di Storia e Letteratura, 1983.. - Ball"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": ", Warwick. \"Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire\", 2nd edition. London: Routledge, 2016.. - Barnes, Timothy D. 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus'. \"Journal of Roman Studies\" 57:1–2 (1967): 65–79... - Barnes, Timothy D. 'Legislation against the Christians'. Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 58 (1968): 32–50... - Barnes, Timothy D. 'Some Persons in the Historia Augusta', \"Phoenix\" 26:2 (1972): 140–182... - Birley, Anthony R. \"Marcus Aurelius: a biography\". London: Routledge, 1966, rev. 1987.. - Birley, Anthony R. 'Hadrian to the Antonines'. In \"The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 11, The High Empire, AD 70–192\", edited by Alan Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Dominic Rathbone, 132–194. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.. - Bowman, John L. \"A Reference Guide to Stoicism\". Bloomington, IN: Author House, 2014.. - Bury, John Bagnell. \"The Student's Roman Empire: A History of the"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " Roman Empire from Its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius (27 B.C.–180 A.D.)\". New York: Harper, 1893.. - Champlin, Edward. 'The Chronology of Fronto'. \"Journal of Roman Studies\" 64 (1974): 136–159... - Champlin, Edward. \"Fronto and Antonine Rome\". Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980.. - Collins, Desmond. \"Background to Archaeology: Britain in its European Setting\". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Archive, 1973.. - De Crespigny, Rafe. \"A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)\". Boston: Brill, 2007.. - Duncan-Jones, Richard. \"Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy\". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.. - 'Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius'. Musei Capitolini. - Gagarin, Michael. \"The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome. Volume 7, Temples – Zoology\". Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.. - Giacosa, Giorgio. \"Women of the Caesars: their lives and portraits on coins\". Translated from"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " Italian by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta, 1977.. - Gilliam, J. F. 'The Plague under Marcus Aurelius'. \"American Journal of Philology\" 82.3 (1961): 225–251... - Gnecchi, Francesco. \"I medaglioni Romani\", 3 Vols, Milan, 1912.. - Grant, Michael. \"The Antonines: the Roman Empire in transition\". London: Routledge, 2016.. - Grant, Michael. \"The Climax Of Rome\". London: Orion, 2011.. - Haas, Charles. The Antonine plague (in French). \"Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine\". Académie nationale de médecine. 190 (2006): 1093–1098.. - Hadot, Pierre. \"The inner citadel: the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius\". Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.. - Hays, Gregory. \"Meditations\". London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003.. - - Irvine, William B. \"A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " Stoic Joy\". Oxford University Press, 2009.. - Kemezis, Adam M. \"Greek Narratives of the Roman Empire under the Severans: Cassius Dio, Philostratus and Herodian\". Cambridge University Press, 2014.. - Kleiner, Fred S. \"Gardner's art through the ages. Volume II: the western perspective\". Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2008.. - Le Bohec, Yann. \"The Imperial Roman Army\". Routledge, 2013.. - Levick, Barbara M. \"Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age\". New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.. - Magill, Frank N. \"Dictionary of World Biography\". London: Routledge, 2003.. - Mattingly, Harold; Sydenham, Edward A. \"The Roman imperial coinage. Vol. III, Antoninus Pius to Commodus\". London: Spink & Son, 1930.. - Mellor, Ronald, review of Edward Champlin's \"Fronto and Antonine Rome\", \"American Journal of Philology\" 103:4 (1982). - Merrony, Mark. \"The Plight of Rome in the Fifth"
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " Century AD\". London: Routledge, 2017.. - McLaughlin, Raoul. \"Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India, and China\". London & New York: Continuum, 2010.. - McLynn, Frank. \"Marcus Aurelius: A Life\". New York: Da Capo Press, 2009.. - McLynn, Frank. \"Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor\". London: Bodley Head, 2009.. - Millar, Fergus. \"The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337\". Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.. - Pulleyblank, Edwin G.; Leslie, D. D.; Gardiner, K. H. J. 'The Roman Empire as Known to Han China'. \"Journal of the American Oriental Society\", 1999. 119 (1)... - Reed, J. Eugene. \"The Lives of the Roman Emperors and Their Associates from Julius Cæsar (B.C. 100) to Agustulus (A.D. 476)\". Philadelphia, PA: Gebbie & Company, 1883. - Robertson, D. \""
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": "How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius\". New York: St. Martin's Press, 2019. - Rohrbacher, David. \"The Play of Allusion in the Historia Augusta\". Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2016.. - Sánchez, Jorge Pisa. \"Breve historia de Hispania: La fascinante historia de Hispania, desde Viriato hasta el esplendor con los emperadores Trajano y Adriano. Los protagonistas, la cultura, la religión y el desarrollo económico y social de una de las provincias más ricas del Imperio romano\" [\"Brief history of Hispania: the fascinating history of Hispania, from Viriato to the splendor with the Emperors Trajan and Hadrian. The protagonists, culture, religion, and the economic and social development of one of the richest provinces of the Roman Empire\"]. (in Spanish) Ediciones Nowtilus S.L., 2010.. - Stephens, William O. \"Marcus Aurelius: A Guide for the Perplexed\"."
},
{
"title": "Marcus Aurelius",
"text": " London: Continuum, 2012.. - Stertz, Stephen A. 'Marcus Aurelius as Ideal Emperor in Late-Antique Greek Thought'. \"The Classical World\" 70:7 (1977): 433–439... - Syme, Ronald. 'The Ummidii'. \"Historia\" 17:1 (1968): 72–105.. - Van Ackeren, Marcel. \"A Companion to Marcus Aurelius\". New York: Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell, 2012... - Young, Gary K. \"Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305\". London: Routledge, 2003.. - Yü, Ying-shih. 'Han Foreign Relations', in Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe (eds), \"The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220\", 377–462. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986..</s>"
}
] |
factscore
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{
"entity": "Marcus Aurelius",
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|
factscore-000445
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Question: Tell me a bio of George VI.
|
[
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": "<s>George VI George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was also the last Emperor of India from 1936 until the British Raj was dissolved in August 1947, and the first Head of the Commonwealth following the London Declaration of 1949. The future George VI was born in the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria; he was named Albert at birth after his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort, and was known as \"Bertie\" to his family and close friends. His father ascended the throne as George V in 1910. As the second son of the king, Albert was not expected to inherit the throne. He spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother, Prince Edward, the heir apparent. Albert attended naval college as a teenager and served in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force during the First World War. In 1920, he was made Duke of York. He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923, and they had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret. In the mid-1920s, he engaged speech therapist Lionel Logue to treat his stammer, which he learned"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": " to manage to some degree. His elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII after their father died in 1936, but Edward abdicated later that year to marry the twice-divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson. As heir presumptive to Edward VIII, Albert thereby became the third monarch of the House of Windsor, taking the regnal name George VI. In September 1939, the British Empire and most Commonwealth countries—but not Ireland—declared war on Nazi Germany. War with the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively. George VI was seen as sharing the hardships of the common people and his popularity soared. Buckingham Palace was bombed during the Blitz while the King and Queen were there, and his younger brother the Duke of Kent was killed on active service. George became known as a symbol of British determination to win the war. Britain and its allies were victorious in 1945, but the British Empire declined. Ireland had largely broken away, followed by the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947. George relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948 and instead adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by smoking-related health problems in the later years of his reign and died of a coronary thromb"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": "osis in 1952. He was succeeded by his elder daughter, Elizabeth II.</s><s>Early life. Albert was born at York Cottage, on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria. His father was Prince George, Duke of York (later King George V), the second and only surviving son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). His mother, the Duchess of York (later Queen Mary), was the eldest child and only daughter of Francis, Duke of Teck, and Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck. His birthday, 14 December 1895, was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort. Uncertain of how the Prince Consort's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been \"rather distressed\". Two days later, he wrote again: \"I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name \"Albert\" to her.\" The Queen was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: \"I am all impatience to see the \"new\""
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": " one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good.\" Consequently, he was baptised \"Albert Frederick Arthur George\" at St Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham on 17 February 1896. Formally he was His Highness Prince Albert of York; within the royal family he was known informally as \"Bertie\". The Duchess of Teck did not like the first name her grandson had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name \"may supplant the less favoured one\". Albert was fourth in line to the throne at birth, after his grandfather, father and elder brother, Edward. Albert was ill often and was described as \"easily frightened and somewhat prone to tears\". His parents were generally removed from their children's day-to-day upbringing, as was the norm in aristocratic families of that era. He had a stammer that lasted for many years. Although naturally left-handed, he was forced to write with his right hand, as was common practice at the time. He had chronic stomach problems as well as knock knees, for which he was forced to wear painful corrective splints"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": ". Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901, and the Prince of Wales succeeded her as King Edward VII. Prince Albert moved up to third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother.</s><s>Military career and education. Beginning in 1909, Albert attended the Royal Naval College, Osborne, as a naval cadet. In 1911 he came bottom of the class in the final examination, but despite this he progressed to the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. When his grandfather Edward VII died in 1910, his father became King George V. Prince Edward became Prince of Wales, with Albert second in line to the throne. Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada. He was rated as a midshipman aboard on 15 September 1913. He spent three months in the Mediterranean, but never overcame his seasickness. Three weeks after the outbreak of World War I he was medically evacuated from the ship to Aberdeen, where his appendix was removed by Sir John Marnoch. He was mentioned in dispatches for his actions as a turret officer aboard \"Collingwood\" in the Battle of Jutland (31 May – 1 June 1916), the great naval battle of the war. He did not see further"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": " combat, largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer, for which he had an operation in November 1917. In February 1918 Albert was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell. With the establishment of the Royal Air Force Albert transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force. He served as Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918, before reporting for duty on the staff of the RAF's Cadet Brigade at St Leonards-on-Sea and then at Shorncliffe. He completed a fortnight's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing. He was the first member of the British royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot. Albert wanted to serve on the Continent while the war was still in progress and welcomed a posting to General Trenchard's staff in France. On 23 October, he flew across the Channel to Autigny. For the closing weeks of the war, he served on the staff of the RAF's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy, France. Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918, he remained on the Continent for two months as an RAF staff officer until posted"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": " back to Britain. He accompanied King Albert I of Belgium on his triumphal re-entry into Brussels on 22 November. Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and was promoted to squadron leader the following day. In October 1919, Albert went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, economics and civics for a year, with the historian R. V. Laurence as his \"official mentor\". On 4 June 1920 his father created him Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney. He began to take on more royal duties. He represented his father and toured coal mines, factories, and railyards. Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the \"Industrial Prince\". His stammer, and his embarrassment over it, together with a tendency to shyness, caused him to appear less confident in public than his older brother, Edward. However, he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis. He played at Wimbledon in the Men's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926, losing in the first round. He developed an interest in working conditions, and was president of the Industrial Welfare Society. His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds.</s><s>"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": "Marriage. In a time when royalty were expected to marry fellow royalty, it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife. An infatuation with the already-married Australian socialite Lady Loughborough came to an end in April 1920 when the King, with the promise of the dukedom of York, persuaded Albert to stop seeing her. That year, he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore. He became determined to marry her. Elizabeth rejected his proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family. In the words of Lady Strathmore, Albert would be \"made or marred\" by his choice of wife. After a protracted courtship, Elizabeth agreed to marry him. Albert and Elizabeth were married on 26 April 1923 in Westminster Abbey. Albert's marriage to someone not of royal birth was considered a modernising gesture. The newly formed British Broadcasting Company wished to record and broadcast the event on radio, but the Abbey Chapter vetoed the idea (although the Dean, Herbert Edward Ryle, was in favour). From December 1924 to April 1925,"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": " the Duke and Duchess toured Kenya, Uganda, and the Sudan, travelling via the Suez Canal and Aden. During the trip, they both went big-game hunting. Because of his stammer, Albert dreaded public speaking. After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners, he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian-born speech therapist. The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises, and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently. Subsequently, he was able to speak with less hesitation. With his delivery improved, Albert opened the new Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, during a tour of the empire with the Duchess in 1927. Their journey by sea to Australia, New Zealand and Fiji took them via Jamaica, where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man, Bertrand Clark, which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races. The Duke and Duchess had two children: Elizabeth (called \"Lilibet\" by the family, and the future Elizabeth II) who was born in 1926, and Margaret who was born in 1930. The close family lived at White Lodge, Richmond Park, and then at 145 Piccadilly,"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": " rather than one of the royal palaces. In 1931, the Canadian prime minister, R. B. Bennett, considered Albert for Governor General of Canada—a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J. H. Thomas.</s><s>Reluctant king. King George V had severe reservations about Prince Edward, saying \"After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself in twelve months\" and \"I pray God that my eldest son will never marry and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne.\" On 20 January 1936, George V died and Edward ascended the throne as King Edward VIII. In the Vigil of the Princes, Prince Albert and his three brothers (the new king, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, and Prince George, Duke of Kent) took a shift standing guard over their father's body as it lay in state, in a closed casket, in Westminster Hall. As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne. Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward abdicated in order to marry Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second. Edward had been advised by British"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": " prime minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands. He abdicated and Albert, though he had been reluctant to accept the throne, became king. The day before the abdication, Albert went to London to see his mother, Queen Mary. He wrote in his diary, \"When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child.\" On the day of Edward's abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution. The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties. The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth. Across Britain, gossip spread that Albert was physically and psychologically incapable of being king. No evidence has been found to support the contemporaneous rumour that the government considered bypassing him, his children and his brother Prince Henry, in favour of their younger brother Prince George, Duke of Kent. This seems to have been suggested on the grounds that"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": " Prince George was at that time the only brother with a son.</s><s>Early reign. Albert assumed the regnal name \"George VI\" to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy. The beginning of George VI's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother, whose titles, style and position were uncertain. He had been introduced as \"His Royal Highness Prince Edward\" for the abdication broadcast, but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession, Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles, including \"Royal Highness\". In settling the issue, George's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title \"Duke of Windsor\" with the style \"Royal Highness\", but the letters patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles. George VI was forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House, as these were private properties and did not pass to him automatically. Three days after his accession, on his 41st birthday, he invested his wife, the new queen consort, with the Order of the Garter. George VI's coronation at Westminster Abbey took place on 12 May 1937, the date"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": " previously intended for Edward's coronation. In a break with tradition, his mother Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son. There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI, as had occurred for his father, as the cost would have been a burden to the Government of India. Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal party would have received likely to be muted at best, and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War. Two overseas tours were undertaken, to France and to North America, both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war. The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI. The King was constitutionally bound to support British prime minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler. When the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them. This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional, as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family. While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe George's behaviour in associ"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": "ating himself so prominently with a politician as \"the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century\". In May and June 1939, the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States; it was the first visit of a reigning British monarch to North America, although George had been to Canada prior to his accession. From Ottawa, George and Elizabeth were accompanied by Canadian prime minister Mackenzie King, to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada. Both Mackenzie King and the Canadian governor general, Lord Tweedsmuir, hoped that George's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions. On 19 May, George personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. ambassador to Canada, Daniel Calhoun Roper; gave royal assent to nine parliamentary bills; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada. The official royal tour historian, Gustave Lanctot, wrote \"the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality\" and George gave a speech emphasising \"the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth\". The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": " developing tensions in Europe. Although the aim of the tour was mainly political, to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war, the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public. The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor was dispelled. They visited the 1939 New York World's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park, New York. A strong bond of friendship was forged between Roosevelt and the royal couple during the tour, which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years.</s><s>Second World War. Following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, the United Kingdom and the self-governing Dominions other than Ireland declared war on Nazi Germany. The King and Queen resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle. The first night of the Blitz on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End. On 13 September, the couple narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there. In defiance, Elizabeth declared: \""
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": "I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face.\" The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to British rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded-up Palace. In August 1942, the King's brother, the Duke of Kent, was killed on active service. In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as prime minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax. After the King's initial dismay over Churchill's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet, he and Churchill developed \"the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister\". Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940, the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness. George related much of what the two discussed in his diary, which is the only extant first-hand account of these conversations. Throughout the war, George and Elizabeth provided morale-boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom, visiting bomb sites, munitions factories, and troops. George"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": " visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939, North Africa and Malta in June 1943, Normandy in June 1944, southern Italy in July 1944, and the Low Countries in October 1944. Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance. At a social function in 1944, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Field Marshal Alan Brooke, revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, he thought Montgomery was after his job. George replied: \"You should worry, when I meet him, I always think he's after mine!\" In 1945, crowds shouted \"We want the King!\" in front of Buckingham Palace during the Victory in Europe Day celebrations. In an echo of Chamberlain's appearance, the King invited Churchill to appear with the royal family on the balcony to public acclaim. In January 1946, George addressed the United Nations at its first assembly, which was held in London, and reaffirmed \"our faith in the equal rights of men and women and of nations great and small\".</s><s>Empire to Commonwealth. George VI's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire. The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states. The process of transformation from an empire"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": " to a voluntary association of independent states, known as the Commonwealth, gathered pace after the Second World War. During the ministry of Clement Attlee, British India became the two independent Dominions of India and Pakistan in August 1947. George relinquished the title of Emperor of India, and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead. In late April 1949, the Commonwealth leaders issued the London Declaration, which laid the foundation of the modern Commonwealth and recognised George as Head of the Commonwealth. In January 1950, he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic. He remained King of Pakistan until his death. Other countries left the Commonwealth, such as Burma in January 1948, Palestine (divided between Israel and the Arab states) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949. In 1947, George and his family toured southern Africa. The prime minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit. George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites, and referred to his South African bodyguards as \"the Gestapo\". Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation."
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": "</s><s>Illness and death. The stress of the war had taken its toll on George's health, made worse by his heavy smoking, and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments, including arteriosclerosis and Buerger's disease. A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after George suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg, which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949. His elder daughter and heir presumptive, Elizabeth, took on more royal duties as her father's health deteriorated. The delayed tour was re-organised, with Princess Elizabeth and her husband, Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, taking the place of the King and Queen. George was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951, but on 4 June it was announced that he would need immediate and complete rest for the next four weeks, despite the arrival of Haakon VII of Norway the following afternoon for an official visit. On 23 September 1951, he underwent a surgical operation where his entire left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found. In October 1951, Elizabeth and Philip went on a month-long tour of Canada; the trip had been delayed for a week"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": " due to George's illness. At the State Opening of Parliament in November, the Lord Chancellor, Lord Simonds, read the King's speech from the throne. The King's Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections, and then edited together. On 31 January 1952, despite advice from those close to him, George went to London Airport to see Elizabeth and Philip off on their tour to Australia via Kenya. It was his last public appearance. Six days later, at 07:30 GMT on the morning of 6 February, he was found dead in bed at Sandringham House in Norfolk. He had died in the night from a coronary thrombosis at the age of 56. His daughter flew back to Britain from Kenya as Queen Elizabeth II. From 9 February George's coffin rested in St Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February. His funeral took place at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 15th. He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St George's on 26 March 1969. In 2002, fifty years after his death, the remains of his widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and the ashes of his younger daughter,"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": " Princess Margaret, who both died that year, were interred in the chapel alongside him. In 2022, the remains of Queen Elizabeth II and her husband, Prince Philip, were also interred in the chapel.</s><s>Legacy. In the words of Labour Member of Parliament (MP) George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did \"more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda\". George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed \"a rocking throne\" and tried \"to make it steady again\". He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb. During his reign, his people endured the hardships of war, and imperial power was eroded. However, as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage, he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy. The George Cross and the George Medal were founded at the King's suggestion during the Second World War to recognise acts of exceptional civilian bravery. He bestowed the George Cross on the entire \"island fortress of Malta\" in 1943. He was posthumously awarded the Order of Liberation by the French government in 1960, one of only two people (the other being Churchill in 1958) to be awarded the"
},
{
"title": "George VI",
"text": " medal after 1946. Colin Firth won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as George VI in the 2010 film \"The King's Speech\".</s><s>Honours and arms.</s><s>Honours and arms.:Arms. As Duke of York, Albert bore the royal arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing an anchor azure—a difference earlier awarded to his father, George V, when he was Duke of York, and then later awarded to his grandson Prince Andrew, Duke of York. As king, he bore the royal arms undifferenced.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:General and cited sources. - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "George VI",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
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|
factscore-000446
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Question: Tell me a bio of Richard Burton.
|
[
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": "<s>Richard Burton Richard Burton (; born Richard Walter Jenkins Jr.; 10 November 1925 – 5 August 1984) was a Welsh actor. Noted for his mellifluous baritone voice, Burton established himself as a formidable Shakespearean actor in the 1950s, and gave a memorable performance as Hamlet in 1964. He was called \"the natural successor to Olivier\" by critic Kenneth Tynan. Burton's perceived failure to live up to those expectations disappointed some critics and colleagues; his heavy drinking added to his image as a great performer who had wasted his talent. Nevertheless, he is widely regarded as one of the finest actors of his generation. Burton was nominated for an Academy Award seven times, but never won. He was nominated for his performances in \"My Cousin Rachel\" (1952), \"The Robe\" (1953), \"Becket\" (1964), \"The Spy Who Came In from the Cold\" (1965), \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\" (1966), \"Anne of the Thousand Days\" (1969), and \"Equus\" (1977). He received numerous accolades including a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Grammy Award. He received the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his portrayal of"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " King Arthur in the Lerner and Loewe musical \"Camelot\" (1960). In the mid-1960s, Burton became a top box office star. By the late 1960s, he was one of the highest-paid actors in the world, receiving fees of $1 million or more plus a share of the gross receipts. Burton remained closely associated in the public mind with his second wife, Elizabeth Taylor. The couple's turbulent relationship, married twice and divorced twice, was rarely out of the news.</s><s>Early life.</s><s>Early life.:Childhood. Burton was born Richard Walter Jenkins Jr. on 10 November 1925 in a house at 2 Dan-y-bont in Pontrhydyfen, Glamorgan, Wales. He was the twelfth of thirteen children born into the Welsh-speaking family of Richard Walter Jenkins Sr. (1876–1957), and Edith Maude Jenkins (née Thomas; 1883–1927). Jenkins Sr., called Daddy Ni by the family, was a coal miner, while his mother worked as a barmaid at a pub called the Miner's Arms in the village of Pontrhydyfen, where she met and married her husband. According to biographer Melvyn Bragg"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": ", Richard is quoted saying that Daddy Ni was a \"twelve-pints-a-day man\" who sometimes went off on drinking and gambling sprees for weeks, and that \"he looked very much like me\". He remembered his mother to be \"a very strong woman\" and \"a religious soul with fair hair and a beautiful face\". Richard was barely two years old when his mother died on 31 October, six days after the birth of Graham, the family's thirteenth child. Edith's death was a result of postpartum infections; Richard believed it occurred because of \"hygiene neglect\". According to biographer Michael Munn, Edith \"was fastidiously clean\", but her exposure to the dust from the coal mines resulted in her death. Following Edith's death, Richard's elder sister Cecilia, whom he affectionately addressed as \"Cis\", and her husband Elfed James, also a miner, took him under their care. Richard lived with Cis, Elfed and their two daughters, Marian and Rhianon, in their three bedroom terraced cottage on 73 Caradoc Street, Taibach, a suburban district in Port Talbot, which Bragg describes as \"a tough steel town, English-speaking,"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " grind and grime\". Richard remained forever grateful and loving to Cis throughout his life, later going on to say: \"When my mother died she, my sister, had become my mother, and more mother to me than any mother could ever have been ... I was immensely proud of her ... she felt all tragedies except her own\". Daddy Ni would occasionally visit the homes of his grown daughters but was otherwise absent. Another important figure in Richard's early life was Ifor, his brother, 19 years his senior. A miner and rugby union player, Ifor \"ruled the household with the proverbial firm hand\". He was also responsible for nurturing a passion for rugby in young Richard. Although Richard also played cricket, tennis, and table tennis, biographer Bragg notes rugby union football to be his greatest interest. On rugby, Richard said he \"would rather have played for Wales at Cardiff Arms Park than Hamlet at The Old Vic\". The Welsh rugby union centre, Bleddyn Williams believed Richard \"had distinct possibilities as a player\". From the age of five to eight, Richard was educated at the Eastern Primary School while he attended the Boys' segment of the same school from eight to twelve years old. He took a scholarship exam for admission into Port Talbot"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " Secondary School in March 1937 and passed it. Biographer Hollis Alpert notes that both Daddy Ni and Ifor considered Richard's education to be \"of paramount importance\" and planned to send him to the University of Oxford. Richard became the first member of his family to go to secondary school. He displayed an excellent speaking and singing voice since childhood, even winning an eisteddfod prize as a boy soprano. During his tenure at Port Talbot Secondary School, Richard also showed immense interest in reading poetry as well as English and Welsh literature. He earned pocket money by running messages, hauling horse manure, and delivering newspapers.</s><s>Early life.:Philip Burton years. Richard was bolstered by winning the Eisteddfod Prize and wanted to repeat his success. He chose to sing Sir Arthur Sullivan's \"Orpheus with his Lute\" (1866), which biographer Alpert thought \"a difficult composition\". He requested the help of his schoolmaster, Philip Burton, but his voice cracked during their practice sessions. This incident marked the beginning of his association with Philip. Philip later recalled, \"His voice was tough to begin with but with constant practice it became memorably beautiful.\" Richard made his first foray into theatre with a minor role in his"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " school's production of the Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw's \"The Apple Cart\". He decided to leave school by the end of 1941 and work as a miner as Elfed was not fit, owing to illness. He worked for the local wartime Co-operative committee, handing out supplies in exchange for war-time ration-coupons. He also simultaneously considered other professions for his future, including boxing, religion and singing. It was also during this period that Richard took up smoking and drinking despite being underage. When he joined the Port Talbot Squadron 499 of the Air Training Corps section of the Royal Air Force (RAF) as a cadet, he re-encountered Philip, who was the squadron commander. He also joined the Taibach Youth Centre, a youth drama group founded by Meredith Jones and led by Leo Lloyd, a steel worker and avid amateur thespian, who taught him the fundamentals of acting. Richard played the role of an escaped convict in Lloyd's play, \"The Bishop's Candlesticks\", an adaptation of a section of Victor Hugo's \"Les Misérables\". The play did not have any dialogue, but Alpert noted that Richard \"mimed his role\". Philip gave him a part in a radio documentary/adapt"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": "ation of his play for BBC Radio, \"Youth at the Helm\" (1942). Seeing the talent Richard possessed, both Jones and Philip re-admitted him to school on 5 October 1942. Philip tutored his charge intensely in school subjects, and also worked at developing the youth's acting voice, including outdoor voice drills which improved his projection. Richard called the experience \"the most hardworking and painful period\" in his life. Philip called Richard \"my son to all intents and purposes. I was committed to him\", while Burton later wrote of Philip, \"I owe him everything\". In autumn of 1943, Philip planned to adopt Richard, but was not able to do so as he was 20 days too young to be 21 years older than his ward, a legal requirement. As a result, Richard became Philip's legal ward and changed his surname to \"Richard Burton\", after Philip's own surname, by means of deed poll, which Richard's father accepted. It was also in 1943 that Richard qualified for admission into a university after excelling in the School Certificate Examination. Philip requested Richard to study at Exeter College, Oxford, as a part of a six-month scholarship programme offered by the RAF for qualified cadets prior to active service.</s><s>Career"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": ".</s><s>Career.:Early career and service in the RAF (1943–1947). In 1943, Burton played Professor Henry Higgins in a school production of another Shaw play directed by Philip, \"Pygmalion\". The role won him favourable reviews and caught the attention of the dramatist, Emlyn Williams, who offered Burton a small role of the lead character's elder brother, Glan, in his play \"The Druid's Rest\". The play debuted at the Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool on 22 November 1943, and later premiered in St Martin's Theatre, London in January 1944. Burton thought the role was \"a nothing part\" and that he \"hardly spoke at all\". He was paid ten pounds a week for playing the role (), which was \"three times what the miners got\". Alpert states that the play garnered mixed critical reviews, but James Redfern of the \"New Statesman\" took notice of Burton's performance and wrote: \"In a wretched part, Richard Burton showed exceptional ability.\" Burton noted that single sentence from Redfern changed his life. During his tenure at Exeter College, part of Oxford University, Burton featured as \"the complicated sex-driven puritan\" Angelo in the Oxford University Dramatic Society's 1944 production"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " of William Shakespeare's \"Measure for Measure\". The play was directed by Burton's English literature professor, Nevill Coghill, and was performed at the college in the presence of additional contributors to West End theatre including John Gielgud, Terence Rattigan and Binkie Beaumont. On Burton's performance, fellow actor and friend, Robert Hardy recalled, \"There were moments when he totally commanded the audience by this stillness. And the voice which would sing like a violin and with a bass that could shake the floor.\" Gielgud appreciated Burton's performance and Beaumont, who knew about Burton's work in \"The Druid's Rest\", suggested that he \"look him up\" after completing his service in the RAF if he still wanted to pursue acting as a profession. In late 1944, Burton successfully completed his six-month scholarship at Exeter College, Oxford, and went to the RAF classification examinations held in Torquay to train as a pilot. He was disqualified for pilot training because his eyesight was below par, and was classified as a navigator trainee. He served the RAF as navigator for three years, during which he performed an assignment as Aircraftman 1st Class in a Wiltshire-based RAF Hospital and was"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " posted to the RAF base in Carberry, Manitoba, Canada, to work as an instructor. Burton's habits of drinking and smoking increased during this period; he was involved in a brief casual affair with actress Eleanor Summerfield. Burton was cast in an uncredited and unnamed role of a bombing officer by BBC Third Programme in a 1946 radio adaptation of \"In Parenthesis\", an epic poem of the First World War by David Jones. Burton was discharged from the RAF on 16 December 1947.</s><s>Career.:Rise through the ranks and film debut (1948–1951). In 1948, Burton moved to London to make contact with H. M. Tennent Ltd., where he again met Beaumont, who put him under a contract of £500 per year (£10 a week). Daphne Rye, the casting director for H. M. Tennent Ltd., offered Burton rooms on the top floor of her house in Pelham Crescent, London as a place for him to stay. Rye cast Burton in a minor role as a young officer, Mr. Hicks, in \"Castle Anna\" (1948), a drama set in Ireland. While touring with the cast and crew members of Wynyard Browne's \"Dark Summer\", Burton was called by Emlyn"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " Williams for a screen test for his film, \"The Last Days of Dolwyn\" (1949). Burton performed the screen test for the role of Gareth, which Williams wrote especially for him, and was subsequently selected when Williams sent him a telegram that quoted a line from \"The Corn Is Green\" — \"You have won the scholarship.\" This led to Burton making his mainstream film debut. Filming took place during the summer and early autumn months of 1948. It was on the sets of this film that Burton was introduced by Williams to Sybil Williams, whom he married on 5 February 1949 at a register office in Kensington. \"The Last Days of Dolwyn\" opened to generally positive critical reviews. Burton was praised for his \"acting fire, manly bearing and good looks\" and film critic Philip French of \"The Guardian\" called it an \"impressive movie debut\". After marrying Sybil, Burton moved into a flat at 6 Lyndhurst Road, Hampstead NW3, where he lived from 1949 to 1956. Pleased with the feedback Burton received for his performance in \"The Last Days of Dolwyn\", the film's co-producer Alexander Korda offered him a contract at a stipend of £100 a week (), which he signed. The contract"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " enabled Korda to lend Burton to films produced by other companies. Throughout the late 1940s and early 50s, Burton acted in small parts in various British films such as \"Now Barabbas\" (1949) with Richard Greene and Kathleen Harrison, \"The Woman with No Name\" (1950) opposite Phyllis Calvert, and \"Waterfront\" (1950) with Harrison. Burton had a bigger part as Robert Hammond, a spy for a newspaper editor in \"Green Grow the Rushes\" (1951) alongside Honor Blackman. His performance in \"Now Barabbas\" received positive feedback from critics. C. A. Lejeune of \"The Observer\" believed Burton had \"all the qualities of a leading man that the British film industry badly needs at this juncture: youth, good looks, a photogenic face, obviously alert intelligence and a trick of getting the maximum effort with the minimum of fuss.\" For \"The Woman With No Name\", a critic from \"The New York Times\" thought Burton \"merely adequate\" in his role of the Norwegian aviator, Nick Chamerd. Biographer Bragg states the reviews for Burton's performance in \"Waterfront\" were \"not bad\", and that \"Green Grow the Rushes"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": "\" was a box office bomb. Rye recommended Richard to director Peter Glenville for the part of Hephaestion in Rattigan's play about Alexander the Great, \"Adventure Story\", in 1949. The play was directed by Glenville and starred the then up-and-coming actor Paul Scofield as the titular character. Glenville, however, rejected him as he felt that Burton was too short compared to Scofield. Rye came to the rescue again by sending Burton to audition for a role in \"The Lady's Not for Burning\", a play by Christopher Fry and directed by Gielgud. The lead roles were played by Gielgud himself, and Pamela Brown, while Burton played a supporting role as Richard alongside the then-relatively unknown actress Claire Bloom. Gielgud was initially uncertain about selecting Burton and asked him to come back the following day to repeat his audition. Burton got the part the second time he auditioned for the role. He was paid £15 a week for the part, which was five more than what Beaumont was paying him. After getting the part, he pushed for a raise in his salary from £10 to £30 a week with Williams' assistance, in addition to the £100 Korda paid him"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": "; Beaumont accepted it after much persuasion. Bloom was impressed with Burton's natural way of acting, noting that \"he just was\" and went further by saying \"He was recognisably a star, a fact he didn't question.\" The play opened at the Globe Theatre in May 1949 and had a successful run in London for a year. Writer and journalist Samantha Ellis of \"The Guardian\", in her overview of the play, thought critics found Burton to be \"most authentic\" for his role. Gielgud took the play to Broadway in the United States, where it opened at the Royale Theatre on 8 November 1950. Theatre critic Brooks Atkinson appreciated the performances and praised the play's \"hard glitter of wit and skepticism\", while describing Fry as precocious with \"a touch of genius\". The play ran on Broadway until 17 March 1951, and received the New York Drama Critics' Circle award for the Best Foreign Play of 1951. Burton received the Theatre World Award for his performance, his first major award. Burton went on to feature in two more plays by Fry – \"The Boy With A Cart\" and \"A Phoenix Too Frequent\". The former opened at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith in February 1950, while the latter premiered at the Dolphin Theatre, Brighton"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " the following month. Gielgud, who also directed \"The Boy With A Cart\", said that Burton's role in the play \"was one of the most beautiful performances\" he had ever seen. During its month-long run, Anthony Quayle, who was on the lookout for a young actor to star as Prince Hal in his adaptations of \"Henry IV, Part I\" and \"Henry IV, Part 2\" as a part of the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre season for the Festival of Britain, came to see the play and as soon as he beheld Burton, he found his man and got his agreement to play the parts. Both plays opened in 1951 at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon to mixed reviews, but Burton received acclaim for his role as Prince Hal, with many critics dubbing him \"the next Laurence Olivier\". Theatre critic Kenneth Tynan said of his performance, \"His playing of Prince Hal turned interested speculation to awe almost as soon as he started to speak; in the first intermission local critics stood agape in the lobbies.\" He was also praised by Humphrey Bogart and his wife Lauren Bacall after both saw the play. Bacall later said of him: \"He was just marvellous [...]"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " Bogie loved him. We all did.\" Burton celebrated his success by buying his first car, a Standard Flying Fourteen, and enjoyed a drink with Bogart at a pub called The Dirty Duck. Philip too was happy with the progress his ward made, and felt \"proud, humble, and awed by god's mysterious ways\". Burton went on to perform in \"Henry V\" as the titular character, and played Ferdinand in \"The Tempest\" as a part of the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre season as well. Neither role was overwhelmingly received by the critics, with a reviewer saying \"he lacked inches\" as Henry V. Olivier defended Burton by retaliating that he too received the same kind of review by the same critic for the same role. His last play in 1951 was as a musician named Orphée in Jean Anouilh's \"Eurydice\" opposite Dorothy McGuire and fellow Welsh actor Hugh Griffith. The play, retitled as \"Legend of Lovers\", opened in the Plymouth Theatre, New York City and ran for only a week, but critics were kind to Burton, with Bob Francis of \"Billboard\" magazine finding him \"excellent as the self-tortured young accordionist\".</s><s>Career.:Hollywood and"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " The Old Vic (1952–1954). Burton began 1952 by starring alongside Noel Willman in the title role of Emmanuel Roblès adventure \"Montserrat\", which opened on 8 April at the Lyric Hammersmith. The play only ran for six weeks but Burton once again won praises from critics. According to Bragg, some of the critics who watched the performance considered it to be Burton's \"most convincing role\" till then. Tynan lauded Burton's role of Captain Montserrat, noting that he played it \"with a variousness which is amazing when you consider that it is really little more than a protracted exposition of smouldering dismay\". Burton successfully made the transition to Hollywood on the recommendation of film director George Cukor when he was given the lead role in the Gothic romance film, \"My Cousin Rachel\" (1952) opposite Olivia de Havilland. Darryl F. Zanuck, co-founder of 20th Century Fox, negotiated a deal with Korda to loan Burton to the company for three films as well as pay Burton a total of $150,000 ($50,000 per film). De Havilland did not get along well with Burton during filming, calling him \"a coarse-gr"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": "ained man with a coarse-grained charm and a talent not completely developed, and a coarse-grained which makes him not like anyone else\". One of Burton's friends opined it may have been because of Burton's making remarks to her that she did not find in good taste. While shooting \"\"My Cousin Rachel,\"\" Burton was offered the role of Mark Antony in \"Julius Caesar\" (1953) by the production company, Metro Goldwyn Mayer (MGM), but Burton refused it to avoid schedule conflicts. The role subsequently went to Marlon Brando for which he earned a BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actor and an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Based on the 1951 novel of the same name by Daphne du Maurier, \"My Cousin Rachel\" is about a man who suspects his rich cousin was murdered by his wife in order to inherit his wealth, but ends up falling in love with her, despite his suspicions. Upon release, the film was a decent grosser at the box office, and Burton's performance received mostly excellent reviews. Bosley Crowther, writing for \"The New York Times\", appreciated Burton's emotional performance, describing it as \"most fetching\"; he called him \"the perfect hero of Miss du"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " Maurier's tale\". The \"Los Angeles Daily News\" reviewer stated \"young Burton registers with an intense performance that stamps him as an actor of great potential\". Conversely, a critic from the \"Los Angeles Examiner\" labelled Burton as \"terribly, terribly tweedy\". The film earned Burton the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor and his first Academy Award nomination in the Best Supporting Actor category. The year 1953 marked an important turning point in Burton's career. He arrived in Hollywood at a time when the studio system was struggling. The rise of television was drawing viewers away and the studios looked to new stars and film technologies to tempt viewers back to cinemas. He first appeared in the war film \"The Desert Rats\" with James Mason, playing an English captain in the North African campaign during World War II who takes charge of a hopelessly out-numbered Australian unit against the indomitable German field marshal, Erwin Rommel, who was portrayed by Mason. The film received generally good reviews from critics in London, although they complained the British contribution to the campaign had been minimised. The critic from \"Variety\" magazine thought Burton was \"excellent\" while \"The New York Times\" reviewer noted his \"electric portrayal of the hero"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": "\" made the film look \"more than a plain, cavalier apology\". Burton and Sybil became good friends with Mason and his wife Pamela Mason, and stayed at their residence until Burton returned home to the UK in June 1953 in order to play Prince Hamlet as a part of The Old Vic 1953–54 season. This was to be the first time in his career he took up the role. Burton's second and final film of the year was in the Biblical epic historical drama, \"The Robe\", notable for being the first ever motion picture to be made in CinemaScope. He replaced Tyrone Power, who was originally cast in the role of Marcellus Gallio, a noble but decadent Roman military tribune in command of the detachment of Roman soldiers that were involved in crucifying Jesus Christ. Haunted by nightmares of the crucifixion, he is eventually led to his own conversion. Marcellus' Greek slave Demetrius (played by Victor Mature) guides him as a spiritual teacher, and his wife Diana (played by Jean Simmons) follows his lead. The film set a trend for Biblical epics such as \"Ben-Hur\" (1959). Based on Lloyd C. Douglas' 1942 historical novel of the same name, \"The Robe\""
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " was well received at the time of its release, but contemporary reviews have been less favourable. \"Variety\" magazine termed the performances of the lead cast \"effective\" and complemented the fight sequences between Burton and Jeff Morrow. Crowther believed that Burton was \"stalwart, spirited and stern\" as Marcellus. Jonathan Rosenbaum of the \"Chicago Reader\" called \"The Robe\" \"pious claptrap\". The film was a commercial success, grossing $17 million against a $5 million budget, and Burton received his second Best Actor nomination at the 26th Academy Awards. Bolstered by \"The Robe\"s box office collections, Zanuck offered Burton a seven-year, seven-picture $1 million contract (), but he politely turned it down as he was planning to head home to portray \"Hamlet\" at The Old Vic. Zanuck threatened to force Burton into cutting the deal, but the duo managed to come to a compromise when Burton agreed to a less binding contract, also for seven years and seven films at $1 million, that would begin only after he returned from his stint at The Old Vic's 1953–54 season. The incident spread like wildfire and his decision to walk out on a million dollar contract"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " for a stipend of £150 a week at The Old Vic was met with both appreciation and surprise. Bragg believed Burton defied the studio system with this act when it would have been tantamount to unemployment for him. Gossip columnist Hedda Hopper considered Burton's success in his first three films in Hollywood to be \"the most exciting success story since Gregory Peck's contracts of ten years back\". At a party held at Simmons' residence in Bel Air, Los Angeles to celebrate the success of \"The Robe\", Burton met Elizabeth Taylor for the first time. Taylor, who at the time was married to actor Michael Wilding and was pregnant with their first child, recalled her first impression of Burton being \"rather full of himself. I seem to remember that he never stopped talking, and I had given him the cold fish eye.\" Hamlet was a challenge that both terrified and attracted him, as it was a role many of his peers in the British theatre had undertaken, including Gielgud and Olivier. He shared his anxiety with de Havilland whilst coming to terms with her. Bogart too, didn't make it easy for him when he retorted: \"I never knew a man who played \"Hamlet\" who didn't die broke.\" Notwithstanding,"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " Burton began his thirty-nine-week tenure at The Old Vic by rehearsing for \"Hamlet\" in July 1953, with Philip providing expert coaching on how to make Hamlet's character match Burton's dynamic acting style. Burton reunited with Bloom, who played Ophelia. \"Hamlet\" opened at the Assembly Hall in Edinburgh, Scotland in September 1953 as part of The Old Vic season during the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The play and Burton's Hamlet were, on the whole, well received, with critics describing his interpretation of the character as \"moody, virile and baleful\" and that he had \"dash, attack and verve\". Burton's Hamlet was quite popular with the young audience, who came to watch the play in numbers as they were quite taken with the aggressiveness with which he portrayed the role. Burton also received appreciation from Winston Churchill. Gielgud was not too happy with Burton's Hamlet and asked him while both were backstage: \"Shall I go ahead and wait until you're better?... ah, I mean ready?\" Burton picked up the hint and infused some of Gielgud's traits to his own in later performances as Hamlet. A greater success followed in the form of the Roman General G"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": "aius Marcius Coriolanus in \"Coriolanus\". At first, Burton refused to play Coriolanus as he didn't like the character's initial disdain for the poor and the downtrodden. Michael Benthall, who was renowned for his association with Tyrone Guthrie in a 1944 production of \"Hamlet\", sought Philip's help to entice Burton into accepting it. Philip convinced Burton by making him realise that it was Coriolanus' \"lack of ambivalence\" which made him an admirable character. Burton received even better reviews for Coriolanus than Hamlet. Hardy thought Burton's Hamlet was \"too strong\" but that \"His Coriolanus is quite easily the best I've ever seen.\" Olivier too agreed it was the greatest Coriolanus he had ever seen till then. Burton's other roles for the season were Sir Toby Belch in \"Twelfth Night\", Caliban in \"The Tempest\" and Philip of Cognac in \"King John\". All five of Burton's plays were directed by Benthall; three of those plays featured Bloom. While Belch was considered \"disappointing\", owing to Burton's not putting on the proper make-up for the part, his reviews for Caliban and Philip of"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " Cognac were positive. Alpert believed Burton's presence made the 1953–54 season of The Old Vic a commercial success. Burton was an ardent admirer of poet Dylan Thomas since his boyhood days. On the poet's death on 9 November 1953, he wrote an essay about him and took the time to do a 1954 BBC Radio play on one of his final works, \"Under Milk Wood\", where he voiced the First Voice in an all-Welsh cast. The entire cast of the radio play, including Burton, did their roles free of charge. Burton reprised his role in the play's 1972 film adaptation with Taylor. Burton was also involved in narrating Lindsay Anderson's short documentary film about The Royal School for the Deaf in Margate, \"Thursday's Children\" (1954).</s><s>Career.:Setback in films and on-stage fame (1955–1959). After The Old Vic season ended, Burton's contract with Fox required him to do three more films. The first was \"Prince of Players\" (1955), where he was cast as the 19th-century Shakespearean actor Edwin Booth, who was John Wilkes Booth's brother. Maggie McNamara played Edwin's wife, Mary Devlin Booth. Philip thought the script was"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " \"a disgrace\" to Burton's name. The film's director Philip Dunne observed, \"He hadn't mastered yet the tricks of the great movie stars, such as Gary Cooper, who knew them all. The personal magnetism Richard had on the sound stage didn't come through the camera.\" This was one aspect that troubled Richard throughout his career on celluloid. The film flopped at the box office and has since been described as \"the first flop in CinemaScope\". Crowther, however, lauded Burton's scenes where he performed Shakespeare plays such as Richard III. Shortly after the release of \"Prince of Players\", Burton met director Robert Rossen, who was well known at the time for his Academy Award-winning film, \"All the King's Men\" (1949). Rossen planned to cast Burton in \"Alexander the Great\" (1956) as the eponymous character. Burton accepted Rossen's offer after the director reassured him he had been studying the Macedonian king for two years to make sure the film was historically accurate. Burton was loaned by Fox to the film's production company United Artists, which paid him a fee of $100,000 (). \"Alexander the Great\" was made mostly in Spain during February 1955 and July 1955 on a budget"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " of $6 million. The film reunited Burton with Bloom and it was also the first film he made with her. Bloom played the role of Barsine, the daughter of Artabazos II of Phrygia, and one of Alexander's three wives. Fredric March, Danielle Darrieux, Stanley Baker, Michael Hordern and William Squire were respectively cast as Philip II of Macedon, Olympias, Attalus, Demosthenes and Aeschines. After the completion of \"Alexander the Great\", Burton had high hopes for a favourable reception of the \"intelligent epic\", and went back to complete his next assignment for Fox, Jean Negulesco's \"The Rains of Ranchipur\" (1955). In this remake of Fox's own 1939 film \"The Rains Came\", Burton played a Hindu doctor, Rama Safti, who falls in love with Lady Edwina Esketh (Lana Turner), an invitee of the Maharani of the fictional town of Ranchipur. Burton faced the same troubles with playing character roles as before with Belch. \"The Rains of Ranchipur\" released on 16 December 1955, three months before \"Alexander the Great\" rolled out on 28 March 1956"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": ". Contrary to Burton's expectations, both the films were critical and commercial failures, and he rued his decision to act in them. \"Time\" magazine critic derided \"The Rains of Ranchipur\" and even went as far as to say Richard was hardly noticeable in the film. A. H. Weiler of \"The New York Times\", however, called Burton's rendering of Alexander \"serious and impassioned\". Burton returned to The Old Vic to perform \"Henry V\" for a second time. The Benthall-directed production opened in December 1955 to glowing reviews and was a much-needed triumph for Burton. Tynan made it official by famously saying Burton was now \"the next successor to Olivier\". The reviewer from \"The Times\" began by pointing out the deficiencies in Burton's previous rendition of the character in 1951 before stating: Mr. Burton's progress as an actor is such that already he is able to make good all the lacks of a few short years ago... what was greatly metallic has been transformed into a steely strength which becomes the martial ring and hard brilliance of the patriotic verse. There now appears a romantic sense of a high kingly mission and the clear cognisance of the capacity to fulfil it... the whole performance — a"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " mostly satisfying one — is firmly under the control of the imagination. In January 1956, the \"London Evening Standard\" honoured Burton by presenting to him its Theatre Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Henry V. His success in and as Henry V led him to be called the \"Welsh Wizard\". \"Henry V\" was followed by Benthall's adaptation of \"Othello\" in February 1956, where he alternated on successive openings between the roles of Othello and Iago with John Neville. As Othello, Burton received both praise for his dynamism and criticism with being less poetical with his dialogues, while he was acclaimed as Iago. Burton's stay at The Old Vic was cut short when he was approached by the Italian neorealist director Roberto Rossellini for Fox's \"Sea Wife\" (1957), a drama set in World War II about a nun and three men marooned on an island after the ship they travel on is torpedoed by a U-boat. Joan Collins, who played the nun, was his co-star. Burton's role was that of an RAF officer who develops romantic feelings for the nun. Rossellini was informed by Zanuck not to have any kissing scenes between Burton and Collins"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": ", which Rossellini found unnatural; this led to him walking out of the film and being replaced by Bob McNaught, one of the executive producers. According to Collins, Burton had a \"take-the-money-and-run attitude\" toward the film. \"Sea Wife\" was not a successful venture, with biographer Munn observing that his salary was the only positive feature that came from the film. Philip saw it and said he was \"ashamed\" that it added another insult to injury in Burton's career. After \"Sea Wife\", Burton next appeared as the British Army Captain Jim Leith in Nicholas Ray's \"Bitter Victory\" (1957). Burton admired Ray's \"Rebel Without A Cause\" (1955) and was excited about working with him, but unfortunately despite positive feedback, \"Bitter Victory\" tanked as well. By mid-1957, Burton had no further offers in his kitty. He could not return to the UK because of his self-imposed exile from taxation, and his fortunes in film were dwindling. It was then that film producer and screenwriter Milton Sperling offered Burton to star alongside Helen Hayes and Susan Strasberg in Patricia Moyes' adaptation of Jean Anouilh's play, \""
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": "Time Remembered\" (\"Léocadia\" in the original French version). Sensing an opportunity for a career resurgence, Burton readily agreed to do the role of Prince Albert, who falls in love with a milliner named Amanda (Strasberg). It was on 10 September 1957, a day before he left for New York, that Sybil gave birth to their first child, Kate Burton. \"Time Remembered\" was well received on its opening nights at Broadway's Morosco Theatre and also at the National Theatre in Washington, D.C. The play went on to have a good run of 248 performances for six months. Burton received his first Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play nomination while Hayes won her second Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her role as Burton's mother, The Duchess of Pont-Au-Bronc. In 1958, Burton appeared with Yvonne Furneaux in DuPont Show of the Month's 90-minute television adaptation of Emily Brontë's classic novel \"Wuthering Heights\" as Heathcliff. The film, directed by Daniel Petrie, aired on 9 May 1958 on CBS with Burton garnering plaudits from both the critics and Philip, who thought he was \"magnificent\""
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " in it. Burton next featured as Jimmy Porter, \"an angry young man\" role, in the film version of John Osborne's play \"Look Back in Anger\" (1959), a gritty drama about middle-class life in the British Midlands, directed by Tony Richardson, again with Claire Bloom as co-star. Biographer Bragg observed that \"Look Back in Anger\" \"had defined a generation, provided a watershed in Britain's view of itself and brought [Osborne] into the public prints as a controversial, dangerous figure\". Burton was able to identify himself with Porter, finding it \"fascinating to find a man who came presumably from my sort of class, who actually could talk the way I would like to talk\". The film, and Burton's performance, received mixed reviews upon release. Biographer Alpert noted that though reviews in the UK were favourable, those in the United States were more negative. Crowther wrote of Burton: \"His tirades are eloquent but tiring, his breast beatings are dramatic but dull and his occasional lapses into sadness are pathetic but endurable.\" Geoff Andrew of \"Time Out\" magazine felt Burton was too old for the part, and the \"Variety\" reviewer thought \"the role gives him little opportunity for variety"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": "\". Contemporary reviews of the film have been better and it has a rating of 89% on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes. \"Look Back in Anger\" is now considered one of the defining films of the British New Wave cinema, a movement from the late 1950s to the late 1960s in which working-class characters became the focus of the film and conflict of social classes a central theme. Jimmy Porter is also considered one of Burton's best on-screen roles; he was nominated in the Best Actor categories at the BAFTA and Golden Globe Awards but lost to Peter Sellers for \"I'm All Right Jack\" (1959) and Anthony Franciosa for \"Career\" (1959) respectively. Though it didn't do well commercially, Burton was proud of the effort and wrote to Philip, \"I promise you that there isn't a shred of self-pity in my performance. I am for the first time ever looking forward to seeing a film in which I play.\" While filming \"Look Back in Anger\", Burton did another play for BBC Radio, participating in two versions, one in Welsh and another in English, of Welsh poet Saunders Lewis' \"Brad\", which was about the 20 July plot. Burton voiced one of the conspirators, Caesar"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " von Hofacker.</s><s>Career.:Broadway, \"Hamlet\" and films with Elizabeth Taylor (1960–1969). In 1960, Burton appeared in two films for Warner Bros., neither of which were successful: \"The Bramble Bush\" which reunited him with his \"Wuthering Heights\" director Petrie, and Vincent Sherman's adaptation of Edna Ferber's \"Ice Palace\". Burton called the latter a \"piece of shit\". He received a fee of $125,000 for both films. Burton's next appearance was as the stammering secularist, George Holyoake in BBC's documentary-style television adaptation of John Osborne's \"A Subject of Scandal and Concern\". According to Osborne's biographer Luc Gilleman, the film garnered little attention. Burton returned to the United States for the filming of John Frankenheimer's television adaptation of Ernest Hemingway's \"The Fifth Column\". He also provided narration for 26 episodes of \"The Valiant Years\", an American Broadcasting Company (ABC) series based on Winston Churchill's memoirs. Burton made a triumphant return to the stage with Moss Hart's 1960 Broadway production of \"Camelot\" as King Arthur. The play, written by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe, had Julie"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " Andrews fresh from her triumph in \"My Fair Lady\" playing Guinevere, and Robert Goulet as Lancelot completing the love triangle. Roddy McDowall played the villainous Mordred. Hart first came up with the proposal to Burton after learning from Lerner about his ability to sing. Burton consulted Olivier on whether he should take the role, which came with a stipend of $4,000 a week. Olivier pointed out this salary was good and that he should accept the offer. The production was troubled, with both Loewe and Hart falling ill and the pressure was building, owing to great expectations and huge advance sales. The show's running time was nearly five hours. Burton's intense preparation and competitive desire to succeed served him well. He immediately drafted Philip, who revised the musical's script and cut its running time to three hours while also incorporating three new songs. Burton was generous and supportive to everyone throughout the production and coached the understudies himself. According to Lerner, \"he kept the boat from rocking, and \"Camelot\" might never have reached New York if it hadn't been for him\". Burton's reviews were excellent, with the critic from \"Time\" magazine observing that Richard \"gives Arthur the skillful and vastly appealing performance that"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " might be expected from one of England's finest young actors\". Broadway theatre reviewer Walter Kerr noted Richard's syllables, \"sing, the account of his wrestling the stone from the sword becomes a bravura passage of house-hushing brilliance\" and complemented his duets with Andrews, finding Burton's rendition to possess \"a sly and fretful and mocking accent to take care of the without destroying the man\". However, on the whole the play initially received mixed reviews on its opening at the Majestic Theatre on Broadway and was slow to earn money. Advance sales managed to keep \"Camelot\" running for three months until a twenty-minute extract was broadcast on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" which helped \"Camelot\" achieve great success, and an unprecedented three-year run overall from 1960 to 1963. Its success led to Burton being called \"The King of Broadway\", and he went on to receive the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical. The original soundtrack of the musical topped the \"Billboard\" charts throughout 1961 after its release at the end of 1960. John F. Kennedy, who was then the President of the United States, reportedly enjoyed the play and invited Burton to the White House for a visit. In 1962, Burton appeared as Officer David Campbell,"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " an RAF fighter pilot in \"The Longest Day\", which included a large ensemble cast featuring: McDowall, George Segal, Henry Fonda, John Wayne, Mel Ferrer, Robert Mitchum, Rod Steiger and Sean Connery. The same year he provided narration for the Jack Howells documentary \"Dylan Thomas\". The short won the Best Documentary Short Subject at the 35th Academy Awards ceremony. After performing \"Camelot\" for six months, in July 1961, Burton met producer Walter Wanger who asked him to replace Stephen Boyd as Mark Antony in director Joseph L. Mankiewicz's magnum opus \"Cleopatra\". Burton was paid $250,000 for four months work in the film (). The gigantic scale of the film's troubled production, Taylor's bouts of illness and fluctuating weight, Burton's off-screen relationship with the actress, (which he gave the sardonic nickname \"Le Scandale\") all generated enormous publicity; \"Life\" magazine proclaimed it the \"Most Talked About Movie Ever Made\". Fox's future appeared to hinge on what became the most expensive movie ever made until then, with costs reaching almost $40 million. During filming, Burton met and fell in love with Elizabeth Taylor, who was"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " then married to Eddie Fisher. According to Alpert, at their first meeting on the set while posing for their publicity photographs, Burton said, \"Has anyone ever told you that you're a very pretty girl?\" Taylor later recalled, \"I said to myself, \"Oy gevalt\", here's the great lover, the great wit, the great intellectual of Wales, and he comes out with a line like that.\" Bragg contradicts Alpert by pointing out that Burton could not stand Taylor at first, calling her \"Miss Tits\" and opined to Mankiewicz, \"I expect she shaves\"; he saw her simply as another celebrity with no acting talent. All that changed when, in their first scene together, Burton was shaky and forgot his lines, and she soothed and helped him; it was at this instance, according to Taylor, that she fell for him. Soon the affair began in earnest; both Fisher and Sybil were unable to bear it. While Fisher fled the sets for Gstaad, Sybil went first to Céligny and then headed off to London. Olivier, shocked by Burton's affair with Taylor, cabled him: \"Make up your mind, dear heart. Do you want to be a great actor"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " or a household word?\". Burton replied \"Both\". \"Cleopatra\" was finally released on 11 June 1963 with a run time of 243 minutes, to polarising reviews. The \"Time\" magazine critic found the film \"riddled with flaws, [lacking] style both in image and in action\", and wrote Burton \"staggers around looking ghastly and spouting irrelevance\". In a contradictory review, Crowther termed the film \"generally brilliant, moving, and satisfying\" and thought Burton was \"exciting as the arrogant Antony\". Richard Brody of \"The New Yorker\" commented positively on the chemistry between Burton and Taylor, describing it as \"entrancing in the movie’s drama as it was in life\". \"Cleopatra\" grossed over $26 million (), becoming one of the highest-grossing films of 1963. It was not enough to prevent Fox from entering bankruptcy. The studio sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the film's prospects at the box office with their behaviour, but it proved unsuccessful. \"Cleopatra\" was nominated for nine Academy Awards, winning for Best Production Design, Best Costume Design and Best Visual Effects. The film marked the beginning of a series of collaborations with Taylor, in addition to"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " making Burton one of the Top 10 box office draws until 1967. Burton played her tycoon husband Paul Andros in Anthony Asquith's \"The V.I.P.s\" (1963), an ensemble cast film described by Alpert as a \"kind of \"Grand Hotel\" story\" that was set in the VIP lounge of London Heathrow Airport; it proved to be a box-office hit despite mixed reviews. It was after \"The V.I.P.s\" that Burton became considerably more selective about his roles; he credited Taylor for this as he simply acted in films \"to get rich\" and she \"made me see what kind of rubbish I was doing\". Burton divorced Sybil in April 1963 after completing \"The V.I.P.s\" while Taylor was granted divorce from Fisher on 6 March 1964. Taylor then took a two-year hiatus from films until her next venture with Burton, \"The Sandpiper\" (1965). The supercouple, dubbed \"Liz and Dick\" by the press, continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s, earning a combined $88 million over the next decade and spending $65 million. Regarding their earnings, in a 1976 interview with Lester David and Jhan"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " Robbins of \"The Ledger\", Burton stated that \"they say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations\" and that the couple \"often outspent\" the Greek business tycoon Aristotle Onassis. In 1964, Burton portrayed Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury who was martyred by Henry II of England, in the film adaptation of Jean Anouilh's historical play \"Becket\". Both Alpert and historian Alex von Tunzelmann noted Burton gave an effective, restrained performance, contrasting with co-actor and friend Peter O'Toole's manic portrayal of Henry. Burton asked the film's director, Peter Glenville, not to oust him from the project like he had done for \"Adventure Story\" before accepting the role of Becket. Writing for \"The Christian Science Monitor\", Peter Rainer labelled Burton as \"extraordinary\". Kenneth Turan of the \"Los Angeles Times\" appreciated Burton's on-screen chemistry with O'Toole and thought his portrayal of Becket served as \"a reminder of how fine an actor Burton was\". The film received twelve Oscar nominations, including Best Actor for both Burton and O'Toole; they lost to Harrison for \"My Fair Lady\" (1964). Burton and O'Toole"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " also received nominations for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama at the 22nd Golden Globe Awards, with O'Toole emerging victorious. Burton's triumph at the box office continued with his next appearance as the defrocked clergyman Dr. T. Lawrence Shannon in Tennessee Williams' \"The Night of the Iguana\" (1964) directed by John Huston; the film was also critically well received. Alpert believed Burton's success was due to how well he varied his acting with the three female characters, each of whom he tries to seduce differently: Ava Gardner (the randy hotel owner), Sue Lyon (the nubile American tourist), and Deborah Kerr (the poor, repressed artist). The success of \"Becket\" and \"The Night of the Iguana\" led \"Time\" magazine to term him \"the new Mr. Box Office\". During the production of \"Becket\", Burton went to watch Gielgud perform in the 1963 stage adaptation of Thornton Wilder's 1948 novel, \"The Ides of March\". There he was confronted by Gielgud who asked what Burton planned to do as a part of the celebration of Shakespeare's quatercentenary. Burton told him he was approached by theatrical producer Alexander H. Cohen to"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " do \"Hamlet\" in New York City. Burton had accepted Cohen's offer under the condition that Gielgud would direct it, which he conveyed to Gielgud. Gielgud agreed and soon production began in January 1964 after Burton had completed his work in \"Becket\" and \"The Night of the Iguana\". Taking into account Burton's dislike for wearing period clothing, as well as fellow actor Harley Granville-Barker’s notion that the play was best approached as a \"permanent rehearsal\", Gielgud decided for \"Hamlet\" to be performed in a'rehearsal' version with an incomplete set with the actors performing wearing their own clothes. Unaccustomed to this freedom, the cast found it hard to select the appropriate clothes and wore different attire day by day. After the first performance in Toronto, Gielgud decreed that the actors must wear capes as he felt it \"lacked colour\". In addition to being the play's director, Gielgud appeared as the Ghost of Hamlet's father. According to Gielgud's biographer Jonathan Croall, Burton's basic reading of Hamlet was \"a much more vigorous, extrovert\" version of Giel"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": "gud's own performance in 1936. Burton varied his interpretations of the character in later performances; he even tried a homosexual Hamlet. When the play debuted at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre in New York City, Burton garnered good reviews for his portrayal of a \"bold and virile\" Hamlet. Howard Taubman of \"The New York Times\" called it \"a performance of electrical power and sweeping virility\", noting that he had never known or seen \"a Hamlet of such tempestuous manliness\". A critic from \"Time\" magazine said that Burton \"put his passion into Hamlet's language rather than the character. His acting is a technician's marvel. His voice has gem-cutting precision.\" Walter Kerr felt that though Burton carried \"a certain lack of feeling\" in his performance, he appreciated Burton's \"reverberating\" vocal projections. The opening night party was a lavish affair, attended by six hundred celebrities. The play ran for 137 performances, beating the previous record set by Gielgud himself in 1936. The most successful aspect of the production, apart from Burton's performance, was generally considered to be Hume Cronyn's performance as Polonius, winning him the only Tony Award he would ever receive in a competitive category"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": ". Burton himself was nominated for his second Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play but lost to Alec Guinness for his portrayal of the poet Dylan Thomas. The performance was immortalised in a film that was created by recording three live performances on camera from 30 June 1964 to 1 July 1964 using a process called Electronovision; it played in US theatres for a week in 1964. The play was also the subject of books written by cast members William Redfield and Richard L. Sterne. Burton helped Taylor make her stage debut in \"A Poetry Reading\", a recitation of poems by the couple as well as anecdotes and quotes from the plays Burton had participated in thus far. The idea was conceived by Burton as a benefit performance for his mentor Philip, whose conservatory, the American Musical and Dramatic Academy, had fallen short of funds. \"A Poetry Reading\" opened at the Lunt-Fontanne on 21 June 1964 to a packed house; the couple received a standing ovation at the end of their performance. Burton remarked on Taylor's performance, \"I didn't know she was going to be this good.\" After \"Hamlet\" came to a close in August 1964, Burton and Taylor continued making films together. The first film after their marriage, \""
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": "The Sandpiper\", was poorly received but still became a commercially successful venture. According to Bragg, the films they made during the mid-1960s contained a lot of innuendos that referred directly to their private lives. Burton went on to star opposite Claire Bloom and Oskar Werner in \"The Spy Who Came In from the Cold\" (1965), a Cold War espionage story about a British Intelligence agent, Alec Leamas (Burton), who is sent to East Germany on a mission to find and expose a mole working within his organisation for an East German Intelligence officer, Hans-Dieter Mundt (Peter van Eyck). Martin Ritt, the film's director and producer, wanted Burton's character to exhibit more anonymity, which meant no display of eloquent speeches or intense emotional moments. Bragg believed this decision worried Burton, as he had generated his reputation as an actor with those exact traits, and wondered how the film's would turn out. Ritt, a non-drinker, was displeased with Burton's drinking habits as he felt it \"lacked a certain discipline\" and expected the same level of commitment from him as everyone else during filming. In spite of their differences, Alpert notes that the film transpired well. Based on"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " the 1963 novel of the same name by John le Carré, \"The Spy Who Came in from the Cold\" garnered positive reviews, with Fernando F. Croce of \"Slant Magazine\" describing Burton's performance as more of \"tragic patsy than swashbuckler\" and believed his scenes with Werner \"have sharp doses of suspicion, cynicism and sadness\". Dave Kehr of the \"Chicago Reader\" called the film \"Grim, monotonous, and rather facile\", he found Burton's role had \"some honest poignancy\". \"Variety\" thought Burton fitted \"neatly into the role of the apparently burned out British agent\". Burton also made a brief appearance the same year in Clive Donner's comedy \"What's New Pussycat?\" as a man who meets the womaniser Michael James (O'Toole) in a bar. In 1966, Burton and Taylor enjoyed their greatest on-screen success in Mike Nichols's film version of Edward Albee's black comedy play \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\", in which a bitter erudite couple trade vicious barbs in front of their guests, Nick (George Segal) and Honey (Sandy Dennis). Burton wanted Taylor for the character of Martha \"to"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " stop everyone else from playing it\". He didn't want anyone else to do it as he thought it could be for Elizabeth what \"Hamlet\" was for him. Burton was not the first choice for the role of George. Jack Lemmon was offered the role initially, but when he turned it down, Warner Bros. president Jack L. Warner agreed on Burton and paid him $750,000. Nichols was hired to helm the project at Taylor's request, despite having never directed a film. Albee preferred Bette Davis and James Mason for Martha and George respectively, fearing that the Burtons' strong screen presence would dominate the film. Instead, it proved to be what Alpert described as \"the summit of both Richard's and Elizabeth's careers\". The film's script, adapted from Albee's play by Ernest Lehman, broke new ground for its raw language and harsh depiction of marriage. So immersed had the Burtons become in the roles of George and Martha over the months of shooting that, after it was wrapped up, he and Taylor found it difficult not to be George and Martha, \"I feel rather lost.\" Later the couple would state that the film took its toll on their relationship, and that Taylor was \"tired of playing Martha\" in real"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " life. \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\" garnered critical acclaim, with film critic Stanley Kauffmann of \"The New York Times\" calling it \"one of the most scathingly honest American films ever made\". Kaufman observed Burton to be \"utterly convincing as a man with a great lake of nausea in him, on which he sails with regret and compulsive amusement\", and Taylor \"does the best work of her career, sustained and urgent\". In her review for \"The New York Daily News\", Kate Cameron thought Taylor \"nothing less than brilliant as the shrewish, slovenly. blasphemous, frustrated, slightly wacky, alcoholic wife\" while noting that the film gave Burton \"a chance to display his disciplined art in the role of the victim of a wife's vituperative tongue\". However, Andrew Sarris of \"The Village Voice\" criticised Taylor, believing her performance \"lack[ed] genuine warmth\" but his review of Burton was more favourable, noting that he gave \"a performance of electrifying charm\". Although all four actors received Academy Award nominations for their roles in the film, which received a total of thirteen nominations, only Taylor and Dennis went on to win. Both Burton and Taylor won their first BAFTA Awards for Best British"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " Actor and Best British Actress respectively; the former also for his role in \"The Spy Who Came in from the Cold\". Burton and Taylor next performed a 1966 Oxford Playhouse adaptation of Christopher Marlowe's \"Doctor Faustus\"; the couple did the play to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society and as a token of Burton's gratitude to Nevill Coghill. Burton starred as the titular character, Doctor Faustus while Taylor played her first stage role as Helen of Troy, a non-speaking part. The play received negative reviews but Burton's and Taylor's performances were reviewed constructively. Irving Wardle of \"The Times\" called it \"University drama at its worst\" while the American newspaper columnist John Crosby, in his review for \"The Observer\", lauded Burton's speech where he asks God to be merciful, stating that: \"It takes a great actor to deliver that speech without wringing a strangled sob of laughter out of one. But Burton did it.\" The play nevertheless made $22,000 dollars, which Coghill was happy with. \"Doctor Faustus\" was adapted for the screen the following year by both Burton and Coghill, with Burton making his directorial debut. He also co-produced the film with Taylor and Cogh"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": "ill; it was critically panned and was a box office failure. The couple's next collaboration was Franco Zeffirelli's lively version of Shakespeare's \"The Taming of the Shrew\" (1967). The film was a challenge for Burton, who had to chase Taylor on rooftops, noting that he was \"permitted to do extreme physical things that wouldn't have been allowed with any other actress\". Zeffirelli recalled that Taylor, who had no prior experience performing in a Shakespeare play, \"gave the more interesting performance because she invented the part from scratch\". Of Burton, the director felt he was, to an extent, \"affected by his knowledge of the classics\". \"The Taming of the Shrew\" also became a notable critical and commercial success. He had another quick collaboration with Zeffirelli narrating the documentary, \"\", which was about the 1966 flood of the Arno that devastated the city of Florence, Italy; the film raised $20 million for the flood relief efforts. By the end of 1967, the combined box office gross of films Burton and Taylor had acted in had reached $200 million. According to biographers John Cottrell and Fergus Cashin, when Burton and Taylor contemplated taking a three-month"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " break from acting, Hollywood \"almost had a nervous breakdown\" as nearly half the U.S. cinema industry's income for films in theatrical distribution came from pictures starring one or both of them. Later collaborations from the Burtons like \"The Comedians\" (1967), which was based on Graham Greene's 1966 novel of the same name, and the Tennessee Williams adaptation \"Boom!\" (1968) were critical and commercial failures. In 1968, Burton enjoyed a commercial blockbuster with Clint Eastwood in the World War II action film \"Where Eagles Dare\"; he received a $1 million fee plus a share of the film's box office gross. According to his daughter Kate Burton, “He did that one for us kids, because we kept asking him, 'Can you do a fun movie that we can go see?\" Eastwood thought the script \"terrible\" and was \"all exposition and complications\". He asked the film's producer Elliott Kastner and its screenwriter Alistair MacLean to be given less dialogue, later remarking \"I just stood around firing my machine gun while Burton handled the dialogue.\" Burton enjoyed working with Eastwood and said of the picture that he \"did all the talking and [Eastwood] did all the killing\". Burton's"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " last film of the decade, \"Anne of the Thousand Days\" (1969) for which he was paid $1.25 million, () was commercially successful but garnered mixed opinions from reviewers. Noted British film critic Tom Milne of \"Time Out\" magazine believed that Burton \"plays throughout on a monotonous note of bluff ferocity\". Conversely, Vincent Canby of \"The New York Times\" appreciated Burton's portrayal of the English monarch, noting that he \"is in excellent form and voice—funny, loutish and sometimes wise\". \"Anne of the Thousand Days\" received ten nominations at the 42nd Academy Awards, including one for Burton's performance as Henry VIII of England, which many thought to be largely the result of an expensive advertising campaign by Universal Studios. The same year, \"Staircase\" in which he and his \"Cleopatra\" co-star Rex Harrison appeared as a bickering homosexual couple, received negative reviews and was unsuccessful.</s><s>Career.:Later career and final years (1970–1984). In 1970, on his 45th birthday, Burton was ceremonially honoured with a CBE at Buckingham Palace; Taylor and Cis were present during the ceremony. He attributed not having a knighthood to changing his"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " residence from London to Céligny to escape taxes. From the 1970s, after his completion of \"Anne of the Thousand Days\", Burton began to work in mediocre films, which hurt his career. This was partly due to the Burtons' extravagant spending, his increasing addiction to alcohol, and his claim that he could not \"find any worthy material that is pertinent to our times\". He recognised his financial need to work, and understood in the New Hollywood era of cinema, neither he nor Taylor would be paid as well as at the height of their stardom. Some of the films he made during this period include: \"Bluebeard\" (1972), \"Hammersmith Is Out\" (1972), \"Battle of Sutjeska\" (1973), \"The Klansman\" (1974), and \"\" (1977). His last film with Taylor was the two-part melodrama \"Divorce His, Divorce Hers\" (1973). He did enjoy one major critical success in the 1970s with the film version of his stage hit \"Equus\", winning the Golden Globe Award as well as garnering an Academy Award nomination. Public sentiment towards his perennial frustration at not winning an Oscar made many pundits consider him the favourite to finally win the award"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": ", but he lost to Richard Dreyfuss in \"The Goodbye Girl\". In 1976, Burton received a Grammy Award in the category of Best Recording for Children for his narration of \"The Little Prince\" by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. His narration of \"Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds\" became such a necessary part of the concept album that a hologram of Burton was used to narrate the live stage show (touring in 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2010) of the musical. In 2011, however, Liam Neeson was cast in the part for a \"New Generation\" re-recording, and replaced Burton as the hologram character in the stage show. Burton had an international box-office hit with \"The Wild Geese\" (1978), an adventure tale about mercenaries in Africa. The film was a success in Europe but had only limited distribution in the United States owing to the collapse of the studio that distributed it. He returned to films with \"The Medusa Touch\" (1978), \"Circle of Two\" (1980), and the title role in \"Wagner\" (1983). His last film performance as O'Brien in \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\" (1984) was"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " critically acclaimed though he was not the first choice for the role. According to the film's director, Michael Radford, Paul Scofield was originally contracted to play the part, but had to withdraw due to a broken leg; Sean Connery, Marlon Brando and Rod Steiger were all approached before Burton was cast. He had \"heard stories\" about Burton's heavy drinking, which had concerned the producers. At the time of his death, Burton was preparing to film \"Wild Geese II\", the sequel to \"The Wild Geese\", which was eventually released in 1985. Burton was to reprise the role of Colonel Faulkner, while Laurence Olivier was cast as Rudolf Hess. After his death, Burton was replaced by Edward Fox, and the character changed to Faulkner's younger brother.</s><s>Personal life. Burton was married five times, twice consecutively to Taylor. From 1949 until 1963, he was married to Sybil Williams, with whom he had two daughters, Kate (born 1957) and Jessica Burton (born 1959). Burton's marriages to Taylor lasted from 15 March 1964 to 26 June 1974 and from 10 October 1975 to 29 July 1976. Their first wedding was at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Montreal. Of their marriage,"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " Taylor proclaimed, \"I'm so happy you can't believe it. This marriage will last forever.\" Their second wedding took place 16 months after their divorce, in Chobe National Park in Botswana. Taylor and Eddie Fisher adopted a daughter from Germany, Maria Burton (born 1 August 1961), who was re-adopted by Burton after he and Taylor married. Burton also re-adopted Taylor and producer Mike Todd's daughter, Elizabeth Frances \"Liza\" Todd (born 6 August 1957), who had been first adopted by Fisher. The relationship Burton and Taylor portrayed in the film \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\" was popularly likened to their real-life marriage. Burton disagreed with others about Taylor's famed beauty, saying that calling her \"the most beautiful woman in the world is absolute nonsense. She has wonderful eyes, but she has a double chin and an overdeveloped chest, and she's rather short in the leg.\" In August 1976, a month after his second divorce from Taylor, Burton married model Suzy Miller, the former wife of Formula 1 Champion James Hunt; the marriage ended in divorce in 1982. From 1983 until his death in 1984, Burton was married to freelance production assistant Sally Hay. In 1974, between his divorce from and remarriage"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " to Taylor, he was briefly engaged to Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia. In 1957, Burton had earned a total of £82,000 from \"Prince of Players\", \"The Rains of Ranchipur\" and \"Alexander the Great\", but only managed to keep £6,000 for personal expenses due to taxation imposed by the then-ruling Conservative government. As a result, he consulted his lawyer, Aaron Frosch, who suggested he move to Switzerland where the tax payment was comparatively less. Burton acceded to Frosch's suggestion and moved with Sybil in January 1957 to Céligny, Switzerland, where he purchased a villa. In response to criticism from the British government, Burton remarked: \"I believe that everyone should pay them — except actors.\" Burton lived there until his death. In 1968, Burton's elder brother, Ifor, slipped and fell, breaking his neck, after a lengthy drinking session with Burton in Céligny. The injury left him paralysed from the neck down. His younger brother Graham Jenkins speculated that guilt over this may have caused Burton to start drinking very heavily, particularly after Ifor died in 1972. In a February 1975 interview with his friend David Lewin he said he \"tried\" homosexuality."
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " He also suggested that perhaps all actors were latent homosexuals, and \"we cover it up with drink\". In 2000, Ellis Amburn's biography of Elizabeth Taylor suggested that Burton had an affair with Olivier and tried to seduce Eddie Fisher, although this was strongly denied by Burton's younger brother Graham Jenkins. Burton was a heavy smoker. In a December 1977 interview with Sir Ludovic Kennedy, Burton said he was smoking 60–100 cigarettes per day. According to his younger brother, as stated in Graham Jenkins's 1988 book \"Richard Burton: My Brother\", he smoked at least 100 cigarettes a day. After his father died from a cerebral haemorrhage in January 1957 at age 81, Burton declined to attend his funeral.</s><s>Personal views. In November 1974, Burton was banned permanently from BBC productions for writing two newspaper articles questioning the sanity of Winston Churchill and others in power during World War II – Burton reported hating them \"virulently\" for the alleged promise to wipe out all Japanese people on the planet. The publication of these articles coincided with what would have been Churchill's centenary, and came after Burton had played him in a favourable light in \"A Walk with Destiny\", with considerable help from the Churchill family. Politically Burton was a lifelong socialist, although he"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " was never as heavily involved in politics as his close friend Stanley Baker. He admired Democratic Senator Robert F. Kennedy and once got into a sonnet-quoting contest with him. In 1972, Burton played Leon Trotsky in \"The Assassination of Trotsky\". The next year, he agreed to play Josip Broz Tito in a film biography, since he admired the Yugoslav leader. While filming in Yugoslavia he publicly proclaimed that he was a communist, saying he felt no contradiction between earning vast sums of money for films and holding left-wing views since \"unlike capitalists, I don't exploit other people\". Burton courted further controversy in 1976 when he wrote an unsolicited article for \"The Observer\" about his friend and fellow Welsh thespian Stanley Baker, who had recently died from pneumonia at the age of 48; the article upset Baker's widow with its depiction of her late husband as an uncultured womaniser. Melvyn Bragg, in the notes of his \"Richard Burton: A Life\", says that Burton told Laurence Olivier around 1970 of his (unfulfilled) plans to make his own film of \"Macbeth\" with Elizabeth Taylor, knowing that this would hurt Olivier because he had failed to gain funding for his own cherished film version more"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " than a decade earlier. On his religious views, Burton was an atheist, stating: \"I wish I could believe in a God of some kind but I simply cannot.\" Burton admired and was inspired by the actor and dramatist Emlyn Williams. He employed his son, Brook Williams, as his personal assistant and adviser, and he was given small roles in some of the films in which Burton starred.</s><s>Health problems. Burton was an alcoholic most of his adult life. According to biographer Robert Sellers, \"At the height of his boozing in the mid-70s he was knocking back three to four bottles of hard liquor a day.\" After nearly drinking himself to death during the shooting of \"The Klansman\" (1974), Burton dried out at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California. Burton was allegedly inebriated while making the movie, and many of his scenes had to be filmed with him sitting or lying down due to his inability to stand upright. In some scenes, he appears to slur his words or speak incoherently. Burton later said that he could not remember making the film. Co-star O. J. Simpson said \"There would be times when he couldn’t move\". According to his di"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": "aries, Burton used Antabuse to try to stop his excessive consumption of alcohol, which he blamed for wrecking his marriage to Taylor. Burton himself said of the time leading up to his near loss of life, \"I was fairly sloshed for five years. I was up there with John Barrymore and Robert Newton. The ghosts of them were looking over my shoulder.\" He said that he turned to the bottle for solace \"to burn up the flatness, the stale, empty, dull deadness that one feels when one goes offstage\". The 1988 biography by Melvyn Bragg provides a detailed description of the many health issues that plagued Burton throughout his life. In his youth, Burton was known for being exceptionally strong and athletic. By the age of 41, he had declined so far in health that by his own admission his arms were thin and weak. He suffered from bursitis, possibly aggravated by faulty treatment, arthritis, dermatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, and kidney disease, as well as developing, by his mid-forties, a pronounced limp. How much of this was due to his intake of alcohol is impossible to ascertain, according to Bragg, because of Burton's reluctance to be treated for alcoholism. In 1974, Burton"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " spent six weeks in a clinic to recuperate from a period during which he had drunk three bottles of vodka a day. He was also a chain smoker, with an intake of between three and five packs a day for most of his adult life. Health issues continued to plague him until his death.</s><s>Death. Burton died from intracerebral haemorrhage on 5 August 1984 at his home in Céligny, Switzerland, at the age of 58. Although his death was sudden, his health had been declining for several years, and he suffered from constant and severe neck pain. As early as March 1970, he had been warned that his liver was enlarged, and he was diagnosed with cirrhosis and kidney disease in April 1981. Burton was buried at the Old Cemetery (\"Vieux Cimetière\") of Céligny with a copy of Dylan Thomas's poems. }} He and Taylor had discussed being buried together; his widow Sally purchased the plot next to Burton's and erected a large headstone across both, presumably to prevent Taylor from being buried there. Burton left an estate worth US$4.58 million (). The bulk of his estate consisted of real estate, investments in three countries and works of art. Most of"
},
{
"title": "Richard Burton",
"text": " his estate was bequeathed to his widow.</s><s>Honours. For his contributions to cinema, Burton was inducted posthumously into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2013 with a motion pictures star located at 6336 Hollywood Boulevard. For his contributions to theatre, Burton was inducted into the Theatre Hall of Fame.</s><s>Filmography, other works and awards. Selected works, based on award nominations</s><s>Bibliography. - Works by Burton - - - Primary works - - - - - - Rubython, Tom (2011): 'And God Created Burton'. London: Myrtle Press - - Secondary works - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - Shipman, D. \"The Great Movie Stars: The International Years\", Angus & Robertson 1982.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Richard Burton",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000447
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Salt Bae.
|
[
{
"title": "Salt Bae",
"text": "<s>Salt Bae Nusret Gökçe (; born 1983), nicknamed Salt Bae, is a Turkish butcher, chef, food entertainer and restaurateur whose technique for preparing and seasoning meat became an Internet meme in January 2017. He owns Nusr-Et, a chain of luxury steak houses., he has Nusr-Et branches in Turkey, Greece, the United States, the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. The name of his restaurant chain comes from his own name and \"Et\", which means \"meat\" in Turkish.</s><s>Early life. Nusret Gökçe was born in, a village in Şenkaya district of Erzurum Province, to a Kurdish family. His father, Faik, was a mineworker. The family's finances forced him to leave school in the sixth grade (aged 11–12) to work as a butcher's apprentice in the Kadıköy district of Istanbul.</s><s>Career. Gökçe visited several countries including Argentina and the United States between 2007 and 2010, where he worked in local restaurants for free, in order to gain experience as a cook and a restaurateur. After his return to Turkey"
},
{
"title": "Salt Bae",
"text": ", Gökçe opened his first restaurant in Istanbul in 2010, and later opened a Dubai restaurant in 2014. In January 2017 he became more widely known as Salt Bae through a series of viral Internet videos and memes that show him \"suavely\" cutting meat and sprinkling salt, such as \"Ottoman Steak\", posted on his restaurant's Twitter account. The post was viewed 10 million times on Instagram, after which he was dubbed \"Salt Bae\" due to his peculiar way of sprinkling salt: dropping it from his fingertips to his forearm, and then onto the dish. Due to the viral exposure gained from this post, Gökçe's profile has expanded enormously and he has served a wide range of celebrities and politicians from around the world.</s><s>Critical reception. Despite the international fame, early professional reviews in 2018 of his New York City steakhouse were generally negative. The \"New York Post\"s Steve Cuozzo called the restaurant \"Public Rip-off No. 1\" and Joshua David Stein writing in \"GQ\" called the steak mundane and the hamburgers overcooked. Other critics described the dishes as \"over-salted as they are overpriced\", the \"meat was tough with globs of fat and gristle"
},
{
"title": "Salt Bae",
"text": ", and severely lacking in flavor\", and that \"finishing a meal there constitutes some kind of personal victory over your own body and instincts and mouth\". Reviewers described the dining experience as \"overpriced\". However, for entertainment, reviewers were more positive. \"Eater\"s Robert Sietsema states, \"If you are intent on judging New York's new branch of Nusr-Et only as a steakhouse, you'll probably be disappointed... If, on the other hand, you appraise the place as dinner theater, you will find it satisfying—but only if Salt Bae is in the house\".</s><s>Controversies. In December 2017, Gökçe was criticized for a photo taken in 2016 – in which he posed in front of, and mimicked, a photo of former President Fidel Castro of Cuba. In September 2018, Czech internet personality Týnuš Třešničková became a victim of a failed fire show in the Nusr-Et steakhouse in Istanbul, resulting in 35% total body surface area burns. Several other guests also faced less serious body burns.{{cite web|url=https://ahvalnews.com/nusr-et/five-injured"
},
{
"title": "Salt Bae",
"text": "-during-fire-show-restaurant-salt-bae-istanbul|title= Five injured during a fire show in restaurant of ‘Salt Bae’ in Istanbul|newspaper=Ahval|location=Istanbul|date=28 September 2018|access-date=25 October 2021}} That same month, Gökçe was criticized by U.S. Senator Marco Rubio and the Miami city council after President Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela had a meal at his restaurant in Istanbul. In November 2019, four of Gökçe's former employees accused him of getting a share of their tips. They alleged that they were fired from his New York restaurant when they tried to ask questions about the tips. A trial was set to take place to investigate the issue, until Gökçe reached a settlement with his former employees and paid them $230,000. Explaining why he had fired them, he said: \"I was not satisfied with the performance of the four employees... Since they were fired, they acted with the feeling of 'look what we are going to do to you' and put forward these tip allegations.\" In late September 2020, his restaurant in Boston was ordered to close by public health officials several days after it"
},
{
"title": "Salt Bae",
"text": " opened due to violations of COVID-19 safety standards. It reopened in early October 2020. In October 2021, Gökçe came under scrutiny from the British media over a £37,000 bill for a meal at one of his UK restaurants. In December 2022, after the 2022 FIFA World Cup Final between Argentina and France, Gökçe was again the focus of online criticism after joining the Argentine players on the field post-match, disturbing the players, biting their medals, and even handling the trophy, a gesture reserved for winners and heads of state. As a result, FIFA launched an investigation into Gökçe's actions during the final.</s><s>Personal life. Gökçe has been involved with charitable work, such as building a school in his hometown of Erzurum. According to a social media post shared on Instagram by Gökçe he had built a library, a guest house, a mosque, an English education center and a computer laboratory in his hometown.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Salt Bae",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000448
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Thierry Henry.
|
[
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": "<s>Thierry Henry Thierry Daniel Henry (; born 17 August 1977) is a French professional football coach, pundit, and former player. Considered one of the best strikers of all time, one of the best players to play in the Premier League and Arsenal F.C's greatest player of all time. Henry was runner-up for both the Ballon d'Or in 2003 and the FIFA World Player of the Year in 2003 and 2004. He was named the FWA Footballer of the Year a record three times, the PFA Players' Player of the Year a joint-record two times, and was named in the PFA Team of the Year six consecutive times. He was also included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI once and the UEFA Team of the Year five times. Henry made his professional debut with Monaco in 1994 before signing for defending Serie A champions Juventus. However, limited playing time, coupled with disagreements with the club's hierarchy, led to him signing for Premier League club Arsenal for £11 million in 1999. Under long-time mentor and coach Arsène Wenger, Henry became a prolific striker and Arsenal's all-time leading scorer with 228 goals in all competitions. He won the Premier League Golden Boot a record four times"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": ", won two FA Cups and two Premier League titles with the club, including one during an unbeaten \"Invincible\" season. Henry spent his final two seasons with Arsenal as club captain, leading them to the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final. Henry transferred to Barcelona in 2007 and in the 2008–09 season, he was a key part of the club's historic treble when they won La Liga, the Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League. In 2010, he joined Major League Soccer (MLS) club New York Red Bulls and returned to Arsenal on loan for two months in 2012, before retiring in 2014. Henry had success with France, winning the 1998 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2000, and 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup. He was named French Player of the Year a record five times, named to the UEFA Euro 2000 Team of the Tournament, awarded both the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball and Golden Shoe, and named to the 2006 FIFA World Cup All-Star Team. In October 2007, he became his country's record goalscorer, a record he held until December 2022. After amassing 123 appearances and 51 goals, Henry retired from international football after the 2010 FIFA World Cup. After retiring, Henry transitioned into coaching. He began coaching Arsenal"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": "'s youth teams in February 2015, in tandem with his work as a pundit for Sky Sports. In 2016, he was appointed as an assistant coach at Belgium, before assuming the role as the head coach at Monaco in 2018. He was relieved of his duties at Monaco in January 2019 and returned to MLS less than a year later to manage Montréal Impact. He led Montréal to the playoffs in the 2020 season before departing in 2021, returning to his role as an assistant coach for Belgium for a year and a half.</s><s>Early years. Henry is of Antillean heritage: his father, Antoine, is from Guadeloupe (La Désirade island), and his mother, Maryse, is from Martinique. He was born and raised in Les Ulis suburb of Paris which, despite sometimes being seen as a tough neighbourhood, provided good footballing facilities. As a seven-year-old, Henry showed great potential, prompting Claude Chezelle to recruit him to the local club CO Les Ulis. His father pressured him to attend training, although the youngster was not particularly drawn to football. He joined US Palaiseau in 1989, but after a year his father fell out with the club, so Henry moved to ES"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " Viry-Châtillon and played there for two years. US Palaiseau coach Jean-Marie Panza, Henry's future mentor, followed him there.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:1992–1999: Beginnings at Monaco and transfer to Juventus. In 1990, Monaco sent scout Arnold Catalano to watch Henry, then at the age of 13 in a match. Henry scored all six goals as his side won 6–0. Catalano asked him to join Monaco without even attending a trial first. Catalano requested that Henry complete a course at the elite INF Clairefontaine academy, and despite the director's reluctance to admit Henry due to his poor school results, he was allowed to complete the course and joined Arsène Wenger's Monaco as a youth player. Subsequently, Henry signed professional forms with Monaco, and made his professional debut on 31 August 1994, in a 2–0 loss against Nice. Although Wenger suspected that Henry should be deployed as a striker, he put Henry on the left wing because he believed that his pace, natural ball control and skill would be more effective against full backs than centre-backs. After a tentative start to his Monaco career, Henry was named the French Young Footballer of the Year in 1996,"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " and in the 1996–97 season, his solid performances helped the club win the Ligue 1 title. During the 1997–98 season, he was instrumental in leading his club to the UEFA Champions League semi-final, setting a French record by scoring seven goals in the competition. By his third season, he had received his first cap for the national team, and was part of the winning team in the 1998 FIFA World Cup. He continued to impress at his tenure with Monaco, and in his five seasons with the club, the young winger scored 20 league goals in 105 appearances. Henry left Monaco in January 1999, one year before his intimate and closest teammate David Trezeguet, and moved to Italian club Juventus for £10.5 million. He played on the wing, as well as at wing back and wide midfield, but he was ineffective as a goal scorer, struggling against the defensive discipline exhibited by teams in Serie A, registering just three goals in 16 appearances. In 2019, on Jamie Carragher’s podcast \"The Greatest Game\", Henry attributed disagreements with Juve director Luciano Moggi as his rationale behind departing the club.</s><s>Club career.:1999–2007: Move to Arsenal, breakthrough, and success. Unsettled in Italy,"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " Henry transferred from Juventus on 3 August 1999 to Arsenal for an estimated fee of £11 million, reuniting with his former manager Arsène Wenger. It was at Arsenal that Henry made his name as a world-class footballer, and although his transfer was not without controversy, Wenger was convinced he was worth the transfer fee. Brought in as a replacement for fellow French forward Nicolas Anelka, Henry was immediately moulded into a striker by Wenger, a move that would pay rich dividends in years to come. However, doubts were raised about his ability to adapt to the quick and physical English game when he failed to score in his first eight games. After several difficult months in England, Henry even conceded that he had to \"be re-taught everything about the art of striking.\" These doubts were dispelled when he ended his first season at Arsenal with an impressive goal tally of 26. Arsenal finished second in the Premier League behind Manchester United, and lost in the UEFA Cup Final against Galatasaray. Coming off the back of a victorious UEFA Euro 2000 campaign with the national team, Henry was ready to make an impact in the 2000–01 season. Despite recording fewer goals and assists than his first season, Henry's second season with Arsenal proved to be a breakthrough"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": ", as he became the club's top goalscorer. His goal tally included a spectacular strike against Manchester United where he flicked the ball up (with his back turned to goal), before he swivelled and volleyed in from 20 yards out. The strike also featured a memorable goal celebration where he recreated the Budweiser \"Whassup?\" advertisement. Armed with one of the league's best attacks, Arsenal finished runner-up to perennial rivals Manchester United in the Premier League. The team also reached the final of the FA Cup, losing 2–1 to Liverpool. Henry remained frustrated, however, by the fact that he had yet to help the club win honours, and frequently expressed his desire to establish Arsenal as a powerhouse. Success finally arrived during the 2001–02 season. Arsenal finished seven points above Liverpool to win the Premier League title, and defeated Chelsea 2–0 in the FA Cup Final. Henry became the league's top goalscorer and netted 32 goals in all competitions as he led Arsenal to a double and his first silverware with the club. There was much expectation that Henry would replicate his club form for France during the 2002 FIFA World Cup, but the defending champions suffered a shock exit at the group stage. 2002–03 proved to be"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " another productive season for Henry, as he scored 32 goals in all competitions while contributing 23 assists—remarkable returns for a striker. In doing so, he led Arsenal to another FA Cup triumph (where he was man-of-the-match in the Final), although Arsenal failed to retain their Premier League title. Throughout the season, he competed with Manchester United's Ruud van Nistelrooy for the league scoring title, but the Dutchman edged Henry to the Golden Boot by a single goal. Nonetheless, Henry was named both the PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year. His rising status as one of the world's best footballers was affirmed when he emerged runner-up for the 2003 FIFA World Player of the Year award. With 24 goals and 20 assists in the league, Henry set a new record for most assists in a single Premier League season, and also became the first player in history to record at least 20 goals and 20 assists in a single season in one of Europe's top–five leagues—this feat has since been matched by Lionel Messi in 2020. Entering the 2003–04 season, Arsenal were determined to reclaim the Premier League crown. Henry was again instrumental in Arsenal's exceptionally successful campaign; together with"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " the likes of Dennis Bergkamp, Patrick Vieira, Freddie Ljungberg and Robert Pires, Henry ensured that the Gunners became the first team in more than a century to go through the entire domestic league season unbeaten, claiming the league title in the process. Apart from being named for the second year running as the PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year, Henry emerged once again as the runner-up for 2004 FIFA World Player of the Year award. With 39 goals scored in all competitions, the Frenchman led the league in goals scored and won the European Golden Boot. However, as was the case in 2002, Henry was unable to lead the national side to honours during UEFA Euro 2004. This dip in success was compounded when Arsenal failed again to secure back-to-back league titles when they lost out to Chelsea in the 2004–05 season, although Arsenal did win the FA Cup (the Final of which Henry missed through injury). Henry maintained his reputation as one of Europe's most feared strikers as he led the league in scoring, and with 31 goals in all competitions, he was the co-recipient (with Diego Forlán) of the European Golden Boot, becoming the first player to officially win the award twice"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " in a row (Ally McCoist had won two Golden Boots in a row, but both were deemed unofficial). The unexpected departure of Arsenal's captain Patrick Vieira in the 2005 close season led to Henry being awarded club captaincy, a role which many felt was not naturally suited for him; the captaincy is more commonly given to defenders or midfielders, who are better-placed on the pitch to read the game. Along with being chief goalscorer, he was responsible for leading a very young team which had yet to gel fully. The 2005–06 season proved to be one of remarkable personal achievements for Henry. On 17 October 2005, Henry became the club's top goalscorer of all time; two goals against Sparta Prague in the Champions League meant he broke Ian Wright's record of 185 goals. On 1 February 2006, he scored a goal against West Ham United, bringing his league goal tally up to 151, breaking Arsenal legend Cliff Bastin's league goals record. Henry scored his 100th league goal at Highbury, a feat unparalleled in the history of the club, and a unique achievement in the Premier League. On the final day of the Premier League season, Henry scored a hat-trick against Wigan Athletic in the last match played at"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " Highbury. He completed the season as the league's top goalscorer, was voted the FWA Footballer of the Year for the third time in his career, and was selected in the FIFA World XI. Nevertheless, Arsenal failed to win the Premier League title again, but hopes of a trophy were revived when Arsenal reached the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final. The Gunners eventually lost 2–1 to Barcelona, with Henry assisting the team's only goal from a free kick, and Arsenal's inability to win the league title for two consecutive seasons combined with the relative inexperience of the Arsenal squad caused much speculation that Henry would leave for another club. However, he declared his love for the club and accepted a four-year contract, and said he would stay at Arsenal for life. Arsenal vice-chairman David Dein later claimed the club had turned down two bids of £50 million from Spanish clubs for Henry before the signing of the new contract. Had the transfer materialised, it would have surpassed the then-world record £47 million paid for Zinedine Zidane. Henry's 2006–07 season was marred by injuries. Although he scored 10 goals in 17 domestic appearances for Arsenal, Henry's season was cut short in February. Having missed games"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " due to hamstring, foot, and back problems, he was deemed fit enough to come on as a late substitute against PSV in a Champions League match, Clarke, Richard (7 March 2007) \"Wenger – The hidden benefits of having Henry\". Arsenal F.C. 7 March 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2014. but began limping shortly after coming on. Scans the next day revealed that he would need at least three months to heal from new groin and stomach injuries, missing the rest of the 2006–07 season. Clarke, Richard (8 March 2007) \"Henry ruled out for the remainder of season\". Arsenal F.C. 8 March 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2011. Wenger attributed Henry's injuries to a protracted 2005–06 campaign, and reiterated that Henry was keen on staying with the Gunners to rebuild for the 2007–08 season.</s><s>Club career.:2007–2010: Barcelona and a historic treble. On 25 June 2007, in an unexpected turn of events, Henry was transferred to Barcelona for €24 million. He signed a four-year deal for a reported €6.8 (£4.6) million per season. \"Thierry Henry signs for Barcelona\". \"The Nation\". 23 June 2007. Retrieved"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " 22 July 2007. It was revealed that the contract included a release clause of €125 (£84.9) million. Henry cited the departure of Dein and continued uncertainty over Wenger's future as reasons for leaving, and maintained that \"I always said that if I ever left Arsenal it would be to play for Barcelona.\" Despite their captain's departure, Arsenal got off to an impressive start for the 2007–08 campaign, and Henry said that his presence in the team might have been more of a hindrance than a help. He stated, \"Because of my seniority, the fact that I was captain and my habit of screaming for the ball, they would sometimes give it to me even when I was not in the best position. So in that sense it was good for the team that I moved on.\" Henry left Arsenal as the club's leading all-time league goalscorer with 174 goals and leading all-time goalscorer in European competitions with 42 goals; in July 2008, Arsenal fans voted him as Arsenal's greatest player ever in Arsenal.com's Gunners' Greatest 50 Players poll. \"Gunners' Greatest Players – 1. Thierry Henry\". Arsenal F.C. Retrieved 2 March 2011. At Barcelona, Henry was given the number"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " 14 jersey, the same as he had worn at Arsenal. He scored his first goal for his new club on 19 September 2007 in a 3–0 Champions League group stage win over Lyon, and he recorded his first hat-trick for Barça in a Primera División match against Levante ten days later. \"Levante 1–4 Barcelona\". ESPN Soccernet. 29 September 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2014 But with Henry mostly deployed on the wing throughout the season, he was unable to reproduce the goal-scoring form he achieved with Arsenal. He expressed dissatisfaction with the move to Barcelona in the initial year, amidst widespread speculation of a return to the Premier League. In an interview with Garth Crooks on BBC’s \"Football Focus\", Henry described missing life \"back home\" and even \"the English press.\" However, Henry concluded his debut season as the club's top scorer with 19 goals in addition to nine league assists, second behind Lionel Messi's ten. Henry went on to surpass this tally in a more integrated 2008–09 campaign, with 26 goals and 10 assists from the left wing. He won the first trophy of his Barcelona career on 13 May 2009 when Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao in the Copa del Rey final. Barcelona"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " won the Primera División and UEFA Champions League soon after, completing a treble for the Frenchman, who had combined with Messi and Samuel Eto'o to score 100 goals between them that season. \"Lionel Messi Excelled In The Least Successful Barcelona Under Guardiola\". ESPN. Retrieved 24 August 2014 The trio was also the most prolific trio in Spanish league history, scoring 72 goals and surpassing the 66 goals of Real Madrid's Ferenc Puskás, Alfredo Di Stéfano and Luis del Sol of the 1960–61 season (this was later surpassed by Real Madrid trio Cristiano Ronaldo, Karim Benzema and Gonzalo Higuaín who scored 89 goals in 2011–12). Later in 2009, Henry helped Barcelona win an unprecedented sextuple, consisting of the aforementioned treble, the Supercopa de España, the UEFA Super Cup, and the FIFA Club World Cup. The following season, the emergence of Pedro meant that Henry only started 15 league games. Before the La Liga season ended, and with a year still left on his contract, club president Joan Laporta stated on 5 May 2010 that Henry \"may go away in the summer transfer window if that's what he wants.\" After Henry"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " returned from the 2010 World Cup, Barcelona confirmed that they had agreed to the sale of Henry to an unnamed club, with the player still to agree terms with the new club.</s><s>Club career.:2010–2014: New York Red Bulls and retirement. In July 2010, Henry signed a multi-year contract with Major League Soccer (MLS) club New York Red Bulls for the 2010 season as its second designated player. He made his full MLS debut on 31 July in a 2–2 draw against Houston Dynamo, assisting both goals to Juan Pablo Ángel. His first MLS goal came on 28 August in a 2–0 victory against San Jose Earthquakes. The Red Bulls eventually topped the MLS Eastern Conference by one point over Columbus Crew before losing 3–2 on aggregate against San Jose Earthquakes in the quarter-finals of the 2010 MLS Cup Playoffs. \"Earthquakes advance\". ESPN Soccernet. 5 November 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2014. The next season, the Red Bulls were 10th overall in the league, and bowed out in the Conference semi-finals of the 2011 MLS Cup Playoffs.</s><s>Club career.:2010–2014: New York Red Bulls and retirement.:Return to Arsenal (loan). After training with Arsenal during the MLS"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " off-season, Henry re-signed for the club on a two-month loan deal on 6 January 2012. This was to provide cover for Gervinho and Marouane Chamakh, who were unavailable due to their participation in the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations. Henry was given the number 12 jersey – his old Arsenal number 14 jersey, the same number he wore at Barcelona and New York, was unavailable, with Theo Walcott inheriting it following Henry's departure from the club in 2007. Henry made his second Arsenal debut as a substitute against Leeds United in the FA Cup third round and scored the only goal. In his last league game on loan, he scored the winning goal in stoppage time in a 2–1 win against Sunderland. His final goals for the club meant he finished his Arsenal career with a record 228 goals; 175 of them came in the Premier League.</s><s>Club career.:2010–2014: New York Red Bulls and retirement.:Return to New York Red Bulls. On 17 February 2012, Henry returned to Red Bulls to prepare for the 2012 season. His base salary of $5 million ($5.6 million guaranteed) made him the highest-paid player in MLS—surpassing David Beckham, who had taken a salary cut for"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " his last year with the Los Angeles Galaxy. In 2013, Henry's base salary dropped to $3.75 million setting him behind Robbie Keane's $4 million base salary. With bonuses, however, Henry remained the highest-paid player with $4.35 million compared to Keane's $4.33 million. On 31 March 2012, Henry scored his first MLS hat-trick in a 5–2 Red Bulls win over the Montreal Impact. He was named MLS Player of the Month that same month. On 27 October 2013, Henry scored once and provided two assists in the last game of the season against the Chicago Fire at Red Bull Arena to help his team win 5–2 and become champions of the regular season. It was the club's first major trophy in their 17-year history. On 12 July 2014, Henry provided a goal and three assists in a 4–1 Red Bulls win over the Columbus Crew. With that effort he became the all-time assist leader for the New York Red Bulls with 37, surpassing Amado Guevara and Tab Ramos. On 1 December 2014, it was announced that Henry had left the Red Bulls after four-and-a-half years at the club. On 16 December, he announced his"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " retirement as a player and stated that he would begin working for Sky Sports as a pundit. After working at Sky for over three years, Henry quit his position in July 2018 to focus on his career as a coach.</s><s>International career. Henry enjoyed a successful career with the France national team, winning the first of his 123 caps in June 1997, when his good form for Monaco was rewarded with a call-up to the Under-20 French national team, where he played in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship alongside future teammates William Gallas and David Trezeguet. Within four months, France head coach Aimé Jacquet called Henry up to the senior team. The 20-year-old made his senior international debut on 11 October 1997 in a 2–1 win against South Africa. Jacquet was so impressed with Henry that he took him to the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Although Henry was a largely unknown quantity at international level, he ended the tournament as France's top scorer with three goals. He was scheduled to appear as a substitute in the final, where France beat Brazil 3–0, but Marcel Desailly's sending off forced a defensive change instead. In 1998, he was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour, France's highest decoration. Henry"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " was a member of France's UEFA Euro 2000 squad, again scoring three goals in the tournament, including the equaliser against Portugal in the semi-final, and finishing as the country's top scorer. France later won the game in extra time following a converted penalty kick by Zinedine Zidane. France went on to defeat Italy in extra-time in the final, earning Henry his second major international medal. During the tournament, Henry was voted man of the match in three games, including the final against Italy. The 2002 FIFA World Cup featured a stunning early exit for both Henry and France as the defending champions were eliminated in the group stage after failing to score a goal in all three games. France lost against Senegal in their first group match and Henry was red carded for a dangerous sliding challenge in their next match against Uruguay. In that game, France played to a 0–0 draw, but Henry was forced to miss the final group match due to suspension; France lost 2–0 to Denmark. Henry returned to form for his country at the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup. Despite playing without team stalwarts Zidane and Patrick Vieira, France won, in large part owing to Henry's outstanding play, for which he was named Man of the Match by FIFA's"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " Technical Study Group in three of France's five matches. In the final, he scored the golden goal in extra time to lift the title for the host country after a 1–0 victory over Cameroon. Henry was awarded both the Adidas Golden Ball as the outstanding player of the competition and the Adidas Golden Shoe as the tournament's top goalscorer with four goals. In UEFA Euro 2004, Henry played in all of France's matches and scored two goals. France beat England in the group stage but lost to the eventual winners Greece 1–0 in the quarter-finals. During the 2006 FIFA World Cup Henry remained as one of the automatic starters in the squad. He played as a lone striker, but despite an indifferent start to the tournament, became one of the top players of the World Cup. He scored three goals, including the winning goal from Zidane's free kick against defending champions Brazil in the quarter-final. However, France subsequently lost to Italy on penalties (5–3) in the final. Henry did not take part in the penalty shoot-out, having been substituted in extra time after his legs had cramped. Henry was one of ten nominees for the Golden Ball award for Player of the Tournament, an award which was ultimately presented to his teammate, Zid"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": "ane and was named a starting striker on the 2006 FIFPro World XI team. On 13 October 2007, Henry scored his 41st goal against the Faroe Islands, joining Michel Platini as the country's top goalscorer of all time. Four days later at the Stade de la Beaujoire, he scored a late double against Lithuania, thereby setting a new record as France's top goalscorer. \"France 2–0 Lithuania: Henry smashes Platini record\". ESPN Soccernet. 17 October 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2014. On 3 June 2008, Henry made his 100th appearance for the national team in a match against Colombia, becoming the sixth French player ever to reach that milestone. Henry missed the opening game of France's short-lived UEFA Euro 2008 campaign, where they were eliminated in the group stages after being drawn in the same group as Italy, the Netherlands and Romania. \"France 0–2 Italy: World champs dispose of French\". ESPN Soccernet. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2014. He scored France's only goal in the competition in a 4–1 loss to the Netherlands. The French team struggled during the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers and finished second in their group behind Serbia. During the play-offs against"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " the Republic of Ireland, Henry was involved in a controversy in the second leg of the game at the Stade de France on 18 November 2009. With the aggregate score tied at 1–1 and the game in extra time, he used his hand twice to control the ball before delivering a cross to William Gallas who scored the winner. This sparked a barrage of criticism against the Frenchman, while national team coach Raymond Domenech and Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger defended him. The Football Association of Ireland lodged a formal complaint with FIFA, seeking a replay of the game, which FIFA declined. Henry said that he contemplated retiring from international football after the reactions to the incident, but maintained that he was not a \"cheat\"; hours after FIFA had ruled out a replay, he stated that \"the fairest solution would be to replay the game\". FIFA President Sepp Blatter described the incident as \"blatant unfair play\" and announced an inquiry into how such incidents could be avoided in future, and added that the incident would be investigated by the Disciplinary Committee. Blatter also said Henry told him that his family had been threatened in the aftermath of the incident. In January 2010, FIFA announced that there was no legal basis to sanction Henry. Henry did not feature in the starting"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " line-up for France at the 2010 FIFA World Cup. France drew in their first game against Uruguay, and lost 2–0 in their second against Mexico. The team was thrown into disarray when Nicolas Anelka was expelled from the team, and captain Patrice Evra led a team protest by refusing to train. In the final group game against host-nation South Africa in which Henry came on as a second-half substitute, France lost 2–1 and were eliminated from the tournament. He then announced his retirement from international football, having won 123 caps and scored 51 goals for \"Les Bleus\", thus finishing his international career as France's all-time top scorer, and second most capped player after Lilian Thuram.</s><s>Style of play. Although Henry played up front as a striker during his youth, he spent his time at Monaco and Juventus playing on the wing. When Henry joined Arsenal in 1999, Wenger immediately changed this, switching Henry to his childhood position, often pairing him with Dutch veteran Dennis Bergkamp. During the 2004–05 season, Wenger switched Arsenal's formation to 4–5–1. This change forced Henry to adapt again to fit into the Arsenal team, and he played many games as a lone striker. Still, Henry remained Arsenal"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": "'s main offensive threat, on many occasions conjuring spectacular goals. Wenger said of his fellow Frenchman: \"Thierry Henry could take the ball in the middle of the park and score a goal that no one else in the world could score\". One of the reasons cited for Henry's impressive play up front is his ability to calmly score from one-on-ones. According to his father Antoine, Henry learned precision shooting from watching his idol Marco van Basten. He was also influenced by Romário, Ronaldo and Liberian star George Weah, a new breed of strikers in the 1990s who would also operate outside the penalty area before running with the ball towards goal. \"Ronaldo, Romario Reinvented Striker's Role, Says Thierry Henry\". In Sports. Retrieved 16 January 2015 At his physical peak from the late 1990s to the mid 2000s, Henry's ability to dribble past opponents with exceptional pace, skill and composure, meant that he could get in behind defenders regularly enough to score. In 2004, former Arsenal striker Alan Smith commented on Henry: \"I have to say I haven't seen a player like him. He's an athlete with great technical ability and a tremendous desire to be the best.\" When up front,"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " Henry is occasionally known to move out wide to the left wing position, something which enables him to contribute heavily in assists: between 2002–03 and 2004–05, the striker managed almost 50 assists in total and this was attributed to his unselfish play and creativity. Ranking Henry the greatest player in Premier League history, in February 2020 \"FourFourTwo\" magazine stated, \"No one assisted more in a season. No one has terrorised defenders with such a combination of bewitching grace and phenomenal power.\" Coming in from the left, Henry's trademark finish saw him place the ball inside the far right corner of the goal. Henry would also drift offside to fool the defence then run back onside before the ball is played and beat the offside trap, although he never provided Arsenal a distinct aerial threat. Given his versatility in being able to operate as both a winger and a striker, the Frenchman is not a prototypical \"out-and-out striker\", but he has emerged consistently as one of Europe's most prolific strikers. In set pieces, Henry was the first-choice penalty and free kick taker for Arsenal, scoring regularly from those positions. Henry was also a notable exponent of a no-look pass where he would feint to pass the ball with"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " his right foot, but would make contact with the ball using his standing foot (his left).</s><s>Managerial career.</s><s>Managerial career.:Arsenal youth. Henry began coaching Arsenal's youth teams in February 2015, in tandem with his work for Sky Sports. His influence on the team was praised by players such as Alex Iwobi, who dedicated a goal against Bayern Munich in the 2015–16 UEFA Youth League to his advice. Having earned a UEFA A Licence, he was offered the job of under-18 coach by Academy head Andries Jonker, but the decision was overruled by Wenger, who wanted a full-time coach for the team.</s><s>Managerial career.:Belgium (assistant). In August 2016, Henry became second assistant coach of the Belgium national team, working alongside head coach Roberto Martínez and fellow assistant Graeme Jones. In an interview with NBC Sports, Belgium striker Romelu Lukaku praised Henry for his work with him, stating, \"Henry is the best thing that has happened to me because since I came to England aged 18 I have had the best mentors. Thierry for me is the best. Every day whether it is positive and negative I take it in my stride because I know what is"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " expected from the top level.” At the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Belgium reached the semi-final, but lost to Henry's home nation France 1–0. Henry picked up a Bronze medal after Belgium defeated England 2–0 in the third-place play-off to secure their best ever World Cup finish. Henry was reportedly offered the position of head coach by Bordeaux in August 2018. However, the offer was not accepted by Henry after disagreements with the club's owners. Days after turning down the Bordeaux job, and following Jones's departure from the Belgium national team, Henry, who had been the forwards coach, was promoted to Belgium assistant coach. However, his tenure in the role was short-lived, after he accepted the role as head coach at former club Monaco in October.</s><s>Managerial career.:Monaco. On 11 October 2018, Monaco dismissed Leonardo Jardim as club manager. Jardim's position had become untenable after struggling heavily in domestic competition, with the club 18th at the time of his departure, and disputes over the club's transfer policy. Monaco's search for a new coach coincided with the regulatory mid-season international break, allowing the club sufficient time to search for a replacement, however, they quickly decided"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " on Henry, and he was appointed a mere two days later. He signed a three-year deal, and was unveiled as Monaco manager on 18 October. At his first press conference, he told reporters: \"This club will always have a big place in my heart, so to be able to come here and start again, it is a dream come true. There is a lot of work to do, as you can imagine – but I am more than happy to be here\". Henry's arrival at Monaco was greeted with mixed reactions by some media outlets, due to his relative inexperience as a top-level coach and the task of overturning Monaco's misfortunes. Despite inheriting a squad of sub-standard quality, Henry expressed a desire of replicating the football he played under Pep Guardiola at Barcelona, as well as instilling the \"professionalism\" taught to him by Arsène Wenger. Henry also adopted a hands-on approach to training sessions, being regularly involved in devising schemes and instructing drills. His first match was a 2–1 away defeat against Strasbourg on 20 October. He was unable to secure a win for over a month, enduring a period which included two high-profile defeats against Club Brugge and Paris Saint-G"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": "ermain, prior to defeating Caen on 1–0 on 25 November. He secured two wins in December, defeating Amiens in the league and Lorient in the Coupe de la Ligue, however, this was on the backdrop of three additional Ligue 1 defeats to close 2018 in the relegation zone. In January 2019, Henry entered the winter transfer window, where he signed left-back Fodé Ballo-Touré, and former Arsenal teammate Cesc Fàbregas from Chelsea. He also sanctioned the loan signing of French defensive midfielder William Vainqueur on 12 January, and experienced defender Naldo. However, these signings would not turn around the club's fate, and on 24 January, Henry was dismissed at Monaco. The club were 19th at the time of his departure, and Henry left with a record of 4 wins, 5 draws, and 11 defeats, from 20 games in charge.</s><s>Managerial career.:Montreal Impact. On 14 November 2019, Henry signed with Major League Soccer side Montreal Impact, signing a two-year deal until the end of the 2021 season, with an option to extend it by a year until the 2022 season. In his first press conference, Henry stated he had to \"confront\" the"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " relative disappointment of his short stint as manager of Monaco, before undertaking a new job. After leading Montreal to their first playoff berth in four seasons, on 25 February 2021, prior to the 2021 season, Henry stepped down as head coach of the renamed CF Montreal to be closer to his children in London. He had not been able to see them in the 2020 season due to travel restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, and with restrictions continuing into the 2021 season, he decided to end the separation.</s><s>Managerial career.:Return to Belgium (assistant). In May 2021, Henry rejoined the coaching staff of Belgium prior to the UEFA Euro 2020. He was also in the team's coaching staff for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. In February 2023, upon the appointment of Domenico Tedesco as Belgium's new head coach, Royal Belgian Football Association CEO Peter Bossaert announced that Henry would not be returning to the national team's coaching staff. Henry was considered as being one of potential replacements for Corinne Diacre who got fired as France women's national football team head coach, but he turned down the possibility of managing them in favor of waiting for United States men's national soccer team permanent head coach position offer.</s><s>Media career. After"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " leaving CF Montreal, Henry resumed his punditry career. He joined CBS Sports in their UEFA Champions League coverage as studio analyst on 27 September 2021, as well as being hired by Amazon Prime Video for their Premier League and Ligue 1 programs as consultant.</s><s>Reception. Henry has received many plaudits and awards in his football career. He was runner-up for the 2003 and 2004 FIFA World Player of the Year awards; in those two seasons, he also won back-to-back PFA Players' Player of the Year titles. Henry is the only player ever to have won the FWA Footballer of the Year three times (2003, 2004, 2006), and the French Player of the Year on a record four occasions. Henry was voted into the Premier League Overseas Team of the Decade in the 10 Seasons Awards poll in 2003, and in 2004 he was named by football legend Pelé on the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players. In terms of goal-scoring awards, Henry was the European Golden Boot winner in 2004 and 2005 (sharing it with Villarreal's Diego Forlán in 2005). Henry was also the top goalscorer in the Premier League for a record four seasons (2002, 2004, 2005, 2006"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": "). In 2006, he became the first player to score more than 20 goals in the league for five consecutive seasons (2002 to 2006). With 175, Henry is currently seventh in the list of all-time Premier League goalscorers, behind Alan Shearer, Wayne Rooney, Harry Kane, Andy Cole, Sergio Agüero, and Frank Lampard. He held the record for most goals in the competition for one club, until it was broken by Rooney in 2016, and held the record for most goals by a foreign player in the competition until surpassed by Agüero in 2020. France's all-time record goalscorer was, in his prime in the mid 2000s, regarded by many coaches, footballers and journalists as one of the best players in the world. In November 2007, he was ranked 33rd on the Association of Football Statisticians' compendium for \"Greatest Ever Footballers.\" Arsenal fans honoured their former player in 2008, declaring Henry the greatest Arsenal player. In two other 2008 surveys, Henry emerged as the favourite Premier League player of all time among 32,000 people surveyed in the Barclays 2008 Global Fan Report. Arsenal fan and The Who lead singer Roger Daltrey mentions Henry in the tribute song \"Highbury Highs\", which he"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " performed at Arsenal's last game at Highbury on 7 May 2006. \"Rock legend to pay tribute to Highbury\". Arsenal.com. Retrieved 25 August 2014 On 10 December 2011, Arsenal unveiled a bronze statue of Henry at the Emirates Stadium as part of its 125th anniversary celebrations. \"Arsenal Unveil Statues of Three Legends\". Arsenal F.C. Retrieved 12 December 2011. In 2017, \"FourFourTwo\" magazine ranked him first in their list of the 30 best strikers in Premier League history. Daniel Girard of \"The Toronto Star\" described Henry as \"one of the best players of his generation\" in 2010. Henry's former Arsenal manager, Wenger, described him as \"one of the greatest players [he had] ever seen\" in 2014. In 2019, \"The Independent\" ranked Henry in first place in their list of the \"100 greatest Premier League players.\"</s><s>Personal life. Henry married English model Nicole Merry, real name Claire, on 5 July 2003. The ceremony was held at Highclere Castle, and on 27 May 2005 the couple celebrated the birth of their first child, Téa. Henry dedicated his first goal following Téa's birth to her by holding his fingers in a \"T\" shape and kissing"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " them after scoring in a match against Newcastle United. When Henry was still at Arsenal, he also purchased a home in Hampstead, North London. However, shortly after his transfer to Barcelona, it was announced that Henry and his wife would divorce; the decree nisi was granted in September 2007, \"on the basis of his behavior.\" Their separation concluded in December 2008 when Henry paid Merry a divorce settlement close to her requested sum of £10 million.</s><s>Personal life.:Interest in basketball. As a fan of the National Basketball Association (NBA), Henry is often seen with his friend Tony Parker at games when not playing football. Henry stated in an interview that he admires basketball, as it is similar to football in pace and excitement. Having made regular trips to the NBA Finals in the past, he went to watch Parker and the San Antonio Spurs in the 2007 NBA Finals; and in the 2001 NBA Finals, he went to Philadelphia to help with French television coverage of the Finals as well as to watch Allen Iverson, whom he named as one of his favourite players.</s><s>Personal life.:Appearance on screen. Henry makes a short cameo appearance in the 2015 film \"Entourage\". Henry's part sees him walking a dog and having exchange with Ari Gold (character played"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " by Jeremy Piven), who is an over-the-top Hollywood agent. He makes a number of cameo appearances playing himself in the Apple TV+ football comedy series \"Ted Lasso\". Henry makes a number of appearances in the Amazon Original sports docuseries \"\", which documented the club by spending time with the coaching staff and players behind the scenes both on and off the field throughout their 2021–22 season.</s><s>Personal life.:Social causes. Henry is a member of the UNICEF-FIFA squad, where together with other professional footballers he appeared in a series of TV spots seen by hundreds of millions of fans around the world during the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups. In these spots, the players promote football as a game that must be played on behalf of children. Having been subjected to racism in the past, Henry is an active spokesperson against racism in football. The most prominent incident of racism against Henry was during a training session with the Spanish national team in 2004, when a Spanish TV crew caught coach Luis Aragonés referring to Henry as \"black shit\" to José Antonio Reyes, Henry's teammate at Arsenal. The incident caused an uproar in the British media, and there were calls for Aragonés to be sacked. Henry and Nike started the"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " Stand Up Speak Up campaign against racism in football as a result of the incident. Subsequently, in 2007, \"Time\" featured him as one of the \"Heroes & Pioneers\" on the \"Time\" 100 list of the most influential people in the world. Along with 45 other football players, Henry took part in FIFA's \"Live for Love United\" in 2002. The single was released in tandem with the 2002 FIFA World Cup and its proceeds went towards AIDS research. Henry also supports the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and Cystic Fibrosis Trust. Henry has also played in charity football games for various causes. In June 2018, he reunited with his France 1998 World Cup winning teammates to play a charity game against an All-Star team which included Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt, with proceeds going to the Mecenet Cardiac Charity and the Children of the World fund. In a 3–2 win for France, Henry played a trademark no-look one-two pass with Zinedine Zidane before scoring with a 20-yard curling strike.</s><s>Personal life.:Commercial endorsements. In 2006, Henry was valued as the ninth-most commercially marketable footballer in the world, and throughout his career he has signed many endorsements and appeared in"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " commercials.</s><s>Personal life.:Commercial endorsements.:Sportswear. At the beginning of his career, Henry signed with sportswear giant Nike. In the buildup to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan, Henry featured in Nike's \"Secret Tournament\" advertisement, directed by Terry Gilliam, along with 24 superstar football players. In a 2004 advertisement, Henry pits his wits against others footballers in locations such as his bedroom and living room, which was partly inspired by Henry himself, who revealed that he always has a football nearby, even at home. In tandem with the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Henry also featured in Nike's \"Joga Bonito\" campaign, Portuguese for \"beautiful game.\" Henry's deal with Nike ended after the 2006 FIFA World Cup, when he signed a deal with Reebok to appear in their \"I Am What I Am\" campaign. As part of Reebok Entertainment's \"Framed\" series, Henry was the star of a half-hour episode that detailed the making of a commercial about himself directed by Spanish actress Paz Vega. In 2011, Henry switched to Puma boots.</s><s>Personal life.:Commercial endorsements.:Others. Henry featured in the Renault Clio advertisements in which he popularised the term \"va"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": "-va-voom\", meaning \"life\" or \"passion.\" His romantic interest in the commercial was his then-girlfriend, later his wife (now divorced), Claire Merry. \"\"Va-va-voom\"\" was subsequently added to the \"Concise Oxford English Dictionary\". In February 2007, Henry was named as one of the three global ambassadors of Gillette's \"Champions Program,\" which purported to feature three of the \"best-known, most widely respected and successful athletes competing today\" and also showcased Roger Federer and Tiger Woods in a series of television commercials. In reaction to the handball controversy following the France vs Ireland 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier, Gillette faced a boycott and accusations of doctoring French versions of their Champions poster, but subsequently released a statement backing Henry. Henry was part of Pepsi's \"Dare For More\" campaign in 2005, alongside the likes of David Beckham and Ronaldinho. He starred in a 2014 advert for Beats headphones with other global football stars including Neymar and Luis Suárez, with the theme of \"The Game Before the Game\" and the players pre-game ritual of listening to music. Henry featured on the front cover of the editions of EA Sports' \"FIFA\" video game series from \"FIFA"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " 2001\" to \"FIFA 2005\". He was included as an icon to the Ultimate Team in \"FIFA 18\". He was also a cover star for the Konami \"Pro Evolution Soccer\" video game series, and was featured on the covers of \"Pro Evolution Soccer 4\" to \"Pro Evolution Soccer 6\".</s><s>Personal life.:Other interests. In August 2022, Serie B club Como announced Henry was joining them as an investor and minority stakeholder.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:International. Note</s><s>Honours. Monaco - Division 1: 1996–97 Arsenal - Premier League: 2001–02, 2003–04 - FA Cup: 2001–02, 2002–03 - FA Community Shield: 2002, 2004 - UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2005–06 - UEFA Cup runner-up: 1999–2000 Barcelona - La Liga: 2008–09, 2009–10 - Copa del Rey: 2008–09 - Supercopa de España: 2009 - UEFA Champions League: 2008–09 - UEFA Super Cup: 2009 - FIFA Club World Cup: 2009 New York Red Bulls - Supporters' Shield: 2013 France - FIFA World Cup: 1998; runner-up: 2006 - UEFA European Championship: 2000 - FIFA Confeder"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": "ations Cup: 2003 Individual - Ballon d'Or runner-up: 2003; third-place: 2006 - FIFA World Player of the Year – Silver Award: 2003, 2004 - European Golden Shoe: 2003–04, 2004–05 - Onze d'Or: 2003, 2006 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: Germany 2006 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball: France 2003 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Shoe: France 2003 - UNFP Division 1 Young Player of the Year: 1996–97 - PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2002–03, 2003–04 - PFA Team of the Year: 2000–01 Premier League, 2001–02 Premier League, 2002–03 Premier League, 2003–04 Premier League, 2004–05 Premier League, 2005–06 Premier League - PFA Team of the Century (1907–2007): - Team of the Century 1997–2007 - Overall Team of the Century - FWA Footballer of the Year: 2002–03, 2003–04, 2005–06 - Premier League Player of the Season: 2003–04, 2005–06 - Premier League Golden Boot: 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06 - Most assists in the Premier League:"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " 2002–03 - Golden Boot Landmark Award 10: 2004–05 - Golden Boot Landmark Award 20: 2004–05 - Premier League Player of the Month: April 2000, September 2002, January 2004, April 2004 - Arsenal Player of the Season: 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005 - BBC Goal of the Season: 2002–03 - UEFA Team of the Year: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006 - MLS Best XI: 2011, 2012, 2014 - MLS Player of the Month: March 2012 - Best MLS Player ESPY Award: 2013 - MLS All-Star: 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 - French Player of the Year: 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 - IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer of the Year: 2003 - FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2006 - UEFA European Football Championship Team of the Tournament: 2000 - FIFA 100: 2004 - Time 100 Heroes & Pioneers no.16: 2007 - English Football Hall of Fame: 2008 - Premier League 10 Seasons Awards (1992–93 – 2001–02) - Overseas Team of the Decade - Premier League 20 Seasons Awards - Fantasy Team (Panel choice) - Fantasy Team (Public choice) - UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year (published 2015) -"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " UEFA Euro All-time XI (published 2016) - Ballon d'Or Dream Team (Bronze): 2020 - Premier League Hall of Fame: 2021 Orders - Knight of the Legion of Honour: 1998</s><s>Records.</s><s>Records.:Arsenal. - All-time top scorer: 228 goals - Most league goals: 175 goals - Most European goals: 42 - Most Champions League goals: 35 - Most Premier League goals in a season: 30 (2003–04) (shared with Robin van Persie) - Most Premier League hat-tricks: 8 - Most European appearances: 86 - Most Champions League appearances: 78 - Most Arsenal Player of the Season Awards: 4</s><s>Records.:Continental. - Most European Golden Shoe wins while playing in England: 2 (2003–04 & 2004–05) - One of four players to win back-to-back European Golden Shoes (shared with Ally McCoist, Lionel Messi & Cristiano Ronaldo)</s><s>Records.:England. - Most FWA Footballer of the Year wins: 3 (2002–03, 2003–04 & 2005–06) - Most consecutive FWA Footballer of the Year wins: 2 (2002–03 & 2003–04) (shared with Crist"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": "iano Ronaldo) - Most consecutive PFA Players' Player of the Year wins: 2 (2002–03 & 2003–04) (shared with Cristiano Ronaldo) - Most PFA Players' Player of the Year wins: 2 (2002–03 & 2003–04) (shared with Gareth Bale, Alan Shearer, Mark Hughes & Cristiano Ronaldo)</s><s>Records.:France. - Only French player to win the European Golden Shoe - Most French Player of the Year wins: 5 (2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) - Most consecutive French Player of the Year wins: 4 (2003–2006) - Most goals by a Frenchman playing at a foreign club: 228 goals for Arsenal - Most world cup matches for France: 17 (shared with Fabien Barthez) - Most appearances at World Cup final tournaments for France: 4 (1998, 2002, 2006 & 2010)</s><s>Records.:Premier League. - Most assists in a season: 20 (2002–03) (shared with Kevin De Bruyne) - Most goals with right foot in a 38-game season: 24 (2005–06) (shared with Alan Shearer) - Most Player of the Season awards: 2 (2003–04 & 2005–06)"
},
{
"title": "Thierry Henry",
"text": " (shared with Cristiano Ronaldo, Nemanja Vidić & Kevin De Bruyne) - Most goals in London derbies: 43 - Most Golden Boot wins: 4 - Most goals on a Friday: 10 - Most consecutive 20+ goal seasons: 5 (2001–02 to 2004–05) (shared with Sergio Agüero) - Most goals scored under one manager: 175 goals under Arsène Wenger - Most goals at a single ground: 114 goals at Highbury - Most direct free-kicks goals by a foreign player: 12 (shared with Gianfranco Zola) - Most Golden Boot's won in consecutive years: 3 (shared with Alan Sherear) - The only player to both score and assist 20+ goals in a season (2002–03)</s><s>See also. - List of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearances - List of top international men's football goalscorers by country - List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps - List of men's footballers with 50 or more international goals</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Thierry Henry",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000449
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Vladimir Lenin.
|
[
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": "<s>Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia, and later the Soviet Union, became a one-party socialist state governed by the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his development of the ideology is known as Leninism. Born to an upper-middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist government, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior Marxist activist. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye in Siberia for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his exile, he moved to Western Europe, where he became a prominent theorist in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In 1903, he took a key role in the RSDLP ideological split,"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " leading the Bolshevik faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Following Russia's failed Revolution of 1905, he campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe-wide proletarian revolution, which, as a Marxist, he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar and established a Provisional Government, he returned to Russia to play a leading role in the October Revolution in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the new regime. Lenin's Bolshevik government initially shared power with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, elected soviets, and a multi-party Constituent Assembly, although by 1918 it had centralised power in the new Communist Party. Lenin's administration redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalised banks and large-scale industry. It withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty conceding territory to the Central Powers, and promoted world revolution through the Communist International. Opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror, a violent campaign administered by the state security services; tens of thousands were killed or interned in concentration camps. His administration defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 and oversaw the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": ". Responding to wartime devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, in 1921 Lenin encouraged economic growth through the New Economic Policy. Several non-Russian nations had secured independence from the Russian Republic after 1917, but five were forcibly re-united into the new Soviet Union in 1922, while others repelled Soviet invasions. His health failing, Lenin died in Gorki, with Joseph Stalin succeeding him as the pre-eminent figure in the Soviet government. Widely considered one of the most significant and influential figures of the 20th century, Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive personality cult within the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. He became an ideological figurehead behind Marxism–Leninism and a prominent influence over the international communist movement. A controversial and highly divisive historical figure, Lenin is viewed by his supporters as a champion of socialism and the working class. Meanwhile, Lenin's critics accuse him of establishing a totalitarian dictatorship which oversaw mass killings and political repression.</s><s>Early life.</s><s>Early life.:Childhood: 1870–1887. Going back to his great-grandparents, Russian, German, Swedish, Jewish and reportedly some distant Kalmyk ancestry has been discovered. His father Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov was from"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " a family of former serfs; Ilya's father's ethnicity remains unclear, while Ilya's mother, Anna Alexeyevna Smirnova, was half-Kalmyk and half-Russian. Despite a lower-class background, Ilya had risen to middle-class status, studying physics and mathematics at Kazan University before teaching at the Penza Institute for the Nobility. Ilya married Maria Alexandrovna Blank in mid-1863. Well educated, she was the daughter of a wealthy German–Swedish Lutheran mother, and a Russian Jewish father who had converted to Christianity and worked as a physician. According to historian Petrovsky-Shtern, it is likely that Lenin was unaware of his mother's half-Jewish ancestry, which was only discovered by his sister Anna after his death. According to another version, Maria's father came from a family of German colonists invited to Russia by Catherine the Great. Soon after their wedding, Ilya obtained a job in Nizhny Novgorod, rising to become Director of Primary Schools in the Simbirsk district six years later. Five years after that, he was promoted to Director of Public Schools for the province, overseeing the foundation of over 450 schools as a part of the government's"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " plans for modernisation. In January 1882, his dedication to education earned him the Order of Saint Vladimir, which bestowed on him the status of hereditary nobleman. Lenin was born in Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, now Ulyanovsk, on 22 April 1870, and baptised six days later; as a child, he was known as \"Volodya\", a diminutive of Vladimir. He was the third of eight children, having two older siblings, Anna (born 1864) and Alexander (born 1866). They were followed by three more children, Olga (born 1871), Dmitry (born 1874), and Maria (born 1878). Two later siblings died in infancy. Ilya was a devout member of the Russian Orthodox Church and baptised his children into it, although Maria, a Lutheran by upbringing, was largely indifferent to Christianity, a view that influenced her children. Both of his parents were monarchists and liberal conservatives, being committed to the emancipation reform of 1861 introduced by the reformist Tsar Alexander II; they avoided political radicals and there is no evidence that the police ever put them under surveillance for subversive thought. Every summer they holidayed at a rural manor in Kokushkino. Among his"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " siblings, Lenin was closest to his sister Olga, whom he often bossed around; he had an extremely competitive nature and could be destructive, but usually admitted his misbehaviour. A keen sportsman, he spent much of his free time outdoors or playing chess, and excelled at school, the disciplinarian and conservative Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium. In January 1886, when Lenin was 15, his father died of a brain haemorrhage. Subsequently, his behaviour became erratic and confrontational and he renounced his belief in God. At the time, Lenin's elder brother Alexander, whom he affectionately knew as Sasha, was studying at Saint Petersburg University. Involved in political agitation against the absolute monarchy of the reactionary Tsar Alexander III, Alexander studied the writings of banned leftists and organised anti-government protests. He joined a revolutionary cell bent on assassinating the Tsar and was selected to construct a bomb. Before the attack could take place, the conspirators were arrested and tried, and Alexander was executed by hanging in May. Despite the emotional trauma of his father's and brother's deaths, Lenin continued studying, graduated from school at the top of his class with a gold medal for exceptional performance, and decided to study law at Kaz"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": "an University.</s><s>Early life.:University and political radicalisation: 1887–1893. Upon entering Kazan University in August 1887, Lenin moved into a nearby flat. There, he joined a \"zemlyachestvo\", a form of university society that represented the men of a particular region. This group elected him as its representative to the university's \"zemlyachestvo\" council, and he took part in a December demonstration against government restrictions that banned student societies. The police arrested Lenin and accused him of being a ringleader in the demonstration; he was expelled from the university, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs exiled him to his family's Kokushkino estate. There, he read voraciously, becoming enamoured with Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel \"What Is to Be Done?\" Lenin's mother was concerned by her son's radicalisation, and was instrumental in convincing the Interior Ministry to allow him to return to the city of Kazan, but not the university. On his return, he joined Nikolai Fedoseev's revolutionary circle, through which he discovered Karl Marx's 1867 book \"\". This sparked his interest in Marxism, a socio-political theory that argued that society"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " developed in stages, that this development resulted from class struggle, and that capitalist society would ultimately give way to socialist society and then communist society. Wary of his political views, Lenin's mother bought a country estate in Alakaevka village, Samara Oblast, in the hope that her son would turn his attention to agriculture. He had little interest in farm management, and his mother soon sold the land, keeping the house as a summer home. In September 1889, the Ulyanov family moved to the city of Samara, where Lenin joined Alexei Sklyarenko's socialist discussion circle. There, Lenin fully embraced Marxism and produced a Russian language translation of Marx and Friedrich Engels's 1848 political pamphlet, \"The Communist Manifesto\". He began to read the works of the Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, agreeing with Plekhanov's argument that Russia was moving from feudalism to capitalism and so socialism would be implemented by the proletariat, or urban working class, rather than the peasantry. This Marxist perspective contrasted with the view of the agrarian-socialist Narodnik movement, which held that the peasantry could establish socialism in Russia by forming peasant communes, thereby bypassing capitalism. This Narodnik view developed in"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " the 1860s with the People's Freedom Party and was then dominant within the Russian revolutionary movement. Lenin rejected the premise of the agrarian-socialist argument, but was influenced by agrarian-socialists like Pyotr Tkachev and Sergei Nechaev, and befriended several Narodniks. In May 1890, Maria, who retained societal influence as the widow of a nobleman, persuaded the authorities to allow Lenin to take his exams externally at the University of St Petersburg, where he obtained the equivalent of a first-class degree with honours. The graduation celebrations were marred when his sister Olga died of typhoid. Lenin remained in Samara for several years, working first as a legal assistant for a regional court and then for a local lawyer. He devoted much time to radical politics, remaining active in Sklyarenko's group and formulating ideas about how Marxism applied to Russia. Inspired by Plekhanov's work, Lenin collected data on Russian society, using it to support a Marxist interpretation of societal development and counter the claims of the Narodniks. He wrote a paper on peasant economics; it was rejected by the liberal journal \"Russian Thought\".</s><s>Revolutionary activity.</s><s>Revolutionary activity.:Early"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " activism and imprisonment: 1893–1900. In late 1893, Lenin moved to Saint Petersburg. There, he worked as a barrister's assistant and rose to a senior position in a Marxist revolutionary cell that called itself the Social-Democrats after the Marxist Social Democratic Party of Germany. Publicly championing Marxism within the socialist movement, he encouraged the founding of revolutionary cells in Russia's industrial centres. By late 1894, he was leading a Marxist workers' circle, and meticulously covered his tracks, knowing that police spies tried to infiltrate the movement. He began a romantic relationship with Nadezhda \"Nadya\" Krupskaya, a Marxist schoolteacher. He also authored the political tract \"What the \"Friends of the People\" Are and How They Fight the Social-Democrats\" criticising the Narodnik agrarian-socialists, based largely on his experiences in Samara; around 200 copies were illegally printed in 1894. Lenin hoped to cement connections between his Social-Democrats and Emancipation of Labour, a group of Russian Marxist émigrés based in Switzerland; he visited the country to meet group members Plekhanov and Pavel Axelrod. He proceeded to Paris to meet Marx's son-in-law Paul Lafargue and"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " to research the Paris Commune of 1871, which he considered an early prototype for a proletarian government. Financed by his mother, he stayed in a Swiss health spa before travelling to Berlin, where he studied for six weeks at the Staatsbibliothek and met the Marxist activist Wilhelm Liebknecht. Returning to Russia with a stash of illegal revolutionary publications, he travelled to various cities distributing literature to striking workers. While involved in producing a news sheet, \"Rabochee delo\" (\"Workers' Cause\"), he was among 40 activists arrested in St. Petersburg and charged with sedition. Refused legal representation or bail, Lenin denied all charges against him but remained imprisoned for a year before sentencing. He spent this time theorising and writing. In this work he noted that the rise of industrial capitalism in Russia had caused large numbers of peasants to move to the cities, where they formed a proletariat. From his Marxist perspective, Lenin argued that this Russian proletariat would develop class consciousness, which would in turn lead them to violently overthrow tsarism, the aristocracy, and the bourgeoisie and to establish a proletariat state that would move toward socialism. In February 1897, Lenin was sentenced without trial to three years' exile in eastern Siberia. He was granted a"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " few days in Saint Petersburg to put his affairs in order and used this time to meet with the Social-Democrats, who had renamed themselves the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. His journey to eastern Siberia took 11 weeks, for much of which he was accompanied by his mother and sisters. Deemed only a minor threat to the government, he was exiled to a peasant's hut in Shushenskoye, Minusinsky District, where he was kept under police surveillance; he was nevertheless able to correspond with other revolutionaries, many of whom visited him, and permitted to go on trips to swim in the Yenisei River and to hunt duck and snipe. In May 1898, Nadya joined him in exile, having been arrested in August 1896 for organising a strike. She was initially posted to Ufa, but persuaded the authorities to move her to Shushenskoye, claiming that she and Lenin were engaged; they married in a church on 10 July 1898. Settling into a family life with Nadya's mother Elizaveta Vasilyevna, in Shushenskoye the couple translated English socialist literature into Russian. Keen to keep up with developments in German Marxism, where there had been an ideological"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " split, with revisionists like Eduard Bernstein advocating a peaceful, electoral path to socialism, Lenin remained devoted to violent revolution, attacking revisionist arguments in \"A Protest by Russian Social-Democrats\". He also finished \"The Development of Capitalism in Russia\" (1899), his longest book to date, which criticised the agrarian-socialists and promoted a Marxist analysis of Russian economic development. Published under the pseudonym of Vladimir Ilin, upon publication it received predominantly poor reviews.</s><s>Revolutionary activity.:Munich, London, and Geneva: 1900–1905. After his exile, Lenin settled in Pskov in early 1900. There, he began raising funds for a newspaper, \"Iskra\" (\"Spark\"), a new organ of the Russian Marxist party, now calling itself the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In July 1900, Lenin left Russia for Western Europe; in Switzerland he met other Russian Marxists, and at a Corsier conference they agreed to launch the paper from Munich, where Lenin relocated in September. Containing contributions from prominent European Marxists, \"Iskra\" was smuggled into Russia, becoming the country's most successful underground publication for 50 years. He first adopted the pseudonym Lenin in December 1901, possibly based"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " on the Siberian River Lena; he often used the fuller pseudonym of N. Lenin, and while the \"N\" did not stand for anything, a popular misconception later arose that it represented \"Nikolai\". Under this pseudonym, he published the political pamphlet \"What Is to Be Done?\" in 1902; his most influential publication to date, it dealt with Lenin's thoughts on the need for a vanguard party to lead the proletariat to revolution. His wife Nadya joined Lenin in Munich and became his personal secretary. They continued their political agitation, as Lenin wrote for \"Iskra\" and drafted the RSDLP programme, attacking ideological dissenters and external critics, particularly the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR), a Narodnik agrarian-socialist group founded in 1901. Despite remaining a Marxist, he accepted the Narodnik view on the revolutionary power of the Russian peasantry, accordingly penning the 1903 pamphlet \"To the Village Poor\". To evade Bavarian police, Lenin moved to London with \"Iskra\" in April 1902. He became friends with fellow Russian-Ukrainian Marxist Leon Trotsky. Lenin fell ill with erysipelas and was unable to take such a leading role on the \"Iskra\" editorial board; in his absence,"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " the board moved its base of operations to Geneva. The second RSDLP Congress was held in London in July 1903. At the conference, a schism emerged between Lenin's supporters and those of Julius Martov. Martov argued that party members should be able to express themselves independently of the party leadership; Lenin disagreed, emphasising the need for a strong leadership with complete control over the party. Lenin's supporters were in the majority, and he termed them the \"majoritarians\" (\"bol'sheviki\" in Russian; Bolsheviks); in response, Martov termed his followers the \"minoritarians\" (\"men'sheviki\" in Russian; Mensheviks). Arguments between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks continued after the conference; the Bolsheviks accused their rivals of being opportunists and reformists who lacked discipline, while the Mensheviks accused Lenin of being a despot and autocrat. Enraged at the Mensheviks, Lenin resigned from the \"Iskra\" editorial board and in May 1904 published the anti-Menshevik tract \"One Step Forward, Two Steps Back\". The stress made Lenin ill, and to recuperate he went on a hiking holiday in rural Switzerland. The Bolshevik faction grew in strength; by"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " spring 1905, the whole RSDLP Central Committee was Bolshevik, and in December they founded the newspaper \"Vpered\" (\"Forward\").</s><s>Revolutionary activity.:Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath: 1905–1914. In January 1905, the Bloody Sunday massacre of protesters in St. Petersburg sparked a spate of civil unrest in the Russian Empire known as the Revolution of 1905. Lenin urged Bolsheviks to take a greater role in the events, encouraging violent insurrection. In doing so, he adopted SR slogans regarding \"armed insurrection\", \"mass terror\", and \"the expropriation of gentry land\", resulting in Menshevik accusations that he had deviated from orthodox Marxism. In turn, he insisted that the Bolsheviks split completely with the Mensheviks; many Bolsheviks refused, and both groups attended the Third RSDLP Congress, held in London in April 1905 at the Brotherhood Church. Lenin presented many of his ideas in the pamphlet \"Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution\", published in August 1905. Here, he predicted that Russia's liberal bourgeoisie would be sated by a transition to constitutional monarchy and thus betray the revolution; instead he argued that the proletariat would have to build an alliance with the peasantry to overthrow the Tsarist regime and establish the \""
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": "provisional revolutionary democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry.\" In response to the revolution of 1905, which had failed to overthrow the government, Tsar Nicholas II accepted a series of liberal reforms in his October Manifesto. In this climate, Lenin felt it safe to return to St. Petersburg. Joining the editorial board of \"Novaya Zhizn\" (\"New Life\"), a radical legal newspaper run by Maria Andreyeva, he used it to discuss issues facing the RSDLP. He encouraged the party to seek out a much wider membership, and advocated the continual escalation of violent confrontation, believing both to be necessary for a successful revolution. Recognising that membership fees and donations from a few wealthy sympathisers were insufficient to finance the Bolsheviks' activities, Lenin endorsed the idea of robbing post offices, railway stations, trains, and banks. Under the lead of Leonid Krasin, a group of Bolsheviks began carrying out such criminal actions, the best known taking place in June 1907, when a group of Bolsheviks acting under the leadership of Joseph Stalin committed an armed robbery of the State Bank in Tiflis, Georgia. Although he briefly supported the idea of reconciliation between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, Lenin's advocacy of violence and robbery was condemned"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " by the Mensheviks at the Fourth RSDLP Congress, held in Stockholm in April 1906. Lenin was involved in setting up a Bolshevik Centre in Kuokkala, Grand Duchy of Finland, which was at the time a semi-autonomous part of the Russian Empire, before the Bolsheviks regained dominance of the RSDLP at its Fifth Congress, held in London in May 1907. As the Tsarist government cracked down on opposition, both by disbanding Russia's legislative assembly, the Second Duma, and by ordering its secret police, the Okhrana, to arrest revolutionaries, Lenin fled Finland for Switzerland. There, he tried to exchange those banknotes stolen in Tiflis that had identifiable serial numbers on them. Alexander Bogdanov and other prominent Bolsheviks decided to relocate the Bolshevik Centre to Paris; although Lenin disagreed, he moved to the city in December 1908. Lenin disliked Paris, lambasting it as \"a foul hole\", and while there he sued a motorist who knocked him off his bike. Lenin became very critical of Bogdanov's view that Russia's proletariat had to develop a socialist culture in order to become a successful revolutionary vehicle. Instead, Lenin favoured a vanguard of socialist intelligentsia who would lead the working-classes"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " in revolution. Furthermore, Bogdanov, influenced by Ernest Mach, believed that all concepts of the world were relative, whereas Lenin stuck to the orthodox Marxist view that there was an objective reality independent of human observation. Bogdanov and Lenin holidayed together at Maxim Gorky's villa in Capri in April 1908; on returning to Paris, Lenin encouraged a split within the Bolshevik faction between his and Bogdanov's followers, accusing the latter of deviating from Marxism. In May 1908, Lenin lived briefly in London, where he used the British Museum Reading Room to write \"Materialism and Empirio-criticism\", an attack on what he described as the \"bourgeois-reactionary falsehood\" of Bogdanov's relativism. Lenin's factionalism began to alienate increasing numbers of Bolsheviks, including his former close supporters Alexei Rykov and Lev Kamenev. The Okhrana exploited his factionalist attitude by sending a spy, Roman Malinovsky, to act as a vocal Lenin supporter within the party. Various Bolsheviks expressed their suspicions about Malinovsky to Lenin, although it is unclear if the latter was aware of the spy's duplicity; it is possible that he used Malinovsky to feed false information"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " to the Okhrana. In August 1910, Lenin attended the Eighth Congress of the Second International, an international meeting of socialists, in Copenhagen as the RSDLP's representative, following this with a holiday in Stockholm with his mother. With his wife and sisters he then moved to France, settling first in Bombon and then Paris. Here, he became a close friend to the French Bolshevik Inessa Armand; some biographers suggest that they had an extra-marital affair from 1910 to 1912. Meanwhile, at a Paris meeting in June 1911, the RSDLP Central Committee decided to move their focus of operations back to Russia, ordering the closure of the Bolshevik Centre and its newspaper, \"Proletari\". Seeking to rebuild his influence in the party, Lenin arranged for a party conference to be held in Prague in January 1912, and although 16 of the 18 attendants were Bolsheviks, he was heavily criticised for his factionalist tendencies and failed to boost his status within the party. Moving to Kraków in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, a culturally Polish part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, he used Jagiellonian University's library to conduct research. He stayed in close contact with the RSDLP, which was operating"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " in the Russian Empire, convincing the Duma's Bolshevik members to split from their parliamentary alliance with the Mensheviks. In January 1913, Stalin, whom Lenin referred to as the \"wonderful Georgian\", visited him, and they discussed the future of non-Russian ethnic groups in the Empire. Due to the ailing health of both Lenin and his wife, they moved to the rural town of Biały Dunajec, before heading to Bern for Nadya to have surgery on her goitre.</s><s>Revolutionary activity.:First World War: 1914–1917. Lenin was in Galicia when the First World War broke out. The war pitted the Russian Empire against the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and due to his Russian citizenship, Lenin was arrested and briefly imprisoned until his anti-Tsarist credentials were explained. Lenin and his wife returned to Bern, before relocating to Zürich in February 1916. Lenin was angry that the German Social-Democratic Party was supporting the German war effort, which was a direct contravention of the Second International's Stuttgart resolution that socialist parties would oppose the conflict, and saw the Second International as defunct. He attended the Zimmerwald Conference in September 1915 and the Kienthal Conference in April 1916,"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " urging socialists across the continent to convert the \"imperialist war\" into a continent-wide \"civil war\" with the proletariat pitted against the bourgeoisie and aristocracy. In July 1916, Lenin's mother died, but he was unable to attend her funeral. Her death deeply affected him, and he became depressed, fearing that he too would die before seeing the proletarian revolution. In September 1917, Lenin published \"Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism\", which argued that imperialism was a product of monopoly capitalism, as capitalists sought to increase their profits by extending into new territories where wages were lower and raw materials cheaper. He believed that competition and conflict would increase and that war between the imperialist powers would continue until they were overthrown by proletariat revolution and socialism established. He spent much of this time reading the works of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Ludwig Feuerbach, and Aristotle, all of whom had been key influences on Marx. This changed Lenin's interpretation of Marxism; whereas he once believed that policies could be developed based on predetermined scientific principles, he concluded that the only test of whether a policy was correct was its practice. He still perceived himself as an orthodox Marxist, but he began to diverge from some of Marx's predictions about societal development; whereas Marx had believed that a \""
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": "bourgeoisie-democratic revolution\" of the middle-classes had to take place before a \"socialist revolution\" of the proletariat, Lenin believed that in Russia the proletariat could overthrow the Tsarist regime without an intermediate revolution.</s><s>Revolutionary activity.:February Revolution and the July Days: 1917. In February 1917, the February Revolution broke out in St. Petersburg, renamed Petrograd at the beginning of the First World War, as industrial workers went on strike over food shortages and deteriorating factory conditions. The unrest spread to other parts of Russia, and fearing that he would be violently overthrown, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated. The State Duma took over control of the country, establishing the Russian Provisional Government and converting the Empire into a new Russian Republic. When Lenin learned of this from his base in Switzerland, he celebrated with other dissidents. He decided to return to Russia to take charge of the Bolsheviks but found that most passages into the country were blocked due to the ongoing conflict. He organised a plan with other dissidents to negotiate a passage for them through Germany, with which Russia was then at war. Recognising that these dissidents could cause problems for their Russian enemies, the German government agreed to permit 32 Russian citizens to travel by train through their territory, among"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " them Lenin and his wife. For political reasons, Lenin and the Germans agreed to a cover story that Lenin had travelled by sealed train carriage through German territory, but in fact the train was not truly sealed, and the passengers were allowed to disembark to, for example, spend the night in Frankfurt. The group travelled by train from Zürich to Sassnitz, proceeding by ferry to Trelleborg, Sweden, and from there to the Haparanda–Tornio border crossing and then to Helsinki before taking the final train to Petrograd in disguise. Arriving at Petrograd's Finland Station in April, Lenin gave a speech to Bolshevik supporters condemning the Provisional Government and again calling for a continent-wide European proletarian revolution. Over the following days, he spoke at Bolshevik meetings, lambasting those who wanted reconciliation with the Mensheviks and revealing his \"April Theses\", an outline of his plans for the Bolsheviks, which he had written on the journey from Switzerland. He publicly condemned both the Mensheviks and the Social Revolutionaries, who dominated the influential Petrograd Soviet, for supporting the Provisional Government, denouncing them as traitors to socialism. Considering the government to be just as imperialist as the Tsarist regime, he advocated immediate peace with Germany"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " and Austria-Hungary, rule by soviets, the nationalisation of industry and banks, and the state expropriation of land, all with the intention of establishing a proletariat government and pushing toward a socialist society. By contrast, the Mensheviks believed that Russia was insufficiently developed to transition to socialism, and accused Lenin of trying to plunge the new Republic into civil war. Over the coming months Lenin campaigned for his policies, attending the meetings of the Bolshevik Central Committee, prolifically writing for the Bolshevik newspaper \"Pravda\", and giving public speeches in Petrograd aimed at converting workers, soldiers, sailors, and peasants to his cause. Sensing growing frustration among Bolshevik supporters, Lenin suggested an armed political demonstration in Petrograd to test the government's response. Amid deteriorating health, he left the city to recuperate in the Finnish village of Neivola. The Bolsheviks' armed demonstration, the July Days, took place while Lenin was away, but upon learning that demonstrators had violently clashed with government forces, he returned to Petrograd and called for calm. Responding to the violence, the government ordered the arrest of Lenin and other prominent Bolsheviks, raiding their offices, and publicly alleging that he was a German \"agent provocateur\". Evading arrest"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": ", Lenin hid in a series of Petrograd safe houses. Fearing that he would be killed, Lenin and fellow senior Bolshevik Grigory Zinoviev escaped Petrograd in disguise, relocating to Razliv. There, Lenin began work on the book that became \"The State and Revolution\", an exposition on how he believed the socialist state would develop after the proletariat revolution, and how from then on the state would gradually wither away, leaving a pure communist society. He began arguing for a Bolshevik-led armed insurrection to topple the government, but at a clandestine meeting of the party's central committee this idea was rejected. Lenin then headed by train and by foot to Finland, arriving at Helsinki on 10 August, where he hid away in safe houses belonging to Bolshevik sympathisers.</s><s>Revolutionary activity.:October Revolution: 1917. In August 1917, while Lenin was in Finland, General Lavr Kornilov, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, sent troops to Petrograd in what appeared to be a military coup attempt against the Provisional Government. Premier Alexander Kerensky turned to the Petrograd Soviet, including its Bolshevik members, for help, allowing the revolutionaries to organise workers as Red Guards to defend the city. The coup petered out"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " before it reached Petrograd, but the events had allowed the Bolsheviks to return to the open political arena. Fearing a counter-revolution from right-wing forces hostile to socialism, the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries who dominated the Petrograd Soviet had been instrumental in pressuring the government to normalise relations with the Bolsheviks. Both the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries had lost much popular support because of their affiliation with the Provisional Government and its unpopular continuation of the war. The Bolsheviks capitalised on this, and soon the pro-Bolshevik Marxist Trotsky was elected leader of the Petrograd Soviet. In September, the Bolsheviks gained a majority in the workers' sections of both the Moscow and Petrograd Soviets. Recognising that the situation was safer for him, Lenin returned to Petrograd. There he attended a meeting of the Bolshevik Central Committee on 10 October, where he again argued that the party should lead an armed insurrection to topple the Provisional Government. This time the argument won with ten votes against two. Critics of the plan, Zinoviev and Kamenev, argued that Russian workers would not support a violent coup against the regime and that there was no clear evidence for Lenin's assertion that all of Europe was on the verge"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " of proletarian revolution. The party began plans to organise the offensive, holding a final meeting at the Smolny Institute on 24 October. This was the base of the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC), an armed militia largely loyal to the Bolsheviks that had been established by the Petrograd Soviet during Kornilov's alleged coup. In October, the MRC was ordered to take control of Petrograd's key transport, communication, printing and utilities hubs, and did so without bloodshed. Bolsheviks besieged the government in the Winter Palace, and overcame it and arrested its ministers after the cruiser \"Aurora\", controlled by Bolshevik seamen, fired a blank shot to signal the start of the revolution. During the insurrection, Lenin gave a speech to the Petrograd Soviet announcing that the Provisional Government had been overthrown. The Bolsheviks declared the formation of a new government, the Council of People's Commissars, or Sovnarkom. Lenin initially turned down the leading position of Chairman, suggesting Trotsky for the job, but other Bolsheviks insisted and ultimately Lenin relented. Lenin and other Bolsheviks then attended the Second Congress of Soviets on 26 and 27 October, and announced the creation of the new government. Menshevik attendees condemned the illegitimate seizure of power and"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " the risk of civil war. In these early days of the new regime, Lenin avoided talking in Marxist and socialist terms so as not to alienate Russia's population, and instead spoke about having a country controlled by the workers. Lenin and many other Bolsheviks expected proletariat revolution to sweep across Europe in days or months.</s><s>Lenin's government.</s><s>Lenin's government.:Organising the Soviet government: 1917–1918. The Provisional Government had planned for a Constituent Assembly to be elected in November 1917; against Lenin's objections, Sovnarkom agreed for the vote to take place as scheduled. In the constitutional election, the Bolsheviks gained approximately a quarter of the vote, being defeated by the agrarian-focused Socialist-Revolutionaries. Lenin argued that the election was not a fair reflection of the people's will, that the electorate had not had time to learn the Bolsheviks' political programme, and that the candidacy lists had been drawn up before the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries split from the Socialist-Revolutionaries. Nevertheless, the newly elected Russian Constituent Assembly convened in Petrograd in January 1918. Sovnarkom argued that it was counter-revolutionary because it sought to remove power from the soviets, but the Socialist-"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": "Revolutionaries and Mensheviks denied this. The Bolsheviks presented the Assembly with a motion that would strip it of most of its legal powers; when the Assembly rejected the motion, Sovnarkom declared this as evidence of its counter-revolutionary nature and forcibly disbanded it. Lenin rejected repeated calls, including from some Bolsheviks, to establish a coalition government with other socialist parties. Although refusing a coalition with the Mensheviks or Socialist-Revolutionaries, Sovnarkom partially relented; they allowed the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries five posts in the cabinet in December 1917. This coalition only lasted four months until March 1918, when the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries pulled out of the government over a disagreement about the Bolsheviks' approach to ending the First World War. At their 7th Congress in March 1918, the Bolsheviks changed their official name from the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party to the Russian Communist Party, as Lenin wanted to both distance his group from the increasingly reformist German Social Democratic Party and to emphasise its ultimate goal, that of a communist society. Although ultimate power officially rested with the country's government in the form of Sovnarkom and the Executive Committee (VTSIK) elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (ARCS), the"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " Communist Party was \"de facto\" in control in Russia, as acknowledged by its members at the time. By 1918, Sovnarkom began acting unilaterally, claiming a need for expediency, with the ARCS and VTSIK becoming increasingly marginalised, so the soviets no longer had a role in governing Russia. During 1918 and 1919, the government expelled Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries from the soviets. Russia had become a one-party state. Within the party was established a Political Bureau (Politburo) and Organisation Bureau (Orgburo) to accompany the existing Central Committee; the decisions of these party bodies had to be adopted by Sovnarkom and the Council of Labour and Defence. Lenin was the most significant figure in this governance structure as well as being the Chairman of Sovnarkom and sitting on the Council of Labour and Defence, and on the Central Committee and Politburo of the Communist Party. The only individual to have anywhere near this influence was Lenin's right-hand man, Yakov Sverdlov, who died in March 1919 during a flu pandemic. In November 1917, Lenin and his wife took a two-room flat within the Smolny Institute; the following month they left for a"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " brief holiday in Halila, Finland. In January 1918, he survived an assassination attempt in Petrograd; Fritz Platten, who was with Lenin at the time, shielded him and was injured by a bullet. Concerned that the German Army posed a threat to Petrograd, in March 1918 Sovnarkom relocated to Moscow, initially as a temporary measure. There, Lenin, Trotsky, and other Bolshevik leaders moved into the Kremlin, where Lenin lived with his wife and sister Maria in a first floor apartment adjacent to the room in which the Sovnarkom meetings were held. Lenin disliked Moscow, but rarely left the city centre during the rest of his life. He survived a second assassination attempt, in Moscow in August 1918; he was shot following a public speech and injured badly. A Socialist-Revolutionary, Fanny Kaplan, was arrested and executed. The attack was widely covered in the Russian press, generating much sympathy for Lenin and boosting his popularity. As a respite, he was driven in September 1918 to the luxurious Gorki estate, just outside Moscow, recently nationalized for him by the government.</s><s>Lenin's government.:Social, legal, and economic reform: 1917–1918. Upon taking power, Lenin's regime issued a series of decrees."
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " The first was a Decree on Land, which declared that the landed estates of the aristocracy and the Orthodox Church should be nationalised and redistributed to peasants by local governments. This contrasted with Lenin's desire for agricultural collectivisation but provided governmental recognition of the widespread peasant land seizures that had already occurred. In November 1917, the government issued the Decree on the Press that closed many opposition media outlets deemed counter-revolutionary. They claimed the measure would be temporary; the decree was widely criticised, including by many Bolsheviks, for compromising freedom of the press. In November 1917, Lenin issued the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, which stated that non-Russian ethnic groups living inside the Republic had the right to secede from Russian authority and establish their own independent nation-states. Many nations declared independence (Finland and Lithuania in December 1917, Latvia and Ukraine in January 1918, Estonia in February 1918, Transcaucasia in April 1918, and Poland in November 1918). Soon, the Bolsheviks actively promoted communist parties in these independent nation-states, while at the Fifth All-Russian Congress of the Soviets in July 1918 a constitution was approved that reformed the Russian Republic into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Seeking to modernise the country, the government"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " officially converted Russia from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar used in Europe. In November 1917, Sovnarkom issued a decree abolishing Russia's legal system, calling on the use of \"revolutionary conscience\" to replace the abolished laws. The courts were replaced by a two-tier system, namely the Revolutionary Tribunals to deal with counter-revolutionary crimes, and the People's Courts to deal with civil and other criminal offences. They were instructed to ignore pre-existing laws, and base their rulings on the Sovnarkom decrees and a \"socialist sense of justice.\" November also saw an overhaul of the armed forces; Sovnarkom implemented egalitarian measures, abolished previous ranks, titles, and medals, and called on soldiers to establish committees to elect their commanders. In October 1917, Lenin issued a decree limiting work for everyone in Russia to eight hours per day. He also issued the Decree on Popular Education that stipulated that the government would guarantee free, secular education for all children in Russia, and a decree establishing a system of state orphanages. To combat mass illiteracy, a literacy campaign was initiated; an estimated 5 million people enrolled in crash courses of basic literacy from 1920 to 1926. Embracing the equality of the sexes"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": ", laws were introduced that helped to emancipate women, by giving them economic autonomy from their husbands and removing restrictions on divorce. Zhenotdel, a Bolshevik women's organisation, was established to further these aims. Under Lenin, Russia became the first country to legalize abortion on demand in the first trimester. Militantly atheist, Lenin and the Communist Party wanted to demolish organised religion. In January 1918, the government decreed the separation of church and state, and prohibited religious instruction in schools. In November 1917, Lenin issued the Decree on Workers' Control, which called on the workers of each enterprise to establish an elected committee to monitor their enterprise's management. That month they also issued an order requisitioning the country's gold, and nationalised the banks, which Lenin saw as a major step toward socialism. In December, Sovnarkom established a Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh), which had authority over industry, banking, agriculture, and trade. The factory committees were subordinate to the trade unions, which were subordinate to VSNKh; the state's centralised economic plan was prioritised over the workers' local economic interests. In early 1918, Sovnarkom cancelled all foreign debts and refused to pay interest owed on"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " them. In April 1918, it nationalised foreign trade, establishing a state monopoly on imports and exports. In June 1918, it decreed nationalisation of public utilities, railways, engineering, textiles, metallurgy, and mining, although often these were state-owned in name only. Full-scale nationalisation did not take place until November 1920, when small-scale industrial enterprises were brought under state control. A faction of the Bolsheviks known as the \"Left Communists\" criticised Sovnarkom's economic policy as too moderate; they wanted nationalisation of all industry, agriculture, trade, finance, transport, and communication. Lenin believed that this was impractical at that stage and that the government should only nationalise Russia's large-scale capitalist enterprises, such as the banks, railways, larger landed estates, and larger factories and mines, allowing smaller businesses to operate privately until they grew large enough to be successfully nationalised. Lenin also disagreed with the Left Communists about the economic organisation; in June 1918, he argued that centralised economic control of industry was needed, whereas Left Communists wanted each factory to be controlled by its workers, a syndicalist approach that Lenin considered detrimental to the cause of socialism. Adopting a left-libertarian perspective, both the Left"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " Communists and other factions in the Communist Party critiqued the decline of democratic institutions in Russia. Internationally, many socialists decried Lenin's regime and denied that he was establishing socialism; in particular, they highlighted the lack of widespread political participation, popular consultation, and industrial democracy. In late 1918, the Czech-Austrian Marxist Karl Kautsky authored an anti-Leninist pamphlet condemning the anti-democratic nature of Soviet Russia, to which Lenin published a vociferous reply. German Marxist Rosa Luxemburg echoed Kautsky's views, while Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin described the Bolshevik seizure of power as \"the burial of the Russian Revolution.\"</s><s>Lenin's government.:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: 1917–1918. Upon taking power, Lenin believed that a key policy of his government must be to withdraw from the First World War by establishing an armistice with the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. He believed that ongoing war would create resentment among war-weary Russian troops, to whom he had promised peace, and that these troops and the advancing German Army threatened both his own government and the cause of international socialism. By contrast, other Bolsheviks, in particular Nikolai Bukharin and the Left"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " Communists, believed that peace with the Central Powers would be a betrayal of international socialism and that Russia should instead wage \"a war of revolutionary defence\" that would provoke an uprising of the German proletariat against their own government. Lenin proposed a three-month armistice in his Decree on Peace of November 1917, which was approved by the Second Congress of Soviets and presented to the German and Austro-Hungarian governments. The Germans responded positively, viewing this as an opportunity to focus on the Western Front and stave off looming defeat. In November, armistice talks began at Brest-Litovsk, the headquarters of the German high command on the Eastern Front, with the Russian delegation being led by Trotsky and Adolph Joffe. Meanwhile, a ceasefire until January was agreed. During negotiations, the Germans insisted on keeping their wartime conquests, which included Poland, Lithuania, and Courland, whereas the Russians countered that this was a violation of these nations' rights to self-determination. Some Bolsheviks had expressed hopes of dragging out negotiations until proletarian revolution broke out throughout Europe. On 7 January 1918, Trotsky returned from Brest-Litovsk to St. Petersburg with an ultimatum from the Central Powers: either Russia accept Germany's territorial demands"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " or the war would resume. In January and again in February, Lenin urged the Bolsheviks to accept Germany's proposals. He argued that the territorial losses were acceptable if it ensured the survival of the Bolshevik-led government. The majority of Bolsheviks rejected his position, hoping to prolong the armistice and call Germany's bluff. On 18 February, the German Army launched Operation Faustschlag, advancing further into Russian-controlled territory and conquering Dvinsk within a day. At this point, Lenin finally convinced a small majority of the Bolshevik Central Committee to accept the Central Powers' demands. On 23 February, the Central Powers issued a new ultimatum: Russia had to recognise German control not only of Poland and the Baltic states but also of Ukraine, or face a full-scale invasion. On 3 March, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed. It resulted in massive territorial losses for Russia, with 26% of the former Empire's population, 37% of its agricultural harvest area, 28% of its industry, 26% of its railway tracks, and three-quarters of its coal and iron deposits being transferred to German control. Accordingly, the Treaty was deeply unpopular across Russia's political spectrum, and several Bolsheviks and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries resigned"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " from Sovnarkom in protest. After the Treaty, Sovnarkom focused on trying to foment proletarian revolution in Germany, issuing an array of anti-war and anti-government publications in the country; the German government retaliated by expelling Russia's diplomats. The Treaty nevertheless failed to stop the Central Powers' defeat; in November 1918, the German Emperor Wilhelm II abdicated and the country's new administration signed the Armistice with the Allies. As a result, Sovnarkom proclaimed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk void.</s><s>Lenin's government.:Anti-Kulak campaigns, Cheka, and Red Terror: 1918–1922. By early 1918, many cities in western Russia faced famine as a result of chronic food shortages. Lenin blamed this on the kulaks, or wealthier peasants, who allegedly hoarded the grain that they had produced to increase its financial value. In May 1918, he issued a requisitioning order that established armed detachments to confiscate grain from kulaks for distribution in the cities, and in June called for the formation of Committees of Poor Peasants to aid in requisitioning. This policy resulted in vast social disorder and violence, as armed detachments often clashed"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " with peasant groups, helping to set the stage for the civil war. A prominent example of Lenin's views was his August 1918 telegram to the Bolsheviks of Penza, which called upon them to suppress a peasant insurrection by publicly hanging at least 100 \"known kulaks, rich men, [and] bloodsuckers.\" The requisitions disincentivised peasants from producing more grain than they could personally consume, and thus production slumped. A booming black market supplemented the official state-sanctioned economy, and Lenin called on speculators, black marketeers and looters to be shot. Both the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries condemned the armed appropriations of grain at the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets in July 1918. Realising that the Committees of the Poor Peasants were also persecuting peasants who were not kulaks and thus contributing to anti-government feeling among the peasantry, in December 1918 Lenin abolished them. Lenin repeatedly emphasised the need for terror and violence in overthrowing the old order and ensuring the success of the revolution. Speaking to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets in November 1917, he declared that \"the state is an institution built up for the sake of exercising violence. Previously, this violence"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " was exercised by a handful of moneybags over the entire people; now we want [...] to organise violence in the interests of the people.\" He strongly opposed suggestions to abolish capital punishment. Fearing anti-Bolshevik forces would overthrow his administration, in December 1917 Lenin ordered the establishment of the Emergency Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage, or Cheka, a political police force led by Felix Dzerzhinsky. In September 1918, Sovnarkom passed a decree that inaugurated the Red Terror, a system of repression orchestrated by the Cheka. Although sometimes described as an attempt to eliminate the entire bourgeoisie, Lenin did not want to exterminate all members of this class, merely those who sought to reinstate their rule. The majority of the Terror's victims were well-to-do citizens or former members of the Tsarist administration; others were non-bourgeois anti-Bolsheviks and perceived social undesirables such as prostitutes. The Cheka claimed the right to both sentence and execute anyone whom it deemed to be an enemy of the government, without recourse to the Revolutionary Tribunals. Accordingly, throughout Soviet Russia the Cheka carried out killings, often in large numbers. For example, the Petrograd Cheka"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " executed 512 people in a few days. There are no surviving records to provide an accurate figure of how many perished in the Red Terror; later estimates of historians have ranged between 10,000 and 15,000, and 50,000 to 140,000. Lenin never witnessed this violence or participated in it first-hand, and publicly distanced himself from it. His published articles and speeches rarely called for executions, but he regularly did so in his coded telegrams and confidential notes. Many Bolsheviks expressed disapproval of the Cheka's mass executions and feared the organisation's apparent unaccountability. The Communist Party tried to restrain its activities in February 1919, stripping it of its powers of tribunal and execution in those areas not under official martial law, but the Cheka continued as before in swathes of the country. By 1920, the Cheka had become the most powerful institution in Soviet Russia, exerting influence over all other state apparatus. A decree in April 1919 resulted in the establishment of concentration camps, which were entrusted to the Cheka, later administered by a new government agency, Gulag. By the end of 1920, 84 camps had been established across Soviet Russia, holding about 50,000 prisoners; by October 1923, this had grown to 315 camps and about 70,000"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " inmates. Those interned in the camps were used as slave labour. From July 1922, intellectuals deemed to be opposing the Bolshevik government were exiled to inhospitable regions or deported from Russia altogether; Lenin personally scrutinised the lists of those to be dealt with in this manner. In May 1922, Lenin issued a decree calling for the execution of anti-Bolshevik priests, causing between 14,000 and 20,000 deaths. The Russian Orthodox Church was worst affected; the government's anti-religious policies also impacted on Roman Catholic and Protestant churches, Jewish synagogues, and Islamic mosques.</s><s>Lenin's government.:Civil War and the Polish–Soviet War: 1918–1920. Lenin expected Russia's aristocracy and bourgeoisie to oppose his government, but he believed that the numerical superiority of the lower classes, coupled with the Bolsheviks' ability to effectively organise them, guaranteed a swift victory in any conflict. In this, he failed to anticipate the intensity of the violent opposition to Bolshevik rule in Russia. The ensuing Russian Civil War pitted the pro-Bolshevik Reds against the anti-Bolshevik Whites but also encompassed ethnic conflicts on Russia's borders and conflict between both Red and White armies and local peasant groups, the Green armies, throughout the former Empire"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": ". Accordingly, various historians have seen the civil war as representing two distinct conflicts: one between the revolutionaries and the counter-revolutionaries, and the other between different revolutionary factions. The White armies were established by former Tsarist military officers, and included Anton Denikin's Volunteer Army in South Russia, Alexander Kolchak's forces in Siberia, and Nikolai Yudenich's troops in the newly independent Baltic states. The Whites were bolstered when 35,000 members of the Czech Legion, who were prisoners of war from the conflict with the Central Powers, turned against Sovnarkom and allied with the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch), an anti-Bolshevik government established in Samara. The Whites were also backed by Western governments who perceived the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a betrayal of the Allied war effort and feared the Bolsheviks' calls for world revolution. In 1918, Great Britain, France, United States, Canada, Italy, and Serbia landed 10,000 troops in Murmansk, seizing Kandalaksha, while later that year British, American, and Japanese forces landed in Vladivostok. Western troops soon pulled out of the civil war, instead only supporting the Whites with officers,"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " technicians and armaments, but Japan remained because they saw the conflict as an opportunity for territorial expansion. Lenin tasked Trotsky with establishing a Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, and with his support, Trotsky organised a Revolutionary Military Council in September 1918, remaining its chairman until 1925. Recognising their valuable military experience, Lenin agreed that officers from the old Tsarist army could serve in the Red Army, although Trotsky established military councils to monitor their activities. The Reds held control of Russia's two largest cities, Moscow and Petrograd, as well as most of Great Russia, while the Whites were located largely on the former Empire's peripheries. The latter were therefore hindered by being both fragmented and geographically scattered, and because their ethnic Russian supremacism alienated the region's national minorities. Anti-Bolshevik armies carried out the White Terror, a campaign of violence against perceived Bolshevik supporters which was typically more spontaneous than the state-sanctioned Red Terror. Both White and Red Armies were responsible for attacks against Jewish communities, prompting Lenin to issue a condemnation of anti-Semitism, blaming prejudice against Jews on capitalist propaganda. In July 1918, Sverdlov informed Sovnarkom that the Ural Regional Soviet had overseen the execution of the former Tsar and his"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " immediate family in Yekaterinburg to prevent them from being rescued by advancing White troops. Although lacking proof, biographers and historians like Richard Pipes and Dmitri Volkogonov have expressed the view that the killing was probably sanctioned by Lenin; conversely, historian James Ryan cautioned that there was \"no reason\" to believe this. Whether Lenin sanctioned it or not, he still regarded it as necessary, highlighting the precedent set by the execution of Louis XVI in the French Revolution. After the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries had abandoned the coalition and increasingly viewed the Bolsheviks as traitors to the revolution. In July 1918, the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Yakov Blumkin assassinated the German ambassador to Russia, Wilhelm von Mirbach, hoping that the ensuing diplomatic incident would lead to a relaunched revolutionary war against Germany. The Left Socialist-Revolutionaries then launched a coup in Moscow, shelling the Kremlin and seizing the city's central post office before being stopped by Trotsky's forces. The party's leaders and many members were arrested and imprisoned, but were treated more leniently than other opponents of the Bolsheviks. By 1919, the White armies were in retreat and by the start of 1920 were defeated on all"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " three fronts. Although Sovnarkom were victorious, the territorial extent of the Russian state had been reduced, for many non-Russian ethnic groups had used the disarray to push for national independence. In some cases, such as the north-eastern European nations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland, the Soviets recognised their independence and concluded peace treaties. In other cases, the Red Army suppressed secessionist movements; by 1921 they had defeated the Ukrainian national movements and occupied the Caucasus, although fighting in Central Asia lasted until the late 1920s. After the German Ober Ost garrisons were withdrawn from the Eastern Front following the Armistice, both Soviet Russian armies and Polish ones moved in to fill the vacuum. The newly independent Polish state and the Soviet government each sought territorial expansion in the region. Polish and Russian troops first clashed in February 1919, with the conflict developing into the Polish–Soviet War. Unlike the Soviets' previous conflicts, this had greater implications for the export of revolution and the future of Europe. Polish forces pushed into Ukraine and by May 1920 had taken Kiev from the Soviets. After forcing the Polish Army back, Lenin urged the Red Army to invade Poland itself, believing that the Polish proletariat would rise up to support the Russian troops and thus spark European revolution"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": ". Trotsky and other Bolsheviks were sceptical, but agreed to the invasion. The Polish proletariat did not rise, and the Red Army was defeated at the Battle of Warsaw. The Polish armies pushed the Red Army back into Russia, forcing Sovnarkom to sue for peace; the war culminated in the Peace of Riga, in which Russia ceded territory to Poland.</s><s>Lenin's government.:Comintern and world revolution: 1919–1920. After the Armistice on the Western Front, Lenin believed that the breakout of the European revolution was imminent. Seeking to promote this, Sovnarkom supported the establishment of Béla Kun's soviet government in Hungary in March 1919, followed by the soviet government in Bavaria and various revolutionary socialist uprisings in other parts of Germany, including that of the Spartacus League. During Russia's Civil War, the Red Army was sent into the newly independent national republics on Russia's borders to aid Marxists there in establishing soviet systems of government. In Europe, this resulted in the creation of new communist-led states in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine, all of which were officially independent of Russia, while further east it led to the creation of communist governments in Outer"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " Mongolia. Various senior Bolsheviks wanted these absorbed into the Russian state; Lenin insisted that national sensibilities should be respected, but reassured his comrades that these nations' new Communist Party administrations were under the \"de facto\" authority of Sovnarkom. In late 1918, the British Labour Party called for the establishment of an international conference of socialist parties, the Labour and Socialist International. Lenin saw this as a revival of the Second International, which he had despised, and formulated his own rival international socialist conference to offset its impact. Organised with the aid of Zinoviev, Nikolai Bukharin, Trotsky, Christian Rakovsky, and Angelica Balabanoff, the First Congress of this Communist International (Comintern) opened in Moscow in March 1919. It lacked global coverage; of the 34 assembled delegates, 30 resided within the countries of the former Russian Empire, and most of the international delegates were not recognised by any socialist parties in their own nations. Accordingly, the Bolsheviks dominated proceedings, with Lenin subsequently authoring a series of regulations that meant that only socialist parties endorsing the Bolsheviks' views were permitted to join Comintern. During the first conference, Lenin spoke to the delegates, lambasting the parliamentary path to socialism espoused by revisionist Marxists like Kautsky"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " and repeating his calls for a violent overthrow of Europe's bourgeoisie governments. While Zinoviev became Comintern's president, Lenin retained significant influence over it. The Second Congress of the Communist International opened in Petrograd's Smolny Institute in July 1920, representing the last time that Lenin visited a city other than Moscow. There, he encouraged foreign delegates to emulate the Bolsheviks' seizure of power and abandoned his longstanding viewpoint that capitalism was a necessary stage in societal development, instead, encouraging those nations under colonial occupation to transform their pre-capitalist societies directly into socialist ones. For this conference, he authored \"\", a short book articulating his criticism of elements within the British and German communist parties who refused to enter their nations' parliamentary systems and trade unions; instead he urged them to do so to advance the revolutionary cause. The conference had to be suspended for several days due to the ongoing war with Poland, and was relocated to Moscow, where it continued to hold sessions until August. Lenin's predicted world revolution did not materialise, as the Hungarian communist government was overthrown and the German Marxist uprisings suppressed.</s><s>Lenin's government.:Famine and the New Economic Policy: 1920–1922. Within the Communist Party, there was dissent from two factions, the Group"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " of Democratic Centralism and the Workers' Opposition, both of which accused the Russian state of being too centralised and bureaucratic. The Workers' Opposition, which had connections to the official state trade unions, also expressed the concern that the government had lost the trust of the Russian working class. They were angered by Trotsky's suggestion that the trade unions be eliminated. He deemed the unions to be superfluous in a \"workers' state\", but Lenin disagreed, believing it best to retain them; most Bolsheviks embraced Lenin's view in the 'trade union discussion'. To deal with the dissent, at the Tenth Party Congress in February 1921, Lenin introduced a ban on factional activity within the party, under pain of expulsion. Caused in part by a drought, the Russian famine of 1921–22 was the most severe that the country had experienced since the year 1603, resulting in around five million deaths, the most of any famine in Russian history. The famine was exacerbated by government requisitioning, as well as the export of large quantities of Russian grain. To aid the famine victims, the US government established an American Relief Administration to distribute food; Lenin was suspicious of this aid and had it closely monitored. During the famine, Patriarch Tikhon called on Orthodox churches to sell unnecessary"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " items to help feed the starving, an action endorsed by the government. In February 1922 Sovnarkom went further by calling on all valuables belonging to religious institutions to be forcibly appropriated and sold. Tikhon opposed the sale of items used within the Eucharist and many clergy resisted the appropriations, resulting in violence. In 1920 and 1921, local opposition to requisitioning resulted in anti-Bolshevik peasant uprisings breaking out across Russia, which were suppressed. Among the most significant was the Tambov Rebellion, which was put down by the Red Army. In February 1921, workers went on strike in Petrograd, resulting in the government proclaiming martial law in the city and sending in the Red Army to quell demonstrations. In March, the Kronstadt rebellion began when sailors in Kronstadt revolted against the Bolshevik government, demanding that all socialists be allowed to publish freely, that independent trade unions be given freedom of assembly and that peasants be allowed free markets and not be subject to requisitioning. Lenin declared that the mutineers had been misled by the Socialist-Revolutionaries and foreign imperialists, calling for violent reprisals. Under Trotsky's leadership, the Red Army put down the rebellion on 17 March, resulting in thousands of deaths and"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " the internment of survivors in labour camps. In February 1921, Lenin introduced a New Economic Policy (NEP) to the Politburo; he convinced most senior Bolsheviks of its necessity and it passed into law in April. Lenin explained the policy in a booklet, \"On the Food Tax\", in which he stated that the NEP represented a return to the original Bolshevik economic plans; he claimed that these had been derailed by the civil war, in which Sovnarkom had been forced to resort to the economic policies of war communism. The NEP allowed some private enterprise within Russia, permitting the reintroduction of the wage system and allowing peasants to sell produce on the open market while being taxed on their earnings. The policy also allowed for a return to privately owned small industry; basic industry, transport and foreign trade remained under state control. Lenin termed this \"state capitalism\", and many Bolsheviks thought it to be a betrayal of socialist principles. Lenin biographers have often characterised the introduction of the NEP as one of his most significant achievements and some believe that had it not been implemented then Sovnarkom would have been quickly overthrown by popular uprisings. In January 1920, the government brought in universal labour conscription, ensuring that all citizens aged between 16"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " and 50 had to work. Lenin also called for a mass electrification project, the GOELRO plan, which began in February 1920; Lenin's declaration that \"communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the whole country\" was widely cited in later years. Seeking to advance the Russian economy through foreign trade, Sovnarkom sent delegates to the Genoa Conference; Lenin had hoped to attend but was prevented by ill health. The conference resulted in a Russian agreement with Germany, which followed on from an earlier trade agreement with the United Kingdom. Lenin hoped that by allowing foreign corporations to invest in Russia, Sovnarkom would exacerbate rivalries between the capitalist nations and hasten their downfall; he tried to rent the oil fields of Kamchatka to an American corporation to heighten tensions between the US and Japan, who desired Kamchatka for their empire.</s><s>Lenin's government.:Declining health and conflict with Stalin: 1920–1923. To Lenin's embarrassment and horror, in April 1920 the Bolsheviks held a party to celebrate his fiftieth birthday, which was also marked by widespread celebrations across Russia and the publication of poems and biographies dedicated to him. Between 1920 and 1926, twenty volumes of Lenin's \"Collected Works\" were published"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": "; some material was omitted. During 1920, several prominent Western figures visited Lenin in Russia; these included the author H. G. Wells and the philosopher Bertrand Russell, as well as the anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. Lenin was also visited at the Kremlin by Armand, who was in increasingly poor health. He sent her to a sanatorium in Kislovodsk in the Northern Caucasus to recover, but she died there in September 1920 during a cholera epidemic. Her body was transported to Moscow, where a visibly grief-stricken Lenin oversaw her burial beneath the Kremlin Wall. Lenin was seriously ill by the latter half of 1921, experiencing hyperacusis, insomnia, and regular headaches. At the Politburo's insistence, in July he left Moscow for a month's leave at his Gorki mansion, where he was cared for by his wife and sister. Lenin began to contemplate the possibility of suicide, asking both Krupskaya and Stalin to acquire potassium cyanide for him. Twenty-six physicians were hired to help Lenin during his final years; many of them were foreign and had been hired at great expense. Some suggested that his sickness could have been caused by metal oxidation from the bullets that were lodged in his body from the 1918 assassination attempt;"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " in April 1922 he underwent a surgical operation to remove them. The symptoms continued after this, with Lenin's doctors unsure of the cause; some suggested that he had neurasthenia or cerebral arteriosclerosis. In May 1922, he had his first stroke, temporarily losing his ability to speak and being paralysed on his right side. He convalesced at Gorki, and had largely recovered by July. In October, he returned to Moscow; in December, he had a second stroke and returned to Gorki. Despite his illness, Lenin remained keenly interested in political developments. When the Socialist Revolutionary Party's leadership was found guilty of conspiring against the government in a trial held between June and August 1922, Lenin called for their execution; they were instead imprisoned indefinitely, only being executed during the Great Purge of Stalin's leadership. With Lenin's support, the government also succeeded in virtually eradicating Menshevism in Russia by expelling all Mensheviks from state institutions and enterprises in March 1923 and then imprisoning the party's membership in concentration camps. Lenin was concerned by the survival of the Tsarist bureaucratic system in Soviet Russia, particularly during his final years. Condemning bureaucratic attitudes, he suggested a total overhaul to deal with such problems, in one letter complaining"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " that \"we are being sucked into a foul bureaucratic swamp\". In October 1922, Lenin proposed that Trotsky should become first deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars at a meeting of the Central Committee, but Trotsky declined the position. This has been interpreted as evidence that Lenin designated Trotsky as a successor as head of government. During December 1922 and January 1923, Lenin dictated \"Lenin's Testament\", in which he discussed the personal qualities of his comrades, particularly Trotsky and Stalin. He recommended that Stalin be removed from the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party, deeming him ill-suited for the position. Instead he recommended Trotsky for the job, describing him as \"the most capable man in the present Central Committee\"; he highlighted Trotsky's superior intellect but at the same time criticised his self-assurance and inclination toward excess administration. During this period he dictated a criticism of the bureaucratic nature of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate, calling for the recruitment of new, working-class staff as an antidote to this problem, while in another article he called for the state to combat illiteracy, promote punctuality and conscientiousness within the populace, and encourage peasants to join co‑operatives. In Lenin's absence, Stalin had begun consolidating his"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " power both by appointing his supporters to prominent positions, and by cultivating an image of himself as Lenin's closest intimate and deserving successor. In December 1922, Stalin took responsibility for Lenin's regimen, being tasked by the Politburo with controlling who had access to him. Lenin was increasingly critical of Stalin; while Lenin was insisting that the state should retain its monopoly on international trade during mid-1922, Stalin was leading other Bolsheviks in unsuccessfully opposing this. There were personal arguments between the two as well; Stalin had upset Krupskaya by shouting at her during a phone conversation, which in turn greatly angered Lenin, who sent Stalin a letter expressing his annoyance. The most significant political division between the two emerged during the Georgian Affair. Stalin had suggested that both the forcibly Sovietized Georgia and neighbouring countries like Azerbaijan and Armenia, which were all invaded and occupied by the Red Army, should be merged into the Russian state, despite the protestations of their local Soviet-installed governments. Lenin saw this as an expression of Great Russian ethnic chauvinism by Stalin and his supporters, instead calling for these nation-states to join Russia as semi-independent parts of a greater union, which he suggested be called the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia. After some resistance to the"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " proposal, Stalin eventually accepted it but, with Lenin's agreement, he changed the name of the newly proposed state to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Lenin sent Trotsky to speak on his behalf at a Central Committee plenum in December, where the plans for the USSR were sanctioned; these plans were then ratified on 30 December by the Congress of Soviets, resulting in the formation of the Soviet Union. Despite his poor health, Lenin was elected chairman of the new government of the Soviet Union.</s><s>Lenin's government.:Death and funeral: 1923–1924. In March 1923, Lenin had a third stroke and lost his ability to speak; that month, he experienced partial paralysis on his right side and began exhibiting sensory aphasia. By May, he appeared to be making a slow recovery, regaining some of his mobility, speech, and writing skills. In October, he made a final visit to the Kremlin. In his final weeks, Lenin was visited by Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Bukharin; the latter visited him at his Gorki mansion on the day of his death. On 21 January 1924, Lenin fell into a coma and died later that day. His official cause of death was recorded as an incurable disease of the"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " blood vessels. The Soviet government publicly announced Lenin's death the following day. On 23 January, mourners from the Communist Party, trade unions, and Soviets visited his Gorki home to inspect the body, which was carried aloft in a red coffin by leading Bolsheviks. Transported by train to Moscow, the coffin was taken to the House of Trade Unions, where the body lay in state. Over the next three days, around a million mourners came to see the body, many queuing for hours in the freezing conditions. On 26 January, the eleventh All-Union Congress of Soviets met to pay respects, with speeches by Kalinin, Zinoviev, and Stalin. Notably, Trotsky was absent; he had been convalescing in the Caucasus, and he later claimed that Stalin sent him a telegram with the incorrect date of the planned funeral, making it impossible for him to arrive in time. Lenin's funeral took place the following day, when his body was carried to Red Square, accompanied by martial music, where assembled crowds listened to a series of speeches before the corpse was placed into the vault of a specially erected mausoleum. Despite the freezing temperatures, tens of thousands attended. Against Krupskaya's protestations, Lenin's body"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " was embalmed to preserve it for long-term public display in the Red Square mausoleum. During this process, Lenin's brain was removed; in 1925 an institute was established to dissect it, revealing that Lenin had had severe sclerosis. In July 1929, the Politburo agreed to replace the temporary mausoleum with a permanent one in granite, which was finished in 1933. His sarcophagus was replaced in 1940 and again in 1970. For safety amid the Second World War, from 1941 to 1945 the body was temporarily moved to Tyumen. As of 2022, his body remains on public display in Lenin's Mausoleum on Red Square.</s><s>Political ideology.</s><s>Political ideology.:Marxism and Leninism. Lenin was a devout Marxist, and believed that his interpretation of Marxism, first termed \"Leninism\" by Martov in 1904, was the sole authentic and orthodox one. According to his Marxist perspective, humanity would eventually reach pure communism, becoming a stateless, classless, egalitarian society of workers who were free from exploitation and alienation, controlled their own destiny, and abided by the rule \"from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.\" According to Volkogonov, Lenin \"deeply"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " and sincerely\" believed that the path he was setting Russia on would ultimately lead to the establishment of this communist society. Lenin's Marxist beliefs led him to the view that society could not transform directly from its present state to communism, but must first enter a period of socialism, and so his main concern was how to convert Russia into a socialist society. To do so, he believed that a \"dictatorship of the proletariat\" was necessary to suppress the bourgeoisie and develop a socialist economy. He defined socialism as \"an order of civilized co-operators in which the means of production are socially owned\", and believed that this economic system had to be expanded until it could create a society of abundance. To achieve this, he saw bringing the Russian economy under state control to be his central concern, with \"all citizens\" becoming \"hired employees of the state\" in his words. Lenin's interpretation of socialism was centralised, planned, and statist, with both production and distribution strictly controlled. He believed that all workers throughout the country would voluntarily join to enable the state's economic and political centralisation. In this way, his calls for \"workers' control\" of the means of production referred not to the direct control of enterprises by their workers, but the operation of all enterprises under"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " the control of a \"workers' state.\" This resulted in what some perceive as two conflicting themes within Lenin's thought: popular workers' control, and a centralised, hierarchical, coercive state apparatus. Before 1914, Lenin's views were largely in accordance with mainstream European Marxist orthodoxy. Although he derided Marxists who adopted ideas from contemporary non-Marxist philosophers and sociologists, his own ideas were influenced not only by Russian Marxist theory but also by wider ideas from the Russian revolutionary movement, including those of the Narodnik agrarian-socialists. He adapted his ideas according to changing circumstances, including the pragmatic realities of governing Russia amid war, famine, and economic collapse. As Leninism developed, Lenin revised the established Marxist orthodoxy and introduced innovations in Marxist thought. In his theoretical writings, particularly \"Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism,\" Lenin discussed what he regarded as developments in capitalism since Marx's death; in his view, it had reached the new stage of state monopoly capitalism. He believed that although Russia's economy was dominated by the peasantry, the presence of monopoly capitalism in Russia meant that the country was sufficiently materially developed to move to socialism. Leninism adopted a more absolutist and doctrinaire perspective than other variants of Marxism,"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " and distinguished itself by the emotional intensity of its liberationist vision. It also stood out by emphasising the role of a vanguard who could lead the proletariat to revolution, and elevated the role of violence as a revolutionary instrument. Bertrand Russell, on his meeting with Lenin in 1920, said: \"[He (Lenin) was possessed with] absolute orthodoxy. He thought a proposition could be proved by quoting a text in Marx. And he was quite incapable of supposing that there could be anything in Marx that wasn't right.\"</s><s>Political ideology.:Democracy and the national question. Lenin believed that the representative democracy of capitalist countries gave the illusion of democracy while maintaining the \"dictatorship of the bourgeoisie\"; describing the representative democratic system of the United States, he referred to the \"spectacular and meaningless duels between two bourgeois parties\", both of whom were led by \"astute multimillionaires\" that exploited the American proletariat. He opposed liberalism, exhibiting a general antipathy toward liberty as a value, and believing that liberalism's freedoms were fraudulent because it did not free labourers from capitalist exploitation. Lenin declared that \"Soviet government is many millions of times more democratic than the most democratic-bourgeois republic\", the latter of which was simply \"a democracy for the rich"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": ".\" He regarded his \"dictatorship of the proletariat\" as democratic because, he claimed, it involved the election of representatives to the soviets, workers electing their own officials, and the regular rotation and involvement of all workers in the administration of the state. Lenin's belief as to what a proletariat state should look like nevertheless deviated from that adopted by the Marxist mainstream; European Marxists like Kautsky envisioned a democratically elected parliamentary government in which the proletariat had a majority, whereas Lenin called for a strong, centralised state apparatus that excluded any input from the bourgeois. Lenin was an internationalist and a keen supporter of world revolution, deeming national borders to be an outdated concept and nationalism a distraction from class struggle. He believed that in a socialist society, the world's nations would inevitably merge and result in a single world government. He believed that this socialist state would need to be a centralised, unitary one, and regarded federalism as a bourgeois concept. In his writings, Lenin espoused anti-imperialist ideas and stated that all nations deserved \"the right of self-determination.\" He supported wars of national liberation, accepting that such conflicts might be necessary for a minority group to break away from a socialist state, because socialist states are not \"holy"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " or insured against mistakes or weaknesses.\" Prior to taking power in 1917, he was concerned that ethnic and national minorities would make the Soviet state ungovernable with their calls for independence; according to the historian Simon Sebag Montefiore, Lenin thus encouraged Stalin to develop \"a theory that offered the ideal of autonomy and the right of secession without necessarily having to grant either.\" On taking power, Lenin called for the dismantling of the bonds that had forced minority ethnic groups to remain in the Russian Empire and espoused their right to secede but also expected them to reunite immediately in the spirit of proletariat internationalism. He was willing to use military force to ensure this unity, resulting in armed incursions into the independent states that formed in Ukraine, Georgia, Poland, Finland, and the Baltic states. Only when its conflicts with Finland, the Baltic states, and Poland proved unsuccessful did Lenin's government officially recognise their independence.</s><s>Personal life and characteristics. Lenin saw himself as a man of destiny and firmly believed in the righteousness of his cause and his own ability as a revolutionary leader. Biographer Louis Fischer described him as \"a lover of radical change and maximum upheaval\", a man for whom \"there was never a middle-ground. He was an either-or, black-"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": "or-red exaggerator\". Highlighting Lenin's \"extraordinary capacity for disciplined work\" and \"devotion to the revolutionary cause\", Pipes noted that he exhibited much charisma. Similarly, Volkogonov believed that \"by the very force of his personality, [Lenin] had an influence over people\". Conversely, Lenin's friend Gorky commented that in his physical appearance as a \"baldheaded, stocky, sturdy person\", the communist revolutionary was \"too ordinary\" and did not give \"the impression of being a leader\". Historian and biographer Robert Service asserted that Lenin had been an intensely emotional young man, who exhibited strong hatred for the Tsarist authorities. According to Service, Lenin developed an \"emotional attachment\" to his ideological heroes, such as Marx, Engels, and Chernyshevsky; he owned portraits of them, and privately described himself as being \"in love\" with Marx and Engels. According to Lenin biographer James D. White, Lenin treated their writings as \"holy writ\", a \"religious dogma\", which should \"not be questioned but believed in\". In Volkogonov's view, Lenin accepted Marxism as \"absolute truth\", and accordingly acted like \"a religious fanatic\". Similarly, Bertrand Russell felt that Lenin"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " exhibited \"unwavering faith—religious faith in the Marxian gospel\". Biographer Christopher Read suggested that Lenin was \"a secular equivalent of theocratic leaders who derive their legitimacy from the [perceived] truth of their doctrines, not popular mandates\". Lenin was nevertheless an atheist and a critic of religion, believing that socialism was inherently atheistic; he thus considered Christian socialism a contradiction in terms. Service stated that Lenin could be \"moody and volatile\", and Pipes deemed him to be \"a thoroughgoing misanthrope\", a view rejected by Read, who highlighted many instances in which Lenin displayed kindness, particularly toward children. According to several biographers, Lenin was intolerant of opposition and often dismissed outright opinions that differed from his own. He could be \"venomous in his critique of others\", exhibiting a propensity for mockery, ridicule, and \"ad hominem\" attacks on those who disagreed with him. He ignored facts that did not suit his argument, abhorred compromise, and very rarely admitted his own errors. He refused to change his opinions, until he rejected them completely, after which he would treat the new view as if it was just as unchangeable. Lenin showed no sign of sadism or of personally desiring to commit violent acts,"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " but he endorsed the violent actions of others and exhibited no remorse for those killed for the revolutionary cause. Adopting a utilitarian stance, in Lenin's view the end always justified the means; according to Service, Lenin's \"criterion of morality was simple: does a certain action advance or hinder the cause of the Revolution?\" Ethnically, Lenin identified as Russian. Service described Lenin as \"a bit of a snob in national, social and cultural terms\". The Bolshevik leader believed that other European countries, especially Germany, were culturally superior to Russia, describing the latter as \"one of the most benighted, medieval and shamefully backward of Asian countries\". He was annoyed at what he perceived as a lack of conscientiousness and discipline among the Russian people, and from his youth had wanted Russia to become more culturally European and Western. Despite his revolutionary politics, Lenin disliked revolutionary experimentation in literature and the arts, expressing his dislike of expressionism, futurism, and cubism, and conversely favouring realism and Russian classic literature. Lenin also had a conservative attitude towards sex and marriage. Throughout his adult life, he was in a relationship with Krupskaya, a fellow Marxist whom he married. Lenin and Krupskaya both regretted that they never had children, and"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " they enjoyed entertaining their friends' offspring. Read noted that Lenin had \"very close, warm, lifelong relationships\" with his close family members; he had no lifelong friends, and Armand has been cited as being his only close, intimate confidante. Aside from Russian, Lenin spoke and read French, German, and English. Concerned with physical fitness, he exercised regularly, enjoyed cycling, swimming, and hunting, and also developed a passion for mountain walking in the Swiss peaks. He was also fond of pets, in particular cats. Tending to eschew luxury, he lived a spartan lifestyle, and Pipes noted that Lenin was \"exceedingly modest in his personal wants\", leading \"an austere, almost ascetic, style of life.\" Lenin despised untidiness, always keeping his work desk tidy and his pencils sharpened, and insisted on total silence while he was working. According to Fischer, Lenin's \"vanity was minimal\", and for this reason he disliked the cult of personality that the Soviet administration began to build around him; he nevertheless accepted that it might have some benefits in unifying the communist movement.</s><s>Legacy. Volkogonov said, while renouncing Leninist ideology, that \"there can scarcely have been"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " another man in history who managed so profoundly to change so large a society on such a scale.\" Lenin's administration laid the framework for the system of government that ruled Russia for seven decades and provided the model for later Communist-led states that came to cover a third of the inhabited world in the mid-20th century. As a result, Lenin's influence was global. A controversial figure, Lenin remains both reviled and revered, a figure who has been both idolised and demonised. Even during his lifetime, Lenin \"was loved and hated, admired and scorned\" by the Russian people. This has extended into academic studies of Lenin and Leninism, which have often been polarised along political lines. The historian Albert Resis suggested that if the October Revolution is considered the most significant event of the 20th century, then Lenin \"must for good or ill be considered the century's most significant political leader.\" White described Lenin as \"one of the undeniably outstanding figures of modern history\", while Service noted that the Russian leader was widely understood to be one of the 20th century's \"principal actors.\" Read considered him \"one of the most widespread, universally recognizable icons of the twentieth century\", while Ryan called him \"one of the most significant and influential figures of modern"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " history.\" \"Time\" magazine named Lenin one of the, and one of their top 25 political icons of all time. In the Western world, biographers began writing about Lenin soon after his death; some such as Christopher Hill were sympathetic to him, and others such as Richard Pipes and Robert Gellately expressly hostile. Some later biographers such as Read and Lars Lih sought to avoid making either hostile or positive comments about him, thereby evading politicised stereotypes. Among sympathisers, he was portrayed as having made a genuine adjustment of Marxist theory that enabled it to suit Russia's particular socio-economic conditions. The Soviet view characterised him as a man who recognised the historically inevitable and accordingly helped to make the inevitable happen. Conversely, the majority of Western historians have perceived him as a person who manipulated events in order to attain and then retain political power, moreover considering his ideas as attempts to ideologically justify his pragmatic policies. Later, revisionists in both Russia and the West highlighted the impact that pre-existing ideas and popular pressures exerted on Lenin and his policies. Various historians and biographers have characterised Lenin's administration as totalitarian, and as a police state, and many have described it as a one-party dictatorship. Several such scholars have described Lenin as a dictator;"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " Ryan stated that he was \"not a dictator in the sense that all his recommendations were accepted and implemented\", for many of his colleagues disagreed with him on various issues. Fischer noted that while \"Lenin was a dictator, [he was] not the kind of dictator Stalin later became.\" Volkogonov believed that whereas Lenin established a \"dictatorship of the Party\", it would only be under Stalin that the Soviet Union became the \"dictatorship of one man.\" Conversely, various Marxist observers, including Western historians Hill and John Rees, argued against the view that Lenin's government was a dictatorship, viewing it instead as an imperfect way of preserving elements of democracy without some of the processes found in liberal democratic states. Ryan contends that the leftist historian Paul Le Blanc \"makes a quite valid point that the personal qualities that led Lenin to brutal policies were not necessarily any stronger than in some of the major Western leaders of the twentieth century.\" Ryan also posits that for Lenin revolutionary violence was merely a means to an end, namely the establishment of a socialist, ultimately communist world—a world without violence. Historian J. Arch Getty remarked, \"Lenin deserves a lot of credit for the notion that the meek can inherit the earth, that there can be a political movement based"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " on social justice and equality.\" Some left-wing intellectuals, among them Slavoj Žižek, Alain Badiou, Lars T. Lih, and Fredric Jameson, advocate reviving Lenin's uncompromising revolutionary spirit to address contemporary global problems.</s><s>Legacy.:Within the Soviet Union. In the Soviet Union, a cult of personality devoted to Lenin began to develop during his lifetime, but was only fully established after his death. According to historian Nina Tumarkin, it represented the world's \"most elaborate cult of a revolutionary leader\" since that of George Washington in the United States, and has been repeatedly described as \"quasi-religious\" in nature. Busts or statues of Lenin were erected in almost every village, and his face adorned postage stamps, crockery, posters, and the front pages of Soviet newspapers \"Pravda\" and \"Izvestia\". The places where he had lived or stayed were converted into museums devoted to him. Libraries, streets, farms, museums, towns, and whole regions were named after him, with the city of Petrograd being renamed \"Leningrad\" in 1924, and his birthplace of Simbirsk becoming Ulyanovsk. The Order of Lenin was"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " established as one of the country's highest decorations. All of this was contrary to Lenin's own desires, and was publicly criticised by his widow. Various biographers have stated that Lenin's writings were treated in a manner akin to holy scripture within the Soviet Union, while Pipes added that \"his every opinion was cited to justify one policy or another and treated as gospel.\" Stalin systematised Leninism through a series of lectures at the Sverdlov University, which were then published as \"Questions of Leninism\". Stalin also had much of the deceased leader's writings collated and stored in a secret archive in the Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute. Material such as Lenin's collection of books in Kraków was also collected from abroad for storage in the institute, often at great expense. During the Soviet era, these writings were strictly controlled and very few had access. All of Lenin's writings that proved useful to Stalin were published, but the others remained hidden, and knowledge of both Lenin's non-Russian ancestry and his noble status was suppressed. In particular, knowledge of his Jewish ancestry was suppressed until the 1980s, perhaps out of Soviet antisemitism, and so as not to undermine Stalin's Russification efforts, and perhaps so as not to provide fuel"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " for anti-Soviet sentiment among international antisemites. After the discovery of Lenin's Jewish ancestry, this aspect was repeatedly emphasised by the Russian far-right, who claimed that his inherited Jewish genetics explained his desire to uproot traditional Russian society. Under Stalin's regime, Lenin was actively portrayed as a close friend of Stalin's who had supported Stalin's bid to be the next Soviet leader. During the Soviet era, five separate editions of Lenin's published works were published in Russian, the first beginning in 1920 and the last from 1958 to 1965; the fifth edition was described as \"complete\", but in reality had much omitted for political expediency. After Stalin's death, Nikita Khrushchev became leader of the Soviet Union and began a process of de-Stalinisation, citing Lenin's writings, including those on Stalin, to legitimise this process. When Mikhail Gorbachev took power in 1985 and introduced the policies of \"glasnost\" and \"perestroika\", he too cited these actions as a return to Lenin's principles. In late 1991, amid the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russian President Boris Yeltsin ordered the Lenin archive be removed from Communist Party control and placed under the control of a state organ, the Russian Centre for the Preservation"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " and Study of Documents of Recent History, at which it was revealed that over 6,000 of Lenin's writings had gone unpublished. These were declassified and made available for scholarly study. Since 1991, there has been some discussion about moving Lenin's body from the mausoleum to the Kremlin Wall Necropolis and burying it there. President Boris Yeltsin, with the support of the Russian Orthodox Church, intended to close the mausoleum and bury Lenin next to his mother, Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, at the Volkov Cemetery in St. Petersburg. His successor, Vladimir Putin, opposed this, stating that a reburial of Lenin would imply that generations of citizens had observed false values during seventy years of Soviet rule.{{cite web }} In Russia in 2012, a proposal from a deputy belonging to the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, with the support of some members of the governing United Russia party, proposed the removal of Lenin monuments in Russia. The proposal was strongly opposed by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and was never considered. Russia retained the vast majority of the 7,000 Lenin statues extant in 1991; as of 2022, there were approximately 6,000 monuments to Lenin in Russia. In Ukraine, during the 2013–14 Eurom"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": "aidan protests, Lenin statues were damaged or destroyed by protesters in various cities across the country, and in April 2015 the Ukrainian government ordered that all others be dismantled to comply with decommunisation laws. During the Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, many Lenin statues which had been taken down by Ukrainian activists in the preceding years, were re-erected by Russian occupiers in Russian-controlled areas. These actions have less to do with communist propaganda and more with Lenin symbolizing Russia's domination over Ukraine.</s><s>Legacy.:In the international communist movement. According to Lenin biographer David Shub, writing in 1965, it was Lenin's ideas and example that \"constitutes the basis of the Communist movement today.\" Socialist states following Lenin's ideas appeared in various parts of the world during the 20th century. Writing in 1972, the historian Marcel Liebman stated that \"there is hardly any insurrectionary movement today, from Latin America to Angola, that does not lay claim to the heritage of Leninism.\" After Lenin's death, Stalin's administration established an ideology known as Marxism–Leninism, a movement that came to be interpreted differently by various contending factions in the communist movement. After being forced into exile by Stalin's administration, Trotsky argued"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " that Stalinism was a debasement of Leninism, which was dominated by bureaucratism and Stalin's own personal dictatorship. Marxism–Leninism was adapted to many of the 20th century's most prominent revolutionary movements, forming into variants such as Stalinism, Maoism, Juche, Ho Chi Minh Thought, and Castroism. Conversely, many later Western communists, such as Manuel Azcárate and Jean Ellenstein, who were involved in the Eurocommunist movement, expressed the view that Lenin and his ideas were irrelevant to their own objectives, thereby embracing a Marxist but not Marxist–Leninist perspective.</s><s>See also. - Foreign relations of the Soviet Union - Lenin Peace Prize - Lenin Prize - Lenin's Testament - Marxist–Leninist atheism - National delimitation in the Soviet Union - Old Bolsheviks - Soviet Decree - The Study of Vladimir Lenin's brain - Tampere Lenin Museum - Vladimir Lenin bibliography - Ten Days That Shook the World</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -"
},
{
"title": "Vladimir Lenin",
"text": " - -</s><s>Further reading. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wade, Rex A. \"The Revolution at One Hundred: Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917.\" \"Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography\" 9.1 (2016): 9–38.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Vladimir Lenin",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Europe/Middle East"
}
|
factscore-000450
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Nelson Mandela.
|
[
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "<s>Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (; ; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid activist and politician who served as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by fostering racial reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as the president of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997. A Xhosa, Mandela was born into the Thembu royal family in Mvezo, Union of South Africa. He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944. After the National Party's white-only government established apartheid, a system of racial segregation that privileged whites, Mandela and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow. He was appointed president of the ANC's Transvaal branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People. He was"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial. Influenced by Marxism, he secretly joined the banned South African Communist Party (SACP). Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant uMkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 and led a sabotage campaign against the government. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1962, and, following the Rivonia Trial, was sentenced to life imprisonment for conspiring to overthrow the state. Mandela served 27 years in prison, split between Robben Island, Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. Amid growing domestic and international pressure and fears of racial civil war, President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk led efforts to negotiate an end to apartheid, which resulted in the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became president. Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Economically, his administration retained its predecessor's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs, also introducing measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty and"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " expand healthcare services. Internationally, Mandela acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as secretary-general of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. He declined a second presidential term and was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation. Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life. Although critics on the right denounced him as a communist terrorist and those on the far left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid's supporters, he gained international acclaim for his activism. Globally regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice, he received more than 250 honours, including the Nobel Peace Prize. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Thembu clan name, Madiba, and described as the \"Father of the Nation\".</s><s>Life.</s><s>Life.:Early life.</s><s>Life.:Early life.:Childhood: 1918–1934. Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtata, then part of South Africa's Cape Province. Given the forename Rolihlahla, a X"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "hosa term colloquially meaning \"troublemaker\", in later years he became known by his clan name, Madiba. His patrilineal great-grandfather, Ngubengcuka, was ruler of the Thembu Kingdom in the Transkeian Territories of South Africa's modern Eastern Cape province. One of Ngubengcuka's sons, named Mandela, was Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. Because Mandela was the king's child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan, a so-called \"Left-Hand House\", the descendants of his cadet branch of the royal family were morganatic, ineligible to inherit the throne but recognised as hereditary royal councillors. Nelson Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa Mandela (1880–1928), was a local chief and councillor to the monarch; he was appointed to the position in 1915, after his predecessor was accused of corruption by a governing white magistrate. In 1926, Gadla was also sacked for corruption, but Nelson was told that his father had lost his job for standing up to the magistrate's unreasonable demands. A devotee of the god Qamata, Gadla was a polygamist with four wives, four sons and nine"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " daughters, who lived in different villages. Nelson's mother was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Fanny, daughter of Nkedama of the Right Hand House and a member of the amaMpemvu clan of the Xhosa. Mandela later stated that his early life was dominated by traditional Xhosa custom and taboo. He grew up with two sisters in his mother's \"kraal\" in the village of Qunu, where he tended herds as a cattle-boy and spent much time outside with other boys. Both his parents were illiterate, but his mother, being a devout Christian, sent him to a local Methodist school when he was about seven. Baptised a Methodist, Mandela was given the English forename of \"Nelson\" by his teacher. When Mandela was about nine, his father came to stay at Qunu, where he died of an undiagnosed ailment that Mandela believed to be lung disease. Feeling \"cut adrift\", he later said that he inherited his father's \"proud rebelliousness\" and \"stubborn sense of fairness\". Mandela's mother took him to the \"Great Place\" palace at Mqhekezweni, where he was entrusted to the guardianship of the"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " Thembu regent, Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Although he did not see his mother again for many years, Mandela felt that Jongintaba and his wife Noengland treated him as their own child, raising him alongside their son, Justice, and daughter, Nomafu. As Mandela attended church services every Sunday with his guardians, Christianity became a significant part of his life. He attended a Methodist mission school located next to the palace, where he studied English, Xhosa, history and geography. He developed a love of African history, listening to the tales told by elderly visitors to the palace, and was influenced by the anti-imperialist rhetoric of a visiting chief, Joyi. Nevertheless, at the time he considered the European colonizers not as oppressors but as benefactors who had brought education and other benefits to southern Africa. Aged 16, he, Justice and several other boys travelled to Tyhalarha to undergo the ulwaluko circumcision ritual that symbolically marked their transition from boys to men; afterwards he was given the name \"Dalibunga\".</s><s>Life.:Early life.:Clarkebury, Healdtown, and Fort Hare: 1934–1940. Intending to gain skills needed"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " to become a privy councillor for the Thembu royal house, Mandela began his secondary education in 1933 at Clarkebury Methodist High School in Engcobo, a Western-style institution that was the largest school for black Africans in Thembuland. Made to socialise with other students on an equal basis, he claimed that he lost his \"stuck up\" attitude, becoming best friends with a girl for the first time; he began playing sports and developed his lifelong love of gardening. He completed his Junior Certificate in two years, and in 1937 he moved to Healdtown, the Methodist college in Fort Beaufort attended by most Thembu royalty, including Justice. The headmaster emphasised the superiority of European culture and government, but Mandela became increasingly interested in native African culture, making his first non-Xhosa friend, a speaker of Sotho, and coming under the influence of one of his favourite teachers, a Xhosa who broke taboo by marrying a Sotho. Mandela spent much of his spare time at Healdtown as a long-distance runner and boxer, and in his second year he became a prefect. In 1939, with Jongintaba's backing, Mandela began work on a BA degree at the University of Fort Hare"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": ", an elite black institution of approximately 150 students in Alice, Eastern Cape. He studied English, anthropology, politics, \"native administration\", and Roman Dutch law in his first year, desiring to become an interpreter or clerk in the Native Affairs Department. Mandela stayed in the Wesley House dormitory, befriending his own kinsman, K. D. Matanzima, as well as Oliver Tambo, who became a close friend and comrade for decades to come. He took up ballroom dancing, performed in a drama society play about Abraham Lincoln, and gave Bible classes in the local community as part of the Student Christian Association. Although he had friends who held connections to the African National Congress (ANC) who wanted South Africa to be independent of the British Empire, Mandela avoided any involvement with the nascent movement, and became a vocal supporter of the British war effort when the Second World War broke out. He helped establish a first-year students' house committee which challenged the dominance of the second-years, and at the end of his first year became involved in a students' representative council (SRC) boycott against the quality of food, for which he was suspended from the university; he never returned to complete his degree.</s><s>Life.:Early life.:Arriving in"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " Johannesburg: 1941–1943. Returning to Mqhekezweni in December 1940, Mandela found that Jongintaba had arranged marriages for him and Justice; dismayed, they fled to Johannesburg via Queenstown, arriving in April 1941. Mandela found work as a night watchman at Crown Mines, his \"first sight of South African capitalism in action\", but was fired when the \"induna\" (headman) discovered that he was a runaway. He stayed with a cousin in George Goch Township, who introduced Mandela to realtor and ANC activist Walter Sisulu. The latter secured Mandela a job as an articled clerk at the law firm of Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, a company run by Lazar Sidelsky, a liberal Jew sympathetic to the ANC's cause. At the firm, Mandela befriended Gaur Radebe—a Hlubi member of the ANC and Communist Party—and Nat Bregman, a Jewish communist who became his first white friend. Mandela attended Communist Party gatherings, where he was impressed that Europeans, Africans, Indians, and Coloureds mixed as equals. He later stated that he did not join the party because its atheism conflicted with his Christian faith, and because he saw"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " the South African struggle as being racially based rather than as class warfare. To continue his higher education, Mandela signed up to a University of South Africa correspondence course, working on his bachelor's degree at night. Earning a small wage, Mandela rented a room in the house of the Xhoma family in the Alexandra township; despite being rife with poverty, crime and pollution, Alexandra always remained a special place for him. Although embarrassed by his poverty, he briefly dated a Swazi woman before unsuccessfully courting his landlord's daughter. To save money and be closer to downtown Johannesburg, Mandela moved into the compound of the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association, living among miners of various tribes; as the compound was visited by various chiefs, he once met the Queen Regent of Basutoland. In late 1941, Jongintaba visited Johannesburg—there forgiving Mandela for running away—before returning to Thembuland, where he died in the winter of 1942. Mandela and Justice arrived a day late for the funeral. After he passed his BA exams in early 1943, Mandela returned to Johannesburg to follow a political path as a lawyer rather than become a privy councillor in Thembuland. He later stated that he experienced no epiphany, but that he \"sim"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "ply found [himself] doing so, and could not do otherwise.\"</s><s>Life.:Revolutionary activity.</s><s>Life.:Revolutionary activity.:Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 1943–1949. Mandela began studying law at the University of the Witwatersrand, where he was the only black African student and faced racism. There, he befriended liberal and communist European, Jewish and Indian students, among them Joe Slovo and Ruth First. Becoming increasingly politicised, Mandela marched in August 1943 in support of a successful bus boycott to reverse fare rises. Joining the ANC, he was increasingly influenced by Sisulu, spending time with other activists at Sisulu's Orlando house, including his old friend Oliver Tambo. In 1943, Mandela met Anton Lembede, an ANC member affiliated with the \"Africanist\" branch of African nationalism, which was virulently opposed to a racially united front against colonialism and imperialism or to an alliance with the communists. Despite his friendships with non-blacks and communists, Mandela embraced Lembede's views, believing that black Africans should be entirely independent in their struggle for political self-determination. Deciding on the need for a youth wing to mass-mobilise Africans in opposition to their subjug"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "ation, Mandela was among a delegation that approached ANC president Alfred Bitini Xuma on the subject at his home in Sophiatown; the African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) was founded on Easter Sunday 1944 in the Bantu Men's Social Centre, with Lembede as president and Mandela as a member of its executive committee. At Sisulu's house, Mandela met Evelyn Mase, a trainee nurse and ANC activist from Engcobo, Transkei. Entering a relationship and marrying in October 1944, they initially lived with her relatives until moving into a rented house in the township of Orlando in early 1946. Their first child, Madiba \"Thembi\" Thembekile, was born in February 1945; a daughter, Makaziwe, was born in 1947 but died of meningitis nine months later. Mandela enjoyed home life, welcoming his mother and his sister, Leabie, to stay with him. In early 1947, his three years of articles ended at Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, and he decided to become a full-time student, subsisting on loans from the Bantu Welfare Trust. In July 1947, Mandela rushed Lembede, who was ill, to hospital,"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " where he died; he was succeeded as ANCYL president by the more moderate Peter Mda, who agreed to co-operate with communists and non-blacks, appointing Mandela ANCYL secretary. Mandela disagreed with Mda's approach, and in December 1947 supported an unsuccessful measure to expel communists from the ANCYL, considering their ideology un-African. In 1947, Mandela was elected to the executive committee of the ANC's Transvaal Province branch, serving under regional president C. S. Ramohanoe. When Ramohanoe acted against the wishes of the committee by co-operating with Indians and communists, Mandela was one of those who forced his resignation. In the South African general election in 1948, in which only whites were permitted to vote, the Afrikaner-dominated Herenigde Nasionale Party under Daniel François Malan took power, soon uniting with the Afrikaner Party to form the National Party. Openly racialist, the party codified and expanded racial segregation with new apartheid legislation. Gaining increasing influence in the ANC, Mandela and his party cadre allies began advocating direct action against apartheid, such as boycotts and strikes, influenced by the tactics already employed by South Africa's Indian community. Xuma did not support"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " these measures and was removed from the presidency in a vote of no confidence, replaced by James Moroka and a more militant executive committee containing Sisulu, Mda, Tambo and Godfrey Pitje. Mandela later related that he and his colleagues had \"guided the ANC to a more radical and revolutionary path.\" Having devoted his time to politics, Mandela failed his final year at Witwatersrand three times; he was ultimately denied his degree in December 1949.</s><s>Life.:Revolutionary activity.:Defiance Campaign and Transvaal ANC Presidency: 1950–1954. Mandela took Xuma's place on the ANC national executive in March 1950, and that same year was elected national president of the ANCYL. In March, the Defend Free Speech Convention was held in Johannesburg, bringing together African, Indian and communist activists to call a May Day general strike in protest against apartheid and white minority rule. Mandela opposed the strike because it was multi-racial and not ANC-led, but a majority of black workers took part, resulting in increased police repression and the introduction of the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950, affecting the actions of all protest groups. At the ANC national conference of December 1951, he continued arguing against a racially united front, but was outvoted"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": ". Thereafter, Mandela rejected Lembede's Africanism and embraced the idea of a multi-racial front against apartheid. Influenced by friends like Moses Kotane and by the Soviet Union's support for wars of national liberation, his mistrust of communism broke down and he began reading literature by Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and Mao Zedong, eventually embracing the Marxist philosophy of dialectical materialism. Commenting on communism, he later stated that he \"found [himself] strongly drawn to the idea of a classless society which, to [his] mind, was similar to traditional African culture where life was shared and communal.\" In April 1952, Mandela began work at the H.M. Basner law firm, which was owned by a communist, although his increasing commitment to work and activism meant he spent less time with his family. In 1952, the ANC began preparation for a joint Defiance Campaign against apartheid with Indian and communist groups, founding a National Voluntary Board to recruit volunteers. The campaign was designed to follow the path of nonviolent resistance influenced by Mahatma Gandhi; some supported this for ethical reasons, but Mandela instead considered it pragmatic. At a Durban rally on 22 June, Mandela addressed an assembled crowd of 10,000 people, initiating the campaign protests"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " for which he was arrested and briefly interned in Marshall Square prison. These events established Mandela as one of the best-known black political figures in South Africa. With further protests, the ANC's membership grew from 20,000 to 100,000 members; the government responded with mass arrests and introduced the Public Safety Act, 1953 to permit martial law. In May, authorities banned Transvaal ANC president J. B. Marks from making public appearances; unable to maintain his position, he recommended Mandela as his successor. Although Africanists opposed his candidacy, Mandela was elected to be regional president in October. In July 1952, Mandela was arrested under the Suppression of Communism Act and stood trial as one of the 21 accused—among them Moroka, Sisulu and Yusuf Dadoo—in Johannesburg. Found guilty of \"statutory communism\", a term that the government used to describe most opposition to apartheid, their sentence of nine months' hard labour was suspended for two years. In December, Mandela was given a six-month ban from attending meetings or talking to more than one individual at a time, making his Transvaal ANC presidency impractical, and during this period the Defiance Campaign petered out. In September 1953, Andrew Kunene read out Mandela's \"No"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " Easy Walk to Freedom\" speech at a Transvaal ANC meeting; the title was taken from a quote by Indian independence leader Jawaharlal Nehru, a seminal influence on Mandela's thought. The speech laid out a contingency plan for a scenario in which the ANC was banned. This Mandela Plan, or M-Plan, involved dividing the organisation into a cell structure with a more centralised leadership. Mandela obtained work as an attorney for the firm Terblanche and Briggish, before moving to the liberal-run Helman and Michel, passing qualification exams to become a full-fledged attorney. In August 1953, Mandela and Tambo opened their own law firm, Mandela and Tambo, operating in downtown Johannesburg. The only African-run law firm in the country, it was popular with aggrieved black people, often dealing with cases of police brutality. Disliked by the authorities, the firm was forced to relocate to a remote location after their office permit was removed under the Group Areas Act; as a result, their clientele dwindled. As a lawyer of aristocratic heritage, Mandela was part of Johannesburg's elite black middle-class, and accorded much respect from the black community. Although a second daughter, Makaziwe Phumia,"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " was born in May 1954, Mandela's relationship with Evelyn became strained, and she accused him of adultery. He may have had affairs with ANC member Lillian Ngoyi and secretary Ruth Mompati; various individuals close to Mandela in this period have stated that the latter bore him a child. Disgusted by her son's behaviour, Nosekeni returned to Transkei, while Evelyn embraced the Jehovah's Witnesses and rejected Mandela's preoccupation with politics.</s><s>Life.:Revolutionary activity.:Congress of the People and the Treason Trial: 1955–1961. After taking part in the unsuccessful protest to prevent the forced relocation of all black people from the Sophiatown suburb of Johannesburg in February 1955, Mandela concluded that violent action would prove necessary to end apartheid and white minority rule. On his advice, Sisulu requested weaponry from the People's Republic of China, which was denied. Although the Chinese government supported the anti-apartheid struggle, they believed the movement insufficiently prepared for guerrilla warfare. With the involvement of the South African Indian Congress, the Coloured People's Congress, the South African Congress of Trade Unions and the Congress of Democrats, the ANC planned a Congress of the People, calling on all South Africans to send"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " in proposals for a post-apartheid era. Based on the responses, a Freedom Charter was drafted by Rusty Bernstein, calling for the creation of a democratic, non-racialist state with the nationalisation of major industry. The charter was adopted at a June 1955 conference in Kliptown; 3,000 delegates attended the event, which was forcibly closed down by police. The tenets of the Freedom Charter remained important for Mandela, and in 1956 he described it as \"an inspiration to the people of South Africa\". Following the end of a second ban in September 1955, Mandela went on a working holiday to Transkei to discuss the implications of the Bantu Authorities Act, 1951 with local Xhosa chiefs, also visiting his mother and Noengland before proceeding to Cape Town. In March 1956, he received his third ban on public appearances, restricting him to Johannesburg for five years, but he often defied it. Mandela's marriage broke down and Evelyn left him, taking their children to live with her brother. Initiating divorce proceedings in May 1956, she claimed that Mandela had physically abused her; he denied the allegations, and fought for custody of their children. She withdrew her petition of separation in November, but Mandela filed for divorce in January 1958;"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " the divorce was finalised in March, with the children placed in Evelyn's care. During the divorce proceedings, he began courting a social worker, Winnie Madikizela, whom he married in Bizana in June 1958. She later became involved in ANC activities, spending several weeks in prison. Together they had two children: Zenani, born in February 1959, and Zindziswa (1960–2020). In December 1956, Mandela was arrested alongside most of the ANC national executive, and accused of \"high treason\" against the state. Held in Johannesburg Prison amid mass protests, they underwent a preparatory examination before being granted bail. The defence's refutation began in January 1957, overseen by defence lawyer Vernon Berrangé, and continued until the case was adjourned in September. In January 1958, Oswald Pirow was appointed to prosecute the case, and in February the judge ruled that there was \"sufficient reason\" for the defendants to go on trial in the Transvaal Supreme Court. The formal Treason Trial began in Pretoria in August 1958, with the defendants successfully applying to have the three judges—all linked to the governing National Party—replaced. In August, one charge was dropped, and in October the prosecution withdrew its"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " indictment, submitting a reformulated version in November which argued that the ANC leadership committed high treason by advocating violent revolution, a charge the defendants denied. In April 1959, Africanists dissatisfied with the ANC's united front approach founded the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC); Mandela disagreed with the PAC's racially exclusionary views, describing them as \"immature\" and \"naïve\". Both parties took part in an anti-pass campaign in early 1960, in which Africans burned the passes that they were legally obliged to carry. One of the PAC-organised demonstrations was fired upon by police, resulting in the deaths of 69 protesters in the Sharpeville massacre. The incident brought international condemnation of the government and resulted in rioting throughout South Africa, with Mandela publicly burning his pass in solidarity. Responding to the unrest, the government implemented state of emergency measures, declaring martial law and banning the ANC and PAC; in March, they arrested Mandela and other activists, imprisoning them for five months without charge in the unsanitary conditions of the Pretoria Local prison. Imprisonment caused problems for Mandela and his co-defendants in the Treason Trial; their lawyers could not reach them, and so it was decided that the lawyers would withdraw in protest until the accused were freed"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " from prison when the state of emergency was lifted in late August 1960. Over the following months, Mandela used his free time to organise an All-In African Conference near Pietermaritzburg, Natal, in March 1961, at which 1,400 anti-apartheid delegates met, agreeing on a stay-at-home strike to mark 31 May, the day South Africa became a republic. On 29 March 1961, six years after the Treason Trial began, the judges produced a verdict of not guilty, ruling that there was insufficient evidence to convict the accused of \"high treason\", since they had advocated neither communism nor violent revolution; the outcome embarrassed the government.</s><s>Life.:Revolutionary activity.:MK, the SACP, and African tour: 1961–62. Disguised as a chauffeur, Mandela travelled around the country incognito, organising the ANC's new cell structure and the planned mass stay-at-home strike. Referred to as the \"Black Pimpernel\" in the press—a reference to Emma Orczy's 1905 novel \"The Scarlet Pimpernel\"—a warrant for his arrest was put out by the police. Mandela held secret meetings with reporters, and after the government failed to prevent the strike, he warned"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " them that many anti-apartheid activists would soon resort to violence through groups like the PAC's Poqo. He believed that the ANC should form an armed group to channel some of this violence in a controlled direction, convincing both ANC leader Albert Luthuli—who was morally opposed to violence—and allied activist groups of its necessity. Inspired by the actions of Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement in the Cuban Revolution, in 1961 Mandela, Sisulu and Slovo co-founded Umkhonto we Sizwe (\"Spear of the Nation\", abbreviated MK). Becoming chairman of the militant group, Mandela gained ideas from literature on guerrilla warfare by Marxist militants Mao and Che Guevara as well as from the military theorist Carl von Clausewitz. Although initially declared officially separate from the ANC so as not to taint the latter's reputation, MK was later widely recognised as the party's armed wing. Most early MK members were white communists who were able to conceal Mandela in their homes; after hiding in communist Wolfie Kodesh's flat in Berea, Mandela moved to the communist-owned Liliesleaf Farm in Rivonia, there joined by Raymond Mhlaba, Slovo and Bernstein, who put together the MK constitution. Although in"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " later life Mandela denied, for political reasons, ever being a member of the Communist Party, historical research published in 2011 strongly suggested that he had joined in the late 1950s or early 1960s. This was confirmed by both the SACP and the ANC after Mandela's death. According to the SACP, he was not only a member of the party, but also served on its Central Committee. Operating through a cell structure, MK planned to carry out acts of sabotage that would exert maximum pressure on the government with minimum casualties; they sought to bomb military installations, power plants, telephone lines, and transport links at night, when civilians were not present. Mandela stated that they chose sabotage because it was the least harmful action, did not involve killing, and offered the best hope for racial reconciliation afterwards; he nevertheless acknowledged that should this have failed then guerrilla warfare might have been necessary. Soon after ANC leader Luthuli was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, MK publicly announced its existence with 57 bombings on Dingane's Day (16 December) 1961, followed by further attacks on New Year's Eve. The ANC decided to send Mandela as a delegate to the February 1962 meeting of the Pan-African Freedom Movement for East, Central and Southern Africa (PAFMECSA) in Addis Ab"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "aba, Ethiopia. Leaving South Africa in secret via Bechuanaland, on his way Mandela visited Tanganyika and met with its president, Julius Nyerere. Arriving in Ethiopia, Mandela met with Emperor Haile Selassie I, and gave his speech after Selassie's at the conference. After the symposium, he travelled to Cairo, Egypt, admiring the political reforms of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, and on April 1962 he went to Morocco where asked El Khatib to meet the king to ask him to give him £5,000. The next day he got the £5,000 along with some weapons and training to Mandels's soldier, and then went to Tunis, Tunisia, where President Habib Bourguiba gave him £5,000 for weaponry. He proceeded to Morocco, Mali, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Senegal, receiving funds from Liberian president William Tubman and Guinean president Ahmed Sékou Touré. He left Africa for London, England, where he met anti-apartheid activists, reporters and prominent politicians. Upon returning to Ethiopia, he began a six-month course in guerrilla warfare, but completed only two months before being recalled to South Africa by the ANC's"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " leadership.</s><s>Life.:Imprisonment.</s><s>Life.:Imprisonment.:Arrest and Rivonia trial: 1962–1964. On 5 August 1962, police captured Mandela along with fellow activist Cecil Williams near Howick. Many MK members suspected that the authorities had been tipped off with regard to Mandela's whereabouts, although Mandela himself gave these ideas little credence. In later years, Donald Rickard, a former American diplomat, revealed that the Central Intelligence Agency, which feared Mandela's associations with communists, had informed the South African police of his location. Jailed in Johannesburg's Marshall Square prison, Mandela was charged with inciting workers' strikes and leaving the country without permission. Representing himself with Slovo as legal advisor, Mandela intended to use the trial to showcase \"the ANC's moral opposition to racism\" while supporters demonstrated outside the court. Moved to Pretoria, where Winnie could visit him, he began correspondence studies for a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree from the University of London International Programmes. His hearing began in October, but he disrupted proceedings by wearing a traditional \"kaross\", refusing to call any witnesses, and turning his plea of mitigation into a political speech. Found guilty, he was sentenced to five years' imprisonment; as"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " he left the courtroom, supporters sang \"Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika\". On 11 July 1963, police raided Liliesleaf Farm, arresting those that they found there and uncovering paperwork documenting MK's activities, some of which mentioned Mandela. The Rivonia Trial began at Pretoria Supreme Court in October, with Mandela and his comrades charged with four counts of sabotage and conspiracy to violently overthrow the government; their chief prosecutor was Percy Yutar. Judge Quartus de Wet soon threw out the prosecution's case for insufficient evidence, but Yutar reformulated the charges, presenting his new case from December 1963 until February 1964, calling 173 witnesses and bringing thousands of documents and photographs to the trial. Although four of the accused denied involvement with MK, Mandela and the other five accused admitted sabotage but denied that they had ever agreed to initiate guerrilla war against the government. They used the trial to highlight their political cause; at the opening of the defence's proceedings, Mandela gave his three-hour \"I Am Prepared to Die\" speech. That speech—which was inspired by Castro's \"History Will Absolve Me\"—was widely reported in the press despite official censorship. The trial gained international attention; there were global calls for the release of the accused from the United"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " Nations and World Peace Council, while the University of London Union voted Mandela to its presidency. On 12 June 1964, justice De Wet found Mandela and two of his co-accused guilty on all four charges; although the prosecution had called for the death sentence to be applied, the judge instead condemned them to life imprisonment.</s><s>Life.:Imprisonment.:Robben Island: 1964–1982. In 1964, Mandela and his co-accused were transferred from Pretoria to the prison on Robben Island, remaining there for the next 18 years. Isolated from non-political prisoners in Section B, Mandela was imprisoned in a damp concrete cell measuring by, with a straw mat on which to sleep. Verbally and physically harassed by several white prison wardens, the Rivonia Trial prisoners spent their days breaking rocks into gravel, until being reassigned in January 1965 to work in a lime quarry. Mandela was initially forbidden to wear sunglasses, and the glare from the lime permanently damaged his eyesight. At night, he worked on his LLB degree, which he was obtaining from the University of London through a correspondence course with Wolsey Hall, Oxford, but newspapers were forbidden, and he was locked in solitary confinement on several occasions for the possession of smuggled news clippings"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": ". He was initially classified as the lowest grade of prisoner, Class D, meaning that he was permitted one visit and one letter every six months, although all mail was heavily censored. The political prisoners took part in work and hunger strikes—the latter considered largely ineffective by Mandela—to improve prison conditions, viewing this as a microcosm of the anti-apartheid struggle. ANC prisoners elected him to their four-man \"High Organ\" along with Sisulu, Govan Mbeki and Raymond Mhlaba, and he involved himself in a group, named Ulundi, that represented all political prisoners (including Eddie Daniels) on the island, through which he forged links with PAC and Yu Chi Chan Club members. Initiating the \"University of Robben Island\", whereby prisoners lectured on their own areas of expertise, he debated socio-political topics with his comrades. Though attending Christian Sunday services, Mandela studied Islam. He also studied Afrikaans, hoping to build a mutual respect with the warders and convert them to his cause. Various official visitors met with Mandela, most significantly the liberal parliamentary representative Helen Suzman of the Progressive Party, who championed Mandela's cause outside of prison. In September 1970, he met British Labour Party politician Denis Healey. South"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " African Minister of Justice Jimmy Kruger visited in December 1974, but he and Mandela did not get along with each other. His mother visited in 1968, dying shortly after, and his firstborn son Thembi died in a car accident the following year; Mandela was forbidden from attending either funeral. His wife was rarely able to see him, being regularly imprisoned for political activity, and his daughters first visited in December 1975. Winnie was released from prison in 1977 but was forcibly settled in Brandfort and remained unable to see him. From 1967 onwards, prison conditions improved. Black prisoners were given trousers rather than shorts, games were permitted, and the standard of their food was raised. In 1969, an escape plan for Mandela was developed by Gordon Bruce, but it was abandoned after the conspiracy was infiltrated by an agent of the South African Bureau of State Security (BOSS), who hoped to see Mandela shot during the escape. In 1970, Commander Piet Badenhorst became commanding officer. Mandela, seeing an increase in the physical and mental abuse of prisoners, complained to visiting judges, who had Badenhorst reassigned. He was replaced by Commander Willie Willemse, who developed a co-operative relationship with Mandela and was keen to improve prison standards. By 1975, Mandela had become"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " a Class A prisoner, which allowed him greater numbers of visits and letters. He corresponded with anti-apartheid activists like Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Desmond Tutu. That year, he began his autobiography, which was smuggled to London, but remained unpublished at the time; prison authorities discovered several pages, and his LLB study privileges were revoked for four years. Instead, he devoted his spare time to gardening and reading until the authorities permitted him to resume his LLB degree studies in 1980. By the late 1960s, Mandela's fame had been eclipsed by Steve Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM). Seeing the ANC as ineffectual, the BCM called for militant action, but, following the Soweto uprising of 1976, many BCM activists were imprisoned on Robben Island. Mandela tried to build a relationship with these young radicals, although he was critical of their racialism and contempt for white anti-apartheid activists. Renewed international interest in his plight came in July 1978, when he celebrated his 60th birthday. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in Lesotho, the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in India in 1979, and the Freedom of the City of Glasgow,"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " Scotland in 1981. In March 1980, the slogan \"Free Mandela!\" was developed by journalist Percy Qoboza, sparking an international campaign that led the UN Security Council to call for his release. Despite increasing foreign pressure, the government refused, relying on its Cold War allies US president Ronald Reagan and British prime minister Margaret Thatcher; both considered Mandela's ANC a terrorist organisation sympathetic to communism and supported its suppression.</s><s>Life.:Imprisonment.:Pollsmoor Prison: 1982–1988. In April 1982, Mandela was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison in Tokai, Cape Town, along with senior ANC leaders Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni, Ahmed Kathrada and Raymond Mhlaba; they believed that they were being isolated to remove their influence on younger activists at Robben Island. Conditions at Pollsmoor were better than at Robben Island, although Mandela missed the camaraderie and scenery of the island. Getting on well with Pollsmoor's commanding officer, Brigadier Munro, Mandela was permitted to create a roof garden; he also read voraciously and corresponded widely, now being permitted 52 letters a year. He was appointed patron of the multi-racial United Democratic Front (UDF), founded to combat reforms implemented by South African"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " president P. W. Botha. Botha's National Party government had permitted Coloured and Indian citizens to vote for their own parliaments, which had control over education, health and housing, but black Africans were excluded from the system. Like Mandela, the UDF saw this as an attempt to divide the anti-apartheid movement on racial lines. The early 1980s witnessed an escalation of violence across the country, and many predicted civil war. This was accompanied by economic stagnation as various multinational banks—under pressure from an international lobby—had stopped investing in South Africa. Numerous banks and Thatcher asked Botha to release Mandela—then at the height of his international fame—to defuse the volatile situation. Although considering Mandela a dangerous \"arch-Marxist\", Botha offered him, in February 1985, a release from prison if he \"unconditionally rejected violence as a political weapon\". Mandela spurned the offer, releasing a statement through his daughter Zindzi stating, \"What freedom am I being offered while the organisation of the people [ANC] remains banned? Only free men can negotiate. A prisoner cannot enter into contracts.\" In 1985, Mandela underwent surgery on an enlarged prostate gland before being given new solitary quarters on the ground floor. He was met by"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " \"seven eminent persons\", an international delegation sent to negotiate a settlement, but Botha's government refused to co-operate, calling a state of emergency in June and initiating a police crackdown on unrest. The anti-apartheid resistance fought back, with the ANC committing 231 attacks in 1986 and 235 in 1987. The violence escalated as the government used the army and police to combat the resistance and provided covert support for vigilante groups and the Zulu nationalist movement Inkatha, which was involved in an increasingly violent struggle with the ANC. Mandela requested talks with Botha but was denied, instead secretly meeting with Minister of Justice Kobie Coetsee in 1987, and having a further 11 meetings over the next three years. Coetsee organised negotiations between Mandela and a team of four government figures starting in May 1988; the team agreed to the release of political prisoners and the legalisation of the ANC on the condition that they permanently renounce violence, break links with the Communist Party, and not insist on majority rule. Mandela rejected these conditions, insisting that the ANC would end its armed activities only when the government renounced violence. Mandela's 70th birthday in July 1988 attracted international attention, including a tribute concert at London's Wembley Stadium that was televised and watched by an estimated 200 million"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " viewers. Although presented globally as a heroic figure, he faced personal problems when ANC leaders informed him that Winnie had set herself up as head of a gang, the \"Mandela United Football Club,\" which had been responsible for torturing and killing opponents—including children—in Soweto. Though some encouraged him to divorce her, he decided to remain loyal until she was found guilty by trial.</s><s>Life.:Imprisonment.:Victor Verster Prison and release: 1988–1990. Recovering from tuberculosis exacerbated by the damp conditions in his cell, Mandela was moved to Victor Verster Prison, near Paarl, in December 1988. He was housed in the relative comfort of a warder's house with a personal cook, and he used the time to complete his LLB degree. While there, he was permitted many visitors and organised secret communications with exiled ANC leader Oliver Tambo. In 1989, Botha suffered a stroke; although he would retain the state presidency, he stepped down as leader of the National Party, to be replaced by F. W. de Klerk. In a surprise move, Botha invited Mandela to a meeting over tea in July 1989, an invitation Mandela considered genial. Botha was replaced as state president by de Kler"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "k six weeks later; the new president believed that apartheid was unsustainable and released a number of ANC prisoners. Following the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, de Klerk called his cabinet together to debate legalising the ANC and freeing Mandela. Although some were deeply opposed to his plans, de Klerk met with Mandela in December to discuss the situation, a meeting both men considered friendly, before legalising all formerly banned political parties in February 1990 and announcing Mandela's unconditional release. Shortly thereafter, for the first time in 20 years, photographs of Mandela were allowed to be published in South Africa. Leaving Victor Verster Prison on 11 February, Mandela held Winnie's hand in front of amassed crowds and the press; the event was broadcast live across the world. Driven to Cape Town's City Hall through crowds, he gave a speech declaring his commitment to peace and reconciliation with the white minority, but he made it clear that the ANC's armed struggle was not over and would continue as \"a purely defensive action against the violence of apartheid\". He expressed hope that the government would agree to negotiations, so that \"there may no longer be the need for the armed struggle\", and insisted that his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " vote in national and local elections. Staying at Tutu's home, in the following days Mandela met with friends, activists, and press, giving a speech to an estimated 100,000 people at Johannesburg's FNB Stadium.</s><s>Life.:End of apartheid.</s><s>Life.:End of apartheid.:Early negotiations: 1990–91. Mandela proceeded on an African tour, meeting supporters and politicians in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Libya and Algeria, and continuing to Sweden, where he was reunited with Tambo, and London, where he appeared at the concert at Wembley Stadium. Encouraging foreign countries to support sanctions against the apartheid government, he met President François Mitterrand in France, Pope John Paul II in the Vatican, and Thatcher in the United Kingdom. In the United States, he met President George H. W. Bush, addressed both Houses of Congress and visited eight cities, being particularly popular among the African-American community. In Cuba, he became friends with President Castro, whom he had long admired. He met President R. Venkataraman in India, President Suharto in Indonesia, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in Malaysia, and Prime Minister Bob Hawke in Australia. He visited Japan, but not the Soviet"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " Union, a longtime ANC supporter. In May 1990, Mandela led a multiracial ANC delegation into preliminary negotiations with a government delegation of 11 Afrikaner men. Mandela impressed them with his discussions of Afrikaner history, and the negotiations led to the Groot Schuur Minute, in which the government lifted the state of emergency. In August, Mandela—recognising the ANC's severe military disadvantage—offered a ceasefire, the Pretoria Minute, for which he was widely criticised by MK activists. He spent much time trying to unify and build the ANC, appearing at a Johannesburg conference in December attended by 1,600 delegates, many of whom found him more moderate than expected. At the ANC's July 1991 national conference in Durban, Mandela admitted that the party had faults and announced his aim to build a \"strong and well-oiled task force\" for securing majority rule. At the conference, he was elected ANC President, replacing the ailing Tambo, and a 50-strong multiracial, mixed gendered national executive was elected. Mandela was given an office in the newly purchased ANC headquarters at Shell House, Johannesburg, and moved into Winnie's large Soweto home. Their marriage was increasingly strained as he learned of"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " her affair with Dali Mpofu, but he supported her during her trial for kidnapping and assault. He gained funding for her defence from the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa and from Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, but, in June 1991, she was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison, reduced to two on appeal. On 13 April 1992, Mandela publicly announced his separation from Winnie. The ANC forced her to step down from the national executive for misappropriating ANC funds; Mandela moved into the mostly white Johannesburg suburb of Houghton. Mandela's prospects for a peaceful transition were further damaged by an increase in \"black-on-black\" violence, particularly between ANC and Inkatha supporters in KwaZulu-Natal, which resulted in thousands of deaths. Mandela met with Inkatha leader Buthelezi, but the ANC prevented further negotiations on the issue. Mandela argued that there was a \"third force\" within the state intelligence services fuelling the \"slaughter of the people\" and openly blamed de Klerk—whom he increasingly distrusted—for the Sebokeng massacre. In September 1991, a national peace conference was held in Johannesburg at which Mandela, Buthelezi and de K"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "lerk signed a peace accord, though the violence continued.</s><s>Life.:End of apartheid.:CODESA talks: 1991–92. The Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) began in December 1991 at the Johannesburg World Trade Centre, attended by 228 delegates from 19 political parties. Although Cyril Ramaphosa led the ANC's delegation, Mandela remained a key figure. After de Klerk used the closing speech to condemn the ANC's violence, he took to the stage to denounce de Klerk as the \"head of an illegitimate, discredited minority regime\". Dominated by the National Party and ANC, little negotiation was achieved. CODESA 2 was held in May 1992, at which de Klerk insisted that post-apartheid South Africa must use a federal system with a rotating presidency to ensure the protection of ethnic minorities; Mandela opposed this, demanding a unitary system governed by majority rule. Following the Boipatong massacre of ANC activists by government-aided Inkatha militants, Mandela called off the negotiations, before attending a meeting of the Organisation of African Unity in Senegal, at which he called for a special session of the UN Security Council and proposed that a UN peacekeeping force be stationed in South Africa to prevent \""
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "state terrorism\". Calling for domestic mass action, in August the ANC organised the largest-ever strike in South African history, and supporters marched on Pretoria. Following the Bisho massacre, in which 28 ANC supporters and one soldier were shot dead by the Ciskei Defence Force during a protest march, Mandela realised that mass action was leading to further violence and resumed negotiations in September. He agreed to do so on the conditions that all political prisoners be released, that Zulu traditional weapons be banned, and that Zulu hostels would be fenced off, the latter two measures intended to prevent further Inkatha attacks; de Klerk reluctantly agreed. The negotiations agreed that a multiracial general election would be held, resulting in a five-year coalition government of national unity and a constitutional assembly that gave the National Party continuing influence. The ANC also conceded to safeguarding the jobs of white civil servants; such concessions brought fierce internal criticism. The duo agreed on an interim constitution based on a liberal democratic model, guaranteeing separation of powers, creating a constitutional court, and including a US-style bill of rights; it also divided the country into nine provinces, each with its own premier and civil service, a concession between de Klerk's desire for federalism and Mandela"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "'s for unitary government. The democratic process was threatened by the Concerned South Africans Group (COSAG), an alliance of black ethnic-secessionist groups like Inkatha and far-right Afrikaner parties; in June 1993, one of the latter—the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB)—attacked the Kempton Park World Trade Centre. Following the murder of ANC activist Chris Hani, Mandela made a publicised speech to calm rioting, soon after appearing at a mass funeral in Soweto for Tambo, who had died of a stroke. In July 1993, both Mandela and de Klerk visited the United States, independently meeting President Bill Clinton, and each receiving the Liberty Medal. Soon after, Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Norway. Influenced by Thabo Mbeki, Mandela began meeting with big business figures, and he played down his support for nationalisation, fearing that he would scare away much-needed foreign investment. Although criticised by socialist ANC members, he had been encouraged to embrace private enterprise by members of the Chinese and Vietnamese Communist parties at the January 1992 World Economic Forum in Switzerland.</s><s>Life.:End of apartheid.:General election:"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " 1994. With the election set for 27 April 1994, the ANC began campaigning, opening 100 election offices and orchestrating People's Forums across the country at which Mandela could appear, as a popular figure with great status among black South Africans. The ANC campaigned on a Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) to build a million houses in five years, introduce universal free education and extend access to water and electricity. The party's slogan was \"a better life for all\", although it was not explained how this development would be funded. With the exception of the \"Weekly Mail\" and the \"New Nation\", South Africa's press opposed Mandela's election, fearing continued ethnic strife, instead supporting the National or Democratic Party. Mandela devoted much time to fundraising for the ANC, touring North America, Europe and Asia to meet wealthy donors, including former supporters of the apartheid regime. He also urged a reduction in the voting age from 18 to 14; rejected by the ANC, this policy became the subject of ridicule. Concerned that COSAG would undermine the election, particularly in the wake of the conflict in Bophuthatswana and the Shell House massacre—incidents of violence involving the AWB and Inkatha, respectively—Mandela met with Afrikaner politicians and generals,"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " including P. W. Botha, Pik Botha and Constand Viljoen, persuading many to work within the democratic system. With de Klerk, he also convinced Inkatha's Buthelezi to enter the elections rather than launch a war of secession. As leaders of the two major parties, de Klerk and Mandela appeared on a televised debate; although de Klerk was widely considered the better speaker at the event, Mandela's offer to shake his hand surprised him, leading some commentators to deem it a victory for Mandela. The election went ahead with little violence, although an AWB cell killed 20 with car bombs. As widely expected, the ANC won a sweeping victory, taking 63% of the vote, just short of the two-thirds majority needed to unilaterally change the constitution. The ANC was also victorious in seven provinces, with Inkatha and the National Party each taking one. Mandela voted at the Ohlange High School in Durban, and though the ANC's victory assured his election as president, he publicly accepted that the election had been marred by instances of fraud and sabotage.</s><s>Life.:Presidency of South Africa: 1994–1999. The newly elected National Assembly's first act was to formally elect Mandela as South Africa"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "'s first black chief executive. His inauguration took place in Pretoria on 10 May 1994, televised to a billion viewers globally. The event was attended by four thousand guests, including world leaders from a wide range of geographic and ideological backgrounds. Mandela headed a Government of National Unity dominated by the ANC—which had no experience of governing by itself—but containing representatives from the National Party and Inkatha. Under the Interim Constitution, Inkatha and the National Party were entitled to seats in the government by virtue of winning at least 20 seats. In keeping with earlier agreements, both de Klerk and Thabo Mbeki were given the position of Deputy President. Although Mbeki had not been his first choice for the job, Mandela grew to rely heavily on him throughout his presidency, allowing him to shape policy details. Moving into the presidential office at Tuynhuys in Cape Town, Mandela allowed de Klerk to retain the presidential residence in the Groote Schuur estate, instead settling into the nearby Westbrooke manor, which he renamed \"Genadendal\", meaning \"Valley of Mercy\" in Afrikaans. Retaining his Houghton home, he also had a house built in his home village of Qunu, which he visited regularly,"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " walking around the area, meeting with locals, and judging tribal disputes. Aged 76, he faced various ailments, and although exhibiting continued energy, he felt isolated and lonely. He often entertained celebrities, such as Michael Jackson, Whoopi Goldberg and the Spice Girls, and befriended ultra-rich businessmen, like Harry Oppenheimer of Anglo American. He also met with Queen Elizabeth II on her March 1995 state visit to South Africa, which earned him strong criticism from ANC anti-capitalists. Despite his opulent surroundings, Mandela lived simply, donating a third of his R 552,000 annual income to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, which he had founded in 1995. Although dismantling press censorship, speaking out in favour of freedom of the press and befriending many journalists, Mandela was critical of much of the country's media, noting that it was overwhelmingly owned and run by middle-class whites and believing that it focused too heavily on scaremongering about crime. In December 1994, Mandela published \"Long Walk to Freedom\", an autobiography based around a manuscript he had written in prison, augmented by interviews conducted with American journalist Richard Stengel. In late 1994, he attended the 49th conference of the ANC in Bloemfontein, at which a more"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " militant national executive was elected, among them Winnie Mandela; although she expressed an interest in reconciling, Nelson initiated divorce proceedings in August 1995. By 1995, he had entered into a relationship with Graça Machel, a Mozambican political activist 27 years his junior who was the widow of former president Samora Machel. They had first met in July 1990 when she was still in mourning, but their friendship grew into a partnership, with Machel accompanying him on many of his foreign visits. She turned down Mandela's first marriage proposal, wanting to retain some independence and dividing her time between Mozambique and Johannesburg.</s><s>Life.:Presidency of South Africa: 1994–1999.:National reconciliation. Presiding over the transition from apartheid minority rule to a multicultural democracy, Mandela saw national reconciliation as the primary task of his presidency. Having seen other post-colonial African economies damaged by the departure of white elites, Mandela worked to reassure South Africa's white population that they were protected and represented in \"the Rainbow Nation\". Although his Government of National Unity would be dominated by the ANC, he attempted to create a broad coalition by appointing de Klerk as Deputy President and appointing other National Party officials as ministers for Agriculture, Environment, and Minerals and Energy, as well"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " as naming Buthelezi as Minister for Home Affairs. The other cabinet positions were taken by ANC members, many of whom—like Joe Modise, Alfred Nzo, Joe Slovo, Mac Maharaj and Dullah Omar—had long been comrades of Mandela, although others, such as Tito Mboweni and Jeff Radebe, were far younger. Mandela's relationship with de Klerk was strained; Mandela thought that de Klerk was intentionally provocative, and de Klerk felt that he was being intentionally humiliated by the president. In January 1995, Mandela heavily chastised de Klerk for awarding amnesty to 3,500 police officers just before the election, and later criticised him for defending former Minister of Defence Magnus Malan when the latter was charged with murder. Mandela personally met with senior figures of the apartheid regime, including lawyer Percy Yutar and Hendrik Verwoerd's widow, Betsie Schoombie, also laying a wreath by the statue of Afrikaner hero Daniel Theron. Emphasising personal forgiveness and reconciliation, he announced that \"courageous people do not fear forgiving, for the sake of peace.\" He encouraged black South Africans to get behind the previously hated national rugby team, the Springboks"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": ", as South Africa hosted the 1995 Rugby World Cup. Mandela wore a Springbok shirt at the final against New Zealand, and after the Springboks won the match, Mandela presented the trophy to captain Francois Pienaar, an Afrikaner. This was widely seen as a major step in the reconciliation of white and black South Africans; as de Klerk later put it, \"Mandela won the hearts of millions of white rugby fans.\" Mandela's efforts at reconciliation assuaged the fears of white people, but also drew criticism from more militant black people. Among the latter was his estranged wife, Winnie, who accused the ANC of being more interested in appeasing the white community than in helping the black majority. Mandela oversaw the formation of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate crimes committed under apartheid by both the government and the ANC, appointing Tutu as its chair. To prevent the creation of martyrs, the commission granted individual amnesties in exchange for testimony of crimes committed during the apartheid era. Dedicated in February 1996, it held two years of hearings detailing rapes, torture, bombings and assassinations before issuing its final report in October 1998. Both de Klerk and Mbeki appealed to have parts of the report suppressed"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": ", though only de Klerk's appeal was successful. Mandela praised the commission's work, stating that it \"had helped us move away from the past to concentrate on the present and the future\".</s><s>Life.:Presidency of South Africa: 1994–1999.:Domestic programmes. Mandela's administration inherited a country with a huge disparity in wealth and services between white and black communities. Of a population of 40 million, around 23 million lacked electricity or adequate sanitation, and 12 million lacked clean water supplies, with 2 million children not in school and a third of the population illiterate. There was 33% unemployment, and just under half of the population lived below the poverty line. Government financial reserves were nearly depleted, with a fifth of the national budget being spent on debt repayment, meaning that the extent of the promised Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) was scaled back, with none of the proposed nationalisation or job creation. In 1996, the RDP was replaced with a new policy, Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR), which maintained South Africa's mixed economy but placed an emphasis on economic growth through a framework of market economics and the encouragement of foreign investment; many in the ANC derided it as a neo-liberal policy that did"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " not address social inequality, no matter how Mandela defended it. In adopting this approach, Mandela's government adhered to the \"Washington consensus\" advocated by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. Under Mandela's presidency, welfare spending increased by 13% in 1996/97, 13% in 1997/98, and 7% in 1998/99. The government introduced parity in grants for communities, including disability grants, child maintenance grants and old-age pensions, which had previously been set at different levels for South Africa's different racial groups. In 1994, free healthcare was introduced for children under six and pregnant women, a provision extended to all those using primary level public sector health care services in 1996. By the 1999 election, the ANC could boast that due to their policies, 3 million people were connected to telephone lines, 1.5 million children were brought into the education system, 500 clinics were upgraded or constructed, 2 million people were connected to the electricity grid, water access was extended to 3 million people, and 750,000 houses were constructed, housing nearly 3 million people. The Land Reform Act 3 of 1996 safeguarded the rights of labour tenants living on farms where they grew crops or grazed livestock. This legislation ensured that such tenants could not be evicted"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " without a court order or if they were over the age of 65. Recognising that arms manufacturing was a key industry for the South African economy, Mandela endorsed the trade in weapons but brought in tighter regulations surrounding Armscor to ensure that South African weaponry was not sold to authoritarian regimes. Under Mandela's administration, tourism was increasingly promoted, becoming a major sector of the South African economy. Critics like Edwin Cameron accused Mandela's government of doing little to stem the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the country; by 1999, 10% of South Africa's population were HIV positive. Mandela later admitted that he had personally neglected the issue, in part due to public reticence in discussing issues surrounding sex in South Africa, and that he had instead left the issue for Mbeki to deal with. Mandela also received criticism for failing to sufficiently combat crime; South Africa had one of the world's highest crime rates, and the activities of international crime syndicates in the country grew significantly throughout the decade. Mandela's administration was also perceived as having failed to deal with the problem of corruption. Further problems were caused by the exodus of thousands of skilled white South Africans from the country, who were escaping the increasing crime rates, higher taxes and the impact of positive discrimination toward black people in employment. This exodus resulted"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " in a brain drain, and Mandela criticised those who left. At the same time, South Africa experienced an influx of millions of illegal migrants from poorer parts of Africa; although public opinion toward these illegal immigrants was generally unfavourable, characterising them as disease-spreading criminals who were a drain on resources, Mandela called on South Africans to embrace them as \"brothers and sisters\".</s><s>Life.:Presidency of South Africa: 1994–1999.:Foreign affairs. Mandela expressed the view that \"South Africa's future foreign relations [should] be based on our belief that human rights should be the core of international relations\". Following the South African example, Mandela encouraged other nations to resolve conflicts through diplomacy and reconciliation. In September 1998, Mandela was appointed secretary-general of the Non-Aligned Movement, who held their annual conference in Durban. He used the event to criticise the \"narrow, chauvinistic interests\" of the Israeli government in stalling negotiations to end the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and urged India and Pakistan to negotiate to end the Kashmir conflict, for which he was criticised by both Israel and India. Inspired by the region's economic boom, Mandela sought greater economic relations with East Asia, in particular with Malaysia, although this was prevented by the 1997 Asian"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " financial crisis. He extended diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China (PRC), who were growing as an economic force, and initially also to Taiwan, who were already longstanding investors in the South African economy. However, under pressure from the PRC, he cut recognition of Taiwan in November 1996, and he paid an official visit to Beijing in May 1999. Mandela attracted controversy for his close relationship with Indonesian president Suharto, whose regime was responsible for mass human rights abuses, although on a July 1997 visit to Indonesia he privately urged Suharto to withdraw from the occupation of East Timor. He also faced similar criticism from the West for his government's trade links to Syria, Cuba and Libya and for his personal friendships with Castro and Gaddafi. Castro visited South Africa in 1998 to widespread popular acclaim, and Mandela met Gaddafi in Libya to award him the Order of Good Hope. When Western governments and media criticised these visits, Mandela lambasted such criticism as having racist undertones, and stated that \"the enemies of countries in the West are not our enemies.\" Mandela hoped to resolve the long-running dispute between Libya and the United States and Britain over bringing to trial the two Libyans, Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhim"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "ah, who were indicted in November 1991 and accused of sabotaging Pan Am Flight 103. Mandela proposed that they be tried in a third country, which was agreed to by all parties; governed by Scots law, the trial was held at Camp Zeist in the Netherlands in April 1999, and found one of the two men guilty. Mandela echoed Mbeki's calls for an \"African Renaissance\", and he was greatly concerned with issues on the continent. He took a soft diplomatic approach to removing Sani Abacha's military junta in Nigeria but later became a leading figure in calling for sanctions when Abacha's regime increased human rights violations. In 1996, he was appointed chairman of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and initiated unsuccessful negotiations to end the First Congo War in Zaire. He also played a key role as a mediator in the ethnic conflict between Tutsi and Hutu political groups in the Burundian Civil War, helping to initiate a settlement which brought increased stability to the country but did not end the ethnic violence. In South Africa's first post-apartheid military operation, troops were ordered into Lesotho in September 1998 to protect the government of Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili after a disputed election had prompted opposition upris"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "ings. The action was not authorised by Mandela himself, who was out of the country at the time, but by Buthelezi, who was serving as acting president during Mandela's absence, with the approval of Mandela and Mbeki.</s><s>Life.:Presidency of South Africa: 1994–1999.:Withdrawing from politics. The new Constitution of South Africa was agreed upon by parliament in May 1996, enshrining a series of institutions to place checks on political and administrative authority within a constitutional democracy. De Klerk opposed the implementation of this constitution, and that month he and the National Party withdrew from the coalition government in protest, claiming that the ANC were not treating them as equals. The ANC took over the cabinet positions formerly held by the Nationalists, with Mbeki becoming sole Deputy President. Inkatha remained part of the coalition, and when both Mandela and Mbeki were out of the country in September 1998, Buthelezi was appointed \"Acting President\", marking an improvement in his relationship with Mandela. Although Mandela had often governed decisively in his first two years as president, he had subsequently increasingly delegated duties to Mbeki, retaining only a close personal supervision of intelligence and security measures. During a 1997 visit to London, he said that \"the ruler of"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " South Africa, the \"de facto\" ruler, is Thabo Mbeki\" and that he was \"shifting everything to him\". Mandela stepped down as ANC President at the party's December 1997 conference. He hoped that Ramaphosa would succeed him, believing Mbeki to be too inflexible and intolerant of criticism, but the ANC elected Mbeki regardless. Mandela and the Executive supported Jacob Zuma, a Zulu who had been imprisoned on Robben Island, as Mbeki's replacement for Deputy President. Zuma's candidacy was challenged by Winnie, whose populist rhetoric had gained her a strong following within the party, although Zuma defeated her in a landslide victory vote at the election. Mandela's relationship with Machel had intensified; in February 1998, he publicly stated that he was \"in love with a remarkable lady\", and under pressure from Tutu, who urged him to set an example for young people, he organised a wedding for his 80th birthday, in July that year. The following day, he held a grand party with many foreign dignitaries. Although the 1996 constitution allowed the president to serve two consecutive five-year terms, Mandela had never planned to stand for a second term in office. He gave his farewell speech to Parliament on 29 March"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " 1999 when it adjourned prior to the 1999 general elections, after which he retired. Although opinion polls in South Africa showed wavering support for both the ANC and the government, Mandela himself remained highly popular, with 80% of South Africans polled in 1999 expressing satisfaction with his performance as president.</s><s>Life.:Retirement.</s><s>Life.:Retirement.:Continued activism and philanthropy: 1999–2004. Retiring in June 1999, Mandela aimed to lead a quiet family life, divided between Johannesburg and Qunu. Although he set about authoring a sequel to his first autobiography, to be titled \"\", it remained unfinished and was only published posthumously in 2017. Mandela found such seclusion difficult and reverted to a busy public life involving a daily programme of tasks, meetings with world leaders and celebrities, and—when in Johannesburg—working with the Nelson Mandela Foundation, founded in 1999 to focus on rural development, school construction, and combating HIV/AIDS. Although he had been heavily criticised for failing to do enough to fight the HIV/AIDS pandemic during his presidency, he devoted much of his time to the issue following his retirement, describing it as \"a war\" that had killed more than \"all previous wars\"; affiliating himself with the"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " Treatment Action Campaign, he urged Mbeki's government to ensure that HIV-positive South Africans had access to anti-retrovirals. Meanwhile, Mandela was successfully treated for prostate cancer in July 2001. In 2002, Mandela inaugurated the Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture, and in 2003 the Mandela Rhodes Foundation was created at Rhodes House, University of Oxford, to provide postgraduate scholarships to African students. These projects were followed by the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory and the 46664 campaign against HIV/AIDS. He gave the closing address at the XIII International AIDS Conference in Durban in 2000, and in 2004, spoke at the XV International AIDS Conference in Bangkok, Thailand, calling for greater measures to tackle tuberculosis as well as HIV/AIDS. Mandela publicised AIDS as the cause of his son Makgatho's death in January 2005, to defy the stigma about discussing the disease. Publicly, Mandela became more vocal in criticising Western powers. He strongly opposed the 1999 NATO intervention in Kosovo and called it an attempt by the world's powerful nations to police the entire world. In 2003, he spoke out against the plans for the United States to launch a war in Iraq, describing it as \"a tragedy\" and lambasting US president George W. Bush and British prime"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " minister Tony Blair (whom he referred to as an \"American foreign minister\") for undermining the UN, saying, \"All that (Mr. Bush) wants is Iraqi oil\". He attacked the United States more generally, asserting that \"If there is a country that has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States of America\", citing the atomic bombing of Japan; this attracted international controversy, although he later improved his relationship with Bush. Retaining an interest in the Lockerbie suspect, he visited Megrahi in Barlinnie prison and spoke out against the conditions of his treatment, referring to them as \"psychological persecution\".</s><s>Life.:Retirement.:\"Retiring from retirement\": 2004–2013. In June 2004, aged 85 and amid failing health, Mandela announced that he was \"retiring from retirement\" and retreating from public life, remarking, \"Don't call me, I will call you.\" Although continuing to meet with close friends and family, the foundation discouraged invitations for him to appear at public events and denied most interview requests. He retained some involvement in international affairs. In 2005, he founded the Nelson Mandela Legacy Trust, travelling to the United States to speak before the Brookings Institution and the NAACP on the need for economic"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " assistance to Africa. He spoke with US senator Hillary Clinton and President George W. Bush and first met the then-senator Barack Obama. Mandela also encouraged Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe to resign over growing human rights abuses in the country. When this proved ineffective, he spoke out publicly against Mugabe in 2007, asking him to step down \"with residual respect and a modicum of dignity.\" That year, Mandela, Machel and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders in Johannesburg to contribute their wisdom and independent leadership to some of the world's toughest problems. Mandela announced the formation of this new group, The Elders, in a speech delivered on his 89th birthday. Mandela's 90th birthday was marked across the country on 18 July 2008, with the main celebrations held at Qunu, and a concert in his honour in Hyde Park, London. In a speech marking the event, Mandela called for the rich to help the poor across the world. Throughout Mbeki's presidency, Mandela continued to support the ANC, usually overshadowing Mbeki at any public events that the two attended. Mandela was more at ease with Mbeki's successor, Zuma, although the Nelson Mandela Foundation was upset when his grandson, Mandla Mandela, flew him out to the"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " Eastern Cape to attend a pro-Zuma rally in the midst of a storm in 2009. In 2004, Mandela successfully campaigned for South Africa to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup, declaring that there would be \"few better gifts for us\" in the year marking a decade since the fall of apartheid. Despite maintaining a low profile during the event due to ill health, Mandela made his final public appearance during the World Cup closing ceremony, where he received much applause. Between 2005 and 2013, Mandela, and later his family, were embroiled in a series of legal disputes regarding money held in family trusts for the benefit of his descendants. In mid-2013, as Mandela was hospitalised for a lung infection in Pretoria, his descendants were involved in an intra-family legal dispute relating to the burial place of Mandela's children, and ultimately Mandela himself.</s><s>Life.:Retirement.:Illness and death: 2011–2013. In February 2011, Mandela was briefly hospitalised with a respiratory infection, attracting international attention, before being re-admitted for a lung infection and gallstone removal in December 2012. After a successful medical procedure in early March 2013, his lung infection recurred and he was briefly hospitalised in Pretoria. In June 2013, his lung infection worsened and he"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " was readmitted to a Pretoria hospital in serious condition. The Archbishop of Cape Town Thabo Makgoba visited Mandela at the hospital and prayed with Machel, while Zuma cancelled a trip to Mozambique to visit him the following day. In September 2013, Mandela was discharged from hospital, although his condition remained unstable. After suffering from a prolonged respiratory infection, Mandela died on 5 December 2013 at the age of 95, at around 20:50 local time at his home in Houghton, surrounded by his family. Zuma publicly announced his death on television, proclaiming ten days of national mourning, a memorial service held at Johannesburg's FNB Stadium on 10 December 2013, and 8 December as a national day of prayer and reflection. Mandela's body lay in state from 11 to 13 December at the Union Buildings in Pretoria and a state funeral was held on 15 December in Qunu. Approximately 90 representatives of foreign states travelled to South Africa to attend memorial events. It was later revealed that 300 million rand (about 20 million dollars) originally earmarked for humanitarian development projects had been redirected to finance the funeral. The media was awash with tributes and reminiscences, while images of tributes to Mandela proliferated across social media. His US"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "$4.1 million estate was left to his widow, other family members, staff, and educational institutions.</s><s>Political ideology. Mandela identified as both an African nationalist, an ideological position he held since joining the ANC, and as a socialist. He was a practical politician, rather than an intellectual scholar or political theorist. According to biographer Tom Lodge, \"for Mandela, politics has always been primarily about enacting stories, about making narratives, primarily about morally exemplary conduct, and only secondarily about ideological vision, more about means rather than ends.\" The historian Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni described Mandela as a \"liberal African nationalist–decolonial humanist\", while political analyst Raymond Suttner cautioned against labelling Mandela a liberal and stated that Mandela displayed a \"hybrid socio-political make-up\". Mandela adopted some of his political ideas from other thinkers—among them Indian independence leaders like Gandhi and Nehru, African-American civil rights activists, and African nationalists like Nkrumah—and applied them to the South African situation. At the same time he rejected other aspects of their thought, such as the anti-white sentiment of many African nationalists. In doing so he synthesised both counter-cultural and he"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "gemonic views, for instance by drawing upon ideas from the then-dominant Afrikaner nationalism in promoting his anti-apartheid vision. His political development was strongly influenced by his legal training and practice, in particular his hope to achieve change not through violence but through \"legal revolution\". Over the course of his life, he began by advocating a path of non-violence, later embracing violence, and then adopting a non-violent approach to negotiation and reconciliation. When endorsing violence, he did so because he saw no alternative, and was always pragmatic about it, perceiving it as a means to get his opponent to the negotiating table. He sought to target symbols of white supremacy and racist oppression rather than white people as individuals, and was anxious not to inaugurate a race war in South Africa. This willingness to use violence distinguishes Mandela from the ideology of Gandhism, with which some commentators have sought to associate him.</s><s>Political ideology.:Democracy. Although he presented himself in an autocratic manner in several speeches, Mandela was a devout believer in democracy and abided by majority decisions even when deeply disagreeing with them. He had exhibited a commitment to the values of democracy and human rights since at least the 1960s. He held a conviction that \"in"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "clusivity, accountability and freedom of speech\" were the fundamentals of democracy, and was driven by a belief in natural and human rights. Suttner argued that there were \"two modes of leadership\" that Mandela adopted. On one side he adhered to ideas about collective leadership, although on the other believed that there were scenarios in which a leader had to be decisive and act without consultation to achieve a particular objective. According to Lodge, Mandela's political thought reflected tensions between his support for liberal democracy and pre-colonial African forms of consensus decision making. He was an admirer of British-style parliamentary democracy, stating that \"I regard the British Parliament as the most democratic institution in the world, and the independence and impartiality of its judiciary never fail to arouse my admiration.\" In this he has been described as being committed to \"the Euro-North American modernist project of emancipation\", something which distinguishes him from other African nationalist and socialist leaders like Nyerere who were concerned about embracing styles of democratic governance that were Western, rather than African, in origin. Mandela nevertheless also expressed admiration for what he deemed to be indigenous forms of democracy, describing Xhosa traditional society's mode of governance as \"democracy in its purest form\". He also spoke of an influential African ethical"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " tenet, Ubuntu, which is a Ngnuni term meaning \"A person is a person through other persons\" or \"I am because we are.\"</s><s>Political ideology.:Socialism and Marxism. Mandela advocated the ultimate establishment of a classless society, with Sampson describing him as being \"openly opposed to capitalism, private land-ownership and the power of big money\". Mandela was influenced by Marxism, and during the revolution he advocated scientific socialism. He said that \"I should tie myself to no particular system of society other than of socialism\". He denied being a communist at the Treason Trial, and maintained this stance both when later talking to journalists, and in his autobiography, where he outlined that the cooperation with the SACP was pragmatic, asking rhetorically, \"who is to say that we were not using them?\" According to the sociologist Craig Soudien, \"sympathetic as Mandela was to socialism, a communist he was not.\" Conversely, the biographer David Jones Smith stated that Mandela \"embraced communism and communists\" in the late 1950s and early 1960s, while the historian Stephen Ellis commented that Mandela had assimilated much of the Marxist–Leninist ideology by 1960. Ellis also found evidence that Mandela had been an active member"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " of the South African Communist Party during the late 1950s and early 1960s, something that was confirmed after his death by both the ANC and the SACP, the latter of which claimed that he was not only a member of the party, but also served on its Central Committee. His membership had been hidden by the ANC, aware that knowledge of Mandela's former SACP involvement might have been detrimental to his attempts to attract support from Western countries. Mandela's view of these Western governments differed from those of Marxist–Leninists, for he did not believe that they were anti-democratic or reactionary and remained committed to democratic systems of governance. The 1955 Freedom Charter, which Mandela had helped create, called for the nationalisation of banks, gold mines and land, to ensure equal distribution of wealth. Despite these beliefs, Mandela initiated a programme of privatisation during his presidency in line with trends in other countries of the time. It has been repeatedly suggested that Mandela would have preferred to develop a social democratic economy in South Africa but that this was not feasible as a result of the international political and economic situation during the early 1990s. This decision was in part influenced by the fall of the socialist states in the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc during the early 1990s.</s><s>Personality and"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " personal life. Mandela was widely considered a charismatic leader, described by biographer Mary Benson as \"a born mass leader who could not help magnetizing people\". He was highly image conscious and throughout his life always sought out fine quality clothes, with many commentators believing that he carried himself in a regal manner. His aristocratic heritage was repeatedly emphasised by supporters, thus contributing to his \"charismatic power\". While living in Johannesburg in the 1950s, he cultivated the image of the \"African gentleman\", having \"the pressed clothes, correct manners, and modulated public speech\" associated with such a position. In doing so, Lodge argued that Mandela became \"one of the first media politicians... embodying a glamour and a style that projected \"visually\" a brave new African world of modernity and freedom\". Mandela was known to change his clothes several times a day, and he became so associated with highly coloured Batik shirts after assuming the presidency that they came to be known as \"Madiba shirts\". For political scientists Betty Glad and Robert Blanton, Mandela was an \"exceptionally intelligent, shrewd, and loyal leader\". His official biographer, Anthony Sampson, commented that he was a \"master of imagery and performance\", excelling at presenting himself"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " well in press photographs and producing sound bites. His public speeches were presented in a formal, stiff manner, and often consisted of clichéd set phrases. He typically spoke slowly, and carefully chose his words. Although he was not considered a great orator, his speeches conveyed \"his personal commitment, charm and humour\". Mandela was a private person who often concealed his emotions and confided in very few people. Privately, he lived an austere life, refusing to drink alcohol or smoke, and even as president made his own bed. Renowned for his mischievous sense of humour, he was known for being both stubborn and loyal, and at times exhibited a quick temper. He was typically friendly and welcoming, and appeared relaxed in conversation with everyone, including his opponents. A self-described Anglophile, he claimed to have lived by the \"trappings of British style and manners\". Constantly polite and courteous, he was attentive to all, irrespective of their age or status, and often talked to children or servants. He was known for his ability to find common ground with very different communities. In later life, he always looked for the best in people, even defending political opponents to his allies, who sometimes thought him too trusting of others. He was fond"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " of Indian cuisine, and had a lifelong interest in archaeology and boxing. He was raised in the Methodist denomination of Christianity; the Methodist Church of Southern Africa claimed that he retained his allegiance to them throughout his life. On analysing Mandela's writings, the theologian Dion Forster described him as a Christian humanist, although added that his thought relied to a greater extent on the Southern African concept of Ubuntu than on Christian theology. According to Sampson, Mandela never had \"a strong religious faith\" however, while Elleke Boehmer stated that Mandela's religious belief was \"never robust\". Mandela was very self-conscious about being a man and regularly made references to manhood. He was heterosexual, and biographer Fatima Meer said that he was \"easily tempted\" by women. Another biographer, Martin Meredith, characterised him as being \"by nature a romantic\", highlighting that he had relationships with various women. Mandela was married three times, fathered six children, and had seventeen grandchildren and at least seventeen great-grandchildren. He could be stern and demanding of his children, although he was more affectionate with his grandchildren. His first marriage was to Evelyn Ntoko Mase in October 1944; they divorced in March 1958 under the multiple"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " strains of his adultery and constant absences, devotion to revolutionary agitation, and the fact that she was a Jehovah's Witness, a religion requiring political neutrality. Mandela's second wife was the social worker Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, whom he married in June 1958. They divorced in March 1996. Mandela married his third wife, Graça Machel, on his 80th birthday in July 1998.</s><s>Reception and legacy. By the time of his death, within South Africa Mandela was widely considered both \"the father of the nation\" and \"the founding father of democracy\". Outside of South Africa, he was a \"global icon\", with the scholar of South African studies Rita Barnard describing him as \"one of the most revered figures of our time\". One biographer considered him \"a modern democratic hero\". Some have portrayed Mandela in messianic terms, in contrast to his own statement that \"I was not a messiah, but an ordinary man who had become a leader because of extraordinary circumstances.\" He is often cited alongside Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. as one of the 20th century's exemplary anti-racist and anti-colonial leaders. Boehmer described him as \"a totem of the totemic values of our age:"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " toleration and liberal democracy\" and \"a universal symbol of social justice\". Mandela's international fame emerged during his incarceration in the 1980s, when he became the world's most famous political prisoner, a symbol of the anti-apartheid cause, and an icon for millions who embraced the ideal of human equality. In 1986, Mandela's biographer characterised him as \"the embodiment of the struggle for liberation\" in South Africa. Meredith stated that in becoming \"a potent symbol of resistance\" to apartheid during the 1980s, he had gained \"mythical status\" internationally. Sampson commented that even during his life, this myth had become \"so powerful that it blurs the realities\", converting Mandela into \"a secular saint\". Within a decade of the end of his presidency, Mandela's era was widely thought of as \"a golden age of hope and harmony\", with much nostalgia being expressed for it. His name was often invoked by those criticising his successors like Mbeki and Zuma. Across the world, Mandela earned international acclaim for his activism in overcoming apartheid and fostering racial reconciliation, coming to be viewed as \"a moral authority\" with a great \"concern for truth\". Mandela's iconic status has been blamed for concealing the complexities of his life. Mandela"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " generated controversy throughout his career as an activist and politician, having detractors on both the right and the radical left. During the 1980s, Mandela was widely labelled a terrorist by prominent political figures in the Western world for his embrace of political violence. According to Thatcher, for instance, the ANC was \"a typical terrorist organisation\". The US government's State and Defense departments officially designated the ANC as a terrorist organisation, resulting in Mandela remaining on their terrorism watch-list until 2008. On the left, some voices in the ANC—among them Frank B. Wilderson III—accused him of selling out for agreeing to enter negotiations with the apartheid government and for not implementing the reforms of the Freedom Charter during his presidency. According to Barnard, \"there is also a sense in which his chiefly bearing and mode of conduct, the very respect and authority he accrued in representing his nation in his own person, went against the spirit of democracy\", and concerns were similarly expressed that he placed his own status and celebrity above the transformation of his country. His government would be criticised for its failure to deal with both the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the high levels of poverty in South Africa. Mandela was also criticised for his friendship with political leaders such as Castro, Gaddafi, and Suharto—de"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "emed dictators by critics—as well as his refusal to condemn their governments' human rights violations.</s><s>Reception and legacy.:Orders, decorations, monuments, and honours. Over the course of his life, Mandela was given over 250 awards, accolades, prizes, honorary degrees and citizenships in recognition of his political achievements. Among his awards were the Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize, and the Libyan Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights. In 1990, India awarded him the Bharat Ratna, and in 1992 Pakistan gave him their Nishan-e-Pakistan. The same year, he was awarded the Atatürk Peace Award by Turkey; he at first refused the award, citing human rights violations committed by Turkey at the time, but later accepted the award in 1999. He was given the Fulbright Prize for International Understanding by the Fulbright Association in 1993. He was appointed to the Order of Isabella the Catholic and the Order of Canada, and was the first living person to be made an honorary Canadian citizen. Queen Elizabeth II appointed him as a Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of St. John and granted him membership in the Order of Merit. In 2004,"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " Johannesburg granted Mandela the Freedom of the City, and in 2008 a Mandela statue was unveiled at the spot where Mandela was released from prison. On the Day of Reconciliation 2013, a bronze statue of Mandela was unveiled at Pretoria's Union Buildings. In November 2009, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed Mandela's birthday, 18 July, as \"Mandela Day\", marking his contribution to the anti-apartheid struggle. It called on individuals to donate 67 minutes to doing something for others, commemorating the 67 years that Mandela had been a part of the movement.; {{cite news }} In 2015 the UN General Assembly named the amended Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners as \"the Mandela Rules\" to honour his legacy. 2019 to 2028: the United Nations Nelson Mandela Decade of Peace.</s><s>Reception and legacy.:Biographies and popular media. The first biography of Mandela was authored by Mary Benson, based on brief interviews with him that she had conducted in the 1960s. Two authorised biographies were later produced by friends of Mandela. The first was Fatima Meer's \"Higher Than Hope\", which was heavily influenced by Winnie and thus placed great emphasis on Mandela's family. The second was Anthony Sampson's \"Mandela\","
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": " published in 1999. Other biographies included Martin Meredith's \"Mandela\", first published in 1997, and Tom Lodge's \"Mandela\", brought out in 2006. Since the late 1980s, Mandela's image began to appear on a proliferation of items, among them \"photographs, paintings, drawings, statues, public murals, buttons, t-shirts, refrigerator magnets, and more\", items that have been characterised as \"Mandela kitsch\". In the 1980s he was the subject of several songs, such as The Specials' \"Free Nelson Mandela\", Hugh Masekela's \"Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)\", and Johnny Clegg's \"Asimbonanga (Mandela)\", which helped to bring awareness of his imprisonment to an international audience. Following his death, many internet memes appeared featuring images of Mandela with his inspirational quotes superimposed onto them. Mandela has also been depicted in films on multiple occasions. Some of these, such as the 2013 feature film \"\", the 2017 miniseries \"Madiba\" and the 1996 documentary \"Mandela\", have focused on covering his adult life in entirety or until his inaugural as president others, such as the 2009 feature film \"Invictus\" and the 2010 documentary \"The 16th Man"
},
{
"title": "Nelson Mandela",
"text": "\", have focused on specific events in his life. It has been argued that in \"Invictus\" and other films, \"the America film industry\" has played a significant part in \"the crafting of Mandela's global image\".</s><s>See also. - List of peace activists</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Nelson Mandela",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000451
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Ricky Martin.
|
[
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": "<s>Ricky Martin Enrique Ricky Martín Morales (born December 24, 1971) is a Puerto Rican singer, songwriter, and actor. He is known for his musical versatility, with his discography spanning Latin pop, pop, dance, reggaeton, and salsa genres. Dubbed the \"King of Latin Pop\", the \"King of Latin Music\", and the \"Latin Pop God\", he is regarded as one of the most influential artists in the world. Born in San Juan, Martin began appearing in television commercials at age nine and began his musical career at twelve, as a member of Puerto Rican boy band Menudo. He began his solo career in 1991 while in Sony Music Mexico, gaining recognition in Latin America with the release of his first two studio albums, \"Ricky Martin\" (1991) and \"Me Amaras\" (1993), both of which were focused on ballads. Martin's third album, \"A Medio Vivir\" (1995), helped him rise to prominence in European countries. The chart-topping single \"María\", incorporated a mixture of Latin music genres and became his first international hit. His international success was further solidified with his fourth album, \"Vuelve\" (1998). The album, which earned Martin his first"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " Grammy Award, spawned chart-topping songs \"Vuelve\" and \"La Copa de la Vida\". Martin performed the latter at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards, which was greeted with a massive standing ovation and is known as a game-changer for Latin music worldwide. His first English album, \"Ricky Martin\" (1999) became his first US \"Billboard\" 200 number one. The lead single \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" topped both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart. Martin's success in the late 1990s is generally seen as the beginning of the \"Latin explosion\". He has been credited for propelling the Latin pop music genre to mainstream recognition, paving the way for a large number of Latin artists to achieve global success. Martin has since established his status as a pop icon and a sex symbol, releasing several successful albums, including all-time Latin bestsellers \"Almas del Silencio\" (2003) and \"MTV Unplugged\" (2006), as well as Grammy Award winner \"A Quien Quiera Escuchar\" (2015). He has also amassed many successful singles and chart-toppers, including \"She Bangs\", \"Nobody W"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": "ants to Be Lonely\", \"Tal Vez\", \"Tu Recuerdo\", \"La Mordidita\", \"Vente Pa' Ca\", and \"Canción Bonita\". As an actor, Martin gained popularity and stardom for his role in the hit soap opera \"General Hospital\" (1994–1996), while his portrayal of Antonio D'Amico in \"\" (2018) marked the acting opportunity of his career, garnering him an Emmy nomination. He also starred as Ché in the Broadway revival of the musical \"Evita\" in 2012, which broke the theater's box-office sales record seven times. Martin is one of the best-selling Latin music artists of all time, having sold over 70 million records worldwide. He has scored 11 \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Songs number-one songs, and won over 200 awards (most awarded male Latin artist), including two Grammy Awards, five Latin Grammy Awards, five MTV Video Music Awards (tied for most wins by a Latin artist), two American Music Awards, three Latin American Music Awards, three \"Billboard\" Music Awards, nine \"Billboard\" Latin Music Awards, eight World Music Awards, fourteen Lo Nuestro Awards, a \"Guinness World Record\", and a star on the"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " Hollywood Walk of Fame. He is ranked among the Greatest Latin Artists of All Time, the Greatest Music Video Artists of All Time, and the Most Influential Latin Artists of All Time by \"Billboard\". His philanthropy and activism focus on LGBT rights and fighting against human trafficking; in 2004, he founded The Ricky Martin Foundation, a non-profit, non-governmental organization that focuses on denouncing human trafficking and educating about the crime's existence.</s><s>Early life. Enrique Martín Morales was born on December 24, 1971, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. His mother, Doña Nereida Morales, is a former accountant; his father, Enrique Martín Negroni, is a former psychologist who previously worked as a regional supervisor for a Puerto Rican mental-health agency. His parents divorced when he was two years old, and although his mother had custody of Martin, he could also move freely between his father's house in the middle-class suburb of University Gardens in San Juan, and his paternal grandmother's house nearby. In an interview with \"People\", he told the magazine that he \"never had to make decisions\" about who he loved more, and he was \"always happy\". Martin has two older maternal half-brothers, Fernando and Áng"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": "el Fernández, two younger paternal half-brothers, Eric and Daniel Martín, and a younger paternal half-sister, Vanessa Martín. Martin has Spanish heritage of Basque and Canarian descent. As he explained to \"ABC\", the Martins traveled from Spain to Puerto Rico in 1779. He also has some Corsican origin through his paternal grandmother. Martin grew up Catholic. The people closest to him called him \"Kiki\" (a nickname that comes from Enrique). He began singing at age six, using wooden kitchen spoons as make-believe microphones; he often sang songs by Puerto Rican boy band Menudo, as well as English-language rock groups such as Led Zeppelin, Journey, and REO Speedwagon. His mother's side of the family was musically inclined and his maternal grandfather was a poet. Martin later reflected on his time spent with his family as a child: \"Every time I find myself in front of an audience, be it twenty people or one hundred thousand, once again I feel the energy that consumed me back at the family gatherings of my youth.\" He attended Colegio Sagrado Corazón, a bilingual Catholic grade school in University Gardens since fourth grade and was an \"average\" student"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " there. When he was nine years old, he began appearing in television commercials for products such as soft drinks, toothpaste, and fast food restaurants, including Orange Crush and Burger King. In a year and a half, he starred in 11 commercials.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:1983–1989: Menudo. After achieving moderate fame in his country for his appearances in television commercials, Martin auditioned for membership in Menudo. Formed in Puerto Rico in 1977, Menudo members were usually replaced when they hit 16 in order to keep the band \"full of fresh-faced members\". Although the executives enjoyed his dancing and singing at his first two auditions, Martin was rejected because he was too short. By the third audition, his persistence impressed executives, and in 1984, 12-year-old Martin became a member. A month after joining Menudo, he made his debut performance with the group at the Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center in San Juan. During this performance, he inadvertently disobeyed the choreography by walking around the stage, when it was planned that he would stay still, and was chastised by the band manager after the show: \"The mistake was such a big deal that from that moment on, never again did"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " I move when I wasn't supposed to move. That was the discipline of Menudo: You either did things the way you were told or you were not part of the group.\" Although Martin enjoyed traveling and performing onstage with Menudo, he found the band's busy schedule and strict management exhausting, and later reflected that the experience \"cost\" him his childhood. Despite this, Martin acknowledged his \"opportunity to have so many amazing experiences with so many amazing people\" during his time with the group. During his time with Menudo, he became a \"key-member of the group\" and a \"fan-favorite\", while the band released 11 albums, including the Grammy-nominated \"Evolución\" () (1984) and their highest-charting and longest-running album on the US \"Billboard\" 200, \"Menudo\" (1985). The former featured Martin's debut single, \"Rayo de Luna\" () and the latter included the hit single \"Hold Me\". \"Hold Me\" became the group's first and only entry on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, peaking at number 62. It was ranked among the \"100 Greatest Boy Band Songs of All Time\" by \"Billboard\", the \"75 Greatest Boy"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " Band Songs of All Time\" by \"Rolling Stone\", and the \"30 Best Boy Band Songs\" by \"Complex\". Besides the musical career, Martin appeared with other members of Menudo in the American romantic comedy/drama television series, \"The Love Boat\" (1985), and the Argentine soap opera, \"Por Siempre Amigos\" (1987). He also developed an interest in philanthropy when the group became UNICEF ambassadors, often working with impoverished children in third world countries. His experiences as an ambassador affected him greatly and inspired him to continue working with charities later in his life. Finally, Martin left the band in July 1989, at age 17, hoping to rest and evaluate his career path; he stayed a few extra months after his \"age-mandated retirement\" came around. He performed his final show with the group at the same venue where he had performed his first performance as a member. Referred to as the \"Most Iconic Latino Pop Music Band\", Menudo was ranked as one of the Biggest Boy Bands of All Time by \"Us Weekly\" in 2021. The group has sold around 20 million records worldwide, and has been acknowledged as the \"Most Successful Latin Boy Band of All Time\" by \"Billboard"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": "\". Martin returned to Puerto Rico to \"get a break from the pressures of the group, the promotional tours, and the constant stress of work\", but although his parents' divorce had not affected him before, suddenly began to affect him; his parents \"began fighting more than ever\" and they were forcing him to \"choose between the two people in the world\" he loved most. As he understood they did this because they loved him and wanted the best for him, he \"forgave all of the pain and anger they caused\" him. He graduated from the high school, and 13 days after turning 18, he moved to New York City to celebrate his financial independence; since he was a minor during his time with Menudo, Martin was not allowed to access his own bank accounts.</s><s>Career.:1990–1994: Acting and first solo albums. Martin was accepted into New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in 1990, but before classes began, his friend invited him to Mexico City. He attended the musical comedy play, \"Mama Ama el Rock\" () there, and was offered to stay and replace one of the actors. He accepted the offer, dropped out the university and moved from New York to Mexico City to perform in the"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " play. While he was performing onstage in \"Mama Ama el Rock\", a producer in the audience took notice of Martin's acting and offered him a role in the Mexican telenovela \"Alcanzar una estrella\" () (1990). Martin also joined the cast for the second season of the show, titled \"Alcanzar una estrella II\" (1991). A film based on the TV series, titled \"Más que alcanzar una estrella\" () (1992), was also produced in which Martin starred, and earned him an El Heraldo Award for his role. A Sony Discos executive noticed Martin's acting in the soap operas and offered him his first solo music recording contract. Eager to record his first solo album and hustled by the executive, Martin signed the contract without reading its conditions and inadvertently signed a deal in which he would only be paid one cent for each album sold. Despite viewing the contract as unfair, Martin referred to the record as \"the start of something phenomenal\" for him. After working \"around the clock\" to finish filming \"Alcanzar una estrella II\" and recording music, he released his debut solo album, \"Ricky Martin\", on November 26, 1991."
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " The album peaked at number five on the US \"Billboard\" Latin Pop Albums chart and spent a total of 41 weeks on the list. It sold over 500,000 copies worldwide, was certified gold in several countries, and spawned his first solo hit singles, \"Fuego Contra Fuego\" (), \"El Amor de Mi Vida\" (), and \"Dime Que Me Quieres\" (). Both \"Fuego Contra Fuego\" and \"El Amor de Mi Vida\" reached the top 10 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Tracks. To promote the album, Martin embarked on a successful Latin American tour, breaking box office records, which the singer referred to as \"an indescribable feeling, almost like coming home\". After the success of \"Ricky Martin\" and its subsequent tour, Martin's record company met him with the Spanish musician Juan Carlos Calderón to work on his second studio album, \"Me Amaras\" () (1993). Although Martin felt \"very grateful\" for the opportunity to work with Calderón, he noted, \"I always felt that that record was more his than mine.\" The album sold over one million copies worldwide and was certified triple-platinum in Chile. In 1994, Martin"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": "'s agent encouraged him to move to Los Angeles to act in an American sitcom called \"Getting By\". The show was canceled after two seasons, but soon afterward, Martin was given the role of Miguel Morez on the popular hit soap opera \"General Hospital\"; Morez, a bartender and singer, known for his long and flowing hair, was a Puerto Rican citizen hiding in the United States from his lover's criminal mastermind father and created a love triangle with his fiancé Lily Rivera and Brenda. Martin portrayed the role for two years and gained huge popularity and stardom, becoming \"one of the most-talked about actors on the soap opera\". Despite this, Martin felt he lacked chemistry with the rest of the \"General Hospital\" cast and observed that people treated him differently because of his Puerto Rican accent. At the time, it was relatively uncommon for Latin actors to appear on American television, and people suggested that he take accent reduction classes, which he refused.</s><s>Career.:1995–1997: Breakthrough with \"A Medio Vivir\". In 1995, Martin refocused on his music career, and began working on his third studio album, \"A Medio Vivir\" (). The album was released in September 1995, and became a huge success; it sold"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " over three million copies worldwide. being certified gold in the United States, platinum in France, 4× platinum in Spain, as well as many other certifications in Latin American countries. It spawned several successful hits, including \"Te Extraño, Te Olvido, Te Amo\" (), \"María\", and \"Volverás\" (). On \"María\", which was released as the second single from the album, Martin allowed himself \"to go into a very Latin, African sound\". He created a mix of different Latin music genres instead of singing a romantic ballad, the style that he focused on it in his first two albums, while Latin pop music in general was mainly made up of it at the time. Although Martin was satisfied with the track and he describes it as a song that he is \"extremely proud of\", the first time he played it for a record label executive, the man said: \"Are you crazy? You have ruined your career! I can't believe you are showing me this. You're finished — this is going to be your last album.\" Despite this, the track became Martin's breakthrough song and his first international hit. It topped the charts in 20 countries, and has sold over five million physical copies worldwide. As a result, the"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " song was featured in the 1999 edition of \"The Guinness Book of Records\" as the biggest Latin hit. In Australia, \"María\" spent six weeks at number one, topped the country's year-end chart in 1998, and was certified platinum. The song also spent nine weeks at number one in France, and was certified diamond, selling over 1.4 million copies there. Additionally, the track reached the top 10 in the United Kingdom, and became Martin's first entry on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. To promote \"A Medio Vivir\", he embarked on the worldwide A Medio Vivir Tour, that lasted for more than two years, through which he performed 63 shows and visited Europe, Latin America and the United States. During an interview with \"The Miami Herald\" in 1996, Martin expressed an interest in performing on Broadway. In a few days, he received a phone call from producer Richard Jay-Alexander, and was offered the role of Marius Pontmercy in the play \"Les Misérables\". After the conclusion of the A Medio Vivir Tour in Latin America, Martin returned to New York to appear in the play in an eleven-week run. He greatly enjoyed the experience, calling his time in the play an"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " \"honor\" and \"the role of [his] life\". Martin continued to tour after the conclusion of the show's run, and noted that his audiences were growing in both size and enthusiasm.</s><s>Career.:1998–1999: \"Vuelve\". While the A Medio Vivir Tour had not been concluded yet, Martin returned to the studio to record his fourth album \"Vuelve\" (). He called the experience of touring and recording at the same time \"brutal and incredibly intense\". As he was finishing the record in 1997, \"María\" caught the attention of FIFA. They contacted Martin and asked him to create a song as the 1998 FIFA World Cup anthem. He stated about the request: \"I have to admit that the challenge made me a bit nervous, but the massive growth potential for my career was such that I decided to accept.\" Following his acceptance, musicians K.C. Porter, Robi Rosa, and Desmond Child joined him and they started working on a song titled \"La Copa de la Vida\" (English: \"The Cup of Life\"). Martin wrote about the recording: \"La Copa de la Vida\" was included on \"Vuelve\", released February 12, 1998. The album became a"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " huge success; it sold over eight million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling Spanish-language album in history, according to his label. Also, some sources have reported the album's sales as six million copies worldwide. It spent 26 weeks atop the US \"Billboard\" Top Latin Albums chart and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In Canada, the album peaked at number three and was certified double platinum. \"Vuelve\" spawned big hits, including the title track, \"La Copa de la Vida\", \"Perdido Sin Ti\" (), and \"La Bomba\" (). \"La Copa de la Vida\" grew to be an international success, appearing on the charts in more than 60 countries, and reaching number one in 30 countries, Both \"Vuelve\" and \"Perdido Sin Ti\" peaked at number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Tracks chart; the former also reached number one in eight countries. On July 12, 1998, Martin performed \"La Copa de la Vida\" as the official anthem at the 1998 FIFA World Cup Final in France, in front of more than a billion TV viewers around the world. To promote \"Vuelve\", Martin embarked"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " on the worldwide Vuelve Tour; he performed in Asia, Australia, Europe, Mexico, South America, and the United States. Although Latin music was not important to the Recording Academy or the mainstream music industry at the time, Tommy Mottola, then-chief of Columbia Records, was certain about Martin's stardom and pushed hard to have him on the Grammy Awards ceremony. During an interview with \"Billboard\", Mottola told the magazine about it: \"There was tremendous resistance from the Grammys. They did not want an 'unknown' to perform, yet we he had already sold 10 million copies of \"Vuelve\" worldwide. To me, that was absolutely UNACCEPTABLE.\" Finally, on February 24, 1999, cavorting with a 15-piece band alongside and a large number of dancers and percussionists, Martin performed a bilingual version of \"La Copa de La Vida\" at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards, which was greeted with a massive standing ovation and met with acclaim from music critics. At the same night, \"Vuelve\" earned Martin his first Grammy award, for Best Latin Pop Performance.</s><s>Career.:1999–2000: Crossover to English. In October 1998, CNN confirmed that"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " Martin has been working on his first English language album, following the huge success of \"Vuelve\". The album was titled \"Ricky Martin\" and was released on May 11, 1999, two weeks ahead of schedule, because of the huge interest in the disc, following Martin's performance at the Grammy Awards. Tim Devin, the general manager of Tower Records stated about Martin: \"He's always been one of our strongest Latin artists, but interest in him has picked up considerably since that performance.\" \"Ricky Martin\" debuted atop the US \"Billboard\" 200 with first-week sales of 661,000 copies, becoming the largest sales week by any album in 1999. It also broke the record as the largest first-week sales for any pop or Latin artist in history, as well as any Columbia Records artist during the SoundScan era. With this album, Martin became the first male Latin act in history to debut at number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart. It was certified 7× platinum by RIAA, denoting shipments of over seven million copies in the US and breaking the record as the best-selling album by a Latin artist in the country. Only within three months, \"Ricky Martin\" became the best-selling album ever"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " by a Latin artist. According to different sources, the album has sold over 15 million copies or even 17 million copies worldwide. It was nominated for Best Pop Album at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards. The album's lead single \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" () topped the charts in more than 20 countries and is considered to be Martin's biggest hit, and one of the best-selling singles of all time. In the United States, it topped the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart for five consecutive weeks, becoming Martin's first number one single on the chart. Additionally, it broke several records on \"Billboard\" charts. It also spent eight consecutive weeks atop the Canada Top Singles chart and topped the country's year-end chart. In the United Kingdom, it debuted at number one and stayed there for three weeks, making Martin the first Puerto Rican artist in history to hit number one. The track was ranked as the best '90s pop song by \"Elle\", and was listed among the Best Latin Songs of All Time by \"Billboard\". It was nominated for four categories at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards, including Record of the Year and Song of the Year. Its Spanish version reached the summit of the \"Billboard\" Hot"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " Latin Tracks chart, and was nominated for Record of the Year at the 1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards. \"She's All I Ever Had\" was released as the second single from the album in June 1999. It peaked at numbers two and three on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and Canada Top Singles charts, respectively. The Spanish version, \"Bella\" () topped the charts in five countries, as well as \"Billboard\"s Hot Latin Tracks chart. To further promote \"Ricky Martin\", he embarked on the worldwide Livin' la Vida Loca Tour, which was the highest-grossing tour of 2000 by a Latin artist in the US.</s><s>Career.:2000–2005: \"Sound Loaded\", \"Almas del Silencio\", and \"Life\". While the Livin' la Vida Loca Tour had not been concluded yet, Martin returned to the studio to record his sixth studio album, \"Sound Loaded\". The album was released on November 14, 2000. It debuted at number four on the \"Billboard\" 200 with first-week sales of 318,000 copies. The album has sold over seven million copies or even eight million copies worldwide, according to different sources, being certified double platinum in the US."
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " The album featured two hit singles, \"She Bangs\" and \"Nobody Wants to Be Lonely\". The former reached number one in seven countries, including Italy and Sweden, as well as the top five in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and several other countries. It was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards. The Spanish-language version of \"She Bangs\" reached the summit of the Hot Latin Tracks chart and won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Music Video at the 2nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards. \"Nobody Wants to Be Lonely\" was re-recorded along with American singer Christina Aguilera, peaking at number one in five countries, as well as the top five in Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom, among others. It was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 44th Annual Grammy Awards. The solo Spanish version, entitled \"Sólo Quiero Amarte\" topped the Hot Latin Tracks chart. Both \"She Bangs\" and \"Nobody Wants to Be Lonely\" are certified silver in the UK. In February 2001, Martin released a Spanish compilation album entitled \"La Historia\" (), which spent five weeks at number one on the Top Latin Album"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": "s chart, topped the charts in Argentina and Sweden, and was certified quadruple Latin platinum in the United States. Following the success of \"Ricky Martin\" and \"Sound Loaded\", he initially planned to release the third English-language album as his seventh studio album, which was supposed to be his first complete work in the field of songwriting. Despite Sony Music Entertainment's original plan, he decided to release a Spanish-language album: \"I woke up five months ago, and I said 'We're doing an album in Spanish.' Everyone went nuts. They said, 'You don't have time; you have to release an album in English because of timing issues with your career.' And that's fine. But I told them, 'In five months, you'll have a kick-ass album' [in Spanish]. Martin's seventh studio album, \"Almas del Silencio\" () was released in May 2003. It debuted atop the \"Billboard\" Top Latin Albums chart with first-week sales of 65,000 copies, according to data compiled by Nielsen SoundScan, breaking the record as the largest first-week sales for a Spanish-language album in the US. The album also debuted at number 12 on \"Billboard\" 200, tying the"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " 2002 album, \"Quizás\" () as the chart's highest Spanish-language debut. The album also debuted at number one in \"at least 13 Latin American markets\" and sold over two million copies worldwide. \"Almas del Silencio\" spawned three Hot Latin Tracks chart-topper hits: \"Tal Vez\" (), \"Jaleo\", and \"Y Todo Queda en Nada\" (). \"Tal Vez\" debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Tracks chart on the week of April 12, 2003, marking the first number one debut since February 1998, and becoming the sixth song overall in the chart's history to do so. It spent a total of 11 weeks at this position, surpassing \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" as Martin's longest number-one single on the chart, and was the longest-running number one of 2003. It also topped the charts in several Latin American markets. In October 2005, Martin released his third English album, \"Life\". He commented on the album: \"I was really in touch with my emotions. I think this album is very multi-layered, just like life is. It's about feeling anger. It's about feeling joy. It"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": "'s about feeling uncertainty. It's about feeling. And all my emotions are part of this production\". To promote \"Life\", Martin embarked on the worldwide One Night Only with Ricky Martin tour.</s><s>Career.:2006–2012: \"MTV Unplugged\", \"Música + Alma + Sexo\", and \"Evita\". Although Martin's team and MTV had discussed an \"MTV Unplugged\" for years, but it became more serious after Martin's the One Night Only tour, which featured an acoustic segment. Finally, Martin taped his \"MTV Unplugged\" set in Miami in August 2006, performing both romantic ballads and up-tempo tropical dance songs. During the performance, he debuted three new tracks, including \"Tu Recuerdo\" (), which was released to radio stations as the lead single from his debut live album \"MTV Unplugged\" (2006). The album debuted at number one on the Top Latin Albums chart and sold over two million copies worldwide, marking his highest-certified album in Mexico. It won two Latin Grammy awards and was nominated for Album of the Year. \"Tu Recuerdo\" reached number one in five countries, as well as the \"Billboard\"s Hot Latin Songs"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " and Latin Pop Airplay charts. The track was certified quadruple platinum in Mexico and was nominated for Record of the Year at the 8th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. The artist then embarked on the Black and White Tour in 2007, including four sold-out shows at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in Puerto Rico. The concerts in Puerto Rico were compiled into his second live album \"Ricky Martin... Live Black & White Tour\" (2007). Later that year, he released his first Italian song, \"Non siamo soli\" () as a duet with Italian singer Eros Ramazzotti. The song debuted at number one in Italy and spent eleven consecutive weeks atop the chart. In January 2011, Martin launched his ninth studio album, \"Música + Alma + Sexo\" (). The album debuted at number three on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart, becoming the highest-charting primarily-Spanish language set since \"Dreaming of You\" (1995) by American singer Selena. It holds the record as the highest-charting Latin album of the 2010s, and represents the highest-ever chart debut on the \"Billboard\" 200 for a Sony Music Latin release. \"Música + Alma + Sexo\""
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " also peaked at number one in Argentina and Venezuela, as well as \"Billboard\"s Top Latin Albums. Its lead single, \"Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres Tú\" (English: \"The Best Thing About Me Is You\") reached number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Songs chart and was nominated for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Short Form Music Video at the 12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. To promote the album, Martin embarked on the Música + Alma + Sexo World Tour in 2011. In February 2012, he appeared as Spanish teacher David Martinez on the twelfth episode of the third season of the American musical television series \"Glee\", The Spanish Teacher. Martin starred as Ché in the Broadway revival of the musical \"Evita\" from March 2012 to January 2013. The show became a hit, breaking the theatre's box-office sales record after only six performances. Since then, it broke its own record six times and was nominated for Best Revival of a Musical at the 66th Tony Awards. The show's soundtrack album debuted at number one on \"Billboard\"s cast album chart.</s><s>Career.:2013–2018: \"The Voice\", \"A"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " Quien Quiera Escuchar\", and \"The Assassination of Gianni Versace\". Martin served as a coach on the second season of the Australian singing competition television series \"The Voice\" in 2013. In the same year, he released a compilation album, entitled \"\", which reached number two in Australia, as well as a new single, entitled \"Come with Me\", which debuted at number three in the country. The artist then embarked on the Ricky Martin Live tour in Australia in October 2013. He continued serving as a coach on both the third and fourth seasons of \"The Voice Australia\" in 2014 and 2015, respectively. In 2014, Lars Brandle from \"Billboard\" stated in an article: \"Through his high-profile slot on \"The Voice\", Ricky's profile in Australia has never been as big as it is right now.\" On February 25, 2014, Wisin released a song titled \"Adrenalina\" () from his album \"El Regreso del Sobreviviente\" (), which featured Jennifer Lopez and Martin, and became the Univision's 2014 World Cup song. It received commercial success, peaking in the top-five of Bulgaria, Mexico, Spain, and \"Billboard\"s Hot Latin Songs chart. Its accompanying"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " music video has accumulated over 850 million views on YouTube. Later that year, Martin released his single \"Vida\" () for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The song reached the top five in Spain and on the US Hot Latin Songs chart. Also in 2014, he served as a coach on the fourth season of \"The Voice Mexico\", and embarked on the Live in Mexico tour. In February 2015, Martin released his tenth studio album, \"A Quien Quiera Escuchar\" (). The album debuted at number one on \"Billboard\"s Top Latin Albums chart and peaked at number one in Argentina. It won the award for Best Latin Pop Album at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards and Album of the Year at the 1st Latin American Music Awards. The album spawned three Hot Latin Songs top-10 hits: \"Adiós\" (), \"Disparo al Corazón\" (), and \"La Mordidita\" (). \"Disparo al Corazón\" was nominated for both Record of the Year and Song of the Year at the 16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. \"La Mordidita\" experienced huge commercial success, being certified 15× Latin platinum in the United States. Its accompanying music video has received over 1.2 billion views on"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " YouTube. To promote the album, Martin embarked on the One World Tour from 2015 to 2017. He served as an executive producer and a judge on the American singing competition series \"La Banda\" (), which premiered in 2015 and 2016 on Univision. The first season was \"looking for the next Latin boy band\", while the second season was looking for a Latin girl band. The contestants would compete for a recording deal with Sony Music Latin and Syco Music. CNCO, known as the first boy band to make reggaeton, was the winner of the first season. Martin became their manager and produced the band's debut album, \"Primera Cita\" () (2016), along with Wisin; the album debuted at number one on Top Latin Albums and featured the hit single \"Reggaetón Lento (Bailemos)\" (). CNCO opened many dates on One World Tour in 2016. In 2020, Leila Cobo from \"Billboard\" compared the group with Menudo, noting: \"Not since Menudo had a Latin boy band melted our hearts or made us dance quite like CNCO\".Citations regarding the information about CNCO: - - - - - On September 23, 2016, Martin released a song called"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " \"Vente Pa' Ca\" (), featuring Colombian singer Maluma. The song became one of the biggest Spanish-language songs of 2016, reaching number one in seven countries, as well as \"Billboard\"s Latin Airplay, Latin Pop Airplay, and Tropical Airplay charts. It also reached top five in Spain and on the \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Songs, being certified quadruple platinum in Spain and diamond in Mexico. The track was nominated for both Record of the Year and Song of the Year at the 18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. The accompanying music video has received over 1.75 billion views on YouTube. Martin signed a concert residency, named All In, to perform at the Monte Carlo Resort and Casino in Las Vegas in 2017 and 2018. He portrayed fashion designer Gianni Versace's partner Antonio D'Amico in the FX true crime anthology television series \"\", marking \"the acting opportunity of his career\". The role garnered him a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Limited Series Or Movie at the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards. Running from January to March 2018, \"The Assassination of Gianni Versace\" received generally favorable reviews and numerous awards and nominations, including three Primetime Emmy Awards, four Creative Arts Emmy Awards, two Golden"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " Globe Awards, two Critics' Choice Television Awards, and a Screen Actors Guild Award. In February 2018, Martin released a song titled \"Fiebre\" (), featuring Wisin & Yandel. The song was commercially successful in Latin America, reaching number one in Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Uruguay. It also reached the summit of the \"Billboard\" Latin Airplay and Latin Rhythm Airplay charts.</s><s>Career.:2019–present: \"Amici di Maria De Filippi\", \"PausaPlay\", and \"Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey\". At the 61st Annual Grammy Awards, Martin performed \"Havana\", \"Pégate\" (), and \"Mi Gente\" (), alongside Camila Cabello, J Balvin, Young Thug, and Arturo Sandoval, as the opening performance. Martin served as a coach on the eighteenth season of the Italian talent show \"Amici di Maria De Filippi\" () in 2019. In the same year, Maluma released a song called \"No Se Me Quita\" () from his album \"\", which featured Martin. The song reached number one in Mexico and was certified quadruple platinum in the country. Martin hosted the 20th Annual Latin Grammy Awards"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " in November 2019, along with Roselyn Sánchez and Paz Vega. The artist started recording his eleventh studio album, initially titled \"Movimiento\" (), in the second half of 2019, inspired by the 2019 political protests in Puerto Rico. He embarked on the Movimiento Tour in 2020. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent personal experiences, he decided to split the tour's associated album in two extended plays, \"Pausa\" () and \"Play\"; the former was released in May 2020, while the latter is set to release in May 2022. \"Pausa\" was nominated for Album of the Year and won the award for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 21st Annual Latin Grammy Awards. The second single from the EP, \"Tiburones\" () reached number one in Argentina and Puerto Rico, and was also nominated for Song of the Year at the 21st Annual Latin Grammy Awards. Martin starred as the voice of villainous miniature figure Don Juan Diego in the American Christmas musical fantasy film \"\". The film was released on Netflix on November 13, 2020, and received generally favorable reviews. In April 2021, Martin released his hit single \"Canción Bonita\" () with Colombian singer Carlos V"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": "ives, which experienced huge commercial success in Latin America, reaching number one in 12 countries. It was also nominated for Song of the Year and Best Pop Song at the 22nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards. Later that year, he embarked on his first co-headlining tour, the Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert alongside Spanish singer Enrique Iglesias. Martin released \"Play\" on July 13, 2022. The EP included singles \"Otra Noche en L.A.\" and \"A Veces Bien Y A Veces Mal\"; the former reached number one in four countries.</s><s>Artistry.</s><s>Artistry.:Influences. As a child, Martin used to sing songs by Menudo and rock bands such as Led Zeppelin, Journey, and REO Speedwagon, which were what his \"older siblings were listening to at the time\". While Martin and his brothers spent their time listening to classic rock, their mother would interrupt them to make them listen to Latin music. She brought him CDs of Fania All-Stars, Celia Cruz, El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico, and Gilberto Santa Rosa that slowly made him appreciate the richness of Puerto Rican culture. Also, she once took them to a Fania All-Stars"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " concert, which Martin is \"beyond grateful\" for it. He expresses that thanks to her mother, those influences had a \"profound effect\" on his musical career. Martin has also cited Elvis Presley, the Beatles, Michael Jackson, and Madonna for teaching him \"the beauty of pop\". He stated about Madonna: \"I was very influenced by her and her music. I know every choreography of Madonna.\" Additionally, he mentions Carlos Santana, José Feliciano, Celia Cruz, and Gloria Estefan as the artists who paved the way for him, naming Feliciano as one of the people who inspired him when he was a teenager: \"I was always fascinated with his music.\" In addition to the musical influences, Martin is inspired by David Bowie's \"ambiguous sexuality\". While growing up, he used to ask himself if he wanted to be like the openly gay singer Elton John or he just liked him, admiring his music, colors, and wigs. He has also cited Barbra Streisand as an entertainer he wants to be like: \"I want to be an entertainer, not just a singer.\"</s><s>Artistry.:Musical styles and themes. Considered to be a versatile artist, Martin describes his music"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " as Latin pop, saying: \"When you say 'Latin pop', the spectrum is so broad, It's inevitable to not be influenced by everything that’s happening in the industry, but always keeping your identity firm by knowing who you are.\" He has also described his music as fusion, while noting that he does not \"ride the waves that are in fashion at the moment\". Music critics have described his songs to be influenced by Latin pop, pop, dance, adult contemporary, ballad, reggaeton, Latin, African, Caribbean, rock, salsa, flamenco, mariachi, urban, tropical, samba, cumbia, bachata, merengue, dembow, rumba, banda, descarga, funk, bomba, plena, batucada, ranchera, vallenato, reggae, dancehall, jíbaro, bolero, mambo, Europop, house, disco, EDM, dance-pop, electro, house, techno, dubstep, world music, Middle Eastern, folk-pop, bossa nova, alternative rock, pop rock, soft pop, soft rock, hardcore punk, heavy metal, R&B, religious, jazz"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": ", soul, trap, hip-hop, acoustic, electronic, tropical, doo-wop, surf, tango, ska, and rock and roll.Citations regarding Martin songs' influences, genres and styles: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Martin sings in Spanish, English, Portuguese, Italian, and French. About his lyrics, Martin has emphasized that although his music will always make the listener dance, it does not mean his lyrics \"have to be meaningless\" and he sings about love and heartbreak, as well as \"things that are good for a society\", such as \"freedom, freedom of expression, and social justice\". He has also declared that as a Latino, he is not afraid of sexuality and sings about sexuality and sensuality, bringing his culture with him onstage. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Artistry.:Voice. Martin possesses a dramatic tenor vocal range. Peter Gilstrap from \"Variety\" commented that his \"powerful voice\" is \"capable of belt or lilt\", while \"The Jerusalem Post\"s Noa Amouy"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": "al described his voice as \"soulful\" and \"very powerful\". In 1995, Enrique Lopetegui of the \"Los Angeles Times\" noted Martin's \"improved vocal skills\" on \"A Medio Vivir\". Also from the \"Los Angeles Times\", Ernesto Lechner later praised his vocal for being \"charismatic enough to handle both ballads and up-tempo tunes\". Similarly, \"Billboard\"s Chuck Taylor expressed \"She's All I Ever Had\" boasts \"a versatility that contrasts nicely\" with Martin's previous single, \"Livin' la Vida Loca\", labeling his vocal on the former \"tender and heartfelt\". Steve Gerrard of the \"Montreal Rocks\" complimented \"his vocal maturity\" on \"A Quien Quiera Escuchar\".</s><s>Artistry.:Music videos and performances. \"Billboard\" labeled Martin \"a video icon\", and ranked him as the 79th Greatest Music Video Artist of All Time in 2020, stating: \"From the moment he sashayed up to the mic in 'Livin La Vida Loca' all dressed in black, and gave us that look, the Menudo alum became the most memorable and watchable drop-dead handsome guy"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " in pop music.\" He has collaborated with various directors to produce his music videos, including Carlos Perez, Wayne Isham, Jessy Terrero, Simón Brand, Gustavo Garzón, Nigel Dick, Kacho Lopez, and Memo del Bosque. \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" was nominated for Video of the Year at the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards, making Martin the first Latin artist in history to receive a nomination in this category. It won a total of five awards at the ceremony, making it rank among the videos with most wins in the history of the MTV Video Music Awards. The explicit sexual scenes of the music video for \"She Bangs\" were met with criticism from the audience; several American television stations cut the scenes when airing the video. According to the \"Daily Record\"'s John Dingwall, with the visual, Martin ditched his teen idol image by transforming to a more mature one. It was consequently banned in several Latin American countries, such as the Dominican Republic. Martin told MTV News that the video represented freedom rather than his sexuality. The video was awarded Best Music Video at the 2nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Best Clip of the Year — Latin at the 2001 \"Billboard\" Music Video Awards, and Video"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " of the Year at the 13th Lo Nuestro Awards. Martin has been noticed for \"dance moves of his own\" and his \"bon-bon shaking dance moves\". Carol Sandoval from VIX named him the \"best dancer on any stage worldwide\", highlighting his hips movement and \"successful turns\". He was ranked as the ninth best male dancer by the \"Evening Standard\" and the tenth Male Singer Who Can Dance by WatchMojo, being the only Latin entertainer on both lists. Writing for \"The Hollywood Reporter\", Scott Feinberg introduced Martin as \"an incredible dancer\". \"Billboard\"s Jessica Roiz labeled him \"a true showman\", noting his \"many outfit changes\", \"various dance performances\", and \"different stage set for each song\". Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" described him as \"an all-around showman\" and \"Variety\"s Peter Gilstrap called him \"every inch the showman\", both recognizing his vocal abilities, while the former also commented he is \"a dancer as muscular and hard-working as anyone in his troupe\", mentioning his \"likable, good-hearted character\" and \"steadfast Puerto Rican pride\". Music critics have mostly praised his concerts for the choreographies,"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " video screens, visual effects, stage, Latin influences, and Martin's vocals, costume changes, energy, sensuality, dance moves, and gestures, while the quality of sounds and sound mixes have received mixed reviews.Reviews on Martin's tours and concerts: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - \"Billboard\"s Marjua Estevez described Martin's performance of \"La Copa de la Vida\" at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards as \"the most memorable Latin performance at a Grammy Awards show\", and the publication ranked it as the 54th Greatest Award Show Performance of All Time on their 2017 list. The performance was additionally placed on a 2017 unranked list of \"Top 20 Best Grammy Performances of All Time\" by Gold Derby, and on a 2019 list of \"The Most Unforgettable Grammys Performances of All Time\" by \"InStyle\".</s><s>Public image. Martin became a teen idol with his debut as a member of Menudo, and a pop icon following global fame as a solo artist. Journalists have written about his humble personality and \"beautiful soul\". Writing for \"The Hollywood Reporter\", Scott Feinberg introduced Martin as \"one of the most acclaimed and admired creative artists ever\". \""
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": "La República\" staff described him as \"one of the most admired and desired singers\", while authors of \"¡Hola!\" described him as \"one of the most respected Latin stars in the world\", \"one of the most prodigious voices in music in Spanish\", and \"one of the most beloved talents in the entertainment industry worldwide\". Also from \"¡Hola!\", Cristina Noé named him \"one of the most loved artists in the world\", while a writer of \"Clarín\" named him \"one of the most applauded Latin singers on the planet\". \"Metro Puerto Rico\" stated that he \"raised the name of Puerto Rico internationally\". He was ranked as one of the top-10 \"emerging personalities\" of 2010 by Google Zeitgeist, and was the eighth most searched musician on Google in 2022. In 2014, \"Gay Star News\" referred to Martin as \"the most famous Latin pop star in the world\", while \"Variety\" described him as \"Puerto Rico's arguably most famous son\" in 2021. He is ranked as the most famous Latin music artist among millennials and the second-most famous Latin music artist overall in the United States, according to YouGov surveys in 2022. During the 2000s, Martin"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " was known for \"guarding his private life\" and being \"uncomfortable discussing intimate aspects of his personal life\"; he used to insist on asking public to focus on his music and \"steered interviewers away from his personal life\". However, he chose to live both his \"professional and personal life\", making his private life public since the early 2010s. In 2021, he went on the cover of \"People\" with the title \"No More Secrets\" and told the magazine that he is \"a man with no secrets\", stating that he is \"more comfortable in his own skin than ever before\". Martin is one of the most followed celebrities on social media, with accounts on Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and TikTok. He stated about social media that he wishes he had \"something as powerful as\" them since his debut: \"Obviously I like to have direct contact with the public, with the media. It's extremely important, but today, from my home, I can talk to millions of people and see their immediate reaction.\" He is noticed for his friendly interactions with his fans, who are called \"Sexy Souls\". Wax statues of Martin are on display at the Madame Tussauds wax museums in San Francisco, Sydney, and Orlando. The"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " last one was moved from Las Vegas to Orlando for the opening of the museum in spring 2015.</s><s>Public image.:Fashion. Martin is considered to be a sex symbol, and journalists describe him as \"the Latin heartthrob\". His fashion and style evolution, from \"as '80s as you'd expect\" during his time with Menudo to \"a style groove, often opting for sharp, tailored suits with clean lines\" since 2009, has been noticed by the media. Natalia Trejo from \"¡Hola!\" described him as \"one of the most stylish Latin men in the entertainment industry\", highlighting his \"baggy leather pants\", \"tailored suits\", and \"color-block blazers\" that have marked \"some of the noteworthy trends of each decade\". The reviewer also commented that Martin is \"an example of mixing business with casual\" and has \"always had a personal sense of style\". JD Institute of Fashion Technology views Martin as a fashion icon, praising him for \"pushing the fashion boundaries with every new look\". In 1997, he went on the cover of \"People en Español\"s first edition of 25 Most Beautiful; he has since \"been a constant presence\" on their 25 or 50 Most Beautiful lists."
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " Two years later, he was featured on the cover of both \"Rolling Stone\" and \"Time\" magazines. Martin is considered to be one of the sexiest men in the world, according to various publications. In 2012, he was voted the sexiest man alive on Broadway.com. The following year, VH1 ranked him as the 28th Sexiest Artist of All Time, stating: \"Ricky looks like the model in the magazine ads you stare at in awe thinking, 'There's no way he's that perfect in person'.\" In 2014, \"Entertainment Tonight\" listed him among the Sexiest Men Alive, while \"Revista Estilo\" placed him on the list of \"the 10 Sexiest Singers\" in 2016. He was ranked at number 16 on the list of \"the 50 Hottest Men of All Time\" by \"Harper's Bazaar\" in 2018, being the only Latin man on their list. In 2019, TN described Martin as \"the sexiest man in the world\". He has been noted for looking younger than his age, with \"Billboard\"s Chris Payne describing him as \"ageless\". The singer has attended several fashion shows, including the Giorgio Armani show at Milan Fashion Week in"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " 2011, the Marc Jacobs show in 2013, the Berluti menswear spring-summer 2020 show at Paris Fashion Week, the Dior men's pre-fall 2020 show, and the Virgil Abloh Spring-Summer 2022 show held by Louis Vuitton.</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>Personal life.:Sexual orientation and early relationships. According to an interview with \"Rolling Stone\" in 1999, Martin experienced his first kiss at age thirteen and lost his virginity at fourteen in Argentina. In 1990, shortly after he had arrived in Mexico to star in \"Mama Ama el Rock\", he met a woman, who was the host of a television show. They began dating quickly and broke up a few months later. In 1992, he fell in love with Mexican singer Alejandra Guzmán, who was separated from her husband at the time. They began dating until Guzmán returned to her husband and pretended Martin was her assistant on a phone call, while she was sleeping with her husband. In an interview with Univision, Martin admitted that she broke his heart. In the same year, Martin was rumored to be in a relationship with Argentine tennis player Gabriela Sabatini. Sabatini's sister-in-law"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": ", Catherine Fulop, confirmed the rumor in 2020. During the time he was playing in \"General Hospital\", he met a \"very handsome\" man at a radio station, \"stopped fearing [his] sexuality\", and began dating him. Martin's mother supported him when she discovered that he was in love with a man, saying: \"I love you, my son, I'm so happy for you. Bring it on. I'm right behind you.\" However, after the relationship ended, Martin \"locked [his] feelings even deeper inside\" and began dating women again. He recalls: \"I already felt it was hard to be a Latino in Hollywood; what could have been more difficult than being Latino and gay?\" Martin began dating Mexican television host Rebecca de Alba in 1994; they were in an on-and-off relationship until 2005. De Alba later revealed that she became pregnant several times in her life, but lost all of the pregnancies, expressing that one of them was by Martin. Martin also had relationships with Lilly Melgar, Adriana Biega, Maital Saban, and Inés Misan during his breakup times with de Alba in the late 1990s and early 2000s. He declared that \"there was chemistry with them"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": "\" and he \"wasn't fooling anyone\". In August 2008, Martin became a father to twin boys named Matteo and Valentino, born via gestational surrogacy. He explained that he chose surrogacy to become a parent for being \"intriguing and faster\" than adoption, which was complicated and could take a long time. In March 2010, Martin publicly came out as gay via a message on his website, stating: \"I am proud to say that I am a fortunate homosexual man. I am very blessed to be who I am.\" Years later, he revealed that although his music was \"heard all over the world\" and he \"could high five God\" in 1999, he \"wasn't living to the fullest\" and was sad and depressed. He kept asking himself, \"Am I gay? Am I bisexual? Am I confused? What am I?\", explaining: \"Sexuality is one complicated thing. It's not black and white. It's filled with colors. When I was dating women, I was in love with women. It felt right, it felt beautiful.\" In an interview with \"Vanity Fair\", he declared: \"There was love, passion. I do not regret anything, any of the relationships I lived, they taught"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " me a lot, both men and women.\" Martin also told \"Fama!\": \"I know that I like both men and women, I'm against sexual labels, we are simply human beings with emotional and sexual needs. I like to enjoy sex in total freedom, so I'm open to having sex with a woman if I feel desire.\" Despite this, he expressed that he would not be interested in \"an ongoing relationship with a woman\", stating: \"Men are my thing\". In 2000, American broadcast journalist Barbara Walters asked Martin about his sexuality on national television: \"You could stop these rumors. You could say, 'Yes I am gay or no I'm not.'\" Martin, who answered with \"I just don't feel like it\" at the time, later revealed that Walters' question had made him feel \"violated\", since he \"was just not ready to come out\" and was \"very afraid\"; he said that it resulted in \"a little PTSD\" that \"still haunts him\". Martin dated Puerto Rican economist Carlos González Abella from 2010 to 2014, as his first relationship with a man after coming out as gay.</s><s>Personal life.:Marriage. Syrian-Swedish painter Jwan Yosef shared a photo of himself and"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " Martin on Instagram on March 30, 2016, with the caption: \"Obviously we're starting a band.\" Soon it was rumored that Yosef was Martin's new boyfriend. Martin confirmed their relationship on April 18, 2016, and they made their red carpet debut as a couple at the amfAR Inspiration Gala. Martin later revealed that he met Yosef on Instagram and they \"were talking for like six months without [him] hearing his voice\". Subsequently, Martin went to London, where Yosef was living, and they met each other. On November 16, 2016, during an interview on \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\", he announced that he has proposed to Yosef and they are engaged. In January 2018, Martin confirmed that he has secretly married Yosef: \"I'm a husband, but we're doing a heavy party in a couple of months, I'll let you know.\" On December 31, 2018, they announced that they have welcomed their first daughter together, named Lucia Martin-Yosef. Martin later explained that Lucia was born on December 24, coinciding with his 47th birthday. In September 2019, while accepting an award at the 23rd annual Human Rights Campaign (HRC) National Dinner, he announced that they are expecting their"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " fourth child. On October 29, 2019, he shared a photo of himself, Yosef, and their newborn son, named Renn Martin-Yosef, with the caption: \"Our son Renn Martin-Yosef has been born.\"</s><s>Personal life.:Beliefs and religion. During an interview with \"People\" in 2002, Martin expressed that he believes in \"love\", \"the power of healing\", and \"God\", thanks to his parents. The name he chose for his son Matteo means \"gift from God\". According to his statements in a 2021 interview, he still believes in God. He was raised Catholic but he said is not \"the person who would ever look down upon one religion\". He expressed that he also admires and likes Buddhist philosophy, but does not subscribe to the religion, since if he does, he cannot \"be of anything else\"; he does not want to be limited in certain aspects and follow a religion's specific rules. He tries to remain \"open to everything\" and makes \"a concerted effort to always find new teachings and new paths\" everywhere he goes and in every situation he finds himself in. Martin believes that everyone can \"decide what makes them happy\" and although \"everyone needs to accept the"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " life they were given\", it does not mean they \"should not live it as fully as possible\".</s><s>Personal life.:Health and sports. Martin began practicing yoga after a trip to Thailand in 1997. He also began practicing meditation following a trip to India. In 2021, he explained that he gets up every morning at 5:30, before his family and puts himself in a lotus position and oxygenates his body. He also expressed that has a gym in his house, saying: \"If I have space to see myself in the mirror and put on my products, then I also have to have space for my body.\" During an appearance on \"The Dr. Oz Show\" in 2017, Martin revealed that he \"was diagnosed with high cholesterol\" at age eighteen. Although he did not pay attention to the high cholesterol at the time, it made him decide to become a vegetarian since 2013 to reduce cholesterol, despite loving meat as \"a Latin man\". In 2020, he opened up that he suffered from anxiety for the first time in his life, following the COVID-19 lockdowns, stating that making music became his \"medicine\".</s><s>Personal life.:Real estate. In March 2001, Martin purchased a 7,082-square-foot house in"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " Miami Beach for $6.4 million; he sold the unit for $10.6 million in 2005. In September 2004, he paid $11.9 million for an 11,000-square-foot Mediterranean-style villa in Los Angeles, which he sold in 2006 for $15 million. In May 2005, he purchased a 9,491-square-foot house in Miami Beach for $10 million; he sold the villa for $10.6 million in 2012. In 2007, he paid $16.2 million for a mansion in Golden Beach. He sold the property in 2012 for $12.8 million, incurring a loss. In the same year, he bought a 3,147-square-foot condominium in New York City for $5.9 million; he sold the condo for $7.1 million in 2017. In 2014, he rented a 900-square-metre mansion in Sydney, which became famous as \"the Bronte Wave House\" and was sold for $16 million in May 2015, marking one of the most expensive properties sold in the city that year. In December 2016, he purchased an 11,300-square-foot mansion in Beverly Hills. The estate, which is Martin's current house, has"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " seven bedrooms and eight bathrooms with outdoor seating areas scattered throughout 33,000 square feet. It is a \"private getaway in the middle of the city\", located up the street from the Beverly Hills Hotel. Martin also owns a property in Puerto Rico and a private 19.7-acre island in Brazil. He purchased the latter for $8 million in 2008.</s><s>Legacy. Martin has been regarded as the \"King of Latin Pop\" by various publications, such as the Grammy Awards, \"Billboard\", \"Rolling Stone\", \"Time\", \"People\", \"Vogue\", \"The Independent\", \"Entertainment Weekly\", \"Entertainment Tonight Canada\", NBC News, and ABC News. Additionally, he has been referred to as the \"King of Latin Music\", the \"Latin Pop God\", the \"Latin King of Pop\", the \"Latin American King of Pop\", the \"Latin King\", the \"Crossover Latin King\", the \"Puerto Rican Pop King\", the \"Salsa-Pop King\", and the \"King of World Cup\". Martin is known as one of the most influential artists in the world. \"Billboard\" ranked him as one of the 30 Most Influential Latin Artists of All Time, while NBC News introduced him as an \"inf"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": "luential Latin celebrity\". In 2014, he won the award for the most influential international artist at the 18th China Music Awards. He was ranked among \"25 musicians who broke barriers\" by Stacker in 2019, while in 2020, \"Spin\" ranked him at number 27 on the list of \"most influential artists of the past 35 years\", as the only Latin artist on their list. In 2022, Show News named him \"the most influential global artist in history\". Martin's song \"María (Pablo Flores Remix)\", which was ranked among the \"Greatest Latin Pop Song of All Time\" by \"Rolling Stone\", and \"11 remixes of classic Latin hits\" by \"Billboard\", \"launched the Latin and dance music crossover of the '90s\", according to the latter. Olivier Pérou from \"Le Point\" commented that \"some have even learned, thanks to him, to count to three in Spanish\" following the popularity of the song. \"La Copa de la Vida\", which has been hailed as the Best World Cup Anthem of All-Time by multiple sources,Citations regarding \"La Copa de la Vida\" / \"The Cup of Life\" as the Best World Cup Anthem of All-Time: -"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " - - - - - - - - - - - became a \"musical template\" for World Cup anthems, and Martin's Latin and dance crossover style has been much copied in the anthems, as well as soccer chant \"Ole! Ole! Ole!\" in the lyrics, according to \"The Hollywood Reporter\". As believed by \"Esquire\", the song \"inaugurated this musical subgenre\" of Latin. In his review for \"Pitchfork\", Corban Goble wrote that if World Cup anthems someday would be \"given their own textbook\", \"La Copa de la Vida\" would be \"the standard-bearer for the whole genre\". Martin is known as the pioneer in getting Latin pop music genre to mainstream recognition. Following his performance of \"The Cup of Life\" at the Grammys, and the success of \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" and \"Ricky Martin\" (1999), he opened the gates for many Latin artists such as Jennifer Lopez, Shakira, Christina Aguilera, Marc Anthony, Santana, and Enrique Iglesias who released their crossover albums and followed him onto the top of the charts. - - His performance of \"The Cup of Life\" at"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " the Grammys not only changed the course of his career, but also altered how people regard Latin music in America. It has been known as a game-changer for Latin music worldwide, that effectively ushered in the \"Latin explosion\". Then-United Talent Agency head Rob Prinz described the rendition as \"the single biggest game changing moment for any artist in the history of the Grammys\". According to \"Billboard\", it has been cited as the beginning of the \"Latin Pop invasion\", which powerfully affected the US mainstream. According to \"Entertainment Tonight\", \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" paved the way for a large number of other Latin artists, and is \"credited as the song that helped other Latin artists break through to English-speaking markets\". According to \"The Independent\", the single is \"widely regarded as the song that began the first Latin pop explosion\", while \"People\"s Jason Sheeler credited it as the song that \"led the way for the late-'90s so-called 'Latin explosion' that dominated pop music into the new century: Shakira, Enrique Iglesias, Marc Anthony, and Jennifer Lopez\". Angie Romero from \"Billboard\" wrote: \"If you look up 'crossover' in"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " the dictionary, there should be a photo of Ricky shaking his bon bon and/or 'Livin' la Vida Loca'.\" Jim Farber from \"Daily News\" noted that \"Ricky Martin\" \"provides a textbook example of how to mix Latin beats with pop tunes and rock intonations\". \"St. Louis Post-Dispatch\" critic Kevin C. Johnson stated that Martin took \"the music to places Jon Secada, Selena and Santana never could\". He also mentioned that even \"Gloria Estefan at her peak, failed to muster up the kind of hype and hoopla surrounding Martin\". Celia San Miguel of \"Tidal Magazine\" stated that Martin \"highlighted the public's thirst for a different kind of pop\" in 1999, crediting \"Martin and the paths he created\" responsible for the Latin music and Spanish and Spanglish lyrics being \"a commonplace phenomenon on English-language radio\" in 2019. In her review for Grammy.com, Ana Monroy Yglesias said Martin led a \"major music moment in 1999\" with \"Ricky Martin\", and along with him, \"the first major boom of Spanish-language artists\", such as Shakira and Lopez, came into the \"U.S"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": ". pop landscape\". The late 1990s Latin explosion also resulted in the launch of the Latin Recording Academy. Gabriel Abaroa Jr., the president and chief executive officer of the Latin Recording Academy, expressed that the plan of its launch was \"immediately after the Ricky Martin success\". Cuban American musician and producer Emilio Estefan added: \"After the success with Ricky Martin, everybody opened their eyes and realized how important it was to bring diversity and multiethnic elements into [mainstream American] music.\" Many artists have cited Martin as an influence or declared themselves as his fan, including Abraham Mateo, Bad Bunny, Camila Cabello, Camilo, - - Carla Morrison, Christian Chávez, - - CNCO, Danna Paola, - - Enrique Iglesias, J Balvin, J-Hope, Jimin, Karol G, India Martínez, Luis Fonsi, Maite Perroni, Maluma,Citations regarding Maluma's statements about Martin: - - - - Neha Mahajan, Pedro Capó, Prince Royce, - - Rauw Alejandro, - - Reik, Rosalía, Sebastián Ligarde, Sebast"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": "ián Yatra, Shakira, Tini, Vadhir Derbez, William Hung, Wisin, and Ximena Sariñana. Both Maluma and J Balvin have described Martin as a \"teacher\" and credited him as an artist who \"opened the doors\" for them, while Maluma has also expressed: \"Ricky Martin is one of the artists I wanted to be growing up. He's my idol in the industry.\"Citations regarding J Balvin's statements about Martin: - - - Spanish singer Rosalía also cited Martin as a \"teacher\". Puerto Rican singer Bad Bunny talked about Martin's legacy during an episode of \"Behind the Music\": \"There's no doubt that he opened the door for an entire generation of Latin artists. I am doing great things today in the music industry thanks to those doors that he opened.\" He also mentioned that he is inspired by Martin's coming out as gay: \"You don't have to be gay to be inspired by that action of honesty and freedom, of being yourself against the world despite everything you deserve. I look at it like a very inspiring moment for anybody. At least for me, it's very inspirational.\" Brazilian singer-songwriter Anitta explained to \""
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": "The Guardian\" that \"some Latin stars such as Maluma and Bad Bunny sing in their native language\" and do not need to sing in English to get noticed, because they already had representatives like Shakira, Martin, and Jennifer Lopez, but since her country \"hasn't had a major international pop star before\", she uses \"whatever language will get the market's attention\".</s><s>Legacy.:Portrayal in television. In July 2019, SOMOS Productions, Endemol Shine Boomdog, and Piñolywood Studios announced the production of a biographical web television series about Menudo, titled \"Subete a Mi Moto\". Consisting of 15 episodes of 60 minutes each, the series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on October 9, 2020, in Mexico, Latin America, and Spain. It was filmed in Mexico and Puerto Rico, and Martin was portrayed by actors Felipe Albors and Ethan Schwartz. The series premiered in the United States on February 14, 2021, on Estrella TV. On the review aggregation website Tomatazos, the first season has a positive score of 75%. The website's critical consensus summary states, \"A good trip to the past that recalls a band that defined the youth of a certain public, but that doesn't ignore"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " the darkest moments in the lives of its members.\"</s><s>Other ventures.</s><s>Other ventures.:Books. On August 19, 2010, Martin announced that he had been working on his memoir, mentioning its title as \"Me\" and publish date as November 2, 2010. He expressed that writing the book was \"one of the reasons\" he decided to come out earlier that year. The book also had a Spanish edition title \"Yo\" (), which was published simultaneously by Celebra. He stated that writing his memoir allowed him \"to explore the different paths and experiences\" that have led him to be who he is, noting that it \"was not easy but allowed for an incredible spiritual journey\". \"Me\" spent several weeks at number one on the New York Times Best Seller list. In 2019, \"¡Hola!\" staff ranked the book among \"12 Books by Celebrities to Inspire and Motivate You\", while \"Book Riot\" placed it on an unranked list of the \"Best Celebrity Books You Should Read This Year\" in 2020. Martin's first children's book \"Santiago the Dreamer in Land Among the Stars\" was published by Celebra and illustrated by Patricia Castelao in November 2013 for ages between five and nine. Its Spanish"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": "-language edition, \"Santiago El Soñador en Entre Las Estrellas\", was published simultaneously. Martin expressed that the book was inspired by his \"personal life, with fantasy added to it\", as well as \"a lot of cartoons\".</s><s>Other ventures.:Products and endorsements. Martin endorsed the 2012 Viva Glam campaign with rapper Nicki Minaj, which raised $270 million for the Mac AIDS Fund. In October 2020, Martin announced that he would launch his company, Martin Music Lab in partnership with music engineers Jaycen Joshua and Michael Seaberg. The company is centered around a new audio technique called \"Orbital Audio\", that \"creates a new type of immersive, headphone listening experience\". Martin used the technique on his EP \"Pausa\", while several artists including Bad Bunny, Residente, Myke Towers, and A$AP Rocky are going to work with the company. The latter plans to release his whole upcoming studio album, using \"Orbital Audio\". Martin is going to expand the technique \"beyond the music industry and tap into the movies, sports and, most notably, the wellness and meditation space\". In 2021, Martin partnered with skin care company Kumiko. The skincare line, created"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " by Chilean cosmetologist Catalina Aguirre, is the first to combine \"mesotherapy, matcha, and cutting-edge European technology into unique multi-action formulas that penetrate the dermis with powerful anti-aging properties and lifting benefits\".</s><s>Activism.</s><s>Activism.:Philanthropy. While on a trip to India in 2002, Martin witnessed three minor girls who were about to be sold into prostitution and rescued them. The following year, he became a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador and then met with activists and decided to fight against human trafficking, which is the second-most lucrative crime in the world. In 2004, Martin launched the Ricky Martin Foundation, a non-profit, non-governmental organization that focuses on denouncing human trafficking and educating about the crime's \"existence through research and community initiatives, anchored in the defense of children and youth rights\". In the same year, he appealed to the United Nations for international help to fight against sex tourism. In January 2005, following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, Martin visited Thailand to assess the needs of the minor survivors who were \"extremely vulnerable to traffickers\". Later that year, the Ricky Martin Foundation signed an alliance in partnership with Habitat for Humanity to construct 224 homes for the tsunami-affected"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " families. The project was completed in December 2006. In March 2006, the foundation collaborated with the International Organization for Migration in the Llama y Vive () campaign, which focuses on facilitating \"the prevention of human trafficking and the protection of young people, victims of child trafficking and prosecution of traffickers\". In January 2010, along with many celebrities, Martin operated the charity telethon \"Hope for Haiti Now\" to raise donations for the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Later that year, the Ricky Martin Foundation created the first program of community social action against child trafficking in Martin's native Puerto Rico, titled \"Se Trata\" (). In 2012, the foundation participated in the making of the Child Protection Model Law on the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children. In 2016, Martin visited Syrian refugees in Lebanon and played with the children and talked to them in an informal refugee camp. Following the Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico in 2017, the Ricky Martin Foundation helped people and handed over homes that were rebuilt after the losses; Martin launched a viral campaign of selling a black T-shirt with the Puerto Rican flag stamped on it in order to raise the funds. The T-shirts were designed by Martin's twin boys Matteo and Valentino, while many celebrities including Will Smith, Bad Bunny, Marc Anthony"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": ", Luis Fonsi, and Maluma supported the campaign. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Martin created a campaign to help health care workers through the non-profit organization Project Hope. He expressed: \"As you know, health care professionals are extremely vulnerable and professionals around the world don’t have personal protection equipment they need to prevent them getting infected.\" In February 2021, Martin collaborated with Antonia Novello to launch mass vaccination events in Puerto Rico. Following the murder of George Floyd and Black Lives Matter protests in 2020, Martin honored an effort called \"Black Out Tuesday\" and launched the hashtag #knowthestruggle, giving his social media to the voices of the community that are \"looking for justice\", to learn more about what is happening. For his humanitarian efforts and fighting against human trafficking, Martin has been honored with numerous accolades, including the Peace Summit Award by the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates, the TIP Report Hero Award by the United States Department of State, the Spirit of Hope Award by \"Billboard\" Latin Music Awards, the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year Award, the Award of Inspiration by amfAR Gala, the Leader of Change Award by the Foundation for Social Change, the Humanitarian Award by"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " the Global Gift Foundation, the Humanitarian Award by the Hispanic Federation, the Corazón Latino Award by the iHeartRadio Fiesta Latina, the International Humanitarian Award by the International Center for Missing and Exploited Children, the Agent of Change Award by the International Peace Honors, the PODER Social Leadership Awards, and the Agent of Change Award by the Premios Juventud.</s><s>Activism.:Politics. On January 20, 2001, during the first inauguration of George W. Bush, Martin performed \"The Cup of Life\" and danced with him. Martin's view of Bush changed over the Iraq War, as expressed in his declaration to BBC News that he will \"always condemn war and those who promulgate it\". He also stuck up his middle finger while singing the president's name in his 2003 song \"Asignatura Pendiente\" at a concert. At the 2010 \"Billboard\" Latin Music Awards, Martin expressed his disagreement with the Arizona SB 1070 bill, a proposed law that would have required police officers to request documents from individuals whom they suspected to be illegal immigrants. Martin campaigned for the 44th president of the United States Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012, and thanked him for an \"outstanding presidency\" in 2016, while calling"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " him \"an amazing leader\". Also in 2016, he was an active ally to the Democratic Party presidential candidate Hillary Clinton campaign, while condemning Donald Trump's hateful comments about immigrants. He also performed his hits during the \"Hillary Clinton: She's With Us\" concert at the Greek Theatre on June 6, 2016. Telegramgate, also known as Chatgate, was a political scandal involving Ricardo Rosselló, then Governor of Puerto Rico, which began on July 8, 2019, with the leak of hundreds of pages of a group chat on the messaging application Telegram between Rosselló and members of his cabinet. The messages were considered vulgar, misogynistic, and homophobic toward several individuals and groups, including Martin. Therefore, Martin, Bad Bunny, Residente and several other artists, and more than half a million Puerto Ricans led the call to take to the streets of Puerto Rico, demanding Rosselló's resignation. In September 2020, Martin, Luis Fonsi, and actress Eva Longoria attended a campaign event in Kissimmee, Florida to support the Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden for the 2020 United States presidential election. During an interview with \"Variety\", Martin stated: \"I've been supporting Biden forever, I think he is the only option we have and he"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " is great and he has been in politics all his life. This is the moment. We all need to get together and be loud about the course of this nation.\" Following the election of Biden as 46th president of the United States, Martin said \"Bye-bye\" to Trump on social media, and shared a photo of himself along with Biden on Instagram. In May 2021, Martin demonstrated his support for the Ni una menos movement, condemning femicides and violence against women in Puerto Rico, while calling authorities to protect women. He further expressed that no woman should fear for her safety and urged authorities to take steps in order to prevent these acts. In the same month, he supported the 2021 Colombian protests. Later that year, the singer raised his voice in support of the 2021 Cuban protests against the Castro regime for the restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic crisis, stating: \"This is very important. Our brothers and sisters in Cuba need us to inform the world what they are experiencing today. Let's fill the networks before they remove the internet in the country. Humanitarian aid for Cuba NOW.\"</s><s>Activism.:LGBT advocacy. As a gay man, Martin actively supports LGBT rights worldwide since his coming out in 2010. Even before"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " coming out, he was noted by the mainstream media for being popular among gay men and having a large gay fan base. He also went on the cover of the American LGBT-interest magazine \"The Advocate\" in July 1999. Despite this, he admitted that he felt homosexuality was evil since he was raised as a Catholic and targeted his anger toward others, especially gay men: \"I was very angry, very rebellious. I used to look at gay men and think, 'I'm not like that, I don't want to be like that, that's not me.' I was ashamed.\" He added that he \"had internalized homophobia\" back then. He is currently considered to be a gay icon,Citations regarding Martin as a gay icon: - - - - - - with \"PinkNews\" labeling him \"a strong advocate of LGBT rights\" who \"expressed support for equal marriage\" since coming out. As the first mainstream Latin music artist to come out, Martin's coming out was a game-changer for \"Latin Pride\". \"Billboard\"s Lucas Villa stated: \"With Martin's announcement, gay artists, who had long kept their sexual identities a secret, finally had a beacon of hope. If Martin could come out with his career unscathed"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": ", there was hope for other artists in Latin music to start doing the same.\" He added that since then, \"a growing number of Latin artists have either come out after years in the spotlight, or many have simply started their careers by embracing their gay identities\". In 2010, GLAAD then-president Jarrett Barrios expressed that Martin's coming out as gay leads \"hundreds of millions of people\" to have \"a cultural connection with an artist, a celebrity and, perhaps most importantly, a father who happens to be gay\", adding that \"his decision to model this kind of openness and honesty can lead to greater acceptance for countless gay people in U.S., in Latin America and worldwide\". In 2019, Human Rights Campaign then-president Alphonso David expressed that Martin \"has used his international stage to advocate for LGBTQ people around the world\" with his \"unique voice and passionate activism\". The following year, Suzy Exposito from \"Rolling Stone\" argued that with risking his career and coming out, Martin \"set the scene for Bad Bunny to be free in many ways that, during his own breakthrough moment, he could not\". Martin expressed support for same-sex marriage during an interview on \"Larry King Live\" in 2010. He has then delivered speeches"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " about LGBT rights at the United Nations Homophobia Conference, the GLAAD Media Awards, and the Human Rights Campaign. He also raised his voice to support gay marriage in Puerto Rico before its legalization in 2015. In March 2016, Martin met with Chilean LGBT rights group Fundación Iguales to learn about the challenges LGBT citizens face there. AT the meeting, he said that he wants \"equal marriage rights for Chile\" and he wants his sons to grow up in a world where \"there are no second-class citizens\". Following the Colombia's highest court voting against an anti same-sex marriage proposal in April 2016, Martin tweeted: \"Love and equality win, Colombia says YES to same-sex marriage.\" During an interview with \"Vulture\", Martin talked about his role in \"The Assassination of Gianni Versace\" and how he wanted his portrayal to help \"normalize open relationships\". In June 2019, he published an open letter slamming the religious liberty bill, saying: \"As a defender of human rights and a member of the LGBTT community, I am vehemently opposed to the proposed measure imposed upon us under the guise of religious freedom, that projects us to the world as a backwards country.\" Puerto Rico's then-governor backed down and withdrew his support"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " of the bill following Martin's statement. In June 2020, Martin performed his song \"Recuerdo\" with Carla Morrison for a virtual event, Can't Cancel Pride: Helping LGBTQ+ People in Need, to raise visibility and funds for LGBTQ+ communities. He appeared at the virtual event in the following year as well. In February 2021, Martin was named national spokesperson for the onePULSE Foundation, a non-profit organization that focuses on managing \"the design and construction of the permanent national memorial and museum dedicated to the Pulse nightclub tragedy\". Later that year, he expressed that he wants to \"normalize families like\" his, in an interview with \"People\". Several of Martin's music videos feature diversity in sexual orientations and same-sex couples, including \"The Best Thing About Me Is You\", \"Disparo al Corazón\", \"Fiebre\", and \"Tiburones\". For his activism and advocacy for LGBTQ community, Martin has been honored with numerous accolades, including the GLAAD Vito Russo Award, the Gala Vanguard Award by the Los Angeles LGBT Center, the International Icon Award by the British LGBT Awards, the National Visibility Award by the Human Rights Campaign, the Trailblazer Award by the LGBT Center Dinner,"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " the Celebrity Activist of the Year by \"LGBTQ Nation\", and the Legacy Award by \"Attitude\" Awards.</s><s>Achievements. Throughout his career, Martin has won over 200 awards (most awarded male Latin artist), including two Grammy Awards, five Latin Grammy Awards, - - - - five MTV Video Music Awards (tied for most wins by a Latin artist), two American Music Awards, three Latin American Music Awards, three \"Billboard\" Music Awards, a \"Billboard\" Music Video Award, nine \"Billboard\" Latin Music Awards, - - - - - - eight World Music Awards, - - - - fourteen Lo Nuestro Awards (including the Excellence Award), and a \"Guinness World Record\". As an actor, he was nominated for an Emmy Award. In 2007, Martin was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6901 Hollywood Blvd. Martin is ranked among the Greatest Latin Artists of All Time and the Greatest Hot Latin Songs Artists of All Time by \"Billboard\", while his album \"Vuelve\" was placed at number five on \"Billboard\"s Top 20 Latin Albums Of All Time in 2018. In 1998, his song, \"Perdido Sin Ti\" reached"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " the top of the Latin Pop Airplay chart, displacing Martin's own \"Vuelve\", making him the first artist on the chart's history to replace himself. His song \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" became the first number-one song on \"Billboard\" Hot 100, which was made entirely in Pro Tools, and achieved the first number one hit for his label, Columbia. It also became the first song in history to top \"Billboard\"s Adult Pop Airplay, Pop Airplay, and Rhythmic Airplay charts, holding its record as the only song to do so for 14 years. On May 15, 1999, it became the first single ever to rule four different Billboard charts and made Martin the first act to simultaneously scale a pop, Latin, and dance chart. Two weeks later, he became the first artist to simultaneously top the \"Billboard\" 200, Hot Latin Tracks, Hot Dance Music/Club Play, Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales, Top 40 Tracks, and the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. His song \"Tal Vez\" (2003) marked the first number one debut on \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Songs in the 21st century. Martin is the first and only artist"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " with Spanish-language entries on \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in three decades. In 2020, he became the first and only artist in history to enter the \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Songs chart across five decades, including his work as part of Menudo. The following year, he became the first male Latin artist in history to have 4 songs from different decades to have over 100 million streams on Spotify. He owns the record as the artist with most top 20s on the US Latin Pop Airplay chart, with 51 songs, and is the runner-up of most top 10s. He is the fourth artist with the most number one songs in the history of the Hot Latin Songs chart. Additionally, he holds the record as the most Spanish-language entries on ARIA top 50 singles chart, with three. On October 11, 2007, then-mayor of Miami Beach, Florida David Dermer awarded him the key to the city of Miami Beach. Puerto Rico named August 31 the \"International Ricky Martin Day\" in 2008. The Government of Spain granted Spanish nationality to Martin in 2011, for being \"recognized in different artistic facets\". In 2018, in recognition of \"his dedication to the island and people of Puerto Rico, his philanthropic work to eliminate human trafficking across"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " the Caribbean, and his commitment to the arts\", the singer received a proclamation naming June 7 the \"Ricky Martin Day\" in New York City. Throughout his career, Martin has sold over 70 million records making him one of the best-selling Latin music artists of all time. In 2022, \"La Nación\" estimated his net worth at US$130 million.</s><s>Discography. - \"Ricky Martin\" (1991) - \"Me Amaras\" (1993) - \"A Medio Vivir\" (1995) - \"Vuelve\" (1998) - \"Ricky Martin\" (1999) - \"Sound Loaded\" (2000) - \"Almas del Silencio\" (2003) - \"Life\" (2005) - \"Música + Alma + Sexo\" (2011) - \"A Quien Quiera Escuchar\" (2015)</s><s>Filmography. - \"Mas Que Alcanzar una estrella\" (1992) - \"Hercules\" – Latin American dub (1997) - \"Idle Hands\" (1999) - \"Ricky Martin: One Night Only\" (1999) - \"Minions\" – Latin American dub (2015) - \"The Latin Explosion:"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " A New America\" (2015) - \"Ricky Martin: Behind the Vegas Residency\" (2017) - \"\" (2020) - \"El cuartito\" (2021)</s><s>Theatre. - \"Les Misérables\" (1996), Broadway – Marius Pontmercy - \"Evita\" (2012), Broadway – Ché</s><s>Tours and residencies. Headlining tours - Ricky Martin Tour (1992) - Me Amaras Tour (1993–1994) - A Medio Vivir Tour (1995–1997) - Vuelve World Tour (1998) - Livin' la Vida Loca Tour (1999–2000) - One Night Only with Ricky Martin (2005–2006) - Black and White Tour (2007) - Música + Alma + Sexo World Tour (2011) - Ricky Martin Live (2013–2014) - Live in Mexico (2014) - One World Tour (2015–2018) - Ricky Martin en Concierto (2018-2019) - Movimiento Tour (2020-2022) - Sinfónico Tour (2022-2023) Co-headlining tour - Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert (with Enrique Iglesias)"
},
{
"title": "Ricky Martin",
"text": " (2021) Residency - All In (2017–2018)</s><s>See also. - Honorific nicknames in popular music - List of artists who reached number one in the United States - List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart - List of Latin pop artists - List of multilingual bands and artists - List of Puerto Rican Grammy Award winners and nominees - List of Puerto Ricans - List of Urbano artists</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Book sources. - {{cite book | last = De La Torre - {{cite book | last = Holt - {{cite book | last = Martin - {{cite book | last = Otfinoski</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Ricky Martin",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000452
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Trevor Noah.
|
[
{
"title": "Trevor Noah",
"text": "<s>Trevor Noah Trevor Noah (born 20 February 1984) is a South African comedian, writer, producer, political commentator, actor, and former television host. He was the host of \"The Daily Show\", an American late-night talk show and satirical news program on Comedy Central, from 2015 to 2022. Noah has won various awards, including a Primetime Emmy Award from 11 nominations. He was named one of \"The 35 Most Powerful People in New York Media\" by \"The Hollywood Reporter\" in 2017 and 2018. In 2018, \"Time\" magazine named him one of the hundred most influential people in the world. In 2023, he won the Erasmus Prize. Born in Johannesburg, Noah began his career in South Africa in 2002. He had several hosting roles with the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) and was the runner-up in the fourth season of South Africa's iteration of \"Strictly Come Dancing\" in 2008. From 2010 to 2011, he hosted the late-night talk show \"Tonight with Trevor Noah\", which he created and aired on M-Net and DStv. In 2014, Noah became the Senior International Correspondent for \"The Daily Show\", and in 2015 succeeded long-time host Jon Stewart. His autobi"
},
{
"title": "Trevor Noah",
"text": "ographical comedy book \"Born a Crime\" was published in 2016. He hosted the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards in 2021, the 2022 edition, the 2023 edition as well as the 2022 White House Correspondents Dinner.</s><s>Early life. Trevor Noah was born on 20 February 1984, in Johannesburg, Transvaal (now Gauteng), South Africa. His father, Robert, is of Swiss-German ancestry, and his mother, Patricia Nombuyiselo Noah, is Xhosa. Under apartheid legislation, Noah's mother was classified as Black, and his father was classified as White. Noah himself was classified as Coloured. At the time of his birth, his parents' interracial relationship was illegal, which Noah highlights in his autobiography. Interracial sexual relations and marriages were decriminalized a year after his birth, when the Immorality Act was amended in 1985. Patricia and her mother, Nomalizo Frances Noah, raised Trevor in the black township of Soweto. Noah began his schooling at Maryvale College, a private Roman Catholic primary and high school in Maryvale, Gauteng, a suburb of Johannesburg.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early work and breakthrough. In 2002, Noah had a small role on"
},
{
"title": "Trevor Noah",
"text": " an episode of the South African soap opera \"Isidingo\". He later hosted his own radio show \"Noah's Ark\" on Gauteng's leading youth-radio station, YFM. He dropped his radio show and acting to focus on comedy, and has performed with South African comedians such as: David Kau, Kagiso Lediga, Riaad Moosa, Darren Simpson, Marc Lottering, Barry Hilton, and Nik Rabinowitz, international comedians such as Paul Rodriguez, Carl Barron, Dan Ilic, and Paul Zerdin, and as the opening act for American comedian Gabriel Iglesias in November 2007 and Canadian comedian Russell Peters on his South African tour. Noah hosted an educational TV programme, \"Run the Adventure\" (2004–2006) on SABC 2. In 2007, he hosted \"The Real Goboza\", a gossip-themed show on SABC 1, and \"Siyadlala\", a sports show also on the SABC. In 2008, Noah cohosted, alongside Pabi Moloi, \"The Amazing Date\" (a dating gameshow) and was a \"Strictly Come Dancing\" contestant in the fourth series. In 2009, he hosted the 3rd Annual South Africa Film and Television Awards ("
},
{
"title": "Trevor Noah",
"text": "SAFTAs) and co-hosted alongside Eugene Khoza on \"The Axe Sweet Life\", a reality competition series. In 2010, Noah hosted the 16th annual \"South African Music Awards\" and also hosted \"Tonight with Trevor Noah\" on MNet (for the second series, it moved to DStv's Mzansi Magic Channel). In 2010, Noah also became a spokesperson and consumer protection agent for Cell C, South Africa's third-largest mobile phone network provider. Noah performed in \"The Blacks Only Comedy Show\", the \"Heavyweight Comedy Jam\", the \"Vodacom Campus Comedy Tour\", the Cape Town International Comedy Festival, the Jozi Comedy Festival, and \"Bafunny Bafunny\" (2010). His stand-up comedy specials in South Africa include \"The Daywalker\" (2009), \"Crazy Normal\" (2011), \"That's Racist\" (2012), and \"It's My Culture\" (2013). In 2011, he relocated to the United States. In January 2012, Noah became the first South African stand-up comedian to appear on \"The Tonight Show\"; and in May 2013, he became the first to appear on \"Late Show with David Letterman\". Noah was the subject of the 2012"
},
{
"title": "Trevor Noah",
"text": " documentary \"You Laugh But It's True\". The same year, he starred in the one-man comedy show \"Trevor Noah: The Racist\", which was based on his similarly titled South African special \"That's Racist\". In September 2012, Noah was the Roastmaster in a \"Comedy Central Roast\" of South African Afrikaans singer Steve Hofmeyr. In 2013, he performed the comedy special \"Trevor Noah: African American.\" In October 2013, he was a guest on BBC Two's comedy panel show \"QI\". In November 2013, he was a panelist on Channel 4 game show \"8 Out of 10 Cats\" and appeared on Sean Lock's team in \"8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown\" in September 2014.</s><s>Career.:\"The Daily Show\". In December 2014, Noah became a recurring contributor on \"The Daily Show\". In March 2015, Comedy Central announced that Noah would succeed Jon Stewart as host of \"The Daily Show\"; his tenure began on 28 September 2015. Following his announcement as Stewart's successor, attention was drawn on the Internet to jokes he had posted on his Twitter account, some of which were criticised as being offensive to women, and others as antisemitic or mocking the Holocaust"
},
{
"title": "Trevor Noah",
"text": ". Noah responded by tweeting: \"To reduce my views to a handful of jokes that didn't land is not a true reflection of my character, nor my evolution as a comedian.\" Comedy Central stood behind Noah, saying in a statement, \"Like many comedians, Trevor Noah pushes boundaries; he is provocative and spares no one, himself included... To judge him or his comedy based on a handful of jokes is unfair. Trevor is a talented comedian with a bright future at Comedy Central.\" Mary Kluk, chairperson of the South African Jewish Board of Deputies (SAJBD), said that the jokes were not signs of anti-Jewish prejudice and that they were part of Noah's style of comedy. Noah has faced further criticism after video clips of him joking about Aboriginal women and the Marikana massacre in old standup routines resurfaced. After Noah took over from Stewart, viewership dropped 37%, and its Nielsen ratings fell below those of several other shows hosted by \"Daily Show\" alumni; however, according to Comedy Central's president, the \"Daily Show\" under Noah was the number-one show for millennials. James Poniewozik of \"The New York Times\" praised him and the show's writers, saying, \"Mr. Noah's debut was largely successful,"
},
{
"title": "Trevor Noah",
"text": " it was also because of the operating system—the show's writing—running under the surface\". Robert Lloyd of the \"Los Angeles Times\" described him as \"charming and composed—almost inevitably low-key compared with the habitually antic and astonished Stewart\". Other critics gave him less favorable reviews, with Salon writing \"Jon Stewart created a national treasure. Noah has dulled its knife, weakened the satire, let the powerful run free.\" Noah's platform on the show has led to three stand-up specials on Comedy Central and Netflix. By 2017, nightly viewership was less than half of what it had been during the end of Stewart's tenure; viewership among millennials remained solid, however, and Comedy Central extended Noah's contract as host of \"The Daily Show\" through 2022. He would also produce and host annual end-of-year specials for Comedy Central. After France won the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Noah commented, \"I get it, they have to say it's the French team. But look at those guys. You don't get that tan by hanging out in the south of France, my friends. Basically if you don't understand, France is Africans' backup team.\" The French Ambassador to the United States, Gérard Araud, issued a letter condemning"
},
{
"title": "Trevor Noah",
"text": " Noah's joke. He wrote, \"Unlike the United States of America, France does not refer to its citizens based on their race, religion or origin. For us, there is no hyphenated identity, the roots are an individual reality. By calling them an African team, it seems that you are denying their Frenchness.\" Noah responded to the controversy, saying he did not intend to deny that the team was French, and instead to celebrate their African heritage. In April 2017, Noah began developing a talk show for Jordan Klepper: \"The Opposition with Jordan Klepper\", which premiered in September, and ran for one season. Noah also executive-produced \"Klepper\", a primetime weekly docuseries, beginning in May 2019. In March 2018, Noah signed a multiyear contract with Viacom giving them first-look rights to any future projects by him. In addition to the deal, Noah would also be launching an international production and distribution company called Day Zero Productions. In October 2022, after Rishi Sunak became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Noah claimed that there was a racist backlash in the U.K. against someone of Indian heritage taking that role. British Conservative politician Sajid Javid described Noah's remarks as \"A narrative c"
},
{
"title": "Trevor Noah",
"text": "atered to his audience, at a cost of being completely detached from reality.\" There were suggestions that Noah was projecting the U.S. political context onto the U.K.—English author Tom Holland stated: \"As ever, the inability of American liberals to understand the world beyond the US in anything but American terms is a thing of wonder.\" Sunak's spokesperson insisted, in response to Noah's claims, that the U.K. is not a racist country; Noah stated that he never made a statement about the country as a whole, only about \"some people\". On, Noah requested some extra minutes during that night's program and announced that he would be leaving \"The Daily Show\" at an undetermined future date after hosting the show for seven years. After revisiting stand-up comedy, he felt a longing to return to visiting countries for shows, learning new languages and \"being everywhere, doing everything\". It was confirmed the following month that Noah's last show would be on 8 December 2022.</s><s>Career.:Books. His memoir \"Born a Crime\" was published in November 2016 and was received favorably by major U.S. book reviewers. Other than the author, his mother has a central role in the book, while his European father is mentioned only occasionally"
},
{
"title": "Trevor Noah",
"text": ". It became a No. 1 \"New York Times\" Bestseller and was named one of the best books of the year by \"The New York Times\", \"Newsday\", \"Esquire\", NPR, and \"Booklist\". It was announced that a film adaptation based on the book would star Lupita Nyong'o as his mother. In July 2018, Noah and \"The Daily Show\" writing staff released \"The Donald J. Trump Presidential Twitter Library\", a book comprising hundreds of Trump tweets and featuring a foreword by Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Jon Meacham.</s><s>Career.:Other work. In 2017, he made an appearance on the TV series \"Nashville\". In 2018, he appeared in \"Black Panther\", \"Coming 2 America\", and \"American Vandal\". In addition to hosting \"The Daily Show\", Noah has hosted the Grammy Awards thrice in 2021, in 2022 as well as in 2023. He also served as host of the White House Correspondents' Dinner in 2022.</s><s>Influences. In 2013, Noah said of his comedic influences, He also cited Jon Stewart as an influence and a mentor, following his appointment to succeed Stewart as host of \"The Daily Show\". In an interview with \"The"
},
{
"title": "Trevor Noah",
"text": " New York Times\", Noah likened Stewart to \"a Jewish Yoda\" and recounted advice Stewart gave him, saying, Among comedians who say they were influenced by Noah are Michelle Wolf, Jordan Klepper, and Hasan Minhaj. Noah's mixed-race ancestry, his experiences growing up in Soweto, and his observations about race and ethnicity are leading themes in his comedy.</s><s>Personal life. Noah speaks English, Southern Sotho, Zulu, Xhosa, Tswana, Tsonga and very basic Afrikaans. Noah has ADHD. He resides in New York City. In 1992, Noah's mother, Patricia Nombuyiselo, married Ngisaveni Abel Shingange; they had two sons together. Shingange physically abused both Trevor and his mother, and the couple legally divorced in 1996. In 2009, after Patricia married Sfiso Khoza, Shingange shot her in the leg and through the back of her head; she survived as the bullet went through the base of her head, avoiding the spinal cord, brain, and all major nerves and blood vessels, then exiting with minor damage to her nostril. When Noah confronted him over the phone about the shooting, Shingange threatened his life, prompting"
},
{
"title": "Trevor Noah",
"text": " Noah to leave Johannesburg for Los Angeles. In 2011, Shingange was convicted of attempted murder and sentenced the following year to three years of correctional supervision. Noah stated that he hoped the attention surrounding the incident would raise awareness of the broader issue of domestic violence in South Africa: \"For years my mother reached out to police for help with domestic abuse, and nothing was ever done. This is the norm in South Africa. Dockets went missing and cases never went to court.\" Noah has described himself as being progressive and having a global perspective. However, he has clarified that he considers himself a \"progressive person\", but not a \"political progressive\" and prefers not to be categorized as being either right or left in the context of US partisanship. In April 2018, Noah launched The Trevor Noah Foundation, a youth development initiative that empowers youth with the foundation for a better life: access to high-quality education. Noah's vision is a world where an education enables youth to dream, see and build the impossible. Noah was selected as the Class Day speaker for Princeton University's Class of 2021. He gave his address virtually on 15 May 2021, and was inducted as an honorary member of the Class of 2021.</s><s>Bibliography. -</s><s>Bibliography.:"
},
{
"title": "Trevor Noah",
"text": "Audiobooks. - 2016: \"Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood\" (read by the author), Audible Studios on Brilliance Audio,</s><s>See also. - New Yorkers in journalism</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Trevor Noah",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000453
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Cris Cyborg.
|
[
{
"title": "Cris Cyborg",
"text": "<s>Cris Cyborg Cristiane Justino Venâncio (born July 9, 1985), known professionally by her ring name Cris Cyborg (and formerly by her married name Cristiane Santos), is a Brazilian-American mixed martial artist who as of January 2021 competes in Bellator MMA, where she is the current Bellator Women's Featherweight Champion, having held the title since January 2020. She is also a former UFC, Strikeforce and Invicta FC World Featherweight Champion. She is the only MMA fighter in history, male or female, to become a Grand Slam Champion, holding world championships across four major mixed martial arts promotions. Cyborg is widely regarded as one of the greatest female mixed martial artists of all time. Cyborg first rose to prominence when she won the Strikeforce title on August 15, 2009, by defeating Gina Carano via first-round technical knock-out (TKO). As of March 29, 2021, she is #1 in the Bellator Women's pound-for-pound Rankings.</s><s>Early life. Cyborg was born Cristiane Justino Venâncio on July 9, 1985 in Curitiba to Brazilian parents. A daughter of divorced parents and a father who had problems with alcoholism, Cristiane Justino started her sports career"
},
{
"title": "Cris Cyborg",
"text": " at the age of twelve, playing handball at a national level in Brazil. Due to her success in the sport, she won numerous athletic scholarships on private universities after her high school graduation, and eventually chose to pursue the path of physical education in the capital of Paraná, Curitiba. Later, she planned to move to the city of Cascavel to become a professional handball player and finish her college studies there, before being discovered by Rudimar Fedrigo, a Chute Boxe Academy trainer who was impressed by her physical size and advised her to enter the world of fighting.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Early career. Justino, without yet incorporating the nickname \"Cyborg\", made her professional debut in mixed martial arts at the age of 19 on May 17, 2005 at Showfight 2 against multiple time world BJJ champion Erica Paes. Paes, who was five years her senior, was the first woman to train at the legendary Brazilian Top Team academy, a rival gym of the Chute Boxe gym where Cyborg trained. Cyborg lost the fight via submission in the first round, which remained her only professional loss in MMA until 2018, when she lost for the second time in her career against Amanda"
},
{
"title": "Cris Cyborg",
"text": " Nunes. Although the method of win for Paes was officially recorded as a submission due to a kneebar, Cyborg's team claims that she tapped out due to an elbow injury sustained after a fall in the fight. After losing her MMA debut, Cyborg earned her first victory in the sport by defeating Vanessa Porto via unanimous decision. She subsequently won her next three fights in the Brazilian promotion Storm Samurai via first-round TKO finish, improving her record to 4-1. She made her anticipated United States MMA debut on July 26, 2008, against Shayna Baszler at \"\". She won the fight by TKO in the second round. She faced Yoko Takahashi on October 4, 2008, at, winning the fight by unanimous decision. She was scheduled to face Dutch submission specialist Marloes Coenen at XMMA 7 on February 27, 2009, but backed out of the fight after signing a new contract with Strikeforce. Cyborg earned a BJJ Purple Belt under her jiu-jitsu instructor Cristiano Marcello in 2009.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Strikeforce. She later signed to fight for Strikeforce, which greatly increased the chance that a fight with Gina Carano would take place. In her Strikeforce debut"
},
{
"title": "Cris Cyborg",
"text": ", she faced Hitomi Akano on April 11, 2009, at. Cyborg came in six pounds overweight for the fight. Akano originally rejected the fight due to Cyborg failing to make weight but later accepted the fight. She defeated Akano by TKO in the third round. Before the fight with Carano, Cyborg was interviewed by mmaworldwide.com's reporter Aaron Tru. When asked how long it would take to submit Carano with a choke hold, she choked him. She fought Gina Carano on August 15, 2009, at for the Women's Featherweight Championship. Cyborg won via TKO at 4:59 of the 5:00 first round. The card was the first time that a major promotion had featured a main event between women. After the match, she hugged Carano, and stated in her interview that she had the utmost respect for Carano, and that it was an honor to fight her. She next defended her title against Dutch standout Marloes Coenen at a Strikeforce event on January 30, 2010. She won the fight via TKO at 3:40 of round 3. Strikeforce CEO Scott Coker stated that the next challenger for Cyborg would most likely be Erin Toughill. However, Toughill later announced her intentions"
},
{
"title": "Cris Cyborg",
"text": " to leave Strikeforce and plans for the fight were cancelled. On April 7, 2010, Coker stated that Cyborg would fight again in June. She faced Jan Finney at and won the fight via KO in the second round. Her contract with Strikeforce expired on June 26, 2011. She renewed her Strikeforce contract on August 25, 2011.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Strikeforce.:Doping violations and suspension. On September 23, 2011, Cyborg announced that she would return to the promotion to face Hiroko Yamanaka. The fight took place at Strikeforce: Melendez vs. Masvidal on December 17, 2011. She won via TKO just sixteen seconds into the first round; however, on January 6, 2012, it was announced that Cyborg had tested positive for stanozolol, an anabolic steroid. As a result of the banned substance, the fight's result was changed to a no contest. Cyborg had her license suspended for one year and was fined $2,500.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Invicta Fighting Championships. On February 15, 2013, a month after Strikeforce folded, Cyborg signed a multi-fight deal with Invicta Fighting Championships. She was scheduled to make her debut"
},
{
"title": "Cris Cyborg",
"text": " on April 5 at Invicta FC 5: Penne vs. Waterson against Ediane Gomes to determine who would move on to face Marloes Coenen. However, Gomes suffered an injury and Cyborg instead faced Fiona Muxlow. Cyborg was successful in her return, winning the bout via TKO in the first round. Cyborg faced Marloes Coenen in a rematch for the inaugural Invicta FC Featherweight Championship at on July 13, 2013. She defeated Coenen by TKO in the fourth round to become the first Invicta FC featherweight champion. She returned to Muay Thai to face Jennifer Colomb at \"Lion Fight 11\" in Las Vegas on September 20, 2013, defeating the previously undefeated Frenchwoman by TKO in round three. She had initially been set to fight Martina Jindrova but Jindrova withdrew with injury. She lost a five-round unanimous decision against Jorina Baars in a fight for the inaugural Lion Fight Women's Welterweight Championship in the co-main event of \"Lion Fight 14\" in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States on March 28, 2014. Baars officially knocked down Cyborg in the first round with a head kick and in the fifth"
},
{
"title": "Cris Cyborg",
"text": " round with a spinning heel kick, although referee Tony Weeks missed at least two other occasions throughout the fight where a knockdown could have been issued. Cyborg hit the canvas from a front kick in one occasion and from a knee on another, both times they were ruled slips by the referee. In February 2015, Cyborg returned to MMA to defend her Invicta Featherweight title against Charmaine Tweet in the main event at Invicta FC 11. She successfully defended her title, winning the fight via TKO in just under a minute in the first round. Cyborg faced Faith Van Duin on July 9, 2015, at. She won the fight by TKO in the first round due to a knee to the body and punches.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship. In March 2015, it was announced that Cyborg had signed with the UFC. Cyborg made her promotional debut at UFC 198 against Leslie Smith at a catchweight of 140 pounds. She won the fight by TKO in the first round. Cyborg faced promotional newcomer Lina Länsberg in a catchweight (140 lb) bout on September 24, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 95. The referee stopped the fight midway through the second round after Länsberg could not effectively defend herself"
},
{
"title": "Cris Cyborg",
"text": ". In December 2016 UFC was notified of a potential USADA doping violation by Cyborg. Cyborg's team immediately responded that it was in regards to a substance that helped her recover from her weight cut. On February 17, 2017, Cyborg was granted a retroactive therapeutic use exemption (TUE). Therefore, her suspension was lifted, and she was immediately eligible to compete. In March 2017 Cyborg vacated her Invicta featherweight title and called out Germaine de Randamie for the belt targeting UFC 214 in Anaheim, California. The match fell apart since Germaine de Randamie refused to fight, stating that Cyborg was a proven drug cheater and she was willing to get stripped of the belt for not fighting Cyborg. De Randamie was stripped of her belt on June 19, 2017, by UFC and Cyborg was expected to face Megan Anderson to fight for the vacated UFC Women's Featherweight Championship at UFC 214 on July 29 in Anaheim, California. On June 27, Anderson pulled out of the fight due to personal reasons and was replaced by current Invicta FC Bantamweight Champion Tonya Evinger. Cyborg won by TKO in the third round to claim her first UFC championship. In the first defense of her title and the first fight of her new four-"
},
{
"title": "Cris Cyborg",
"text": "fight contract, Cyborg faced Holly Holm on December 30, 2017, in the main event at UFC 219. She won the fight via unanimous decision. This win also earned her her first Fight of the Night bonus. Cyborg faced former Invicta bantamweight champion, Yana Kunitskaya, on March 3, 2018, at UFC 222 for her second featherweight title defense. Cyborg won the fight by TKO in the first round. After the win, she gave out 222 burgers to Los Angeles' homeless, as her way of celebration. Cyborg faced the reigning UFC Women's bantamweight champion, Amanda Nunes, for the UFC Women's Featherweight Championship on December 29, 2018, at UFC 232. Nunes defeated Cyborg by knockout early in the first round, handing her the first knockout loss in her MMA career. Cyborg faced Felicia Spencer on July 27, 2019 at UFC 240 in the co-main event. She won the fight via unanimous decision. Following the fight against Spencer, which was the last fight on her contract, UFC president Dana White announced that the UFC would not negotiate a new contract with Cyborg, and they would waive her three-month exclusive negotiating period. This allowed her to immediately begin negotiations with other organizations.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:"
},
{
"title": "Cris Cyborg",
"text": "Bellator MMA. On September 3, 2019, it was announced Cyborg had signed a multi-fight deal with Bellator MMA. Cyborg faced Julia Budd for the Bellator Women's Featherweight Championship on Saturday, January 25, 2020 in Inglewood, California Bellator 238. She won the fight via technical knockout in round four. For the fight with Budd, Cyborg trained in South Africa with trainers Richie Quan, Boyd Allen, and Martin Van Staden. Her and her team's goal for the camp was to train for well-roundedness and to be ready for anything. After winning her fourth World Championship, Cyborg has stated she would like to make an attempt at a belt in boxing. In the first defense of her title, Cyborg faced Arlene Blencowe at Bellator 249 on October 15, 2020. She won the bout via second round submission, earning the first submission of her MMA career. Cyborg made her second defense of the title against Leslie Smith on May 21, 2021 in the main event at Bellator 259. They previously met at UFC 198, which was Cyborg's UFC debut, where she won by TKO in the first round. She won the bout via TKO after knocking Smith down and finished her with punches late in the last round. Cyborg"
},
{
"title": "Cris Cyborg",
"text": " defended her title against Sinead Kavanagh on November 12, 2021 at Bellator 271. After exchanging on the feet, Cyborg knocked Kavanagh out early in the first round. Cyborg defended her title in a rematch against Arlene Blencowe on April 23, 2022 at Bellator 279. She retained the title and won the bout via unanimous decision. The following summer Cyborg became a free agent.</s><s>Boxing career. Cyborg made her professional boxing debut on September 25, 2022, facing Simone Silva, a former Brazilian National Boxing Champion, at Fight Music Show 2. Silva had suffered a knockout loss due to a body punch a month prior to the fight and was suspended by the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation, however Simone Silva was required to complete additional medicals that allowed the Associaçáo Paranaense De Lutas Commission to sanction the bout as a professional fight. Cyborg won the bout via unanimous decision. In her sophomore performance on December 11, 2022 against Gabrielle Holloway as the co-main event under Terence Crawford vs. David Avanesyan at CHI Health Center in Omaha, she dropped Holloway and outpointed her on to a unanimous decision victory. The Event drew a paid attendance of 14,630"
},
{
"title": "Cris Cyborg",
"text": " paid to set a state of Nebraska record for largest boxing gate.</s><s>Personal life. Cyborg was married to fellow mixed martial artist Evangelista \"Cyborg\" Santos, and \"adopted\" his nickname. The couple split in December 2011. She has been a naturalized U.S. citizen since 2016. Cyborg announced her engagement to longtime boyfriend, trainer, and former MMA athlete Ray Elbe in 2017. In 2018, Cyborg legally adopted her teenage niece, making her historically the first mother to hold a UFC championship belt. Cyborg works with Fight For The Forgotten, a non-profit organization organized by Justin Wren that digs wells to provide drinking water for Ugandan Pygmys. After earning her first submission victory in a 26-fight MMA career, she was awarded her BJJ Black Belt by Rubens 'Cobrinha' Charles.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:Mixed martial arts. - Bellator MMA - Bellator MMA Women's Featherweight Championship (One time, current) - Four successful title defenses - Tied (with Arlene Blencowe) for the most stoppage wins in Bellator Women's Featherweight division history (four) - Ultimate Fighting Championship - UFC Women's Featherweight"
},
{
"title": "Cris Cyborg",
"text": " Championship (One time) - Two successful title defenses - Fight of the Night (One time) - Most wins in UFC women's featherweight division (4) - Tied (with Megan Anderson and Felicia Spencer) for most knockouts in UFC Women's Featherweight division (two) - Strikeforce - Strikeforce Women's Featherweight World Championship (One time; First; Last; Only) - Two successful title defenses - 2010 Female Fighter of the Year - Invicta Fighting Championships - Invicta FC Featherweight World Championship (One time; First) - Three successful title defenses - Performance of the Night (two times) - World MMA Awards - 2009 Female Fighter of the Year - 2010 Female Fighter of the Year - Women's MMA Awards - 2013 Featherweight of the Year - 2011 Female Fan Favorite of the Year - 2010 Female Featherweight of the Year - 2009 Female Featherweight of the Year - 2009 Headline of the Year - AwakeningFighters.com WMMA Awards - 2013 Featherweight of the Year - Sherdog - 2010 Beatdown of the Year - 2010 All-Violence Third Team - Sports Illustrated - 2009 Female Fighter of the Year - Fight Matrix - 2010 Female Fighter of the Year - MixedMartialArts.com - 2009 Female Fighter of the"
},
{
"title": "Cris Cyborg",
"text": " Year - Examiner.com - 2009 Female Fighter of the Year - MMADNA.nl - 2016 Debut of the Year.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:Submission grappling. - International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation - 2012 IBJJF World Jiu-Jitsu Championship Female Purple Belt Gold Medalist - 2011 IBJJF World Jiu-Jitsu Championship Female Purple Belt Gold Medalist - Abu Dhabi Combat Club - 2009 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship Bronze Medalist</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:Kickboxing. - AwakeningFighters.com Muay Thai Awards - 2014 Fight of the Year</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:Amateur wrestling. - Federação Paulista de Luta Olímpica - 2007 Brazil Cup International Senior Women's Freestyle Gold Medalist - Federação Paranaense de Lutas Associadas - Paraná Senior Women's Freestyle State Championship (2007)</s><s>Mixed martial arts record.</s><s>See also. - List of current Bellator fighters - List of current mixed martial arts champions - List of female mixed martial artists</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Cris Cyborg",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000454
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Lionel Messi.
|
[
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": "<s>Lionel Messi Lionel Andrés Messi (; born 24 June 1987), also known as Leo Messi, is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Paris Saint-Germain and captains the Argentina national team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Messi has won a record seven Ballon d'Or awards and a record six European Golden Shoes, and in 2020 he was named to the Ballon d'Or Dream Team. Until leaving the club in 2021, he had spent his entire professional career with Barcelona, where he won a club-record 34 trophies, including 10 La Liga titles, seven Copa del Rey titles and four UEFA Champions Leagues. With his country, he won the 2021 Copa América and the 2022 FIFA World Cup. A prolific goalscorer and creative playmaker, Messi holds the records for most goals in La Liga (474), most hat-tricks in La Liga (36) and the UEFA Champions League (eight), and most assists in La Liga (192) and the Copa América (17). He also has the most international goals by a South American male (102). Messi has scored over 800 senior career goals for club and country, and has the most"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " goals by a player for a single club (672). Messi relocated to Spain from Argentina aged 13 to join Barcelona, for whom he made his competitive debut aged 17 in October 2004. He established himself as an integral player for the club within the next three years, and in his first uninterrupted season in 2008–09 he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football; that year, aged 22, Messi won his first Ballon d'Or. Three successful seasons followed, with Messi winning four consecutive Ballons d'Or, making him the first player to win the award four times. During the 2011–12 season, he set the La Liga and European records for most goals scored in a single season, while establishing himself as Barcelona's all-time top scorer. The following two seasons, Messi finished second for the Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo (his perceived career rival), before regaining his best form during the 2014–15 campaign, becoming the all-time top scorer in La Liga and leading Barcelona to a historic second treble, after which he was awarded a fifth Ballon d'Or in 2015. Messi assumed captaincy of Barcelona in 2018, and won a record sixth Ballon d'Or in 2019. Out of contract, he signed for"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " Paris Saint-Germain in August 2021. An Argentine international, Messi is the country's all-time leading goalscorer and also holds the national record for appearances. At youth level, he won the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship, finishing the tournament with both the Golden Ball and Golden Shoe, and an Olympic gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics. His style of play as a diminutive, left-footed dribbler drew comparisons with his compatriot Diego Maradona, who described Messi as his successor. After his senior debut in August 2005, Messi became the youngest Argentine to play and score in a FIFA World Cup (2006), and reached the final of the 2007 Copa América, where he was named young player of the tournament. As the squad's captain from August 2011, he led Argentina to three consecutive finals: the 2014 FIFA World Cup, for which he won the Golden Ball, the 2015 Copa América, winning the Golden Ball, and the 2016 Copa América. After announcing his international retirement in 2016, he reversed his decision and led his country to qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, a third-place finish at the 2019 Copa América, and victory in the 2021 Copa América, while"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " winning the Golden Ball and Golden Boot for the latter. For this achievement, Messi received a record seventh Ballon d'Or in 2021. In 2022, he led Argentina to win the 2022 FIFA World Cup, where he won a record second Golden Ball, became the first player to score in every stage of a World Cup (including two in the final), and broke the record for most appearances in World Cup tournaments with 26 matches played. Messi has endorsed sportswear company Adidas since 2006. According to \"France Football\", he was the world's highest-paid footballer for five years out of six between 2009 and 2014, and was ranked the world's highest-paid athlete by \"Forbes\" in 2019 and 2022. Messi was among \"Time\"s 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 and 2012. In February 2020, he was awarded the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year, thus becoming the first footballer and the first team-sport athlete to win the award. Later that year, Messi became the second footballer and second team-sport athlete to surpass $1 billion in career earnings.</s><s>Early life. Messi was born on 24 June 1987 in Rosario, Santa Fe, the third of four children of Jorge Messi, a steel factory manager"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": ", and his wife Celia Cuccittini, who worked in a magnet manufacturing workshop. On his father's side, he is of Italian and Spanish descent, the great-grandson of immigrants from the north-central Adriatic Marche region of Italy, and on his mother's side, he has primarily Italian ancestry. Growing up in a tight-knit, football-loving family, \"Leo\" developed a passion for the sport from an early age, playing constantly with his older brothers, Rodrigo and Matías, and his cousins, Maximiliano and Emanuel Biancucchi, both of whom became professional footballers. At the age of four he joined local club Grandoli, where he was coached by his father, though his earliest influence as a player came from his maternal grandmother, Celia, who accompanied him to training and matches. He was greatly affected by her death, shortly before his eleventh birthday; since then, as a devout Roman Catholic, he has celebrated his goals by looking up and pointing to the sky in tribute to his grandmother. A lifelong supporter of Newell's Old Boys, Messi joined the Rosario club when he was six years old. During the six years he played for Newell's, he scored almost 500 goals"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " as a member of \"The Machine of '87\", the near-unbeatable youth side named for the year of their birth, and regularly entertained crowds by performing ball tricks during half-time of the first team's home games. However, his future as a professional player was threatened when, aged 10, he was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency. As his father's health insurance covered only two years of growth hormone treatment, which cost at least $1,000 per month, Newell's agreed to contribute, but later reneged on their promise. He was scouted by Buenos Aires club River Plate, whose playmaker, Pablo Aimar, he idolised, but they declined to pay for his treatment. His goalscoring idol growing up was Ronaldo, with Messi calling him \"the best forward I've ever seen\". As the Messi family had relatives in Catalonia, they sought to arrange a trial with Barcelona in September 2000. First team director Charly Rexach immediately wanted to sign him, but the board of directors hesitated; at the time it was highly unusual for European clubs to sign foreign players of such a young age. On 14 December, an ultimatum was issued for Barcelona to prove their commitment, and Rexach, with no other paper at hand"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": ", offered a contract on a paper napkin. In February 2001, the family relocated to Barcelona, where they moved into an apartment near the club's stadium, Camp Nou. During his first year in Spain, Messi rarely played with the \"Infantiles\" due to a transfer conflict with Newell's; as a foreigner, he could only be fielded in friendlies and the Catalan league. Without football, he struggled to integrate into the team; already reserved by nature, he was so quiet that his teammates initially believed he was mute. At home, he suffered from homesickness after his mother moved back to Rosario with his brothers and little sister, María Sol, while he stayed in Barcelona with his father. After a year at Barcelona's youth academy, La Masia, Messi was finally enrolled in the Royal Spanish Football Federation (RFEF) in February 2002. Now playing in all competitions, he befriended his teammates, among whom were Cesc Fàbregas and Gerard Piqué. After completing his growth hormone treatment aged 14, Messi became an integral part of the \"Baby Dream Team\", Barcelona's greatest-ever youth side. During his first full season (2002–03), he was top scorer with 36 goals in 30 games for the"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " \"Cadetes\" A, who won an unprecedented treble of the league and both the Spanish and Catalan cups. The Copa Catalunya final, a 4–1 victory over Espanyol, became known in club lore as the \"partido de la máscara\", the final of the mask. A week after suffering a broken cheekbone during a league match, Messi was allowed to start the game on the condition that he wear a plastic protector; soon hindered by the mask, he took it off and scored two goals in 10 minutes before his substitution. At the close of the season, he received an offer to join Arsenal, his first from a foreign club, but while Fàbregas and Piqué soon left for England, he chose to remain in Barcelona.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2003–2005: Rise to the first team. During the 2003–04 season, his fourth with Barcelona, Messi rapidly progressed through the club's ranks, debuting for a record five youth teams in a single campaign. After being named player of the tournament in four international pre-season competitions with the \"Juveniles\" B, he played only one official match"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " with the team before being promoted to the \"Juveniles A\", where he scored 18 goals in 11 league games. Messi was then one of several youth players called up to strengthen a depleted first team during the international break. French winger Ludovic Giuly explained how Messi caught the eye in a training session with Frank Rijkaard's first team: \"He destroyed us all... They were kicking him all over the place to avoid being ridiculed by this kid, he just got up and kept on playing. He would dribble past four players and score a goal. Even the team's starting centre-backs were nervous. He was an alien.\" At 16 years, four months, and 23 days old, Messi made his first team debut when he came on in the 75th minute during a friendly against José Mourinho's Porto on 16 November 2003. His performance, creating two chances and a shot on goal, impressed the technical staff, and he subsequently began training daily with the club's reserve side, Barcelona B, as well as weekly with the first team. After his first training session with the senior squad, Barça's new star player, Ronaldinho, told his teammates that he believed the 16-year-old would become an even better player than himself. Ronaldinho"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " soon befriended Messi, whom he called \"little brother\", which greatly eased his transition into the first team. To gain further match experience, Messi joined Barcelona C in addition to the \"Juveniles\" A, playing his first game for the third team on 29 November. He helped save them from the relegation zone of the Tercera División, scoring five goals in ten games, including a hat-trick in eight minutes during a Copa del Rey match while man-marked by Sevilla's Sergio Ramos. His progress was reflected in his first professional contract, signed on 4 February 2004, which lasted until 2012 and contained an initial buyout clause of €30 million. A month later, on 6 March, he made his debut for Barcelona B in the Segunda División B, and his buyout clause automatically increased to €80 million. He played five games with the B team that season but did not score. Physically he was weaker than his opponents, who were often much older and taller, and in training he worked on increasing his muscle mass and overall strength in order to be able to shake off defenders. Towards the end of the season, he returned to both youth teams, helping the \"Juveniles\" B win the league"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": ". He finished the campaign having scored for four of his five teams with a total of 36 goals in all official competitions. During the 2004–05 season, Messi was a guaranteed starter for the B team, playing 17 games throughout the campaign and scoring on six occasions. Since his debut the previous November, he had not been called up to the first team again, but in October 2004, the senior players asked manager Frank Rijkaard to promote him. Since Ronaldinho already played on the left wing, Rijkaard moved Messi from his usual position onto the right flank (though initially against the player's wishes), allowing him to cut into the centre of the pitch and shoot with his dominant left foot. Messi made his league debut during the next match on 16 October, against Espanyol, coming on in the 82nd minute. At 17 years, three months, and 22 days old, he was at the time the youngest player to represent Barcelona in an official competition. As a substitute player, he played 244 minutes in nine matches for the first team that season, including his debut in the UEFA Champions League against Shakhtar Donetsk. He scored his first senior goal on 1 May 2005, against Albacete, from an assist by Ronaldinho, becoming – at that time"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " – the youngest-ever scorer for the club. Barcelona, in their second season under Rijkaard, won the league for the first time in six years.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2005–2008: Becoming a starting eleven player. On 24 June, his 18th birthday, Messi signed his first contract as a senior team player. It made him a Barcelona player until 2010, two years less than his previous contract, but his buyout clause increased to €150 million. His breakthrough came two months later, on 24 August, during the Joan Gamper Trophy, Barcelona's pre-season competition. A starter for the first time, he gave a well-received performance against Fabio Capello's Juventus, receiving an ovation from the Camp Nou. Capello sought to take Messi to Juventus on loan, but Inter Milan offered to pay his €150 million buyout clause and triple his wages. According to then-president Joan Laporta, it was the only time the club faced a real risk of losing Messi, but he ultimately decided to stay. On 16 September, his contract was updated for the second time in three months and extended to 2014. Due to issues regarding his legal status in the Royal Spanish Football Federation, Messi missed the"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " start of La Liga, but on 26 September, he acquired Spanish citizenship and became eligible to play. Wearing the number 19 shirt, he gradually established himself as the first-choice right winger, forming an attacking trio with Ronaldinho and striker Samuel Eto'o. He was in the starting line-up in major matches like his first \"Clásico\" against rivals Real Madrid on 19 November, as well as Barcelona's away victory over Chelsea in the last 16 round of the Champions League, which came on back of an intense period of rivalry between the clubs leading a resentful Messi to state, \"We would rather play Arsenal, Manchester United or anyone else than be on the pitch with Chelsea.\" After he had scored 8 goals in 25 games, including his first in the Champions League, in a 5–0 win over Panathinaikos on 2 November 2005, his season ended prematurely during the return leg against Chelsea on 7 March 2006, when he suffered a torn hamstring. Messi worked to regain fitness in time for the Champions League final, but on 17 May, the day of the final, he was eventually ruled out. He was so disappointed that he did not celebrate his team's victory over Arsenal in Paris, something he later came to regret. While Barcelona began"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " a gradual decline, the 19-year-old Messi established himself as one of the best players in the world during the 2006–07 campaign. Already an idol to the \"culés\", the club's supporters, he scored 17 goals in 36 games across all competitions. However, he continued to be plagued by major injuries; a metatarsal fracture sustained on 12 November 2006 kept him out of action for three months. He recovered in time for the last 16 round of the Champions League against Liverpool, but was effectively marked out of the game; Barcelona, the reigning champions, were out of the competition. In the league, his goal contribution increased towards the end of the season; 11 of his 14 goals came from the last 13 games. On 10 March 2007, he scored his first hat-trick in a \"Clásico\", the first player to do so in 12 years, equalising after each goal by Real Madrid to end the match in a 3–3 draw in injury time. His growing importance to the club was reflected in a new contract, signed that month, which greatly increased his wages. Already frequently compared to compatriot Diego Maradona, Messi proved their similarity when he nearly replicated Maradona's two most famous goals in the span of seven weeks"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": ". During a Copa del Rey semi-final against Getafe on 18 April, he scored a goal remarkably similar to Maradona's second goal in the quarter-finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup, known as the Goal of the Century. Messi collected the ball on the right side near the halfway line, ran, and beat five defenders before scoring with an angled finish, just as Maradona had done. A league match against Espanyol on 9 June saw him score by launching himself at the ball and guiding it past the goalkeeper with his hand in similar fashion to Maradona's Hand of God goal in the same World Cup match. As Messi continued his individual rise, Barcelona faltered; the team failed to reach the Copa del Rey final after Messi was rested during the second leg against Getafe and lost the league to Real Madrid on head-to-head results. After Ronaldinho lost form, Messi became Barça's new star player at only 20 years old, receiving the nickname \"Messiah\" from the Spanish media. His efforts in 2007 also earned him award recognition; journalists voted him the third-best player of the year for the 2007 Ballon d'Or, behind Kaká and runner-up Cristiano Ronaldo, while international managers and"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " national team captains voted him second for the FIFA World Player of the Year award, again behind Kaká. Although he managed to score 16 goals during the 2007–08 campaign, the second half of his season was again marred by injuries after he suffered a torn hamstring on 15 December. He returned to score twice in their away victory against Celtic in the last 16 round of the Champions League, becoming the competition's top scorer at that point with six goals, but reinjured himself during the return leg on 4 March 2008. Rijkaard had fielded him despite warning from the medical staff, leading captain Carles Puyol to criticise the Spanish media for pressuring Messi to play every match. Barcelona finished the season without trophies, eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions, Manchester United, and placed third in the league.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2008–09: First treble. After two unsuccessful seasons, Barcelona were in need of an overhaul, leading to the departure of Rijkaard and Ronaldinho. Upon the latter's departure, Messi was given the number 10 shirt. He signed a new contract in July with an annual salary of €7.8 million, becoming the club's highest-paid player. Ahead of the"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " new season, a major concern remained his frequent muscular injuries, which had left him side-lined for a total of eight months between 2006 and 2008. To combat the problem, the club implemented new training, nutrition, and lifestyle regimens, and assigned him a personal physiotherapist, who would travel with him during call-ups for the Argentina national team. As a result, Messi remained virtually injury-free during the next four years, allowing him to reach his full potential. Despite his injuries early in the year, his performances in 2008 saw him again voted runner-up for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award, both times behind Cristiano Ronaldo. In his first uninterrupted campaign, the 2008–09 season, he scored 38 goals in 51 games, contributing alongside Eto'o and winger Thierry Henry to a total of 100 goals in all competitions, a record at the time for the club. During his first season under Barcelona's new manager, former captain Pep Guardiola, Messi played mainly on the right wing, like he had under Rijkaard, though this time as a false winger with the freedom to cut inside and roam the centre. During the \"Clásico\" on 2 May 2009, however, he played"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " for the first time as a false nine, positioned as a centre-forward but dropping deep into midfield to link up with Xavi and Andrés Iniesta. He set up his side's first goal and scored twice to end the match in an emphatic 6–2 victory, the team's greatest-ever score at Real Madrid's Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. Returning to the wing, he played his first final since breaking into the first team on 13 May, scoring once and assisting a second goal as Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 4–1 to win the Copa del Rey. With 23 league goals from Messi that season, Barcelona became La Liga champions three days later and achieved its fifth double. As the season's Champions League top scorer with nine goals, the youngest in the tournament's history, Messi scored two goals and assisted two more to ensure a 4–0 quarter-final victory over Bayern Munich. He returned as a false nine during the final on 27 May in Rome against Manchester United. Barcelona were crowned champions of Europe by winning the match 2–0, the second goal coming from a Messi header over goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar. Barcelona thus achieved the first treble in the history of Spanish football. This success was reflected in a new contract, signed"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " on 18 September, which committed Messi to the club through 2016 with a new buyout clause of €250 million, while his salary increased to €12 million.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2009–10: First Ballon d'Or. His team's prosperity continued into the second half of 2009, as Barcelona became the first club to achieve the sextuple, winning six top-tier trophies in a single year. After victories in the Supercopa de España and UEFA Super Cup in August, Barcelona won the FIFA Club World Cup against Estudiantes de La Plata on 19 December, with Messi scoring the winning 2–1 goal with his chest. At 22 years old, Messi won the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award, both times by the biggest voting margin in each trophy's history. The new year, however, started on a less positive note for Barcelona, as they were knocked out of the Copa del Rey by Sevilla in the Round of 16. Unsatisfied with his position on the right wing – with the club's summer acquisition Zlatan Ibrahimović occupying the central forward role – Messi resumed playing as a false nine in early 2010, beginning with a Champions"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " League last 16-round match against VfB Stuttgart. After a first-leg draw, Barcelona won the second leg 4–0 with two goals and an assist from Messi. At that point, he effectively became the tactical focal point of Guardiola's team, and his goalscoring rate increased. Messi scored a total of 47 goals in all competitions that season, equaling Ronaldo's club record from the 1996–97 campaign. He scored all of his side's four goals in the Champions League quarter-final against Arsenal on 6 April while becoming Barcelona's all-time top scorer in the competition. Although Barcelona were eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions, Inter Milan, Messi finished the season as top scorer (with 8 goals) for the second consecutive year. As the league's top scorer with 34 goals (again tying Ronaldo's record), he helped Barcelona win a second consecutive La Liga trophy with only a single defeat and earned his first European Golden Shoe.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2010–2011: Fifth La Liga title and third Champions League. Messi secured Barcelona's first trophy of the 2010–11 campaign, the Supercopa de España, by scoring a hat-trick in his side's second-leg"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " 4–0 victory over Sevilla, after a first-leg defeat. Assuming a playmaking role, he was again instrumental in a \"Clásico\" on 29 November 2010, the first with José Mourinho in charge of Real Madrid, as Barcelona defeated their rivals 5–0. Messi helped the team achieve 16 consecutive league victories, a record in Spanish football, concluding with another hat-trick against Atlético Madrid on 5 February 2011. His club performances in 2010 earned him the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or, an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award, though his win was met with some criticism due to his lack of success with Argentina at the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Under the award's old format, he would have placed just outside the top three, owing his win to the votes from the international coaches and captains. Towards the end of the season, Barcelona played four \"Clásicos\" in the span of 18 days. A league match on 16 April ended in a draw after a penalty from Messi. After Barcelona lost the Copa del Rey final four days later, Messi scored both goals in his side's 2–0 win in the first leg of the Champions League semi-finals in Madrid"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": ", the second of which – a slaloming dribble past three Real players – was acclaimed as one of the best ever in the competition. Although he did not score, he was again important in the second-leg draw that sent Barcelona through to the Champions League final, where they faced Manchester United in a repeat of the final two years earlier. As the competition's top scorer for the third consecutive year, with 12 goals, Messi gave a man-of-the-match performance at Wembley on 28 May, scoring the match-winning goal of Barça's 3–1 victory. Barcelona won a third consecutive La Liga title. In addition to his 31 goals, Messi was also the league's top assist provider with 18. He finished the season with 53 goals in all competitions, becoming Barcelona's all-time single-season top scorer and the first player in Spanish football to reach the 50-goal benchmark. As Messi developed into a combination of a number 8 (a creator), a 9 (scorer), and a 10 (assistant), he scored an unprecedented 73 goals and provided 29 assists in all club competitions during the 2011–12 season, producing a hat-trick or more on 10 occasions. He began the campaign by helping Barcelona win both the Spanish and European"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " Super Cups; in the Supercopa de España, he scored three times to achieve a 5–4 aggregate victory over Real Madrid, overtaking Raúl as the competition's all-time top scorer with eight goals. At the close of the year, on 18 December, he scored twice in the FIFA Club World Cup final, a 4–0 victory over Santos, earning the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament, as he had done two years previously. For his efforts in 2011, he again received the FIFA Ballon d'Or, becoming only the fourth player in history to win the Ballon d'Or three times, after Johan Cruyff, Michel Platini, and Marco van Basten. Additionally, he won the inaugural UEFA Best Player in Europe Award, a revival of the old-style Ballon d'Or. By then, Messi was already widely considered one of the best footballers in history, alongside players like Diego Maradona and Pelé.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2012: A record-breaking year. As Messi maintained his goalscoring form into the second half of the season, the year 2012 saw him break several longstanding records. On 7 March, two weeks after scoring four goals in"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " a league fixture against Valencia, he scored five times in a Champions League last 16-round match against Bayer Leverkusen, an unprecedented achievement in the history of the competition. In addition to being the joint top assist provider with five assists, this feat made him top scorer with 14 goals, tying José Altafini's record from the 1962–63 season, as well as becoming only the second player after Gerd Müller to be top scorer in four campaigns. Two weeks later, on 20 March, Messi became the top goalscorer in Barcelona's history at 24 years old, overtaking the 57-year record of César Rodríguez's 232 goals with a hat-trick against Granada. Despite Messi's individual form, Barcelona's four-year cycle of success under Guardiola – one of the greatest eras in the club's history – drew to an end. Although Barcelona won the Copa del Rey against Athletic Bilbao on 25 May, its 14th title of that period, the team lost the league to Real Madrid and was eliminated in the Champions League semi-finals by the eventual champions, Chelsea, with Messi sending a crucial second-leg penalty kick against the crossbar. In Barça's last home league match on 5 May,"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " against Espanyol, Messi scored all four goals before approaching the bench to embrace Guardiola, who had announced his resignation as manager. He finished the season as league top scorer in Spain and Europe for a second time, with 50 goals, a La Liga record, while his 73 goals in all competitions surpassed Gerd Müller's 67 goals in the 1972–73 Bundesliga season, making him the single-season top scorer in the history of European club football. Under manager Tito Vilanova, who had first coached him aged 14 at \"La Masia\", Messi helped the club achieve its best-ever start to a La Liga season during the second half of 2012, amassing 55 points by the competition's midway point, a record in Spanish football. A double scored on 9 December against Real Betis saw Messi break two longstanding records: he surpassed César Rodríguez's record of 190 league goals, becoming Barcelona's all-time top scorer in La Liga, and Gerd Müller's record of most goals scored in a calendar year, overtaking his 85 goals scored in 1972 for Bayern Munich and West Germany. Messi sent Müller a number 10 Barcelona shirt, signed \"with respect and admiration\", after breaking his 40-year record. At the close of"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " the year, Messi had scored a record 91 goals in all competitions for Barcelona and Argentina. Although FIFA did not acknowledge the achievement, citing verifiability issues, he received the \"Guinness World Records\" title for most goals scored in a calendar year. As the odds-on favourite, Messi again won the FIFA Ballon d'Or, becoming the only player in history to win the Ballon d'Or four times.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2013–2014: \"Messidependencia\". Barcelona had virtually secured their La Liga title by the start of 2013, eventually equalling Real Madrid's 100-point record of the previous season. However, their performances deteriorated in the second half of the 2012–13 campaign, concurrently with Vilanova's absence due to ill health. After losing successive \"Clásicos\", including the Copa del Rey semi-finals, they were nearly eliminated in the first knockout round of the Champions League by AC Milan, but a revival of form in the second leg led to a 4–0 comeback, with two goals and an assist from Messi. Now in his ninth senior season with Barcelona, Messi signed a new contract on 7 February, committing himself to the club through 2018, while his fixed wage rose to €13"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " million. He wore the captain's armband for the first time a month later, on 17 March, in a league match against Rayo Vallecano; by then, he had become the team's tactical focal point to a degree that was arguably rivalled only by former Barcelona players Josep Samitier, László Kubala and Johan Cruyff. Since his evolution into a false nine three years earlier, his input into the team's attack had increased; from 24% in their treble-winning campaign, his goal contribution rose to more than 40% that season. After four largely injury-free seasons, the muscular injuries that had previously plagued Messi reoccurred. After he suffered a hamstring strain on 2 April, during the first quarter-final against Paris Saint-Germain (PSG), his appearances became sporadic. In the second leg against PSG, with an underperforming Barcelona down a goal, Messi came off the bench in the second half and within nine minutes helped create their game-tying goal, which allowed them to progress to the semi-finals. Still unfit, he proved ineffective during the first leg against Bayern Munich and was unable to play at all during the second, as Barcelona were defeated 7–0"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " on aggregate by the eventual champions. These matches gave credence to the notion of \"Messidependencia\", Barcelona's perceived tactical and psychological dependence on their star player. Messi continued to struggle with injury throughout 2013, eventually parting ways with his long-time personal physiotherapist. Further damage to his hamstring sustained on 12 May ended his goalscoring streak of 21 consecutive league games, a worldwide record; he had netted 33 goals during his run, including a four-goal display against Osasuna, while becoming the first player to score consecutively against all 19 opposition teams in La Liga. With 60 goals in all competitions, including 46 goals in La Liga, he finished the campaign as league top scorer in Spain and Europe for the second consecutive year, becoming the first player in history to win the European Golden Shoe three times. Following an irregular start to the new season under manager Gerardo Martino, formerly of his boyhood club Newell's Old Boys, Messi suffered his fifth injury of 2013 when he tore his hamstring on 10 November, leaving him sidelined for two months. Despite his injuries, he was voted runner-up for the FIFA Ballon d'Or, relinquishing the award after a four-year monopoly to Cristiano Ronaldo. During the second half of"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " the 2013–14 season, doubts persisted over Messi's form, leading to a perception among the \"culés\" that he was reserving himself for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Statistically, his contribution of goals, shots, and passes had dropped significantly compared to previous seasons. He still managed to break two longstanding records in a span of seven days: a hat-trick on 16 March against Osasuna saw him overtake Paulino Alcántara's 369 goals to become Barcelona's top goalscorer in all competitions including friendlies, while another hat-trick against Real Madrid on 23 March made him the all-time top scorer in \"El Clásico\", ahead of the 18 goals scored by former Real Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano. Messi finished the campaign with his worst output in five seasons, though he still managed to score 41 goals in all competitions. For the first time in five years, Barcelona ended the season without a major trophy; they were defeated in the Copa del Rey final by Real Madrid and lost the league in the last game to Atlético Madrid, causing Messi to be booed by sections of fans at the Camp Nou. After prolonged speculation over his future with the club, Messi signed a new contract on 19"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " May 2014, only a year after his last contractual update; his salary increased to €20 million, or €36 million before taxes, the highest wage in the sport. It was reported that Vilanova played a key role in convincing Messi to stay amid strong interest from José Mourinho's Chelsea.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2014–15: Second treble. Under new manager and former captain Luis Enrique, Messi experienced a largely injury-free start to the 2014–15 season, allowing him to break three more longstanding records towards the end of the year. A hat-trick scored against Sevilla on 22 November made him the all-time top scorer in La Liga, as he surpassed the 59-year record of 251 league goals held by Telmo Zarra. A third hat-trick, scored against city rivals Espanyol on 7 December, allowed him to surpass César Rodríguez as the all-time top scorer in the \"Derbi barceloní\" with 12 goals. Messi again placed second in the FIFA Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo, largely owing to his second-place achievement with Argentina at the World Cup. At the start of 2015, Barcelona were perceived to be headed for another disappointing"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " end to the season, with renewed speculation in the media that Messi was leaving the club. A turning point came on 11 January during a 3–1 victory over Atlético Madrid, the first time Barça's attacking trident of Messi, Luis Suárez and Neymar, dubbed \"MSN\", each scored in a match, marking the beginning of a highly successful run. After five years of playing in the centre of the pitch, Messi had returned to his old position on the right wing late the previous year, by his own suggestion according to Suárez, their striker. From there, he regained his best form, while Suárez and Neymar ended the team's attacking dependency on their star player. With 58 goals from Messi, the trio scored a total of 122 goals in all competitions that season, a record in Spanish football. Towards the end of the campaign, Messi scored in a 1–0 away win over Atlético Madrid on 17 May, securing the La Liga title. Among his 43 league goals that season was a hat-trick scored in 11 minutes against Rayo Vallecano on 8 March, the fastest of his senior career; it was his 32nd hat-trick overall for Barcelona, allowing him to overtake Telmo Zarra"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " with the most hat-tricks in Spanish football. As the season's top assist provider with 18 he surpassed Luís Figo with the most assists in La Liga; he made his record 106th assist in a fixture against Levante on 15 February, in which he also scored a hat-trick. Messi scored twice as Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 3–1 in the Copa del Rey final on 30 May, achieving the sixth double in their history. His opening goal was hailed as one of the greatest in his career; he collected the ball near the halfway line and beat four opposing players, before feinting the goalkeeper to score in a tight space by the near post. In the Champions League, Messi scored twice and set up another in their 3–0 semi-final victory over Bayern Munich, now under the stewardship of Guardiola. His second goal, which came only three minutes after his first, saw him chip the ball over goalkeeper Manuel Neuer after his dribble past Jérôme Boateng had made the defender drop to the ground; it went viral, becoming the year's most tweeted about sporting moment, and was named the best goal of the season by UEFA. Despite a second-leg loss, Barcelona progressed to the final on 6 June"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " in Berlin, where they defeated Juventus 3–1 to win their second treble, becoming the first team in history to do so. Although Messi did not score, he participated in each of his side's goals, particularly the second as he forced a parried save from goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon from which Suárez scored the match-winning goal on the rebound. In addition to being the top assist provider with six assists, Messi finished the competition as the joint top scorer with ten goals, which earned him the distinction of being the first player ever to achieve the top scoring mark in five Champions League seasons. For his efforts during the season, he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe award for a second time.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2015–16: Domestic success. Messi opened the 2015–16 season by scoring twice from free kicks in Barcelona's 5–4 victory (after extra time) over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup. On 16 September, he became the youngest player to make 100 appearances in the UEFA Champions League in a 1–1 away draw to Roma. After a knee injury, he returned to the pitch on 21 November, making a substitute appearance in Barcelona's 4–0 away win over rivals Real Madrid in \"El Clás"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": "ico\". Messi capped off the year by winning the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final on 20 December, collecting his fifth club trophy of 2015 as Barcelona defeated River Plate 3–0 in Yokohama. On 30 December, Messi scored on his 500th appearance for Barcelona, in a 4–0 home win over Real Betis. On 11 January 2016, Messi won the FIFA Ballon d'Or for a record fifth time in his career. On 3 February, he scored a hat-trick in Barcelona's 7–0 win against Valencia in the first leg of the Copa del Rey semi-final at the Camp Nou. In a 6–1 home win against Celta Vigo in the league, Messi assisted Suárez from a penalty kick. Some saw it as \"a touch of genius\", while others criticised it as being disrespectful to the opponent. The Celta players never complained and their coach defended the penalty, stating, \"Barca's forwards are very respectful.\" The penalty routine has been compared to that of \"Barça\" icon Johan Cruyff in 1982, who was battling lung cancer, leading many fans to indicate that the penalty was a tribute to him. Cruyff himself was \"very happy\" with the play, insisting \""
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": "it was legal and entertaining\". On 17 February, Messi reached his 300th league goal in a 1–3 away win against Sporting de Gijón. A few days later, he scored both goals in Barcelona's 0–2 win against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium, in the first leg of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League round of 16, with the second goal being Barcelona's 10,000th in official competitions. On 17 April, Messi ended a five-match scoring drought with his 500th senior career goal for club and country in Barcelona's 2–1 home loss to Valencia. Messi finished the 2015–16 season by setting up both goals in Barcelona's 2–0 extra time win over Sevilla in the 2016 Copa del Rey Final, at the Vicente Calderón Stadium, on 22 May 2016, as the club celebrated winning the domestic double for the second consecutive season. In total, Messi scored 41 goals as Barcelona's attacking trio managed a Spanish record of 131 goals throughout the season, breaking the record they had set the previous season.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2016–17: Fourth Golden Boot. Messi opened the 2016–17 season by lifting the 2016 Supercopa de España as Barcelona's captain in the absence of the injured"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " Andrés Iniesta; he set-up Munir's goal in a 2–0 away win over Sevilla in the first leg on 14 August, and subsequently scored in a 3–0 win in the return leg on 17 August. Three days later, he scored two goals as Barcelona won 6–2 against Real Betis in the opening game of the 2016–17 La Liga season. On 13 September, Messi scored his first hat-trick of the season in the opening game of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League campaign against Celtic in a 7–0 victory; this was also Messi's sixth hat-trick in the Champions League, the most by any player. A week later, Messi sustained a groin injury in a 1–1 draw against Atlético Madrid and was ruled out with injury for three weeks. He marked his return with a goal, scoring three minutes after coming off the bench in a 4–0 home win over Deportivo de La Coruña, on 16 October. Three days after this, he netted his thirty-seventh club hat-trick as Barcelona defeated Manchester City 4–0. On 1 November, Messi scored his 54th Champions League group stage goal in Barcelona's 3–1 away loss to Manchester City"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": ", surpassing the previous record of 53 goals held by Raúl. Messi finished the year with 51 goals, making him Europe's top scorer, one ahead of Zlatan Ibrahimović. After placing second in the 2016 Ballon d'Or, on 9 January 2017 Messi also finished in second place – behind Cristiano Ronaldo once again – in the 2016 Best FIFA Men's Player Award. On 11 January, Messi scored from a free-kick in Barcelona's 3–1 victory against Athletic Bilbao in the second leg of the round of 16 of the Copa del Rey, which enabled Barcelona to advance to the quarter-finals of the competition; with his 26th goal from a free-kick for Barcelona in all competitions, he equalled the club's all-time record, which had previously been set by Ronald Koeman. In his next league match, on 14 January, Messi scored in a 5–0 win against Las Palmas; with this goal, he equalled Raúl's record for the most teams scored against in La Liga (35). On 4 February 2017, Messi scored his 27th free-kick for Barcelona in a 3–0 home win over Athletic Bilbao in the league, overtaking Koeman as the club's"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " all-time top-scorer from free-kicks. On 23 April, Messi scored twice in a 3–2 away win over Real Madrid. His game-winning goal in stoppage time was his 500th for Barcelona. His memorable celebration saw him taking off his Barcelona shirt and holding it up to incensed Real Madrid fans – with his name and number facing the crowd. On 27 May, Messi scored a goal and set up another for Paco Alcácer in the 2017 Copa del Rey Final, helping Barcelona to a 3–1 victory over Alavés, and was named Man of the Match. In total, Messi finished the 2016–17 season with 54 goals, while his 37 goals in La Liga saw him claim both the Pichichi and European Golden Boot Awards for the fourth time in his career.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2017–18: Domestic double and a record fifth Golden Boot. Messi opened the 2017–18 season by converting a penalty in Barcelona's 1–3 first leg home defeat to Real Madrid in Supercopa de España. Thereby, Messi also extended his \"El Clásico\" goalscoring record with the goal being his 24th official and 25th overall. On 9 September, Messi"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " scored his first hat-trick of the 2017–18 league campaign, against Espanyol in \"Derbi barceloní\", thus helping to secure a 5–0 home victory for \"Blaugrana\" over local rivals. Messi netted twice against Gianluigi Buffon, on 12 September, as Barça defeated the last season's Italian champions Juventus 3–0 at home in the UEFA Champions League. On 19 September, Messi found the net four times in a 6–1 trashing of Eibar at the Camp Nou in La Liga. Three weeks later, on 1 October, Messi surpassed his former teammate Carles Puyol to become the third highest appearance maker in the club's history, as he helped Barça defeat Las Palmas 3–0 by assisting Sergio Busquets' opener and later adding two himself in his 594th official game for the club; the league game was played behind closed doors at the Camp Nou due to violence in Catalonia relating to an ongoing independence referendum. On 18 October, in his 122nd European club appearance, Messi scored his 97th UEFA Champions League goal, and his 100th in all UEFA club competitions, in a 3–1 home victory over Olympiacos. Messi became only the second player after"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " Cristiano Ronaldo to reach this century milestone, but accomplished it in 21 fewer appearances than the Portuguese counterpart. On 4 November, he made his 600th appearance for Barcelona in a 2–1 home win over Sevilla in La Liga. Following the reception of his fourth Golden Boot, Messi signed a new deal with Barcelona on 25 November, keeping him with the club through the 2020–21 season. His buyout clause was set at €700 million. On 7 January 2018, Messi made his 400th La Liga appearance with Barcelona in a 3–0 home win over Levante, marking the occasion with his 144th league assist and 365th league goal for the club, the latter of which saw him equal Gerd Müller's record for the most league goals scored for the same club in one of Europe's top five divisions. A week later, he broke the record, scoring his 366th La Liga goal from a free kick in a 4–2 away win against Real Sociedad. On 4 March, he scored his 600th senior career goal from a free kick in a 1–0 home win over Atlético Madrid, in La Liga. On 14 March, Messi scored his 99th and 100th Champions League goals in a 3–0 home win over"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " Chelsea, becoming only the second player after Cristiano Ronaldo to reach this landmark, in fewer appearances, at a younger age and having taken fewer shots than his Portuguese counterpart. His opening goal, which came after only two minutes and eight seconds, was also the fastest of his career, as Barcelona advanced to the quarter-finals of the competition for the eleventh consecutive season. On 7 April, he scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 win over Leganés including his sixth goal scored from a free-kick for the season, matching the record set by former teammate Ronaldinho. He once again finished the season as the top scorer in La Liga, with 34 goals, which also saw him win his fifth Golden Shoe award. On 21 April, Messi scored Barcelona's second goal – his 40th of the season – in a 5–0 win over Sevilla in the 2018 Copa del Rey Final, later also setting up Suárez's second goal; this was Barcelona's fourth consecutive title and their 30th overall. On 29 April, Messi scored a hat-trick in a 4–2 away win over Deportivo de La Coruña, which saw Barcelona claim their 25th league title. On 9 May, Messi scored as Barcelona defeated"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " Villarreal 5–1 to set the longest unbeaten streak (43 games) in La Liga history.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2018–19: Captaincy, 10th La Liga title, and a record sixth Golden Boot. With the departure of former captain Andrés Iniesta in May 2018, Messi was named the team's new captain for the following season. On 12 August, he lifted his first title as Barcelona's captain, the Supercopa de España, following a 2–1 victory over Sevilla. On 19 August, Messi scored twice in helping Barcelona defeat Alavés 3–0 in their first La Liga match of the season, with his first goal, a free kick that he rolled under the jumping Alavés wall, making history in being Barcelona's 6000th goal in La Liga. On 18 September, Messi scored a hat-trick in a 4–0 home win over PSV Eindhoven in Barcelona's opening Champions League group stage match of the season, setting a new record for most hat-tricks in the competition, with eight. On 20 October, Messi scored in a 4–2 home win over Sevilla, but was later forced off in the 26th minute after falling awkwardly and injuring"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " his right arm; tests later confirmed that he had fractured his radial bone, ruling him out for approximately three weeks. On 8 December, Messi scored two free kicks – his ninth and tenth goals from set pieces during the calendar year – in a 4–0 away win over \"Derbi barceloní\" rivals Espanyol in La Liga; this was the first time ever that he had managed such a feat in the league. His first goal was also his 10th league goal of the season, making him the first player ever to reach double figures in La Liga for 13 consecutive seasons. On 13 January 2019, Messi scored his 400th La Liga goal in his 435th league appearance in a 3–0 home win over Eibar, becoming the first player ever to manage this tally in just one of Europe's top five leagues. On 2 February, Messi scored twice in a 2–2 draw against Valencia, with his first goal coming from the penalty spot, his 50th La Liga penalty goal; as such, he became only the third player in La Liga history after Cristiano Ronaldo and Hugo Sánchez to score 50 penalties in the competition. Later that month, the club admitted they had begun preparations for Messi's future retirement. On 23 February, Messi"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " scored the 50th hat-trick of his career and also provided an assist for Suárez, as he helped Barcelona come from behind to achieve a 4–2 away victory over Sevilla in La Liga; the goal was also his 650th career goal for club and country at senior level. On 16 April, Messi scored twice in a 3–0 home victory over Manchester United in the second leg of the Champions League quarter-finals to give Barcelona a 4–0 aggregate win, which saw Barcelona progress to the semi-finals of the competition for the first time since 2015; these were also his first goals in the Champions League quarter-finals since 2013. On 27 April, Messi came off the bench and scored the only goal in a 1–0 home win over Levante, which allowed Barcelona to clinch the league title; this was his 450th La Liga appearance, and his first league title as Barcelona's captain. On 1 May, Messi scored twice in a 3–0 home win over Liverpool in the first leg of the Champions League semi-finals; his second goal of the match, a 35-yard free kick, was the 600th senior club goal of his career, all of which had been scored with Barcelona. In the return leg six days later at"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " Anfield, Barcelona suffered a 4–0 away defeat, which saw Liverpool advance to the final 4–3 on aggregate. On 19 May, in Barcelona's final La Liga match of the season, Messi scored twice in a 2–2 away draw against Eibar (his 49th and 50th goals of the season in all competitions), which saw him capture his sixth Pichichi Trophy as the league's top scorer, with 36 goals in 34 appearances; with six titles, he equalled Zarra as the player with the most top-scorer awards in La Liga. He also captured his sixth Golden Shoe award, and a record third consecutive award since the 2016–17 season. On 25 May, Messi scored his final goal of the season in a 2–1 defeat to Valencia in the 2019 Copa del Rey Final.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2019–20: Record sixth Ballon d'Or. On 5 August 2019, it was announced that Messi would miss Barcelona's US tour after sustaining a right calf injury. On 19 August, Messi's chipped goal from the edge of the box against Real Betis was nominated for the 2019 FIFA Puskás Award. Later that month, he suffered another setback following the return of his calf injury"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": ", which ruled him out of the opening game of the season; as a result, he was sidelined indefinitely, and was only expected to return to action with Barcelona after the September international break. On 2 September, Messi was shortlisted as one of the three finalists for both the 2019 FIFA Puskás Award and the 2019 Best FIFA Men's Player Award, with Messi winning the latter on 23 September. Messi made his first appearance of the season on 17 September, and on 6 October he scored his first goal of the season with a free kick in a 4–0 home win over Sevilla; this was his 420th goal in La Liga, which saw him break Cristiano Ronaldo's record of 419 goals scored in Europe's top five leagues. On 23 October, Messi scored his first Champions League goal of the season in a 2–1 away win over Slavia Prague, becoming the first player to score in 15 consecutive Champions League seasons (excluding qualifying rounds). He also equalled Raúl and Cristiano Ronaldo's shared record of the most sides scored against in the competition (33). On 29 October, Messi scored in a 5–1 home win over Real Valladolid in La Liga; his first goal – a set piece from 35 yards – was the 50th free"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": "-kick of his career. His goals (608) also saw him overtake Cristiano Ronaldo's senior goal tally (606) at club level. On 9 November, Messi scored three goals (including two free kicks) in a 4–1 home win against Celta Vigo. This was his 34th hat-trick in La Liga, equalling Cristiano Ronaldo's Spanish top-flight record. On 27 November, in what was his 700th appearance for Barcelona, Messi scored one goal and assisted two more in a 3–1 home win over Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League. Dortmund were the 34th team he had scored against in the competition, breaking the previous record of 33 held by Cristiano Ronaldo and Raúl. On 2 December, Messi was awarded a record-breaking sixth Ballon d'Or. On 8 December, Messi scored his record-breaking 35th hat-trick in La Liga with three goals in Barcelona's 5–2 home win over Mallorca. On 22 February 2020, Messi scored four goals in a 5–0 home win over Eibar in La Liga. On 14 June, he scored in a 4–0 away win against Mallorca, becoming the first player ever in La Liga to score 20"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " goals or more in 12 consecutive seasons. On 30 June, he scored a panenka in a 2–2 home draw against Atlético Madrid in La Liga, to reach his 700th goal in his senior career for Barcelona and Argentina. On 11 July, Messi provided his 20th assist of the league season for Arturo Vidal in a 1–0 away win over Real Valladolid, equalling Xavi's record of 20 assists in a single La Liga season from 2008 to 2009; with 22 goals, he also became only the second player ever, after Thierry Henry in the 2002–03 FA Premier League season with Arsenal (24 goals and 20 assists), to record at least 20 goals and 20 assists in a single league season in one of Europe's top-five leagues. Following his brace in a 5–0 away win against Alavés in the final match of the season on 20 May, Messi finished the season as both the top scorer and top assist provider in La Liga, with 25 goals and 21 assists respectively, which saw him win his record seventh Pichichi trophy, overtaking Zarra; however, Barcelona missed out on the league title to Real Madrid. On 9 August, in the Champions League round of 16 second leg versus Nap"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": "oli at the Camp Nou, Messi scored the second goal and earned a penalty which led to a third goal and led his side to a 3–1 home victory and qualified 4–2 on aggregate for the quarter-finals against Bayern Munich. On 15 August, Messi suffered his worst defeat as a player as Bayern Munich beat Barcelona 8–2 in a one-off tie in Lisbon, leading to another disappointing exit from the Champions League.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:August 2020: Desire to leave Barcelona. Following growing dissatisfaction with the direction of Barcelona on and off the field, Barcelona announced that Messi sent the club \"a document expressing his desire to leave\" on 25 August 2020. The announcement garnered a significant media response, including from current and former teammates (who supported Messi's statement) and Catalan president Quim Torra. On 26 August, Barcelona's sporting director Ramon Planes iterated the club's desire to \"build a team around the most important player in the world\" and affirmed Messi will only be able to leave should a buyer pay his €700 million buyout clause; a reported early termination option available in Messi's contract (which would have allowed him to leave the club for free) could only be exercised if he had communicated his decision to Barcelona by"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " 31 May 2020, although the player's representatives argued the deadline should be set to 31 August, due to the adjourned 2019–20 season. On 30 August, La Liga issued a statement stating Messi's contract and buyout clause were still active. On 4 September, Jorge Messi, Lionel's father and agent, released a statement in response to La Liga claiming the release clause \"is not valid when the termination of the contract is by the player's unilateral decision from the end of the 2019–20 season\", as stated in Messi's contract with Barcelona; moments later, La Liga issued a response reiterating their statement published on 30 August. Later that evening, Messi announced in an interview with Goal that he would continue at Barcelona for the final year of his contract. In the interview, Messi claimed to have informed Barcelona of his desire to leave multiple times, and club president Josep Maria Bartomeu said Messi could decide at the end of every season if he wanted to stay or leave, only for Bartomeu to refer to the release clause. This left Messi with two options: to stay or go to court against the club, with the player saying \"I would never go to court against the club of my life\".</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2020–21"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": ": Final season at Barcelona. On 27 September, Messi began the 2020–21 season by scoring a penalty in a 4–0 home win against Villarreal in La Liga. Two days prior to the opening game, he again criticised the club, this time for the manner of Luis Suárez's departure, stating, \"at this stage nothing surprises me any more\". On 20 October, Messi scored a penalty in a 5–1 home victory against Ferencváros in the Champions League, becoming the first player in history to score in sixteen consecutive Champions League seasons. On 25 November, Messi was nominated for the 2020 Best FIFA Men's Player award, and was later shortlisted as one of the final three candidates. On 29 November, Messi scored his side's fourth goal in their 4–0 victory over Osasuna. After scoring, he unveiled a shirt of his former side Newell's Old Boys, in tribute to Argentine compatriot Diego Maradona, who had died four days earlier, and raised both hands to the screen showing Maradona's face in the stadium. The shirt was a number 10 replica of the same one Maradona had worn during his stint with the club in 1993. On 17 December, Messi finished third in The Best"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " FIFA Men's Player award behind Robert Lewandowski and Cristiano Ronaldo, and was included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI for the fourteenth consecutive year. On 23 December, Messi scored his 644th goal for Barcelona against Real Valladolid in La Liga, surpassing Pelé with Santos as the player with the most goals scored for a single club. In order to celebrate his achievement, Budweiser sent personalised bottles of beer to every goalkeeper whom Messi has scored against. On 17 January 2021, Messi was sent off for the first time in his club career for violent conduct (swinging an arm at the head of Asier Villalibre, missed initially by the referee but reviewed via VAR) in the final minutes of Barcelona's 2–3 extra time defeat to Athletic Bilbao in the 2020–21 Supercopa de España Final. On 10 March, Messi scored from 35 yards out and later had a penalty saved in a 1–1 draw against Paris Saint-Germain at the Parc des Princes in the second leg of the Champions League round of 16 as Barcelona were eliminated at this stage for the first time in 14 years by an aggregate score of 2–5 after having lost 1–4 at home on 16"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " February, with Messi scoring Barcelona's only goal in that game. On 15 March, Messi scored two goals in a 4–1 win against Huesca, and became the first player in history to score at least 20 goals in 13 consecutive seasons in the top five European leagues. On 21 March, he surpassed Xavi's record to reach a club record of 768 appearances, in which he also scored a brace in a 6–1 away win against Real Sociedad. On 17 April, Messi scored twice as Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 4–0 in the 2021 Copa del Rey Final. With his second goal, he broke Gerd Müller's record of 30 plus goals in 12 consecutive club seasons, setting a new record of 13. With his 35th trophy with Barcelona, Messi also overtook former Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs as the most decorated footballer for a single club. On 16 May, Messi scored his 30th league goal of the campaign in a 1–2 home defeat against Celta Vigo, which later turned out to be his final goal and match in a Barcelona shirt. The top goalscorer in La Liga, Messi received the Pichichi trophy for a record eighth time in his career. It was also his record fifth consecutive win"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " in La Liga, surpassing Alfredo Di Stéfano and Hugo Sánchez who both had four for Real Madrid. On 1 July, Messi became a free agent after his contract expired, with negotiations on a new deal complicated due to financial issues at Barcelona. On 5 August, Barcelona announced that Messi would not be staying at the club, even though both parties reached an agreement and were due to sign a contract that day. The club cited financial and structural obstacles posed by La Liga regulations as a reason for Messi's departure. Club president Joan Laporta also blamed the previous board for Messi's exit by saying \"the basis of everything is the calamitous and disastrous situation left by the previous board\", he added by saying \"the expected debt is much higher and we had some sports contracts in place that meant we had no margin on salary\". Three days later, in a tearful press conference held at the Camp Nou, Messi confirmed that he would be leaving Barcelona.</s><s>Club career.:Paris Saint-Germain.</s><s>Club career.:Paris Saint-Germain.:2021–22: First season adjustments. On 10 August, Messi joined French club Paris Saint-Germain. He signed a two-year deal until June 2023 with"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " an option for an extra year. Messi chose 30 as his squad number, the same he wore as a teenager when he made his senior debut for Barcelona. Messi made his debut for the club on 29 August, coming on as a substitute in the second half of a 2–0 away win over Reims in Ligue 1. He made his first start and Champions League debut for the club in a 1–1 away draw against Club Brugge on 15 September. Four days later, Messi made his home debut for PSG in a 2–1 win over Lyon. On 28 September, he scored his first goal for the club, a strike from the edge of the 18-yard box in a 2–0 Champions League group stage win over Pep Guardiola's Manchester City. On 21 November, Messi scored his first Ligue 1 goal in a 3–1 home victory over Nantes. Later that month, he provided a hat-trick of assists for the fifth time in his career as PSG beat Saint-Étienne 3–1 away from home. Having scored 40 goals at club and international level for the calendar year and helped Argentina win the 2021 Copa América, Messi received a record seventh Ballon d'Or on 29 November. On 2"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " January 2022, PSG announced that Messi had tested positive for COVID-19, missing two league games and a cup game as a result. He made his return against on 23 January in the league against Reims where he came on as a substitute in the second half and assisted PSG's third goal in a 4–0 home victory. On 13 March, following their Champions League elimination against Real Madrid in the round of 16, Messi and his team-mate Neymar were booed by some of the PSG fans at the Parc des Princes in the league match against Bordeaux. Then-PSG manager Mauricio Pochettino defended Messi by saying \"To judge Messi in this way is unfair,\" adding \"It was a year of learning, and not just on a professional level coming to Paris Saint-Germain, in a new league and with new teammates, but also on a family level.\" On 23 April, he helped PSG clinch their 10th Ligue 1 title after scoring from a strike outside the 18-yard box in a 1–1 draw against Lens at home. Messi finished his debut season with 11 goals and 14 assists across all competitions. He failed to reach double figure league goals for the first time since 2005–06,"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " ending the campaign with six.</s><s>Club career.:Paris Saint-Germain.:2022–23: Regaining form. After adjusting to his new surroundings and settling in Paris, under new coach Christophe Galtier, Messi returned to his preferred free attacking role; being placed in his favoured position as the playmaker behind two strikers, in a attacking trident with Neymar and Kylian Mbappé, quickly regaining his form from his previous season by starting off the new season on 31 July by scoring PSG's first goal in a 4–0 victory over Nantes in the Trophée des Champions, winning his second trophy with PSG. Due to his previous form last season, Messi was not nominated for the Ballon d'Or award for the first time since 2005. On 21 August, Messi provided a long-range assist for Mbappé, clocked at eight seconds, for Ligue 1's second-fastest goal ever scored, before also scoring a goal in 7–1 away win over Lille. The following matches, after registering six goal contributions, including one goal and five assists, Messi was named Ligue 1's Player of the Month in September. On 5 October, he scored in a 1–1 draw away"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " to Benfica in the Champions League, becoming the only player in the competition's history to score against 40 different Champions League opponents. On 25 October, he scored twice in a 7–2 Champions League win at home to Maccabi Haifa, setting the record for the most goals scored from outside the 18-yard box than any other player in the competition, with 23 goals. Four days later, Messi scored and provided an assist as PSG won 4–3 against Troyes to remain top of the Ligue 1 table. The goal was his seventh of the league season and his twelfth overall, surpassing his total output of the prior season in just 18 matches. On 26 February, PSG defeated Marseille 3–0 in Le Classique, with Messi scoring his 700th senior career club goal as well as assisting two goals for Mbappé. On 11 March, PSG defeated Brest 2–1, with Messi setting up a last-minute winner for Mbappé, registering his 300th career assist.</s><s>International career.</s><s>International career.:2004–2005: Success at youth level. As a dual Argentine-Spanish national, Messi was eligible to play for the national team of both countries. Selectors for Spain's Under-"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": "17 squad began pursuing him in 2003 after Barcelona's director of football, Carles Rexach, alerted the Royal Spanish Football Federation to their young player. Messi declined the offer, having aspired to represent \"La Albiceleste\" since childhood. To further prevent Spain from taking him, the Argentine Football Association organised two under-20 friendlies in June 2004, against Paraguay and Uruguay, with the purpose of finalising his status as an Argentina player in FIFA. Five days after his 17th birthday, on 29 June, he made his debut for his country against Paraguay, scoring once and providing two assists in their 8–0 victory. He was subsequently included in the squad for the South American Youth Championship, held in Colombia in February 2005. As he lacked the stamina of his teammates, the result of his former growth hormone deficiency, he was used as a substitute in six of the nine games. After being named man of the match against Venezuela, he scored the winning 2–1 goal in the crucial last match against Brazil, thereby securing their third-place qualification for the FIFA World Youth Championship. Aware of his physical limitations, Messi employed a personal trainer to increase his muscle mass, returning to the squad in an improved condition in time for the World Youth Championship, hosted"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " by the Netherlands in June. After he was left out of the starting line-up in their first match against the United States, a 1–0 defeat, the squad's senior players asked manager Francisco Ferraro to let Messi start, as they considered him their best player. After helping the team defeat Egypt and Germany to progress past the group stage, Messi proved decisive in the knockout phase as he scored their equaliser against Colombia, provided a goal and an assist against title favourites Spain, and scored their opening goal against reigning champions Brazil. Ahead of the final, he was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament. He scored two penalties in their 2–1 victory over Nigeria, clinching Argentina's fifth championship and finishing the tournament as top scorer with 6 goals. His performances drew comparisons with compatriot Diego Maradona, who had led Argentina to the title in 1979.</s><s>International career.:2005–2006: Senior and World Cup debuts. In recognition of his achievements with the under-20 side, senior manager José Pékerman gave Messi his first call-up for a friendly against Hungary on 17 August 2005. Aged 18, Messi made his senior debut for Argentina in the Ferenc Puskás Stadium when he came on in the"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " 63rd minute, only to be sent off after two minutes for a perceived foul against Vilmos Vanczák, who had grabbed his shirt; Messi had struck the defender with his arm while trying to shake him off, which the referee interpreted as an intentional elbowing, a contentious decision. Messi was reportedly found weeping in the dressing room after his sending-off. He returned to the team on 3 September in their World Cup qualifier defeat to Paraguay, which he had declared his \"re-debut\" ahead of the match. Messi started his first game in the next qualifying match against Peru, in which he was able to win a crucial penalty that secured their victory. After the match, Pékerman described him as \"a jewel\". He subsequently made regular appearances for the team ahead of Argentina's participation in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, scoring his first goal in a friendly against Croatia on 1 March 2006. A hamstring injury sustained a week later jeopardised his presence in the World Cup, but he was nevertheless selected for Pékerman's squad and regained fitness in time for the start of the tournament. During the World Cup in Germany, Messi witnessed their opening match victory against the Ivory Coast from the substitutes' bench. In the next match, against"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " Serbia and Montenegro, he became the youngest player to represent Argentina at a FIFA World Cup when he came on as a substitute in the 74th minute. He assisted their fourth strike within minutes and scored the final goal in their 6–0 victory, making him the youngest scorer in the tournament and the sixth-youngest goalscorer in the history of the World Cup. As their progression to the knockout phase was secured, several starters were rested during the last group match. Messi consequently started the game against the Netherlands, a 0–0 draw, as they won their group on goal differential. In the round of 16 match against Mexico, played on his 19th birthday, Messi came on in the 84th minute, with the score tied at 1–1. He appeared to score a goal, but it was contentiously ruled offside, with the team needing a late goal in extra time to proceed. He did not play in the quarter-final against Germany, during which Argentina were eliminated 4–2 in a penalty shootout. Back home, Pékerman's decision to leave him on the bench against Germany led to widespread criticism from those who believed Messi could have changed the outcome of the match in Argentina's favour.</s><s>International career.:2007–2008: Cop"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": "a América final and Olympic gold. As Messi evolved into one of the best players in the world, he secured a place in Alfio Basile's starting line-up, as part of a team considered favourites to win the 2007 Copa América, held in Venezuela. He set up the game-winning goal of their 4–1 victory over the United States in the opening match, before winning a penalty that led to the game-tying first strike of their 4–2 win in the next match against Colombia. At the quarter-final stage, where the group winners faced Peru, he scored the second goal of a 4–0 victory that saw them through to the semi-final, during which he chipped the ball over Mexico's goalkeeper to ensure another 3–0 win. In a surprise defeat, Argentina lost the final 3–0 to a Brazil squad that lacked several of the nation's best players. Their unexpected loss was followed by much criticism in Argentina, though Messi was mostly exempt due to his young age and secondary status to star player Juan Román Riquelme. He was named the best young player of the tournament by CONMEBOL. Ahead of the 2008 Summer Olympics, Barcelona legally barred Messi from representing Argentina at the tournament"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " as it coincided with their Champions League qualifying matches. After interference from newly appointed Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola, who had won the tournament in 1992, Messi was permitted to join Sergio Batista's under-23 squad in Beijing. During the first match, he scored the opening goal in their 2–1 victory over the Ivory Coast. Following a 1–0 win in the next group match against Australia, ensuring their quarter-final qualification, Messi was rested during the game against Serbia, while his side won the match to finish first in their group. Against the Netherlands, he again scored the first goal and assisted a second strike to help his team to a 2–1 win in extra time. After a 3–0 semi-final victory over Brazil, Messi assisted the only goal in the final as Argentina defeated Nigeria to claim Olympic gold medals. Along with Riquelme, Messi was singled out by FIFA as the stand-out player from the tournament's best team.</s><s>International career.:2008–2011: Collective decline. From late 2008, the national team experienced a three-year period marked by poor performances. Under manager Diego Maradona, who had led Argentina to World Cup victory as a player, the team struggled to qualify for the 2010 World Cup, securing their place"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " in the tournament only after defeating Uruguay 1–0 in their last qualifying match. Maradona was criticised for his strategic decisions, which included playing Messi out of his usual position. In eight qualifying matches under Maradona's stewardship, Messi scored only one goal, netting the opening goal in the first such match, a 4–0 victory over Venezuela. During that game, played on 28 March 2009, he wore Argentina's number 10 shirt for the first time, following the international retirement of Riquelme. Overall, Messi scored four goals in 18 appearances during the qualifying process. Ahead of the tournament, Maradona visited Messi in Barcelona to request his tactical input; Messi then outlined a 4–3–1–2 formation with himself playing behind the two strikers, a playmaking position known as the \"enganche\" in Argentine football, which had been his preferred position since childhood. Despite their poor qualifying campaign, Argentina were considered title contenders at the World Cup in South Africa. At the start of the tournament, the new formation proved effective; Messi managed at least four attempts on goal during their opening match but was repeatedly denied by Nigeria's goalkeeper, resulting in a 1–0 win. During the next match, against South Korea, he excelled in"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " his playmaking role, participating in all four goals of his side's 4–1 victory. As their place in the knockout phase was guaranteed, most of the starters were rested during the last group match, but Messi reportedly refused to be benched. He wore the captain's armband for the first time in their 2–0 win against Greece; as the focal point of their play, he helped create their second goal to see Argentina finish as group winners. Argentina were eliminated in the quarter-final against Germany, at the same stage of the tournament and by the same opponent as four years earlier. Their 4–0 loss was their worst margin of defeat at a World Cup since 1974. FIFA subsequently identified Messi as one of the tournament's 10 best players, citing his \"outstanding\" pace and creativity and \"spectacular and efficient\" dribbling, shooting and passing. Back home, however, Messi was the subject of harsher judgement. As the perceived best player in the world, he had been expected to lead an average team to the title, as Maradona arguably did in 1986, but he had failed to replicate his performances at Barcelona with the national team, leading to the accusation that he cared less about his country than his club. Maradona was replaced by"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " Sergio Batista, who had orchestrated Argentina's Olympic victory. Batista publicly stated that he intended to build the team around Messi, employing him as a false nine within a 4–3–3 system, as used to much success by Barcelona. Although Messi scored a record 53 goals during the 2010–11 club season, he had not scored for Argentina in an official match since March 2009. Despite the tactical change, his goal drought continued during the 2011 Copa América, hosted by Argentina. Their first two matches, against Bolivia and Colombia, ended in draws. Media and fans noted that he did not combine well with striker Carlos Tevez, who enjoyed greater popularity among the Argentine public; Messi was consequently booed by his own team's supporters for the first time in his career. During the crucial next match, with Tevez on the bench, he gave a well-received performance, assisting two goals in their 3–0 victory over Costa Rica. After the quarter-final against Uruguay ended in a 1–1 draw following extra time, with Messi having assisted their equaliser, Argentina were eliminated 4–5 in the penalty shootout by the eventual champions.</s><s>International career.:2011–2013: Assuming the captaincy. After Argentina's unsuccessful performance in the Copa"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " América, Batista was replaced by Alejandro Sabella. Upon his appointment in August 2011, Sabella awarded the 24-year-old Messi the captaincy of the squad, in accord with then-captain Javier Mascherano. Reserved by nature, Messi went on to lead his squad by example as their best player, while Mascherano continued to fulfil the role of the team's on-field leader and motivator. In a further redesign of the team, Sabella dismissed Tevez and brought in players with whom Messi had won the World Youth Championship and Olympic Games. Now playing in a free role in an improving team, Messi ended his goal drought by scoring during their first World Cup qualifying match against Chile on 7 October, his first official goal for Argentina in two-and-a-half years. Under Sabella, Messi's goalscoring rate drastically increased; where he had scored only 17 goals in 61 matches under his previous managers, he scored 25 times in 32 appearances during the following three years. He netted a total of 12 goals in 9 games for Argentina in 2012, equalling the record held by Gabriel Batistuta for the most goals scored in a calendar year for their country. His first international hat-trick came in a friendly"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " against Switzerland on 29 February 2012, followed by two more hat-tricks over the next year-and-a-half in friendlies against Brazil and Guatemala. Messi then helped the team secure their place in the 2014 World Cup with a 5–2 victory over Paraguay on 10 September 2013 when he scored twice from penalty kicks, taking his international tally to 37 goals to become Argentina's second-highest goalscorer behind Batistuta. Overall, he had scored a total of 10 goals in 14 matches during the qualifying campaign. Concurrently with his bettered performances, his relationship with his compatriots improved, as he gradually began to be perceived more favourably in Argentina.</s><s>International career.:2014–2015: World Cup and Copa América finals. Ahead of the World Cup in Brazil, doubts persisted over Messi's form, as he finished an unsuccessful and injury-plagued season with Barcelona. At the start of the tournament, however, he gave strong performances, being elected man of the match in their first four matches. In his first World Cup match as captain, he led them to a 2–1 victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina; he helped create Sead Kolašinac's own goal and scored their second strike"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " after a dribble past three players, his first World Cup goal since his debut in the tournament eight years earlier. During the second match against Iran, he scored an injury-time goal from out to end the game in a 1–0 win, securing their qualification for the knockout phase. He scored twice in the last group match, a 3–2 victory over Nigeria, his second goal coming from a free kick, as they finished first in their group. Messi assisted a late goal in extra time to ensure a 1–0 win against Switzerland in the round of 16, and played in the 1–0 quarter-final win against Belgium as Argentina progressed to the semi-final of the World Cup for the first time since 1990. Following a 0–0 draw in extra time, they eliminated the Netherlands 4–2 in a penalty shootout to reach the final, with Messi scoring his team's first penalty. Billed as Messi versus Germany, the world's best player against the best team, the final was a repeat of the 1990 final featuring Diego Maradona. Within the first half-hour, Messi had started the play that led to a goal, but it was ruled offside. He missed several opportunities to open the scoring throughout the match, in particular at the start"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " of the second half when his breakaway effort went wide of the far post. Substitute Mario Götze finally scored in the 113th minute, followed in the last minute of extra time by a free kick that Messi sent over the net, as Germany won the match 1–0 to claim the World Cup. At the conclusion of the final, Messi was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament. In addition to being the joint third-highest goalscorer, with four goals and an assist, he created the most chances, completed the most dribbling runs, made the most deliveries into the penalty area and produced the most throughballs in the competition. However, his selection drew criticism due to his lack of goals in the knockout round; FIFA President Sepp Blatter expressed his surprise, while Maradona suggested that Messi had undeservedly been chosen for marketing purposes. Another final appearance, the third of Messi's senior international career, followed in the 2015 Copa América, held in Chile. Under the stewardship of former Barcelona manager Gerardo Martino, Argentina entered the tournament as title contenders due to their second-place achievement at the World Cup. During the opening match against Paraguay, they were ahead two goals by half-time but"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " lost their lead to end the match in a 2–2 draw; Messi had scored from a penalty kick, netting his only goal in the tournament. Following a 1–0 win against defending champions Uruguay, Messi earned his 100th cap for his country in the final group match, a 1–0 win over Jamaica, becoming only the fifth Argentine to achieve this milestone. In his 100 appearances, he had scored a total of 46 goals for Argentina, 22 of which came in official competitive matches. As Messi evolved from the team's symbolic captain into a genuine leader, he led Argentina to the knockout stage as group winners. In the quarter-final, they created numerous chances, including a rebound header by Messi, but were repeatedly denied by Colombia's goalkeeper, and ultimately ended the match scoreless, leading to a 5–4 penalty shootout in their favour, with Messi netting his team's first spot kick. At the semi-final stage, Messi excelled as a playmaker as he provided three assists and helped create three more goals in his side's 6–1 victory over Paraguay, receiving applause from the initially hostile crowd. Argentina started the final as the odds-on title favourites, but were defeated by Chile 4–1 in a penalty shootout after a 0–"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": "0 extra-time draw. Faced with aggression from opposing players, including taking a boot to the midriff, Messi played below his standards, though he was the only Argentine to successfully convert his penalty. At the close of the tournament, he was reportedly selected to receive the Most Valuable Player award but rejected the honour. As Argentina continued a trophy drought that began in 1993, the World Cup and Copa América defeats again brought intense criticism for Messi from Argentine media and fans.</s><s>International career.:2016–2017: Third Copa América final, retirement, and return. Messi's place in Argentina's Copa América Centenario squad was initially put in jeopardy when he sustained a back injury in a 1–0 friendly win over Honduras in a pre-Copa América warm-up match on 27 May 2016. It was later reported that he had suffered a deep bruise in his lumbar region. He was later left on the bench in Argentina's 2–1 opening win over defending champions Chile on 6 June due to concerns regarding his fitness. Although Messi was declared match-fit for his nation's second group match against Panama on 10 June, Martino left him on the bench once again; he replaced Augusto Fern"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": "ández in the 61st minute and subsequently scored a hat-trick in 19 minutes, also starting the play which led to Sergio Agüero's goal, as the match ended in a 5–0 victory, sealing Argentina's place in the quarter-finals of the competition; he was elected man of the match for his performance. On 18 June, in the quarter-final of the Copa América against Venezuela, Messi produced another man of the match performance, assisting two goals and scoring another in a 4–1 victory, which enabled him to equal Gabriel Batistuta's national record of 54 goals in official international matches. This record was broken three days later when Messi scored a free kick in a 4–0 semi-final win against hosts the United States; he also assisted two goals during the match as Argentina sealed a place in the final of the competition for a second consecutive year, and was named man of the match once again. During a repeat of the previous year's final on 26 June, Argentina once again lost to Chile on penalties after a 0–0 deadlock, resulting in Messi's third consecutive defeat in a major tournament final with Argentina, and his fourth overall. After the match, Messi, who had missed his penalty in the shootout"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": ", announced his retirement from international football. He stated, \"I tried my hardest. The team has ended for me, a decision made.\" Chile coach Juan Antonio Pizzi said after the match, \"My generation can't compare him to Maradona that's for my generation, because of what Maradona did for Argentine football. But I think the best player ever played today here in the United States.\" Messi finished the tournament as the second highest scorer, behind Eduardo Vargas, with five goals, and was the highest assist provider with four assists, also winning more Man of the Match awards than any other player in the tournament (3); he was named to the team of the tournament for his performances, but missed out on the Golden Ball Award for best player, which went to Alexis Sánchez. Following his announcement, a campaign began in Argentina for Messi to change his mind about retiring. He was greeted by fans with signs like \"Don't go, Leo\" when the team landed in Buenos Aires. President of Argentina Mauricio Macri urged Messi not to quit, stating, \"We are lucky, it is one of life's pleasures, it is a gift from God to have the best player in the world in a footballing country like ours..."
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " Lionel Messi is the greatest thing we have in Argentina and we must take care of him.\" Mayor of Buenos Aires Horacio Rodríguez Larreta unveiled a statue of Messi in the capital to convince him to reconsider retirement. The campaign also continued in the streets and avenues of the Argentine capital, with about 50,000 supporters going to the Obelisco de Buenos Aires on 2 July, using the same slogan. Just a week after Messi announced his international retirement, Argentine newspaper \"La Nación\" reported that he was reconsidering playing for Argentina at the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers in September. On 12 August, it was confirmed that Messi had reversed his decision to retire from international football, and he was included in the squad for the national team's upcoming 2018 World Cup qualifiers. On 1 September, in his first game back, he scored in a 1–0 home win over Uruguay in a 2018 World Cup qualifier. On 28 March 2017, Messi was suspended for four international games for insulting an assistant referee in a game against Chile on 23 March 2017. He was also fined CHF 10,000. On 5 May, Messi's four match ban as well as his 10,000 CHF fine was lifted by FIFA after Argentina Football Association appealed against his suspension,"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " which meant he could now play Argentina's remaining World Cup Qualifiers. Argentina's place in the 2018 World Cup was in jeopardy going into their final qualifying match as they were sixth in their group, outside the five possible CONMEBOL World Cup qualifying spots, meaning they risked failing to qualify for the World Cup for the first time since 1970. On 10 October, Messi led his country to World Cup qualification in scoring a hat-trick as Argentina came from behind to defeat Ecuador 3–1 away; Argentina had not defeated Ecuador in Quito since 2001. Messi's three goals saw him become the joint all-time leading scorer in CONMEBOL World Cup qualifiers with 21 goals, alongside Uruguay's Luis Suárez, overtaking the previous record which was held by compatriot Hernán Crespo.</s><s>International career.:2018: World Cup. Following on from their poor qualification campaign, expectations were not high going into the 2018 World Cup, with the team, without an injured Messi, losing 6–1 to Spain in March 2018. Prior to Argentina's opener, there was speculation in the media over whether this would be Messi's final World Cup. In the team's opening group match against Iceland on 16 June, Messi missed a potential match-winning penalty"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " in an eventual 1–1 draw. In Argentina's second game on 21 June, the team lost 3–0 to Croatia. Post-match the Argentina coach Jorge Sampaoli spoke of the lack of quality in the team surrounding Messi, saying \"we quite simply couldn't pass to him to help him generate the situations he is used to. We worked to give him the ball but the opponent also worked hard to prevent him from getting the ball. We lost that battle\". Croatia captain and midfielder Luka Modrić also stated post match, \"Messi is an incredible player but he can't do everything alone.\" In Argentina's final group match against Nigeria at the Krestovsky Stadium, Saint Petersburg on 26 June, Messi scored the opening goal in an eventual 2–1 victory, becoming the third Argentine after Diego Maradona and Gabriel Batistuta to score in three different World Cups; he also became the first player to score in the World Cup in his teens, twenties, and his thirties. A goal of the tournament contender, Messi received a long pass from midfield and controlled the ball on the run with two touches before striking it across goal into the net with his weaker right foot. He was awarded Man of the Match. Argentina progressed to the second round"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " as group runners-up behind Croatia. In the round of 16 match against eventual champions France on 30 June, Messi set up Gabriel Mercado's and Sergio Agüero's goals in a 3–4 defeat, which saw Argentina eliminated from the World Cup. With his two assists in his team's second round fixture, Messi became the first player to provide an assist in the last four World Cups, and also became the first player to provide two assists in a match for Argentina since Maradona had managed the same feat against South Korea in 1986. Following the tournament, Messi stated that he would not participate in Argentina's friendlies against Guatemala and Colombia in September, and commented that it would be unlikely that he would represent his nation for the remainder of the calendar year. Messi's absence from the national team and his continued failure to win a title with Argentina prompted speculation in the media that Messi might retire from international football once again. In March 2019, however, he was called up to the Argentina squad once again for the team's friendlies against Venezuela and Morocco later that month. A conversation with Lionel Scaloni and his idol Pablo Aimar made Messi reconsider his decision to retire. He made his international return on 22 March, in a 3–1 friendly defeat to Venezuela, in"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " Madrid.</s><s>International career.:2019–2020: Copa América third-place, suspension and Superclásico victory. On 21 May, Messi was included in Lionel Scaloni's final 23-man Argentina squad for the 2019 Copa América. In Argentina's second group match of the tournament on 19 June, Messi scored the equalising goal from the penalty spot in a 1–1 draw against Paraguay. After coming under criticism in the media over his performance following Argentina's 2–0 victory over Venezuela in the quarter-finals at the Maracanã Stadium on 28 June, Messi commented that it had not been his best Copa América, while also criticising the poor quality of the pitches. Following Argentina's 2–0 defeat to hosts Brazil in the semi-finals on 2 July, Messi was critical of the refereeing during the match, and alleged the competition was \"set up\" for Brazil to win. In the third-place match against Chile on 6 July, Messi set-up Agüero's opening goal from a free kick in an eventual 2–1 win, to help Argentina capture the bronze medal; however, he was sent off along with Gary Medel in the 37th minute of play, after being involved"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " in an altercation with the Chilean defender. Following the match, Messi refused to collect his medal, and implied in a post-match interview that his comments following the semi-final led to his sending off. Messi later issued an apology for his comments, but was fined $1,500 and was handed a one-match ban by CONMEBOL, which ruled him out of Argentina's next World Cup qualifier. On 2 August, Messi was banned for three months from international football and was fined $50,000 by CONMEBOL for his comments against the referee's decisions; this ban meant he would miss Argentina's friendly matches against Chile, Mexico and Germany in September and October. On 15 November, Messi played in the 2019 Superclásico de las Américas versus Brazil, scoring the winning goal by a rebound of his saved penalty. On 8 October 2020, Messi scored a penalty in a 1–0 victory against Ecuador, giving Argentina a winning start to their 2022 World Cup qualifying campaign.</s><s>International career.:2021–2022: Copa América and World Cup triumphs. On 14 June 2021, Messi scored from a free kick in a 1–1 draw against Chile in Argentina's opening group match of the 2021 Copa Am"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": "érica in Brazil. On 21 June, Messi played in his 147th match as he equalled Javier Mascherano's record for most appearances for Argentina in a 1–0 win over Paraguay in their third game of the tournament. A week later, he broke the record for most appearances in an Argentina shirt when he featured in a 4–1 win against Bolivia in his team's final group match, assisting Papu Gómez's opening goal and later scoring two. On 3 July, Messi assisted twice and scored from a free-kick in a 3–0 win over Ecuador in the quarter-finals of the competition. On 6 July, in a 1–1 draw in the semi-finals against Colombia, Messi made his 150th appearance for his country and registered his fifth assist of the tournament, a cut-back for Lautaro Martínez, matching his record of nine goal contributions in a single tournament from five years earlier; he later netted his spot kick in Argentina's eventual 3–2 penalty shoot-out victory to progress to his fifth international final. On 10 July, Argentina defeated hosts Brazil 1–0 in the final, giving Messi his first major international title and Argentina's first since 1993, as well as his nation's joint record"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " 15th Copa América overall. Messi was directly involved in 9 out of the 12 goals scored by Argentina, scoring four and assisting five; he was named the player of the tournament for his performances, an honour he shared with Neymar. He also finished as the tournament's top scorer with four goals tied with Colombia's Luis Díaz, with the Golden Boot awarded to Messi as he had more assists. On 9 September, Messi scored a hat-trick in a 3–0 home win over Bolivia in a 2022 World Cup qualifier which also moved him above Pelé as South America's top male international scorer with 79 goals. In the 2022 Finalissima, the third edition of the CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions, at Wembley on 2 June 2022, Messi assisted twice in a 3–0 victory against Italy and was named player of the match, securing his second trophy for Argentina at the senior level. Messi then followed this on 6 June with all five Argentina goals in a 5–0 victory in a friendly win over Estonia, overtaking Ferenc Puskás among the all-time international men's top scorers. At the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, Messi scored a penalty in Argentina's opening game, a 2–"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": "1 defeat to Saudi Arabia, before scoring with a low 20-yard strike in their next match against Mexico in which Argentina won 2–0, also recording an assist on Enzo Fernández's goal. In the last 16 game against Australia, Messi scored the opening goal in Argentina's 2–1 win in what was his 1,000th senior career appearance, and became the most-capped male South American (CONMEBOL member) footballer of all time, surpassing the previous record set by Ecuador's Iván Hurtado, as well as surpassing and equalling several other FIFA World Cup and national team records. In the quarter-final against the Netherlands, Messi assisted Argentina's first goal for Nahuel Molina with a reverse pass and then scored a penalty as the game finished 2–2 after extra time. Argentina won 4–3 in the penalty shootout, with Messi scoring the first penalty. In the semi-final against Croatia, Messi made a record-equalling 25th World Cup finals appearance, drawing level with Germany's Lothar Matthäus, and scored the opening goal with a penalty before he assisted Argentina's third goal scored by Julián Álvarez in a 3–0 win; with his 11th World"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " Cup goal, Messi overtook Batistuta to become Argentina's all–time top–scorer at the World Cup. Argentina advanced to the final against France, with Messi stating that it would be his final World Cup appearance. In the 2022 FIFA World Cup final on 18 December, Messi made his record 26th World Cup finals appearance at Lusail Stadium. Messi scored Argentina's opening goal with a penalty, becoming in the process the first player since the last-16 round was introduced in 1986 to score a goal in each round of a single World Cup edition. After Argentina's eventual two-goal lead was erased by France forward Kylian Mbappé, who scored twice inside two minutes, Messi would score again in extra-time to restore Argentina's lead, before Mbappé again drew France level. Tied 3–3 after extra-time, the match went to a penalty shoot-out. Messi scored Argentina's first goal in the shoot-out, with Argentina eventually winning 4–2, ending the nation's 36-year wait for the trophy. Messi received the Golden Ball for player of the tournament, becoming the first player to win it twice. He finished second in the Golden Boot race with seven goals in seven games, one behind Mbappé."
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " With his appearance and two goals in the final, Messi overtook Matthaüs as the player with most appearances at the World Cup (26), and Pelé as the player with most direct goal contributions at the World Cup (21 – 13 goals and 8 assists). The championship game was widely acclaimed as one of the best of all time, with media coverage heavily framing it as a duel between Messi and Mbappé. Following the game, Messi confirmed that he had no plans to retire from the national team, saying \"I want to continue playing as a champion\".</s><s>International career.:2023–present: 100 international goals. In March 2023, Messi made his return to Argentina as a world champion with two appearances in friendlies in his home country. He scored his 99th international goal with a free-kick in Argentina's 2–0 win over Panama; this also marked his 800th senior career goal for club and country. In the following match against Curaçao, Messi scored a hat-trick, his ninth for Argentina, in a 7–0 win. The first of his three goals saw him reach 100 international goals, with Messi becoming the third player in history to reach the milestone.</s><s>Player profile.</s><s>Player profile.:"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": "Style of play. Due to his short stature, Messi has a lower centre of gravity than taller players, which gives him greater agility, allowing him to change direction more quickly and evade opposing tackles; this has led the Spanish media to dub him La Pulga Atómica (\"The Atomic Flea\"). Despite being physically unimposing, he possesses significant upper-body strength, which, combined with his low centre of gravity and resulting balance, aids him in withstanding physical challenges from opponents; he has consequently been noted for his lack of diving in a sport rife with playacting. His short, strong legs allow him to excel in short bursts of acceleration while his quick feet enable him to retain control of the ball when dribbling at speed. His former Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola once stated, \"Messi is the only player that runs faster with the ball than he does without it.\" Although he has improved his ability with his weaker foot since his mid-20s, Messi is predominantly a left-footed player; with the outside of his left foot, he usually begins dribbling runs, while he uses the inside of his foot to finish and provide passes and assists. A prolific goalscorer, Messi is known for his finishing, positioning, quick reactions, and ability to make attacking"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " runs to beat the defensive line. He also functions in a playmaking role, courtesy of his vision and range of passing. He has often been described as a magician; a conjurer, creating goals and opportunities where seemingly none exist. Moreover, he is an accurate free kick and penalty kick taker. As of October 2022, Messi ranks 9th all time in goals scored from direct free kicks with 60, the most among active players. He also has a penchant for scoring from chips. Messi's pace and technical ability enable him to undertake individual dribbling runs towards goal, in particular during counterattacks, usually starting from the halfway line or the right side of the pitch. Widely considered to be the best dribbler in the world, and one of the greatest dribblers of all time, with regard to this ability, his former Argentina manager Diego Maradona has said of him, \"The ball stays glued to his foot; I've seen great players in my career, but I've never seen anyone with Messi's ball control.\" Beyond his individual qualities, he is also a well-rounded, hard-working team player, known for his creative combinations, in particular with former Barcelona midfielders Xavi and Andrés Iniesta. Tactically, Messi plays in a"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " free attacking role; a versatile player, he is capable of attacking on either wing or through the centre of the pitch. His favoured position in childhood was the playmaker behind two strikers, known as the \"enganche\" in Argentine football, but he began his career in Spain as a left-winger or left-sided forward. Upon his first-team debut, he was moved onto the right wing by manager Frank Rijkaard; from this position, he could more easily cut through the defence into the middle of the pitch and curl shots on goal with his left foot, rather than predominantly cross balls for teammates. Under Guardiola and subsequent managers, he most often played in a false nine role; positioned as a centre-forward or lone striker, he would roam the centre, often moving deep into midfield and drawing defenders with him, in order to create and exploit spaces for passes, other teammates' attacking runs off the ball, Messi's own dribbling runs, or combinations with Xavi and Iniesta. Under the stewardship of Luis Enrique, Messi initially returned to playing in the right-sided position that characterised much of his early career in the manager's 4–3–3 formation, while he was increasingly deployed in a deeper, free playmaking role in"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " later seasons. Under manager Ernesto Valverde, Messi played in a variety of roles. While he occasionally continued to be deployed in a deeper role, from which he could make runs from behind into the box, or even on the right wing or as a false nine, he was also used in a more offensive, central role in a 4–2–3–1, or as a second striker in a 4–4–2 formation, where he was once again given the licence to drop deep, link-up with midfielders, orchestrate his team's attacking plays, and create chances for his attacking partner Suárez. As his career advanced, and his tendency to dribble diminished slightly with age, Messi began to dictate play in deeper areas of the pitch and developed into one of the best passers and playmakers in football history. His work-rate off the ball and defensive responsibilities also decreased as his career progressed; by covering less ground on the pitch, and instead conserving his energy for short bursts of speed, he was able to improve his efficiency, movement, and positional play, and was also able to avoid muscular injuries, despite often playing a large number of matches throughout a particular season on a consistent basis. Indeed, while he was injury-prone in"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " his early career, he was later able to improve his injury record by running less off the ball, and by adopting a stricter diet, training regime, and sleep schedule. With the Argentina national team, Messi has similarly played anywhere along the frontline; under various managers, he has been employed on the right wing, as a false nine, as an out-and-out striker, in a supporting role alongside another forward, or in a deeper, free creative role as a classic number 10 playmaker or attacking midfielder behind the strikers.</s><s>Player profile.:Reception and comparisons to Diego Maradona. A prodigious talent as a teenager, Messi established himself among the world's best players before age 20. Diego Maradona considered the 18-year-old Messi the best player in the world alongside Ronaldinho, while the Brazilian himself, shortly after winning the Ballon d'Or, commented, \"I'm not even the best at Barça\", in reference to his protégé. Four years later, after Messi had won his first Ballon d'Or by a record margin, the public debate regarding his qualities as a player moved beyond his status in contemporary football to the possibility that he was one of the greatest players in history. An early proponent was his"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " then-manager Pep Guardiola, who, as early as August 2009, declared Messi to be the best player he had ever seen. In the following years, this opinion gained greater acceptance among pundits, managers, former and current players, and by the end of Barça's second treble-winning season, Messi's superiority, ahead of Maradona and Pelé, had become the apparent view among many fans and pundits in continental Europe. He initially received several dismissals by critics, based on the fact that he had not won an international trophy at senior level with Argentina, until he won his first at the 2021 Copa América. Throughout his career, Messi has been compared with his late compatriot Diego Maradona, due to their similar playing styles as diminutive, left-footed dribblers. Initially, he was merely one of many young Argentine players, including his boyhood idol Pablo Aimar, to receive the \"New Maradona\" moniker, but as his career progressed, Messi proved his similarity beyond all previous contenders, establishing himself as the greatest player Argentina had produced since Maradona. Jorge Valdano, who won the 1986 World Cup alongside Maradona, said in October 2013, \"Messi is Maradona every day. For the"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " last five years, Messi has been the Maradona of the World Cup in Mexico.\" César Menotti, who as manager orchestrated their 1978 World Cup victory, echoed this sentiment when he opined that Messi plays \"at the level of the best Maradona\". Other notable Argentines in the sport, such as Osvaldo Ardiles, Javier Zanetti, and Diego Simeone, have expressed their belief that Messi has overtaken Maradona as the best player in history. In Argentine society, prior to 2019, Messi was generally held in lesser esteem than Maradona, a consequence of not only his perceived uneven performances with the national team, but also of differences in class, personality, and background. Messi is in some ways the antithesis of his predecessor: where Maradona was an extroverted, controversial character who rose to greatness from the slums, Messi is reserved and unassuming, an unremarkable man outside of football. An enduring mark against him is the fact that, through no fault of his own, he never proved himself in the Argentine Primera División as an upcoming player, achieving stardom overseas from a young age, while his lack of outward passion for the \"Albiceleste\" shirt (until"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " 2019 he did not sing the national anthem and is disinclined to emotional displays) have in the past led to the false perception that he felt Catalan rather than truly Argentine. Football journalist Tim Vickery states the view among Argentines is that Messi \"was always seen as more Catalan than one of them\". Despite having lived in Spain since age 13, Messi rejected the option of representing Spain internationally. He has said: \"Argentina is my country, my family, my way of expressing myself. I would change all my records to make the people in my country happy.\" Moreover, several pundits and footballing figures, including Maradona, questioned Messi's leadership with Argentina at times, despite his playing ability. Vickery states the perception of Messi among Argentines changed in 2019, with Messi making a conscious effort to become \"more one of the group, more Argentine\", with Vickery adding that following the World Cup victory in 2022 Messi would now be held in the same esteem by his compatriots as Maradona.</s><s>Player profile.:Comparisons with Cristiano Ronaldo. Among his contemporary peers, Messi is most often compared and contrasted with Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo, as part of an ongoing rivalry that has been compared to past sports rivalries like the Muhammad Ali"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": "–Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing, the Roger Federer–Rafael Nadal rivalry in tennis, and the Senna–Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing. Although Messi has at times denied any rivalry, they are widely believed to push one another in their aim to be the best player in the world. Since 2008, Messi has won seven Ballons d'Or to Ronaldo's five, six FIFA World's Best Player awards to Ronaldo's five, and six European Golden Shoes to Ronaldo's four. Pundits and fans regularly argue the individual merits of both players. Beyond their playing styles, the debate also revolves around their differing physiques – Ronaldo is with a muscular build – and contrasting public personalities with Ronaldo's self-confidence and theatrics a foil to Messi's humility. From 2009–10 to 2017–18, Messi faced Ronaldo at least twice every season in \"El Clásico\", which ranks among the world's most viewed annual sports events. Off the pitch, Ronaldo is his direct competitor in terms of salary, sponsorships, and social media fanbase.</s><s>In popular culture. According to \"France Football\", Messi was the world's highest-paid footballer for five years out of six between 2009 and 2014; he was the first player to exceed"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " the €40 million benchmark, with earnings of €41 million in 2013, and the €50–€60 million points, with income of €65 million in 2014. Messi was second on \"Forbes\" list of the world's highest-paid athletes (after Cristiano Ronaldo) with income of $81.4 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015–16. In 2018 he was the first player to exceed the €100m benchmark for a calendar year, with earnings of €126m ($154m) in combined income from salaries, bonuses and endorsements. \"Forbes\" ranked him the world's highest-paid athlete in 2019. From 2008, he was Barcelona's highest-paid player, receiving a salary that increased incrementally from €7.8 million to €13 million over the next five years. Signing a new Barcelona contract in 2017, he earned $667,000 per week in wages, and Barcelona also paid him $59.6 million as a signing on bonus. His buyout clause was set at $835 million (€700 million). In 2020, Messi became the second footballer, as well as the second athlete in a team sport, after Cristiano Ronaldo, to surpass $1"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " billion in earnings during their careers. In addition to his salary and bonuses, much of his income derives from endorsements; \"SportsPro\" has consequently cited him as one of the world's most marketable athletes every year since their research began in 2010. His main sponsor since 2006 is the sportswear company Adidas. As Barcelona's leading youth prospect, he had been signed with Nike since age 14, but transferred to Adidas after they successfully challenged their rival's claim to his image rights in court. Over time, Messi established himself as their leading brand endorser; from 2008, he had a long-running signature collection of Adidas F50 boots, and in 2015, he became the first footballer to receive his own sub-brand of Adidas boots, the Adidas Messi. Since 2017, he has worn the latest version of the Adidas Nemeziz. In 2015, a Barcelona jersey with Messi's name and number was the best-selling replica jersey worldwide. As a commercial entity, Messi's marketing brand has been based exclusively on his talents and achievements as a player, in contrast to arguably more glamorous players like Cristiano Ronaldo and David Beckham. At the start of his career, he thus mainly held sponsorship contracts with companies that employ sports-oriented marketing, such as Adidas, Pepsi,"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " and Konami. From 2010 onwards, concurrently with his increased achievements as a player, his marketing appeal widened, leading to long-term endorsement deals with luxury brands Dolce & Gabbana and Audemars Piguet. Messi is also a global brand ambassador for Gillette, Turkish Airlines, Ooredoo, and Tata Motors, among other companies. Additionally, Messi was the face of Konami's video game series \"Pro Evolution Soccer\", appearing on the covers of \"PES 2009\", \"PES 2010,\" \"PES 2011\" and \"PES 2020\". He subsequently signed with rival company EA Sports to become the face of their series \"FIFA\" and has since appeared on four consecutive covers from \"FIFA 13\" to \"FIFA 16\". Messi's global popularity and influence are well documented. He was among the \"Time\" 100, an annual list of the world's most influential people as published by \"Time\", in 2011 and 2012. His fanbase on the social media website Facebook is among the largest of all public figures: within seven hours of its launch in April 2011, Messi's Facebook page had nearly seven million followers, and by August 2021 he had over 103 million followers, the second highest for a sportsperson after Cristiano Ronaldo. He also has"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " over 400 million Instagram followers, the second highest for an individual and sportsperson after Cristiano Ronaldo. His World Cup celebration post from 18 December 2022 is the most liked post on Instagram with over 70 million likes. According to a 2014 survey by sports research firm Repucom in 15 international markets, Messi was familiar to 87% of respondents around the world, of whom 78% perceived him favourably, making him the second-most recognised player globally, behind Ronaldo, and the most likable of all contemporary players. On Messi's economic impact on the city in which he plays, Terry Gibson called him a \"tourist attraction\". Other events have illustrated Messi's presence in popular culture. A solid gold replica of his left foot, weighing and valued at $5.25 million, went on sale in Japan in March 2013 to raise funds for victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. In 2013, a Turkish Airlines advertisement starring Messi, in which he engages in a selfie competition with then-Los Angeles Lakers star Kobe Bryant, was the most-watched ad on YouTube in the year of its release, receiving 137 million views, and was subsequently voted the best advertisement of the 2005–15 decade to commemorate YouTube's founding. World Press Photo selected \"The"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " Final Game\", a photograph of Messi facing the World Cup trophy after Argentina's final defeat to Germany, as the best sports image of 2014. \"Messi\", a documentary about his life by filmmaker Álex de la Iglesia, premiered at the Venice Film Festival in August 2014. In June 2021, Messi signed a five-year deal to become an ambassador for the Hard Rock Cafe brand. He stated, \"sports and music are an integral part of my life. It is an honor to be the first athlete to partner with a brand who has a history of teaming with music legends.\" In May 2022, Messi was unveiled as Saudi Arabia's tourism ambassador. Due to Saudi Arabia's poor human rights record, Messi was condemned for taking on the role which was viewed as an attempt of Saudi sportswashing. In August 2022, Messi was urged by the family of Mohammed al Faraj to intervene on their son's behalf after he was arrested in 2017 at the age of 15 for crimes against the Saudi regime and faced the death penalty.</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>Personal life.:Family and relationships. Since 2008, Messi has been in a relationship with Antonela Roccuzzo, a fellow native of Rosario. He has known Roccuzzo since he"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " was five years old, as she is the cousin of his childhood best friend, Lucas Scaglia, who is also a football player. After keeping their relationship private for a year, Messi first confirmed their romance in an interview in January 2009, before going public a month later during a carnival in Sitges after the Barcelona–Espanyol derby. Messi and Roccuzzo have three sons: Thiago (born 2012), Mateo (born 2015) and Ciro (born 2018). To celebrate his partner's first pregnancy, Messi placed the ball under his shirt after scoring in Argentina's 4–0 win against Ecuador on 2 June 2012, before confirming the pregnancy in an interview two weeks later. Thiago was born in Barcelona on 2 November 2012. In April 2015, Messi confirmed that they were expecting another child. On 30 June 2017, he married Roccuzzo at a luxury hotel named Hotel City Center in Rosario. In October 2017, his wife announced they were expecting their third child. Messi and his family are Catholic Christians. Messi enjoys a close relationship with his immediate family members, particularly his mother, Celia, whose face he has tattooed on his left shoulder. His professional affairs are largely run as a family business: his father, Jorge"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": ", has been his agent since he was 14, and his oldest brother, Rodrigo, handles his daily schedule and publicity. His mother and other brother, Matías, manage his charitable organization, the Leo Messi Foundation, and take care of personal and professional matters in Rosario. Since leaving for Spain aged 13, Messi has maintained close ties to his hometown of Rosario, even preserving his distinct Rosarino accent. He has kept ownership of his family's old house, although it has long stood empty; he maintains a penthouse apartment in an exclusive residential building for his mother, as well as a family compound just outside the city. Once when he was in training with the national team in Buenos Aires, he made a three-hour trip by car to Rosario immediately after practice to have dinner with his family, spent the night with them, and returned to Buenos Aires the next day in time for practice. Messi keeps in daily contact via phone and text with a small group of confidants in Rosario, most of whom were fellow members of \"The Machine of '87\" at Newell's Old Boys. While at Barcelona he lived in Castelldefels, a village near Barcelona. He was on bad terms with the club after his transfer to Barcelona, but by"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " 2012 their public feud had ended, with Newell's embracing their ties with Messi, even issuing a club membership card to his newborn son. Messi has long planned to return to Rosario to end his playing career at Newell's. Messi holds triple citizenship, as he is a citizen of Argentina, Italy, and Spain. His favourite meals include asado (traditional South American barbecue), milanesa and pasta, and he prefers his mate unsweetened.</s><s>Personal life.:Philanthropy. Throughout his career, Messi has been involved in charitable efforts aimed at vulnerable children, a commitment that stems in part from the medical difficulties he faced in his own childhood. Since 2004, he has contributed his time and finances to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), an organisation with which Barcelona also have a strong association. Messi has served as a UNICEF goodwill ambassador since his appointment in March 2010, completing his first field mission for the organisation four months later as he travelled to Haiti to bring public awareness to the plight of the country's children in the wake of the recent earthquake. He has since participated in UNICEF campaigns targeting HIV prevention, education, and the social inclusion of disabled children. To celebrate his son's first birthday, in November 2013, Messi"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " and Thiago were part of a publicity campaign to raise awareness of mortality rates among disadvantaged children. In addition to his work with UNICEF, Messi founded his own charitable organisation, the Leo Messi Foundation, which supports access to health care, education, and sport for children. It was established in 2007 following a visit Messi paid to a hospital for terminally ill children in Boston, an experience that resonated with him to the point that he decided to reinvest part of his earnings into society. Through his foundation, Messi has awarded research grants, financed medical training, and invested in the development of medical centres and projects in Argentina, Spain, and elsewhere in the world. In addition to his own fundraising activities, such as his global \"Messi and Friends\" football matches, his foundation receives financial support from various companies to which he has assigned his name in endorsement agreements, with Adidas as their main sponsor. Messi has also invested in youth football in Argentina: he financially supports Sarmiento, a football club based in the Rosario neighbourhood where he was born, committing in 2013 to the refurbishment of their facilities and the installation of all-weather pitches, and funds the management of several youth players at Newell's Old Boys and rival club Rosario Central, as well as at"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " River Plate and Boca Juniors in Buenos Aires. At Newell's Old Boys, his boyhood club, he funded the 2012 construction of a new gymnasium and a dormitory inside the club's stadium for their youth academy. His former youth coach at Newell's, Ernesto Vecchio, is employed by the Leo Messi Foundation as a talent scout for young players. On 7 June 2016, Messi won a libel case against \"La Razón\" newspaper and was awarded €65,000 in damages, which he donated to the charity Médecins Sans Frontières. Messi made a donation worth €1 million ($1.1 million) to fight the spread of coronavirus. This was split between Clinic Barcelona hospital in Barcelona, Spain and his native Argentina. In addition to this, Messi along with his fellow FC Barcelona teammates announced he will be taking a 70% cut in salaries during the 2020 coronavirus emergency, and contribute further to the club to provide fully to salaries of all the clubs employees. In November 2016, with the Argentine Football Association being run by a FIFA committee for emergency due to an economic crisis, it was reported that three of the national team's security staff told Messi that they had not received their salaries for six months"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": ". He stepped in and paid the salaries of the three members. In February 2021, Messi donated to the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya his Adidas shoes which he wore when he scored his 644th goal for Barcelona and broke Pelé's record for most goals scored for a single club; the shoes were later auctioned off in April by the museum for charity to help children with cancer and were sold for £125,000. In advance of the 2021 Copa América in Uruguay, Messi donated three signed shirts to the Chinese pharmaceutical firm Sinovac Biotech—whose directors spoke of their admiration for Messi—in order to secure 50,000 doses of Sinovac's COVID-19 vaccine, CoronaVac, in the hope of vaccinating all of South America's football players. A deal brokered by Uruguay's president Luis Lacalle Pou, the plan to prioritise football players caused some controversy given widespread vaccine scarcity in the region, with the Mayor of Canelones Yamandú Orsi remarking that \"Just as the president manifested cooperation with CONMEBOL to vaccinate for the Copa América, he could just as well have the same consideration for Canelones\".</s><s>Personal life.:"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": "Tax fraud. Messi's financial affairs came under investigation in 2013 for suspected tax evasion. Offshore companies in tax havens Uruguay and Belize were used to evade €4.1 million in taxes related to sponsorship earnings between 2007 and 2009. An unrelated shell company in Panama set up in 2012 was subsequently identified as belonging to the Messis in the Panama Papers data leak. Messi, who pleaded ignorance of the alleged scheme, voluntarily paid arrears of €5.1 million in August 2013. On 6 July 2016, Messi and his father were both found guilty of tax fraud and were handed suspended 21-month prison sentences and respectively ordered to pay €1.7 million and €1.4 million in fines. Facing the judge, he said, \"I just played football. I signed the contracts because I trusted my dad and the lawyers and we had decided that they would take charge of those things.\"</s><s>Honours. Barcelona - La Liga: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19 - Copa del Rey: 2008–09, 2011–12, 2014–15, 2015–16,"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " 2016–17, 2017–18, 2020–21 - Supercopa de España: 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016, 2018 - UEFA Champions League: 2005–06, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2014–15 - UEFA Super Cup: 2009, 2011, 2015 - FIFA Club World Cup: 2009, 2011, 2015 Paris Saint-Germain - Ligue 1: 2021–22 - Trophée des Champions: 2022 Argentina U20 - FIFA World Youth Championship: 2005 Argentina U23 - Summer Olympics: 2008 Argentina - FIFA World Cup: 2022 - Copa América: 2021 - CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions: 2022 Individual - Ballon d'Or/FIFA Ballon d'Or: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2019, 2021 - FIFA World Player of the Year: 2009 - The Best FIFA Men's Player: 2019, 2022 - European Golden Shoe: 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19 - FIFA World Cup Golden Ball: 2014, 2022 - FIFA World Cup Silver Boot: 2022 - FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball: 2009, 2011 - FIFA U-20 World Cup"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " Golden Ball: 2005 - FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Boot: 2005 - Copa América Best Player: 2015, 2021 - Copa América Top Goalscorer: 2021 - La Liga Best Player: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15 - Pichichi Trophy: 2009−10, 2011–12, 2012−13, 2016–17, 2017−18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21 - Laureus World Sportsman of the Year: 2020 - Argentine Footballer of the Year: 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022</s><s>See also. - European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics - La Liga records and statistics - List of FC Barcelona players - List of FC Barcelona records and statistics - List of largest sports contracts - List of men's footballers with 50 or more international goals - List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps - List of men's footballers with 500 or more goals - List of men's footballers with the most official appearances - List of most-followed Instagram accounts - List of"
},
{
"title": "Lionel Messi",
"text": " most-liked Instagram posts - List of top international men's football goalscorers by country - List of players who have appeared in multiple FIFA World Cups - List of association football rivalries</s><s>References. Bibliography - - - - - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Lionel Messi",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000455
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Ilhan Omar.
|
[
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": "<s>Ilhan Omar Ilhan Abdullahi Omar (born October 4, 1982) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for since 2019. She is a member of the Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party. Before her election to Congress, Omar served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 2017 to 2019, representing part of Minneapolis. Her congressional district includes all of Minneapolis and some of its first-ring suburbs. Omar serves as whip of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and has advocated for a $15 minimum wage, universal healthcare, student loan debt forgiveness, the protection of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, and abolishing U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). A frequent critic of Israel, Omar supports the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement and has denounced its settlement policy and military campaigns in the occupied Palestinian territories, as well as what she describes as the influence of pro-Israel lobbies in American politics. Omar is the first Somali American and the first naturalized citizen of African birth in the United States Congress, and the first woman of color to represent Minnesota. She is also one of the first two Muslim women (along with Rashida Tlaib) to serve in Congress. She has been the target of"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " several death threats, as well as derogatory comments by political opponents, including Donald Trump, as a result of her background.</s><s>Early life and education. Omar was born in Mogadishu, Somalia, on October 4, 1982, and spent her early years in Baidoa, Somalia. She was the youngest of seven siblings, including sister Sahra Noor. Her father, Nur Omar Mohamed, an ethnic Somali from the Majeerteen clan of Northeastern Somalia, was a colonel in the Somali army under Siad Barre and also worked as a teacher trainer. Her mother, Fadhuma Abukar Haji Hussein, a Benadiri, died when Ilhan was two. She was raised by her father and grandfather, who were moderate Sunni Muslims opposed to the rigid Wahhabi interpretation of Islam. Her grandfather Abukar was the director of Somalia's National Marine Transport, and some of Omar's uncles and aunts also worked as civil servants and educators. She and her family fled Somalia to escape the Somali Civil War and spent four years in a Dadaab refugee camp in Garissa County, Kenya, near the Somali border. Omar's family secured asylum in the U.S. and arrived in New York in 1995, then lived for a time"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " in Arlington, Virginia, before moving to and settling in Minneapolis, where her father worked first as a taxi driver and later for the post office. Her father and grandfather emphasized the importance of democracy during her upbringing, and at age 14 she accompanied her grandfather to caucus meetings, serving as his interpreter. She has spoken about school bullying she endured during her time in Virginia, stimulated by her distinctive Somali appearance and wearing of the hijab. She recalls gum being pressed into her hijab, being pushed down stairs, and physical taunts while she was changing for gym class. Omar remembers her father's reaction to these incidents: \"They are doing something to you because they feel threatened in some way by your existence.\" Omar became a U.S. citizen in 2000 when she was 17 years old. Omar attended Thomas Edison High School, from which she graduated in 2001, and volunteered as a student organizer. She graduated from North Dakota State University in 2011 with a bachelor's degree, majoring in political science and international studies. Omar was a Policy Fellow at the University of Minnesota's Humphrey School of Public Affairs.</s><s>Early career. Omar began her professional career as a community nutrition educator at the University of Minnesota, working in that capacity from 2006 to 2009 in the Greater Minneapolis–Saint Paul area"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": ". In 2012, she served as campaign manager for Kari Dziedzic's reelection campaign for the Minnesota State Senate. Between 2012 and 2013, she was a child nutrition outreach coordinator at the Minnesota Department of Education. In 2013, Omar managed Andrew Johnson's campaign for Minneapolis City Council. After Johnson was elected, she served as his senior policy aide from 2013 to 2015. During a contentious precinct caucus that turned violent in February 2014, she was attacked by five people and was injured. According to \"MinnPost\", the day before the caucus, Minneapolis city council member Abdi Warsame had told Johnson to warn Omar not to attend the meeting. As of September 2015, Omar was the Director of Policy Initiatives of the Women Organizing Women Network, advocating for women from East Africa to take on civic and political leadership roles. In September 2018, Jeff Cirillo of \"Roll Call\" called her a \"progressive rising star\".</s><s>Minnesota House of Representatives.</s><s>Minnesota House of Representatives.:Elections. In 2016, Omar ran on the Democratic–Farmer–Labor (DFL) ticket for the Minnesota House of Representatives in District 60B, which includes part of northeast Minneapolis. On August 9, Omar defeated Mohamud Noor and incumbent Phyll"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": "is Kahn in the DFL primary. Her chief opponent in the general election was Republican nominee Abdimalik Askar, another activist in the Somali-American community. In late August, Askar announced his withdrawal from the campaign. In November, Omar won the general election, becoming the first Somali-American legislator in the United States. Her term began on January 3, 2017.</s><s>Minnesota House of Representatives.:Tenure and activity. During her tenure as state Representative for District 60B, Omar was an Assistant Minority Leader for the DFL caucus. She authored 38 bills during the 2017–2018 legislative session.</s><s>Minnesota House of Representatives.:Committee assignments. - Civil Law & Data Practices Policy - Higher Education & Career Readiness Policy & Finance - State Government Finance</s><s>Minnesota House of Representatives.:Financial transparency issues. In 2018, Republican state representative Steve Drazkowski publicly accused Omar of campaign finance violations, claiming that she used campaign funds to pay a divorce lawyer, and that her acceptance of speaking fees from public colleges violated Minnesota House rules. Omar responded that the attorney's fees were not personal but campaign-related; she offered to return the speaking fees. Drazkowski later accused Omar of improperly using campaign funds for personal travel to Estonia and locations in the U."
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": "S. Omar's campaign dismissed the accusations as politically motivated and accused Drazkowski of using public funds to harass a Muslim candidate. In response to an editorial in the Minneapolis \"Star Tribune\" arguing that Omar should be more transparent about her use of campaign funds, she said: \"these people are part of systems that have historically been disturbingly motivated to silence, discredit and dehumanize influencers who threaten the establishment.\" In June 2019, Minnesota campaign finance officials ruled that Omar had to pay back $3,500 that she had spent on out-of-state travel and tax filing in violation of state law, plus a $500 fine. The Campaign Finance Board's investigation also found that in 2014 and 2015 Omar had jointly filed taxes with a man she was not legally married to. Unlike some states, Minnesota does not recognize common law marriage, and so such a joint filing is not legally permitted. But experts have said that if the taxpayer files a correction within three years, as Omar's attorney and accountants did in 2016, then there are normally no further consequences, and the Internal Revenue Service is unlikely to pursue punitive measures unless there is a large discrepancy or fraudulent intent. In response to the AP's request for comment, her campaign sent a statement saying, \"all of Rep."
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " Omar’s tax filings are fully compliant with all applicable tax law.\"</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Elections.</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Elections.:2018. On June 5, 2018, Omar filed to run for the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota's 5th congressional district after six-term incumbent Keith Ellison announced he would not seek reelection. On June 17, she was endorsed by the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party after two rounds of voting. Omar won the August 14 primary with 48.2% of the vote. The 5th district is the most Democratic district in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest, (it has a Cook Partisan Voting Index of D+26) and the DFL has held it without interruption since 1963. She faced health care worker and conservative activist Jennifer Zielinski in the November 6 general election and won with 78.0% of the vote, becoming the first Somali American elected to the U.S. Congress, the first woman of color to serve as a U.S. Representative from Minnesota, and (alongside former Michigan state representative Rashida Tlaib) one of the first Muslim women elected to the Congress."
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " Omar received the largest percentage of the vote of any female candidate for U.S. House in state history, as well as the largest percentage of the vote for a non-incumbent candidate for U.S. House (excluding those running against only minor-party candidates) in state history. She was sworn in on a copy of the Quran owned by her grandfather.</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Elections.:2020. Omar won the Democratic nomination in the August 11 Democratic primary, in which she faced four opponents. The strongest was mediation lawyer Antone Melton-Meaux, who raised $3.2 million in April–June 2020, compared to about $500,000 by Omar; much of Melton-Meaux's funding came from pro-Israel groups. Melton-Meaux was also endorsed by Minnesota's largest newspaper, The \"Star Tribune\". This led some analysts to predict a close race, but Omar received 57.4% of the vote to Melton-Meaux's 39.2%. She defeated Republican Lacy Johnson and Legal Marijuana Now Party candidate Michael Moore in the November 3 general election, with 64.3% of the vote to Johnson's 25.8% and Moore's 9.5%. Omar's"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " margin of victory was 24 points less than Biden's in the district, the highest underperformance of any Democrat in the nation, which Nathaniel Rakich of \"FiveThirtyEight\" attributed to increased Republican spending and Moore's progressive pro-marijuana campaign.</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Elections.:2022. In the August 9 Democratic primary, Omar faced former Minneapolis councilman Don Samuels and three other opponents. The campaign primarily focused on crime and Omar's effectiveness in office. Omar's campaign outspent Samuels's $2.1 million to $800,000; Samuels ran television ads while Omar's campaign did not. Omar won the primary with 50.3% of the vote to Samuels's 48.2%, a margin of less than 2,500 votes.</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Tenure. Following Omar's election, the ban on head coverings in the U.S. House was modified, and Omar became the first woman to wear a hijab on the House floor. She is a member of the informal group known as \"The Squad\", whose members form a unified front to push for progressive changes such as the Green New Deal and Medicare for All. The other members of \""
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": "The Squad\" are Ayanna Pressley, Rashida Tlaib, and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. Brian Stelter of CNN Business found that from January to July 2019 Omar had around twice as many mentions on Fox News as on CNN and MSNBC, and about six times the coverage of James Clyburn, a Democratic leader in the House of Representatives. A CBS News and YouGov poll of almost 2,100 American adults conducted from July 17 to 19 found that Republican respondents were more aware of Omar than Democratic respondents. Omar has very unfavorable ratings among Republican respondents and favorable ratings among Democratic respondents. The same is true of the other three members of the Squad.</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Tenure.:Legislation. In July 2019, Omar introduced a resolution co-sponsored by Rashida Tlaib and Georgia Representative John Lewis stating that \"all Americans have the right to participate in boycotts in pursuit of civil and human rights at home and abroad, as protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution\". The resolution \"opposes unconstitutional legislative efforts to limit the use of boycotts to further civil rights at home and abroad\", and \"urges Congress, States, and civil rights leaders from all communities to endeavor to preserve the freedom of"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " advocacy for all by opposing anti-boycott resolutions and legislation\". In the same month, Omar was one of 17 Congress members to vote against a House resolution condemning the BDS movement. On January 7, 2021, Omar led a group of 13 House members introducing articles of impeachment against Trump on charges of high crimes and misdemeanors. The charges are related to Trump's alleged interference in the 2020 presidential election in Georgia and incitement of the attack at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. by his supporters, which occurred during the certification of electoral votes in the 2020 presidential election that affirmed Joe Biden's victory.</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Committee assignments. - Committee on Education and Labor - Subcommittee on Higher Education and Workforce Investment - Subcommittee on Workforce Protections</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Committee assignments.:Former assignments. - Committee on the Budget (2019–2021) - Committee on Foreign Affairs (2019–2023) - Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights and International Organizations - Subcommittee on International Development, International Organizations and Global Corporate Social Impact</s><s>U.S. House of Representatives.:Caucuses. - Congressional Progressive Caucus whip - Congressional Black Caucus</s><s>U.S."
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " House of Representatives.:2021 U.S. Capitol attack. Speaking after the 2021 United States Capitol attack, Omar said the experience was very traumatizing and that the trauma would last a long time. She said she began to fear for her life when the evacuation began and as she was being escorted to a secure area she made a phone call to the father of her children to \"make sure he would continue to tell my children that I loved them if I didn't make it out.\" She said, \"The face of the Capitol will forever be changed. They didn't succeed in stopping the functions of democracy, but I do believe they succeeded in ending the openness of our democracy.\"</s><s>Political positions.</s><s>Political positions.:Education. Omar supports broader access to student loan forgiveness programs, as well as free tuition for college students whose family income is below $125,000. Omar supports Bernie Sanders's plan to eliminate all $1.6 trillion in outstanding student debt, funded by an 0.5% tax on stock transactions and a 0.1% tax on bond transactions; she introduced a companion bill in the House of Representatives. In June 2019, Omar and Senator Tina Smith introduced the No Shame at School Act, which would end the marking of—and punishment for—"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": "students with school meal debt.</s><s>Political positions.:Health care. Omar supports Medicare for All as proposed in the Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act. On July 19, 2022, after the Supreme Court overruled \"Roe v. Wade\" in \"Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization\", Omar and 17 other members of Congress were arrested in an act of civil disobedience for refusing to clear a street during a protest for reproductive rights outside the Supreme Court Building.</s><s>Political positions.:Human rights. Omar has criticized Saudi Arabia's human rights abuses and the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. In October 2018, she tweeted: \"The Saudi government might have been strategic at covering up the daily atrocities carried out against minorities, women, activists and even the #YemenGenocide, but the murder of #JamalKhashoggi should be the last evil act they are allowed to commit.\" She also called for a boycott of Saudi Arabia's regime, tweeting: \"#BDSSaudi.\" The Saudi Arabian government responded by having dozens of anonymous Twitter troll accounts it controlled post tweets critical of Omar. Omar condemned China's treatment of its ethnic Uyghur people. In a \"Washington Post\" op-ed, Omar wrote, \"Our criticisms"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " of oppression and regional instability caused by Iran are not legitimate if we do not hold Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain to the same standards. And we cannot continue to turn a blind eye to repression in Saudi Arabiaa country that is consistently ranked among the worst of the worst human rights offenders.\" She also condemned the Assad regime in Syria. Omar criticized Trump's decision to impose further sanctions on Iran, saying the sanctions devastated the \"country's middle class and increased hostility toward the United States, with tensions between the two countries rising to dangerous levels.\" Omar condemned the 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings, tweeting, \"No person, of any faith, should be fearful in their house of worship.\" Omar opposed the October 2019 Turkish offensive into northeastern Syria, writing that \"What has happened after Turkey's invasion of northeastern Syria is a disaster—tens of thousands of civilians have been forced to flee, hundreds of Islamic State fighters have escaped, and Turkish-backed rebels have been credibly accused of atrocities against the Kurds.\" In October 2019, Omar voted \"present\" on H.Res. 296, to recognize the Armenian genocide, causing a backlash. She said in a statement that \"accountability and recognition of genocide should not be used as cudgel in a political fight\" and argued that"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " such a step should include both the Atlantic slave trade and the Native American genocide. In November, after her controversial vote, Omar publicly condemned the Armenian genocide at a rally for presidential candidate Bernie Sanders.</s><s>Political positions.:Immigration. In a March 2019 \"Politico\" interview, Omar criticized Barack Obama's \"caging of kids\" along the Mexican border. Omar accused \"Politico\" of distorting her comments and said that she had been \"saying how [President] Trump is different from Obama, and why we should focus on policy not politics,\" adding, \"One is human, the other is really not.\" In June 2019, Omar was one of four Democratic representatives to vote against the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Humanitarian Assistance and Security at the Southern Border Act, a $4.5 billion border funding bill that required Customs and Border Protection to enact health standards for individuals in custody such as standards for \"medical emergencies; nutrition, hygiene, and facilities; and personnel training.\" \"Throwing more money at the very organizations committing human rights abuses—and the very Administration directing these human rights abuses—is not a solution. This is a humanitarian crisis... inflicted by our own leadership,\" she said.</s><s>Political positions.:Infrastructure spending. On November 5, 2021"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": ", Omar was one of six House Democrats to break with their party and vote against the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act because it was decoupled from the social safety net provisions in the Build Back Better Act.</s><s>Political positions.:Israeli–Palestinian conflict.</s><s>Political positions.:Israeli–Palestinian conflict.:Support for boycott efforts and other criticisms. While she was in the Minnesota legislature, Omar was critical of the Israeli government and opposed a law intended to restrict the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement. She compared the movement to people who \"engage[d] in boycotts\" of apartheid in South Africa. During her House campaign, she said she did not support the BDS movement, describing it as counterproductive to peace. After the election her position changed, as her campaign office told \"Muslim Girl\" that she supports the BDS movement despite \"reservations on the effectiveness of the movement in accomplishing a lasting solution.\" Omar has voiced support for a two-state solution to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. She criticized Israel's settlement building in the occupied Palestinian territories in the West Bank. In 2018, Omar came under criticism for statements she made about Israel before she was in the Minnesota legislature. In a 2012 tweet, she wrote, \""
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": "Israel has hypnotized the world, may Allah awaken the people and help them see the evil doings of Israel.\" The comment, particularly the notion that Israel had \"hypnotized the world\", was criticized as drawing on antisemitic tropes. Then-\"The New York Times\" columnist Bari Weiss wrote that Omar's statement tied into a millennia-old \"conspiracy theory of the Jew as the hypnotic conspirator\". When asked in an interview how she would respond to American Jews who found the remark offensive, Omar replied: \"I don't know how my comments would be offensive to Jewish Americans. My comments precisely are addressing what was happening during the Gaza War and I'm clearly speaking about the way the Israeli regime was conducting itself in that war.\" After reading Weiss's commentary, Omar apologized for not \"disavowing the anti-Semitic trope I unknowingly used\". In September 2019, Omar condemned Benjamin Netanyahu's plans to annex the eastern portion of the occupied West Bank known as the Jordan Valley. Omar said Israelis should not vote for Netanyahu in the September 2019 Israeli legislative election.</s><s>Political positions.:Israeli–Palestinian conflict.:Remarks on AIPAC and American support for Israel. In February 2019, Republican House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy threatened to \"take action\" against"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " Omar and Rashida Tlaib for their support of the BDS movement. When journalist Glenn Greenwald responded that it was remarkable \"how much time U.S. political leaders spend defending a foreign nation even if it means attacking free speech rights of Americans\", and tagged Omar for a comment, she replied with a quote from a hip hop song, \"It's All About the Benjamins\", alluding to the $100 bill of that name. Omar later clarified that she was referring to the well-documented influence pro-Israeli lobbyists, especially AIPAC, exert in Washington. Subsequent criticism of Omar's comments often included misleading or false claims about not only her background but what she had actually said, leading some to accuse her critics of indulging in \"anti-Jewish paranoia\". A number of Democratic leadersincluding House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, and Majority Whip Jim Clyburncondemned the tweet, which was interpreted as implying that money was fueling American politicians' support of Israel. The Democratic House leadership released a statement accusing Omar of \"engaging in deeply offensive anti-Semitic tropes\". The Jewish Democratic Council of America (JDCA) also denounced her statements. Omar issued an apology the next day, saying, \"I am grateful for Jewish allies"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " and colleagues who are educating me on the painful history of anti-Semitic tropes\", and adding, \"I reaffirm the problematic role of lobbyists in our politics, whether it be AIPAC, the NRA or the fossil fuel industry.\" The Anti-Defamation League accused her of promoting an \"ugly conspiracy theory\" about putative Jewish influence in politics. Peter Beinart, after tweeting that the controversy was about \"policing the American debate over Israel\", thought Omar's statement inaccurate, wrong and irresponsible, but argued that her congressional critics were more \"bigoted\" on Israeli-Palestinian issues than Omar. On February 27, 2019, Omar said of her critics: \"I want to talk about the political influence in this country that says it is OK for people to push for allegiance to a foreign country.\" The statements were quickly criticized as allegedly drawing on antisemitic tropes. House Foreign Affairs Committee chairman Eliot Engel said it was \"deeply offensive to call into question the loyalty of fellow American citizens\" and asked Omar to retract her statement. House Appropriations Committee chairwoman Nita Lowey also called for an apology and criticized the statements in a March 3 tweet, which led to an online exchange between the two. In response, Omar reaffirmed her remarks, insisting that"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " she \"should not be expected to have allegiance/pledge support to a foreign country in order to serve my country in Congress or serve on committee.\" Omar said she was simply criticizing Israel, drawing a distinction between criticism of Benjamin Netanyahu and being anti-Semitic. Omar's spokesman, Jeremy Slevin, said Omar was speaking out about \"the undue influence of lobbying groups for foreign interests.\" Reaction among 2020 Democratic presidential candidates was mixed. Senators Elizabeth Warren, Kamala Harris, and Bernie Sanders defended Omar. While Senator Cory Booker found her comments \"disturbing\", he recognized that some of the attacks against her had \"anti-Islamic sentiment.\" Kirsten Gillibrand said, \"those with critical views of Israel should be able to express their views without employing anti-Semitic tropes about money or influence\", but also criticized the Republican Party for censuring Omar while saying “little or nothing” when President Trump \"defended white supremacists at Charlottesville.\" New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio called Omar's remarks \"unacceptable\". According to \"The Guardian\", election records archived by OpenSecrets \"suggest a correlation between pro-Israel lobby campaign contributions and Democratic presidential candidates' position on the controversy.\" Some members of the Congressional Black Caucus believed Omar was unfairly targeted because she is a"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " black Muslim, saying that \"the Democratic leadership did not draft a resolution condemning Donald Trump or other white male Republicans over their antisemitic remarks.\" The second round of remarks prompted the Democratic leadership to introduce a resolution condemning antisemitism that did not specifically refer to Omar. After objections by a number of congressional progressive Democrats, the resolution was amended to include Islamophobia, racism, and homophobia. On March 7, the House passed the amended resolution. Omar called the resolution \"historic on many fronts\" and said, \"We are tremendously proud to be part of a body that has put forth a condemnation of all forms of bigotry including anti-Semitism, racism, and white supremacy.\" Some Minnesota Jewish and Muslim community leaders later expressed continuing concern about Omar's rhetoric and language and indicated that the issue remained divisive in Omar's district. On March 7, 2019, the U.S. House of Representatives voted 407–23 to condemn \"anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, racism and other forms of bigotry\" in response to Omar's remarks concerning Israel. On February 2, 2023, the Republican-led House of Representatives passed a resolution, on a party-line vote, to remove Omar from the House Foreign Affairs Committee for what Speaker Kevin McCarthy called \"repeated antisemitic and anti"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": "-American remarks.\" Many prominent House Democrats stood by Omar.</s><s>Political positions.:Israeli–Palestinian conflict.:Ban from entering Israel. In August 2019, Omar and Representative Rashida Tlaib were banned from entering Israel, a reversal from the July 2019 statement by Israeli Ambassador to the United States Ron Dermer that \"any member of Congress\" would be allowed in. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu attributed the ban to Israeli law preventing the entry of people who call for a boycott of Israel (as Omar and Tlaib had done with their support for BDS). Netanyahu also cited Omar and Tlaib listing their destination as Palestine instead of Israel, claiming he thus viewed their visit as an attempt to \"hurt Israel and increase its unrest\". Netanyahu also said that Omar and Tlaib did not plan on visiting or meeting with any Israeli officials from the government or the opposition, and additionally accused Miftah, the sponsor of Omar's trip, of having members who support terrorism against Israel (in 2016, Israel approved a visit by five U.S. Representatives to Israel that Miftah co-sponsored, but that was before Israel enacted its anti-BDS law). Less than two hours before the ban, President Trump tweeted that Israel allowing the visit would \"show great weakness"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": "\" when Omar and Tlaib \"hate Israel & all Jewish people\". Omar said that Netanyahu had caved to Trump's demand and that \"Trump's Muslim ban is what Israel is implementing\". She responded to Netanyahu that she had intended to meet members of Israel's legislative Knesset and Israeli security officials. Both Democratic and Republican legislators criticized the ban and requested that Israel rescind it. AIPAC released a statement saying that it disagreed with Israel's move and that Omar and Tlaib should have been allowed to \"experience Israel firsthand\", while the head of the American Jewish Committee put out a statement agreeing with AIPAC on the matter. U.S. Representative Max Rose (who is Jewish) also criticized the move to ban Omar, adding that Omar and Tlaib did not speak for the Democratic Party.</s><s>Political positions.:LGBT rights. In March 2019, Omar addressed a rally in support of a Minnesota bill that would ban gay conversion therapy in the state. She co-sponsored a similar bill when she was a member of the Minnesota House. In May 2019, Omar introduced legislation that would sanction Brunei over a recently introduced law that would make homosexual sex and adultery punishable by death. In June 2019, she participated in Twin Cities Pride in Minnesota. In"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " August 2019, Omar wrote on Twitter in support of the Palestinian LGBT rights group Al Qaws after the Palestinian Authority banned Al Qaws's activities in the West Bank.</s><s>Political positions.:Military policy. Omar has been critical of U.S. foreign policy, and has called for reduced funding for \"perpetual war and military aggression,\" saying, \"knowing my tax dollars pay for bombs killing children in Yemen makes my heart break,\" with \"everyone in Washington saying we don't have enough money in the budget for universal health care, we don't have enough money in the budget to guarantee college education for everyone.\" Omar has criticized the U.S. government's drone assassination program, citing the Obama administration's policy of \"droning of countries around the world.\" She has said, \"we don't need nearly 800 military bases outside the United States to keep our country safe.\" In 2019, Omar signed a letter led by Representative Ro Khanna and Senator Rand Paul to President Trump asserting that it is \"long past time to rein in the use of force that goes beyond congressional authorization\" and that they hoped this would \"serve as a model for ending hostilities in the futurein particular, as you and your administration seek a political solution to our involvement in Afghanistan.\""
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " In May 2020, Omar signed a letter backed by AIPAC calling for the continuation of the UN embargo against Iran, with her office noting that it was a \"narrow ask that we couldn’t find anything wrong with.\" Her office said that she has opposed human rights abuse \"for a long time\" and that signing onto it should be not be seen as a sign she supports the Trump administration's policy on Iran.</s><s>Political positions.:Minimum wage. Omar supports a $15 hourly minimum wage.</s><s>Political positions.:Minneapolis Police Department. In June 2020, the \"defund the police\" slogan gained widespread popularity following the murder of George Floyd. Black Lives Matter and other activists used the phrase to call for police budget reductions and a plan to delegate certain police responsibilities to other organizations. Reacting to the murder of Floyd, the majority of the Minneapolis City Council voted to dismantle the city's police department. In a statement, the Minneapolis mayor said they planned to work to address \"systemic racism in police culture.\" Following the murder of Floyd, Omar supported the police abolition movement in Minneapolis that sought to dismantle the Minneapolis Police Department, saying that the department had \"proven themselves beyond reform.\" Omar hoped to see a new police department that would be modeled after the"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " Camden County Police Department in New Jersey.</s><s>Political positions.:Syria. In 2023, Omar was among 56 Democrats to vote in favor of H.Con.Res. 21, which directed President Joe Biden to remove U.S. troops from Syria within 180 days.</s><s>Political positions.:Venezuela crisis. In January 2019, amid the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, Omar joined Democrats Ro Khanna and Tulsi Gabbard in denouncing the Trump administration's decision to recognize Juan Guaidó, the president of the Venezuelan National Assembly, as Venezuela's interim president. She described Trump's action as a \"U.S. backed coup\" and said that the U.S. should not \"hand pick\" foreign leaders and should support \"Mexico, Uruguay & the Vatican's efforts to facilitate a peaceful dialogue.\" In response to criticisms of her comments, Omar wrote that \"No one is defending Maduro\" and that opposing US intervention is not the equivalent of supporting the existing leadership of a country. In February 2019, Omar questioned whether Elliott Abrams, whom Trump appointed as Special Representative for Venezuela in January 2019, was the correct choice given his past support of right-wing authoritarian regimes in El Salvador and Guatemala, his initial doubts about the number of reported deaths in the El Moz"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": "ote massacre in 1982, and his two 1991 misdemeanor convictions for withholding information from Congress about the Iran–Contra affair, for which he was later pardoned by George H. W. Bush. In May 2019, Omar said in an interview on \"Democracy Now!\" that she believed U.S. foreign policy and economic sanctions are aimed at regime change and have contributed to the \"devastation in Venezuela.\"</s><s>Threats and harassment.</s><s>Threats and harassment.:DFL caucus attack. On February 4, 2014, Omar was attacked and wounded by multiple attendees during a DFL caucus for Minnesota's House of Representatives District 60B. She was organizing the event and was a policy aide to Minneapolis City Councilman Andrew Johnson at the time. She sustained a concussion and was sent to the hospital.</s><s>Threats and harassment.:Death threats. In February 2019, the FBI arrested United States Coast Guard Lieutenant Christopher Paul Hasson, who was allegedly plotting to assassinate various journalists and political figures in the United States, including Omar. According to prosecutors, Hasson is a self-described \"long time White Nationalist\" and former skinhead who wanted to use violence to \"establish a white homeland.\" Prosecutors also alleged that Hasson was in contact with"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " an American neo-Nazi leader, stockpiled weapons, and compiled a hit list. On April 7, 2019, Patrick Carlineo Jr., was arrested for threatening to assault and murder Omar in a phone call to her office. He reportedly told investigators that he did not want Muslims in the government. In May 2019, Carlineo was released from custody and placed on house arrest. He pleaded guilty to the offense on November 19. Omar asked the court to be lenient with him. In April 2019, Omar said that she had received more death threats after Trump made comments about her and 9/11, \"many directly referencing or replying to the president's video\". In August 2019, she published an anonymous threat she had received of being shot at the Minnesota State Fair, saying that such threats were why she now had security protection. In September 2019, she asserted Trump was putting her life in danger by retweeting a tweet falsely claiming she had \"partied on the anniversary of 9/11\". Two Republican candidates for congressional office have called for Omar's execution. In November 2019, Danielle Stella, Omar's Republican opponent for Congress, was banned from Twitter for suggesting that Omar be hanged for treason if found guilty of passing information to Iran. In December 2019, George Buck,"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " another Republican running for Congress, also suggested that Omar be hanged for treason. In response, Buck was removed from the National Republican Congressional Committee's Young Guns program. Neither candidate won their primary election.</s><s>Threats and harassment.:\"Go back to their countries\" Trump tweet. On July 14, 2019, Trump tweeted that The Squad—a group that consists of Omar and three other young congresswomen of color, most of whom were born and raised in the U.S.—should \"go back\" to the \"places from which they came\". In response, Omar said Trump was \"stoking white nationalism\" because he was \"angry that people like us are serving in Congress and fighting against your hate-filled agenda.\" Two days later, the House of Representatives voted 240–187 to condemn Trump's \"racist comments\". On July 17, it was reported that the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission lists the phrase \"Go back to where you came from\" as an example of \"harassment based on national origin\". At a July 17 campaign rally in North Carolina, Trump made additional comments about The Squad: \"They never have anything good to say. That's why I say, 'Hey if you don't like it, let 'em leave, let"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " 'em leave, and \"I think in some cases they hate our country\". He made a series of false and misleading claims about Omar, including allegations that she had praised al-Qaeda and \"smeared\" American soldiers who had fought in the Battle of Mogadishu by bringing up the numerous Somali civilian casualties. The crowd reacted by chanting, \"Send her back, Send her back.\" Trump later called the crowd \"incredible people, incredible patriots\" and accused Omar of racism and antisemitism. On July 19, he falsely claimed that Omar and the rest of The Squad had used the term \"evil Jews\". Foreign media has widely covered Trump's remarks about Omar and The Squad. The social media hashtag #IStandWithIlhanOmar was soon trending in the United States and other countries. Many foreign politicians condemned Trump's comments. On July 19, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said, \"I reject [Trump's comments] and stand in solidarity with the congresswomen he targeted.\"</s><s>Threats and harassment.:Target of online hate speech. Omar has frequently been the target of online hate speech. According to a study by the Social Science Research Council of more than 113,000 tweets about Muslim candidates in the weeks leading up to the 2018 midterm elections,"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " Omar \"was the prime target. Roughly half of the 90,000 tweets mentioning her included hate speech or Islamophobic or anti-immigrant language.\" According to the study, \"Key themes included Muslims as subhumans or 'Trojan horses' seeking to impose Shariah law on America... A large proportion of these trolls were likely bots or automated accounts run by people, organizations or state actors seeking to spread political propaganda and hate speech. That's based on telltale iconography, naming patterns, webs of linkages and the breadth of the postelection scrubbing.\"</s><s>Threats and harassment.:9/11 comments and World Trade Center cover. On April 11, 2019, the front page of the \"New York Post\" carried an image of the World Trade Center burning following the September 11 terrorist attacks and a quotation from a speech Omar gave the previous month. The headline read, \"REP. ILHAN OMAR: 9/11 WAS 'SOME PEOPLE DID SOMETHING, and a caption underneath added, \"Here's your something... 2,977 people dead by terrorism.\" The \"Post\" was quoting a speech Omar had given at a recent Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR) meeting. In the speech Omar said, \"CAIR"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " was founded after 9/11 because they recognized that some people did something and that all of us [Muslims in the U.S.] were starting to lose access to our civil liberties.\" (CAIR was founded in 1994, but many new members joined after the 9/11 attacks in 2001.) On April 12, President Trump retweeted a video that edited Omar's remarks to remove context, showing her saying, \"Some people did something.\" Some Democratic representatives condemned Trump's retweet, predicting that it would incite violence and hatred. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi called on Trump to \"take down his disrespectful and dangerous video\" and asked the U.S. Capitol Police to increase its protection of Omar. Speaking at an April 30 protest by black women calling for formal censure of Trump, Omar blamed Trump and his allies for inciting Americans against both Jews and Muslims.</s><s>Threats and harassment.:Comments by Lauren Boebert. In November 2021, Republican Representative Lauren Boebert said she had shared an elevator with Omar, and that she and a Capitol Police officer both mistook Omar for a terrorist. Boebert referred to Omar as the \"Jihad Squad\". Omar said that she had not shared an elevator with Boebert, that the story was made up, and that Boebert's comments"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " were \"anti-Muslim bigotry\".</s><s>Awards and honors. Omar received the 2015 Community Leadership Award from \"Mshale\", an African immigrant media outlet based in Minneapolis. The prize is awarded annually on a readership basis. In 2017, \"Time\" magazine named Omar among its \"Firsts: Women who are changing the world,\" a special report on 46 women who broke barriers in their respective disciplines, and featured her on the cover of its September 18 issue. Her family was named one of the \"five families who are changing the world as we know it\" by \"Vogue\" in their February 2018 issue featuring photographs by Annie Leibovitz.</s><s>Media appearances. In 2018, Omar was featured in the music video for Maroon 5's \"Girls Like You\" featuring Cardi B. The 2018 documentary film \"Time for Ilhan\" (directed by Norah Shapiro, produced by Jennifer Steinman Sternin and Chris Newberry) chronicles Omar's political campaign. It was selected to show at the Tribeca Film Festival and the Mill Valley Film Festival. Following a July 2019 tweet by Trump that The Squad—a group that consists of Omar and three other congresswomen of color who were born in the United States—should \"go back\" to"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": " the \"places from which they came\", Omar and the other members of the Squad held a press conference that was taped by CNN and posted to social media. On October 19, 2020, Omar joined Ocasio-Cortez, Disguised Toast, Jacksepticeye, and Pokimane in a Twitch stream playing the popular game \"Among Us\", encouraging streamers to vote in the 2020 election. This collaboration garnered almost half a million views.</s><s>Personal life. In 2002, Omar became engaged to Ahmed Abdisalan Hirsi (né Aden). She has said they had an unofficial, faith-based Islamic marriage. The couple had two children together, including Isra Hirsi, one of the three principal organizers of the school strike for climate in the US. Omar has said that she and Hirsi divorced within their faith tradition in 2008. In 2009, Omar married Ahmed Nur Said Elmi, a British Somali. According to Omar, in 2011 she and Elmi had a faith-based divorce and she reconciled with Hirsi, with whom she had a third child in 2012. In 2017, Elmi and Omar legally divorced, and Omar and Hirsi legally married in 2018. On October 7, 2019, Omar filed for divorce from Hir"
},
{
"title": "Ilhan Omar",
"text": "si, citing an \"irretrievable breakdown\" of the marriage. The divorce was finalized on November 5, 2019. In March 2020, Omar married Tim Mynett, a political consultant whose political consulting firm, the E Street Group, received $2.78 million in contracts from Omar's campaign during the 2020 cycle. The campaign's contract with Mynett's firm became a focus of criticism by her Democratic primary opponent and conservative critics that received significant local and national media attention. On November 17, 2020, Omar's campaign terminated its contract with Mynett's firm, saying the termination was to \"make sure that anybody who is supporting our campaign with their time or financial support feels there is no perceived issue with that support.\" In 2020, HarperCollins published Omar's memoir, \"This Is What America Looks Like\", written with Rebecca Paley.</s><s>See also. - List of African-American United States representatives - List of Muslim members of the United States Congress - Women in the United States House of Representatives</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Ilhan Omar",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000456
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Dascha Polanco.
|
[
{
"title": "Dascha Polanco",
"text": "<s>Dascha Polanco Dascha Yolaine Polanco (born December 3, 1982) is a Dominican-American actress. She is known for portraying the role of Dayanara \"Daya\" Diaz on the Netflix series \"Orange Is the New Black\", and for the role of Cuca in the 2021 movie \"In the Heights\".</s><s>Early life. Polanco was born in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, and moved to the United States at a young age. She was raised in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, and Miami by her father, a mechanic, and mother, a cosmetologist. Polanco is the oldest of three children; she has a brother and sister.{{cite web|url=http://www.latina.com/entertainment/celebrity/dascha-polanco-june-july-2015-cover-star }}</s><s>Career. Polanco aspired to be an actress from an early age but \"always doubted auditioning because of [her] weight\", so she completed a bachelor's degree in psychology at Hunter College. After college she began working in the healthcare industry with the intention of becoming a nurse. She was working in hospital administration at Montefiore Medical"
},
{
"title": "Dascha Polanco",
"text": " Center in the Bronx while studying nursing when she gained the courage to pursue acting again and registered herself with an acting studio. She attended BIH Studios in New York, and while there was signed by the talent agency Shirley Grant Management. Her first acting credits were minor parts in the television series \"Unforgettable\" and \"NYC 22\". In 2012, Polanco was cast in the Netflix series \"Orange Is the New Black\" as Dayanara \"Daya\" Diaz. In 2013, Polanco appeared in the independent film \"Gimme Shelter\" before returning to her role on \"Orange Is the New Black\" for the show's second season. In June 2014, it was announced that she had been promoted from a recurring role to a series regular for the show's third season, which was released in June 2015. She appeared in the comedy films \"The Cobbler\" and \"Joy\", and starred in the film \"The Perfect Match\". In 2018, Polanco had a recurring role in \"\", and in 2019, she had a recurring role in Netflix series, \"Russian Doll\" and \"When They See Us\". In 2021, Polanco played the role of Cuca, one of the lead salon ladies, in the film \"In the Heights\". From 2021"
},
{
"title": "Dascha Polanco",
"text": " to 2022, Polaco voiced Ms. Camilla Torres, the mother of Winston who owns a record shop, in the animated series \"Karma's World\".</s><s>Personal life. Polanco has two children, a daughter and a son.{{cite web|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/tv/a42135/dascha-polanco-orange-is-the-new-black-season-3-profile/</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Dascha Polanco",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000457
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Kaká.
|
[
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": "<s>Kaká Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite (; born 22 April 1982), commonly known as Kaká () or Ricardo Kaká, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. In his prime as a playmaker at AC Milan, a period marked by his creative passing, goal scoring and dribbles from midfield, Kaká is widely considered one of the best players of his generation. With success at club and international level, he is one of nine players to have won the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Champions League and the Ballon d'Or. Kaká made his professional club debut at age 18 at São Paulo in Brazil in 2001, and his performances with the club led to him joining Serie A club AC Milan in 2003. In Italy, Kaká helped Milan win the Serie A title in his first season. Milan finished runners up in the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League with Kaká the top assist provider of the tournament, and he was named the UEFA Club Midfielder of the Year. He led Milan to win the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League and was the tournament's top goal scorer. His performances saw him win the FIFA World Player of the Year, the 2007 Ballon d'Or and the UEFA Club Footballer"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " of the Year. After six years with Milan, Kaká joined Real Madrid in 2009 for a transfer fee of €67 million, which was the second highest transfer fee at the time. However, after four injury troubled seasons in Spain, which saw his physical mobility rapidly decline, he returned to AC Milan for a single season in 2013, prior to joining MLS expansion club Orlando City. He initially returned to his former club São Paulo on loan, before returning to Orlando in 2015 and retiring in 2017. Kaká made his debut for the Brazil national team in 2002, and was selected for their victorious FIFA World Cup squad that year. An established member of the team for the 2006 World Cup, he was part of a much vaunted quartet that included Ronaldo, Adriano and Ronaldinho that ultimately underperformed at the tournament before he made his final appearance in a World Cup in 2010. He was also a member of Brazil's 2005 and 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup-winning squads, winning the Golden Ball Award in 2009 as the tournament's best player. In addition to his individual awards, between 2006 and 2009 he was named in both the FIFA World XI and the UEFA Team of the Year three times. In 2010, he was named in the AC Milan Hall of Fame."
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " One of the world's most famous athletes during his playing career, Kaká was the first sportsperson to amass 10 million followers on Twitter. Off the field, Kaká is known for his humanitarian work, where he became the youngest ambassador of the UN World Food Programme in 2004. For his contributions on and off the pitch, Kaká was listed by \"Time\" as one of the world's 100 most influential people in 2008 and 2009.</s><s>Early life. Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite was born in Gama, Federal District, to Simone dos Santos, an elementary school teacher, and Bosco Izecson Pereira Leite, a civil engineer. He had a financially secure upbringing that allowed him to focus on both school and football at the same time. His younger brother Rodrigo (best known as Digão) and cousin Eduardo Delani are also professional footballers. Digão called him \"Caca\" due to his inability to pronounce \"Ricardo\" when they were young; it eventually evolved into \"Kaká.\" The word has no specific Portuguese translation. When he was seven, Kaká's family moved to São Paulo, in the homonymous state. His school had arranged him in a local youth club called \"\"Alph"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": "aville,\"\" who qualified to the final in a local tournament. There he was discovered by hometown club São Paulo FC, who offered him a place in the youth academy. At the age of 18, Kaká suffered a career-threatening and possibly paralysis-inducing spinal fracture as a result of a swimming pool accident, but made a full recovery. He attributes his recovery to God and has since tithed his income to his church.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:São Paulo. Kaká began his career with São Paulo at the age of eight. He signed a contract at 15 and led the São Paulo youth squad to \"Copa de Juvenil\" glory. He made his senior side debut on 1 February 2001 and scored 12 goals in 27 appearances, in addition to leading São Paulo to its first and only Torneio Rio-São Paulo championship, in which he scored two goals in two minutes as a substitute against Botafogo in the final, which São Paulo won 2–1. He scored ten goals in 22 matches the following season, and by this time his performance was soon attracting attention from European clubs. Kaká made a total of 58 appearances for São Paulo, scoring 23 times.</s><s>Club career"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": ".:AC Milan. The steady European interest in Kaká culminated in his signing with the European champions, Italian club AC Milan, in 2003 for a fee of reported €8.5 million, described in retrospect as \"peanuts\" by club owner Silvio Berlusconi. Within a month, he cracked the starting lineup, replacing Rui Costa in the attacking midfield playmaking position, behind strikers Jon Dahl Tomasson, Filippo Inzaghi and Andriy Shevchenko. His Serie A debut was in a 2–0 win over Ancona. He scored ten goals in 30 appearances that season, also providing several important assists, such as the cross which led to Shevchenko's title-deciding headed goal, as Milan won the \"Scudetto\" and the UEFA Super Cup, whilst finishing as runner up in the Intercontinental Cup and the 2003 Supercoppa Italiana. Milan also reached the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia, losing out to eventual winners Lazio, and were knocked out of the quarter-finals of the Champions League by Deportivo La Coruña. Due to his performances in his debut season, in 2004, Kaká was named Serie A Footballer of the Year, and was"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " nominated for both the Ballon d'Or (finishing 15th) and the 2004 FIFA World Player of the Year (finishing 10th). Kaká was a part of the five-man midfield in the 2004–05 season, usually playing in a withdrawn role behind striker Andriy Shevchenko. He was supported by Gennaro Gattuso and Clarence Seedorf defensively, as well as Massimo Ambrosini, allowing Kaká as the attacking midfielder and Rui Costa or Andrea Pirlo as the deep-lying playmaker to be in charge of creating Milan's goalscoring chances, forming a formidable midfield unit in both Italy and Europe. Milan began the season by winning the Supercoppa Italiana against Lazio. He scored seven goals in 36 domestic appearances as Milan finished runner-up in the \"Scudetto\" race. Milan also reached the quarter-finals of the Coppa Italia that season. Kaká played a pivotal role in Milan's Champions League campaign that season, helping them to reach the final against Liverpool, scoring two goals and providing five assists. Dubbed the \"Miracle of Istanbul\", Milan led 3–0 at half time, before Liverpool staged a comeback, scoring three goals in six minutes, and"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " eventually won the match 3–2 on penalties. A match widely regarded as one of the greatest finals in the competition's history, Kaká was imperious in the first half; he first won the early free-kick which led to Paolo Maldini's opening goal, began the play that led to Hernán Crespo's first goal and Milan's second of the night, then executed a long curling pass that split open the Liverpool defence and rolled directly into the path of Crespo to score Milan's third. Kaká was once again nominated for the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year Awards, finishing ninth and eighth respectively, and he was named the 2005 UEFA Club Football Best Midfielder. The 2005–06 season saw Kaká score his first hat-tricks in domestic competitions. On 9 April 2006, he scored his first \"Rossoneri\" hat-trick against Chievo, with all three goals scored in the second half. Milan were knocked out in the semi-finals of the 2005–06 Champions League to eventual champions Barcelona, and were once again eliminated in the quarter-finals of the Coppa Italia. Milan also finished once again as runners-up in Serie A, with Kaká scoring"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " 17 goals in the league. After the 2006 Calciopoli scandal, however, Milan were deducted 30 points, which placed them in third in the table. Kaká was nominated for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year Awards for the third consecutive year, finishing 11th and seventh respectively. He was also selected to be part of both the UEFA Team of the Year and the FIFPro World XI for the first time in his career. Andriy Shevchenko's departure to Chelsea for the 2006–07 season allowed Kaká to become the focal point of Milan's offense as he alternated between the midfield and forward positions, operating at times as a striker or as a second striker behind Filippo Inzaghi, as well as in his more typical attacking midfield position. On 2 November 2006, he scored his first Champions League hat-trick in a 4–1 group stage win over the Belgian side Anderlecht. He finished as the top scorer in the 2006–07 Champions League campaign with ten goals. One of the goals helped the \"Rossoneri\" eliminate Celtic in the round of 16, 1–0 on aggregate, and he scored three goals against Manchester United in the semi-finals. Milan also reached"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia that season, losing out to winners Roma, and finished fourth in Serie A. Kaká won the Champions League title when Milan defeated Liverpool 2–1 on 23 May 2007, avenging the previous loss on penalties two years before. Though he went scoreless, he won a free kick that led to the first of Filippo Inzaghi's two goals, and provided the assist for the second. On 30 August, Kaká was named by UEFA as both the top forward of the 2006–07 Champions League season and UEFA Club Footballer of the Year, as well as being named as part of the UEFA Team of the Year for the second time. He once again finished as the second-best assist-provider of the Champions League, providing five, and was voted the 2007 IFFHS World's Best Playmaker. Milan began its 2007–08 season by winning the UEFA Super Cup on 31 August, defeating Sevilla 3–1, with Kaká scoring the third goal. Kaká had made a dribbling run into Sevilla's area, winning a penalty, which he then proceeded to take. Although it was saved by goalkeeper Andrés Palop, Kaká scored on the rebound with a header."
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " Kaká had previously hit the post in the first half. He played his 200th career match with Milan in a 1–1 home draw with Catania on 30 September, scoring from a penalty, and on 5 October, he was named the 2006–07 FIFPro World Player of the Year, and was elected as part of the FIFPro World XI for the second time in his career. On 2 December 2007, Kaká became the eighth Milan player to win the Ballon d'Or, as he finished with a decisive 444 votes, well ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. He signed a contract extension through 2013 with Milan on 29 February 2008. On 16 December, Kaká won the FIFA Club World Cup against Boca Juniors, scoring Milan's third goal of the match in a 4–2 victory which allowed them to be crowned World Champions. Kaká had previously assisted Filippo Inzaghi's opening goal of the match and also assisted Inzaghi's final goal of the match after an impressive exchange with Clarence Seedorf; he was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the competition. On 17 December, Kaká was voted the 2007 FIFA World Player of the Year with 1,047 votes, ahead of Lionel Messi with 504"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " and Cristiano Ronaldo with 426. In January 2008, Kaká was also named the 2007 Serie A Footballer of the Year, winning the award for the second time in his career. His contributions on and off the pitch saw \"Time\" magazine name Kaká in the Time 100 list on 2 May. On 14 October, he cast his footprints into the Estádio do Maracanã's sidewalk of fame, in a section dedicated to the memory of the country's top players. Kaká finished the 2007–08 season with 15 goals in Serie A. His best goals included a curling strike from 30 yards into the top corner against Lazio, a powerful strike from the edge of the 18-yard box against Cagliari, and a now trademark slalom run past a number of Udinese players before bending the ball into the bottom corner. He was nominated as a finalist for the 2008 FIFA World Player of the Year, finishing fourth, and was nominated for the Ballon d'Or, finishing in eighth. He was named in the six-man shortlist for the 2008 Laureus World Sportsman of the Year, and was selected in the FIFPro World XI for the third time in his career. He was named in the Time 100"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " again in 2009. The BBC reported on 13 January 2009 that Manchester City made a bid for Kaká for over £100 million. Milan Director Umberto Gandini replied that Milan would only discuss the matter if Kaká and Manchester City agreed to personal terms. Kaká initially responded by telling reporters he wanted to \"grow old\" at Milan and dreamed of captaining the club one day, but later said, \"If Milan want to sell me, I'll sit down and talk. I can say that as long as the club don't want to sell me, I'll definitely stay.\" On 19 January, Silvio Berlusconi announced that Manchester City had officially ended their bid after a discussion between the clubs, and that Kaká would remain with Milan. Milan supporters had protested outside the club headquarters earlier that evening, and later chanted outside Kaká's home, where he saluted them by flashing his jersey outside a window. Kaká finished his final season with Milan by scoring 16 goals, helping Milan finish third in Serie A, and once again being elected as a finalist for the FIFA World Player of the Year Award, finishing fourth in voting for the second-straight year. He was also nominated for the Ballon d'Or award, finishing in sixth place"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": ", and was named in the UEFA Team of the Year for the third time in his career.</s><s>Club career.:Real Madrid. On 3 June 2009, it was reported that newly elected Real Madrid president Florentino Pérez had offered to buy Kaká from Milan for a reported €68.5 million, two days after the player had left for international duty with Brazil. Milan vice-chairman and CEO Adriano Galliani confirmed that he and Kaká's father, Bosco Leite, had traveled to Mexico to meet with \"La Volpe\": \"We had lunch and spoke about Kaká. I don't deny it. Negotiations exist, but a deal has yet to be done.\" On 4 June, Galliani told \"Gazzetta dello Sport\" that financial reasons were his motive for the talks with \"La Volpe\": \"We cannot allow [Milan] to lose €70 million ... The reasons behind Kaká's departure would be economic.\" On 8 June, Milan and Real Madrid confirmed Kaká's move to the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium on a six-year deal for €67 million fee. Kaká was unveiled as a Real Madrid player on 30 June 2009, and he made his unofficial debut"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " on 7 August 2009 in a 5–1 friendly victory against Toronto FC. He scored his first goal for Madrid during a pre-season match on 19 August 2009, in a 5–0 victory against Borussia Dortmund. Kaká later made his league debut on 29 August 2009 in a 3–2 win against Deportivo de La Coruña. He scored his first goal, a penalty, on 23 September in a 2–0 win against Villarreal. Real Madrid finished the season as runners-up in La Liga, with Kaká scoring eight goals and providing six assists in La Liga, and nine goals and eight assists in all competitions. On 5 August 2010, Real Madrid announced that Kaká had undergone a successful surgery on a long-standing left knee injury and would face up to four months on the sidelines. Kaká returned to training after a long lay-off, with manager José Mourinho commenting that having Kaká back from injury was like a new signing. After an eight-month absence, Kaká returned to play by entering as a substitute for Karim Benzema on the 77th minute of a 3–2 victory over Getafe on 3 January 2011. He said he was \"(...) happy for playing a game again and for stepping onto a pitch.\""
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " His first league goal (and his first of the season) after his return from injury came with an assist from Cristiano Ronaldo on a 4–2 victory over Villarreal on 9 January 2011. In March 2011, Kaká suffered from Iliotibial band syndrome, which kept him sidelined for a few weeks. After returning from injury, he appeared in a convincing win over Valencia, scoring two goals. At the end of his second season with the club, Real Madrid and Kaká had won the Copa del Rey, although they finished as runners-up in both La Liga and in the Supercopa de España to rivals Barcelona. Real Madrid were also knocked out of the Champions League by Barcelona in the semi-finals of the competition. Kaká finished his season with seven goals and six assists in all competitions in 20 appearances. On 27 September 2011, Kaká experienced one of his best matches as a Real Madrid player during a 3–0 victory over Ajax in the Champions League, as he scored one goal, provided one assist and participated in one of the best team build-ups of the matchday: a counterattacking move involving Mesut Özil, Cristiano Ronaldo and Karim Benzema. Kaká was later chosen the best player"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " of the Champions League Matchday. With this match, Kaká experienced one of the best starts to a season he has ever had, scoring two goals, serving two assists and winning one penalty for his team. In 2011–12, Real Madrid won La Liga with a record 100 points that year, with Kaká providing nine assists and scoring five goals in the competition. They were, however, eliminated for the second year in a row in the semi-finals of the Champions League, losing out to eventual runners-up Bayern Munich on penalties. The decisive misses for Real Madrid were by Ronaldo, Kaká and Sergio Ramos. He finished the season with eight goals and 14 assists in all club competitions. Real Madrid were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey by eventual winners Barcelona. Real Madrid began the 2012–13 season by winning the 2012 Supercopa de España against rivals Barça. On 4 December 2012, after scoring in a 4–1 win against Ajax, Kaká became the top Brazilian goalscorer in Champions League history, with 28 goals. After the match, Kaká said, \"This was an important goal for me, and I hope I've still got goals left to help Real Madrid. It was an important win and a"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " special night.\" Kaká came on just before an hour was played, but was sent off as he was controversially booked twice within 18 minutes in a 0–0 draw against Osasuna on 12 January 2013. It was his first sending-off at Madrid since he joined from Milan in 2009 and his first red card since he was dismissed playing for Brazil against Ivory Coast at the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Real Madrid finished the season in second place in La Liga behind Barcelona, and also finished runners-up in the Copa del Rey to city rivals Atlético Madrid. They were eliminated in the semi-finals of the Champions League for the third consecutive year by eventual runners-up Borussia Dortmund. On 29 August 2013, Kaká expressed his desire to leave Real Madrid, having scored 29 goals and provided 32 assists in 120 appearances in all competitions over four seasons at the club. He said goodbye to Real Madrid and its fans in an open letter on Twitter.</s><s>Club career.:Return to AC Milan. Milan confirmed that Kaká would join the club on 2 September 2013 from Real Madrid on a free transfer with only performance-related incentives owed to Madrid; after agreeing to personal terms, he signed a two-year contract. Kaká's contract was worth €4 million"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " net per year and he was given the number 22 shirt, the same number he wore for Milan during his first spell. He was also made the vice-captain upon his arrival. He captained Milan in his debut for his second spell, taking the armband from goalkeeper Marco Amelia in a match against Chiasso. Kaká tore his left adductor muscle during his first competitive appearance, deciding not to accept any wages from Milan whilst he regained fitness. He made his return for Milan on 19 October after coming on as a 76th-minute substitute in a 1–0 home victory against Udinese. In his next match, on 22 October, Kaká assisted Robinho in the 1–1 home draw against Barcelona in the Champions League. His first goal, described by ESPN as \"a sensational curling shot from the edge of the area into the top right-hand corner,\" opened the scoring in a 1–1 home draw at San Siro to Lazio on 30 October. On 7 January 2014, Kaká scored his 100th goal for Milan by an opening goal in a match against Atalanta; he later went on to score another goal 30 minutes later. On 11 March he scored a goal against Atlético Madrid in Vicente Calderón Stadium"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": ", this goal made him the last player to score against Atlético Madrid at Vicente Calderón for three seasons in knockout phase until Isco scored against them in 2016–17 UEFA Champions League semi final. On 29 March 2014, Kaká scored twice in a 3–0 win against Chievo, his 300th match for Milan. In June 2014, it was reported that Kaká had entered into advanced discussions with Orlando City to join the team in January 2015 when they enter Major League Soccer (MLS). On 30 June 2014, Kaká had his Milan contract terminated through mutual consent despite having a year remaining, by activating a release clause as a result of the team not qualifying for European competitions.</s><s>Club career.:Orlando City. Kaka joined future MLS franchise Orlando City as their first Designated Player. He stated that he had \"always\" wanted to play in the United States, and cited the Brazilian owner Flávio Augusto da Silva as a reason for signing. Until Orlando entered the league in 2015, Kaká was loaned to his first club São Paulo, which he called \"really satisfying.\" By signing for Orlando City, Kaká became the highest-paid player in MLS history, with a base salary of US$6."
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": "6 million per year, and with a guaranteed compensation of $7.2 million per year.</s><s>Club career.:Orlando City.:Loan to São Paulo. On 3 July 2014, Kaká arrived at São Paulo and began training the next day. He made his comeback in a league match against Goiás on 27 July 2014, starting and scoring a goal in the 76th minute, although his team lost 2–1. On 4 September 2014, in the second round of the Copa Sudamericana, Kaká scored in a 2–0 victory over Criciúma. On 9 November 2014, Kaká scored the winning goal in a 2–1 victory over Vitória.</s><s>Club career.:Orlando City.:Return to Orlando City. Kaká scored in his first match for Orlando City, a 4–0 friendly win over FC Dallas. He then scored again in a 1–1 friendly draw against New York City FC. On 8 March 2015, Kaká scored a free kick for the equaliser in a 1–1 draw on his MLS debut against New York City FC at the Citrus Bowl, the first in Orlando City's competitive history. Kaká scored one and assisted another in a 2–2 draw"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " with Montreal Impact on 28 March 2015. He came second in the \"Etihad Airways MLS Player of the Month \"poll\" \"for his performances in March. On 13 April 2015, Kaká scored a penalty against Portland Timbers in a 2–0 win. On 17 May 2015, Kaká scored one and assisted another in Orlando City's 4–0 win over defending MLS champions LA Galaxy. By doing so, Orlando became the first expansion team to beat a defending MLS champion by more than a three-goal margin. On 30 June, Kaká scored Orlando's opening goal in the 21st minute of his Open Cup debut, helping his team to a 2–0 home win over Columbus Crew, in the fifth round of the competition, which enabled the club to advance to the quarter-finals. On 5 July, he received the first straight red card of his career in a 1–1 away draw against Real Salt Lake; he had previously scored a goal during the match. Later that month, Kaká was named to the 2015 MLS All-Star Game as the team's captain. During the MLS All-Star Game on 29 July, at the Dick's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City, Colorado, he scored from a penalty and later assisted David Villa as the MLS"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " All-Stars defeated Tottenham Hotspur 2–1; Kaká was named MVP of the match. Despite his efforts, he was unable to help Orlando City become the first expansion team to qualify for the MLS Cup Playoffs since the Seattle Sounders in 2009, as Orlando narrowly missed out on the sixth seed spot in the Eastern Conference; he ended his first season with 9 goals and 7 assists in 28 MLS appearances, also scoring another goal from two appearances in the 2015 MLS Open Cup. After initially being sidelined through injury and missing Orlando City's first three matches of the 2016 MLS season, Kaká returned to the team's starting line-up and made his first appearance of the season on 3 April, against the Portland Timbers; he assisted two goals and later scored one himself in a 4–1 home victory, and was subsequently named to the MLS team of the week for his performance. In July 2016, he was included in the roster for the 2016 MLS All-Star Game. He finished his second MLS season with the club with 9 goals and 10 assists in 24 appearances, as Orlando once again failed to qualify for the MLS Cup Playoffs. On 5 March 2017, in Orlando City's opening match of the MLS season against New York City, and the club's stadium debut, Kaká hit"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " the turf clutching his left leg just minutes after the game had started; the Lions beat their opponents 1–0. Later, it was reported that Kaká would be out for 6 weeks due to a hamstring strain. Kaka came back in action and he scored on his return in Orlando City 2–0 win over Colorado Rapids on 29 April. The next week, he scored another goal in Orlando's 2–1 loss against Toronto FC. He scored his third goal of the season in a 2–2 draw against Sporting KC on 13 May 2017. On 14 June, he played in the 3–1 loss in U.S. Open Cup match against Miami FC which was coached by his former teammate Alessandro Nesta. On 17 June he assisted Matías Pérez García's goal against Montreal Impact. The following match, he provided another assist for Scott Sutter last minute equalizer against Seattle Sounders. On 7 July, he was chosen to play for the 2017 MLS All-Star Game for the third consecutive season. He scored a long range stunner against Atlanta United on 29 July. Orlando City were officially eliminated from playoff contention on 7 October, following New York Red Bulls's 3–0 victory over Vancouver Whitecaps. Kaká announced on 11 October 2017 that"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " he would not be renewing his contract with Orlando City for the 2018 MLS season. He played his last official match for Orlando on 15 October in a 1–0 home defeat against Columbus Crew; he finished the 2017 MLS season with 6 goals and 5 assists in 23 league appearances. He later appeared once more for Orlando, in a 6–1 home win over the Puerto Rican national team in the \"Fuerza Puerto Rico\" friendly, held on 5 November, to raise money for Hurricane Maria relief. In total, Kaká made 75 league appearances in his three seasons with Orlando, scoring 24 goals and providing 22 assists.</s><s>Club career.:Retirement. Kaká announced his retirement on 17 December 2017, after turning down offers from his former clubs São Paulo and AC Milan. He also expressed interest in working as a director, confirming that Milan had offered him a role.</s><s>International career.</s><s>International career.:Youth career and early senior career. Kaká was called up for the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship, but the Brazilians crashed out to Ghana in the quarter-finals. Several months later, he made his debut for the senior Brazil squad in a friendly match against Bolivia on 31 January 2002. He was part of Brazil's 2002 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": "-winning squad in Korea/Japan, but played only 25 minutes, all of which were in the 5–2 first round victory against Costa Rica on 13 June. In 2003, Kaká was the captain for the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup, where Brazil, competing with their under-23 team, finished as runner-up to Mexico. He scored three goals during the tournament.</s><s>International career.:First Confederations Cup title and 2006 World Cup. Kakà was included in Brazil's squad for 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup in Germany. He appeared in all five matches and scored one goal in a 4–1 win over Argentina in the final. Kaká started in his first FIFA World Cup finals in 2006 and scored his first and only goal of the tournament with a 25-yard strike in Brazil's 1–0 victory over Croatia in Brazil's opener, for which he was named Man of the Match. Kaká was unable to keep up the momentum for the remainder of the tournament, as Brazil was eliminated by France in the quarter-finals with French star Thierry Henry scoring the winner. In a friendly against rivals Argentina at the Emirates Stadium, London on 3 September 2006, after entering as a substitute, Kaká received the ball off a deflection from an Argentina"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " corner kick and outran Lionel Messi while taking the ball down three quarters of the field to score. Exhibiting his \"fantastic acceleration and balletic grace\" (according to Carl Anka for the BBC), Kaká regards it as the greatest goal he ever scored. On 12 May 2007, citing an exhaustive schedule of Serie A, Champions League and national team play, Kaká bowed out of the 2007 Copa América, which Brazil won. After missing out on the Copa América, he returned to play in Brazil's friendly match against Algeria on 22 August 2007. On 11 October 2008, Kaká opened the scoring for Brazil in their 4–0 win against Venezuela in a qualification game for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.</s><s>International career.:Second Confederations Cup title and 2010 World Cup. Kaká participated in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup, wearing the number 10 shirt, marking his first international tournament since the 2006 World Cup. His only two goals came in Brazil's group stage opener against Egypt on 14 June, when he scored a goal in the fifth minute and then added a 90th-minute penalty in Brazil's 4–3 victory. Kaká also provided two assists throughout the tournament. He received the Golden Ball as the player of"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " the tournament at the Confederations Cup and was also named the Man of the Match in the final after helping Brazil to a 3–2 win against the United States. At the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, during the match against Ivory Coast on 20 June, Kaká received a controversial red card after receiving two yellow cards. The second card was given for an alleged elbow in the direction of Abdul Kader Keïta. Kaká ended the tournament with three assists in total, as the joint-top assist provider, although he failed to score a goal during the tournament. Brazil eventually ended up losing 2–1 to World Cup eventual runners-up Netherlands in the quarter-finals of the tournament.</s><s>International career.:Later career. After more than a year absence from the national team due to a series of injuries, Kaká was recalled on 27 October 2011 for the friendly matches against Gabon and Egypt in November. He later had to be removed from the squad due to a calf injury, and thus did not play either of the matches. After not appearing for Brazil in two years, Kaká was recalled on 28 September 2012 for the friendly matches against Iraq and Japan in October. Following his recall to the \"Seleção\" squad, Kaká stated, \""
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": "I admit it was a surprise this call ... When the list was published, I was extremely happy. It was like my first call-up.\" Brazil coach Mano Menezes said that despite Kaká and Oscar's similarities, the two would be able to play alongside each other, as Kaká had slightly changed his playing style. On his return to the national side, Kaká scored in both matches, a 6–0 win over Iraq and a 4–0 win over Japan. Kaká retained his place in the squad for Brazil's 1,000th game in history, a 1–1 friendly draw against Colombia on 14 November 2012. On 5 March 2013, Kaká was called up by new Brazil coach Luiz Felipe Scolari for the first time since the coach's return, for friendlies with Italy in London and Russia in Geneva, both taking place late in that month. Kaká, however, was not selected for the national team for the 2013 Confederations Cup and was also omitted from Scolari's 2014 World Cup squad. After almost 18 months, Kaká was recalled to the Brazilian team in October 2014 by new manager Dunga for friendlies against Argentina and Japan. On 1 May 2015, Kaká was selected as one of"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " seven stand-by players in Brazil's preliminary squad for the 2015 Copa América, although he was not called up for the final tournament. In August 2015, he was called up to the national team once again for the team's international friendlies in September, and made a substitute appearance in Brazil's 1–0 victory over Costa Rica on 5 September; this was his first appearance for Brazil in almost a year, and his 90th appearance for his country overall. Following Douglas Costa's left thigh injury in late May 2016, which ruled him out of Brazil's Copa América Centenario squad, Kaká was called up as a replacement by Dunga. On 30 May, he subsequently appeared as an 80th-minute substitute in a pre-Copa América friendly warm-up match against Panama, which ended in a 2–0 victory to Brazil. A muscle injury sustained in early June, however, also ruled Kaká out of the upcoming tournament; he was replaced by Ganso.</s><s>Style of play and reception. Regarded as one of the best players of his generation, Kaká has been described on the FIFA website as having the \"capacity to glide almost effortlessly past opponents, provide defence-splitting passes and score consistently"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " from distance.\" During his prime at Milan in the mid to late 2000s, and prior to the injuries he suffered at Real Madrid which affected his mobility, Kaká was a quick, agile, hard-working, highly skilful and creative team player with great pace, ball control, technique, movement, and balance, capable of dribbling past defenders in one on one situations as well as during counterattacks. Regarding his speed and elegance on the ball during his trademark forward runs, in 2017, Karl Matchett of Bleacher Report stated: Tim Vickery of ESPN wrote, \"Kaká running forward with the ball had the power of a freight train. He married power with finesse\", but on the impact of his knee and groin issues at Madrid, added, \"once his acceleration had been reduced, he lacked the subtlety to shine as before.\" Carl Anka of the BBC writes that his \"knee and groin problems sapped him of the explosive half-yard burst he needed to navigate the corridors of midfield uncertainty\", and that by 2009 he \"was already on the wane.\" Anka adds that being the last player to win FIFA World Player of the Year (in 2007) prior to the Messi-Ronaldo dominance over the next decade, Kak"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": "á's standing in the game has been \"lost in a haze\", with his \"greatness just out of sight\". Ronaldinho states, \"For two, maybe three seasons [at Milan] he was the best player in the world. There was nothing he couldn’t do”, while his Milan teammate Andrea Pirlo adds, \"There was a point when teams just had no idea how to stop him.\" As well as his dribbling from midfield, Kaká was also renowned for his vision and passing ability, enabling him to create chances for teammates. Having performed predominantly as a playmaking attacking midfielder throughout his career, he was known for being capable of scoring goals as well as creating and assisting them. A versatile player, he was also deployed in several other attacking positions throughout his career, performing as a winger on either flank, as a supporting forward, and on occasion as an outright striker, or even in a deeper role as a midfield playmaker. In addition to these characteristics, Kaká also possessed a powerful and accurate shot from both inside and outside the penalty area, with either foot, despite being naturally right-footed; he preferred to strike the ball with finesse rather than power, however, and had a penchant for scoring from distance with bending shots"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": ". He was also an accurate penalty taker. In 2020, \"90min.com\" placed Kakà at number 42 in their list of \"The 50 Greatest Footballers of All Time.\"</s><s>Personal life. Kaká married his childhood sweetheart Caroline Celico on 23 December 2005 at a Rebirth in Christ church in São Paulo. The couple have two children: son Luca Celico Leite (born 10 June 2008) and daughter Isabella (born 23 April 2011). In 2015, Kaká and Celico announced their divorce via social media. Kaká was sworn in as an Italian citizen on 12 February 2007. He features prominently in Adidas advertising and also has a modeling contract with Armani, the latter preventing him from appearing in a photo collection alongside his Milan teammates that was published by Dolce & Gabbana in early 2007. Kaká appeared on the cover of the Italian edition of EA Sports' \"FIFA\" video game \"FIFA 07\", alongside compatriot and global coverstar Ronaldinho; he was also featured on the cover of some regional editions of \"FIFA 11\", \"FIFA 12\", and \"FIFA 16\". He featured in \"FIFA 20\" as one of the new Ultimate Team Icons. Kaká cites"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " Raí, the former Brazilian national team and São Paulo FC captain, as his footballing role model. He is best friends with Marcelo Saragosa, who also played professionally. They each served as the best man at the other's wedding. He is also close friends with Colombia striker Radamel Falcao. In April 2012, Kaká became the first sportsperson to amass ten million followers on Twitter, and by March 2015, Kaká had the fifth-highest social media rank in the world among athletes, behind Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi, David Beckham and Neymar, with 33 million Facebook fans. Kaká is a devout evangelical Christian who was an active member of the São Paulo-based Rebirth in Christ Church. He became engrossed in religion at the age of 12: \"I learnt that it is faith that decides whether something will happen or not.\" He removed his jersey to reveal an \"I Belong to Jesus\" T-shirt and openly engaged in prayer moments after the final whistle of Brazil's 2002 World Cup, as well as Milan's 2004 \"Scudetto\" and 2007 Champions League triumphs. He also had the same phrase, along with \"God Is Faithful,\" stitched onto the tongues of his boots."
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " During the post-match celebration following Brazil's 4–1 win over Argentina in the 2005 Confederations Cup final, he and several of his teammates wore T-shirts that read \"Jesus Loves You\" in various languages. While receiving the FIFA World Footballer of the Year award in 2007, he said when he was young he just wanted to be a professional player for São Paulo and play one game for the Brazil national team, but that \"God gave [him] more than he ever asked for.\" Though sharing a common goal with \"Atletas de Cristo\" (\"Athletes of Christ\"), Kaká is not currently a formal member of the organization. In goal celebrations, he usually points to the sky as a gesture of thanks to God. Kaká's favourite music genre is gospel, and his favourite book is the Bible. In a 2006 interview with the Brazilian newspaper \"O Globo\", Kaka announced that he wanted to become an evangelical pastor. Since November 2004, Kaká has served as an Ambassador Against Hunger for the United Nations' World Food Programme, the youngest to do so at the time of his appointment. In August 2015, Kaká announced he would attend Full Sail University in Winter Park, Florida, and major in Sports Marketing. On 5"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": " January 2019, he announced his engagement to Brazilian model Carolina Dias on Instagram. Kaká was one of several Brazilian international footballers to endorse Jair Bolsonaro in the 2018 Brazilian presidential election.</s><s>Honours. São Paulo - Supercampeonato Paulista: 2002 - Torneio Rio – São Paulo: 2001 AC Milan - Serie A: 2003–04 - Supercoppa Italiana: 2004 - UEFA Champions League: 2006–07 - UEFA Super Cup: 2007 - FIFA Club World Cup: 2007 Real Madrid - La Liga: 2011–12 - Copa del Rey: 2010–11 Brazil - FIFA World Cup: 2002 - FIFA Confederations Cup: 2005, 2009 Individual - Ballon d'Or: 2007 - FIFA World Player of the Year: 2007 - FIFPro World Player of the Year: 2007 - FIFPro World XI: 2006, 2007, 2008 - UEFA Team of the Year: 2006, 2007, 2009 - UEFA.com Team of the Year: 2006, 2007, 2009 - UEFA Club Forward of the Year: 2006–07 - UEFA Club Footballer of the Year: 2006–07 - UEFA Club Midfielder of the Year: 2004–05 - UEFA Champions League Bronze Foot: 2005–06 - Pall"
},
{
"title": "Kaká",
"text": "one d'Argento: 2006–07 - World Soccer Player of the Year: 2007 - Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year: 2004, 2006, 2007 - Serie A Footballer of the Year: 2004, 2007 - Bola de Ouro: 2002 - Bola de Prata: 2002 - South American Team of the Year: 2002 - CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI: 2003 - IFFHS World's Best Playmaker: 2007 - IAAF Latin Sportsman of the Year: 2007 - Onze d'Or: 2007 - FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball: 2007 - Time 100: 2008, 2009 - Maracanã Hall of Fame: 2008 - Samba Gold: 2008 - MARCA Legend Award: 2009 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball: 2009 - FIFA Confederations Cup Best XI: 2009 - AC Milan Hall of Fame: 2010 - MLS All-Star: 2015, 2016, 2017 - MLS All-Star Game MVP: 2015 - UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year: 2015 (substitute)</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Kaká",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000458
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Fidel Castro.
|
[
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "<s>Fidel Castro Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (; ; 13 August 1926 – 25 November 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he also served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011. Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state; industry and business were nationalized, and socialist reforms were implemented throughout society. Born in Birán, the son of a wealthy Spanish farmer, Castro adopted leftist and anti-imperialist ideas while studying law at the University of Havana. After participating in rebellions against right-wing governments in the Dominican Republic and Colombia, he planned the overthrow of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista, launching a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953. After a year's imprisonment, Castro travelled to Mexico where he formed a revolutionary group, the 26th of July Movement, with his brother Raúl Castro and Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara. Returning to Cuba, Castro took a key role in the Cuban Revolution by leading the Movement in a guerrilla war against Batista"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "'s forces from the Sierra Maestra. After Batista's overthrow in 1959, Castro assumed military and political power as Cuba's prime minister. The United States came to oppose Castro's government and unsuccessfully attempted to remove him by assassination, economic embargo, and counter-revolution, including the Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961. Countering these threats, Castro aligned with the Soviet Union and allowed the Soviets to place nuclear weapons in Cuba, resulting in the Cuban Missile Crisis – a defining incident of the Cold War – in 1962. Adopting a Marxist–Leninist model of development, Castro converted Cuba into a one-party, socialist state under Communist Party rule, the first in the Western Hemisphere. Policies introducing central economic planning and expanding healthcare and education were accompanied by state control of the press and the suppression of internal dissent. Abroad, Castro supported anti-imperialist revolutionary groups, backing the establishment of Marxist governments in Chile, Nicaragua, and Grenada, as well as sending troops to aid allies in the Yom Kippur, Ogaden, and Angolan Civil War. These actions, coupled with Castro's leadership of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1979 to 1983 and Cuba's medical internationalism, increased Cuba's profile on the world stage. Following the"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Castro led Cuba through the economic downturn of the \"Special Period\", embracing environmentalist and anti-globalization ideas. In the 2000s, Castro forged alliances in the Latin American \"pink tide\" – namely with Hugo Chávez's Venezuela – and formed the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas. In 2006, Castro transferred his responsibilities to Vice President Raúl Castro, who was elected to the presidency by the National Assembly in 2008. The longest-serving non-royal head of state in the 20th and 21st centuries, Castro polarized opinion throughout the world. His supporters view him as a champion of socialism and anti-imperialism whose revolutionary government advanced economic and social justice while securing Cuba's independence from US hegemony. Critics call him a dictator whose administration oversaw human rights abuses, the exodus of many Cubans, and the impoverishment of the country's economy.</s><s>Early life and career.</s><s>Early life and career.:Youth: 1926–1947. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was born out of wedlock at his father's farm on 13 August 1926. His father, Ángel Castro y Argiz, a veteran of the Spanish–American War, was a migrant"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " to Cuba from Galicia, in the northwest of Spain. He had become financially successful by growing sugarcane at Las Manacas farm in Birán, then in Oriente Province (now Holguín Province). After the collapse of his first marriage he took his household servant, Lina Ruz González (1903–1963) – of Canarian ancestry – as his mistress and later second wife; together they had seven children, among them Fidel. At age six, Castro was sent to live with his teacher in Santiago de Cuba, before being baptized into the Roman Catholic Church at the age of eight. Being baptized enabled Castro to attend the La Salle boarding school in Santiago, where he regularly misbehaved; he was next sent to the privately funded, Jesuit-run Dolores School in Santiago. In 1945, Castro transferred to the Jesuit-run El Colegio de Belén in Havana. Although Castro took an interest in history, geography, and debate at Belén, he did not excel academically, instead devoting much of his time to playing sports. In 1945, Castro began studying law at the University of Havana. Admitting he was \"politically illiterate\", Castro became embroiled in student activism and the violent \"gangsterismo"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "\" culture within the university. After becoming passionate about anti-imperialism and opposing US intervention in the Caribbean, he unsuccessfully campaigned for the presidency of the Federation of University Students on a platform of \"honesty, decency and justice\". Castro became critical of the corruption and violence of President Ramón Grau's government, delivering a public speech on the subject in November 1946 that received coverage on the front page of several newspapers. In 1947, Castro joined the Party of the Cuban People (or Orthodox Party; \"Partido Ortodoxo\"), founded by veteran politician Eduardo Chibás. A charismatic figure, Chibás advocated social justice, honest government, and political freedom, while his party exposed corruption and demanded reform. Though Chibás came third in the 1948 general election, Castro remained committed to working on his behalf. Student violence escalated after Grau employed gang leaders as police officers, and Castro soon received a death threat urging him to leave the university. However, he refused to do so and began to carry a gun and surround himself with armed friends. In later years, anti-Castro dissidents accused him of committing gang-related assassinations at the time, but these accusations remain unproven. The American historian John Lewis Gaddis wrote that Castro \"began"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " his career as a revolutionary with no ideology at all: he was a student politician turned street fighter turned guerrilla, a voracious reader, an interminable speaker, and a pretty good baseball player. The only ideas that appear to have driven him were a lust for power, a willingness to use violent means to get it, and an unwillingness to share it once he had it. If he had followed any example, it was that of Napoleon, not Marx\".</s><s>Early life and career.:Rebellion and Marxism: 1947–1950. In June 1947, Castro learned of a planned expedition to overthrow the right-wing government of Rafael Trujillo, a US ally, in the Dominican Republic. Being President of the University Committee for Democracy in the Dominican Republic, Castro joined the expedition. The military force consisted of around 1,200 troops, mostly Cubans and exiled Dominicans, and they intended to sail from Cuba in July 1947. Grau's government stopped the invasion under US pressure, although Castro and many of his comrades evaded arrest. Returning to Havana, Castro took a leading role in student protests against the killing of a high school pupil by government bodyguards. The protests, accompanied by a crackdown on those considered communists, led to violent clashes between activists and"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " police in February 1948, in which Castro was badly beaten. At this point, his public speeches took on a distinctly leftist slant by condemning social and economic inequality in Cuba. In contrast, his former public criticisms had centered on condemning corruption and US imperialism. In April 1948, Castro travelled to Bogotá, Colombia, leading a Cuban student group sponsored by President Juan Perón's Argentine government. There, the assassination of popular leftist leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala led to widespread rioting and clashes between the governing Conservatives – backed by the army – and leftist Liberals. Castro joined the Liberal cause by stealing guns from a police station, but subsequent police investigations concluded that he had not been involved in any killings. In April 1948, the Organization of American States was founded at a summit in Bogotá, leading to protests, which Castro joined. Returning to Cuba, Castro became a prominent figure in protests against government attempts to raise bus fares. That year, he married Mirta Díaz Balart, a student from a wealthy family, through whom he was exposed to the lifestyle of the Cuban elite. The relationship was a love match, disapproved of by both families, but Díaz Balart's father gave them tens of thousands of dollars"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": ", along with Batista, to spend on a three-month New York City honeymoon. That same year, Grau decided not to stand for re-election, which was instead won by his \"Partido Auténtico\"s new candidate, Carlos Prío Socarrás. Prío faced widespread protests when members of the MSR, now allied to the police force, assassinated Justo Fuentes, a socialist friend of Castro's. In response, Prío agreed to quell the gangs, but found them too powerful to control. Castro had moved further to the left, influenced by the Marxist writings of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin. He came to interpret Cuba's problems as an integral part of capitalist society, or the \"dictatorship of the bourgeoisie\", rather than the failings of corrupt politicians, and adopted the Marxist view that meaningful political change could only be brought about by proletariat revolution. Visiting Havana's poorest neighbourhoods, he became active in the student anti-racist campaign. In September 1949, Mirta gave birth to a son, Fidelito, so the couple moved to a larger Havana flat. Castro continued to put himself at risk, staying active in the city's politics and joining the 30 September Movement,"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " which contained within it both communists and members of the \"Partido Ortodoxo\". The group's purpose was to oppose the influence of the violent gangs within the university; despite his promises, Prío had failed to control the situation, instead offering many of their senior members jobs in government ministries. Castro volunteered to deliver a speech for the Movement on 13 November, exposing the government's secret deals with the gangs and identifying key members. Attracting the attention of the national press, the speech angered the gangs and Castro fled into hiding, first in the countryside and then in the US. Returning to Havana several weeks later, Castro laid low and focused on his university studies, graduating as a Doctor of Law in September 1950.</s><s>Early life and career.:Career in law and politics: 1950–1952. Castro co-founded a legal partnership that primarily catered to poor Cubans, although it proved a financial failure. Caring little for money or material goods, Castro failed to pay his bills; his furniture was repossessed and electricity cut off, distressing his wife. He took part in a high school protest in Cienfuegos in November 1950, fighting with police to protest the Education Ministry's ban on student associations; he was arrested and"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " charged for violent conduct, but the magistrate dismissed the charges. His hopes for Cuba still centered on Chibás and the \"Partido Ortodoxo\", and he was present at Chibás' politically motivated suicide in 1951. Seeing himself as Chibás' heir, Castro wanted to run for Congress in the June 1952 elections, though senior \"Ortodoxo\" members feared his radical reputation and refused to nominate him. He was instead nominated as a candidate for the House of Representatives by party members in Havana's poorest districts, and began campaigning. The \"Ortodoxo\" had considerable support and was predicted to do well in the election. During his campaign, Castro met with General Fulgencio Batista, the former president who had returned to politics with the Unitary Action Party. Batista offered him a place in his administration if he was successful; although both opposed Prío's administration, their meeting never got beyond polite generalities. On 10 March 1952, Batista seized power in a military coup, with Prío fleeing to Mexico. Declaring himself president, Batista cancelled the planned presidential elections, describing his new system as \"disciplined democracy\"; Castro was deprived of being elected in his run for office by Batista's move,"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " and like many others, considered it a one-man dictatorship. Batista moved to the right, solidifying ties with both the wealthy elite and the United States, severing diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, suppressing trade unions and persecuting Cuban socialist groups. Intent on opposing Batista, Castro brought several legal cases against the government, but these came to nothing, and Castro began thinking of alternate ways to oust the regime.</s><s>Cuban Revolution.</s><s>Cuban Revolution.:The Movement and the Moncada Barracks attack: 1952–1953. Castro formed a group called \"The Movement\" which operated along a clandestine cell system, publishing underground newspaper \"El Acusador\" (\"The Accuser\"), while arming and training anti-Batista recruits. From July 1952 they went on a recruitment drive, gaining around 1,200 members in a year, the majority from Havana's poorer districts. Although a revolutionary socialist, Castro avoided an alliance with the communist Popular Socialist Party (PSP), fearing it would frighten away political moderates, but kept in contact with PSP members like his brother Raúl. Castro stockpiled weapons for a planned attack on the Moncada Barracks, a military garrison outside Santiago de Cuba, Oriente. Castro's militants intended to"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " dress in army uniforms and arrive at the base on 25 July, seizing control and raiding the armoury before reinforcements arrived. Supplied with new weaponry, Castro intended to spark a revolution among Oriente's impoverished cane cutters and promote further uprisings. Castro's plan emulated those of the 19th-century Cuban independence fighters who had raided Spanish barracks; Castro saw himself as the heir to independence leader José Martí. Castro gathered 165 revolutionaries for the mission, ordering his troops not to cause bloodshed unless they met armed resistance. The attack took place on 26 July 1953, but ran into trouble; 3 of the 16 cars that had set out from Santiago failed to get there. Reaching the barracks, the alarm was raised, with most of the rebels pinned down by machine gun fire. Four were killed before Castro ordered a retreat. The rebels suffered 6 fatalities and 15 other casualties, whilst the army suffered 19 dead and 27 wounded. Meanwhile, some rebels took over a civilian hospital; subsequently stormed by government soldiers, the rebels were rounded up, tortured and 22 were executed without trial. Accompanied by 19 comrades, Castro set out for Gran Piedra in the rugged Sierra Maestra mountains several kilometres to the north, where they could establish a guerrilla base. Respond"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "ing to the attack, Batista's government proclaimed martial law, ordering a violent crackdown on dissent, and imposing strict media censorship. The government broadcast misinformation about the event, claiming that the rebels were communists who had killed hospital patients, although news and photographs of the army's use of torture and summary executions in Oriente soon spread, causing widespread public and some governmental disapproval. Over the following days, the rebels were rounded up; some were executed and others – including Castro – transported to a prison north of Santiago. Believing Castro incapable of planning the attack alone, the government accused \"Ortodoxo\" and PSP politicians of involvement, putting 122 defendants on trial on 21 September at the Palace of Justice, Santiago. Acting as his own defence counsel, Castro cited Martí as the intellectual author of the attack and convinced the three judges to overrule the army's decision to keep all defendants handcuffed in court, proceeding to argue that the charge with which they were accused – of \"organizing an uprising of armed persons against the Constitutional Powers of the State\" – was incorrect, for they had risen up against Batista, who had seized power in an unconstitutional manner. The trial embarrassed the army by revealing that they had tortured suspects, after which they tried unsuccessfully to prevent Castro from testifying any"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " further, claiming he was too ill. The trial ended on 5 October, with the acquittal of most defendants; 55 were sentenced to prison terms of between 7 months and 13 years. Castro was sentenced on 16 October, during which he delivered a speech that would be printed under the title of \"History Will Absolve Me\". Castro was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment in the hospital wing of the Model Prison (\"Presidio Modelo\"), a relatively comfortable and modern institution on the Isla de Pinos.</s><s>Cuban Revolution.:Imprisonment and 26 July Movement: 1953–1955. Imprisoned with 25 comrades, Castro renamed his group the \"26th of July Movement\" (MR-26-7) in memory of the Moncada attack's date, and formed a school for prisoners. He read widely, enjoying the works of Marx, Lenin, and Martí but also reading books by Freud, Kant, Shakespeare, Munthe, Maugham, and Dostoyevsky, analysing them within a Marxist framework. Corresponding with supporters, he maintained control over the Movement and organized the publication of \"History Will Absolve Me\". Initially permitted a relative amount of freedom within the prison, he was locked up in solitary confinement after inmates"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " sang anti-Batista songs on a visit by the president in February 1954. Meanwhile, Castro's wife Mirta gained employment in the Ministry of the Interior, something he discovered through a radio announcement. Appalled, he raged that he would rather die \"a thousand times\" than \"suffer impotently from such an insult\". Both Fidel and Mirta initiated divorce proceedings, with Mirta taking custody of their son Fidelito; this angered Castro, who did not want his son growing up in a bourgeois environment. In 1954, Batista's government held presidential elections, but no politician stood against him; the election was widely considered fraudulent. It had allowed some political opposition to be voiced, and Castro's supporters had agitated for an amnesty for the Moncada incident's perpetrators. Some politicians suggested an amnesty would be good publicity, and the Congress and Batista agreed. Backed by the US and major corporations, Batista believed Castro to be no threat, and on 15 May 1955, the prisoners were released. Returning to Havana, Castro gave radio interviews and press conferences; the government closely monitored him, curtailing his activities. Now divorced, Castro had sexual affairs with two female supporters, Naty Revuelta and Maria Laborde, each conceiving"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " him a child. Setting about strengthening the MR-26-7, he established an 11-person National Directorate but retained autocratic control, with some dissenters labelling him a \"caudillo\" (dictator); he argued that a successful revolution could not be run by committee and required a strong leader. In 1955, bombings and violent demonstrations led to a crackdown on dissent, with Castro and Raúl fleeing the country to evade arrest. Castro sent a letter to the press, declaring that he was \"leaving Cuba because all doors of peaceful struggle have been closed to me ... As a follower of Martí, I believe the hour has come to take our rights and not beg for them, to fight instead of pleading for them.\" The Castros and several comrades travelled to Mexico, where Raúl befriended an Argentine doctor and Marxist–Leninist named Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara, who was working as a journalist and photographer for \"\"Agencia Latina de Noticias\"\". Fidel liked him, later describing him as \"a more advanced revolutionary than I was\". Castro also associated with the Spaniard Alberto Bayo, who agreed to teach Castro's rebels the necessary skills in guerrilla warfare. Requiring funding, Castro toured the US"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " in search of wealthy sympathizers, there being monitored by Batista's agents, who allegedly orchestrated a failed assassination attempt against him. Castro kept in contact with the MR-26-7 in Cuba, where they had gained a large support base in Oriente. Other militant anti-Batista groups had sprung up, primarily from the student movement; most notable was the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil (DRE), founded by José Antonio Echeverría. Antonio met with Castro in Mexico City, but Castro opposed the student's support for indiscriminate assassination. After purchasing the decrepit yacht \"Granma\", on 25 November 1956, Castro set sail from Tuxpan, Veracruz, with 81 armed revolutionaries. The crossing to Cuba was harsh, with food running low and many suffering seasickness. At some points, they had to bail water caused by a leak, and at another, a man fell overboard, delaying their journey. The plan had been for the crossing to take five days, and on the \"Granma\"s scheduled day of arrival, 30 November, MR-26-7 members under Frank País led an armed uprising in Santiago and Manzanillo. However, the \"Granma\"s"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " journey ultimately lasted seven days, and with Castro and his men unable to provide reinforcements, País and his militants dispersed after two days of intermittent attacks.</s><s>Cuban Revolution.:Guerrilla war: 1956–1959. The \"Granma\" ran aground in a mangrove swamp at Playa Las Coloradas, close to Los Cayuelos, on 2 December 1956. Fleeing inland, its crew headed for the forested mountain range of Oriente's Sierra Maestra, being repeatedly attacked by Batista's troops. Upon arrival, Castro discovered that only 19 rebels had made it to their destination, the rest having been killed or captured. Setting up an encampment, the survivors included the Castros, Che Guevara, and Camilo Cienfuegos. They began launching raids on small army posts to obtain weaponry, and in January 1957 they overran the outpost at La Plata, treating any soldiers that they wounded but executing Chicho Osorio, the local \"mayoral\" (land company overseer), who was despised by the local peasants and who boasted of killing one of Castro's rebels. Osorio's execution aided the rebels in gaining the trust of locals, although they largely remained unenthusiastic and"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " suspicious of the revolutionaries. As trust grew, some locals joined the rebels, although most new recruits came from urban areas. With volunteers boosting the rebel forces to over 200, in July 1957 Castro divided his army into three columns, commanded by himself, his brother, and Guevara. The MR-26-7 members operating in urban areas continued agitation, sending supplies to Castro, and on 16 February 1957, he met with other senior members to discuss tactics; here he met Celia Sánchez, who would become a close friend. Across Cuba, anti-Batista groups carried out bombings and sabotage; police responded with mass arrests, torture, and extrajudicial executions. In March 1957, the DRE launched a failed attack on the presidential palace, during which Antonio was shot dead. Batista's government often resorted to brutal methods to keep Cuba's cities under control. In the Sierra Maestra mountains, Castro was joined by Frank Sturgis who offered to train Castro's troops in guerrilla warfare. Castro accepted the offer, but he also had an immediate need for guns and ammunition, so Sturgis became a gunrunner. Sturgis purchased boatloads of weapons and ammunition from Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) weapons expert Samuel Cummings' International Armament Corporation"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " in Alexandria, Virginia. Sturgis opened a training camp in the Sierra Maestra mountains, where he taught Che Guevara and other 26 July Movement rebel soldiers guerrilla warfare. Frank País was also killed, leaving Castro the MR-26-7's unchallenged leader. Although Guevara and Raúl were well known for their Marxist–Leninist views, Castro hid his, hoping to gain the support of less radical revolutionaries. In 1957 he met with leading members of the \"Partido Ortodoxo\", Raúl Chibás and Felipe Pazos, authoring the Sierra Maestra Manifesto, in which they demanded that a provisional civilian government be set up to implement moderate agrarian reform, industrialization, and a literacy campaign before holding multiparty elections. As Cuba's press was censored, Castro contacted foreign media to spread his message; he became a celebrity after being interviewed by Herbert Matthews, a journalist from \"The New York Times\". Reporters from CBS and \"Paris Match\" soon followed. Castro's guerrillas increased their attacks on military outposts, forcing the government to withdraw from the Sierra Maestra region, and by spring 1958, the rebels controlled a hospital, schools, a printing press,"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " slaughterhouse, land-mine factory and a cigar-making factory. By 1958, Batista was under increasing pressure, a result of his military failures coupled with increasing domestic and foreign criticism surrounding his administration's press censorship, torture, and extrajudicial executions. Influenced by anti-Batista sentiment among their citizens, the US government ceased supplying him with weaponry. The opposition called a general strike, accompanied by armed attacks from the MR-26-7. Beginning on 9 April, it received strong support in central and eastern Cuba, but little elsewhere. Batista responded with an all-out-attack, Operation Verano, in which the army aerially bombarded forested areas and villages suspected of aiding the militants, while 10,000 soldiers commanded by General Eulogio Cantillo surrounded the Sierra Maestra, driving north to the rebel encampments. Despite their numerical and technological superiority, the army had no experience with guerrilla warfare, and Castro halted their offensive using land mines and ambushes. Many of Batista's soldiers defected to Castro's rebels, who also benefited from local popular support. In the summer, the MR-26-7 went on the offensive, pushing the army out of the mountains, with Castro using his columns in a pincer movement"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " to surround the main army concentration in Santiago. By November, Castro's forces controlled most of Oriente and Las Villas, and divided Cuba in two by closing major roads and rail lines, severely disadvantaging Batista. The US instructed Cantillo to oust Batista due to fears in Washington that Castro was a socialist, which were exacerbated by the association between nationalist and communist movements in Latin America and the links between the Cold War and decolonization. By this time the great majority of Cuban people had turned against the Batista regime. Ambassador to Cuba, E. T. Smith, who felt the whole CIA mission had become too close to the MR-26-7 movement, personally went to Batista and informed him that the US would no longer support him and felt he no longer could control the situation in Cuba. General Cantillo secretly agreed to a ceasefire with Castro, promising that Batista would be tried as a war criminal; however, Batista was warned, and fled into exile with over US$300,000,000 on 31 December 1958. Cantillo entered Havana's Presidential Palace, proclaimed the Supreme Court judge Carlos Piedra to be president, and began appointing the new government. Furious, Castro ended the ceasefire, and ordered Cantillo's arrest by sympathetic figures"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " in the army. Accompanying celebrations at news of Batista's downfall on 1 January 1959, Castro ordered the MR-26-7 to prevent widespread looting and vandalism. Cienfuegos and Guevara led their columns into Havana on 2 January, while Castro entered Santiago and gave a speech invoking the wars of independence. Heading toward Havana, he greeted cheering crowds at every town, giving press conferences and interviews. Castro reached Havana on 9 January 1959.</s><s>Cuban Revolution.:Provisional government: 1959. At Castro's command, the politically moderate lawyer Manuel Urrutia Lleó was proclaimed provisional president but Castro announced (falsely) that Urrutia had been selected by \"popular election\". Most of Urrutia's cabinet were MR-26-7 members. Entering Havana, Castro proclaimed himself Representative of the Rebel Armed Forces of the Presidency, setting up home and office in the penthouse of the Havana Hilton Hotel. Castro exercised a great deal of influence over Urrutia's regime, which was now ruling by decree. He ensured that the government implemented policies to cut corruption and fight illiteracy and that it attempted to remove Batistanos from positions of power by dismissing Congress and barring all those elected"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " in the rigged elections of 1954 and 1958 from future office. He then pushed Urrutia to issue a temporary ban on political parties; he repeatedly said that they would eventually hold multiparty elections. Although repeatedly denying that he was a communist to the press, he began clandestinely meeting members of the PSP to discuss the creation of a socialist state. In suppressing the revolution, Batista's government had killed thousands of Cubans; Castro and influential sectors of the press put the death toll at 20,000, but a list of victims published shortly after the revolution contained only 898 names—over half of them combatants. More recent estimates place the death toll between 1,000 and 4,000. In response to popular uproar, which demanded that those responsible be brought to justice, Castro helped to set up many trials, resulting in hundreds of executions. Although popular domestically, critics—in particular the US press, argued that many were not fair trials. Castro responded that \"revolutionary justice is not based on legal precepts, but on moral conviction.\" Acclaimed by many across Latin America, he travelled to Venezuela where he met with President-elect Rómulo Betancourt, unsuccessfully requesting a loan and a new deal for Venezuelan oil. Returning home, an argument between"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " Castro and senior government figures broke out. He was infuriated that the government had left thousands unemployed by closing down casinos and brothels. As a result, Prime Minister José Miró Cardona resigned, going into exile in the US and joining the anti-Castro movement.</s><s>Premiership.</s><s>Premiership.:Consolidating leadership: 1959–1960. On 16 February 1959, Castro was sworn in as Prime Minister of Cuba. In April, he visited the US on a charm offensive where President Dwight D. Eisenhower would not meet with him, but instead sent Vice President Richard Nixon, whom Castro instantly disliked. After meeting Castro, Nixon described him to Eisenhower as: \"The one fact we can be sure of is that Castro has those indefinable qualities which made him a leader of men. Whatever we may think of him he is going to be a great factor in the development of Cuba and very possibly in Latin American affairs generally. He seems to be sincere. He is either incredibly naive about Communism or under Communist discipline-my guess is the former...His ideas as to how to run a government or an economy are less developed than those of almost any world figure I have met in fifty countries. But because he has the power to lead...we have no"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " choice but at least try to orient him in the right direction\". Proceeding to Canada, Trinidad, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, Castro attended an economic conference in Buenos Aires, unsuccessfully proposing a $30 billion US-funded \"Marshall Plan\" for Latin America. In May 1959, Castro signed into law the First Agrarian Reform, setting a cap for landholdings to per owner and prohibiting foreigners from obtaining Cuban land ownership. Around 200,000 peasants received title deeds as large land holdings were broken up; popular among the working class, it alienated the richer landowners, including Castro's own mother, whose farmlands were taken. Within a year, Castro and his government had effectively redistributed 15 per cent of the nation's wealth, declaring that \"the revolution is the dictatorship of the exploited against the exploiters.\" Castro appointed himself president of the National Tourist Industry, introducing unsuccessful measures to encourage African-American tourists to visit, advertising Cuba as a tropical paradise free of racial discrimination. Judges and politicians had their pay reduced while low-level civil servants saw theirs raised, and in March 1959, Castro declared rents for those who paid less than $100 a month halved. The Cuban government also began to expropriate the casinos and properties from mafia leaders and taking millions in"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " cash. Before he died Meyer Lansky said Cuba \"ruined\" him. In the summer of 1959, Fidel began nationalizing plantation lands owned by American investors as well as confiscating the property of foreign landowners. He also seized property previously held by wealthy Cubans who had fled. He nationalized sugar production and oil refinement, over the objection of foreign investors who owned stakes in these commodities. Although then refusing to categorize his regime as socialist and repeatedly denying being a communist, Castro appointed Marxists to senior government and military positions. Most significantly, Che Guevara became Governor of the Central Bank and then Minister of Industries. President Urrutia increasingly expressed concern with the rising influence of Marxism. Angered, Castro in turn announced his resignation as prime minister on 18 July—blaming Urrutia for complicating government with his \"fevered anti-Communism\". Over 500,000 Castro-supporters surrounded the Presidential Palace demanding Urrutia's resignation, which he submitted. On 23 July, Castro resumed his premiership and appointed Marxist Osvaldo Dorticós as president. Castro's government emphasised social projects to improve Cuba's standard of living, often to the detriment of economic development. Major emphasis was placed on education, and"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " during the first 30 months of Castro's government, more classrooms were opened than in the previous 30 years. The Cuban primary education system offered a work-study program, with half of the time spent in the classroom, and the other half in a productive activity. Health care was nationalized and expanded, with rural health centers and urban polyclinics opening up across the island to offer free medical aid. Universal vaccination against childhood diseases was implemented, and infant mortality rates were reduced dramatically. A third part of this social program was the improvement of infrastructure. Within the first six months of Castro's government, of roads were built across the island, while $300 million was spent on water and sanitation projects. Over 800 houses were constructed every month in the early years of the administration in an effort to cut homelessness, while nurseries and day-care centers were opened for children and other centers opened for the disabled and elderly. Castro used radio and television to develop a \"dialogue with the people\", posing questions and making provocative statements. His regime remained popular with workers, peasants, and students, who constituted the majority of the country's population, while opposition came primarily from the middle class; thousands of doctors, engineers and other professionals emigrated to Florida in the US, causing an economic"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " brain drain. Productivity decreased and the country's financial reserves were drained within two years. After conservative press expressed hostility towards the government, the pro-Castro printers' trade union disrupted editorial staff, and in January 1960 the government ordered them to publish a \"clarification\" written by the printers' union at the end of articles critical of the government. Castro's government arrested hundreds of counter-revolutionaries, many of whom were subjected to solitary confinement, rough treatment, and threatening behaviour. Militant anti-Castro groups, funded by exiles, the CIA, and the Dominican government, undertook armed attacks and set up guerrilla bases in Cuba's mountains, leading to the six-year Escambray Rebellion. At the time, 1960, the Cold War raged between two superpowers: the United States, a capitalist liberal democracy, and the Soviet Union (USSR), a Marxist–Leninist socialist state ruled by the Communist Party. Expressing contempt for the US, Castro shared the ideological views of the USSR, establishing relations with several Marxist–Leninist states. Meeting with Soviet First Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan, Castro agreed to provide the USSR with sugar, fruit, fibres, and hides in return for crude oil, fertilizers, industrial goods"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": ", and a $100 million loan. Cuba's government ordered the country's refineries – then controlled by the US corporations Shell and Esso – to process Soviet oil, but under US pressure they refused. Castro responded by expropriating and nationalizing the refineries. Retaliating, the US cancelled its import of Cuban sugar, provoking Castro to nationalize most US-owned assets on the island, including banks and sugar mills. Relations between Cuba and the US were further strained following the explosion of a French vessel, the \"La Coubre\", in Havana harbour in March 1960. The ship carried weapons purchased from Belgium, and the cause of the explosion was never determined, but Castro publicly insinuated that the US government was guilty of sabotage. He ended this speech with \"\"¡Patria o Muerte!\"\" (\"Fatherland or Death\"), a proclamation that he made much use of in ensuing years. Inspired by their earlier success with the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, in March 1960, US President Eisenhower authorized the CIA to overthrow Castro's government. He provided them with a budget of $13 million and permitted them to ally with the Mafia, who were aggrieved that Castro's government closed down their brothel and casino businesses in Cuba. On"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " 13 October 1960, the US prohibited the majority of exports to Cuba, initiating an economic embargo. In retaliation, the National Institute for Agrarian Reform INRA took control of 383 private-run businesses on 14 October, and on 25 October a further 166 US companies operating in Cuba had their premises seized and nationalized. On 16 December, the US ended its import quota of Cuban sugar, the country's primary export.</s><s>Premiership.:United Nations. In September 1960, Castro flew to New York City for the General Assembly of the United Nations. Staying at the Hotel Theresa in Harlem, he met with journalists and anti-establishment figures like Malcolm X. Castro had decided to stay in Harlem as a way of expressing solidarity with the poor African-American population living there, thus leading to an assortment of world leaders such as Nasser of Egypt and Nehru of India having to drive out to Harlem to see him. He also met Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, with the two publicly condemning the poverty and racism faced by Americans in areas like Harlem. Relations between Castro and Khrushchev were warm; they led the applause to one another's speeches at the General Assembly. The opening session of the United Nations General Assembly in September 1960 was a highly rancorous one with"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " Khrushchev famously banging his shoe against his desk to interrupt a speech by Filipino delegate Lorenzo Sumulong, which set the general tone for the debates and speeches. Castro delivered the longest speech ever held before the United Nations General Assembly, speaking for four and a half hours in a speech mostly given over to denouncing American policies towards Latin America. Subsequently, visited by Polish First Secretary Władysław Gomułka, Bulgarian First Secretary Todor Zhivkov, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, and Indian Premier Jawaharlal Nehru, Castro also received an evening's reception from the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. Back in Cuba, Castro feared a US-backed coup; in 1959 his regime spent $120 million on Soviet, French, and Belgian weaponry and by early 1960 had doubled the size of Cuba's armed forces. Fearing counter-revolutionary elements in the army, the government created a People's Militia to arm citizens favourable to the revolution, training at least 50,000 civilians in combat techniques. In September 1960, they created the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDR), a nationwide civilian organization which implemented neighbourhood spying to detect counter-revolutionary activities as well as organizing health and education campaigns, becoming a conduit for"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " public complaints. By 1970, a third of the population would be involved in the CDR, and this would eventually rise to 80%. Despite the fear of a coup, Castro garnered support in New York City. On 18 February 1961, 400 people – mainly Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and college students – picketed in the rain outside of the United Nations rallying for Castro's anti-colonial values and his effort to reduce the United States' power over Cuba. The protesters held up signs that read, \"Mr. Kennedy, Cuba is Not For Sale.\", \"Viva Fidel Castro!\" and \"Down With Yankee Imperialism!\". Around 200 policemen were on the scene, but the protesters continued to chant slogans and throw pennies in support of Fidel Castro's socialist movement. Some Americans disagreed with President John F. Kennedy's decision to ban trade with Cuba, and outwardly supported his nationalist revolutionary tactics. Castro proclaimed the new administration a direct democracy, in which Cubans could assemble at demonstrations to express their democratic will. As a result, he rejected the need for elections, claiming that representative democratic systems served the interests of socio-economic elites. US Secretary of State Christian Herter announced that Cuba was adopting the Soviet model of rule, with a one-party state, government control"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " of trade unions, suppression of civil liberties, and the absence of freedom of speech and press.</s><s>Premiership.:Bay of Pigs Invasion and \"Socialist Cuba\": 1961–1962. In January 1961, Castro ordered Havana's US Embassy to reduce its 300-member staff, suspecting that many of them were spies. The US responded by ending diplomatic relations, and it increased CIA funding for exiled dissidents; these militants began attacking ships that traded with Cuba, and bombed factories, shops, and sugar mills. Both President Eisenhower and his successor President Kennedy supported a CIA plan to aid a dissident militia, the Democratic Revolutionary Front, to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro; the plan resulted in the Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961. On 15 April, CIA-supplied B-26s bombed three Cuban military airfields; the US announced that the perpetrators were defecting Cuban air force pilots, but Castro exposed these claims as false flag misinformation. Fearing invasion, he ordered the arrest of between 20,000 and 100,000 suspected counter-revolutionaries, publicly proclaiming, \"What the imperialists cannot forgive us, is that we have made a Socialist revolution under their noses\", his first announcement that the government was socialist. The CIA and the Democratic Revolutionary Front had based a"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " 1,400-strong army, Brigade 2506, in Nicaragua. On the night of 16 to 17 April, Brigade 2506 landed along Cuba's Bay of Pigs and engaged in a firefight with a local revolutionary militia. Castro ordered Captain José Ramón Fernández to launch the counter-offensive, before taking personal control of it. After bombing the invaders' ships and bringing in reinforcements, Castro forced the Brigade to surrender on 20 April. He ordered the 1189 captured rebels to be interrogated by a panel of journalists on live television, personally taking over the questioning on 25 April. Fourteen were put on trial for crimes allegedly committed before the revolution, while the others were returned to the US in exchange for medicine and food valued at US$25 million. Castro's victory reverberated around the world, especially in Latin America, but it also increased internal opposition primarily among the middle-class Cubans who had been detained in the run-up to the invasion. Although most were freed within a few days, many fled to the US, establishing themselves in Florida. Consolidating \"Socialist Cuba\", Castro united the MR-26-7, PSP and Revolutionary Directorate into a governing party based on the Leninist principle of democratic centralism: the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (\"Organ"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "izaciones Revolucionarias Integradas\" – ORI), renamed the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PURSC) in 1962. Although the USSR was hesitant regarding Castro's embrace of socialism, relations with the Soviets deepened. Castro sent Fidelito for a Moscow schooling, Soviet technicians arrived on the island, and Castro was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize. In December 1961, Castro admitted that he had been a Marxist–Leninist for years, and in his Second Declaration of Havana he called on Latin America to rise up in revolution. In response, the US successfully pushed the Organization of American States to expel Cuba; the Soviets privately reprimanded Castro for recklessness, although he received praise from China. Despite their ideological affinity with China, in the Sino-Soviet split, Cuba allied with the wealthier Soviets, who offered economic and military aid. The ORI began shaping Cuba using the Soviet model, persecuting political opponents and perceived social deviants such as prostitutes and homosexuals; Castro considered same-sex sexual activity a bourgeois trait. Gay men were forced into the Military Units to Aid Production (\"Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la Producción\" – UMAP); after many revolutionary intellectuals decried this move, the UMAP"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " camps were closed in 1967, although gay men continued to be imprisoned. By 1962, Cuba's economy was in steep decline, a result of poor economic management and low productivity coupled with the US trade embargo. Food shortages led to rationing, resulting in protests in Cárdenas. Security reports indicated that many Cubans associated austerity with the \"Old Communists\" of the PSP, while Castro considered a number of them – namely Aníbal Escalante and Blas Roca – unduly loyal to Moscow. In March 1962 Castro removed the most prominent \"Old Communists\" from office, labelling them \"sectarian\". On a personal level, Castro was increasingly lonely, and his relations with Guevara became strained as the latter became increasingly anti-Soviet and pro-Chinese.</s><s>Premiership.:Cuban Missile Crisis and furthering socialism: 1962–1968. Militarily weaker than NATO, Khrushchev wanted to install Soviet R-12 MRBM nuclear missiles on Cuba to even the power balance. Although conflicted, Castro agreed, believing it would guarantee Cuba's safety and enhance the cause of socialism. Undertaken in secrecy, only the Castro brothers, Guevara, Dorticós and security chief Ramiro Vald"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "és knew the full plan. Upon discovering it through aerial reconnaissance, in October the US implemented an island-wide quarantine to search vessels headed to Cuba, sparking the Cuban Missile Crisis. The US saw the missiles as offensive; Castro insisted they were for defence only. Castro urged that Khrushchev should launch a nuclear strike on the US if Cuba were invaded, but Khrushchev was desperate to avoid nuclear war. Castro was left out of the negotiations, in which Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for a US commitment not to invade Cuba and an understanding that the US would remove their MRBMs from Turkey and Italy. Feeling betrayed by Khrushchev, Castro was furious and soon fell ill. Proposing a five-point plan, Castro demanded that the US end its embargo, withdraw from Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, cease supporting dissidents, and stop violating Cuban air space and territorial waters. He presented these demands to U Thant, visiting Secretary-General of the United Nations, but the US ignored them. In turn Castro refused to allow the U.N.'s inspection team into Cuba. In May 1963, Castro visited the USSR at Khrushchev's personal invitation, touring 14 cities, addressing a Red Square rally, and being awarded both the Order of Lenin and"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " an honorary doctorate from Moscow State University. Castro returned to Cuba with new ideas; inspired by Soviet newspaper \"Pravda\", he amalgamated \"Hoy\" and \"Revolución\" into a new daily, \"Granma\", and oversaw large investment into Cuban sport that resulted in an increased international sporting reputation. Seeking to further consolidate control, in 1963 the government cracked down on Protestant sects in Cuba, with Castro labelling them counter-revolutionary \"instruments of imperialism\"; many preachers were found guilty of illegal US links and imprisoned. Measures were implemented to force perceived idle and delinquent youths to work, primarily through the introduction of mandatory military service. In September, the government temporarily permitted emigration for anyone other than males aged between 15 and 26, thereby ridding the government of thousands of critics, most of whom were from upper and middle-class backgrounds. In 1963, Castro's mother died. This was the last time his private life was reported in Cuba's press. In January 1964, Castro returned to Moscow, officially to sign a new five-year sugar trade agreement, but also to discuss the ramifications of the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Castro was deeply concerned by the assassination, believing that a far-right conspiracy was behind it"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " but that the Cubans would be blamed. In October 1965, the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations was officially renamed the \"Cuban Communist Party\" and published the membership of its Central Committee. Despite Soviet misgivings, Castro continued to call for global revolution, funding militant leftists and those engaged in national liberation struggles. Cuba's foreign policy was strongly anti-imperialist, believing that every nation should control its own natural resources. He supported Che Guevara's \"Andean project\", an unsuccessful plan to set up a guerrilla movement in the highlands of Bolivia, Peru and Argentina. He allowed revolutionary groups from around the world, from the Viet Cong to the Black Panthers, to train in Cuba. He considered Western-dominated Africa to be ripe for revolution, and sent troops and medics to aid Ahmed Ben Bella's socialist regime in Algeria during the Sand War. He also allied with Alphonse Massamba-Débat's socialist government in Congo-Brazzaville. In 1965, Castro authorized Che Guevara to travel to Congo-Kinshasa to train revolutionaries against the Western-backed government. Castro was personally devastated when Guevara was killed by CIA-backed troops in Bolivia in October 1967 and publicly attributed it to Guevara"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "'s disregard for his own safety. In 1966, Castro staged a Tri-Continental Conference of Africa, Asia and Latin America in Havana, further establishing himself as a significant player on the world stage. From this conference, Castro created the Latin American Solidarity Organization (OLAS), which adopted the slogan of \"The duty of a revolution is to make revolution\", signifying Havana's leadership of Latin America's revolutionary movement. Castro's increasing role on the world stage strained his relationship with the USSR, now under the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev. Asserting Cuba's independence, Castro refused to sign the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, declaring it a Soviet-US attempt to dominate the Third World. Diverting from Soviet Marxist doctrine, he suggested that Cuban society could evolve straight to pure communism rather than gradually progress through various stages of socialism. In turn, the Soviet-loyalist Aníbal Escalante began organizing a government network of opposition to Castro, though in January 1968, he and his supporters were arrested for allegedly passing state secrets to Moscow. Recognising Cuba's economic dependence on the Soviets, Castro relented to Brezhnev's pressure to be obedient, and in August 1968 he denounced the leaders of the Prague Spring"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " and praised the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Influenced by China's Great Leap Forward, in 1968 Castro proclaimed a Great Revolutionary Offensive, closing all remaining privately owned shops and businesses and denouncing their owners as capitalist counter-revolutionaries. The severe lack of consumer goods for purchase led productivity to decline, as large sectors of the population felt little incentive to work hard. This was exacerbated by the perception that a revolutionary elite had emerged, consisting of those connected to the administration; they had access to better housing, private transportation, servants, and the ability to purchase luxury goods abroad.</s><s>Premiership.:Economic stagnation and Third World politics: 1969–1974. Castro publicly celebrated his administration's 10th anniversary in January 1969; in his celebratory speech he warned of sugar rations, reflecting the nation's economic problems. The 1969 crop was heavily damaged by a hurricane, and to meet its export quota, the government drafted in the army, implemented a seven-day working week, and postponed public holidays to lengthen the harvest. When that year's production quota was not met, Castro offered to resign during a public speech, but assembled crowds insisted he remain. Despite the economic issues, many of Castro's social reforms were popular, with the population largely supportive of the \"Achieve"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "ments of the Revolution\" in education, medical care, housing, and road construction, as well as the policies of \"direct democratic\" public consultation. Seeking Soviet help, from 1970 to 1972 Soviet economists re-organized Cuba's economy, founding the Cuban-Soviet Commission of Economic, Scientific and Technical Collaboration, while Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin visited in October 1971. In July 1972, Cuba joined the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon), an economic organization of socialist states, although this further limited Cuba's economy to agricultural production. In May 1970, the crews of two Cuban fishing boats were kidnapped by Florida-based dissident group Alpha 66, who demanded that Cuba release imprisoned militants. Under US pressure, the hostages were released, and Castro welcomed them back as heroes. In April 1971, Castro was internationally condemned for ordering the arrest of dissident poet Heberto Padilla who had been arrested 20 March; Padilla was freed, but the government established the National Cultural Council to ensure that intellectuals and artists supported the administration. In November 1971, Castro visited Chile, where Marxist President Salvador Allende had been elected as the head of a left-wing coalition. Castro supported Allende's socialist reforms, but warned him of right-wing elements in Chile's military. In"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " 1973, the military led a coup d'état and established a military junta led by Augusto Pinochet. Castro proceeded to Guinea to meet socialist President Sékou Touré, praising him as Africa's greatest leader, and there received the Order of Fidelity to the People. He then went on a seven-week tour visiting leftist allies: Algeria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union, where he was given further awards. On each trip, he was eager to visit factory and farm workers, publicly praising their governments; privately, he urged the regimes to aid revolutionary movements elsewhere, particularly those fighting the Vietnam War. In September 1973, he returned to Algiers to attend the Fourth Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Various NAM members were critical of Castro's attendance, claiming that Cuba was aligned to the Warsaw Pact and therefore should not be at the conference. At the conference he publicly broke off relations with Israel, citing its government's close relationship with the US and its treatment of Palestinians during the Israel–Palestine conflict. This earned Castro respect throughout the Arab world, in particular from the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, who became a friend and ally. As the Yom K"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "ippur War broke out in October 1973 between Israel and an Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria, Cuba sent 4,000 troops to aid Syria. Leaving Algiers, Castro visited Iraq and North Vietnam. Cuba's economy grew in 1974 as a result of high international sugar prices and new credits with Argentina, Canada, and parts of Western Europe. A number of Latin American states called for Cuba's re-admittance into the Organization of American States (OAS), with the US finally conceding in 1975 on Henry Kissinger's advice. Cuba's government underwent a restructuring along Soviet lines, claiming that this would further democratization and decentralize power away from Castro. Officially announcing Cuba's identity as a socialist state, the first National Congress of the Cuban Communist Party was held, and a new constitution drafted that abolished the position of president and prime minister. Castro remained the dominant figure in governance, taking the presidency of the newly created Council of State and Council of Ministers, making him both head of state and head of government.</s><s>Presidency.</s><s>Presidency.:Foreign wars and NAM Presidency: 1975–1979. Castro considered Africa to be \"the weakest link in the imperialist chain\", and at the request of Agostinho Neto he ordered 230 military advisers"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " into Angola in November 1975 to aid Neto's Marxist MPLA in the Angolan Civil War. When the US and South Africa stepped up their support of the opposition FLNA and UNITA, Castro ordered a further 18,000 troops to Angola, which played a major role in forcing a South African and UNITA retreat. The decision to intervene in Angola has been a controversial one, all the more so as Castro's critics have charged that it was not his decision at all, contending that the Soviets ordered him to do so. Castro always maintained that he took the decision to launch Operation Carlota himself in response to an appeal from Neto and that the Soviets were in fact opposed to Cuban intervention in Angola, which took place over their opposition. Traveling to Angola, Castro celebrated with Neto, Sékou Touré and Guinea-Bissaun President Luís Cabral, where they agreed to support Mozambique's Marxist–Leninist government against RENAMO in the Mozambican Civil War. In February, Castro visited Algeria and then Libya, where he spent ten days with Gaddafi and oversaw the establishment of the Jamahariya system of governance, before attending talks with the Marxist government of South Yemen. From there he proceeded to Somalia"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": ", Tanzania, Mozambique and Angola where he was greeted by crowds as a hero for Cuba's role in opposing apartheid South Africa. Throughout much of Africa he was hailed as a friend to national liberation from foreign dominance. This was followed with visits to East Berlin and Moscow. In 1977, the Ogaden War broke out over the disputed Ogaden region as Somalia invaded Ethiopia; although a former ally of Somali President Siad Barre, Castro had warned him against such action, and Cuba sided with Mengistu Haile Mariam's Marxist government of Ethiopia. In a desperate attempt to stop the war, Castro had a summit with Barre where he proposed a federation of Ethiopia, Somalia, and South Yemen as an alternative to war. Barre who saw seizing the Ogaden as the first step towards creating a greater Somalia that would unite all of the Somalis into one state rejected the federation offer, and decided upon war. Castro sent troops under the command of General Arnaldo Ochoa to aid the overwhelmed Ethiopian army. Mengistu's regime was barely hanging on by 1977, having lost one-third of its army in Eritrea at the time of the Somali invasion. The intervention of 17, 000 Cuban troops into the Ogaden was by all accounts decisive in altering a"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " war that Ethiopia was on the brink of losing into a victory. After forcing back the Somalis, Mengistu then ordered the Ethiopians to suppress the Eritrean People's Liberation Front, a measure Castro refused to support. Castro extended support to Latin American revolutionary movements, namely the Sandinista National Liberation Front in its overthrow of the Nicaraguan rightist government of Anastasio Somoza Debayle in July 1979. Castro's critics accused the government of wasting Cuban lives in these military endeavours; the anti-Castro Center for a Free Cuba has claimed that an estimated 14,000 Cubans were killed in foreign Cuban military actions. When American critics claimed that Castro had no right to interfere in these nations, he countered that Cuba had been invited into them, pointing out the US' own involvement in various foreign nations. Between 1979 and 1991 about 370, 000 Cuban troops together with 50, 000 Cuban civilians (mostly teachers and doctors) served in Angola, representing about 5% of Cuba's population. The Cuban intervention in Angola was envisioned as a short-term commitment, but the Angolan government used the profits from the oil industry to subsidize Cuba's economy, making Cuba as economically dependent upon Angola as Angola was militarily dependent upon Cuba. In the late"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " 1970s, Cuba's relations with North American states improved during the period with Mexican President Luis Echeverría, Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, and US President Jimmy Carter in power. Carter continued criticizing Cuba's human rights abuses, but adopted a respectful approach which gained Castro's attention. Considering Carter well-meaning and sincere, Castro freed certain political prisoners and allowed some Cuban exiles to visit relatives on the island, hoping that in turn Carter would abolish the economic embargo and stop CIA support for militant dissidents. Conversely, his relationship with China declined, as he accused Deng Xiaoping's Chinese government of betraying their revolutionary principles by initiating trade links with the US and attacking Vietnam. In 1979, the Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was held in Havana, where Castro was selected as NAM president, a position he held until 1982. In his capacity as both president of the NAM and of Cuba he appeared at the United Nations General Assembly in October 1979 and gave a speech on the disparity between the world's rich and poor. His speech was greeted with much applause from other world leaders, though his standing in NAM was damaged by Cuba's refusal to condemn the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan.</s><s>Presidency.:Reagan and Gorbachev:"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " 1980–1991. By the 1980s, Cuba's economy was again in trouble, following a decline in the market price of sugar and 1979's decimated harvest. For the first time, unemployment became a serious problem in Castro's Cuba, with the government sending unemployed youth to other countries, primarily East Germany, to work there. Desperate for money, Cuba's government secretly sold off paintings from national collections and illicitly traded for US electronic goods through Panama. Increasing numbers of Cubans fled to Florida, but were labelled \"scum\" and \"lumpen\" by Castro and his CDR supporters. In one incident, 10,000 Cubans stormed the Peruvian Embassy requesting asylum, and so the US agreed that it would accept 3,500 refugees. Castro conceded that those who wanted to leave could do so from Mariel port. In what was known as the Mariel boatlift, hundreds of boats arrived from the US, leading to a mass exodus of 120,000; Castro's government took advantage of the situation by loading criminals, the mentally ill, and homosexuals onto the boats destined for Florida. The event destabilized Carter's administration, and later, in 1980, Ronald Reagan was elected US president. Reagan's administration adopted a hard-line approach against Castro,"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " making its desire to overthrow his regime clear. In late 1981, Castro publicly accused the US of biological warfare against Cuba by orchestrating a dengue fever epidemic. Cuba's economy became even more dependent on Soviet aid, with Soviet subsidies (mainly in the form of supplies of low-cost oil and voluntarily buying Cuban sugar at inflated prices) averaging $4–5 billion a year by the late 1980s. This accounted for 30–38% of the country's entire GDP. Soviet economic assistance had not helped Cuba's long-term growth prospects by promoting diversification or sustainability. Although described as a \"relatively highly developed Latin American export economy\" in 1959 and the early 1960s, Cuba's basic economic structure changed very little between then and the 1980s. Tobacco products such as cigars and cigarettes were the only manufactured products among Cuba's leading exports, and even these are produced by a pre-industrial process. The Cuban economy remained highly inefficient and over-specialized in a few highly subsidized commodities provided by the Soviet bloc countries. Although despising Argentina's right-wing military junta, Castro supported them in the 1982 Falklands War against Britain and offered military aid to the Argentinians. Castro supported the leftist New Jewel Movement that seized power in Grenada in"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " 1979, befriending Grenadine President Maurice Bishop and sending doctors, teachers, and technicians to aid the country's development. When Bishop was executed in a Soviet-backed coup by hard-line Marxist Bernard Coard in October 1983, Castro condemned the killing but cautiously retained support for Grenada's government. However, the US used the coup as a basis for invading the island. Cuban soldiers died in the conflict, with Castro denouncing the invasion and comparing the US to Nazi Germany. In a July 1983 speech marking the 30th anniversary of the Cuban Revolution, Castro condemned Reagan's administration as a \"reactionary, extremist clique\" who were waging an \"openly warmongering and fascist foreign policy\". Castro feared a US invasion of Nicaragua and sent Ochoa to train the governing Sandinistas in guerrilla warfare, but received little support from the USSR. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became Secretary-General of the Soviet Communist Party; a reformer, he implemented measures to increase freedom of the press (\"glasnost\") and economic decentralization (\"perestroika\") in an attempt to strengthen socialism. Like many orthodox Marxist critics, Castro feared that the reforms would weaken the socialist state and allow capitalist elements to regain control. Gorbachev conceded to US demands"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " to reduce support for Cuba, with Soviet-Cuban relations deteriorating. On medical advice given him in October 1985, Castro gave up regularly smoking Cuban cigars, helping to set an example for the rest of the populace. Castro became passionate in his denunciation of the Third World debt problem, arguing that the Third World would never escape the debt that First World banks and governments imposed upon it. In 1985, Havana hosted five international conferences on the world debt problem. By November 1987, Castro began spending more time on the Angolan Civil War, in which the Marxist MPLA government had fallen into retreat. Angolan President José Eduardo dos Santos successfully appealed for more Cuban troops, with Castro later admitting that he devoted more time to Angola than to the domestic situation, believing that a victory would lead to the collapse of apartheid. In response to the siege of Cuito Cuanavale in 1987–1988 by South African-UNITA forces, Castro sent an additional 12,000 Cuban Army troops to Angola in late 1987. From afar in Havana, Castro was closely involved in the decision-making about the defence of Cuito Cuanavle and came into conflict with Ochoa, whom he criticized for almost losing Cuito Cuanavle to a South African"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "-UNITA assault on 13 January 1988 despite warning for almost two months prior that such an attack was coming. On 30 January 1988, Ochoa was summoned to a meeting with Castro in Havana where he was told that Cuito Cuanavale must not fall and to execute Castro's plans for a pull-back to more defensible positions over the objections of the Angolans. The Cuban troops played a decisive role in the relief of Cuito Cuanavale, breaking the siege in March 1988, which led to the withdrawal of most of the South African troops from Angola. Cuban propaganda turned the siege of Cuito Cuanavle into a decisive victory that changed the course of African history and Castro awarded 82 soldiers medals of the newly created Medal of Merit for the Defense of Cuito Cuanavle on 1 April 1988. Tensions were increased with the Cubans advancing close to the border of Namibia, which led to warnings from the South African government that they considered this an extremely unfriendly act, causing South Africa to mobilize and call up its reserves. In the spring of 1988, the intensity of South African-Cuban fighting drastically increased with both sides taking heavy losses. The prospect of an all-out Cuban-"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "South African war served to concentrate minds in both Moscow and Washington and led to an increased push for a diplomatic solution to the Angolan war. The cost of Cuba's wars in Africa were paid for with Soviet subsidies at a time when the Soviet economy was badly hurt by low oil prices while the apartheid government of South Africa had by the 1980s become a very awkward American ally as much of the American population, especially black Americans, objected to apartheid. From the viewpoint of both Moscow and Washington, having both Cuba and South Africa disengage in Angola was the best possible outcome. The low oil prices of the 1980s had also changed the Angolan attitude about subsidizing the Cuban economy as dos Santos found the promises made in the 1970s when oil prices were high to be a serious drain upon Angola's economy in the 1980s. South African whites were vastly outnumbered by South African blacks, and accordingly the South African Army could not take heavy losses with its white troops as that would fatally weaken the ability of the South African state to uphold apartheid. The Cubans had also taken heavy losses while the increasing difficult relations with dos Santos who become less generous in subsidizing the Cuban economy suggested that such losses were not worth the cost. Gorbachev called for a negotiated end to the conflict and in"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " 1988 organized a quadripartite talks between the USSR, US, Cuba and South Africa; they agreed that all foreign troops would pull out of Angola while South Africa agreed to grant independence to Namibia. Castro was angered by Gorbachev's approach, believing that he was abandoning the plight of the world's poor in favour of détente. When Gorbachev visited Cuba in April 1989, he informed Castro that \"perestroika\" meant an end to subsidies for Cuba. Ignoring calls for liberalization in accordance with the Soviet example, Castro continued to clamp down on internal dissidents and in particular kept tabs on the military, the primary threat to the government. A number of senior military officers, including Ochoa and Tony de la Guardia, were investigated for corruption and complicity in cocaine smuggling, tried, and executed in 1989, despite calls for leniency. In Eastern Europe, socialist governments fell to capitalist reformers between 1989 and 1991 and many Western observers expected the same in Cuba. Increasingly isolated, Cuba improved relations with Manuel Noriega's right-wing government in Panama – despite Castro's personal hatred of Noriega – but it was overthrown in a US invasion in December 1989. In February 1990, Castro's allies in Nicaragua, President Daniel"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " Ortega and the Sandinistas, were defeated by the US-funded National Opposition Union in an election. With the collapse of the Soviet bloc, the US secured a majority vote for a resolution condemning Cuba's human rights violations at the United Nations Human Rights Commission in Geneva, Switzerland. Cuba asserted that this was a manifestation of US hegemony, and refused to allow an investigative delegation to enter the country.</s><s>Presidency.:Special Period: 1992–2000. With favourable trade from the Soviet bloc ended, Castro publicly declared that Cuba was entering a \"Special Period in Time of Peace\". Petrol rations were dramatically reduced, Chinese bicycles were imported to replace cars, and factories performing non-essential tasks were shut down. Oxen began to replace tractors, firewood began being used for cooking and electricity cuts were introduced that lasted 16 hours a day. Castro admitted that Cuba faced the worst situation short of open war, and that the country might have to resort to subsistence farming. By 1992, Cuba's economy had declined by over 40% in under two years, with major food shortages, widespread malnutrition and a lack of basic goods. Castro hoped for a restoration of Marxism–Leninism in the USSR, but refrained from backing the 1991 coup in that country. When Gor"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "bachev regained control, Cuba-Soviet relations deteriorated further and Soviet troops were withdrawn in September 1991. In December, the Soviet Union was officially dissolved as Boris Yeltsin abolished the Soviet Communist Party and introducing a capitalist multiparty democracy. Yeltsin despised Castro and developed links with the Miami-based Cuban American National Foundation. Castro tried improving relations with the capitalist nations. He welcomed Western politicians and investors to Cuba, befriended Manuel Fraga and took a particular interest in Margaret Thatcher's policies in the UK, believing that Cuban socialism could learn from her emphasis on low taxation and personal initiative. He ceased support for foreign militants, refrained from praising FARC on a 1994 visit to Colombia and called for a negotiated settlement between the Zapatistas and Mexican government in 1995. Publicly, he presented himself as a moderate on the world stage. In 1991, Havana hosted the Pan American Games, which involved construction of a stadium and accommodation for the athletes; Castro admitted that it was an expensive error, but it was a success for Cuba's government. Crowds regularly shouted \"Fidel! Fidel!\" in front of foreign journalists, while Cuba became the first Latin American nation to beat the US to the top of the gold-medal table. Support for Castro remained strong, and although"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " there were small anti-government demonstrations, the Cuban opposition rejected the exile community's calls for an armed uprising. In August 1994, Havana witnessed the largest anti-Castro demonstration in Cuban history, as 200 to 300 young men threw stones at police, demanding that they be allowed to emigrate to Miami. A larger pro-Castro crowd confronted them, who were joined by Castro; he informed media that the men were anti-socials misled by the US. The protests dispersed with no recorded injuries. Fearing that dissident groups would invade, the government organized the \"War of All the People\" defence strategy, planning a widespread guerrilla warfare campaign, and the unemployed were given jobs building a network of bunkers and tunnels across the country. Castro believed in the need for reform if Cuban socialism was to survive in a world now dominated by capitalist free markets. In October 1991, the Fourth Congress of the Cuban Communist Party was held in Santiago, at which a number of important changes to the government were announced. Castro would step down as head of government, to be replaced by the much younger Carlos Lage, although Castro would remain the head of the Communist Party and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Many older members of government were to be retired and replaced by their"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " younger counterparts. A number of economic changes were proposed, and subsequently put to a national referendum. Free farmers' markets and small-scale private enterprises would be legalized in an attempt to stimulate economic growth, while US dollars were also made legal tender. Certain restrictions on emigration were eased, allowing more discontented Cuban citizens to move to the United States. Further democratization was to be brought in by having the National Assembly's members elected directly by the people, rather than through municipal and provincial assemblies. Castro welcomed debate between proponents and opponents of the economics reforms—although over time he began to increasingly sympathise with the opponent's positions, arguing that such reforms must be delayed. Castro's government diversified its economy into biotechnology and tourism, the latter outstripping Cuba's sugar industry as its primary source of revenue in 1995. The arrival of thousands of Mexican and Spanish tourists led to increasing numbers of Cubans turning to prostitution; officially illegal, Castro refrained from cracking down on prostitution in Cuba, fearing a political backlash. Economic hardship led many Cubans toward religion, both in the form of Roman Catholicism and Santería. Although long thinking religious belief to be backward, Castro softened his approach to religious institutions and religious people were permitted for the first time to join the Communist Party."
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " Although he viewed the Roman Catholic Church as a reactionary, pro-capitalist institution, Castro organized a visit to Cuba by Pope John Paul II for January 1998; it strengthened the position of both the Cuban Church and Castro's government. In the early 1990s Castro embraced environmentalism, campaigning against global warming and the waste of natural resources, and accusing the US of being the world's primary polluter. In 1994 a ministry dedicated to the environment was established, and new laws established in 1997 that promoted awareness of environmental issues throughout Cuba and stressed the sustainable use of natural resources. By 2006, Cuba was the world's only nation which met the United Nations Development Programme's definition of sustainable development, with an ecological footprint of less than 1.8 hectares per capita and a Human Development Index of over 0.8. Castro also became a proponent of the anti-globalization movement, criticizing US global hegemony and the control exerted by multinationals. Castro maintained his strong stance against apartheid, and at the 26 July celebrations in 1991, he was joined onstage by Nelson Mandela, recently released from prison. Mandela praised Cuba's involvement in battling South Africa during the Angolan Civil War and thanked Castro personally. Castro later attended Mandela's inauguration as President of South Africa in 1994. In 2001, Castro attended the Conference"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " Against Racism in South Africa at which he lectured on the global spread of racial stereotypes through US film.</s><s>Presidency.:Pink tide: 2000–2006. Mired in economic problems, Cuba was aided by the election of Hugo Chávez to the Venezuelan Presidency in 1999. Castro and Chávez developed a close friendship, with the former acting as a mentor and father-figure to the latter, and together they built an alliance that had repercussions throughout Latin America. In 2000, they signed an agreement through which Cuba would send 20,000 medics to Venezuela, in return receiving 53,000 barrels of oil per day at preferential rates; in 2004, this trade was stepped up, with Cuba sending 40,000 medics and Venezuela providing 90,000 barrels a day.{{cite news }} Some economic problems remained; in 2004, Castro shut down 118 factories, including steel plants, sugar mills and paper processors to compensate for a critical shortage of fuel. In September 2005, Castro established a group of medical professionals, known as the Henry Reeve Brigade, with the mission of international medical solidarity. The group were sent throughout the world to carry out humanitarian missions on behalf of the Cuban government. Cuba and Venezuela were the founding members of the Bolivarian Alternative for"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " the Americas (ALBA). ALBA's origins lay in a December 2004 agreement signed between the two countries, and was formalized through a People's Trade Agreement also signed by Evo Morales' Bolivia in April 2006. Castro had also been calling for greater Caribbean integration since the late 1990s, saying that only strengthened cooperation between Caribbean countries would prevent their domination by rich nations in a global economy. Cuba has opened four additional embassies in the Caribbean Community including: Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Suriname, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. This development makes Cuba the only country to have embassies in all independent countries of the Caribbean Community. In contrast to the improved relations between Cuba and a number of leftist Latin American states, in 2004 it broke off diplomatic ties with Panama after centrist President Mireya Moscoso pardoned four Cuban exiles accused of attempting to assassinate Castro in 2000. Diplomatic ties were reinstalled in 2005 following the election of leftist President Martín Torrijos. Castro's improving relations across Latin America were accompanied by continuing animosity towards the US. However, after massive damage caused by Hurricane Michelle in 2001, Castro successfully proposed a one-time cash purchase of food from the US while declining its government's offer of humanitarian aid."
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " Castro expressed solidarity with the US following the 2001 September 11 attacks, condemning Al-Qaeda and offering Cuban airports for the emergency diversion of any US planes. He recognized that the attacks would make US foreign policy more aggressive, which he believed was counter-productive. Castro criticized the 2003 invasion of Iraq, saying that the US-led war had imposed an international \"law of the jungle\". Meanwhile, in 1998, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien arrived in Cuba to meet Castro and highlight their close ties. He was the first Canadian government leader to visit the island since Pierre Trudeau was in Havana in 1976. In 2002, former US President Jimmy Carter visited Cuba, where he highlighted the lack of civil liberties in the country and urged the government to pay attention to the Varela Project of Oswaldo Payá.</s><s>Final years.</s><s>Final years.:Stepping down: 2006–2008. Castro underwent surgery for intestinal bleeding, and on 31 July 2006, delegated his presidential duties to Raúl Castro. In February 2007, Raúl announced that Fidel's health was improving and that he was taking part in important issues of government. Later that month, Fidel called into Hugo Chávez's radio show \"Aló Presidente\". On 21 April, Castro met Wu Gu"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "anzheng of the Chinese Communist Party's Politburo Standing Committee, with Chávez visiting in August, and Morales in September. That month, the Non-Aligned Movement held its 14th Summit in Havana, there agreeing to appoint Castro as the organization's president for a year's term. Commenting on Castro's recovery, US President George W. Bush said: \"One day the good Lord will take Fidel Castro away.\" Hearing about this, the atheist Castro replied: \"Now I understand why I survived Bush's plans and the plans of other presidents who ordered my assassination: the good Lord protected me.\" The quote was picked up on by the world's media. In a February 2008 letter, Castro announced that he would not accept the positions of President of the Council of State and Commander in Chief at that month's National Assembly meetings, remarking, \"It would betray my conscience to take up a responsibility that requires mobility and total devotion, that I am not in a physical condition to offer\". On 24 February 2008, the National Assembly of People's Power unanimously voted Raúl as president. Describing his brother as \"not substitutable\", Raúl proposed that Fidel continue to be consulted on matters of great importance, a motion unanimously approved by the 597 National"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " Assembly members.</s><s>Final years.:Retirement and final years: 2008–2016. Following his retirement, Castro's health deteriorated; international press speculated that he had diverticulitis, but Cuba's government refused to corroborate this. He continued to interact with the Cuban people, published an opinion column titled \"Reflections\" in \"Granma\", used a Twitter account, and gave occasional public lectures. In January 2009 Castro asked Cubans not to worry about his lack of recent news columns and failing health, and not to be disturbed by his future death. He continued meeting foreign leaders and dignitaries, and that month photographs were released of Castro's meeting with Argentine President Cristina Fernández. In July 2010, he made his first public appearance since falling ill, greeting science center workers and giving a television interview to \"Mesa Redonda\" in which he discussed US tensions with Iran and North Korea. On 7 August 2010, Castro gave his first speech to the National Assembly in four years, urging the US not to take military actions against those nations and warning of a nuclear holocaust. When asked whether Castro may be re-entering government, culture minister Abel Prieto told the BBC, \"I think that he has always been in Cuba's political"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " life but he is not in the government ... He has been very careful about that. His big battle is international affairs.\" On 19 April 2011, Castro resigned from the Communist Party central committee, thus stepping down as First Secretary. Raúl was selected as his successor. Now without any official role in the country's government, he took on the role of an elder statesman. In March 2011, Castro condemned the NATO-led military intervention in Libya. In March 2012, Pope Benedict XVI visited Cuba for three days, during which time he briefly met with Castro despite the Pope's vocal opposition to Cuba's government. Later that year it was revealed that along with Hugo Chávez, Castro had played a significant behind-the-scenes role in orchestrating peace talks between the Colombian government and the far left FARC guerrilla movement to end the conflict which had raged since 1964. During the North Korea crisis of 2013, he urged both the North Korean and US governments to show restraint. Calling the situation \"incredible and absurd\", he maintained that war would not benefit either side, and that it represented \"one of the gravest risks of nuclear war\" since the Cuban missile crisis. In December 2014, Castro was awarded the Chinese Confucius Peace Prize for seeking peaceful solutions to"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " his nation's conflict with the US and for his post-retirement efforts to prevent nuclear war. In January 2015, he publicly commented on the \"Cuban Thaw\", an increased normalization between Cuba-US relations, by stating that while it was a positive move for establishing peace in the region, he mistrusted the US government. He did not meet with US President Barack Obama on the latter's visit to Cuba in March 2016, although sent him a letter stating that Cuba \"has no need of gifts from the empire\". That April, he gave his most extensive public appearance in many years when addressing the Communist Party. Highlighting that he was soon to turn 90 years old, he noted that he would die in the near future but urged those assembled to retain their communist ideals. In September 2016, Castro was visited at his Havana home by the Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, and later that month was visited by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe. In late October 2016, Castro met with the Portuguese president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, who became one of the last foreign leaders to meet him.</s><s>Final years.:Death. Castro died in Havana on the night of 25 November 2016. The cause of death was not disclosed. His brother, President Raú"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "l Castro, confirmed the news in a brief speech: \"The commander in chief of the Cuban revolution died at 22:29 [EST] this evening.\" His death came 9 months after his older brother Ramón died at the age of 91 in February. Fidel Castro was cremated the next day. A funeral procession travelled along the island's central highway from Havana to Santiago de Cuba, tracing in reverse, the route of the \"Freedom Caravan\" of January 1959, and after nine days of public mourning, his ashes were entombed in the Santa Ifigenia Cemetery in Santiago de Cuba.</s><s>Ideology. Castro proclaimed himself to be \"a Socialist, a Marxist, and a Leninist\", and publicly identified as a Marxist–Leninist from December 1961 onward. As a Marxist, Castro sought to transform Cuba from a capitalist state which was dominated by foreign imperialism to a socialist society and ultimately to a communist society. Influenced by Guevara, he suggested that Cuba could evade most stages of socialism and progress straight to communism. The Cuban Revolution nevertheless did not meet the Marxist assumption that socialism would be achieved through proletariat revolution, for most of the forces involved in Batista's overthrow were led by members of the Cuban middle-class. According to Castro, a"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " country could be regarded as socialist if its means of production were controlled by the state. In this way, his understanding of socialism was less about who controlled power in a country and more about the method of distribution. Castro's government was also nationalistic, with Castro declaring, \"We are not only Marxist-Leninists, but also nationalists and patriots\". In this it drew upon a longstanding tradition of Cuban nationalism. Castro biographer Sebastian Balfour noted that \"the vein of moral regeneration and voluntarism that runs through\" Castro's thought owes far more to \"Hispanic nationalism\" than European socialism or Marxism–Leninism. Historian Richard Gott remarked that one of the keys to Castro's success was his ability to use the \"twin themes of socialism and nationalism\" and keep them \"endlessly in play\". Castro described Karl Marx and Cuban nationalist José Martí as his main political influences, although Gott believed that Martí ultimately remained more important than Marx in Castro's politics. Castro described Martí's political ideas as \"a philosophy of independence and an exceptional humanistic philosophy\", and his supporters and apologists repeatedly claimed that there were great similarities between the two figures. Biographer Volker Skierka described Castro's government as a \"highly individual, socialist-nationalist"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " \"fidelista\" system\", with Theodore Draper terming his approach \"Castroism\", viewing it as a blend of European socialism with the Latin American revolutionary tradition. Political scientist Paul C. Sondrol has described Castro's approach to politics as \"totalitarian utopianism\", with a style of leadership that drew upon the wider Latin American phenomenon of the \"caudillo\". He drew inspiration from the wider Latin American anti-imperialist movements of the 1930s and 1940s, including Argentina's Perón and Guatemala's Jacobo Árbenz. Castro took a relatively socially conservative stance on many issues, opposing drug use, gambling, and prostitution, which he viewed as moral evils. Instead, he advocated hard work, family values, integrity, and self-discipline. Although his government repressed homosexual activity for decades, later in his life he took responsibility for this persecution, regretting it as a \"great injustice\", as he himself put it.</s><s>Personal and public life.</s><s>Personal and public life.:Personality. Juan Reynaldo Sánchez, Castro's former bodyguard, detailed much of his personal and private life in his book \"The Double Life of Fidel Castro\". He described Castro as \"Nothing ordinary about him at all"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": ", he is unique, special, and different\". He profiled him as an egocentric who loved being the center of attention, and with his almost electric charisma, grabbing the attention of the people around him. He was also extremely manipulative; with his formidable intelligence, he was capable of manipulating a person or a group of people without much difficulty. In addition, he was repetitive and obsessive. In discussions with his colleagues or foreigners, he would repeat the same things over again on a continuous loop until they were convinced he was right. It was absolutely impossible to contradict him on any subject whatsoever. Anyone who attempted to convince him that he was wrong or even making a suggestion that it could be improved slightly was making a \"fatal error\". Fidel would then make a mental mark of the individual as an \"idiot\", and would wait for the right time to retaliate against them. Nobody, not even Raúl was exempt from this; despite being the minister of the armed forces, he would bring seemingly minor military decisions to Castro for his final approval in order to avoid inadvertently contradicting him. Sánchez believed that General Arnaldo Ochoa's downfall was significantly related to his willingness to contradict Fidel's orders in Angola. Biographer Leycester Coltman described Castro as"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " \"fiercely hard-working, dedicated, loyal ... generous and magnanimous\" but noted that he could be \"vindictive and unforgiving\". He asserted that Castro \"always had a keen sense of humor and could laugh at himself\" but could equally be \"a bad loser\" who would act with \"ferocious rage if he thought that he was being humiliated\". Publicly he was known for throwing tantrums, and could make \"snap judgements\" which he refused to back down from. In private though, Castro was actually skilled at keeping his anger in check and not allowing it to affect his judgement, simply becoming cold and withdrawn; Sánchez stated that in 17 years he had only seen Castro explode in anger twice, one upon being informed of his daughter Alina's defection in 1993. Castro was known for working long hours; he primarily woke up late – rarely before 10 or 11 am – and started his working day around noon, and would work until late at night, often only going to bed at 3 or 4 am. He preferred to meet foreign diplomats in these early hours, believing that they would be tired and he could gain the upper hand in negotiations. Castro liked to meet with ordinary citizens, both in Cuba and abroad, but"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " took a particularly paternal attitude toward Cubans, treating them as if \"they were a part of his own giant family\". British historian Alex von Tunzelmann commented that \"though ruthless, [Castro] was a patriot, a man with a profound sense that it was his mission to save the Cuban people\". Political scientist Paul C. Sondrol characterized Castro as \"quintessentially totalitarian in his charismatic appeal, utopian functional role and public, transformative utilisation of power\". Balfour described Castro as having a \"voracity for knowledge\" and \"elephantine memory\" that allowed him to speak for hours on a variety of different subjects. His hero was Alexander the Great, whose Spanish equivalent \"Alejandro\" he adopted as his \"nom de guerre\". Castro was a voracious reader; amongst his favourite authors were Ernest Hemingway, Franz Kafka, William Shakespeare, and Maxim Gorky, and he named \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\" as his favourite book, committing several portions of the novel to memory and even utilizing some of its lessons as a guerrilla fighter. He enjoyed art and photography and was known as a patron of both within Cuba but was uninterested in music and disliked dancing. He was also an avid fan of cinema,"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " particularly Soviet films. His favourite film was the five-hour long 1967 adaption of Leo Tolstoy's \"War and Peace\". Castro had a lifelong passion, almost obsession, with cows and, starting in 1966, with bovine genetics and breeding. State media frequently published details of his attempts to breed cows with increased milk yields. This interest reached its peak in 1982 when a cow that Fidel had bred, \"Ubre Blanca\", broke the Guinness World Record for producing 29 gallons of milk live on national television. She was promoted into a national celebrity and propaganda tool, and when the cow died in 1985, \"Granma\" published an official obituary for her on the front page, and the postal service issued stamps in her honour as well. Fidel Castro's religious beliefs have been a matter of some debate; he was baptized and raised as a Roman Catholic. He criticized use of the Bible to justify the oppression of women and Africans, but commented that Christianity exhibited \"a group of very humane precepts\" which gave the world \"ethical values\" and a \"sense of social justice\", relating, \"If people call me Christian, not from the standpoint of religion but from the standpoint of social vision, I declare that I am a Christian.\" During a"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " visit of Jesse Jackson, Castro accompanied him to a Methodist church service where he even spoke from the pulpit with a Bible before him, an event that marked a beginning of increased openness towards Christianity in Cuba. He promoted the idea that Jesus Christ was a communist, citing the feeding of the 5,000 and the story of Jesus and the rich young man as evidence.</s><s>Personal and public life.:Public image. Within Cuba, Castro was primarily referred to by his official military title \"Comandante El Jefe\"; he was usually addressed as \"Comandante\" (The Commander) in general discourse as well as in person but could also be addressed as \"El Jefe\" (the Chief) in the third person, particularly within the party and military command. Castro was often nicknamed \"\"El Caballo\"\" (\"The Horse\"), a label attributed to Cuban entertainer Benny Moré which alludes to Castro's well known philandering during the 1950s and early 1960s. With his logorrheic oratorical abilities and profound charisma, Castro was extremely skilled at the art of manipulation and deception, easily whipping up his audience and even entire segments of the population into support for him. Large throngs of supporters gathered to cheer at Castro's fiery speeches, which typically lasted"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " for hours (even outdoors in inclement weather) and without the use of written notes. During speeches, Castro regularly cited reports and books he had read on a wide variety of subjects, including military matters, plant cultivation, filmmaking, and chess strategies. Officially, the Cuban government did maintain a cult of personality, but unlike other Soviet-era leaders and his allies, it was less widespread and took on a more subtle and discreet form. There were no statues or large portraits of him but rather signs with \"thoughts\" of the \"Comandante\". Although his popularity among segments of the Cuban populace nevertheless led to one developing without the government's involvement and would be used to judge each individual's devotion to his \"revolutionary cause\" (judged by their contribution to the revolution). Indeed, by 2006 Castro's image could frequently be found in Cuban stores, classrooms, taxicabs, and on national television. In private, however, Castro hated such idolization campaigns and believed that he had intellectual ascendancy over leaders who engaged in such behaviour, such as his friend Kim Il-sung of North Korea whose cult of personality he considered excessive, outlandish, and unreasonable. He gave no importance to his appearance or clothing; for 37 years, he wore only his trademark olive-"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "green military fatigues or the standard dress uniform for formal events and special occasions, emphasizing his role as the perpetual revolutionary, but in the mid-1990s began wearing dark civilian suits and \"guayabera\" in public. At over tall with a few inches added from his combat boots, Castro usually towered over most foreign leaders he met with, giving him a dominating presence in any room or photo that was taken, which he used to his advantage (for comparison, Abraham Lincoln and Charles De Gaulle, both well known for their tall heights, stood at 6'4 and 6'5 respectively). Until his uprising against Batista, Castro typically kept a pencil-thin moustache along with combed back hair, typical of Upper-class Cuban men in the 1950s but grew out both during his years as a guerrilla fighter and retaining them afterwards. Castro also disliked worrying about his appearance and hated shaving, making the beard and uniform all the more convenient for him. His uniform was also kept simple, he never wore any medals or decorations and his only marker of rank was the \"Comandante El Jefe\" insignia stitched on the shoulder straps. Until the 1990s, he wore combat boots, but due to orthopedic issues, abandoned them for"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " sneakers and tennis shoes instead. Around his waist, he often carried a 9mm Browning pistol in a brown leather holster with an additional three clips. His personal weapon of choice was a 7.62 Kalashnikov AKM which Castro occasionally carried with him during the 1960s but was later kept stored in a suitcase carried by one of the members of his escort or kept placed between his feet while driving along with five cartridges; he frequently used it during shooting exercises and practice. Castro had a lifelong love of guns and was considered an expert sharpshooter, impressing foreign visitors and even holding up against members of his own elite bodyguards who engaged in frequent competition with him. Castro's most iconic public feature eventually became the Cuban cigar that he smoked on a daily basis. Introduced to it by his father at the age of 15, Castro continued the habit for almost 44 years with the exception of a brief period during the 1950s while a guerrilla fighter and boycotting against Batista linked tobacco firms. Castro claimed that he quit around 1985 during an anti-smoking campaign promoted by the Communist Party. Sánchez disputes this, saying that his doctor had Castro reduce his cigar usage starting in 1980 and quit entirely in 1983 after a cancerous ulcer was found in his intestine."
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " Prior to the Revolution, Castro smoked various brands including Romeo y Julieta Churchill, H. Upmann, Bauza, and Partagás. In the early 1960s, Castro saw one of his bodyguards smoking a noticeably aromatic but unbranded cigar. Castro and the bodyguard located the cigar maker, Eduardo Ribera, who agreed to establish the El Laguito Factory and branded the cigars as Cohiba which became Castro's signature brand and elevating its profile internationally. Initially restricted for his own private use and other members of the Politburo, it was later presented as diplomatic gifts for allied countries and friends of Castro, most notably seen smoked by Che Guevara, Josip Broz Tito, Houari Boumédiène, Sukarno, and Saddam Hussein.</s><s>Personal and public life.:Lifestyle. Castro's primary residence was at \"Punto Cero\", a large and vegetative estate approximately 6 km from the \"Palacio de la Revolution\" in the Siboney neighbourhood. The main house is a L-Shaped two-story family mansion with a 600-square-yard footprint, 50-foot-long swimming pool, six greenhouses providing fruit and vegetables for Fidel and Raú"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "l's families as well as their bodyguard units, and a large lawn with free-range chickens and cows. Close by is a second two-story building used to house the bodyguards and the domestic staff. The house itself was decorated in a classical Caribbean style, with local wicker and wood furniture, porcelain plates, watercolor paintings, and art books. Sánchez described the estate as naturally beautiful and tastefully decorated, and while considered luxurious for the average Cuban, was not lavish or over-the-top compared to the residences of the Somoza clan or the Kim dynasty of North Korea. Raúl and Vilma's house \"La Rinconada\" is located close by on 222nd street. Raúl usually hosted large family barbecues on Sundays where Fidel would sometimes come, giving his extended family, sisters, and his elder brother Ramón a rare opportunity to see him. Next to \"Punto Cero\" is \"Unit 160\" which was the base of Fidel's bodyguard units. The base was over five acres large and surrounded by high walls, essentially a \"city within a city\" consisting of support personnel for transportation, communications, electronics, food, and an extensive armoury of Kalashnikovs"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": ", Makarovs, and Browning's. Members of that unit also assisted in Fidel's passion for Bovine breeding and a stable was kept for some of Fidel's most prized cows. In addition to \"Punto Cero\", Castro had 5 other residences in Havana: \"Casa Cojimar\", his initial home after 1959 but disused by the 1970s; a house on 160th Street near the Playa district; \"Casa Carbonell\", maintained by Cuban Intelligence for his covert meetings with representatives of foreign groups or intelligence assets; A beach house in Santa Maria del Mar (next to the Tropico Hotel); and two houses retrofitted with air-raid shelters and connected to the MINFAR command bunkers for use in war: \"Casa Punta Brava\" (Dalia's old house before meeting Fidel) and \"Casa Gallego\", near the bodyguards base at Unit 160. In the west of Cuba, he had three residences: \"Casa Americana\" (confiscated from an American businessman connected to Batista); \"Rancho la Tranquilidad\" in the locality of Mil Cumbres; and La Deseada, a hunting lodge utilized in the winter for duck hunting and fishing"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " trips. He also had two homes in Matanzas, one in Ciego de Avila, a horse ranch \"Hacienda San Cayetano\" in Camaguey along with another house in a vacation compound for the Politburo nearby, \"Casa Guardalavaca\" in Holguin, and two residences in Santiago de Cuba (One of which is shared with Ramiro Valdes). Castro's main vacation destination was Cayo de Piedra, a small key island formerly the site of a lighthouse, approximately a mile long and divided into two by a cyclone in the 1960s. He came upon the island by accident while reviewing the region in the aftermath of the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. Instantly falling in love with the island, he ordered it closed off and had the lighthouse demolished. Osmany Cienfuegos designed the a private bungalow, guesthouse, bridge, marina, and a building for the use of the bodyguards and support staff. He arrived here from his inaccessible private marina located near the Bay of Pigs, \"La Caleta del Rosario\", which also housed another residence and guesthouse. Castro utilized two yachts, \"Aquarama I\", confiscated from"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " a Batista Government official and later in the 1970s, the 90-foot white hull \"Aquarama II\". \"Aquarama II\", which was decorated with wood donated from Angola, had two double cabins, one for Fidel's personal use, a main sitting room, two bathrooms, a bar, a secure communications suite, and was equipped with four Osa-class missile boat engines gifted from Brezhnev allowing for top speeds of over 42 Knots. \"Aquarama II\" had two companion speedboats utilized by his escort, \"Pioniera I\" and \"Pioniera II\"; one was equipped with a large cache of weapons and another was equipped with medical equipment. Castro also had a keen interest in gastronomy and was known to wander into his kitchen to discuss cookery with his chefs. His diet was quintessentially Cuban, based on traditional pescatarian cuisine but also the additional influence from his native Galicia. All of his food was sourced from Punto Cero or fished from his private island of Cayo Piedra, with the exception of cases of Algerian Red Wine gifted initially from Houari Boumediene and continued by successive Algerian governments and Iraqi figs and fruit jams from"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " Saddam Hussein. Castro, who typically woke up in the late morning, usually had tea or fish bouillon for breakfast accompanied by milk provided from one of the cows that grazed on \"Punto Cero\"; they were all bred to provide milk which suited Castro's demanding taste. His lunches were also frugal and consisted of fish or seafood soup with fresh produce. Dinner was his primary meal, consisting of grilled fish, chicken, mutton, or even \"pata negra\" ham on special occasions along with a large serving of green vegetables, but was prevented from eating beef or coffee by his dietician. Until 1979, Castro's primary vehicle was a black ZiL limousine, first an armoured convertible ZIL-111 from Khrushchev, a ZIL-114 and briefly a ZIL-4104 gifted to him by Leonid Brezhnev, while his escort would accompany him in several Alfa Romeo 1750s and 2000s. In 1979, during the Non-Aligned movement summit at Havana, Saddam Hussein gave Castro his Armored Mercedes-Benz 560 SEL which he had brought from Baghdad and became his sole transport for the rest of his life. Subsequently, Fidel ordered two mechanics from his bodyguard unit to West Germany"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " to purchase several second-hand Mercedes-Benz 500's to replace the obsolete Alfa Romeos. Castro always travelled with at least fourteen guards and four of his aides, spread out over four vehicles; three Mercedes-Benz's and one Soviet Lada which trailed the main convoy (to keep the military presence at a minimal). Whenever he would leave Havana, a fifth Mercedes would join the procession carrying his doctor, nurse, and photographer.</s><s>Personal and public life.:Relationships. In his personal life, Castro was known for being distant, withdrawn, and confided in very few people. His closest and most trusted friend was Raúl Castro, his younger brother by five years and longtime armed forces minister. Although Raúl has a vastly contrasting, almost polar opposite personality to Castro, Sánchez describes Raúl as complementing Castro's personality in all the ways that he is not. Whereas Fidel was \"charismatic, energetic, visionary but extremely impulsive and totally disorganized\", Raúl was described as a \"natural, methodical, and uncompromising organizer\". Castro spoke nearly every day with Raúl, met several times a week, and was a frequent visitor at Raúl and Vilma's house; Vilma was also considered"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " close to Castro and often appeared in public with him at national events. Besides Raúl, Castro was not close to any of his other siblings, although he did have friendly relations with his elder brother Ramón and sister Angelita. His sister Juanita Castro has been living in the United States since the early 1960s, and is a public opponent of the Cuban regime. Outside of his immediate family, Castro's closest friend was fellow revolutionary Celia Sánchez, who accompanied him almost everywhere during the 1960s, and controlled almost all access to the leader. Reynaldo Sánchez confirmed that Celia was indeed Castro's mistress and regarded her as the \"true love of his life\". Castro provided a large apartment for Celia on 11th Street near Vedado, \"El Once\" whom Fidel visited every day before returning home. Over the years, Castro added an elevator, fitness room, and a bowling alley for his and Celia's personal use. He even provided bodyguards from his own escort to Celia for her own protection. Castro's closest male friends were the members of his immediate bodyguard unit, \"Escolta\" or the \"Escort\". His security was provided by Department 1 of the Personal Security Directorate of MININT (Ministry"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " of the Interior). Department 1 was for Fidel's security, Department 2 was Raúl and Vilma's, and Department 3 was for the members of the Politburo and so on. Unlike the other MININT Departments, both his and Raúl's units bypassed the normal chain of command and reported to them directly. Castro's security consisted of three concentric \"anillos\" or rings. The third ring consisted of thousands of soldiers both in MININT and MINFAR who provided support for Logistics, Air-Defense, Intelligence, etc.; The second ring consisted of eighty to one hundred soldiers who provided the outer perimeter security; And the first ring, the Elite \"Escolta\" or \"The Escort\", which provided his immediate security and consisted of two teams of 15 elite soldiers who worked 24-hour shifts, along with around 10 support staff. A soldier at heart, Castro had more affinity with his escort than his civilian family. He spent most of his time under their protection and were usually his companions in his personal interests. A sports fan, he also spent much of his time trying to keep fit, undertaking regular exercise such as hunting, fly fishing, underwater fishing, scuba diving, and playing basketball. They were also his companions"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " on special events, such as his birthday or during national holidays, which they would regularly exchange gifts and engage in one-sided discussions with Castro where he would recall his life stories. The members of the Escort Castro was closest to was the former Mayor of Havana Jose \"Pepín\" Naranjo who became his official aide until his death in 1995 and his own personal physician, Eugenio Selman. Outside of his escort, Castro was also close to Manuel \"Barbarroja\" Pineiro, the head of the American Department of the DGI, Antonio Núñez Jiménez, and the Colombian novelist Gabriel García Márquez.</s><s>Personal and public life.:Marital history. The Cuban government has never published an official marital history of Castro, with most information coming from defectors and scarce details published in state media and pieced together over the years. In his earlier years in power, he showcased some of his family life, in particular his eldest son Fidelito in order to portray himself as a normal \"family man\" to the apprehensive American audience, but eventually abandoned that as he became more concerned about his personal safety. Throughout his rule, Castro never named an official \"First Lady\" and when the need for such"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " a public female companion was necessary, Celia Sánchez or Raúl's wife, Vilma Espín, would play such a role of \"la primera dama\". Overall, Sánchez described Castro as a compulsive lover or \"womanizer\"; he has been officially married twice but has carried on numerous affairs, including many one-night stands. Popular with women and often recognized as a sex symbol in Cuba, Castro never had difficulty in finding love and seduction, and Sánchez denies that Castro ever engaged in any unusual or un-consensual behaviour. Castro was also described as a poor father; often absent from their lives, he had little interest in the activities of his children and was more interested in his work. Raúl, who had much more stronger paternal feelings towards his family, was often the one who played the role of surrogate father to Castro's children, in particular Fidelito and Alina. - Castro's first wife was Mirta Díaz-Balart, whom he married in October 1948. She is the only spouse of Castro acknowledged by the Cuban government. Diaz-Balart, the daughter of a powerful Cuban politician and brother of Batista's Minister of Interior, was a student at the University"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " of Havana where she met and married Castro. She divorced him later in 1955 while he was in prison due to the attacks on the Moncada Barracks. They had one son: - Fidel Ángel \"Fidelito\" Castro Díaz-Balart, born in September 1949. Fidelito grew up at various times between Havana and Miami; he later went to the Soviet Union to study Nuclear Physics. For a time, he ran Cuba's atomic-energy commission before being removed from the post by his father. He took his own life in February 2018, over a year after his father's death. - During his first marriage, Castro had a brief encounter with Maria Laborde, an admirer from Camaguey whom very little is known and has long been deceased. They had one son: - Jorge Ángel Castro, born on 23 March 1949. It was long believed that his birth was in 1956, but Sánchez and another defector uncovered that he was in fact born earlier than Fidelito. - While Castro was married to Mirta, he had an affair with Natalia \"Naty\" Revuelta Clews. Widely regarded in Havana for her beauty, Natalia herself was married to Dr. Orlando Fernandez"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " but sympathized with the aims of the Revolutionary movement. She initially joined the movement as a friend of Castro but later became his mistress and visited him while he was imprisoned on Isla de Pinos. She would give birth to his daughter: - Alina Fernández Revuelta, born in 1956, is Castro's only daughter. She did not know her true parentage until she was 10. Castro showed little interest in her but sent her to a boarding school in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France. One of the few people willing to stand up to Castro, several defectors have described her personality as the most similar to her father. Alina became a public relations director for a State-owned fashion company and a model for Havana Club. Her father inadvertently found out about the latter job while reading \"Cuba\" magazine, coming across an advertisement showing Alina posing in a bikini on a boat with two other models; he nearly exploded with rage. Alina left Cuba in 1993, disguised as a Spanish tourist, and sought asylum in the US, from where she has criticized her father's policies. - Castro's second and longest wife was with Dalia Soto Del Valle, another admirer who met Castro during a speech in"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " Villa Clara in 1961. She was a teacher who was part of the government's literacy campaign who moved to Havana on Castro's initiative and later moved in with him at \"Punto Cero\" as his permanent family. Her relationship with Castro was kept secret until 2006, when she was photographed with an increasingly frail Castro during the Party Congress, although no other information has been released by the Cuban Government. Castro and Dalia had five sons, each of them starting with the letter A and three of them a variation of \"Alexander\" (in homage to Alexander the Great, his pseudonym while a guerrilla fighter): - Alexis Castro Del Valle, born in 1962. Described as a loner with few friends, he eventually got a degree in computer science but has since become a mechanic. - Alex Castro Del Valle, born in 1963. Much more affable and outgoing, he was initially trained as an engineer as well but instead became a photographer and cameraman for \"Granma\" and Cubavisión respectively. He later became the official photographer of his father and published several books and hosted the exhibitions \"Fidel Castro:Photografia Intimidade\". - Alejandro Castro Del Valle, born in 1969. Considered a \"computer geek\","
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " like his brothers, he also studied computer science and engineering but was passionate about the subject. Around 1990, he wrote software that allowed Russian programs to be run on Japanese ones; the product was purchased by NEC of Japan, which raised his national profile in the engineering community of Cuba and even public praise from his father. - Antonio Castro Del Valle, born in 1971. A national youth baseball champion, he studied sports medicine in the University of Havana and became an Orthopedic surgeon. He is currently the head of the Surgery unit at the Elite Frank Pais Orthopedic Hospital, Doctor to the National Baseball team and President of the Cuban Baseball Federation. - Angelito Castro Del Valle, born in 1974. Considered spoiled by his parents from a young age, he was long considered the \"trouble child\" of the family. He was passionate about cars and frequently earned the ire of his father's escort unit for disrupting the work of the mechanics. Angelito never obtained any higher education, but later became the senior executive of the Mercedes-Benz concession of Cuba. - After the 1970s, Castro began a long relationship with Juanita Vera, a Colonel in the foreign intelligence service who joined his escort unit as his English interpreter. She often appeared in public with Castro"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": ", in particular in Oliver Stone's \"Comandante\" as his translator and interpreter. Her and Castro had one son, Abel Castro Vera, born in 1983. Castro had another daughter, Francisca Pupo (born 1953), the result of a one-night affair. Pupo and her husband now live in Miami.{{cite web|url=http://www.canf.org/es/ENSAYOS/2003-dic-09-vida_secreta_del_tirano_castro.htm|last=Duarte|first=Roberto|title=Vida Secreta Del Tirano Castro</s><s>Reception and legacy. One of the most controversial political leaders of his era, Castro both inspired and dismayed people around the world during his lifetime. The London \"Observer\" stated that he proved to be \"as divisive in death as he was in life\", and that the only thing that his \"enemies and admirers\" agreed upon was that he was \"a towering figure\" who \"transformed a small Caribbean island into a major force in world affairs\". \"The Daily Telegraph\" noted that around the world he was \"either praised as a brave champion of the people, or der"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": "ided as a power-mad dictator.\" According to political scientists, Castro ruled a single-party authoritarian regime in Cuba. Political opposition was not permitted. According to political scientists Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way, the Cuban regime entailed \"full authoritarianism... (like China and Saudi Arabia)\", as there were \"no viable channels... for opposition to contest legally for executive power.\" Censorship of information was extensive, and independent journalism was repressed. Despite its small size and limited economic weight, Castro's Cuba gained a large role in world affairs. The Castro government relied heavily on its appeals to nationalistic sentiment, in particular the widespread hostility to the US government. According to Balfour, Castro's domestic popularity stemmed from the fact that he symbolized \"a long-cherished hope of national liberation and social justice\" for much of the population. Balfour also noted that throughout Latin America, Castro served as \"a symbol of defiance against the continued economic and cultural imperialism of the United States\". Similarly, Wayne S. Smith – the former Chief of the United States Interests Section in Havana – noted that Castro's opposition to US dominance and transformation of Cuba into a significant world player resulted in him receiving \"warm applause\" throughout the Western Hemisphere. Various"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " Western governments and human rights organizations nevertheless heavily criticized Castro and he was widely reviled in the US. Following Castro's death, US President-elect Donald Trump called him a \"brutal dictator\", while the Cuban-American politician Marco Rubio called him \"an evil, murderous dictator\" who turned Cuba into \"an impoverished island prison\". Castro publicly rejected the \"dictator\" label, stating that he constitutionally held less power than most heads of state and insisting that his regime allowed for greater democratic involvement in policy making than Western liberal democracies. Nevertheless, critics claim that Castro wielded significant unofficial influence aside from his official duties. Quirk stated that Castro wielded \"absolute power\" in Cuba, albeit not in a legal or constitutional manner, while Bourne claimed that power in Cuba was \"completely invested\" in Castro, adding that it was very rare for \"a country and a people\" to have been so completely dominated by \"the personality of one man\". Balfour stated that Castro's \"moral and political hegemony\" within Cuba diminished the opportunities for democratic debate and decision making. Describing Castro as a \"totalitarian dictator\", Sondrol suggested that in leading \"a political system largely [of] his own creation and bearing his indelible stamp\", Castro's leadership style warranted comparisons"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " with totalitarian leaders like Mao Zedong, Hideki Tojo, Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, and Benito Mussolini. Noting that there were \"few more polarising political figures\" than Castro, Amnesty International described him as \"a progressive but deeply flawed leader\". In their view, he should be \"applauded\" for his regime's \"substantial improvements\" to healthcare and education, but criticized for its \"ruthless suppression of freedom of expression.\" Human Rights Watch stated that his government constructed a \"repressive machinery\" which deprived Cubans of their \"basic rights\". Castro defended his government's record on human rights, stating that the state was forced to limit the freedoms of individuals and imprison those involved in counter-revolutionary activities in order to protect the rights of the collective populace, such as the right to employment, education, and health care. Historian and journalist Richard Gott considered Castro to be \"one of the most extraordinary political figures of the twentieth century\", commenting that he had become a \"world hero in the mould\" of Giuseppe Garibaldi to people throughout the developing world for his anti-imperialist efforts. Balfour stated that Castro's story had \"few parallels in contemporary history\", for there existed no other \"Third"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " World leader\" in the second half of the twentieth century who held \"such a prominent and restless part on the international stage\" or remained head of state for such a long period. Bourne described Castro as \"an influential world leader\" who commanded \"great respect\" from individuals of all political ideologies across the developing world. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau described Castro as a \"remarkable leader\" and a \"larger than life leader who served his people.\" The European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker said that Castro \"was a hero for many.\" Russian President Vladimir Putin described Castro as both \"a sincere and reliable friend of Russia\" and a \"symbol of an era\", while Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping similarly referred to him as \"a close comrade and a sincere friend\" to China. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi termed him \"one of the most iconic personalities of the 20th century\" and a \"great friend\", while South African President Jacob Zuma praised Castro for aiding black South Africans in \"our struggle against apartheid\". He was awarded a wide variety of awards and honours from foreign governments and was cited as an inspiration for foreign leaders like Ahmed Ben Bella and Nelson Mandela, who subsequently awarded him South Africa's highest civilian award for foreigners, the Order of"
},
{
"title": "Fidel Castro",
"text": " Good Hope. The biographer Volker Skierka stated that \"he will go down in history as one of the few revolutionaries who remained true to his principles\".</s><s>Reception and legacy.:In Cuba. Following Castro's death, Cuba's government announced that it would be passing a law prohibiting the naming of \"institutions, streets, parks or other public sites, or erecting busts, statues or other forms of tribute\" in honour of the late Cuban leader in keeping with his wishes to prevent an extensive cult of personality from developing around him.</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Cited works. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Fidel Castro",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000459
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Bob Marley.
|
[
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": "<s>Bob Marley Robert Nesta Marley (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer, musician, and songwriter. Considered one of the pioneers of reggae, his musical career was marked by fusing elements of reggae, ska, and rocksteady, as well as his distinctive vocal and songwriting style. Marley's contributions to music increased the visibility of Jamaican music worldwide, and made him a global figure in popular culture to this day. Over the course of his career, Marley became known as a Rastafari icon, and he infused his music with a sense of spirituality. He is also considered a global symbol of Jamaican music and culture and identity, and was controversial in his outspoken support for democratic social reforms. In 1976, Marley survived an assassination attempt in his home, which was thought to be politically motivated. He also supported legalisation of marijuana, and advocated for Pan-Africanism. Born in Nine Mile, Jamaica, Marley began his professional musical career in 1963, after forming the Teenagers with Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer, which after several name changes would become the Wailers. The group released its debut studio album \"The Wailing Wailers\" in"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " 1965, which contained the single \"One Love\", a reworking of \"People Get Ready\"; the song was popular worldwide, and established the group as a rising figure in reggae. The Wailers released a further eleven studio albums, and after signing to Island Records the band's name became Bob Marley and the Wailers. While initially employing louder instrumentation and singing, the group began engaging in rhythmic-based song construction in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which coincided with Marley's conversion to Rastafari. Around this time, Marley relocated to London, and the group embodied their musical shift with the release of the album \"The Best of The Wailers\" (1971). The group started to gain international attention after signing to Island, and touring in support of the albums \"Catch a Fire\" and \"Burnin'\" (both 1973). Following the disbandment of the Wailers a year later, Marley carried on under the band's name. The album \"Natty Dread\" (1974) received positive reception. In 1975, following the global popularity of Eric Clapton's version of Marley's \"I Shot the Sheriff\", Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, with a"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " live version of \"No Woman, No Cry\", from the \"Live!\" album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States, \"Rastaman Vibration\" (1976), which reached the Top 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts. A few months after the album's release Marley survived an assassination attempt at his home in Jamaica, which prompted him to permanently relocate to London. During his time in London he recorded the album \"Exodus\" (1977); it incorporated elements of blues, soul, and British rock and enjoyed widespread commercial and critical success. In 1977, Marley was diagnosed with acral lentiginous melanoma; he died as a result of the illness in 1981, shortly after baptism into the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. His fans around the world expressed their grief, and he received a state funeral in Jamaica. The greatest hits album \"Legend\" was released in 1984, and became the best-selling reggae album of all time. Marley also ranks as one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of more than 75 million records worldwide. He was posthumously honoured by Jamaica soon after his death with a designated Order of Merit by his nation. In 1994, he was inducted into the Rock"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " and Roll Hall of Fame. \"Rolling Stone\" ranked him No. 11 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. His other achievements include a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and induction into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.</s><s>Early life and career. Robert Nesta Marley was born on 6 February 1945 at the farm of his maternal grandfather in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Marley and Cedella Malcolm. Norval Marley was from Crowborough, East Sussex in England, then resident of Clarendon Parish, Norval claimed to have been a captain in the Royal Marines; at the time of his marriage to Cedella Malcolm, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old, he was employed as a plantation overseer. Bob Marley's full name is Robert Nesta Marley, though some sources give his birth name as Nesta Robert Marley, with a story that when Marley was still a boy, a Jamaican passport official reversed his first and middle names because Nesta sounded like a girl's name. Norval provided financial support for his wife and child but seldom saw them as he was often away. Bob Marley attended"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " Stepney Primary and Junior High School which serves the catchment area of Saint Ann. In 1955, when Bob Marley was 10 years old, his father died of a heart attack at the age of 70. Marley's mother went on later to marry Edward Booker, a civil servant from the United States, giving Marley two half-brothers: Richard and Anthony. Bob Marley and Neville Livingston (later known as Bunny Wailer) had been childhood friends in Nine Mile. They had started to play music together while at Stepney Primary and Junior High School. Marley left Nine Mile with his mother when he was 12 and moved to Trenchtown, Kingston. She and Thadeus Livingston (Bunny Wailer's father) had a daughter together whom they named Claudette Pearl, who was a younger sister to both Bob and Bunny. Now that Marley and Livingston were living together in the same house in Trenchtown, their musical explorations deepened to include the new ska music, and the latest R&B from United States radio stations whose broadcasts reached Jamaica. Marley formed a vocal group with Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh. The line-up was known variously as the Teenagers, the Wailing Rudeboys"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": ", the Wailing Wailers and finally just the Wailers. Joe Higgs, who was part of the successful vocal act Higgs and Wilson, lived nearby and encouraged Marley. Marley and the others did not play any instruments at this time, and were more interested in being a vocal harmony group. Higgs helped them develop their vocal harmonies, and started to teach Marley how to play guitar.</s><s>Musical career.</s><s>Musical career.:1962–1972: Early years. In February 1962, Marley recorded four songs, \"Judge Not\", \"One Cup of Coffee\", \"Do You Still Love Me?\" and \"Terror\", at Federal Studios for local music producer Leslie Kong. Three of the songs were released on Beverley's with \"One Cup of Coffee\" being released under the pseudonym Bobby Martell. In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Cherry Smith were called the Teenagers. They later changed the name to the Wailing Rudeboys, then to the Wailing Wailers, at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to the Wailers. Their single \"Simmer"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " Down\" for the Coxsone label became a Jamaican No. 1 in February 1964 selling an estimated 70,000 copies. The Wailers, now regularly recording for Studio One, found themselves working with established Jamaican musicians such as Ernest Ranglin (arranger \"It Hurts To Be Alone\"), the keyboardist Jackie Mittoo and saxophonist Roland Alphonso. By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left the Wailers, leaving the core trio of Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh. In 1966, Marley married Rita Anderson, and moved near his mother's residence in Wilmington, Delaware, in the United States for a short time, during which he worked as a DuPont lab assistant, and on the assembly line and as a fork lift operator at a Chrysler plant in nearby Newark, under the alias Donald Marley. Though raised as a Catholic, Marley became interested in Rastafari beliefs in the 1960s, when away from his mother's influence. After returning to Jamaica, Marley formally converted to Rastafari and began to grow dreadlocks. After a financial disagreement with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed up with Lee \"Scratch\" Perry and his studio"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " band, the Upsetters. Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider the Wailers' finest work. Marley and Perry split after a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, but they would continue to work together. 1969 brought another change to Jamaican popular music in which the beat slowed down even further. The new beat was a slow, steady, ticking rhythm that was first heard on The Maytals song \"Do the Reggay\". Marley approached producer Leslie Kong, who was regarded as one of the major developers of the reggae sound. For the recordings, Kong combined the Wailers with his studio musicians called Beverley's All-Stars, which consisted of the bassists Lloyd Parks and Jackie Jackson, the drummer Paul Douglas, the keyboard players Gladstone Anderson and Winston Wright, and the guitarists Rad Bryan, Lynn Taitt, and Hux Brown. As David Moskowitz writes, \"The tracks recorded in this session illustrated the Wailers' earliest efforts in the new reggae style. Gone are the ska trumpets and saxophones of the earlier songs, with instrumental breaks now being played by the electric guitar.\" The songs recorded would be released as the album \"The Best of The W"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": "ailers\", including tracks \"Soul Shakedown Party\", \"Stop That Train\", \"Caution\", \"Go Tell It on the Mountain\", \"Soon Come\", \"Can't You See\", \"Soul Captives\", \"Cheer Up\", \"Back Out\", and \"Do It Twice\". Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer re-cut some old tracks with JAD Records in Kingston and London in an attempt to commercialise the Wailers' sound. Bunny later asserted that these songs \"should never be released on an album... they were just demos for record companies to listen to\". In 1968, Bob and Rita visited songwriter Jimmy Norman at his apartment in the Bronx. Norman had written the extended lyrics for Kai Winding's \"Time Is on My Side\" (covered by the Rolling Stones) and had also written for Johnny Nash and Jimi Hendrix. A three-day jam session with Norman and others, including Norman's co-writer Al Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute tape of Marley performing several of his own and Norman-Pyfrom's compositions. This tape is, according to Reggae archivist Roger Steffens, rare in that it was influenced by pop rather than reg"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": "gae, as part of an effort to break Marley into the US charts. According to an article in \"The New York Times\", Marley experimented on the tape with different sounds, adopting a doo-wop style on \"Stay With Me\" and \"the slow love song style of 1960s artists\" on \"Splish for My Splash\". An artist yet to establish himself outside his native Jamaica, Marley lived in Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, during 1972.</s><s>Musical career.:1972–1974: Move to Island Records. In 1972, Bob Marley signed with CBS Records in London and embarked on a UK tour with soul singer Johnny Nash. While in London the Wailers asked their road manager Brent Clarke to introduce them to Chris Blackwell, who had licensed some of their Coxsone releases for his Island Records. The Wailers intended to discuss the royalties associated with these releases; instead, the meeting resulted in the offer of an advance of £4,000 to record an album. Since Jimmy Cliff, Island's top reggae star, had recently left the label, Blackwell was primed for a replacement. In Marley, Blackwell recognised the elements needed to snare the rock audience: \"I was dealing with rock music,"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " which was really rebel music. I felt that would really be the way to break Jamaican music. But you needed someone who could be that image. When Bob walked in he really was that image.\" The Wailers returned to Jamaica to record at Harry J's in Kingston, which resulted in the album \"Catch a Fire\". Primarily recorded on an eight-track, \"Catch a Fire\" marked the first time a reggae band had access to a state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock 'n' roll peers. Blackwell desired to create \"more of a drifting, hypnotic-type feel than a reggae rhythm\", and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements. Marley travelled to London to supervise Blackwell's overdubbing of the album at Island Studios, which included tempering the mix from the bass-heavy sound of Jamaican music and omitting two tracks. The Wailers' first album for Island, \"Catch a Fire\", was released worldwide in April 1973, packaged like a rock record with a unique Zippo lighter lift-top. Initially selling 14,000 units, it received a positive critical reception. It was followed later that year by the album \"Burnin"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": "'\" which included the song \"I Shot the Sheriff\". Eric Clapton was given the album by his guitarist George Terry in the hope that he would enjoy it. Clapton was impressed and chose to record a cover version of \"I Shot the Sheriff\" which became his first US hit since \"Layla\" two years earlier and reached number 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on 14 September 1974. Many Jamaicans were not keen on the new reggae sound on \"Catch a Fire\", but the Trenchtown style of \"Burnin\" found fans across both reggae and rock audiences. During this period, Blackwell gifted his Kingston residence and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known as Island House) to Marley. Housing Tuff Gong Studios, the property became not only Marley's office but also his home. The Wailers were scheduled to open 17 shows in the US for Sly and the Family Stone. After four shows, the band was fired because they were more popular than the acts they were opening for. The Wailers disbanded in 1974, with each of the three main members pursuing a solo career.</s><s>Musical career.:1974–1976: Line-up changes and shooting. Despite the break-up, Marley"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " continued recording as \"Bob Marley & The Wailers\". His new backing band included brothers Carlton and Aston \"Family Man\" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on lead guitar, Tyrone Downie and Earl \"Wya\" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin \"Seeco\" Patterson on percussion. The \"I Threes\", consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley's wife, Rita, provided backing vocals. In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, with a live version of \"No Woman, No Cry\", from the \"Live!\" album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States, \"Rastaman Vibration\" (1976), which reached the Top 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts. On 3 December 1976, two days before \"Smile Jamaica\", a free concert organised by the Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley in an attempt to ease tension between two warring political groups, Marley, his wife, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. Taylor and Marley's wife sustained serious injuries but later made full recoveries. Bob Marley received minor wounds in the chest and"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " arm. The attempt on his life was thought to have been politically motivated, as many felt the concert was really a support rally for Manley. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled, two days after the attempt. When asked why, Marley responded, \"The people who are trying to make this world worse aren't taking a day off. How can I?\" The members of the group Zap Pow played as Bob Marley's backup band before a festival crowd of 80,000 while members of The Wailers were still missing or in hiding.</s><s>Musical career.:1976–1979: Relocation to England. Marley left Jamaica at the end of 1976, and after a month-long \"recovery and writing\" sojourn at the site of Chris Blackwell's Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, arrived in England, where he spent two years in self-imposed exile. Whilst in England, he recorded the albums \"Exodus\" and \"Kaya\". \"Exodus\" stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles: \"Exodus\", \"Waiting in Vain\", \"Jamming\", and \"One Love\" (which interpolates Curtis Mayfield's"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " hit, \"People Get Ready\"). During his time in London, he was arrested and received a conviction for possession of a small quantity of cannabis. In 1978, Marley returned to Jamaica and performed at another political concert, the One Love Peace Concert, again in an effort to calm warring parties. Near the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Michael Manley (leader of then-ruling People's National Party) and his political rival Edward Seaga (leader of the opposing Jamaica Labour Party) joined each other on stage and shook hands. Under the name Bob Marley and the Wailers 11 albums were released, four live albums and seven studio albums. The releases included \"Babylon by Bus\", a double live album with 13 tracks, was released in 1978 and received critical acclaim. This album, and specifically the final track \"Jamming\" with the audience in a frenzy captured the intensity of Marley's live performances.</s><s>Musical career.:1979–1980: Later years. \"Survival\", a defiant and politically charged album, was released in 1979. Tracks such as \"Zimbabwe\", \"Africa Unite\", \"Wake Up and Live\", and \"Survival\" reflected Marley's support for the struggles of Africans"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": ". His appearance at the Amandla Festival in Boston in July 1979 showed his strong opposition to South African apartheid, which he already had shown in his song \"War\" in 1976. In early 1980, he was invited to perform at 17 April celebration of Zimbabwe's Independence Day. \"Uprising\" (1980) was Bob Marley's final studio album, and is one of his most religious productions; it includes \"Redemption Song\" and \"Forever Loving Jah\". \"Confrontation\", released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit \"Buffalo Soldier\" and new mixes of singles previously only available in Jamaica.</s><s>Illness and death. In July 1977, Marley was diagnosed with a type of malignant melanoma under a toenail. Contrary to urban legend, this lesion was not primarily caused by an injury during a football match that year, but was instead a symptom of already-existing cancer. He had to see two doctors before a biopsy was done, which confirmed acral lentiginous melanoma. Unlike other melanomas, usually on skin exposed to the sun, acral lentiginous melanoma occurs in places that are easy to miss, such as the soles"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " of the feet, or under toenails. Although it is the most common melanoma in people with dark skin, it is not widely recognised and was not mentioned in the most popular medical textbook of the time. Marley rejected his doctors' advice to have his toe amputated (which would have hindered his performing career), citing his religious beliefs, and instead, the nail and nail bed were removed and a skin graft was taken from his thigh to cover the area. Despite his illness, he continued touring and was in the process of scheduling a 1980 world tour. The album \"Uprising\" was released in May 1980. The band completed a major tour of Europe, where it played its biggest concert to 100,000 people in Milan, Italy. After the tour, Marley went to the United States, where he performed two shows at Madison Square Garden in New York City as part of the Uprising Tour. He collapsed while jogging in Central Park and was taken to the hospital, where it was found that his cancer had spread to his brain, lungs, and liver. Marley's last concert took place two days later at the Stanley Theater (now The Benedum Center For The Performing Arts) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on 23 September 1980. The only known photographs"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " from the show were included in Kevin Macdonald's 2012 documentary film \"Marley\". Shortly afterward, Marley's health deteriorated as his cancer had spread throughout his body. The rest of the tour was canceled, and Marley sought treatment at the clinic of Josef Issels in Bavaria, Germany, where he underwent an alternative cancer treatment called Issels treatment, partly based on avoidance of certain foods, drinks, and other substances. After eight months of failing to effectively treat his advancing cancer, Marley boarded a plane for his home in Jamaica. During the flight, Marley's vital functions worsened. After landing in Miami, Florida, he was taken to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (later University of Miami Hospital) for immediate medical attention, where he died on 11 May 1981, aged 36, due to the spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain. His final words to his son Ziggy were: \"On your way up, take me up. On your way down, don't let me down.\" Marley was given a state funeral in Jamaica on 21 May 1981 that combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy and Rastafari tradition. He was buried in a chapel near his birthplace in Nine Mile; his casket contained his red Gibson Les Paul guitar, a"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " Bible opened at Psalm 23, and a stalk of ganja placed there by his widow Rita Marley. On 21 May 1981, Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga delivered the final funeral eulogy to Marley, saying:</s><s>Legacy.</s><s>Legacy.:Awards and honours. - 1976: \"Rolling Stone\" Band of the Year - June 1978: Awarded the Peace Medal of the Third World from the United Nations. - February 1981: Awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit, then the nation's third highest honour. - March 1994: Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. - 1999: Album of the Century for \"Exodus\" by \"Time\" magazine. - February 2001: A star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. - February 2001: Awarded Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. - 2004: \"Rolling Stone\" ranked him No. 11 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. - 2004: Among the first inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame - \"One Love\" named song of the millennium by BBC. - Voted as one of the greatest lyricists of all time by a BBC poll. - 2006: A blue plaque was unveiled at his first"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " UK residence in Ridgmount Gardens, London, dedicated to him by the Nubian Jak Community Trust and supported by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. - 2010: \"Catch a Fire\" inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame (Reggae Album). - 2022: Inducted into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.</s><s>Legacy.:Other tributes. A statue was inaugurated, next to the national stadium on Arthur Wint Drive in Kingston to commemorate him. In 2006, the New York City Department of Education co-named a portion of Church Avenue from Remsen Avenue to East 98th Street in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn as \"Bob Marley Boulevard\". In 2008, a statue of Marley was inaugurated in Banatski Sokolac, Serbia. Internationally, Marley's message also continues to reverberate among various indigenous communities. For instance, members of the Native American Hopi and Havasupai tribes revere his work. There are also many tributes to Bob Marley throughout India, including restaurants, hotels, and cultural festivals. Marley evolved into a global symbol, which has been endlessly merchandised through a variety of media. In the light of this, author Dave Thompson in his book"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": ", \"Reggae and Caribbean Music\", laments what he perceives to be the commercialised pacification of Marley's more militant edge, stating: Several film adaptations have evolved as well. For instance, a feature-length documentary about his life, \"Rebel Music\", won various awards at the Grammys. With contributions from Rita, The Wailers, and Marley's lovers and children, it also tells much of the story in his own words. In February 2008, director Martin Scorsese announced his intention to produce a documentary movie on Marley. The film was set to be released on 6 February 2010, on what would have been Marley's 65th birthday. However, Scorsese dropped out due to scheduling problems. He was replaced by Jonathan Demme, who dropped out due to creative differences with producer Steve Bing during the beginning of editing. Kevin Macdonald replaced Demme and the film, \"Marley\", was released on 20 April 2012. In 2011, ex-girlfriend and filmmaker Esther Anderson, along with Gian Godoy, made the documentary \"Bob Marley: The Making of a Legend\", which premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival. In October 2015, Jamaican author Marlon James's novel, \"A Brief History of"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " Seven Killings\", a fictional account of the attempted assassination of Marley, won the 2015 Man Booker Prize at a ceremony in London. In February 2020, \"Get Up, Stand Up! The Bob Marley Musical\" was announced by writer Lee Hall and director Dominic Cooke, starring Arinzé Kene as Bob Marley. It was premiered at London's Lyric Theatre on 20 October 2021, after being postponed from its original February premiere due to the COVID-19 pandemic.</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>Personal life.:Religion and beliefs. Bob Marley was a member for some years of the Rastafari movement, whose culture was a key element in the development of reggae. He became an ardent proponent of Rastafari, taking its music out of the socially deprived areas of Jamaica and onto the international music scene. As part of being a Rastafarian he felt that Haile Selassie of Ethiopia was an incarnation of God or \"Jah\". Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq baptised Marley into the Ethiopian Orthodox Church in the presence of his wife Rita Marley and their children, giving him the name Berhane Selassie, on 4 November 1980, shortly before his death. As a Rast"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": "afarian Marley supported the legalisation of cannabis or \"ganja\", which Rastafarians believe is an aid to meditation. Marley began to use cannabis when he converted to the Rastafari faith from Catholicism in 1966. He was arrested in 1968 after being caught with cannabis but continued to use marijuana in accordance with his religious beliefs. Of his marijuana usage, he said, \"When you smoke herb, herb reveal yourself to you. All the wickedness you do, the herb reveal itself to yourself, your conscience, show up yourself clear, because herb make you meditate. Is only a natural t'ing and it grow like a tree.\" Marley saw marijuana usage as a vital factor in religious growth and connection with Jah, and as a way to philosophise and become wiser. Marley was a Pan-Africanist and believed in the unity of African people worldwide. His beliefs were rooted in his Rastafari religious beliefs. He was substantially inspired by Marcus Garvey, and had anti-imperialist and pan-Africanist themes in many of his songs, such as \"Zimbabwe\", \"Exodus\", \"Survival\", \"Blackman Redemption\", and \"Redemption Song\". \"Redemption Song\" draws influence from a speech given"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " by Marcus Garvey in Nova Scotia, 1937. Marley held that independence of African countries from European domination was a victory for all those in the African diaspora. In the song \"Africa Unite\", he sings of a desire for all peoples of the African diaspora to come together and fight against \"Babylon\"; similarly, in the song \"Zimbabwe\", he marks the liberation of the whole continent of Africa, and evokes calls for unity between all Africans, both within and outside Africa.</s><s>Personal life.:Family. Bob Marley married Alpharita Constantia \"Rita\" Anderson in Kingston, Jamaica, on 10 February 1966. Marley had many children: 3 born to his wife Rita & adopted Rita's two children from other relationships as his own and they have the Marley name. Plus several others with different women. The official Bob Marley website acknowledges 11 children. Those listed on the official site are: 1. Sharon, born 23 November 1964, daughter of Rita from a previous relationship, but then adopted by Marley after his marriage with Rita 2. Cedella, born 23 August 1967, to Rita 3. David \"Ziggy\", born 17 October 1968, to Rita 4. Stephen, born 20 April 1972,"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " to Rita 5. Robert \"Robbie\", born 16 May 1972, to Pat Williams 6. Rohan, born 19 May 1972, to Janet Hunt 7. Karen, born 1973, to Janet Bowen 8. Stephanie Marley, born 17 August 1974 (from an extramarital affair Rita had with Owen “Ital Tacky” Stewart a former Jamaican soccer player) Nevertheless Bob adopted her as one of his own, giving her official recognition as one of his children, thereby entitling her to his estate. 9. Julian, born 4 June 1975, to Lucy Pounder 10. Ky-Mani, born 26 February 1976, to Anita Belnavis 11. Damian, born 21 July 1978, to Cindy Breakspeare Other sites have noted additional individuals who claim to be family members, as noted below: - Makeda was born on 30 May 1981, to Yvette Crichton, after Marley's death. Meredith Dixon's book lists her as Marley's child, but she is not listed as such on the Bob Marley official website. - Various websites, for example, also list Imani Carole, born 22 May 1963, to Cheryl Murray; but she does not appear on the official Bob Marley website. Mar"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": "ley also has three notable grandchildren, musician Skip Marley, American football player Nico Marley, and model Selah Marley.</s><s>Personal life.:Association football. Aside from music, association football played a major role throughout his life. As well as playing the game, in parking lots, fields, and even inside recording studios, growing up he followed the Brazilian club Santos and its star player Pelé and was also a supporter of English football club Tottenham Hotspur and Argentine midfielder Ossie Ardiles, who played for the club from 1978 for a decade. Marley surrounded himself with people from the sport, and in the 1970s made the Jamaican international footballer Allan \"Skill\" Cole his tour manager. He told a journalist, \"If you want to get to know me, you will have to play football against me and the Wailers.\"</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Studio albums. - \"The Wailing Wailers\" (1965) - \"Soul Rebels\" (1970) - \"Soul Revolution Part II\" (1971) - \"The Best of the Wailers\" (1971) - \"Catch a Fire\" (1973) - \"Burnin'\" (1973) - \"Natty Dread\" (1974) -"
},
{
"title": "Bob Marley",
"text": " \"Rastaman Vibration\" (1976) - \"Exodus\" (1977) - \"Kaya\" (1978) - \"Survival\" (1979) - \"Uprising\" (1980) - \"Confrontation\" (1983)</s><s>Discography.:Live albums. - \"Live!\" (1975) - \"Babylon by Bus\" (1978)</s><s>See also. - Outline of Bob Marley - List of peace activists - Fabian Marley - \"Desis bobmarleyi\" – an underwater spider species named in honor of Marley</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Sources. - - - - Marley, Rita; Jones, Hettie (2004). \"No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley\", Hyperion Books, - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - Farley, Christopher (2007). \"Before the Legend: The Rise of Bob Marley\", Amistad Press, - Goldman, Vivien (2006). \"The Book of Exodus: The Making and Meaning of Bob Marley and the Wailers' Album of the Century\", Aurum Press, -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Bob Marley",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000460
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Idi Amin.
|
[
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": "<s>Idi Amin Idi Amin Dada Oumee (, ; 16 August 2003) was a Ugandan military officer and politician who served as the third president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. He ruled as a military dictator and is considered one of the most brutal despots in modern world history. Amin was born in Koboko in what is now northwest Uganda to a Kakwa father and Lugbara mother. In 1946, he joined the King's African Rifles (KAR) of the British Colonial Army as a cook. He rose to the rank of lieutenant, taking part in British actions against Somali rebels and then the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya. Uganda gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, and Amin remained in the army, rising to the position of major and being appointed commander of the Uganda Army in 1965. He became aware that Ugandan President Milton Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, so he launched the 1971 Ugandan coup d'état and declared himself president. During his years in power, Amin shifted from being a pro-Western ruler enjoying considerable support from Israel to being backed by Libya's Muammar Gaddafi, Zaire's Mobutu Sese Seko, the Soviet Union, and East Germany."
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " In 1972, Amin expelled Asians, a majority of whom were Indian-Ugandans, leading India to sever diplomatic relations with his regime. In 1975, Amin became the chairman of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), a Pan-Africanist group designed to promote solidarity among African states. Uganda was a member of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights from 1977 to 1979. The United Kingdom broke diplomatic relations with Uganda in 1977, and Amin declared that he had defeated the British and added \"CBE\" to his title for \"Conqueror of the British Empire\". As Amin's rule progressed into the late 1970s, there was increased unrest against his persecution of certain ethnic groups and political dissidents, along with Uganda's very poor international standing due to Amin's support for the terrorist hijackers in Operation Entebbe. He then attempted to annex Tanzania's Kagera Region in 1978. The Tanzanian president Julius Nyerere ordered his troops to invade Uganda in response. Tanzanian Army and rebel forces successfully captured Kampala in 1979 and ousted Amin from power. Amin went into exile, first in Libya, then Iraq, and finally in Saudi Arabia, where he lived until his death in 2003. Amin's rule was characterised by rampant human rights abuses,"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " including political repression, ethnic persecution and extrajudicial killings, as well as nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement. International observers and human rights groups estimate that between 100,000 and 500,000 people were killed under his regime.</s><s>Early life. Amin did not write an autobiography, and he did not authorize an official written account of his life. There are discrepancies regarding when and where he was born. Most biographical sources claim that he was born in either Koboko or Kampala around 1925. Other unconfirmed sources state Amin's year of birth from as early as 1923 to as late as 1928. Amin's son Hussein has stated that his father was born in Kampala in 1928. According to Fred Guweddeko, a researcher at Makerere University, Amin was the son of Andreas Nyabire (1889–1976). Nyabire, a member of the Kakwa ethnic group, converted from Roman Catholicism to Islam in 1910 and changed his name to Amin Dada. He named his first-born son after himself. Abandoned by his father at a young age, Idi Amin grew up with his mother's family in a rural farming town in north-western Uganda. Guweddeko states that Amin's mother was"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " Assa Aatte (1904–1970), an ethnic Lugbara and a traditional herbalist who treated members of Buganda royalty, among others. Some sources have also described Amin as being of mixed Kakwa-Nubian origin. Amin joined an Islamic school in Bombo in 1941. After a few years, he left school with only a fourth-grade English-language education, and did odd jobs before being recruited to the army by a British colonial army officer.</s><s>King's African Rifles. Amin joined the British King's African Rifles (KAR) in 1946 as an assistant cook, while at the same time receiving military training until 1947. In later life he falsely claimed to have served in the Burma Campaign of World War II. He was transferred to Kenya for infantry service as a private in 1947, and served in the 21st KAR infantry battalion in Gilgil, Kenya Colony until 1949. That year, his unit was deployed to northern Kenya to fight against Somali rebels. In 1952, his brigade was deployed against the Mau Mau rebels in Kenya. He was promoted to corporal the same year, then to sergeant in 1953. In 1959, Amin was made Effendi class 2 (Warrant Officer), the highest rank possible for a black"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " African in the colonial British military of that time. Amin returned to Uganda the same year and received a short-service commission as a lieutenant on 15 July 1961, becoming one of the first two Ugandans to become commissioned officers. He was assigned to quell the cattle rustling between Uganda's Karamojong and Kenya's Turkana nomads. According to researcher Holger Bernt Hansen, Amin's outlook, behaviour and strategies of communication were strongly influenced by his experiences in the colonial military. This included his direct and hands-on leadership style which would eventually contribute to his popularity among certain parts of Ugandan society.</s><s>Rise in the Uganda Army. In 1962, following Uganda's independence from the United Kingdom, Amin was promoted to captain and then, in 1963, to major. He was appointed Deputy Commander of the Army in 1964 and, the following year, to Commander of the Army. In 1970, he was promoted to commander of all the armed forces. Amin was an athlete during his time in both the British and Uganda Army. At tall and powerfully built, he was the Ugandan light heavyweight boxing champion from 1951 to 1960, as well as a swimmer. Amin was also a formidable rugby forward, although one officer said of him: \"Idi"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " Amin is a splendid type and a good (rugby) player, but virtually bone from the neck up, and needs things explained in words of one letter\". In the 1950s, he played for Nile RFC. There is a frequently repeated urban myth that he was selected as a replacement by the East Africa rugby union team for their 1955 tour match against the British Lions. Amin, however, does not appear in the team photograph or on the official team list. Following conversations with a colleague in the military, Amin became a keen fan of Hayes F.C.; an affection that remained for the rest of his life. In 1965, Prime Minister Milton Obote and Amin were implicated in a deal to smuggle ivory and gold into Uganda from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The deal, as later alleged by General Nicholas Olenga, an associate of the former Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba, was part of an arrangement to help troops opposed to the Congolese government trade ivory and gold for arms supplies secretly smuggled to them by Amin. In 1966, the Ugandan Parliament demanded an investigation. Obote imposed a new constitution abolishing the ceremonial presidency held by Kabaka (King) Mutesa II of Buganda, and declared himself executive president. He promoted"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " Amin to colonel and army commander. Amin led an attack on the Kabaka's palace and forced Mutesa into exile to the United Kingdom, where he remained until his death in 1969. Amin began recruiting members of Kakwa, Lugbara, South Sudanese, and other ethnic groups from the West Nile area bordering South Sudan. The South Sudanese had been residents in Uganda since the early 20th century, having come from South Sudan to serve the colonial army. Many African ethnic groups in northern Uganda inhabit both Uganda and South Sudan; allegations persist that Amin's army consisted mainly of South Sudanese soldiers.</s><s>Seizure of power. Eventually a rift developed between Amin and Obote, exacerbated by the support Amin had built within the Uganda Army by recruiting from the West Nile region, his involvement in operations to support the rebellion in southern Sudan and an attempt on Obote's life in 1969. In October 1970, Obote took control of the armed forces, reducing Amin from his months-old post of commander of all the armed forces to that of the commander of the Uganda Army. Having learned that Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, Amin seized power in a military coup on 25 January 1971, while Obote was attending a Commonwealth summit meeting"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " in Singapore. Troops loyal to Amin sealed off Entebbe International Airport and took Kampala. Soldiers surrounded Obote's residence and blocked major roads. A broadcast on Radio Uganda accused Obote's government of corruption and preferential treatment of the Lango region. Cheering crowds were reported in the streets of Kampala after the radio broadcast. Amin, who presented himself a soldier, not a politician, declared that the military government would remain only as a caretaker regime until new elections, which would be held when the situation was normalised. He promised to release all political prisoners. Amin held a state funeral in April 1971 for Edward Mutesa, former king (\"kabaka\") of Buganda and president who had died in exile; freed many political prisoners; and reiterated his promise to hold free and fair elections to return the country to democratic rule in the shortest period possible.</s><s>Presidency.</s><s>Presidency.:Establishment of military rule. On 2 February 1971, one week after the coup, Amin declared himself President of Uganda, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, Uganda Army Chief of Staff, and Chief of Air Staff. He suspended certain provisions of the Ugandan constitution, and soon instituted an Advisory Defence Council composed of military officers with himself as"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " the chairman. Amin placed military tribunals above the system of civil law, appointed soldiers to top government posts and government-owned corporations, and informed the newly inducted civilian cabinet ministers that they would be subject to military courtesy. Amin ruled by decree; over the course of his rule he issued approximately 30 decrees.{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Krcmaric |first=Daniel |title=The Justice Dilemma: International Criminal Accountability, Mass Atrocities, and Civil Conflict |chapter-url=https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/9903/Krcmaric_duke_0066D_12863.pdf |access-date=3 June 2021 |place=Durham, United States |degree=PhD |via=DukeSpace (Duke University Libraries) |publisher=Department of Political Science, Graduate School of Duke University |editor1-first=Alexander |editor1-last=Downes |editor2-first=Erik |editor2-last=Wibbels |editor3-first=Laia |editor3-last=Balcells |editor4-first="
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": "Peter |editor4-last=Feaver |chapter=Chapter 6: Case Studies |pages=121–129 |year=2015 |language=English }} Amin renamed the presidential lodge in Kampala from Government House to \"The Command Post\". He disbanded the General Service Unit (GSU), an intelligence agency created by the previous government, and replaced it with the State Research Bureau (SRB). SRB headquarters at the Kampala suburb of Nakasero became the scene of torture and capital punishment over the next few years. Other agencies used to persecute dissenters included the military police and the Public Safety Unit (PSU). Obote took refuge in Tanzania, having been offered sanctuary there by the Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere. Obote was soon joined by 20,000 Ugandan refugees fleeing Amin. The exiles attempted but failed to regain Uganda in 1972, through a poorly organised coup attempt.</s><s>Presidency.:Persecution of ethnic and political groups. Amin retaliated against the attempted invasion by Ugandan exiles in 1972, by purging the Uganda Army of Obote supporters, predominantly those from the Acholi and Lango ethnic groups. In July 1971, Lango and Acholi soldiers had been massacred in the Jinja and M"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": "barara barracks. By early 1972, some 5,000 Acholi and Lango soldiers, and at least twice as many civilians, had disappeared. The victims soon came to include members of other ethnic groups, religious leaders, journalists, artists, senior bureaucrats, judges, lawyers, students and intellectuals, criminal suspects, and foreign nationals. In this atmosphere of violence, many other people were killed for criminal motives or simply at will. Bodies were often dumped into the River Nile. The killings, motivated by ethnic, political, and financial factors, continued throughout Amin's eight years in control. The exact number of people killed is unknown. The International Commission of Jurists estimated the death toll at no fewer than 80,000 and more likely around 300,000. An estimate compiled by exile organisations with the help of Amnesty International puts the number killed at 500,000. Among the most prominent people killed were Benedicto Kiwanuka, a former prime minister and chief justice; Janani Luwum, the Anglican archbishop; Joseph Mubiru, the former governor of the central bank of Uganda; Frank Kalimuzo, the vice-chancellor of Makerere University; Byron Kawadwa, a prominent playwright; and two of Amin's own cabinet ministers,"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " Erinayo Wilson Oryema and Charles Oboth Ofumbi. Amin recruited his followers from his own ethnic group, the Kakwas, along with South Sudanese. By 1977, these three groups formed 60 percent of the 22 top generals and 75 percent of the cabinet. Similarly, Muslims formed 80 percent and 87.5 percent of these groups even though they were only 5 percent of the population. This helps explain why Amin survived eight attempted coups. The Uganda Army grew from 10,000 to 25,000 by 1978. Amin's military was largely a mercenary force. Half the soldiers were South Sudanese and 26 percent Congolese, with only 24 percent being Ugandan, mostly Muslim and Kakwa. In August 1972, Amin declared what he called an \"economic war\", a set of policies that included the expropriation of properties owned by Asians and Europeans. Uganda's 80,000 Asians were mostly from the Indian subcontinent and born in the country, their ancestors having come to Uganda in search of prosperity when India was still a British colony. Many owned businesses, including large-scale enterprises, which formed the backbone of the Ugandan economy. On 4 August 1972, Amin issued a decree ordering the expulsion of the 50,000 Asians who were British passport"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " holders. This was later amended to include all 60,000 Asians who were not Ugandan citizens. Around 30,000 Ugandan Asians emigrated to the UK. Others went to Commonwealth countries such as Australia, South Africa, Canada, and Fiji, or to India, Kenya, Pakistan, Sweden, Tanzania, and the United States. Amin expropriated businesses and properties belonging to the Asians and the Europeans and handed them over to his supporters. Without the experienced owners and proprietors, businesses were mismanaged and many industries collapsed from lack of operational expertise and maintenance. This proved disastrous for the already declining Ugandan economy. At the time, Asians accounted for 90% of the country's tax revenue; with their removal, Amin's administration lost a large chunk of government revenue. The economy all but collapsed. In 1975, Emmanuel Blayo Wakhweya, Idi Amin's finance minister and longest-serving cabinet member at the time, defected to London. This prominent defection helped Henry Kyemba, Amin's health minister and a former official of the first Obote regime, to defect in 1977 and resettle in the UK. Kyemba wrote and published \"A State of Blood\", the first insider exposé of Amin's rule. On 25 June"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " 1976, the Defence Council declared Amin president for life.</s><s>Presidency.:International relations. Initially, Amin was supported by Western powers such as Israel, West Germany, and, in particular, Great Britain. During the late 1960s, Obote's move to the left, which included his Common Man's Charter and the nationalisation of 80 British companies, had made the West worried that he would pose a threat to Western capitalist interests in Africa and make Uganda an ally of the Soviet Union. Amin, who had served with the King's African Rifles and taken part in Britain's suppression of the Mau Mau uprising prior to Ugandan independence, was known by the British as \"intensely loyal to Britain\". This made him an obvious choice as Obote's successor. Although some have claimed that Amin was being groomed for power as early as 1966, the plotting by the British and other Western powers began in earnest in 1969, after Obote had begun his nationalisation programme. Throughout the first year of his presidency, Amin received key military and financial support from the United Kingdom and Israel. In July 1971 he visited both countries and asked for advanced military equipment, but the states refused to provide hardware unless the Ugandan government paid for it. Amin decided to seek foreign support elsewhere"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " and in February 1972 he visited Libya. Amin denounced Zionism, and in return Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi pledged Uganda an immediate $25 million loan to be followed by more lending from the Libyan–Ugandan Development Bank. Over the following months Amin successively removed Israeli military advisers from his government, expelled all other Israeli technicians, and finally broke diplomatic relations. Gaddafi also mediated a resolution to long-standing Ugandan–Sudanese tensions, with Amin agreeing to stop backing Anyanya rebels in southern Sudan and instead recruit the former guerilla fighters into his army. Following the expulsion of Ugandan Asians in 1972, most of whom were of Indian descent, India severed diplomatic relations with Uganda. The same year, as part of his \"economic war\", Amin broke diplomatic ties with the United Kingdom and nationalised all British-owned businesses. The United Kingdom and Israel ceased all trade with Uganda, but this commercial gap was quickly filled by Libya, the United States, and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union grew interested in Uganda as a strategic counterbalance to perceived Chinese influence in Tanzania and Western influence in Kenya. It dispatched a military mission to Uganda in November 1973. While it could not supply the financial level available from the Western powers, the Soviet Union opted to provide Amin with"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " military hardware in exchange for his support. The Soviet Union quickly became Amin's largest arms supplier, sending Uganda tanks, jets, artillery, missiles, and small arms. By 1975, it was estimated that the Soviets had provided Amin's government with $12 million in economic assistance and $48 million in arms. Amin also sent several thousand Ugandans to Eastern Bloc countries for military, intelligence, and technical training, especially Czechoslovakia. East Germany was involved in the General Service Unit and the State Research Bureau, the two agencies that were most notorious for terror. Later during the Ugandan invasion of Tanzania in 1979, East Germany attempted to remove evidence of its involvement with these agencies. In December 1973 Amin launched a sarcastic 'Save Britain Fund' during the 1973–1975 recession to \"save and assist our former colonial masters from economic catastrophe\", while offering emergency food supplies and urging Ugandans to donate. In June 1976, Amin allowed an Air France airliner from Tel Aviv to Paris hijacked by two members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations (PFLP-EO) and two members of the German Revolutionäre Zellen to land at Entebbe Airport. The hijackers were joined there by three more. Soon after, 156 non-Jewish hostages"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " who did not hold Israeli passports were released and flown to safety, while 83 Jews and Israeli citizens, as well as 20 others who refused to abandon them (among whom were the captain and crew of the hijacked Air France jet), continued to be held hostage. In the subsequent Israeli rescue operation, codenamed Operation Thunderbolt (popularly known as Operation Entebbe), on the night of 3–4 July 1976, a group of Israeli commandos flew in from Israel and seized control of Entebbe Airport, freeing nearly all the hostages. Three hostages died during the operation and 10 were wounded; 7 hijackers, about 45 Ugandan soldiers, and 1 Israeli soldier, Yoni Netanyahu (the commander of the unit), were killed. A fourth hostage, 75-year-old Dora Bloch, an elderly Jewish Englishwoman who had been taken to Mulago Hospital in Kampala before the rescue operation, was subsequently murdered in reprisal. The incident further soured Uganda's international relations, leading the United Kingdom to close its High Commission in Uganda. In retaliation for Kenya's assistance in the raid, Amin also ordered the killing of hundreds of Kenyans living in Uganda. Uganda under Amin embarked on a large military build-up, which raised concerns in Kenya. Early in"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " June 1975, Kenyan officials impounded a large convoy of Soviet-made arms \"en route\" to Uganda at the port of Mombasa. Tension between Uganda and Kenya reached its climax in February 1976, when Amin announced that he would investigate the possibility that parts of southern Sudan and western and central Kenya, up to within of Nairobi, were historically a part of colonial Uganda. The Kenyan Government responded with a stern statement that Kenya would not part with \"a single inch of territory\". Amin backed down after the Kenyan army deployed troops and armoured personnel carriers along the Kenya–Uganda border. Amin's relations with Rwanda were tense, and during his tenure he repeatedly jeopardized its economy by denying its commercial vehicles transit to Mombasa and made multiple threats to bomb Kigali.</s><s>Deposition and exile. In January 1977 Amin appointed General Mustafa Adrisi Vice President of Uganda. That year, a split in the Uganda Army developed between supporters of Amin and soldiers loyal to Adrisi, who held significant power in the government and wanted to purge foreigners, particularly Sudanese, from the military. The growing dissatisfaction in the Uganda Army was reflected by frequent coup attempts; Amin was even wounded during one of them, namely Operation Mafuta Mingi in"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " June 1977. By 1978, the number of Amin's supporters and close associates had shrunk significantly, and he faced increasing dissent from the populace within Uganda as the economy and infrastructure collapsed as a result of the years of neglect and abuse. After the killings of Bishop Luwum and ministers Oryema and Oboth Ofumbi in 1977, several of Amin's ministers defected or fled into exile. In early 1978, Adrisi was severely injured in a car accident and flown to Cairo for treatment. While he was there, Amin stripped him of his positions as Minister of Defence and Minister of Home Affairs and denounced him for retiring senior prison officials without his knowledge. Amin then proceeded to purge several high-ranking officials from his government and took personal control of several ministerial portfolios. The shakeup caused political unrest and especially angered Adrisi's followers, who believed that the car accident was a failed assassination attempt. In November 1978, troops loyal to Adrisi mutinied. Amin sent troops against the mutineers, some of whom had fled across the Tanzanian border. Fighting consequently broke out along the Ugandan–Tanzanian border, and the Uganda Army launched an invasion of Tanzanian territory under unclear circumstances. According to several experts and politicians, Amin directly"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " ordered the invasion in an attempt to distract the Ugandan military and public from the crisis at home. Other accounts suggest, however, that Amin had lost control of parts of the Uganda Army. Accordingly, the invading troops acted without his orders, and Amin sanctioned the invasion \"post facto\" to save face. In any case, Amin accused Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere of initiating the war against Uganda after the hostilities had erupted, and proclaimed the annexation of a section of Kagera when the Ugandan invasion initially proved to be successful. However, as Tanzania began to prepare a counter-offensive, Amin reportedly realised his precarious situation, and attempted to defuse the conflict without losing face. The Ugandan President publicly suggested that he and Nyerere participate in a boxing match which, in lieu of military action, would determine the outcome of the conflict. Nyerere ignored the message. In January 1979, Nyerere mobilised the Tanzania People's Defence Force and counterattacked, joined by several groups of Ugandan exiles who had united as the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA). Amin's army retreated steadily, despite military help from Libya's Muammar Gaddafi and the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO). The President reportedly made several trips abroad to other countries"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " such as Saudi Arabia and Iraq during the war, attempting to enlist more foreign support. He made few public appearances in the final months of his rule, but spoke frequently on radio and television. Following a major defeat in the Battle of Lukaya, parts of the Uganda Army command reportedly urged Amin to step down. He angrily refused, and declared: \"If you don't want to fight, I'll do it myself.\" He consequently fired chief of staff Yusuf Gowon. However, Amin was forced to flee the Ugandan capital by helicopter on 11 April 1979, when Kampala was captured. After a short-lived attempt to rally some remnants of the Uganda Army in eastern Uganda which reportedly included Amin proclaiming the city of Jinja his country's new capital, he fled into exile. Amin first escaped to Libya, where he stayed until 1980, and ultimately settled in Saudi Arabia, where the Saudi royal family allowed him sanctuary and paid him a generous subsidy in return for staying out of politics. Amin lived for a number of years on the top two floors of the Novotel Hotel on Palestine Road in Jeddah. Brian Barron, who covered the Uganda–Tanzania War for the BBC as chief Africa correspondent, together with cameraman Mohamed Amin (no relation) of Vis"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": "news in Nairobi, located Amin in 1980, and secured the first interview with him since his deposition. While in exile, Amin funded remnants of his army that fought in the Ugandan Bush War. Though he continued to be a controversial figure, some of Amin's former followers as well as several rebel groups continued to fight in his name for decades, and occasionally advocated for his amnesty and even his restoration to Ugandan Presidency. During interviews he gave during his exile in Saudi Arabia, Amin held that Uganda needed him, and never expressed remorse for the brutal nature of his regime. In 1989, Amin left his exile without authorization by the Saudi Arabian government, and flew alongside one of his sons to Zaire. There, he intended to mobilize a rebel force to reconquer Uganda which was engulfed in another civil war at the time. The rest of his family stayed in Jeddah. Despite using a false Zairean passport, Amin was easily recognized upon arriving with Air Zaïre at N'djili Airport, and promptly arrested by Zairean security forces. The Zairean government reacted unfavourably to Amin's arrival, and attempted to expel him from the country. At first, Saudi Arabia refused to allow him to return, as its government was deeply offended that"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " he had \"abused their hospitality\" by leaving without permission. The Zairean government wanted neither to extradite Amin to Uganda where the ex-president faced murder charges nor keep him in Zaire, thereby straining international relations. As a result, Amin was initially expelled to Senegal from where he was supposed to be sent to Saudi Arabia, but the Senegalese government sent him back to Zaire when Saudi Arabia continued to refuse Amin a visa. Following appeals by Moroccan King Hassan II, the Saudi Arabian leadership finally relented and allowed Amin to return. In return, Amin had to promise to never again participate in any political or military activities or give interviews. He consequently spent the remainder of his life in Saudi Arabia. In the final years of his life, Amin reportedly ate a fruitarian diet. His daily consumption of oranges earned him the nickname \"Dr Jaffa\" among Saudi Arabians.</s><s>Illness and death. On 19 July 2003, Amin's fourth wife, Nalongo Madina, reported that he was in a coma and near death at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, from kidney failure. She pleaded with the Ugandan president, Yoweri Museveni, to allow him"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " to return to Uganda for the remainder of his life. Museveni replied that Amin would have to \"answer for his sins the moment he was brought back\". Amin's family eventually decided to disconnect life support, and Amin consequently died at the hospital in Jeddah on 16 August 2003. He was buried in Ruwais Cemetery in Jeddah in a simple grave, without any fanfare. After Amin's death, David Owen revealed that during his term as the British Foreign Secretary (1977 to 1979), he had proposed having Amin assassinated. He has defended this, arguing: \"I'm not ashamed of considering it, because his regime goes down in the scale of Pol Pot as one of the worst of all African regimes\".</s><s>Family and associates. A polygamist, Idi Amin married at least six women, three of whom he divorced. He married his first and second wives, Malyamu and Kay, in 1966. In 1967, he married Nora, and then married Nalongo Madina in 1972. On 26 March 1974, he announced on Radio Uganda that he had divorced Malyamu, Nora, and Kay. Malyamu was arrested in Tororo on the Kenyan border in April 1974 and accused of attempting to smuggle a"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " bolt of fabric into Kenya. In 1974, Kay Amin died under mysterious circumstances, with her body found dismembered. Nora fled to Zaire in 1979; her current whereabouts are unknown. In July 1975, Amin staged a £2 million wedding to 19-year-old Sarah Kyolaba, a go-go dancer with the \"Revolutionary Suicide Mechanised Regiment Band\", nicknamed \"Suicide Sarah\". The wedding was held during the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) summit meeting in Kampala, and the chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organisation, Yasser Arafat served as Amin's best man. Before she met Amin, Sarah was living with a boyfriend, Jesse Gitta; he vanished and it is not clear if he was beheaded, or detained after fleeing to Kenya. The couple had four children and enjoyed rally race driving Amin's Citroën SM, with Sarah as navigator. Sarah was a hairdresser in Tottenham when she died in 2015. By 1993, Amin was living with the last nine of his children and one wife, Mama a Chumaru, the mother of the youngest four of his children. His last known child, daughter Iman, was born in 1992. According to \"The Monitor\", Amin married again a few"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " months before his death in 2003, and converted to Islam during his exile. Amin fathered as many as 60 children. Until 2003, Taban Amin (born 1955), Idi Amin's eldest son, was the leader of West Nile Bank Front (WNBF), a rebel group opposed to the government of Yoweri Museveni. In 2005, he was offered amnesty by Museveni, and in 2006, he was appointed Deputy Director General of the Internal Security Organisation. Another of Amin's sons, Haji Ali Amin, ran for election as Chairman (i.e. mayor) of Njeru Town Council in 2002 but was not elected. In early 2007, the award-winning film \"The Last King of Scotland\" prompted one of his sons, Jaffar Amin (born in 1967), to speak out in his father's defence. Jaffar Amin said he was writing a book to rehabilitate his father's reputation. Jaffar is the tenth of Amin's 40 official children by seven official wives. Among Amin's closest associates was the Briton Bob Astles. Isaac Maliyamungu was an instrumental affiliate and one of the more feared officers in Amin's army.</s><s>Character.</s><s>Character.:Nicknames. Over the course"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " of his career, Amin gained numerous nicknames, many of them derogatory: - \"Big Daddy\": affectionate nickname - \"kijambiya\" (\"the machete\"): attributed to Ugandan security forces often murdering their victims with machetes - \"Butcher of Uganda\" - \"Butcher of Africa\" - \"Butcher of Kampala\" - \"Black Hitler\" - \"Dada\": It is disputed whether this was part of Amin's family name or a nickname. Some observers have claimed that it originated as a nickname for Amin's \"cowardly\" behavior, as it can be translated as \"sister\", though this has been strongly disputed by others. Amin's family has stated that \"Dada\" was simply an alternative name for the Lugbara people which is occasionally used as a personal name. Researcher Mark Leopold judged this to be more likely than the nickname theory. - \"Dr. Jaffa\": he earned this nickname in exile in Saudi Arabia due to his daily consumption of oranges, especially after allegedly transitioning to fruitarianism.</s><s>Character.:Erratic behaviour, self-bestowed titles and media portrayal. As the years progressed, Amin's behaviour became more erratic, unpredictable, and strident. After the"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " United Kingdom broke off all diplomatic relations with his regime in 1977, Amin declared that he had defeated the British, and he conferred on himself the decoration of CBE (Conqueror of the British Empire). His full self-bestowed title ultimately became: \"His Excellency, President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO, MC, CBE, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Seas and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular\", in addition to his officially stated claim of being the uncrowned king of Scotland. He never received the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) or the Military Cross (MC). He conferred a doctorate of law on himself from Makerere University as well as the Victorious Cross (VC), a medal made to emulate the British Victoria Cross. Amin became the subject of rumours, including a widespread belief that he was a cannibal. Amin reportedly also boasted that he kept the decapitated heads of political enemies in his freezer, although he said that human flesh was generally \"too salty\" for his taste. During Amin's time in power, popular media outside of Uganda often portrayed him as an essentially comic and eccentric"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " figure. Julius Harris emphasized Amin's allegedly clownish side in \"Victory at Entebbe\", while Yaphet Kotto drew more praise for projecting Amin's sinister nature in \"Raid on Entebbe\". In a 1977 assessment typical of the time, a \"Time\" magazine article described him as a \"killer and clown, big-hearted buffoon and strutting martinet\". The comedy-variety series \"Saturday Night Live\" aired four Amin sketches between 1976 and 1979, including one in which he was an ill-behaved houseguest in exile, and another in which he was a spokesman against venereal disease. In 1979, radio host Don Imus made multiple on-air telephone calls in an attempt to talk to Amin, and later hosted a phony interview with him that was deemed \"very dirty.\" In a \"Benny Hill Show\" episode transmitted in January 1977, Hill portrayed Amin sitting behind a desk that featured a placard reading \"ME TARZAN, U GANDA\". The foreign media were often criticised by Ugandan exiles and defectors for emphasising Amin's self-aggrandizing eccentricities and taste for excess while downplaying or excusing his murderous behaviour. Other commentators even suggested that Amin had deliberately cultivated his"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " eccentric reputation in the foreign media as an easily parodied buffoon in order to defuse international concern over his administration of Uganda. Ugandan soldier and rebel Patrick Kimumwe argued that Amin's \"clowning conceal[ed] a ruthless extinction of human rights\" in Uganda. Journalists Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey wrote, \"facile explanations of Amin's regime, as either a one-man show or a lawless and ruthless band of killers, do not get at the heart of the power structure.\"</s><s>Legacy. Gender historian Alicia Decker wrote that the \"deeply embedded culture of militarism in Uganda is undoubtedly Amin's most enduring legacy.\" His reputation in Uganda has been viewed over the decades following his rule in more complex ways than in the international community. Some Ugandans have praised him as a \"patriot\" and supported his decision to expel Asians from the country. At the time of his death, he was particularly well-regarded in north-western Uganda. One of Amin's sons, Jaffar Remo, criticised the negative public perception of his father and called for a commission to investigate the veracity of the abuses committed under his rule.</s><s>In popular culture. During the 1970s, while Amin was at the height"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " of his infamy, British comic actor John Bird starred on the album \"The Collected Broadcasts of Idi Amin\", with lyrics based on Alan Coren's anti-Amin \"Punch\" columns. In 1975 the satirical single \"Amazin' Man\", from the album, was released on the Transatlantic label. The record stayed for 12 weeks in the Australian Singles Chart, peaking at number 26. A 1974 documentary film \"\" by director Barbet Schroeder was made with the support and participation of Idi Amin. \"Rise and Fall of Idi Amin\" (1981) is a Kenyan film that details the history of Idi Amin's reign. This film popularized many rumors about Amin's brutality, such as his alleged mutilation of one of his wives. Amin is played by Joseph Olita, who reprised this role in \"Mississippi Masala\" (1991), a film about romance between African and Asian-Americans following Amin's 1972 expulsion of Asians from Uganda. Amin is the subject of English journalist Giles Foden's book \"The Last King of Scotland\" (1998), which focuses on Idi Amin's Uganda through the eyes of a young Scottish physician. In 2006, it was adapted into a movie, where Amin"
},
{
"title": "Idi Amin",
"text": " is portrayed by Forest Whitaker. Whittaker won the best leading actor award for this role at the Academy Awards, the Golden Globes, the Screen Actor's Guild Award, and the BAFTAs.</s><s>See also. - Notable adherents of fruitarianism</s><s>Sources. - - - Cotton, Fran (Ed., 1984). \"The Book of Rugby Disasters & Bizarre Records\". Compiled by Chris Rhys. London. Century Publishing.. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Idi Amin",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000461
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Djimon Hounsou.
|
[
{
"title": "Djimon Hounsou",
"text": "<s>Djimon Hounsou Djimon Gaston Hounsou (; ; born April 24, 1964) is a Beninese-American actor and model. He began his career appearing in music videos. He made his film debut in \"Without You I'm Nothing\" (1990) and earned widespread recognition for his role as Cinqué in the Steven Spielberg film \"Amistad\" (1997). He gained further recognition for his roles in \"Gladiator\" (2000), \"In America\" (2003), and \"Blood Diamond\" (2006), receiving nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for both of the latter films. He appeared as an antagonist in \"Furious 7\" (2015). He played an important role as well in the French film \"Forces spéciales\" (2011). He has been nominated for a Golden Globe Award and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, he portrays Korath the Pursuer in \"Guardians of the Galaxy\" (2014), \"Captain Marvel\" (2019) and the second episode of \"What If...?\" (2021). In the DC Extended Universe, he appears as the Fisherman King in \"Aquaman\" (2018), and as the wizard"
},
{
"title": "Djimon Hounsou",
"text": " Shazam in \"Shazam!\" (2019), \"Black Adam\" (2022), and \"Shazam! Fury of the Gods\" (2023). He plays Papa Midnite in another DC film, \"Constantine\" (2005).</s><s>Early life. Hounsou was born in Cotonou, Benin, to Albertine and Pierre Hounsou. He emigrated to Lyon in France at the age of 12 with his brother, Edmond. Soon after arriving there, he dropped out of school and was homeless for a time. A chance meeting with a photographer led to an introduction to fashion designer Thierry Mugler, who encouraged Hounsou to pursue a modeling career. In 1987, he became a model and established a career in Paris. He moved to the United States in 1990.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Acting. Between 1989 and 1991, Hounsou appeared in the music videos for \"Straight Up\" by Paula Abdul, \"Love Will Never Do (Without You)\" by Janet Jackson, and Madonna's \"Express Yourself\". He also appears in En Vogue's music video for \"Hold On\". Hounsou's film debut was in the 1990"
},
{
"title": "Djimon Hounsou",
"text": " Sandra Bernhard film \"Without You I'm Nothing\". He had television parts on \"Beverly Hills, 90210\" and \"ER\" and a guest starring role on \"Alias\". He had a larger role in the science fiction film \"Stargate\". Hounsou received wide critical acclaim and a Golden Globe Award nomination for his role as Cinqué in the 1997 Steven Spielberg film \"Amistad,\" and gained further notice as Juba in the 2000 film \"Gladiator\". In 2004, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for \"In America\", making him the fourth African male to be nominated for an Oscar. In 2005 he played a mercenary in the movie \"The Island\" alongside Ewan McGregor and Scarlett Johansson. In 2006 he won the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in \"Blood Diamond,\" and received Broadcast Film Critics Association, Screen Actors Guild Award and Academy Award nominations for this performance. Hounsou had a supporting role in the 2009 science-fiction film \"Push\", as Agent Henry Carver. In 2011, he starred as a French commando in the French film \"Forces spéciales\". Director Tim Story told IGN that if he had done a third \""
},
{
"title": "Djimon Hounsou",
"text": "Fantastic Four\" film, he would have liked Hounsou to portray Black Panther. In November 2008, it was announced that Hounsou would provide the voice of Black Panther in the television series of the same name. He had signed on to play Abdiel in the film version of John Milton's \"Paradise Lost\" with Benjamin Walker and Bradley Cooper, but the film was scrapped in early February 2012. In 2013, he appeared in the comedy film \"Baggage Claim\" alongside Paula Patton. He also voiced Drago Blodfist in \"How to Train Your Dragon 2\" and portrayed Korath the Pursuer in the Marvel Studios film \"Guardians of the Galaxy\", both in 2014. He played villains in two 2015 films: \"Seventh Son\" and \"Furious 7\", the latter being the seventh installment of \"The Fast and the Furious\" franchise. In February 2016, it was reported that Hounsou would join the second season of the television series \"Wayward Pines\". Also in 2016, he played Chief Mbonga in \"The Legend of Tarzan\". In 2018 Hounsou joined the DC Extended Universe, voicing the Fisherman King Ricou in \"Aquaman\" (with the character motion"
},
{
"title": "Djimon Hounsou",
"text": "-captured by Andrew Crawford). He then replaced Ron Cephas Jones as the Wizard Shazam in \"Shazam!\" (2019). He reprised his role in \"Black Adam\" (2022) and \"Shazam! Fury of the Gods\" (2023). Also in 2019, he reprised his role as Korath in the Marvel Studios film \"Captain Marvel\" and then in the animated series \"What If...?\". In November 2022, it was announced that Honsou had joined the cast of the \"Gran Turismo\" film, with Geri Halliwell playing his wife.</s><s>Career.:Modeling. On 24 February 2007, it was announced that Hounsou would be the new Calvin Klein underwear model. At the time, he was represented by Los Angeles modeling agent Omar Albertto.</s><s>Career.:Other work. In 2010, Hounsou was featured as the narrator in ESPN's series of \"32 Teams, 1 Dream\" commercials for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. He spoke at the Summit on Climate Change at the United Nations on 22 September 2009. On 1 December 2009, he told French media that developed countries \"need to be held accountable\" for their contribution to climate change."
},
{
"title": "Djimon Hounsou",
"text": "</s><s>Personal life. In 2007, Hounsou began dating model Kimora Lee Simmons. In 2009, Simmons gave birth to their son, Kenzo Lee Hounsou. Hounsou and Simmons visited Hounsou's family in his native Benin in the summer of 2008, where the two participated in a traditional commitment ceremony. They were adorned in traditional clothing and used the ceremony, in the presence of Hounsou's family, to confirm that they were \"dedicated to each other 100%\", although they emphasized the ceremony was not a wedding. In the début of Kimora Lee Simmons' show \"\", he was billed as her husband. Hounsou and Simmons, who were never legally married in the United States, announced their separation in November 2012.</s><s>See also. - List of male underwear models</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Djimon Hounsou",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000462
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Stephanie Beatriz.
|
[
{
"title": "Stephanie Beatriz",
"text": "<s>Stephanie Beatriz Stephanie Beatriz (born February 10, 1981) is an American actress. She is known for playing Detective Rosa Diaz in the Fox/NBC comedy series \"Brooklyn Nine-Nine\" (2013–2021), and voicing protagonist Mirabel Madrigal in the Disney film \"Encanto\".</s><s>Early life. Beatriz was born in Neuquén, Argentina, to a Colombian father and a Bolivian mother. She is also of part German descent. She arrived in the United States at the age of two with her parents and a younger sister. Beatriz grew up in Webster, Texas, outside Houston, and attended Clear Brook High School. As a child, her mother took Beatriz and her sister to arts exhibits and events, something she credits for raising her awareness of potential careers in the arts. She became interested in acting after taking speech and debate as an elective, which allowed her to appear in plays. She became a United States citizen at 18. Beatriz attended the all-women's Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri. After graduating in 2002, she moved to New York City to pursue acting. She has lived in Los Angeles since 2010.</s><s>Career. Beatriz had minor roles in the police procedural"
},
{
"title": "Stephanie Beatriz",
"text": " television series \"The Closer\" and \"Southland\", and a recurring role as Gloria's sister Sonia in the ABC comedy series \"Modern Family\". In 2013, she began portraying Detective Rosa Diaz in the Fox and NBC series \"Brooklyn Nine-Nine\", an action comedy series based around the members of a Brooklyn police precinct. In 2019, she directed the season 6 episode \"He Said, She Said.\" The show ran for eight seasons. Beatriz starred as Bonnie in the independent feature film \"The Light of the Moon\", written and directed by Jessica M. Thompson. The film premiered at the 2017 South by Southwest Film Festival, where it won the Audience Award for Narrative Feature Competition. She received highly positive reviews for her performance, with \"The Hollywood Reporter\" stating that \"Beatriz offers a powerful... unflinching, authentic performance,\" while \"Variety\" noted that the film was \"harrowingly effective\" and Beatriz's performance was \"expertly balanced and judged.\" From 2018 to 2019, she voiced the character Gina Cazador on \"BoJack Horseman\". It was announced in 2019 she would be appearing in the 2021 film adaptation of Lin-Manuel Miranda's Tony Award-winning musical \"In the Heights\". She also voiced"
},
{
"title": "Stephanie Beatriz",
"text": " Mirabel Madrigal, the main character in the Disney animated film \"Encanto\", making it her second collaboration with Miranda of the year. In 2019, Beatriz and her \"Brooklyn Nine-Nine\" co-star Melissa Fumero were the masters of ceremonies at the National Hispanic Media Coalition Impact Awards. In 2021, Beatriz voiced the lead role in the Texas Rangers-centered crime procedural podcast \"Tejana\". She also serves as an executive producer for \"Tejana\" and, was looking to develop a television series based on the characters. She also starred in the sci-fi thriller podcast \"Solar\" and hosted Wondery's \"Twin Flames\" podcast investigating a dating cult.</s><s>Personal life. Beatriz has severe astigmatism and requires glasses to see. She does not wear them in many of her roles; as her eyes are sensitive to contact lenses, she therefore has difficulty hitting her marks while on camera. She has described herself as suffering from disordered eating, which she developed during college.</s><s>Personal life.:Sexuality and marriage. Beatriz first realized that she was bisexual around age 12 or 13. She experienced biphobia and bisexual erasure from family and friends. In June 2016, she publicly came out."
},
{
"title": "Stephanie Beatriz",
"text": " In October 2017, she announced her engagement to actor Brad Hoss. They got married on October 6, 2018. In June 2021, she announced her pregnancy, and her daughter was born in August 2021.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Stephanie Beatriz",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000463
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo.
|
[
{
"title": "Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo",
"text": "<s>Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo (born January 8, 1946), commonly referred to by his aliases El Jefe de Jefes (\"The Boss of Bosses\") and El Padrino (\"The Godfather\"), is a convicted Mexican drug lord and a former Federal Judicial Police agent. He was one of the founders of the Guadalajara Cartel in the 1970s. Throughout the 1980s, the cartel controlled much of the drug trafficking in Mexico and the corridors along the Mexico–United States border. Félix Gallardo was arrested in 1989 for putting in place the murder of Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agent Enrique \"Kiki\" Camarena. He was serving his 40-year sentence at the Altiplano maximum-security prison but was transferred to a medium-security facility in 2014 due to his declining health.</s><s>Early Life. Born on a ranch in Bellavista, on the outskirts of Culiacán, Sinaloa, Félix Gallardo graduated from high school and studied business in college. He took a job as a Mexican Federal Judicial Police agent. He worked as a family bodyguard for the governor of Sinal"
},
{
"title": "Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo",
"text": "oa state Leopoldo Sánchez Celis, whose political connections helped Félix Gallardo to build his drug trafficking organization. He was also the godfather of Sánchez Celis' son, Rodolfo. Félix Gallardo started working for drug traffickers brokering corruption of state officials, and together with Rafael Caro Quintero and Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, who previously worked in the Avilés criminal organization, took control of the trafficking routes after Avilés was killed in a police shootout.</s><s>Connections to Colombian cartels. In the early 1980s, drug interdiction efforts increased throughout Florida, which was then the major shipping destination for illegal drug traffickers. As a result, the Colombian cartels began to utilize Mexico as their primary trans-shipment point. Juan Matta-Ballesteros was the Guadalajara Cartel's primary connection to the Colombian cartels, as he had originally introduced Félix Gallardo's predecessor, Alberto Sicilia Falcón, to Santiago Ocampo of the Cali Cartel, one of the largest Colombian drug cartels. Rather than taking cash payments for their services, the smugglers in the Guadalajara Cartel took a"
},
{
"title": "Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo",
"text": " 50% cut of the cocaine they transported from Colombia. This proved to be extremely profitable for them, with some estimating that the trafficking network, then operated by Félix Gallardo, Ernesto Carrillo and Rafael Quintero, was pulling in approximately $5 billion annually. Until the end of the 1980s, the Guadalajara Cartel headed by Félix Gallardo (comprising what is now known today as the Sinaloa, Tijuana, Juarez and Pacifico Sur cartels) had nearly monopolized the illegal drug trade in Mexico.</s><s>Murder of DEA agent Kiki Camarena. In 1980, DEA special agent Enrique \"Kiki\" Camarena was assigned to the Administration's resident agency in Guadalajara. Working through informants, Camarena discovered cartel marijuana plantations in Zacatecas state. The plantations were raided and destroyed. In 1984, Mexican soldiers, backed by helicopters, destroyed an even larger 1,000 hectare (≈2,500 acre) marijuana plantation known as \"Rancho Búfalo\" in Chihuahua, known to be protected by Mexican DFS intelligence agents, as part of \"Operation Godfather\". Thousands of farmers worked the fields at"
},
{
"title": "Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo",
"text": " Rancho Búfalo, and the annual production was later valued at 8 billion. All of this took place with the knowledge of local police, politicians, and the military. Camarena was beginning to expose the connections among drug traffickers, Mexican law enforcement, and high-ranking government officials within the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), which Félix Gallardo considered to be a major threat to the Guadalajara cartel's operations throughout Mexico. In response, Félix Gallardo reportedly ordered the kidnapping of Camarena. On February 7, 1985, Jalisco police officers on the cartel's payroll kidnapped Camarena as he left the U.S. consulate in Guadalajara. His helicopter pilot, Alfredo Zavala Avelar, was kidnapped shortly afterward. They were brought to a residence located at 881 Lope de Vega in the colonia of Jardines del Bosque, in the western section of the city of Guadalajara, owned by Rafael Caro Quintero, where they were tortured and interrogated over a period of 30 hours. On February 9, Camarena was tortured and murdered. Autopsy results indicated that he died when his skull was perfor"
},
{
"title": "Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo",
"text": "ated with a drill. He was injected with adrenaline and other drugs to be kept awake during his torture and interrogation. His body, wrapped in plastic, was found with that of pilot Alfredo Zavala Avelar, in a shallow hole on a ranch in Michoacan state. The murder prompted one of the largest DEA homicide investigations ever undertaken, Operation Leyenda. A special unit was dispatched to coordinate the investigation in Mexico, where corrupt officials were being implicated. Investigators identified Félix Gallardo and his two close associates, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo and Rafael Caro Quintero, as the primary suspects in the kidnapping. Under pressure from the US, Fonseca and Quintero were apprehended, but Félix Gallardo still enjoyed political protection.</s><s>Arrest. Félix Gallardo kept a low profile and, in 1987, moved with his family to Guadalajara. He was arrested in Mexico on April 8, 1989, and was charged by the authorities in Mexico and the United States with the kidnapping and murder of DEA agent Enrique Camarena, as well as racketeering, drug smuggling, and multiple violent crimes. According to US officials, Félix Gallardo also spent time at"
},
{
"title": "Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo",
"text": " the Sinaloa governor's house as a guest, which governor Antonio Toledo Corro has denied. When asked about his association with Félix Gallardo, governor Toledo said he was \"unaware of any outstanding arrest warrants\" against Félix Gallardo. The arrest of Félix Gallardo was the catalyst for exposing the widespread corruption at political and law enforcement levels in Mexico. Within days of Félix Gallardo's arrest, and under pressure from the media, several police commanders were arrested with as many as 90 officers deserting. Félix Gallardo's arrest also led to the dismantling of the Guadalajara Cartel, as key members of the federation chose to withdraw and form their own cartels, relying on violence to claim various territories and trafficking routes. The continuous disputes and conflict among the leaders would breed political, social, and military chaos, and eventually lead to the Mexican Drug War.</s><s>Incarceration. Félix Gallardo was initially sentenced to 40 years of prison. After serving 28 years, a 2017 retrial sentenced him to an additional 37 years. While incarcerated, Félix Gallardo remained one of Mexico's major traffickers, maintaining his organization via mobile phone. After his arrest,"
},
{
"title": "Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo",
"text": " Félix Gallardo decided to divide up the trade he controlled as it would be more efficient and less likely to be brought down by law enforcement. Félix Gallardo instructed his lawyer to convene the nation's top drug narcos in 1989 at a house in the resort of Acapulco where he designated the \"plazas\" or territories. The Tijuana route would go to his nephews, the Arellano Felix brothers. The Ciudad Juárez route would go to the Carrillo Fuentes family. Miguel Caro Quintero would run the Sonora corridor. Joaquín Guzmán Loera and Héctor Luis Palma Salazar were left the Pacific coast operations, with Ismael Zambada García joining them soon after and thus becoming the Sinaloa Cartel, which was not a party to the 1989 pact. When Félix Gallardo was transferred to a high-security prison in 1993, he lost any remaining control over the other drug lords. As he aged, Félix Gallardo complained that he lived in poor conditions while in jail. He says that he suffers from vertigo, deafness, loss of an eye, and blood circulation problems. He lives"
},
{
"title": "Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo",
"text": " in a 240 × 440 cm (8x14ft) cell, which he is not allowed to leave, even to use the recreational area. In March 2013, Félix Gallardo started a legal process to continue his prison sentence at home when he reached his 70th birthday (8 January 2016). On 29 April 2014, a Mexican federal court denied Félix Gallardo's petition to be transferred from the maximum-security prison to a medium-security one. On 18 December 2014, federal authorities approved his request to transfer to a medium-security prison in Guadalajara (State of Jalisco), due to his declining health. On 20 February 2019, a court in Mexico City denied his request to complete the remainder of his sentence at his home. The court stated that Félix Gallardo's defense did not provide them with sufficient evidence to prove that his health issues were putting his life at risk. On September 12, 2022 it was reported that Félix Gallardo was granted house arrest and will be moved on September 13, 2022. Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador released a statement about his transfer. \"I do not want anyone to suffer. I do not want anyone to be in jail.\"</s>"
},
{
"title": "Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo",
"text": "<s>Memoirs. In 2008, the investigative journalist was able to contact Félix Gallardo through the latter's 13-year-old son. Félix Gallardo secretly wrote about his life and passed the hand-written notes to Osorno. The memoirs include narrative about his arrest and presentation before police, and explains a bit of his family tree, jumping from one topic to another. Selections of the 35 pages were published in the Mexican magazine \"Gatopardo,\" with background by the journalist.</s><s>Family. Upon his arrest at least nine of Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo's nieces and nephews took over different roles within the organization to form the Arellano Félix Organization, also known as the Tijuana Cartel. Another niece, Sandra Ávila Beltrán, is a former member of the Sinaloa Cartel. Members of the Arellano Félix Organization (Tijuana Cartel) - Alicia Arellano Félix is his niece. - Benjamín Arellano Félix (Incarcerated), a member and former leader of the Arellano Félix Organization, is his nephew. -"
},
{
"title": "Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo",
"text": " Carlos Arellano Félix is his nephew. - Eduardo Arellano Félix (Incarcerated) is his nephew. - Enedina Arellano Félix de Toledo, Leader of the Arellano Félix Organization, is his niece. - Fabian Arellano Corona is his grandnephew. - Francisco Javier Arellano Félix (Incarcerated) is his nephew. - Francisco Rafael Arellano Félix (Deceased) was his nephew. - Javier Benjamin Briseño Arellano is his grandnephew. Has also went by the name: Javier Gallardo and his son Javier R. Gallardo is estranged and unknown. - Luis Fernando Arellano Félix is his nephew. - Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano (Incarcerated) is his grandnephew. - Ramón Arellano Félix (Deceased), a member and former leader of the Arellano Félix Organization, is his nephew. Sinaloa Cartel - Sandra Ávila Beltrán, a former member of the Sinaloa Cartel, is his niece."
},
{
"title": "Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo",
"text": "</s><s>In popular culture. - In second season of the Colombian TV Series \"El cartel\", Félix Gallardo is portrayed by the Mexican actor as the character of 'El Golfo'. - In TV Series \"Alias El Mexicano,\" he is portrayed by the Mexican actor. - In seasons 1, 2 and 3 of the Netflix series \"\" (2018), Félix Gallardo is portrayed by Mexican actor Diego Luna. - A character based on Gallardo is featured briefly in the 2017 television series \"El Chapo\".</s><s>See also. - Mexican Drug War - War on Drugs</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000464
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Shakira.
|
[
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": "<s>Shakira Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll (, ; born 2 February 1977) is a Colombian singer and songwriter. Born and raised in Barranquilla, she has been referred to as the \"Queen of Latin Music\"Multiple sources: - - and is noted for her musical versatility.Multiple sources: - - - She made her recording debut with Sony Music Colombia at the age of 13. Following the commercial failure of her first two albums, \"Magia\" (1991) and \"Peligro\" (1993), she rose to prominence in Hispanic countries with her next albums, \"Pies Descalzos\" (1995) and \"Dónde Están los Ladrones?\" (1998). She entered the English-language market with her fifth album, \"Laundry Service\" (2001), which sold over 13 million copies worldwide. Buoyed by the international success of her singles \"Whenever, Wherever\" and \"Underneath Your Clothes\", the album propelled her reputation as a leading crossover artist. Broadcast Music, Inc., described Shakira as a \"pioneer\" who extended the global reach of Latino singers. Her success was further solidified with the Spanish albums \"Fijación Oral, Vol"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": ". 1\" (2005), \"Sale el Sol\" (2010), and \"El Dorado\" (2017), all of which topped the \"Billboard\" Top Latin Albums chart and were certified diamond (Latin) by the Recording Industry Association of America. Meanwhile, her English albums \"Oral Fixation, Vol. 2\" (2005), \"She Wolf\" (2009) and \"Shakira\" (2014) were all certified gold, platinum, or multi-platinum in various countries worldwide. Some of her songs have charted at number one in multiple countries, including \"Whenever, Wherever\", La Tortura\", \"Hips Don't Lie\", \"Beautiful Liar\", \"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)\", \"Loca\", \"Can't Remember to Forget You\", \"Chantaje\", \"Bzrp Music Sessions, Vol. 53\", and \"TQG\". She served as a coach on two seasons of the American singing competition television series \"The Voice\" (2013–2014). With a catalog of 145 songs, Shakira has sold over 85 million records, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. \"Forbes\" Colombia reported that as of 2018, she is"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " the top-selling female Latin artist of all time. She is credited with opening the doors of the international market for other Latin artists.Multiple sources: - - - - She has received numerous awards, including three Grammy Awards, twelve Latin Grammy Awards, four MTV Video Music Awards, seven \"Billboard\" Music Awards, thirty-nine \"Billboard\" Latin Music Awards, twenty-one Guinness World Records, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She was named the Top Female Latin Artist of the Decade by \"Billboard\" twice (2000s and 2010s). For her philanthropic work with her Barefoot Foundation and her contributions to music she received the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year and Harvard Foundation Artist of the Year awards in 2011. She was appointed to the President's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanics in the US in 2011, and Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government in 2012.</s><s>Early life. Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll was born on 2 February 1977 in Barranquilla, Colombia. She is the only child of William Mebarak Chadid and Nidia Ripoll Torrado. She is a Colombian of Lebanese descent. Her father William was born in New York"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " City to a family from Lebanon. When he was five, his family moved to Colombia.Multiple sources: - - - - Her Colombian mother's side has two Spanish surnames, \"Ripoll\" and \"Torrado\", the former of which is Catalan and originates from four brothers who immigrated from Catalonia to coastal Colombia in the 19th century.Multiple sources: - - - She has also claimed to have distant Italian roots through an ancestor with the surname \"Pisciotti\". She was raised Catholic and attended Catholic schools. She has eight older half-siblings from her father's previous marriage. Shakira spent much of her youth in Barranquilla, a city located on the northern Caribbean coast of Colombia. Shakira wrote her first poem, titled \"La rosa de cristal\" ('The Crystal Rose'), when she was only four years old. As she was growing up, she was fascinated watching her father writing stories on a typewriter, and asked for one as a Christmas gift. She got that typewriter at age seven, and has continued writing poetry since then. These poems eventually evolved into songs. When Shakira was two years old, an older half-brother was killed in a motorcycle accident; six years later,"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " at age eight, Shakira wrote her first song, titled \"Tus gafas oscuras\" ('Your dark glasses'), which was inspired by her father, who for years wore dark glasses to hide his grief. When Shakira was four, her father took her to a local Middle Eastern restaurant, where Shakira first heard the doumbek, a traditional drum used in Middle-Eastern music and which typically accompanied belly dancing. She started dancing on the table, and the experience made her realize that she wanted to be a performer. She enjoyed singing for schoolmates and teachers (and even the nuns) at her Catholic school, but in second grade, she was rejected for the school choir because her vibrato was too strong. The music teacher told her that she sounded \"like a goat\". At school, she was often sent out of the class because of her hyperactivity. She says she had also been known as \"the belly dancer girl\", as she would demonstrate every Friday at school a number she had learned. \"That's how I discovered my passion for live performance,\" she says. To instill gratitude in Shakira for her upbringing, her father took her to a local park to see orphans who lived there. The images stayed with her, and she said"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " to herself: \"One day I'm going to help these kids when I become a famous artist.\" Between ages ten and thirteen, Shakira was invited to various events in Barranquilla and gained some recognition in the area. It was at this approximate time that she met local theater producer Monica Ariza, who was impressed with her and as a result tried to help her career. During a flight from Barranquilla to Bogotá, Ariza convinced Sony Colombia executive Ciro Vargas to hold an audition for Shakira in a hotel lobby. Vargas held Shakira in high regard and, returning to the Sony office, gave the cassette to a song and artist director. However, the director was not overly excited and thought Shakira was something of \"a lost cause\". Undaunted and still convinced that Shakira had talent, Vargas set up an audition in Bogotá. He arranged for Sony Colombia executives to arrive at the audition, with the idea of surprising them with Shakira's performance. She performed three songs for the executives and impressed them enough for her to be signed to record three albums.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:1990–1995: Beginnings. Shakira's debut album, \"Magia\", was recorded with Sony"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " Music Colombia in 1990 when she was only 13 years old. The songs are a collection made by her since she was eight, mixed pop-rock ballads and disco uptempo songs with electronic accompaniment. The album was released in June 1991 and featured \"Magia\" and three other singles. Though it fared well on Colombian radio and gave the young Shakira much exposure, the album did not fare well commercially, as only 1,200 copies were sold worldwide. After the poor performance of \"Magia\", Shakira's label urged her to return to the studio to release a follow-up record. Though she was little known outside of her native Colombia at the time, Shakira was invited to perform at Chile's Viña del Mar International Song Festival in February 1993. The festival gave aspiring Latin American singers a chance to perform their songs, and the winner was then chosen by a panel of judges. Shakira performed the ballad \"Eres\" (\"You Are\") and won the trophy for third place. One of the judges who voted for her to win was the then 20-year-old Ricky Martin, whose initial prominence had come from his membership in Menudo. Shakira's second studio album, titled \"Peligro\", was released in March,"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " but Shakira was not pleased with the final result, mainly taking issue with the production. The album was better received than \"Magia\" had been, though it was also considered a commercial failure due to Shakira's refusal to advertise or promote it. Shakira then decided to take a hiatus from recording so that she could graduate from high school. In the same year, Shakira starred in the Colombian TV series \"The Oasis\", loosely based on the Armero tragedy in 1985. Since then, the albums have been pulled from release and are not considered official Shakira albums but rather promotional albums.</s><s>Career.:1995–2000: Latin breakthrough. Shakira originally recorded the song \"¿Dónde Estás Corazón?\" (later released on her album \"Pies Descalzos\") for the compilation album \"Nuestro Rock\" in 1994, released exclusively in Colombia. The song was an instant success on radio stations in Colombia and Sony decided to finance her third record, by giving her the last chance due to previous commercial failures. Shakira returned to recording music under Sony Music along with Columbia Records in 1995 with Luis F. Ochoa, using musical influences from a number of countries and an Alanis Morissette-oriented"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " persona which affected two of her next albums. These recordings spawned her third studio album, and her international debut album, titled \"Pies Descalzos\". Recording for the album began in February 1995, after the success of her single \"¿Dónde Estás Corazón?\". The album, \"Pies Descalzos\", was released in October 1995 in the Latin American countries and in February 1996 in the US. It reached number five on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Top Latin Albums chart. The album spawned six hit singles, \"Estoy Aquí\", which reached number two on the U.S. Latin chart, \"¿Dónde Estás Corazón?\" which reached number five on the U.S. Latin chart, \"Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos\" which reached number 11 on the U.S. Latin chart, \"Un Poco de Amor\" which reached number six on the U.S. Latin chart, \"Antología\" which reached number 15 on the U.S. Latin chart, and \"Se Quiere, Se Mata\" which reached number eight on the U.S. Latin chart. In August 1996, RIAA certified the album"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " platinum status. In March 1996, Shakira went on to her first international tour, named simply the \"Tour Pies Descalzos\". The tour consisted of 20 shows and ended in 1997. Also in that year, Shakira received three \"Billboard\" Latin Music Awards for Album of the Year for \"Pies Descalzos\", Video of the Year for \"Estoy Aqui\", and Best New Artist. \"Pies Descalzos\" later sold over 5 million copies, prompting the release of a remix album, simply titled \"The Remixes\". \"The Remixes\" also included Portuguese versions of some of her well-known songs, which were recorded as a result of her success in the Brazilian market, where \"Pies Descalzos\" sold nearly one million copies. Her fourth studio album was titled \"Dónde Están los Ladrones?\" Produced by Shakira with Emilio Estefan, Jr. as the executive producer it was released in September 1998. The album, inspired by an incident in an airport in which a suitcase filled with her written lyrics was stolen, became a bigger hit than \"Pies Descalzos\". The album has reached a peak position of number 131 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " and held the top spot on the U.S. Latin Albums chart for 11 weeks. It has since sold over 7 million copies worldwide and 1.5 million copies in the U.S. alone, making it one of the best selling Spanish albums in the U.S. Eight singles were taken from the album including \"Ciega, Sordomuda\", \"Moscas En La Casa\", \"No Creo\", \"Inevitable\", \"Tú\", \"Si Te Vas\", \"Octavo día\", and \"Ojos Así\". Shakira also received her first Grammy Award nomination in 1999 for the Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album. Shakira's first live album, \"MTV Unplugged\", was recorded in New York City on 12 August 1999. Highly acclaimed by American critics, it is rated as one of her best-ever live performances. In March 2000, Shakira embarked on her \"Tour Anfibio\", a two-month tour of Latin America and the United States. In August 2000, she won an MTV Video Music Award in the category of People's Choice – Favorite International Artist for \"Ojos Así\". In September 2000, Shakira performed \"O"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": "jos Así\" at the inaugural ceremony of the Latin Grammy Awards, where she was nominated in five categories: Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album for \"MTV Unplugged\", Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for \"Octavo Día\", Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Short Form Music Video for the video for \"Ojos Así\".</s><s>Career.:2001–2004: English transition with \"Laundry Service\". Upon the success of \"Dónde Están los Ladrones?\" and \"MTV Unplugged\", Shakira began working on an English crossover album. She learned English with the help of Gloria Estefan. She worked for over a year on new material for the album. \"Whenever, Wherever\", called \"Suerte\" in Spanish-speaking countries, was released as the first and lead single from her first English album and fifth studio album throughout the period between August 2001 and February 2002. The song took heavy influence from Andean music, including the charango and panpipes in its instrumentation. It became an international success by reaching number one in most countries. It was also her first success in the U.S., by reaching number six on the Hot 100."
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " Shakira's fifth studio album and first English language album, titled \"Laundry Service\" in English-speaking countries and \"Servicio De Lavanderia\" in Latin America and Spain, was released on 13 November 2001. The album debuted at number three on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 chart, selling over 200,000 records in its first week. The album was later certified triple platinum by the RIAA in June 2004 as well. It helped to establish Shakira's musical presence in the mainstream North American market. Seven singles were taken from the album such as \"Whenever, Wherever\"/\"Suerte\", \"Underneath Your Clothes\", \"Objection (Tango)\"/\"Te Aviso, Te Anuncio (Tango)\", \"The One\", \"Te Dejo Madrid\", \"Que Me Quedes Tú\", and \"Poem to a Horse\". Because the album was created for the English-language market, the rock and Spanish dance-influenced album gained mild critical success, with some critics claiming that her English skills were too weak for her to write songs for it; \"Rolling Stone\", for one, stated that \"she sounds downright silly\" or \"Shakira's magic is lost"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " in translation\". A similar view was expressed by Elizabeth Mendez Berry in \"Vibe\": \"While her Spanish-language albums sparkled with elegant wordplay, this record is rife with cliches, both musically and lyrically. [...] For Anglophone Latin lovers, Shakira's lyrics are best left to the imagination.\" Despite this fact, the album became the best selling album of 2002, selling more than 13 million copies worldwide. and became the most successful album of her career to date. The album earned her the title as the biggest Latin female crossover artist in the world. Around this time, Shakira also released four songs for Pepsi for her promotion in the English markets: \"Ask for More\", \"Pide Más\", \"Knock on My Door\", and \"Pídeme el Sol\". In \"Chicago Tribune\", journalist Joshua Klein defined her international ascent \"as multilateral, multicultural and cooperative as they come.\" In 2002, at Aerosmith's MTV Icon in April 2002, Shakira performed \"Dude (Looks Like a Lady)\". She also joined Cher, Whitney Houston, Celine Dion, Mary J. Blige, Anastacia, and the Dixie Chicks for \"VH1 Divas Live Las Vegas\". In"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " August, she performed \"Objection (Tango)\" at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards, and won the International Viewer's Choice Award with \"Whenever, Wherever\". She also won the Latin Grammy Award for the category of Best Short Form Music Video for the Spanish version of the video. In October, she won five MTV Video Music Awards Latin America for Best Female Artist, Best Pop Artist, Best Artist – North (Region), Video of the Year (for \"Suerte\"), and Artist of the Year. In November, she embarked on the Tour of the Mongoose with 61 shows occurring by May 2003. The tour was also her first worldwide tour, as legs were played in North America, South America, Europe and Asia. Shakira's label, Sony BMG, also released her Spanish greatest-hits compilation, \"Grandes Éxitos\". A DVD and 10-track live album, titled \"Live & Off the Record\", was also released in 2004, commemorating the Tour of the Mongoose.</s><s>Career.:2005–2007: \"Fijación Oral, Volumen Uno\" and \"Oral Fixation, Volume Two\". Shakira's sixth studio album, \"Fijación Oral, Volumen Uno"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": "\", was released in June 2005. The lead single from the album, \"La Tortura\", reached the top 40 on the Hot 100. The song also featured the Spanish balladeer Alejandro Sanz. Shakira; Sanz and Daddy Yankee (\"Gasolina\") were the first artists to perform Spanish language songs at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards. The album was extremely well received. It debuted at number four on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, selling 157,000 copies in its first week. It has since sold over two million copies in the U.S., earning an 11× Platinum (Latin field) certification from the RIAA. Due to its first week sales, the album became the highest debut ever for a Spanish language album. After only a day of release in Latin America, the album earned certifications. In Venezuela, it earned a Platinum certification, in Colombia, a triple Platinum certification, while in Mexico demand exceeded shipments and the album was unavailable after only one day of release. Four other singles were also released from the album: \"No\", \"Día de Enero\", \"La Pared\", and \"Las de la Intuición\". \"Fijación Oral, Vol. 1\" has since sold over four million"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " copies worldwide. On 8 February 2006, Shakira won her second Grammy Award with the win of \"Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album\" for \"Fijación Oral, Vol. 1\". She received four Latin Grammy Awards in November 2006, winning the awards for Record of the Year, Song of the Year for \"La Tortura\", Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album for \"Fijación Oral, Vol. 1\". The lead single for Shakira's seventh album, \"Oral Fixation, Vol. 2\", \"Don't Bother\", failed to achieve chart success in the U.S. by missing the top 40 on the Hot 100. It did, however, reach the top 20 in most countries worldwide. Shakira's second English studio album and seventh studio album, \"Oral Fixation, Vol. 2\", was released on 29 November 2005. The album debuted at number five on the \"Billboard\" 200, selling 128,000 copies in its first week. The album has gone on to sell 1.8 million records in the U.S., and over eight million copies worldwide. Despite the commercial failure of the album's lead single in the U.S., it went on to spawn two more singles. \""
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": "Hips Don't Lie\", which featured Wyclef Jean, was released as the album's second single in February 2006. It would become Shakira's first number one single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, in addition to reaching number one in over 55 countries. Shakira and Wyclef Jean also recorded a Bamboo version of the song to serve as the closing ceremony song of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Shakira later released the third and final single from the album, \"Illegal\", which featured Carlos Santana, in November 2006. She then embarked on the Oral Fixation Tour, which began in June 2006. The tour consisted of 125 shows between June 2006 and July 2007 and visited six continents. In February 2007, Shakira performed for the first time at the 49th Grammy Awards and earned the nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for \"Hips Don't Lie\" with Wyclef Jean. In late 2006, Shakira and Alejandro Sanz collaborated for the duet \"Te lo Agradezco, Pero No\", which is featured on Sanz's album \"El Tren de los Momentos\". The song was a top ten hit in Latin America, and topped the \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Tracks chart. Shak"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": "ira also collaborated with Miguel Bosé on the duet \"Si Tú No Vuelves\", which was released in Bosé's album \"Papito\". In early 2007, Shakira worked with American R&B singer Beyoncé for the track \"Beautiful Liar\", which was released as the second single from the deluxe edition of Beyoncé's album \"B'Day\". In April 2007, the single jumped 91 positions, from 94 to three, on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, setting the record for the largest upward movement in the history of the chart at the time. It was also number one on the official UK Singles Chart. The song earned them a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Shakira was also featured on Annie Lennox's song \"Sing\", from the album \"Songs of Mass Destruction\", which also features other 23 other female singers. In late 2007, Shakira and Wyclef Jean recorded their second duet, \"King and Queen\". The song was featured on Wyclef Jean's 2007 album \"\". Shakira wrote the lyrics, and jointly composed the music, for two new songs that are featured in the movie \"Love in the Time of Cholera\", based on the"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " acclaimed novel written by Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez. García Márquez himself asked Shakira to write the songs. The songs that Shakira lent to the soundtrack were \"Pienso en ti\", a song from Shakira's breakthrough album \"Pies Descalzos\", \"Hay Amores\", and \"Despedida\". \"Despedida\" was nominated for Best Original Song at the 65th Golden Globe Awards.</s><s>Career.:2008–2010: \"She Wolf\". In early 2008, Forbes named Shakira the fourth top-earning female artist in music industry. Then, in July of that year, Shakira signed a $300 million contract with Live Nation, which was to remain in effect for ten years. The touring group also doubles as a record label which promotes, but does not control, the music its artists release. Shakira's contract with Epic Records called for three more albums as well – one in English, one in Spanish, and a compilation, but the touring and other rights of the Live Nation deal were confirmed to begin immediately. In January 2009, Shakira performed at the Lincoln Memorial \"\" festivities in honor of the inauguration of President Barack Obama. She performed \"Higher Ground\" with Stevie Wonder"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " and Usher. \"She Wolf\", was released in October 2009 internationally and on 23 November 2009 in the U.S. The album received mainly positive reviews from critics, and was included in AllMusic's year-end \"Favorite Albums,\" \"Favorite Latin Albums,\" and \"Favorite Pop Albums\" lists. \"She Wolf\" reached number one on the charts of Argentina, Ireland, Italy, Mexico and Switzerland. It also charted inside the top five in Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom. It debuted at number fifteen on the \"Billboard\" 200. \"She Wolf\" was certified double-platinum in Colombia and Mexico, platinum in Italy and Spain, and gold in numerous countries including France and the United Kingdom. The album sold 2 million copies worldwide, becoming one of Shakira's least successful studio album to date in terms of sales. In May, Shakira collaborated with the South African group Freshlyground to create the official song of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. \"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)\", which is based on a traditional Cameroonian soldiers's Fang song titled \"Zangalewa\" by the group Zangalewa or Golden Sounds. The single later reached the top 20 in Europe,"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " South America and Africa and the top 40 in the U.S. and was performed by Shakira at the World Cup kick-off and closing. It became the biggest-selling World Cup song of all time.</s><s>Career.:2010–2015: \"Sale el Sol\" and \"Shakira\". In October 2010, Shakira released her ninth studio album, titled \"Sale el Sol\". The album received critical acclaim and was included in AllMusic's \"Favorite Albums of 2010\" and \"Favorite Latin Albums of 2010\" year-end lists. At the 2011 Latin Grammy Awards ceremony, \"Sale el Sol\" was nominated for \"Album of the Year\" and \"Best Female Pop Vocal Album\", winning the award in the latter category. Commercially the album was a success throughout Europe and Latin America, \"Sale el Sol\" peaked atop the charts of countries Belgium, Croatia, France, Mexico, Portugal and Spain. In the United States, it debuted at number seven on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart marking the highest debut for a Latin album for the year and was Shakira's fifth album to peak at number one. According to \"Billboard\", 35% of its first-week sales were credited to strong"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " digital sales. The album also peaked at number one on both the Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums charts, achieving strong digital sales in the region. The lead single, \"Loca\", was number one in many countries. The album had sold over 1 million copies worldwide in 6 weeks, and over 4 million since its release. In September, Shakira embarked on The Sun Comes Out World Tour, in support of her two most recent albums. The tour visited countries in North America, Europe, South America, Asia, and Africa with 107 shows in all. The tour was met with positive reactions from critics, who praised Shakira's stage presence and energy during her performances. On 9 November 2011, Shakira was honored as Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year and performed a cover of Joe Arroyo's song \"En Barranquilla Me Quedo\" at the Mandalay Bay Events Center as a tribute to the singer, who had died earlier that year. In 2010 Shakira collaborated with rapper Pitbull for the song \"Get It Started\", which was slated to be the lead single from Pitbull's 2012 album, \"Global Warming\". The single was released on 28 June 2012. She was also signed to Roc Nation under management purposes for her upcoming"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " studio album. On 17 September 2012, it was announced that Shakira and Usher would replace Christina Aguilera and CeeLo Green as coaches, for the fourth season of the U.S. TV show \"The Voice\", alongside Adam Levine and Blake Shelton in March 2013. Shakira did not participate in the fifth season in September 2013 announcing that she would focus on her new album in the fall and would eventually return for the show's sixth season in February 2014. Shakira originally planned to release her new album in 2012, but due to her pregnancy, plans to release the single and video were postponed. In December 2013, it was announced that Shakira's new single had been delayed until January 2014. Shakira's self-titled tenth studio album was later released on 25 March 2014. Commercially the album debuted at number two on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart with first week sales of 85,000 copies. By doing so, \"Shakira\" became the singer's highest-charting album on the chart, although it also achieved her lowest first-week sales figure (for an English-language album). The album spawned three singles. After release the first two singles from the album, \"Can't Remember to Forget You\" and"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " \"Empire\". RCA chose \"Dare (La La La)\" as third single. The World Cup version was officially released on 27 May to impact radio stations, features Brazilian musician Carlinhos Brown. On 13 July 2014, Shakira performed \"La La La (Brazil 2014)\" with Carlinhos Brown at the 2014 FIFA World Cup closing ceremony at the Maracanã Stadium. This performance became her third consecutive appearance at the FIFA World Cup.</s><s>Career.:2016–2019: \"El Dorado\" and Super Bowl LIV. Shakira began work on her eleventh studio album in the beginning of 2016. In May 2016, she collaborated with Colombian singer Carlos Vives on the track \"La Bicicleta\", which went to win the Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. On 28 October 2016, Shakira released the single \"Chantaje\" with Colombian singer Maluma; though the song was a track from the upcoming eleventh studio album, it was not intended to be the lead single. The song became Shakira's most-viewed YouTube video, with over 2.1 billion views as of 1 June 2018. On 7 April 2017, Shakira released the song \"Me En"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": "amoré\" as the second official single taken from her eleventh studio album \"El Dorado,\" which was released on 26 May 2017. She also released the song \"Perro Fiel\" featuring Nicky Jam as a promotional single for the album on 25 May 2017. Its official release as the third single took place on 15 September 2017, the same date its music video, which was filmed in Barcelona on 27 July 2017, was released. Before being released as a single, \"Perro Fiel\" was already certified as gold in Spain for selling over 20,000 copies on 30 August 2017. In January 2018, Shakira won her third Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album for \"El Dorado\", making her the only female Latin artist to do so. She then released \"Trap\", the fourth single off the album and her second collaboration with Maluma. The El Dorado World Tour was announced on 27 June 2017, through Shakira's official Twitter account, and was slated to be sponsored by Rakuten. Other announced partners of the tour were Live Nation Entertainment's Global Touring Division (which had previously collaborated with Shakira on her The Sun Comes Out World Tour) and Citi, which the press release named as, respectively, the producer and the"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " credit card for the North American leg of the tour. The tour, it was announced, would begin on 8 November, in Cologne, Germany. But due to voice-strain related problems the singer experienced during her tour rehearsals, the date was cancelled one day before the original tour schedule, and it was announced that it would be rescheduled for a later date. On 9 November, for the same reason, she also announced the postponements to later dates, to be determined and announced, for both shows in Paris, as well as the following ones in Antwerp and Amsterdam. On 14 November, Shakira made an announcement, through her social networks, in which she revealed that she had suffered a haemorrhage on her right vocal cord in late October, at her last series of rehearsals, and that she thus needed to rest her voice for some time to recover; this forced the postponement of the tour's entire European itinerary to 2018. The Latin American dates were expected to be announced later, when the tour resumed. There were plans to bring the tour, when it did resume, to countries such as the Dominican Republic. In addition, a journalist from the Brazilian edition of the Portuguese newspaper \"Destak\" announced, on his Twitter"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " account, that the Colombian singer would visit Brazil the following March. However, according to the same newspaper, due to Shakira's hiatus to recover from her vocal-cord haemorrhage, the Latin American dates were also postponed to the second half of 2018. Eventually, Shakira did recover fully from the haemorrhage she had suffered and resumed her tour, performing in Hamburg, Germany on 3 June 2018. On 8 June, 2018, the singer releases her new single with Colombian singer Maluma titled \"Clandestino\". In January 2018 she announced the dates for her El Dorado World Tour. She began the first leg of her tour in Europe, starting in Hamburg, Germany on 3 June and then ending in Barcelona, Spain on 7 July. She then spent a short time in Asia on the 11 and 13 July, after which she went to North America. She started her time there on 3 August in Chicago and finished in San Francisco on 7 September. Her tour dates for Latin America, started in Mexico City on 11 October and finished in Bogotá, Colombia on 3 November. \"Forbes\" ranked her among the world's highest-paid women in music in 2019, at number 10. In February 2020, she and Jennifer Lopez performed"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " for the Super Bowl LIV halftime show. According to \"Billboard\", the halftime show had a viewership of 103 million people. On YouTube, it became the most viewed halftime show at that point in time. Shakira appeared in two television specials performing her songs during the COVID-19 pandemic, including \"\" (with \"Sale el Sol\") and \"\" (with \"Try Everything\").</s><s>Career.:2020–present: \"Deseo Inherente\" and \"Dancing with Myself\". The singer is currently recording her 12th studio album. On January 11, 2020, Shakira announced through her Instagram account the premiere of a new single titled \"Me Gusta\" with the collaboration of Puerto Rican singer Anuel AA. The song was released two days later. On February 2, 2020, Shakira along with Jennifer Lopez headlined the Super Bowl LIV halftime show, which took place in Miami Gardens, Florida. The event was viewed by more than 103 million people in United States. On February 3, 2020, Live Nation announced through his Twitter account a new world tour of the singer for 2021, which could not take place due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In January 2021, Shakira sold her catalog of 145 songs to Hipgn"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": "osis Songs Fund. The company did not disclose the financial details of the sale. On 16 July 2021, Shakira released a single titled \"Don't Wait Up\". On 21 April 2022, she released the song \"Te Felicito\" with singer Rauw Alejandro, as the lead single from her upcoming twelfth studio album. Shakira confirmed in May 2022 that work on the album was finished and it would be an electronic infused album with hints of urban and rock music. She was honored by the Ivors Academy in the United Kingdom with the Ivor Novello Awards' Special Award for Songwriting celebrating her songwriting in both English and Spanish and paving the way for Latin artists. By the end of that month, the dance reality competition show, \"Dancing with Myself\", on which Shakira served as an executive producer and co-creator,along with Liza Koshy and Nick Jonaspremiered on NBC. On 17 June 2022, she releases a single with Black Eyed Peas and David Guetta named \"Don't You Worry\", as a 14° single from Black Eyed Peas album Elevation. On 19 October 2022, she releases a new single with Ozuna titled \"Monotonía\". On 11 January 20"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": "23, Shakira released \"\" as a collaboration with Argentine DJ Bizarrap. On January 9, 2023, planes appeared in different cities with a banner that read: \"Una loba como yo no está pa' tipos como tú 11/01/23\" (A wolf like me is not for guys like you 11/01/23). What ended up being the preview of Bizarrap's new \"session\", which turned out to be highly mediatic because of its references to the end of her relationship with Gerard Piqué. On 24 February 2023, Shakira has released with Karol G a new song titled \"TQG\", as the sixth track from the album Mañana Será Bonito by KAROL G. On 5 March 2023, on social networks began to announce the singer a small lyric track of a new song with Manuel Turizo for his upcoming studio album, and the genre of the song is reggaeton, and they announced the title of the song, called \"Copa Vacía\", although there is no release date yet. Also days later the cover of this single was presented, where the singer appears as a mermaid. According to an alleged leaked image there are 19"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " songs included on Shakira's upcoming album \"Deseo Inherente\": it has the collaborations of various artists, and in the list of songs also appear the best known such as, for example, \"Te Felicito\", \"Monotonía\", \"\", \"TQG\", and his next single \"Copa Vacía\". It has collaborations from the following artists: Rauw Alejandro, Ozuna, Rosalía, Karol G, Bad Bunny, Manuel Turizo, Coldplay, J Balvin, Ed Sheeran and Bizarrap. Ozuna will be the singer who has two collaborations on this album, apart from \"Monotonía\" he also has the collaboration of the song \"Origami\" that is transcluded on this album. Of the best-known songs, their sound is already known, but of the others, the details of how those songs sound are still unknown.</s><s>Artistry. On her music, Shakira has said that, \"my music, I think, is a fusion of many different elements. And I'm always experimenting. So I try not to limit myself, or put myself in a category, or... be the architect of my own jail.\" Shakira has frequently stated she is"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " inspired by oriental music and Indian music, which influenced many of her earlier works. She has also been influenced by her Arab heritage, which was a major inspiration for her breakthrough world hit \"Ojos Así\". She told Portuguese TV, \"Many of my movements belong to Arab culture.\" She also cites her parents as having been major contributors to her musical style. She is also strongly influenced by Andean music and South American folk music, using her native instrumentation for her Latin dance-pop songs. Her earlier Spanish albums, including \"Pies Descalzos\" and \"Dónde Están los Ladrones?\" were a mix of folk music and Latin rock. Her cross-over English album, \"Laundry Service\" and later albums were influenced by pop rock and pop Latino. \"Laundry Service\" is primarily a pop rock album, but also draws influences from a variety of musical genres. The singer credited this to her mixed ethnicity, saying: \"I am a fusion. That's my persona. I'm a fusion between black and white, between pop and rock, between cultures – between my Lebanese father and my mother's Spanish blood, the Colombian folklore and Arab dance I love and American music.\" The Arabian and Middle Eastern music elements that"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " exerted a high influence on \"Dónde Están los Ladrones?\" are also present in \"Laundry Service\", most prominently on \"Eyes Like Yours\"/\"Ojos Así\". Musical styles from different South American countries surface on the album. Tango, a style of fast-paced ballroom dance that originated in Argentina, is evident on \"Objection (Tango)\", which also combines elements of rock and roll. The uptempo track features a guitar solo and a bridge in which Shakira delivers rap-like vocals. \"She Wolf\" is primarily an electropop album that combines influences from the musical styles of various countries and regions, like Africa, Colombia, India, and the Middle East. Shakira termed the album as a \"sonic experimental trip\", and said that she researched folk music from different countries in order to \"combine electronics with world sounds, tambourines, clarinets, oriental and Hindu music, dancehall, etc.\" Her 2010 album, \"Sale el Sol\", is a return to her beginnings containing ballads, rock songs, and Latin dance songs like \"Loca\". In 2017, \"Deutsche Welle\"s journalist Kate Müser commented on Shakira's \"global"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": "ized sound\": \"[her] Latin beats, spiced with Middle Eastern and other world elements and made comfortably familiar by being churned through the pop machine, make you feel like a citizen of the world.\"</s><s>Artistry.:Influences. As a child, Shakira was influenced by rock music, listening heavily to rock bands like Led Zeppelin, the Beatles, Nirvana, the Police and U2, while her other influences included Gloria Estefan, Madonna, Sheryl Crow, Alanis Morissette, Marc Anthony, Meredith Brooks and the Cure.</s><s>Artistry.:Dance. Shakira is well known for her dancing in her music videos and concerts.{{cite web |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/shakiras%20belly%20dancing%20discovery_27_01_2006</s><s>Artistry.:Singing. Shakira is a contralto and is known for her \"unique and mesmerizing\" singing voice which includes her \"trademark\" yodeling. Analyzing Shakira's cover of \"Je l'aime à mourir\", vocal teacher Beth Roars also noted Shak"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": "ira's use of yodeling, explaining that there is \"heaviness at the bottom of her tone\" which \"flips up\" into \"her head voice\", as well as her ability to execute \"complex melisma\". She also noted Shakira's use of \"Arabic scales\", then stating that she uses \"harmonic minor scales instead of pentatonic scales\".</s><s>Legacy and impact. Shakira is a prominent figure in Latin music, commonly hailed as the 'Queen of Latin Music' for her successful crossover to the global market. \"The New York Times\" called her the \"Titan of Latin Pop\" for her unique and leading position in Latin music, saying: \"Even as a new generation of Spanish-speaking artists are crossing over into American music's mainstream, Shakira's output stands alone.\" A similar comparative perspective was made by \"The Independent\", who named Shakira an \"International Phenom\" for her global appeal and sales statistics, further elaborating with \"To put her in perspective, other Latin exports such as Ricky Martin and Jennifer Lopez are mere minnows next to Shakira, both selling half the number of records she does\". \"Forbes\" has deemed Shakira as \"crossover phenom\" for her unmatched"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " success of crossover and one of the world's most powerful Latinas. \"Forbes\" further listed Shakira as one of the world's most powerful female celebrities. AllMusic's biographer Steve Huey described her as a \"Wildly inventive diva who created a cross-cultural pop sound rooted in her native Colombia but encompassing nearly every territory in the world. [...] she wrote or co-wrote nearly all of her own material, and in the process gained a reputation as one of Latin music's most ambitiously poetic lyricists.\" Her unprecedented crossover has inspired other Latin American artists to attempt crossing over, one example is Mexican pop star Paulina Rubio, having \"MTV\" saying \"there's no question that Shakira opened doors in this country for artists like Rubio to succeed.\" Similarly, \"Spin\" credits Shakira to have paved the way for other Latin artists to crossover, naming names like Maluma and J Balvin. After the crossover, her global and mainstream presence became big enough for \"Time\" magazine to call Shakira a \"pop legend.\" She was marked as \"one of the most influential artists of the 21st century\" by \"ET\". Throughout her career, Shakira has earned several titles, including \"The Crossover Queen\" by"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " \"The Economist\", \"The Queen of World Cup\" by \"Billboard\", and \"Latin America's Pop Queen\" by \"Pitchfork\". \"Billboard\" has also noted that Shakira's music videos have \"redefined the role of dancing in music videos\", while listing her as the best Latin female music video artist of all time. The Middle Eastern newspaper \"El Correo del Golfo\" credits Shakira with \"having opened the way\" for several Hispanic singers today. The authors of \"Reggaeton\", published by Duke University Press, credited Shakira for popularizing the genre \"(reggaeton)\" in North America, Europe, and Asia, while the \"Public Broadcasting Service\" called her one of the three \"most successful artists of the so-called Golden Age of Latin Music which reshaped America's cultural landscape for the twenty-first century\". Alongside her impact on Latin and mainstream pop culture, Shakira has also impacted popular culture in the Arab World due to her popularity in the region. In a publication titled \"Popular Culture in the Arab World: Arts, Politics, and the Media\", author Andrew Hammond credits Shakira for impacting and shifting the images of Arab pop stars such as Moroccan Samira Said and Lebanese Nawal Al"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " Zoghbi, saying \"[they] have shifted their image and sound in attempt to follow in her (Shakira's) footsteps\". In 1999 Shakira's \"MTV Unplugged\" became the program's first episode to be broadcast entirely in Spanish The concert is also noted to be the first time a Latin pop act attempted an Unplugged, as well as the first Latina solo act to do so. In 2001 Shakira's \"Whenever Wherever\" music video was aired on MTV with both the English and Spanish versions. According to a spokesman for the channel, this is noted as \"the first time that U.S. MTV has aired a Spanish-language video.\" Following Daddy Yankee's \"Gasolina\" by five months, \"La Tortura\" was one of the first full Spanish-language music videos to air on MTV without an English version. In 2005, Sanz and Shakira performed \"La Tortura\" at the MTV Video Music Awards. In 2006 \"Hips Don't Lie\" was selected as one of the greatest songs by 21st century female artists by National Public Radio, ranked at number 65. \"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)\" was named by \"Billboard\" the best and most commercially successful World"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " Cup song. Published by the US Bureau of International Information Programs, the journal \"Global Issues\" (2006) cited Shakira as an example of a celebrity \"in today's globalized world\" who \"made it big by sharing the uniqueness of their talent and culture with the global community.\" In 2020, \"The New Zealand Herald\" found Shakira's longevity in the industry \"particularly impressive given her ability to breach the lines of crossover, a feat not many artists have been able to achieve.\" A similar remark was made by \" Paper\" magazine, when writing about Shakira's longevity and her being one of the few pre-digital era artists to successfully crack the digital-streaming era of music, penning \"[Shakira] is a titan in the digital era of music where she devours billions of streams with her catalog.\" In 2010, Google revealed that Shakira was the most searched female entertainer of the year. In 2020, Shakira was the most Googled musician of the year. In December 2021 Shakira was named by Kiss FM as one of the most influential female artists of the 21st century highlighting her achievements in the international market Many artists have cited Shakira as an influence, including Beyoncé, Rihanna, Taylor Swift, Selena Gomez"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": ", Katy Perry, Will.i.am, Kylie Jenner, Lauren Jauregui, Christina Aguilera, Justin Bieber, Fergie, Maluma, Karol G, Camilo, Nicky Jam, Brie Larson, María Becerra, Dulce María, Anuel AA, Tini Stoessel, Ozuna, Natti Natasha, Rosalía, Carla Morrison, Ibeyi, Flo Milli, Manuel Turizo, Elena Rose, Francisca Valenzuela, Paloma Mami, Natalia Lafourcade, Kali Uchis, Ed Sheeran, Farina, Jbalvin, Lele Pons, Andres Cuervo, Li Yuchun, Prince Royce, Romeo Santos, Greeicy Rendon, Wendy Sulca, Anitta, Nathy Peluso, Britney Spears, Cardi B, Rita Ora, Vaness Wu, Gale, Sofia Reyes, Camila Cabello, Sebastian Yatra, Paty Cantú, Simone & Simaria, Becky G, Sasha Keable, Lola Indigo, Nora Fatehi, Kris Kross Ámsterdam, Bad Gyal, Jackson Wang and Ayra Starr. Shakira has even"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " received the admiration of intellectuals and writers such as Nobel Prize winner Gabriel García Márquez who has said \"No one of any age can sing or dance with the innocent sensuality Shakira seems to have invented\". Márquez wrote an essay exalting Shakira's \"phenomenal musical talent\", and \"extraordinary maturity\". The newspaper \"El Correo del Golfo\" wrote that Shakira was the greatest exponent of Middle Eastern music in the West, citing her interest in Arabic music and dance. Her influence has transcended the boundaries of pop culture, that she has become a socio-political influencer, and was named as one of the \"World's Greatest Leaders\" of 2017 by \"Fortune\". \"The Guardian\" has written an extensive article about Shakira's impact on Colombia's social change, specifically in education, and her ability to discuss this issue with world leaders like Barack Obama, and Gordon Brown. Similarly \"The Independent\" has described Shakira as a \"living proof that pop and politics mix\" further noting that through her efforts and influence she is able to have \"the ears of the global political elite\".</s><s>Legacy and impact.:Monuments. - In 2006, a, statue of Shakira was installed in her"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " hometown Barranquilla in a park near Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Meléndez. - In July 2018 Shakira visited Tannourine in Lebanon which is the village of her paternal grandmother. During her visit, she visited the Cedars Reserve in Tannourine where a square in the forest was named after her. The square holds the name \"Shakira Isabelle Mebarak\"</s><s>Achievements. Shakira has received numerous awards and recognition for her work. She is the recipient of three Grammy Awards and twelve Latin Grammy Awards—the most for a female artist. Shakira has sold more than 75 million records worldwide, making her one of world's best-selling music artists. By the time she released \"Laundry Service\" in 2001, she have already sold 10 million albums in Latin America according to \"Billboard\". Three of her albums are among the best-selling Latin albums in the United States: \"Fijación Oral, Vol. 1\" (8th), \"Dónde Están los Ladrones?\" (9th) and \"Pies Descalzos\" (23rd); she is the female artist with the highest number of best-selling Latin albums in the country. \""
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": "Fijación Oral, Vol. 1\" became the best-selling Latin pop album and the second best-selling Latin album overall of the 2000s in the U.S. \"Dónde Están los Ladrones?\" is also one of the best-selling albums in Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico; as well as \"Pies Descalzos\" is one of the best-selling albums in Brazil and Colombia. Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems said that \"Hips Don't Lie\" was the most-played pop song in a single week in American radio history, being played 9,637 times in one week. This song makes Shakira the first artist in the history of the \"Billboard\" charts to reach the number-one spots on both the Top 40 Mainstream and a Latin chart in the same week. Additionally, she became the only artist from South America to reach the number-one spot on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the Australian ARIA chart, and the UK Singles Chart. Shakira is the female artist with most top-ten hits on the \"Billboard\"s Hot Latin Songs chart (34). Her song \"La Tortura\" at one time held the chart's record for most"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " weeks appearing at number-one, with a total of 25 non-consecutive weeks (this record is currently held by the Luis Fonsi song \"Despacito\" with 56 weeks). She is also the act with most number-one songs on the Latin Digital Song Sales chart (14) and the female artist with most number-one hits on the Latin Airplay chart (18). Nokia stated in 2010, that there were more Shakira music downloads in the prior year than for any other Latino artist in the last five years, and \"She Wolf\" topped the Top 10 Latino downloads. In 2010, she was ranked number five on the 'Online Video's Most Viral Artists of 2010' with 404,118,932 views. In 2011, Shakira was honored at the Latin Grammys as Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year, and by the Harvard Foundation as Cultural Rhythms Artist of the Year. She also received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6270 Hollywood Blvd. Originally, she was to be given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2004, but she turned the offer down. In 2012, she received the honor of Chevalier De L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. In 2014"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": ", Shakira became the first musical act to perform three times at the FIFA World Cup. In the same year, \"Aleiodes shakirae\", a new species of parasitic wasp was named after her because it causes its host to \"shake and wiggle\". \"Forbes\" ranked Shakira on their list of \"Top 100 World's Most Powerful Women\" at number 40 in 2012, at 52 in 2013, and at 58 in 2014. In 2015 \"Time\" recognized Shakira as one of the most influential people on social media. Shakira and Argentine president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner were the only Latin influencers named on the list. More so, \"Time\" noted that Shakira has an \"unparalleled platform\" on social media where she promotes her philanthropy. In 2008, Shakira was named as the Honorary Chair of the Global Campaign for Education Global Action Week. In 2018, Spotify included Shakira in the list of the top 10 most streamed female artists of the decade on the platform, making her the highest streamed Latin artist. In 2020, Shakira became the first female artist to have 4 songs from different decades to have over 100 million streams on Spotify, also marking her as the only artist with Spanish songs,"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " the only Latin artist, and third overall after Michael Jackson and Eminem to achieve this milestone. In the same year, she broke the Vevo Certified Awards record, and set it at 37, becoming the artist with the most videos with over 100 million views. She is now worth $300 million. Shakira was recognized magazine Rolling Stone as one 100 Greatests Reggaeton Songs of All Time in 2022.</s><s>Other ventures. Shakira has ventured into many other businesses and industries. She acted in the Colombian telenovela \"El Oasis\" in 1994, playing the character of Luisa Maria. Shakira began her own beauty line, \"S by Shakira\", with parent company Puig, in 2010.{{cite web }} Among the first perfumes it released included \"S by Shakira\" and \"S by Shakira Eau Florale\", along with lotions and body sprays. As of 2019, she has released 30 fragrances, not counting deluxe editions. On 17 September 2015, she was featured as a playable bird in the game Angry Birds POP! for a limited time, and also in a special tournament in the game Angry Birds Friends after a few weeks. On 15 October 2015, Love Rocks starring Shakira was"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " the first video game that featured the pop star. On 14 August 2015, at Disney's D23 Expo, it was announced that Shakira would play a character in the Disney animated movie \"Zootopia;\" in it, she would give voice to Gazelle, the biggest pop star in Zootopia. Shakira also contributed an original song to the film, titled \"Try Everything\", which was written and composed by Sia and Stargate. It opened to a record-breaking box office success in several countries and earned a worldwide gross of over $1 billion, making it the fourth highest-grossing film of 2016 and the 43rd highest-grossing film of all time. In December 2021, it was announced that Shakira would be an executive producer for \"Dancing with Myself\", an NBC dance competition series.</s><s>Other ventures.:Philanthropy, humanitarian work and politics. In 1997, Shakira founded the Pies Descalzos Foundation, a Colombian charity with special schools for poor children all around Colombia. It was funded by Shakira and other international groups and individuals. The name of the foundation was taken from Shakira's third studio album, \"Pies Descalzos\", which she released in 1995. The foundation's main focus is"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " on aid through education, and the organization has five schools across Colombia that provide education and meals for 4,000 children. On 27 April 2014 Shakira was honored with the Hero Award at the Radio Disney Music Awards for her Fundación Pies Descalzos work. In 2005, Shakira became a founding member of Latin America in Solidarity Action, a coalition of artists and business leaders seeking to promote integrated early childhood public policies. In 2008, she served as the Honorary Chair of the Global Campaign for Education Global Action Week. Later, in 2010, she collaborated with the World Bank and the Barefoot Foundation to establish an initiative that distributes educational and developmental programs for children across Latin America. Shakira is a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador and is one of their global representatives. On 3 April 2006, Shakira was honored at a UN ceremony for creating the Pies Descalzos Foundation. In March 2010, she was awarded a medal by the UN International Labour Organization in recognition of being, as UN Labour Chief Juan Somavía put it, a \"true ambassador for children and young people, for quality education and social justice\". In November 2010, after performing as the opening act of the MTV European Music Awards, the Colombian singer also received the MTV Free Your Mind"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " award for her continuing dedication to improve access to education for all children around the world. In the Spanish edition of the magazine \"GQ\", Shakira directed a few words to Sarkozy, \"We are all gypsies\". In the interview she made her viewpoint very clear: \"What is happening now to them (the gypsies) will happen to our children and our children's children. We must turn to our citizens to act for the fundamental rights of human beings and condemn all that seems to us indictable\", she declared. In February 2011, the FC Barcelona Foundation and \"Pies descalzos\" reached an agreement for children's education through sport. Shakira was honored at the Latin Grammys as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year on 9 November 2011, for her philanthropy and contributions to Latin Music. Also in 2011, she was appointed by President Barack Obama to the President's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanics. The World Literacy Foundation announced Shakira as the recipient of the 2020 Global Literacy Award for \"her significant contribution to the improvement of literacy for disadvantaged children around the world.\" On 2 November 2018, during a visit to her birthplace, Barranquilla, for the construction of a school through her Barefoot Foundation (Pies"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " Descalzos Foundation), Shakira spoke about the educational policies of the government under Ivan Duque (President of Colombia, 2018–2022). Speaking against the government's intentions to reduce the national education budget from 13% to 7%, she said, \"This is unacceptable. It shows that instead of progressing forward we are moving backward. We need to invest more in education and we need to build more schools in places where there are none\". She also talked about social inequality and unschooling. In 2020, Shakira was appointed by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge as a voters’ council member for the Earthshot prize which provides 50 environmental pioneers with the funds needed to further their work in tackling major problems impacting the environment. In May 2020, Shakira donated more than 50,000 face masks and ten respirators to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in her hometown of Barranquilla. During the 2021 Colombian protests, Shakira condemned the violence and asked President Iván Duque Márquez to \"immediately stop the human rights violations\" and \"restitute the value of human life above any political interest.\"</s><s>Personal life. Shakira began a relationship with Argentine lawyer Antonio de la Rúa in 2000. In a 2009 interview"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": ", Shakira stated their relationship already worked as a married couple, and that \"they don't need papers for that\". After 10 years together, Shakira and de la Rúa separated in August 2010 in what she described as \"a mutual decision to take time apart from our romantic relationship\". She wrote that the couple \"view this period of separation as temporary\", with de la Rúa overseeing Shakira's \"business and career interests as he has always done\". As first reported in September 2012, de la Rúa sued Shakira in April 2013, asking for $100 million he believed he was owed after Shakira suddenly terminated her business partnership with him in October 2011. His lawsuit was dismissed by a Los Angeles County Superior Court judge in August 2013. Shakira entered a relationship with the Spanish football player Gerard Piqué in 2011. Piqué, who is exactly ten years her junior, and Shakira met in spring 2010 after he appeared in the music video for Shakira's song \"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)\", the official song of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Shakira gave birth to the couple's first son, Milan, on 22 January 2013 in Barcelona, where the"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": " family took residence. Shakira gave birth to their second son, Sasha, on 29 January 2015. \"Forbes\" listed Shakira and Piqué in their list of \"World's Most Powerful Couples\". In June 2022, the couple confirmed in a joint statement that they were separating after being together for 11 years. In 2020, Shakira announced her completion of an ancient philosophy course through the University of Pennsylvania, describing it as an impractical hobby for her.</s><s>Personal life.:Financial controversy. In November 2017, Shakira was named in the Paradise Papers. It was revealed that she was the sole shareholder of a Malta-based company which was being used to transfer $30 million in music rights. Her attorneys insisted that her use of the company was entirely legal. In 2018, due at least in part to information revealed in the Paradise Papers, Spanish authorities began an investigation into Shakira's finances. Prosecutors argued that she did not pay taxes in Spain between 2012 and 2014, during which time she was living in Spain with Piqué and their family, while Shakira argued that she maintained her primary residence in the Bahamas during that period and otherwise was touring internationally. In July 2021, a Spanish judge ruled that there was \"evidence of criminality\" sufficient for Shak"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": "ira to be brought to trial on charges of tax fraud. In 2021, the Pandora Papers showed that Shakira submitted applications for three offshore companies in 2019. Her representatives told LaSexta that this paperwork was not filed for purposes of establishing new companies but as part of the process of dissolving existing ones. They further claimed that the companies had no income or activities and that Spanish authorities had been made aware of their existence. In July 2022, after not reaching a deal with the Spanish Prosecution Ministry, the singer decided to go to trial to prove her innocence. The prosecutor asked the judge for an eight-year prison sentence over six alleged tax fraud crimes. On 27 September 2022, a Spanish judge from Esplugues de Llobregat approved the tax fraud trial after prosecutors accused her of failing to pay €14.5 million ($13.9 million) in taxes. Shakira claims she has already paid all she owed plus €3 million ($2.8 million) as interest. As of mid-January 2023, a trial date is now inevitable, the date to be set once the presiding Barcelona judge, Ana Duro, receives the necessary qualifying papers from both parties.</s><s>Discography. - \"Magia\" (1991) - \"Pelig"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": "ro\" (1993) - \"Pies Descalzos\" (1995) - \"Dónde Están los Ladrones?\" (1998) - \"Laundry Service\" (2001) - \"Fijación Oral, Vol. 1\" (2005) - \"Oral Fixation, Vol. 2\" (2005) - \"She Wolf\" (2009) - \"Sale el Sol\" (2010) - \"Shakira\" (2014) - \"El Dorado\" (2017)</s><s>Tours. - Pies Descalzos International Tour (1996–1997) - Tour Anfibio (2000) - Tour of the Mongoose (2002–2003) - Oral Fixation Tour (2006–2007) - The Sun Comes Out World Tour (2010–2011) - El Dorado World Tour (2018)</s><s>See also. - List of artists who reached number one in the United States - List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart - Best-selling international artists in Brazil - List of highest-certified music artists in the United States - List of best-selling music artists - List of \"Billboard\" Social 50 number-one artists - List of highest"
},
{
"title": "Shakira",
"text": "-certified music artists in the United States - List of best-selling female music artists</s><s>Further reading. - VH1 Driven: Shakira (article) - VH1 Driven: Shakira (video) - - Book: \"Woman Full of Grace\" by Ximena Diego - - Pareles, Jon (14 November 2005). \"Shakira, from lip to hip\". \"New Straits Times\", p. L3. - \"Shakira pertahan orang Arab\". (8 November 2005). \"Berita Harian\", p. 13. - Frank Cogan's review of \"Laundry Service\" for \"The Village Voice\" - - Chart Performance for \"Don't Bother\" from the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 - Chart Performance for \"Oral Fixation 2\" - - \"New York Times Magazine\" article on Shakira's philanthropic work on education.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Shakira",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000465
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Philippe Coutinho.
|
[
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": "<s>Philippe Coutinho Philippe Coutinho Correia (born 12 June 1992) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger for Premier League club Aston Villa and the Brazil national team. He is known for his combination of vision, passing, dribbling and ability to conjure curling long-range shots. Coutinho showed prodigious talent and excelled in Vasco da Gama's youth system. He was signed by Serie A club Inter Milan in 2008 for €4 million and subsequently loaned back to Vasco, where he became a key player. He made his debut for Inter Milan in 2010, and was later loaned to La Liga club Espanyol in 2012. In January 2013, Coutinho joined Premier League club Liverpool. He flourished at Liverpool, being named in the PFA Team of the Year in 2015. In January 2018, Coutinho signed for Barcelona and won two La Liga titles with the club. He was loaned to German club Bayern Munich for the 2019–20 season, being part of the team that won a treble including the Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal and UEFA Champions League. Coutinho made his senior international debut for Brazil in 2010. He was part of the squad at the 2015 Copa"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " América and the Copa América Centenario in 2016, and made his FIFA World Cup debut at the 2018 World Cup, in which he scored two goals. He was also a member of the Brazil team that won the 2019 Copa América on home soil.</s><s>Early life. The third and youngest son of Esmeralda Coutinho and architect José Carlos Correia, Coutinho was born on 12 June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. He was raised in Rio's northern Rocha district between an old shanty town and industrial warehouses. As a child he was very shy and would prefer to be alone; he started playing football after watching his elder brothers Cristiano and Leandro play with their friends at a local concrete football pitch. He began playing futsal, and he said it helped him develop his skills as a footballer. Coutinho thrived in the street environment, developing skill and improvisation. After Coutinho joined a local football academy on the insistence of his friend's grandmother, his father was approached at a tournament by youth coaches at Vasco da Gama, where Coutinho attended a trial and joined their youth system.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Vasco da Gama. Coutinho flourished"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " in Vasco da Gama's youth system and was soon called up to the Brazil national under-14 team. In July 2008, at age 16, he signed for Serie A club Inter Milan for €4 million. Coutinho remained at Vasco on loan for two years as FIFA prohibited international transfer of footballers until they reached age 18, and he became a regular first-team player despite his young age. In 2009, he made 12 league appearances as Vasco won the Série B title and achieved promotion to the top tier. In 2010, he made 31 appearances and scored 5 goals in all competitions as he established himself as a key player.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2010–11 season. Coutinho's move to Inter Milan became effective in July 2010, after he turned 18, with new manager Rafael Benítez being quoted as saying, \"Coutinho is the future of Inter.\" On 27 August, Coutinho made his debut for Inter as a substitute during a 2–0 defeat to Atlético Madrid in the 2010 UEFA Super Cup. After dropping out of selection in the starting line-up, he returned to play in the crucial 3–2 win over Bayern Munich in Germany,"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " which saw Inter progress to the quarter-final of the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League. On 8 May 2011, in a 3–1 win at home against Fiorentina, Coutinho scored his first goal for Inter from a free kick that curled over the wall and into the net. His second goal for Inter came in a match against Cagliari on 19 November 2011, where Coutinho received a through-ball from teammate Ricky Álvarez and scored into the bottom left corner of the net to give Inter a 2–0 lead.</s><s>Club career.:Inter Milan.:2011–2013: Loan to Espanyol and return to Inter. During the 2011–12 season, Coutinho struggled to establish himself in Inter's team, leading him to join La Liga club Espanyol on 30 January 2012 on loan until the end of the season. He made his debut on 4 February, starting in a 3–3 draw with Athletic Bilbao. The following month, he scored his first goals for Espanyol side when he scored a two goals in a 5–1 victory against Rayo Vallecano. He scored 5 goals in 16 appearances during his loan with Espanyol before returning to Inter at the end of the season. Following the"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " expiry of his loan deal with Espanyol, Coutinho returned to Inter Milan but once again struggled to find game time at the San Siro, making just 10 league appearances and scoring one goal in the 2012–13 season.</s><s>Club career.:Liverpool.</s><s>Club career.:Liverpool.:2012–13 season. On 26 January 2013, Premier League club Liverpool agreed an £8.5 million transfer fee with Inter Milan for Coutinho, pending a medical exam and a work permit. Southampton had also expressed an interest but Coutinho said he would prefer to join Liverpool. On 30 January, Liverpool confirmed the signing of Coutinho on a long-term contract. The former director of football at Liverpool, Damien Comolli, later revealed Liverpool had scouted and ultimately signed Coutinho following a recommendation by then-Inter Milan manager and former Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez, who said the Brazilian would be \"world class\". Coutinho made his Liverpool debut on 11 February 2013, as a 77th-minute substitute in a 2–0 home defeat against West Bromwich Albion. On 17 February, he scored his first goal for Liverpool on his full debut in a 5–0 home victory over Swansea City. On 2 March, he set up Liverpool's first"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " and second goals in a 4–0 win over Wigan Athletic and followed on with a goal in a 3–1 away loss to Southampton and another assist in a 2–1 away win against Aston Villa. He was named Liverpool's Player of the Month for March. Towards the end of April 2013, he was named man of the match for his performance in Liverpool's 6–0 away victory over Newcastle United, claiming two assists and winning the free kick from which Jordan Henderson scored Liverpool's sixth goal. Coutinho then scored Liverpool's final goal of the season against Queens Park Rangers, executing a driven shot from 30 yards out after being played in by Jordon Ibe. He ended the 2012–13 season with three goals in 13 Premier League appearances for Liverpool.</s><s>Club career.:Liverpool.:2013–14 season. Coutinho began the 2013–14 season well before injuring his shoulder in a 2–2 draw with Swansea City on 16 September 2013. He was restored to the starting line-up for a 4–0 home victory over Fulham on 9 November. On 23 November, Coutinho scored the opening goal against Everton in the Merseyside derby in the first minute of the game. On 13 April 2014, Coutinho scored the winning goal in the 78th"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " minute in a 3–2 win against Manchester City. The result put Liverpool seven points ahead of Manchester City at the top of the 2013–14 Premier League table with four matches remaining. However, Manchester City had six matches remaining and went on to win the title, with Liverpool finishing second. During the season, Coutinho mainly played in central midfield and earned praise due to his long and accurate passing from midfield, dribbling skills and creative play to set up strikers Luis Suárez and Daniel Sturridge. Coutinho made 37 appearances and scored 5 goals for Liverpool in all competitions during the 2013–14 season.</s><s>Club career.:Liverpool.:2014–15 season. On 17 August 2014, Coutinho started in Liverpool's first match of the 2014–15 season, a 2–1 home win against Southampton. He created his first assist of the season in a 2–1 win against Swansea City in the fourth round of the 2014–15 League Cup, when he supplied the ball for Dejan Lovren to head the winning goal. Coutinho scored his first goal of the season on 19 October in a 3–2 away win against Queens Park Rangers after coming off the substitutes' bench. Coutinho signed a new contract with Liverpool on 3 February 2015 to keep him at the"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " club until June 2020. On 26 April, he was the only Liverpool player named in the PFA Team of the Year, and was named Liverpool's Player of the Season on 19 May. At the end of the season, he was shortlisted for the PFA Players' Player of the Year and the PFA Young Player of the Year, ultimately losing to Eden Hazard and Harry Kane, respectively.{{cite news |url=http://www.thepfa.com/news/2015/4/16/mens-pfa-young-player-of-the-year-nominees |title=Men's PFA Young Player of the Year: Nominees |date=16 April 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015 |publisher=Professional Footballers' Association }}</s><s>Club career.:Liverpool.:2015–16 season. On 9 August 2015, Coutinho scored the winning goal in the 86th minute with a curling 25-yard shot in Liverpool's first match of the 2015–16 Premier League, a 1–0 victory away to Stoke City. He was sent off on 29 August in a 3–0 home defeat to West Ham United, being booked the first time for dissent and the second for a foul on Dim"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": "itri Payet. On 31 October, he scored his first Liverpool brace, with two long-range shots in a 3–1 away victory over Chelsea. On 21 November, Coutinho scored in a 4–1 away victory over Manchester City, the first time he had scored in three consecutive Premier League matches. On 5 January 2016, Coutinho suffered a hamstring injury in a 1–0 away win over Stoke City in the first leg of the 2015–16 League Cup semi-finals, which sidelined him for five weeks. On 9 February, he returned to score a goal to make it 1–1 against West Ham United in the 2015–16 FA Cup, although Liverpool lost 2–1 after extra time. In the 2016 League Cup final on 28 February, Coutinho scored an 83rd-minute equaliser in a 1–1 draw against Manchester City. However, in the subsequent penalty shoot-out, his \"hesitant\" attempt was one of three saved by victorious City goalkeeper Willy Caballero. On 17 March, Coutinho scored Liverpool's goal in a 1–1 away draw with Manchester United, helping Liverpool to a 3–1 aggregate victory to progress to the quarter-final of the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League. On 13 April, Coutinho"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " was one of six players nominated for the 2015–16 PFA Young Player of the Year award. He played in Liverpool's 3–1 defeat to Sevilla in the 2016 Europa League final on 18 May at St. Jakob-Park.</s><s>Club career.:Liverpool.:2016–17 season. Coutinho scored twice in Liverpool's 2016–17 Premier League season opener on 14 August 2016 in a 4–3 win against Arsenal. His first goal was a curling 30-yard free kick to equalise at the end of the first half. He was voted man of the match for three successive matches for Liverpool against West Bromwich Albion, Crystal Palace and Watford. After 11 league matches, Liverpool reached the top of the table for the first time since May 2014, with Coutinho having played an important role. On 26 November, Coutinho suffered ankle ligament damage in the first half of a 2–0 win against Sunderland. He missed six weeks, returning to action on 11 January against Southampton in the 2016–17 EFL Cup semi-final first leg. In January 2017, Coutinho signed a new five-year contract with no release clause with Liverpool which would keep him at the club until June 2022. He was named man of the match for his performance"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " on 1 April 2017 in a 3–1 victory over Everton after scoring and assisting a goal. Coutinho became the leading Brazilian goalscorer in Premier League history after scoring his 30th Premier League goal in a win against Stoke City, overtaking Juninho.</s><s>Club career.:Liverpool.:2017–18 season. In August 2017, Liverpool rejected a £72 million bid from Barcelona for Coutinho, prompting him to submit a transfer request. Two more improved bids from Barcelona were rejected, leading one of their directors, Albert Soler, to claim Liverpool wanted £183 million for Coutinho, which Liverpool denied. Coutinho made his first appearance of the 2016–17 season for Liverpool on 13 September, coming on as a substitute in the 75th minute of a 2–2 draw against Sevilla in the 2017–18 Champions League. He scored his first goal of the 2017–18 Premier League on 23 September in a 3–2 victory away to Leicester City. On 6 December, Coutinho captained Liverpool for the first time in the absence of Jordan Henderson in a 7–0 home win against Spartak Moscow in the final group stage match of the season's Champions League, in which he scored his first hat-trick for the club. His second goal"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": ", a tap-in from Roberto Firmino's pass, was his 50th career goal for Liverpool in all competitions. Later that month, he opened the scoring in a 4–0 away win over AFC Bournemouth as Liverpool become the first team in Premier League history to win four consecutive league matches by at least a three-goal margin. On 26 December, he captained Liverpool in his 200th appearance for the club, scoring once and providing an assist in a 5–0 league win over Swansea City to score his third goal in as many league matches. Coutinho played what transpired to be his final match for Liverpool on 30 December 2017, featuring prominently in a 2–1 home win against Leicester City. On 31 December, sportswear company Nike—Coutinho and Barcelona's sponsor—advertised Coutinho's image on the back of a Barcelona shirt, despite Coutinho still being a Liverpool player at the time. Coutinho was omitted from the Liverpool squad to face Burnley on 1 January 2018 with a minor thigh injury. He left Liverpool having registered 12 goals and nine assists in 20 appearances for the club in the 2017–18 season.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2017–18 and 2018–19"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " seasons. On 6 January 2018, Liverpool confirmed they had reached an agreement with La Liga club Barcelona for the transfer of Coutinho. His transfer fee was reported to be an initial £105 million rising to £142 million with various clauses being met. During his medical, he was diagnosed with a thigh injury sustained a few days before joining Barcelona, meaning that he would be out for three weeks. Coutinho made his debut on 25 January, in a 2–0 (2–1 on aggregate) win against Espanyol in the quarter-final of the 2017–18 Copa del Rey, coming on as a 68th-minute substitute. Assisted by Luis Suárez, Coutinho scored his first Barcelona goal on 8 February against Valencia in the second leg of the Copa del Rey semi-finals just four minutes after coming on as a half-time substitute. On 28 October 2018, Coutinho scored his first El Clásico goal in a 5–1 win against Real Madrid. He scored his first Champions League goal with Barcelona on 4 October in a 4–2 away win against Tottenham Hotspur. On 16 April 2019, Coutinho scored a goal in a 3–0 win over Manchester United in the Champions League quarter-finals, which he celebrated"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " by putting his fingers in his ears and closing his eyes in response to recent criticism from fans. Former Barcelona player Rivaldo commented on the incident, saying: \"It was not a good gesture. He scored a great goal, but it's never good to do something like that to the fans\", then he added, \"The supporters criticise him because they know he has to give more. I don't know what happened to him during the week, what he read in the newspapers or saw on television, but you have to keep working, think about the next game and score goals. If he scores everything will change and he will be a player for the club.\" However, Coutinho won his second La Liga title with Barcelona in the 2018–19 season, in which he played 54 matches in all competitions, scoring 11 goals.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2019–2021: Loan to Bayern Munich and return to Barcelona. On 19 August 2019, Coutinho joined Bundesliga club Bayern Munich on loan for the 2019–20 season. Bayern paid a loan fee of €8.5 million plus Coutinho's wages. Bayern reportedly had the option to sign Coutinho on a permanent contract in the summer of 2020 for €120 million. He made his debut on"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " 24 August in a 3–0 win away to Schalke 04, in which he came on as a 57th-minute substitute. On 21 September, he scored his first goal for Bayern in a 4–0 win against 1. FC Köln. Coutinho said in a press conference that he was happy at Bayern Munich and intended to stay there. Coutinho scored his first hat-trick for Bayern Munich pn 14 December in a 6–1 win over Werder Bremen. On 14 August 2020, Coutinho came on in the second half of their Champions League quarter-final match against his parent club Barcelona, assisting Robert Lewandowski in the 82nd minute for the sixth goal and scoring the last two goals in the 85th and 89th minutes to complete an 8–2 victory. Coutinho came on as a substitute in the 2020 Champions League final, in which Bayern beat Paris Saint-Germain 1–0, which was the club's second treble of Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal and Champions League titles. Coutinho returned to Barcelona with the arrival of new coach Ronald Koeman. On 4 October 2020, he scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a 1–1 draw against Sevilla. On"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " 29 December, he suffered a knee injury in a 1–1 draw against Eibar and missed the remainder of the season.</s><s>Club career.:Aston Villa. On 7 January 2022, Coutinho joined Premier League club Aston Villa on loan for the remainder of the 2021–22 season, reuniting with former Liverpool teammate Steven Gerrard, Aston Villa's manager. Coutinho made his debut on 15 January as a 70th-minute substitute against Manchester United, scoring the equaliser in a 2–2 home draw. On 12 May 2022, Coutinho signed for Aston Villa permanently for an undisclosed transfer fee, reported to be £17 million, on a four-year contract.</s><s>International career. Having made youth appearances for Brazil from the under-14 team upwards, Coutinho became a key player in the Brazil squad that won the 2009 South American U-17 Championship, scoring three goals. Coutinho made his debut for the Brazil national team on 7 October 2010, starting in a friendly match against Iran. He was omitted from the squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil by manager Luiz Felipe Scolari. On 19 August 2014, Coutinho was called up to the national squad by new Brazil manager Dunga for the friendly matches against Colombia"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " and Ecuador in September, and played the final 25 minutes of the match against Ecuador. On 29 March 2015, he was selected to start in Brazil's 1–0 friendly victory over Chile in London. Coutinho was included in Brazil's squad for the 2015 Copa América, and he scored his first international goal on 7 June during a 2–0 friendly win over Mexico at Allianz Parque. In May 2016, Coutinho was included in Brazil's squad for the Copa América Centenario in the United States. On 8 June, in the second group match at the Camping World Stadium, he scored a hat-trick in a 7–1 win against Haiti. Brazil did not advance past the group stage after losing 1–0 to Peru. On 28 March 2017, Coutinho scored in a 3–0 win against Paraguay that ensured Brazil qualified for the 2018 World Cup. Coutinho was named in the Brazil squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. On 17 June 2018, he scored on his World Cup debut with a right-footed curling shot from outside the penalty area into the corner of the goal in Brazil's 1–1 draw with Switzerland in the group stage. In the following match against Costa Rica on 22 June,"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " he scored the opening goal in injury time of the second half and was named man of the match as Brazil won 2–0. On 6 July, he assisted Renato Augusto's goal in a 2–1 quarter-final defeat to Belgium as Brazil were eliminated from the World Cup. In May 2019, Coutinho was included in Brazil's squad for the 2019 Copa América on home soil. He earned his 50th cap for Brazil in the tournament's opening match on 14 June, and scored twice in a 3–0 win over Bolivia. He played in Brazil's 3–1 win over Peru in the final on 7 July at the Maracanã Stadium, helping the national team to their first major trophy in 12 years. Coutinho missed the 2021 Copa América in Brazil due to a knee injury. After going through 2021 without making an international appearance, Coutinho returned to the national team's line-up for 2022 World Cup qualifiers in early 2022, scoring against Paraguay and Chile. On 6 November, however, it was announced that he had suffered a muscular injury that would rule him out of the tournament.</s><s>Style of play. Considered to be an archetypal Brazilian number 10 advanced playmaker, Coutinho has been used as"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " an attacking midfielder, second striker, as a central midfielder in a number 8 role, and even as a wide attacking midfielder on the wing, where he excels at providing assists for teammates. Due to his dribbling ability, pace and agility, he has been compared to Lionel Messi and Ronaldinho by his former Espanyol manager Mauricio Pochettino, who also said, \"Philippe... he has a special magic in his feet.\" Former Brazilian striker Careca has also compared Coutinho to Zico due to his creativity, and was highly praised by his Liverpool teammates. Coutinho's elite vision and passing ability earned him the nickname \"Little Magician\" by Liverpool fans and his precocious ability has also led his team's supporters to give him the nickname \"The Kid\". Although naturally right-footed, Coutinho is capable of playing with both feet and can strike the ball particularly well from distance. He has a penchant for scoring from curling shots with his right foot from just outside or well outside the penalty area, especially after cutting inside from the left flank, and placing the ball into the top corner of the goal, which has led his former Liverpool manager Jürgen Klopp to compare him to Alessandro Del Piero. He is also a highly accurate free kick"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": " taker.</s><s>Personal life. When Coutinho moved to Italy at age 18 to join Inter Milan, he was joined there by his parents and his girlfriend Ainê, whom he had first met at a friend's party. On moving to Espanyol, his parents returned to Brazil. He married Ainê in 2012 in Brazil. The couple have two daughters and one son. Coutinho has tattoos down his arms which form tributes to his family and his wife. He is a Christian. During the early morning hours of 20 February 2018, Coutinho found his Barcelona home burgled. He had been out eating dinner with his family, and he was having construction work done on his house, which made it easier for burglars to break in. In August 2018, Coutinho gained a Portuguese passport through his wife, making him no longer a non-EU player.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>Honours. Vasco da Gama - Campeonato Brasileiro Série B: 2009 Inter Milan - Supercoppa Italiana: 2010 Liverpool - Football League Cup runner-up: 2015–16 - UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2015–16 Barcelona - La Liga: 2017–18, 2018"
},
{
"title": "Philippe Coutinho",
"text": "–19 - Copa del Rey: 2017–18; runner-up: 2018–19 - Supercopa de España: 2018 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga: 2019–20 - DFB-Pokal: 2019–20 - UEFA Champions League: 2019–20 Brazil U17 - South American U-17 Championship: 2009 Brazil U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup: 2011 Brazil - Copa América: 2019 Individual - PFA Team of the Year: 2014–15 Premier League - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2015–16 - Liverpool Fans' Player of the Season Award: 2014–15, 2015–16 - Liverpool Players' Player of the Season Award: 2014–15, 2015–16 - Liverpool Goal of the Season: 2014–15, 2015–16 - Liverpool Performance of the Season: 2014–15, 2015–16 - Samba Gold Award (Samba d'Or): 2016 - Football Supporters' Federation Player of the Year: 2016 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2018 - FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2018 - Bundesliga Goal of the Month: December 2019</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Philippe Coutinho",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000466
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Ronaldinho.
|
[
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": "<s>Ronaldinho Ronaldo de Assis Moreira (born 21 March 1980), commonly known as Ronaldinho Gaúcho () or simply Ronaldinho, is a Brazilian retired professional footballer who played mostly as an attacking midfielder, but was also deployed as a winger. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, he won two FIFA World Player of the Year awards and a Ballon d'Or. He is the only player ever to have won a World Cup, a Copa América, a Confederations Cup, a Champions League, a Copa Libertadores and a Ballon d'Or. A global icon of the sport, Ronaldinho was renowned for his technical skills, creativity, dribbling ability and accuracy from free-kicks, his use of tricks, feints, no-look passes and overhead kicks, as well as his ability to score and create goals, all prominent characteristics of his early-age background playing futsal. Ronaldinho made his career debut for Grêmio, in 1998. At age 20, he moved to Paris Saint-Germain in France before signing for Barcelona in 2003. In his second season with Barcelona, he won his first FIFA World Player of the Year award as Barcelona won the"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " 2004–05 La Liga title. The season that followed is considered one of the best in his career as he was integral in Barcelona winning the 2005–06 UEFA Champions League, their first in fourteen years, and another La Liga title, giving Ronaldinho his first career double, receiving the 2005 Ballon d'Or and his second FIFA World Player of the Year in the process. After scoring two spectacular solo goals in the first 2005–06 El Clásico, Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player, after Diego Maradona in 1983, to receive a standing ovation from Real Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu. Following a second-place La Liga finish to Real Madrid in the 2006–07 season and an injury-plagued 2007–08 season, Ronaldinho suffered a decline in his performances—often put down to a decrease in dedication and focus having achieved so much in the sport—and departed Barcelona to join AC Milan, where he won the 2010–11 Serie A. He returned to Brazil to play for Flamengo in 2011 and Atlético Mineiro a year later where he won the 2013 Copa Libertadores, before moving to Mexico to play for Querétaro and then back to Brazil to play for Fluminense"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " in 2015. Ronaldinho accumulated numerous other individual awards in his career: he was included in the UEFA Team of the Year and the FIFA World XI three times each, and was named UEFA Club Footballer of the Year for the 2005–06 season and South American Footballer of the Year in 2013; in 2004, he was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players. In his international career with Brazil, Ronaldinho earned 97 caps and scored 33 goals and represented his country in two FIFA World Cups. After debuting with the \"Seleção\" by winning the 1999 Copa América, he was an integral part of the 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning team, starring alongside Ronaldo and Rivaldo in an attacking trio, and was named in the FIFA World Cup All-Star Team. As captain, he led his team to the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup title and was named man of the match in the final. He also captained the Brazil Olympic team to a bronze medal in men's football at the 2008 Summer Olympics.</s><s>Early and personal life. Ronaldo de Assis Moreira was born on 21 March 1980 in the city of Porto Alegre, the state capital of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil."
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " His mother, Miguelina Elói Assis dos Santos, was a salesperson who studied to become a nurse. His father, João de Assis Moreira, was a shipyard worker and a footballer for the local club Esporte Clube Cruzeiro (not to be confused with the larger Cruzeiro Esporte Clube). After Ronaldo's older brother Roberto signed with Grêmio, the family moved to a home in the more affluent Guarujá section of Porto Alegre, which was a gift from Grêmio to convince Roberto to stay at the club. Still, Roberto's career was ultimately cut short by injury. It was in their new home where his father hit his head and drowned in the swimming pool when Ronaldo was eight. Today, Roberto acts as his manager, while his sister Deisi works as his press coordinator. Ronaldo's football skills began to blossom at the age of eight, and he was first given the nickname \"Ronaldinho\" – \"inho\" meaning small – because he was often the youngest and the smallest player in youth club matches. He developed an interest in futsal and beach football, which later expanded to organized football. Many of his signature moves originate from futsal"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": ", especially his ball control. His first brush with the media came at the age of 13, when he scored all 23 goals in a 23–0 victory against a local team. Ronaldinho was identified as a rising star at the 1997 U-17 World Championship in Egypt, in which he scored two goals on penalty kicks. Growing up, his idols included the World Cup winning stars; Rivelino (from 1970), Diego Maradona (from 1986), Romário (from 1994), and his two future international teammates Ronaldo and Rivaldo (which would form the attacking trio in Brazil's 2002 World Cup winning team). Ronaldinho is the father of a son, João, born on February 25, 2005, to Brazilian dancer Janaína Mendes and named after his late father. He gained Spanish citizenship in 2007. In March 2018, Ronaldinho joined the Brazilian Republican Party, which has links to the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God. Ronaldinho endorsed presidential candidate Jair Bolsonaro in the 2018 Brazilian presidential election.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Grêmio. Ronaldinho's career began with the Grêmio youth squad. He made his senior side debut during the 1998 Copa Libertadores. 1999"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " saw the emergence of the 18-year-old Ronaldinho, with 22 goals in 47 matches, and he put in headlining displays in derbies against Internacional, most notably on 20 June 1999 in the Rio Grande do Sul State Championship final. In a match-winning performance, Ronaldinho embarrassed Internacional's Brazilian legend and 1994 World Cup-winning captain Dunga, flicking the ball over his head on one occasion, and leaving him flat-footed in a mazy dribble on another. Ronaldinho achieved further success with Grêmio, winning the inaugural Copa Sul. In 2001, Arsenal expressed interest in signing Ronaldinho, but the move collapsed after he could not obtain a work permit because he was a non-EU player who had not played enough international matches. He considered playing on loan with Scottish Premier League side St Mirren, which never happened due to his involvement in a fake passport scandal in Brazil.</s><s>Club career.:Paris Saint-Germain. In 2001, Ronaldinho signed a five-year contract with French club Paris Saint-Germain in a €5 million transfer. Upon his arrival in Paris, Ronaldinho was given the number 21 shirt and inserted into a lineup that included fellow Brazilian Aloís"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": "io, midfielder Jay-Jay Okocha and striker Nicolas Anelka.</s><s>Club career.:Paris Saint-Germain.:2001–02 season. Ronaldinho made his league debut for the club on 4 August 2001, appearing as a substitute in a 1–1 draw with Auxerre. Ronaldinho spent the majority of the first few months of the 2001–02 season alternated between the bench and starter's role. He scored his first goal for the club on 13 October in a 2–2 draw against Lyon, converting the equalizing penalty in the 79th minute after having come on ten minutes prior. After returning from the winter break, Ronaldinho went on a tear, scoring a goal in four consecutive matches to open the new campaign. He recorded impressive goals against Monaco, Rennes, Lens and Lorient. On 16 March 2002, he recorded a double in PSG's 3–1 victory against relegation strugglers Troyes. He scored his final league goal of the season in the club's 2–0 win over Metz on 27 April. Ronaldinho was also influential in the 2001–02 Coupe de la Ligue, helping PSG reach the semi-finals where they were eliminated by Bordeaux. In a Round of 16 match"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " against Guingamp, Ronaldinho scored two second half goals in the game after having entered the match as a half-time substitute. Despite Ronaldinho's initial success with the club, the season was marred by controversy with Paris Saint-Germain manager Luis Fernández, claiming that the Brazilian was too focused on the Parisian nightlife rather than football, and complained that his holidays in Brazil never ended at the scheduled times.</s><s>Club career.:Paris Saint-Germain.:2002–03 season. Despite repeated rifts with Fernández, Ronaldinho returned to the team for the 2002–03 season, with the player switching to the number 10 shirt. Though his performances in his second season with the club were underwhelming compared to his first, Ronaldinho performed admirably with the club. On 26 October 2002, he scored two goals in PSG's 3–1 victory over \"Classique\" rivals Marseille. The first goal was a free kick, which curled past numerous Marseille players in the 18-yard box before sailing past goalkeeper Vedran Runje. In the return match, he again scored in PSG's 3–0 victory at the Stade Vélodrome, running half the length of the field"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " before flicking the ball over the goalkeeper. On 22 February 2003, Ronaldinho scored the goal of the season (chosen by public vote) against Guingamp — he beat one opponent before playing a one-two to beat another, then lifted the ball over a third before beating a fourth with a step over (dropping his shoulder, moving right but going left) and finished by lifting the ball over the goalkeeper. Ronaldinho was also praised for his performance in the Coupe de France when he scored both goals in the club's 2–0 win over Bordeaux in the semi-finals, which inserted PSG into the final. After scoring his first goal in the 22nd minute, Ronaldinho capped the game in the 81st minute, accurately chipping the ball at the 18-yard box over the head of goalkeeper Ulrich Ramé, despite Ramé being in a favorable position. For his performance, Ronaldinho was given a standing ovation by the Parisian supporters. Unfortunately for the club, however, Ronaldinho and the team failed to capture the form that got them to the final as they bowed out 2–1 to Auxerre due to a last minute goal from Jean-Alain Boumsong. Despite Ronaldinho's performances, the club"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " finished in a disappointing 11th-placed position. Following the season, Ronaldinho declared he wanted to leave the club after the capital club failed to qualify for any European competition.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona. Newly elected FC Barcelona president Joan Laporta stated, \"I said we would lead Barça to the forefront of the footballing world, and for that to occur we had to sign one of these three players, David Beckham, Thierry Henry or Ronaldinho\". Henry remained with Arsenal, and Laporta then promised to bring Beckham to the club, but following his transfer to Real Madrid, Barcelona entered the running for Ronaldinho and outbid Manchester United for his signature in a €30 million deal.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2003–04 season. The club where he would spend his peak years and the basis of his global fame, Ronaldinho made his Barcelona debut in a friendly against Juventus at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts on 27 July, with coach Frank Rijkaard stating post match, \"He has something special every time he touches the ball.\" He scored his first competitive goal in La Liga on 3 September 2003 against Sevilla at 1.30 a.m. local time, in a match that kicked off"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " at five minutes past midnight. After receiving the ball from his goalkeeper inside his own half, Ronaldinho ran through the midfield and dribbled past two Sevilla players before striking the ball from 30 yards which hammered off the underside of the crossbar and back up into the roof of the net. Ronaldinho suffered from injury during the first half of the campaign, and Barcelona slumped to 12th in the league standings midway through the season. Ronaldinho returned from injury and scored 15 goals in La Liga during the 2003–04 season, helping the team ultimately finish second in the league. His scooped pass set up the winning goal for Xavi away to Real Madrid on 25 April 2004, the club's first win at the Bernabéu in seven years, a result Xavi credits as the start of \"the Barcelona rise.\"</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2004–05 season. Ronaldinho won his first league title in 2004–05, and was named FIFA World Player of the Year on 20 December 2004. His captain at Barcelona, Carles Puyol, stated, \"The greatest compliment I could give him is that he's given Barcelona our spirit back. He has made us smile again.\" His fame was growing with his entertaining and productive play in both the La"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " Liga and the UEFA Champions League. On 8 March 2005, Barcelona were eliminated from the latter competition by Chelsea in the first knockout round, losing 5–4 over two legs. Ronaldinho scored both goals in the 4–2 second leg loss at Stamford Bridge in London, the second a spectacular strike where he feinted to shoot before striking the ball with little back-lift past Chelsea goalkeeper Petr Čech from 20 yards out. On 1 May 2005, Ronaldinho made the assist for Lionel Messi's first goal for Barcelona, executing a scooped pass over the Albacete defence for Messi to finish. With his contract expiring in 2008, Ronaldinho was offered an extension until 2014 that would have net him £85 million over nine years, but he turned it down. In September 2005, he signed a two-year extension that contained a minimum-fee release clause that allowed him to leave should a club make an offer to Barcelona of at least £85 million for him.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2005–06 season. By the end of the year 2005, Ronaldinho had started to accumulate a host of personal awards. He won the inaugural FIFPro World Player of the Year in September 2005, in addition to being included in the 2005"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " FIFPro World XI, and being named the 2005 European Footballer of the Year. Also that year, Ronaldinho was voted the FIFA World Player of the Year for the second consecutive year. He became only the third player to win the award more than once, after three-time winners Ronaldo and Zinedine Zidane. His domination as the world's best footballer was undisputed as he also won the prestigious Ballon d'Or for the only time in his career. On 19 November, Ronaldinho scored twice as Barcelona defeated Real Madrid 3–0 on the road in the first leg of \"El Clásico\". After he sealed the match with his second goal, Madrid fans paid homage to his performance by applauding, so rare a tribute only Diego Maradona had ever been granted previously as a Barcelona player at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. Ronaldinho stated, \"I will never forget this because it is very rare for any footballer to be applauded in this way by the opposition fans.\" The season is considered one of the best in Ronaldinho's career as he was an instrumental part of Barcelona's first Champions League title in 14 years. After winning their group convincingly, Barcelona faced Chelsea in the round of 16 for a rematch of the previous year"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": ". Ronaldinho scored a decisive goal in the second leg, going past three Chelsea defenders on the edge of the penalty area before beating the goalkeeper, sealing Barcelona's qualification to the next round. He also contributed one goal in Barcelona's elimination of Benfica in the quarter-finals with a 2–0 home victory. After a 1–0 semi-final aggregate win over Milan, in which Ronaldinho assisted the series' only goal by Ludovic Giuly, Barcelona progressed to the Champions League Final, which they won on 17 May 2006 with a 2–1 beating of Arsenal. Two weeks earlier, Barcelona had clinched their second-straight La Liga title with a 1–0 win over Celta de Vigo, giving Ronaldinho his first career double. Throughout the season, Ronaldinho linked up with prolific Cameroonian striker Samuel Eto'o in attack, providing a number of assists to the 34 goal striker; Ronaldinho's pass also put Eto'o through on goal in the Champions League Final from which he was brought down by Arsenal goalkeeper Jens Lehmann who was sent off. Ronaldinho finished the season with a career-best 26 goals, including seventeen in La Liga and seven in the Champions League, and was chosen for the UEFA Team of the Year"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " for the third consecutive time and was named the 2005–06 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year. He was named in the six man shortlist for the 2006 Laureus World Sportsman of the Year, and was selected in the FIFA World XI.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2006–07 season. On 25 November 2006, Ronaldinho scored his 50th career league goal against Villarreal, then scored a second time with a spectacular overhead bicycle kick; receiving Xavi's cross, he flicked the ball up with his chest and spun 180 degrees to finish – Barcelona fans waved white handkerchiefs in admiration of the goal. Post match he told reporters that the latter was a goal he had dreamed of scoring since he was a boy. He scored once and set up two others in Barcelona's 4–0 Club World Cup win over Mexico's Club América on 14 December in Yokohama, Japan, but Barcelona were defeated 1–0 by Brazilian club Internacional in the final. Ronaldinho was the recipient of the Bronze Ball Award for the competition. The next day, Ronaldinho finished third in the 2006 FIFA World Player of the Year, behind 2006 World Cup-winning captain Fabio Cannavaro and Zinedine Zidane."
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " In March 2007, defending champions Barcelona were eliminated from the Champions League at the last 16 stage by Liverpool. Ronaldinho was forced to miss a charity match on 13 March due to an injury he had picked up several days earlier in Barcelona's 3–3 \"El Clásico\" draw with Real Madrid. Although Ronaldinho scored his career-best 21 league goals, the team lost the title to Real with a worse head-to-head record, as both teams finished the season with the same number of points.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona.:2007–08 season. Ronaldinho played his 200th career match for Barcelona in a league match against Osasuna on 3 February 2008. His 2007–08 campaign as a whole, however, was plagued by injuries, and a muscle tear in his right leg on 3 April prematurely ended his season. Having been a model professional and devoted himself to training during his hugely successful first three seasons at Barcelona, Ronaldinho's partying lifestyle and lack of dedication to training saw his physical condition decline, with many at the club believing he was already below his prime. On 19 May 2008, Barcelona club president Joan Laporta stated that Ronaldinho needed a \"new challenge\", claiming that he needed a new club if he were to revive his"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " career. Ronaldinho and Barcelona teammate Lionel Messi each captained a team of international stars in an anti-racism exhibition match in Venezuela on 28 June, which ended in a 7–7 draw. Ronaldinho finished with a pair of goals and two assists in what would be his last match as a Barcelona player. In preparation for the 2010 Joan Gamper Trophy, Ronaldinho sent an open letter to the fans and players of Barcelona, stating that his best years had been the five he spent in the Catalan club. It was a sad moment for him and he later said in an interview that he regretted leaving without playing long enough with Messi.</s><s>Club career.:AC Milan. In July 2008, Ronaldinho turned down a £25.5 million offer from Manchester City of the Premier League, with purported wages of £200,000 per week on offer, to join Italian Serie A giants AC Milan on a three-year contract thought to be worth around £5.1 million (€6.5 million) a year, for €22.05 million plus €1.05 million bonus each season (€24.15 million in 2010). With the number 10 already occupied by teammate Clarence Seedorf, he selected 80 as his jersey number.</s><s>Club"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " career.:AC Milan.:2008–09 season. Ronaldinho scored his first goal for Milan in a 1–0 derby victory over Inter Milan on 28 September. His first brace was in a 3–0 win over Sampdoria on 19 October. He scored a 93rd-minute match-winner against Braga in the UEFA Cup group stage on 6 November. Ronaldinho finished the 2008–09 season at Milan with 10 goals from 32 appearances in all competitions. After a good start to the season, Ronaldinho struggled with fitness, and was often played from the bench to end a disappointing first season for Milan. A perceived lack of dedication in training and a lifestyle of late night partying not befitting of an athlete saw him receive criticism, with Carlo Ancelotti, his coach at Milan in his first season in Italy, commenting, \"The decline of Ronaldinho hasn't surprised me. His physical condition has always been very precarious. His talent though has never been in question.\"</s><s>Club career.:AC Milan.:2009–10 season. Ronaldinho's second season did not begin on a high note, but he soon rediscovered his form and was arguably Milan's best player of the season. Newly appointed coach Leonardo changed his role from a central attacking midfielder to the left side"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " of midfield, with Alexandre Pato on the right, in an offensive 4–3–3 formation. On 10 January 2010, Ronaldinho scored two goals against Juventus in an away match, sealing a 3–0 victory for Milan. In the following match, against Siena on 17 January, Ronaldinho scored his first hat-trick for Milan when he converted a penalty kick, scored with a header from a corner and finished with a strike into the top right corner from 20 yards out. The \"Estado De São Paulo\" newspaper declared, \"Ronaldinho revives his golden years.\" On 16 February, Ronaldinho played against Manchester United in the Champions League. He scored early in the game at the San Siro to give Milan the lead. Milan ended up losing the game 3–2, with a goal from Paul Scholes and two goals from Wayne Rooney. Ronaldinho finished the season as the assists leader of Serie A. On a less positive note, however, he missed three penalties in the domestic season to add to one botched kick the previous season. Ronaldinho ended the Serie A campaign scoring two goals against Juventus; Luca Antonini opened the scoring and Milan went on to win 3–0 in Leonardo's last game in charge.</s>"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": "<s>Club career.:AC Milan.:2010–11 season. During the first half of the season, Ronaldinho was part of the team's attack that also included two new signings, Zlatan Ibrahimović and Robinho. Before the winter break, he made 16 appearances, scored one goal, and made several assists.</s><s>Club career.:Flamengo. After being heavily linked with a move back to his childhood club Grêmio, Ronaldinho joined Flamengo on 11 January 2011 with a contract ending in 2014. During the transfer saga, many reports had linked the former World Player of the Year to joining different clubs, such as LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer, Blackburn Rovers of the Premier League, and Brazilian clubs Corinthians and Palmeiras. He was greeted by more than 20,000 fans at his unveiling at his new club on 13 January 2011. Ronaldinho scored his first goal for Flamengo in the 3–2 victory against Boavista on 6 February 2011. On 27 February, he converted a second-half free kick for Flamengo to beat Boavista 1–0 and win his first piece of silverware with the team, the Taça Guanabara. Ronaldinho lifted his first trophy with Flameng"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": "o after curling in a right-footed shot over the wall in the 71st minute at Engenhão stadium. The goal gave Flamengo its 19th Taça Guanabara title, which earned the Campeonato Carioca title two months later, as the team also won the Taça Rio. On 27 July 2011, Ronaldinho scored a hat-trick in Flamengo's 5–4 away win against rivals Santos, after being 3–0 down inside the first 30 minutes. On 31 May 2012, after being absent for a few days, he sued Flamengo claiming lack of payment for four months and cancelled his contract with the club.</s><s>Club career.:Atlético Mineiro. Ronaldinho made a move to Atlético Mineiro on 4 June 2012 in a six-month contract, just four days after leaving Flamengo. He wore number 49 in reference to his mother's birth year since his preferred number 10 was already assigned to Guilherme in the 2012 season. Ronaldinho made his debut for Galo on 9 June 2012, playing for 90 minutes in a 1–0 away win against Palmeiras, and scored his first goal for the club on 23 June 2012 against Náutico"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": ", from the penalty spot. Ronaldinho led Atlético Mineiro to a good 2012 season, in which the club finished second in the 2012 Brasileirão and qualified for the 2013 Copa Libertadores. Ronaldinho won the Bola de Ouro award, selected as the best player in the league. The following year, Ronaldinho helped Atlético win the Campeonato Mineiro and led the club to its first Copa Libertadores title. Ronaldinho scored four goals and assisted on eight occasions during Atlético's dramatic title run, which included consecutive comebacks from 0–2 first leg defeats in both the semi-finals against Argentine club Newell's Old Boys and the finals against Club Olimpia from Paraguay. Both ties were determined in Atlético's favour after penalty shootouts. Although six years past his best, Ronaldinho's displays saw him voted the 2013 South American Footballer of the Year. At the 2013 FIFA Club World Cup held in Morocco in December, Atlético lost 3–1 to Raja Casablanca in the semi-final, with Ronaldinho scoring from a free-kick. As the final whistle blew, the Raja Casablanca team rushed to their childhood idol and"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " stripped him down to his underpants in search of souvenirs. He renewed his contract with Atlético in January 2014. After winning the 2014 Recopa Sudamericana, Ronaldinho left the club in July, reaching an agreement to cancel his contract by mutual consent.</s><s>Club career.:Querétaro. After becoming a free agent, Ronaldinho was offered contracts from English Conference South club Basingstoke Town and newly formed Indian Super League franchise Chennai Titans through their co-owner Prashant Agarwal, but eventually signed a two-year contract with Mexican club Querétaro on 5 September 2014. Ronaldinho made his debut for Querétaro in a 1–0 loss to Tigres UANL where he missed a penalty kick. In his next match, however, against Guadalajara, he had a much better game, setting up Camilo Sanvezzo to score as well as scoring himself from a penalty kick in a 4–1 win. On 30 October 2014, he scored a free kick against Atlas during an away match at the Estadio Jalisco. On 18 April 2015, Ronaldinho scored twice against Liga MX title-holders América in an away game at the Estadio Azteca,"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " in which his team won 4–0. All of the spectators, mostly consisting of América supporters, gave a standing ovation to Ronaldinho after his goals had brought him to tears. This was the second time in Ronaldinho's career he had received such an ovation from opposing fans (after Madrid fans had applauded his performance in a Barcelona shirt in 2005), and after the match, Ronaldinho stated in an interview, \"It is an emotion to live more. I had an ovation at the Bernabéu and now here. I never imagined this. It is something that makes me like Mexico even more and I feel right at home.\" Ronaldinho scored two penalties in consecutive matches, the second giving Querétaro the classification to the Liga MX playoffs. On 17 May 2015, Querétaro progressed to the semi-finals after defeating Veracruz 4–3 aggregate. In the second match, Ronaldinho scored a free kick with the help of the opponent's goalkeeper who made contact with the ball. Querétaro eventually advanced to the final after beating Pachuca on aggregate 2–2. In the final against Santos Laguna, Querétaro lost the first leg 0–5 and then won the 2nd leg 3–"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": "0 but lost 3–5 on aggregate. In June 2015, Ronaldinho, now 35, announced his departure from the club and thanked the Mexican people and fans of Querétaro: \"I want to thank all the Mexican nation for all the days that I have lived with people so special, you will be forever in my heart. Thank you very much the Nation Gallos Blancos, which made me very proud to wear this shirt and defend this club.\"</s><s>Club career.:Fluminense. On 11 July 2015, Ronaldinho announced his return to Brazil and signed an 18-month contract with Fluminense, but on 28 September, Ronaldinho reached a mutual agreement with the club to terminate the deal. He made nine appearances during his two-month stint at the club, failing to impress and being heavily criticized by the fans. Fluminense sporting director Mario Bittencourt stated, \"Ronaldinho asked us for a meeting. He respectfully told us he didn't feel he was able to perform as good as he wanted and that it was a bad situation for him. He made a great gesture in saying he wasn't being the player he felt he could be right now. I'll never speak about whether or not he is retiring. That's not something"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " you say about a player of his calibre. He was always spectacular, as player and person.\"</s><s>Club career.:Futsal in India. In July 2016, Ronaldinho played for the \"Goa 5′s\", a futsal team from Goa in India, together with Ryan Giggs, Paul Scholes, Míchel Salgado, and Hernán Crespo as well as futsal player Falcão in the Premier Futsal League. After two games, he left India to be an ambassador of the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro. He was replaced by Cafu. From September to early October 2017, Ronaldinho joined the \"Delhi Dragons\" from Delhi in the Premier Futsal League. He scored 16 goals in eight games.</s><s>Club career.:Retirement. On 16 January 2018, Ronaldinho confirmed his retirement from football through his brother/agent: \"He has stopped, it is ended. Let's do something pretty big and nice after the Russia World Cup, probably in August.\" Such a celebration was supposed to take place three years after his last appearance for Fluminense, but has not materialized. He retired as one of just eight players to have won the FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": ", the UEFA Champions League and the Ballon d'Or. Ronaldinho appeared at the closing ceremony of the 2018 FIFA World Cup at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow on 15 July, performing a few bars of the Russian folk song \"Kalinka\" (sung by opera singer Aida Garifullina) on an African drum.</s><s>International career.</s><s>International career.:Youth teams. In 1997, Ronaldinho was part of the first Brazilian team to win the FIFA U-17 World Championship, which was held in Egypt, in which his first goal was a penalty against Austria in the first group match, which Brazil won 7–0. Ronaldinho finished with two goals and was awarded the Bronze Ball award as Brazil scored a total of 21 goals while only conceding 2. 1999 was a busy year for Ronaldinho in terms of international play. First he appeared in the South American Youth Championship, where he scored three goals in nine appearances and helped the U20s to reach third place. Then he took part in that year's FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria, scoring his first goal in Brazil's last group match. In the round of 16, he scored two first-half goals in a 4–0 win over Croatia, and finished with three"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " goals as Brazil were eliminated by Uruguay in the quarter-finals.</s><s>International career.:Early success. On 26 June, three days before the start of the 1999 Copa América, he earned his first cap for Brazil in a 3–0 win over Latvia, and he scored one goal during Brazil's victorious Copa América campaign. One week after the conclusion of the Copa América, he was called up for the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup, in which he scored in every match except the final, including a hat-trick in an 8–2 semi-final rout of Saudi Arabia. In the final, Brazil lost 4–3 to Mexico. Ronaldinho won the Golden Ball award for the best player in tournament as well as the Golden Boot award for the tournament top-scorer. In 2000, Ronaldinho participated in the Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, with the U23 national team. Earlier that year, Ronaldinho led Brazil to win the Pre-Olympic Tournament, scoring nine goals in seven matches. In the Olympics, however, Brazil were eliminated in the quarter-finals by Cameroon, who later won the gold medal. Ronaldinho appeared four times and scored only one goal, which came in the quarter-final defeat"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " by Cameroon.</s><s>International career.:2002 World Cup glory. Ronaldinho participated in his first World Cup in 2002, as part of a formidable offensive unit with Ronaldo and Rivaldo, dubbed the \"Three Rs\", who were also on the 1999 Copa América winning squad. The World Cup was held in South Korea and Japan, and Ronaldinho appeared in five matches during the tournament and scored two goals, as well as contributing with three assists. His first goal came in the group stage match against China PR, which Brazil won 4–0. The most memorable match in Ronaldinho's World Cup career took place in the quarter-final against England on 21 June. With Brazil trailing after Michael Owen's 23-minute strike, Ronaldinho turned the game around. Having received the ball inside his own half, Ronaldinho ran at the England defence and wrong footed star defender Ashley Cole with a trademark step over before passing the ball to Rivaldo on the edge of the penalty area to score the equalising goal just before half-time. Then, in the 50th minute, Ronaldinho took a free-kick from 40 yards out which curled into the top left corner of the net, completely surprising England's goalkeeper David Seaman, giving Brazil a 2–1 lead."
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " Seven minutes later, however, he was controversially sent-off for a foul on England's defender Danny Mills. Ronaldinho was suspended for the semi-final, but returned to Brazil's starting lineup for the 2–0 victory over Germany in the final as Brazil won its record fifth World Cup title.</s><s>International career.:2005 Confederations Cup title. Ronaldinho's next international tournament was the 2003 Confederations Cup, in which he went scoreless as Brazil were eliminated in the group stage. The following year, he was dropped from Brazil's 2004 Copa América squad, as coach Carlos Alberto Parreira decided to rest his stars and used a largely reserve squad. After falling short in 1999 and 2003, Ronaldinho was the captain of Brazil and led his team to its second ever Confederations Cup title in 2005. He converted a penalty kick in a 3–2 semi-final win against host Germany and was named Man of the Match in a 4–1 victory over archrival Argentina in the final on 29 June. Ronaldinho scored three goals in the tournament and is tied with Mexican forward Cuauhtémoc Blanco as the tournament's all-time scorer with nine goals.</s><s>International career.:2006 World Cup. For the 2006 World Cup"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " finals, Ronaldinho was part of Brazil's much-publicized \"magic quartet\" of offensive players alongside Adriano, Ronaldo and Kaká, which was expected to provide the \"Joga Bonito\" style of play that was the focus of an extensive advertising campaign by Nike leading up to the tournament. However, deemed \"top heavy and unbalanced\", the team finished with ten goals in five games, with Ronaldinho himself going scoreless and finishing with only one assist (for Gilberto's goal in a 4–1 group stage victory over Japan), as he turned in his worst collective performance in his international career. Brazil endured a disappointing campaign that culminated in a 1–0 loss to France in the quarter-finals, during which the \"Seleção\" had only one shot on goal. The team was harshly criticized by Brazilian fans and media following their return home. On 3 July, two days after Brazil's elimination, vandals immolated and destroyed a 23-foot (7.5-metre) tall fiberglass and resin statue of Ronaldinho in Chapecó. The statue had been erected in 2004 to celebrate his first FIFA World Player of the Year award. That same day, Ronaldinho, joined by Adriano, returned to the city"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " of Barcelona and held a party at his home, which was continued into the early morning hours at a nightclub. This aggravated the hard feelings of many Brazilian fans, who believed that they were betrayed by the lack of effort from the squad. Displaying a passivity to Brazil's poor showing, the 2006 World Cup is now seen as the turning point in Ronaldinho's career, with his time at the summit of the game almost up. 1970 Brazil World Cup winner Tostão wrote in \"O Tempo\": \"Ronaldinho lacks an important characteristic of Maradona and Pelé — aggression. They transformed themselves in adversity. They became possessed, and furious.\"</s><s>International career.:2008 Olympic medal. On 24 March 2007, Ronaldinho scored twice in a 4–0 win over Chile, which marked his first goal since the 2005 Confederations Cup final and thus ended a scoreless streak that lasted nearly two years. He was not called up for the 2007 Copa América after asking to be excused from the tournament due to fatigue. On 18 October, he was controversially benched by Barcelona after he was late returning to Spain following Brazil's 5–0 friendly win over Ecuador. He and several Brazil players celebrated the win by partying through the night at a"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " posh Rio de Janeiro nightclub. Ronaldinho left at 11 am the next morning, allegedly in the trunk of a car in order to avoid the media. On 7 July 2008, Ronaldinho was named in Brazil's 2008 Summer Olympics squad as one of the overage players. Barcelona initially blocked the move because of his then-upcoming Champions League commitments with the club, but the decision was later nullified following Ronaldinho's transfer to Milan, who in turn permitted him to make the trip to Beijing, China. Ronaldinho captained the team, and he scored his only two goals in a 5–0 victory over New Zealand before Brazil were beaten by Argentina in the semi-final. Brazil finished with the bronze medal after defeating Belgium 3–0 in the third-place match.</s><s>International career.:2010 and 2014 World Cup absence. Despite having returned to good form and being named as a member of the 30-man provisional squad that was submitted to FIFA on 11 May 2010, he was not named in coach Dunga's final squad of 23 for the Brazilian squad in South Africa for the 2010 World Cup despite his deep desire to participate in the competition. Critics claimed that the exclusion of players such as Ronaldinho, Alexandre Pato, Adriano and Ronaldo"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " signaled a move away from the classic Brazilian attacking \"Joga Bonito\" style of play. At the tournament, Brazil was eliminated by the Netherlands in the quarter-final. In September 2011, Ronaldinho made his return to the national team under coach Mano Menezes in a friendly against Ghana at Fulham's Craven Cottage, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 win for Brazil. He then had solid performances in back to back friendlies against Argentina in the same month. In October, he performed well against Mexico in a friendly, scoring a free kick to equalize after Dani Alves was sent off. Brazil went on to win the match with a goal from Marcelo. Ronaldinho's good form continued in 2013, and in January he was unexpectedly called up by coach Luiz Felipe Scolari for a friendly against England played on 6 February at Wembley Stadium as part of The Football Association (FA)'s 150th anniversary. Ronaldinho started in what was his 100th cap (including non-official matches), and had a chance to score from the penalty kick, but his shot was saved by Joe Hart. Brazil lost the match 1–2. He was again called up for the \"Seleção\", being named captain of"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " the national team for an international friendly with Chile on 24 April 2013. However, Ronaldinho was not selected for the national team for the 2013 Confederations Cup and he was also omitted from Scolari's 2014 World Cup finals squad.</s><s>Player profile.</s><s>Player profile.:Style of play. Ronaldinho is regarded as one of the greatest and most skilful players of all time. Due to his ability to score and create goals, he was capable of playing in several offensive positions, on either wing or in a free central role. Throughout his career, he was often deployed as a winger, although he usually played as a classic number 10 in an attacking midfielder role. While he is naturally right–footed, during his time at Barcelona, Ronaldinho was also used as an inverted winger on the left flank at times by manager Frank Rijkaard, while the left–footed Messi was deployed on the right; this position allowed him to take on defenders on the outside and cross the ball, or cut inside and shoot on goal with his stronger foot. He was also capable of playing as a second striker. Despite primarily being a creative player, who was renowned for his passing, vision, and playmaking ability, Ronaldinho was an accurate finisher with either foot"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": ", both from inside and outside the penalty area, as well as being a free-kick and penalty kick specialist. Although he was primarily known for his ability to bend the ball from set pieces, he was also capable of striking the ball with power underneath the wall, and also occasionally used the \"knuckleball\" technique, which was popularised by his compatriot Juninho Pernambucano. His versatility and prowess from set pieces made him one of the most prolific free kick takers in history, and also influenced his former teammate Messi, who went on to become a free kick specialist himself. Throughout his career, Ronaldinho was praised by pundits in particular for his technical skills, flair, and creativity, as well as his exceptional first touch. With his pace, acceleration, athleticism, balance, ball control, and dribbling ability, he was capable of beating players when undertaking individual runs, often using an array of tricks and feints to get past opponents in one on one situations, including step overs and nutmegs. Physically strong in possession of the ball, Richard Williams writes \"slender in build, the Brazilian has a strength belying the cartoonish smile\". He also incorporated flashy moves such as back–heels, bicycle kicks, and no–look"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " passes into his general gameplay. Among his repertoire of moves, is the \"elastico\", a move he learned by watching videos of one of his idols, the 1970s Brazilian star Rivelino. Ronaldinho came to be known as one of the best exponents of the feint, and in parts of Africa – especially Nigeria – this move is now called 'The Gaúcho' after him, due to his role in popularising the use of this particular skill.</s><s>Player profile.:Reception. ESPN described Ronaldinho as being \"skillful by nature, his tricks are unparalleled and he is wonderful with the ball at his feet. One of the coolest players in pressure situations\" and a \"fast, brash, skilful, tricky, an uninhibited playmaker\" who provides \"a mix of goals, assists, skills and a large repertoire of crafty moves\". Zlatan Ibrahimović stated, \"Prime Ronaldinho was phenomenal. He made his opponents look like children\". Former Portugal midfield playmaker Rui Costa has said of his vision and passing ability: \"There are not many players who can offer goal-scoring passes like he can. He is just marvellous. He is a rare case of an assist man who can"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " provide the ball from anywhere.\" In 2010, his former Barcelona teammate, Edgar Davids, said of him: \"For the skills and tricks, Ronaldinho was the best player that I ever played with.\" Another one of his former Barcelona teammate, Henrik Larsson, echoed this view. His compatriot Willian rated him as the greatest player of all time in 2019, while Juninho described him as the most skilful player he had ever seen. In 2019, \"FourFourTwo\" described him as \"possibly the best technician in the history of football in Brazil,\" placing him at number five in their list of \"The 101 greatest football players of the last 25 years.\" In 2006, Richard Williams of \"The Guardian\" described Ronaldinho as a \"genius,\" while his former Barcelona teammate Sylvinho said of him: \"He's so smart, so intelligent, that sometimes it's difficult to read his mind,\" also adding: \"He's amazing. He's 100% talent. And he's a powerful player as well, so it's difficult to stop him.\" In spite of his performances at his peak, a period of dedication and focus which saw him named the FIFA World Player of the Year twice and receive the Ballon d'Or, Ronaldinho was"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " also criticised on occasion in the media for his lack of discipline in training, as well as his hedonistic lifestyle off the pitch, which some pundits believed had an impact on the overall longevity of his career. Referring to Ronaldinho as \"Brazil's childlike genius who never grew up\", Tim Vickery writes that it was the sudden death of his father at such a young age that may have seen Ronaldinho stop making the sacrifices needed to remain at the summit of the sport, with the attitude of \"life is short and can end unexpectedly–so enjoy it while you can.\"</s><s>Outside football. Ronaldinho has had endorsements with many companies, including Nike, Pepsi, Coca-Cola, EA Sports and Danone. One of the world's highest paid players, in 2006 he earned over $19 million from endorsements. Having endorsed Pepsi for much of his career and appeared in commercials with David Beckham, Thierry Henry and Lionel Messi, Ronaldinho signed a deal with Coca-Cola in 2011, however this was terminated in July 2012 after he was caught drinking Pepsi in a news conference. Ronaldinho has featured in EA Sports' \"FIFA\" video game series, appearing on the cover of \"FIFA Football 2004\", \"FIFA Street\", \"FIFA"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " 06\", \"FIFA 07\", \"FIFA Street 3\", \"FIFA 08\" and \"FIFA 09\". At the beginning of his career Ronaldinho signed a lucrative 10-year deal with sportswear company Nike (wearing Nike Tiempo R10 boots designed for him). He has appeared in Nike commercials, including the 2002 \"Secret Tournament\" commercial (branded \"Scorpion KO\") directed by Terry Gilliam. His 2005 Nike advertisement, where he is given a new pair of boots and then proceeds to juggle a football and appears to repeatedly volley it against the crossbar of a goal and recover it without the ball touching the ground, went viral on YouTube, becoming the site's first video to reach one million views. A 2010 Nike commercial, Write the Future directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu, features Ronaldinho executing a number of stepovers, which became a viral video re-enacted and shared millions of times. A wax sculpture of Ronaldinho was unveiled at Madame Tussauds Hong Kong in December 2007. Ronaldinho has had an official role with UNICEF, the United Nations Children's Fund, since February 2006. In 2011, he was recruited by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " to promote awareness among young people of the disease and how to avoid it. In March 2015, Ronaldinho was the sixth most popular sportsperson on Facebook, behind Cristiano Ronaldo, Messi, Beckham, Neymar and Kaká, with 31 million Facebook fans. Ronaldinho also has over 50 million Instagram followers. On 2 February 2017, Barcelona announced that Ronaldinho signed a 10-year deal to become an ambassador for the club at institutional events. On 6 July 2018, Ronaldinho announced a partnership with company World Soccer Coin (WSC) to develop a new cryptocurrency, the Ronaldinho Soccer Coin, with WSC claiming that the profits of the coin will be used to football projects such as \"Ronaldinho Digital Stadiums.\" On 25 October 2020, Ronaldinho announced that he tested positive for COVID-19 and was asymptomatic and self-isolating in Belo Horizonte. A few days later, on 29 October 2020, Ronaldinho released a statement regarding the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and Azerbaijan. He expressed solidarity with Azerbaijani people. In late July 2021, he went to Beirut, Lebanon, to lay a wreath in honor of victims of the port explosion. In fiction, Ronaldinho features as a character in Rupert Thomson's 2021"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " novel \"Barcelona Dreaming\".</s><s>Outside football.:Legal troubles. In July 2019, 57 properties belonging to Ronaldinho along with his Brazilian and Spanish passports were confiscated because of unpaid taxes and fines. The judge ultimately decided to reduce the fine from R$8.5 million to R$6 million for building a fishing platform on Guaíba River in a 'heritage-protected' area. Ronaldinho and his brother would ultimately fail to pay the fines within the allotted time and have their passports suspended. In March 2020, he was questioned by police in Paraguay after he was alleged to have used a fake passport to enter the country while coming for a charity event and book promotion, with Ronaldinho and his brother both being held in custody in the country. While in prison, he competed in a prison futsal tournament, where his team was victorious. They won 11–2 in the finals, with Ronaldinho scoring 5 goals and assisting the other 6. He attempted to appeal the detention order but was ordered to remain under house arrest with his brother. On 24 August 2020, Ronaldinho and his brother were released from Paraguayan prison after their judge agreed to a plea deal with fines of US$90,000 and US$110,000 for the brothers"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": ", respectively.</s><s>Career statistics. Ronaldinho made 853 appearances and scored 328 goals for club and country combined, with a goalscoring average of 328/853 round 2.</s><s>Career statistics.:International. Notes</s><s>Honours. Grêmio - Copa Sul: - Campeonato Gaúcho: Barcelona - La Liga: 2004–05, 2005–06 - Supercopa de España: 2005, 2006 - UEFA Champions League: 2005–06 Flamengo - Campeonato Carioca: 2011 Atlético Mineiro - Campeonato Mineiro: 2013 - Copa Libertadores: 2013 - Recopa Sudamericana: 2014 Brazil U17 - South American U-17 Championship: 1997 - FIFA U-17 World Championship: 1997 Brazil U23 - CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament: 2000 - Olympic Bronze Medal: 2008 Brazil - Copa América: 1999 - FIFA World Cup: 2002 - FIFA Confederations Cup: 2005 Individual - Campeonato Gaucho top scorer: 1999 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball: 1999 - FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Shoe: 1999 - South American Team of the Year: 1999 - CONME"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": "BOL Pre-Olympic Tournament top scorer: 2000 - Bola de Prata: 2000, 2011, 2012 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2002 - Ligue 1 Goal of The Year: 2003 - FIFA 100: 2004 - Don Balón Award: 2003–04, 2005–06 - Trofeo EFE: 2003–04 - FIFA World Player of the Year: 2004, 2005 - UEFA Team of the Year: 2004, 2005, 2006 - World Soccer Magazine World Player of The Year: 2004, 2005 - UEFA Club Forward of the Year: 2004–05 - FIFA Confederations Cup Bronze Ball: 2005 - Ballon d'Or: 2005 - Onze d'Or: 2005 - FIFPro World Player of the Year: 2005, 2006 - FIFPro World XI: 2005, 2006, 2007 - UEFA Club Footballer of the Year: 2005–06 - La Liga top assist provider: 2005–06 - UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2005–06 - FIFA Club World Cup Bronze Ball: 2006 - FIFA World Player of the Year Bronze award: 2006 - Golden Foot: 2009 - Sports Illustrated Team of the Decade: 2009 - Serie A top assist provider: 2009–10 - Campeonato Brasileiro S"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": "érie A Team of the Year: 2011, 2012 - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Best Fan's Player: 2012 - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A top assist provider: 2012 - Bola de Ouro: 2012 - Copa Libertadores top assist provider: 2012, 2013 - FIFA Club World Cup top scorer: 2013 - South American Footballer of the Year: 2013 - UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year (substitute; published in 2015) - Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame - AC Milan Hall of Fame - Ballon d'Or Dream Team (Silver): 2020 - Globe Soccer Awards Player Career Award: 2021 Other In 2012, two Brazilian entomologists named a new species of bee, from Brazil, \"Eulaema quadragintanovem\", stating that \"the specific epithet honors the Brazilian soccer player Ronaldo de Assis Moreira, famous worldwide as 'Ronaldinho' and in Brazil as 'Ronaldinho Gaúcho'. 'Quadraginta novem' means forty-nine in Latin, the number of Ronaldinho's jersey at Atlético Mineiro, his former team in Brazil. Ronaldinho chose the number 49 as an homage to his mother,"
},
{
"title": "Ronaldinho",
"text": " born in 1949.\"</s><s>See also. - List of association football families</s><s>References. - Notes</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Ronaldinho",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000467
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Anderson Silva.
|
[
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": "<s>Anderson Silva Anderson da Silva (; born 14 April 1975) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist and boxer. He is a former UFC Middleweight Champion and holds the record for the longest title reign in UFC history at 2,457 days. This started in 2006 and ended in 2013 and included a UFC record 16 consecutive victories in that span. UFC president Dana White, UFC commentator Joe Rogan and numerous mixed martial arts (MMA) pundits have named Silva as one of the greatest mixed martial artists of all time. Silva left the UFC in November 2020 and returned to boxing. Silva will be inducted in the UFC Hall of Fame in July 2023.</s><s>Background. Silva was born on 14 April 1975, in São Paulo, Brazil. The son of a poverty-stricken family, he spent the majority of his childhood in Curitiba with his aunt and uncle, who was an officer with the Curitiba police force. Silva's first foray in martial arts began as a child training jiu-jitsu with neighborhood kids. As a teen, Silva began training in taekwondo, capoeira and muay thai.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Early career (19972002). Silva initially"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " fought in Brazil in the welterweight category. Silva made his professional debut in 1997 with a pair of wins. Silva recorded his first loss in 2000 to Luiz Azeredo by decision. After that fight, he went on a nine-fight winning streak, winning six of those fights by either submission or TKO. After winning his first match in Japan, he was put up against Shooto champion Hayato Sakurai on 26 August 2001. Silva beat Sakurai by unanimous decision after three rounds and became the new Shooto Middleweight Champion (at 167 lb) and the first man to defeat Sakurai, who was undefeated in his first 20 fights.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Pride Fighting Championships and Cage Rage (20022006). In 2002, Silva was scheduled to fight then-current UFC Welterweight Champion, and future UFC Hall of Famer Matt Hughes at UFC 36. However, Silva instead signed a contract and began fighting for PRIDE Fighting Championships. In his first fight with the promotion, he stopped Alex Stiebling with a cut resulting from a high kick. In his next match, he won via decision against the \"Diet Butcher\" Alexander Otsuka. At \"Pride 25\", Silva faced former UFC welterweight"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " champion Carlos Newton. Newton tried to shoot in on Silva, but was hit with a flying knee. Newton collapsed and Silva finished the fight with strikes, winning by technical knockout. At \"Pride 26\", Silva faced Daiju Takase. Takase, with a record of four wins and seven losses, was the underdog. However Silva was dominated on the ground for almost the entire fight before being submitted by Takase when caught in a triangle choke late in the first round. After his loss to Takase, Silva became demotivated and thought about quitting MMA, but was convinced to keep on fighting by Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira. Silva then left Chute Boxe, joined Nogueira in Brazilian Top Team and started to fight in other promotions around the world. On 27 June 2004, Silva fought Jeremy Horn and earned a decision victory. Three months later, Silva made his debut in the Cage Rage promotion in England. At \"Cage Rage 8\" Silva fought and defeated noted striker Lee Murray by decision. That year, Silva returned to Pride FC on 31 December to face Ryo Chonan. Silva was in control with a take down and body triangle in the first round. Chonan was able to counter Silva's knees from the clinch, with"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " knees, and takedowns. Chonan was perceived by some to be winning up until the finish. During the third round, Bas Rutten, commentating alongside Mauro Ranallo, stated that he believed Anderson must obtain a knockout or strong finish or he would lose the fight. Despite being the underdog, Chonan ended the fight in the third round with a rare flying scissor heel hook, forcing Silva to submit. After the loss to Chonan he was cut by Pride, Silva continued fighting in the Cage Rage promotion, as well as other promotions around the world. Silva defended his Cage Rage title against Curtis Stout. Although he was slated to fight Matt Lindland at \"Cage Rage 16\", Lindland's decision to fight Mike Van Arsdale at \"Raze Fight Night\" put an end to the highly anticipated match up. Instead, Silva defended his championship against Tony Fryklund, winning the fight with a reverse elbow, knocking out Fryklund early in the first round. Silva competed in Hawaii's Rumble on the Rock promotion, where he fought Yushin Okami in the first round of the 175 lb tournament. Though labeled as a favorite to win the tournament, Silva was eliminated from the tournament when he kicked Okami in the face"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " from the guard position. Okami's knees were on the ground at the time, making the attack an illegal strike to the head of a downed opponent. Silva later said that the rule had not been properly explained to him before the bout. \"When I fought Okami the rules really weren't explained to me properly in the event I was fighting in,\" said Silva. \"You could kick a downed opponent to the groin or to the head when your back's on the ground. So the rules weren't explained to me properly.\" While Okami was given the opportunity to recover and continue fighting, Okami opted for the disqualification win. Silva responded by saying he \"felt it was a cheap, cowardly way of winning,\" and that \"people that were there saw that he was in the condition to come back and keep fighting, and he didn't.\"</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship (20062020).</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship (20062020).:Debut and middleweight championship. Although speculation ran rampant about where Silva would sign next, the UFC announced in late April 2006 that they had signed him to a multi-fight contract. It was not long before the UFC started promoting Silva, releasing an interview segment almost immediately"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " after announcing his arrival.{{cite web }} Silva made his debut at \"Ultimate Fight Night 5\" on 28 June 2006. His opponent was \"The Ultimate Fighter 1\" contestant Chris Leben who had gone undefeated in the UFC with five consecutive victories. Leben, confident of victory, had predicted he would KO Silva in a pre-fight interview. A relatively unknown fighter in the United States, Silva made an emphatic debut when he knocked out Leben with a flurry of pinpoint strikes, followed by a final knee strike at 49 seconds into the first round. Silva's striking accuracy was 85%. In response to the victory, the UFC tallied a poll on their main page, asking viewers to select Silva's next opponent. The majority of voters selected the UFC Middleweight Champion Rich Franklin. Silva fought Franklin at \"UFC 64\" on 14 October 2006, and defeated him by TKO (strikes) at 2:59 in the first round. Silva hit Franklin with knees to the body from the Muay Thai-clinch, then badly broke Franklin's nose with a knee to the face. Unable to strike back, Franklin dodged the last of Silva's strikes before falling to the ground, where referee \"Big\" John McCarthy ended the fight. Silva was crowned the new UFC"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " Middleweight Champion, becoming the second man to defeat Franklin, after Black House-teammate Lyoto Machida.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship (20062020).:Record-setting championship reign. On 3 February 2007, at \"UFC 67\", Silva was scheduled to fight \"The Ultimate Fighter 4\" winner Travis Lutter in what would be his first title defense since defeating Rich Franklin in October 2006. However, Lutter failed to make the weight limit and the match was changed to a non-title bout. Many felt that Lutter's best chance to win was to take the fight to the ground, with Lutter being an accomplished jiu-jitsu blackbelt. Silva won via submission with a combination of a triangle choke and elbow strikes in the second round. In his next fight at \"UFC 73\" on 7 July 2007, Silva successfully defended his title against Nate Marquardt, winning by TKO at 4:50 in the first round. Three months later, on 20 October 2007, at \"UFC 77\", Silva fought a title defense rematch against Rich Franklin, in Franklin's hometown of Cincinnati, Ohio, at the U.S. Bank Arena. Silva defended his belt by defeating Franklin via TKO in the 2nd round"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": ". On 1 March 2008, at \"UFC 82\" Silva fought Pride Middleweight champion Dan Henderson, in a title unification bout (UFC and Pride titles on the line). Henderson was believed to have the edge on the ground, having competed in the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics in Greco-Roman wrestling. Silva defended his title by defeating Henderson via rear naked choke in the 2nd round. At \"\" on 19 July 2008, Silva made his debut at Light Heavyweight () in a bout against James Irvin. Silva won via KO due to strikes in 1:01 of the first round after catching Irvin's attempted leg kick with his left arm and delivering a straight right that dropped Irvin to the mat, Silva then finished a prone Irvin with a blitz of punches to the head. Irvin later tested positive for methadone and oxymorphone. Silva's next fight was on 25 October 2008, at \"UFC 90\" in Rosemont, Illinois, Silva defended his Middleweight title against Patrick Côté. In the third round, Côté landed awkwardly on his right leg while throwing a kick and fell to the mat grasping his right knee in pain. Referee Herb Dean declared the fight over when Côté could not continue, ruling the"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " bout a TKO victory for Silva. Côté, however, became the first of Silva's UFC opponents to make it past the 2nd round. After his fight with Côté, Silva was criticized for seemingly avoiding contact during the bout. Dana White criticized Silva, saying: \"I didn't understand Silva's tactics... It wasn't the Anderson Silva I've been watching the last two years.\" Silva said in the post-fight news conference: \"There are many people saying I was disrespecting Côté, but this is absolutely not true. My game plan since the beginning was fight five rounds, inducing him to commit mistakes and capitalize on that during the first three rounds and look for the knockout during the fourth and fifth rounds. It was working, and the biggest proof of that is that I almost didn't waste any blows. I connected with a couple of good punches and knees, but unfortunately he got hurt and the fight was over. This is not my fault.\" On 18 April 2009, at \"UFC 97\" in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Silva defeated Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu blackbelt Thales Leites by unanimous decision, and recorded his UFC record 9th consecutive win in the octagon. Leites is credited with being the first"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " man in UFC history to take Silva through 5 rounds to a judges' decision. The crowd repeatedly booed his lackluster performance, bored expression, and frustrated attempts to goad his opponent into fighting, and in the 4th and 5th rounds took to dancing, lowering his guard and slapping his opponent without retaliation. Following the fight, Dana White has stated that he was \"embarrassed\" by Silva's performance, but still said that he believes him to be \"the best pound-for-pound fighter in the world\". At \"UFC 101\" which took place on 8 August 2009, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Silva again fought at 205 pounds against former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Forrest Griffin. Griffin was knocked down three times in the first round. The bout earned Silva Beatdown of the Year honors from Sherdog. The bout shared those honors with the second bout between Brock Lesnar and Frank Mir. Both fighters were awarded $60,000 as Fight of the Night bonuses and Silva received $60,000 in bonus money for Knockout of the Night. After defeating Griffin, a Yahoo! Sports reporter allegedly claimed that Silva's manager, Ed Soares, had confirmed that Silva would abandon his Middleweight belt to fight at Light Heavyweight. However, Soares and a UFC"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " spokesperson confirmed that a conversation agreeing Silva would permanently move up to Light Heavyweight never took place. Silva did not relinquish his title to fight exclusively at Light Heavyweight. Soares stated his attorney plans to speak to Yahoo! Sports about the matter. Silva was expected to defend the UFC Middleweight Championship against Vitor Belfort on 2 January 2010, at UFC 108. However, Ed Soares announced that the bout would not take place as Silva would not be fully recovered from surgery. Silva was then set to face Belfort on 6 February 2010, at UFC 109. The fight, however, was dependent on Silva's healing, which he described as \"not going as planned.\" The fight was canceled because of Silva's slow recovery. Silva was once again scheduled to face Belfort on 10 April 2010, at UFC 112. The fight was later canceled again due to an injury to Belfort. Demian Maia was selected to fill the spot and take on Silva for the belt. In the first two rounds fighting Maia, Silva appeared to mock his opponent while employing quick, precise striking. In the third round, however, Silva's tempo seemed to change. He looked to Maia to be the aggressor while he largely circled and taunted his opponent. In the fifth"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " round, Silva's lack of action prompted referee Dan Miragliotta to warn Silva for his conduct. The crowd began to side with Maia, who was the only fighter attempting to engage. After 5 rounds, Silva was declared the winner via unanimous decision. Silva was widely criticized for his performance. Dana White said it was the most embarrassed he had ever been since becoming UFC president. Midway through the fourth round, White walked away from the fight and gave the championship belt to Silva's manager, Ed Soares. White was so annoyed that he declined to personally place the belt around Silva's waist, claiming it was the first time he had done so after a title match. It was also claimed that Silva verbally taunted Maia, saying, \"Come on, hit me in the face, playboy.\" In the immediate post-fight interview, Silva apologized and said that he wasn't himself and that he would need to go back and reevaluate the humility that got him to where he is. In the post-fight interview, Silva made multiple references about how Demian insulted him before the bout. However, the pre-fight banter was seen by many as not out of the ordinary. On 7 August 2010 Silva faced Chael Sonnen for the UFC Middleweight title"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " at UFC 117. In the first round, Sonnen stunned Silva with a punch before taking him down and dominating from the top position, landing multiple blows. The following three rounds played out in a similar fashion, going to the ground early with Sonnen dominating from inside Silva's guard. In the fifth round, Silva slipped after being tagged by Sonnen's left hook and the challenger took advantage by once again establishing a top position and delivering strikes to Silva. With about two minutes left in the round, Silva was able to lock up a triangle armbar on Sonnen, forcing Sonnen to submit at 3:10 of Round 5. In the fight, Sonnen had struck Silva more times than Silva had been hit thus far in his entire UFC career. According to CompuStrike, in his first 11 UFC fights, Silva had been hit 208 times. On 7 August Sonnen had landed a total of 289 strikes. After the bout it was revealed that Sonnen would have won a judges' decision. All three judges had Sonnen marked as the winner of all four rounds, judges Nelson Hamilton and Dan Stell had Sonnen taking Round 1 10–8, as well as Hamilton awarding the challenger another 10–8 total in Round 3. Silva later claimed to have gone"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " into the fight with a cracked rib and that a doctor advised him not to fight. Dana White announced that Sonnen would get a rematch upon Silva's return. Following the fight the California State Athletic Commission confirmed that Chael Sonnen tested positive for synthetic testosterone, with his test having revealed a high testosterone to epitestosterone ratio, indicative of testosterone replacement therapy. The promised rematch was revoked after the issue with his testosterone ratio came to light, however, after Sonnen came back and won two straight fights, Dana White scheduled the rematch. Silva faced Vitor Belfort on 5 February 2011, at UFC 126. Belfort was expected to face Yushin Okami on 13 November 2010, at UFC 122, but was replaced by Nate Marquardt. After a \"feeling out\" period of about two and a half minutes in the first round, Silva and Belfort started to trade strikes. Silva landed a front kick to Belfort's jaw and followed up with punches to the grounded challenger. Referee Mario Yamasaki stopped the fight at 3:25 into the first round. With the win Silva handed Belfort his first KO loss in 28 career fights and extended his record streak of title defenses to eight. Silva then faced Yushin Okami on 27 August 2011,"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " at UFC 134. He defeated the Japanese middleweight by TKO at 2:04 of round 2, displaying skilled head movement and accurate striking. His record then went to 31–4, avenging his DQ loss to Okami back in 2006. A rematch with Chael Sonnen was to take place on 23 June 2012, at UFC 147, but the bout was moved back to 7 July 2012, at UFC 148, while the expected co-feature of the Brazilian event, a rematch between Vitor Belfort and Wanderlei Silva would headline the event. The change was due to a scheduling conflict with the UN Conference Rio+20, which occurred during the same time frame as UFC 147. At UFC 148, after again being dominated throughout the first round, Silva stopped Sonnen in the second with a TKO. He became the first to stop Stephan Bonnar via strikes in the 1st round of a light heavyweight bout on 13 October 2012, at UFC 153.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship (20062020).:Title loss and injury. Despite having decided to retire after the Bonnar fight, Silva faced Chris Weidman on 6 July 2013, at UFC 162. Although he was the heavy favorite, he lost by KO in the"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " second round after show boating, ending his streak of the longest title reign in UFC history. A rematch was held at UFC 168 on 28 December. Weidman dominated the first round; it was reported that Silva may have also cracked his shin bone against Weidman during the first leg check. In the second round Weidman checked one of Silva's leg kicks again, breaking Silva's left fibula and tibia and ending the fight via TKO. Immediately after the fight, Silva had orthopedic surgery to stabilize his tibia with an intramedullary rod; his fibula was reset and was not expected to require further surgery. A UFC statement called the surgery \"successful\" and said those with similar injuries generally take three to six months to recover.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship (20062020).:Post-championship reign. Despite calls for Silva to retire from MMA, it was confirmed on 29 July 2014, that Silva would return to the organization. Before UFC 179, Silva and the UFC agreed on a new, 15-fight contract that replaced their previous deal which had eight fights remaining. On 29 October 2014, it was announced that Silva would coach opposite Maurício Rua for \"\", which began"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " filming in early 2015. Despite being coaches on the show, the two fighters will not face each other at the end of the season. Silva's continued participation was briefly in doubt during the filming after the announcement of his failed drug test. Initially, Dana White announced that Silva would remain on the show as a coach. Subsequently, Silva was pulled as one of the coaches and was replaced by Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira. In his first fight post-injury, Silva faced Nick Diaz in the main event of UFC 183 on 31 January 2015. He won the fight via unanimous decision. In the days after the fight, it was revealed that Silva tested positive for Drostanolone and Androstane, two anabolic steroids, in pre-fight drug screening on 9 January 2015. Nevada State Athletic Commission chairman Francisco Aguilar confirmed that the fight has not yet been overturned and can't be until a motion is passed by a majority of the commission. Any penalties, suspensions or changes to the outcome of the fight have to be presented as a motion and then voted on by the commission to enact the order. On 11 February 2015, it was reported that Silva tested positive for an additional unknown illegal substance in a separate test that was related to UFC 183. On 17 February"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " 2015, NSAC executive director Bob Bennett confirmed to ESPN.com that Silva failed his postfight urine test and that Silva had tested positive for the steroid Drostanolone—the same banned substance he tested positive for during an out-of-competition test taken on 9 January 2015. Silva also tested positive for the anti-anxiety medication Oxazepam and Temazepam, which is used to treat sleep deprivation. On 13 August, after several reschedules, the disciplinary hearing was held to decide on the subject. Silva's defense argued that a tainted sexual enhancement drug that a friend had given to Silva after a trip to Thailand was the root of the two failed tests for drostanolone and also appealed to mistakes in the NSAC testing procedures, pointing to a pair of drug tests, one on 19 January and one after the fight, which Silva passed. He admitted to using both benzodiazepines the night prior to the fight as therapy to control stress and help him sleep. Silva's team was unable to explain the presence of androsterone in 9 January test. The commission rejected the defense and suspended him for one year retroactive to the date of the fight, as the current guidelines were not in effect at the time of the failed tests"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": ". He was also fined his full win bonus, as well as 30% of his show money, totaling $380,000. His victory was overturned to a no contest. In his first fight after his PED suspension was lifted, Silva faced Michael Bisping on 27 February 2016, at UFC Fight Night 84. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. However, the fight was not without controversy as at the end of round three Silva dropped Bisping with a flying knee while Bisping was signaling to referee Herb Dean that he lost his mouthpiece. Silva believed he had won the bout and continued to celebrate as referee Herb Dean said the fight was not over, and it continued for another two rounds to the decision. Both participants were awarded \"Fight of the Night\" honours. Silva was expected to face Uriah Hall on 14 May 2016, at UFC 198. However, Silva pulled out of the bout on 10 May after requiring a surgery to remove his gallbladder. As a result, Hall did not compete at the event. Silva was a short notice replacement to face current UFC Light Heavyweight champion Daniel Cormier in a non-title bout on 9 July 2016, at UFC 200. Silva lost the fight via unanimous decision. Silva faced Derek Brunson on"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " 11 February 2017, at UFC 208. He was awarded a unanimous decision victory. 19 of 23 media outlets scored the bout in favor of Brunson. Silva was expected to face Kelvin Gastelum on 3 June 2017, at UFC 212. However, Gastelum was pulled from the match-up after testing positive for marijuana. In turn, despite having two months to secure an opponent, Silva and promotion officials confirmed on 11 May that he would not compete at that event. The bout with Gastelum was rescheduled and was expected to take place on 25 November 2017, at UFC Fight Night 122. However it was announced on 10 November 2017 that Silva would be pulled from the bout due to failing USADA drug test on 26 October. In July 2018, USADA announced that Silva had been exonerated from the failed test after finding contaminated supplements and received a one-year suspension from USADA dating back to November 2017 and would be free to resume fighting in November 2018. Silva returned and faced Israel Adesanya on 10 February 2019, at UFC 234. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. This fight earned him the \"Fight of the Night\" award. Silva faced Jared Cannonier on 11 May 2019 at UFC 237. He lost the fight via TKO in the"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " first round after a kick from Cannonier to Silva's right leg injured him and rendered him unable to continue. Silva faced Uriah Hall on 31 October 2020 at. He lost the fight via technical knockout in round four. In an Instagram post made after the fight, Silva hinted that his career in MMA was finished, though he did not officially announce retirement from the sport. On 19 November 2020, the UFC announced that they had released Silva from his UFC contract, which would allow him to negotiate with other promotions.</s><s>Boxing career.</s><s>Boxing career.:Professional career.</s><s>Boxing career.:Professional career.:Silva vs. Chávez Jr.. In March 2021, it was announced that Anderson Silva would fight Julio César Chávez Jr. in a boxing match on 19 June 2021. Silva won the fight by split decision. Silva threw more punches throughout the fight throwing a total of 392 punches while Chávez Jr only threw 153.</s><s>Boxing career.:Professional career.:Silva vs. Ortiz. Silva faced former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Tito Ortiz in a pro boxing bout on September 11, 2021. He won the fight via knockout in round one.</s><s>Boxing career.:Professional career.:Silva vs. Paul"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": ". On September 6, 2022, it was announced that Silva would be facing YouTuber and professional boxer Jake Paul on October 29 in Phoenix, Arizona. On the night of the fight, Silva lost to Paul by unanimous decision with the scores of 78–73 (twice) and 77–74, all in Paul's favor.</s><s>Boxing career.:Exhibition bout.</s><s>Boxing career.:Exhibition bout.:Silva vs. Machado. On May 21, 2022, Silva fought an eight round exhibition bout with fellow Brazilian MMA veteran Bruno Machado at a boxing event in Abu Dhabi. Despite a knockdown for Silva in the fifth, the fight would go the full distance, and no winner was declared.</s><s>Fighting style. An expert in Muay Thai, boxing and taekwondo, Silva is primarily a stand-up fighter. Owner of numerous UFC offensive striking records, Silva is widely regarded as one of the best strikers in the history of MMA and many consider him the best of all time. During his time in the UFC, he had a striking accuracy of 60%, attempting 1300 strikes and landing 779. Silva's striking accuracy, knockout power, technically vicious Muay Thai and ability to counterstrike makes him a danger to his opponents"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": ". Silva's striking uses three major strengths: technical precision, the jab, and transitions and movement. Silva switches from southpaw to orthodox with little drop-off in effectiveness. Although it has been claimed that his ground game is not as good as his stand-up, Silva has submitted notable grapplers, including Olympic wrestler Dan Henderson, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu blackbelt Travis Lutter and Olympic alternate Chael Sonnen.</s><s>Sponsors. A friend of Brazilian World Cup winner Ronaldo, in 2011 Silva became the first client to be marketed by 9INE, a sports marketing company co-owned by Ronaldo. Since August 2011, Anderson has been sponsored by Corinthians, his favorite football club. He is also sponsored by fast food chain Burger King. Previously he had also sponsorship deal with sportswear and equipment supplier Nike, which ended in late 2014 due to Nike's self removal from the UFC.</s><s>Personal life. Silva has three sons and two daughters with his wife, Dayane. Before he began his career as a professional fighter, Silva worked at McDonald's, and also as a file clerk. He considers Spider-Man, Bruce Lee, Muhammad Ali and his mother as biggest of his personal heroes, and has a stated love of comic books and comic book heroes"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": ". Silva has said on numerous occasions that he believes long-time friend and former UFC Lightweight Champion and UFC Welterweight Champion B.J. Penn to be the greatest pound-for-pound fighter in the history of the sport. Silva expressed interest in competing in the sport of taekwondo and boxing. He floated around the idea of competing at the Olympics in taekwondo and fighting Roy Jones Jr. in a boxing match.{{cite web Silva became a naturalized U.S. citizen in July 2019.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:Mixed martial arts. - Cage Rage Championships - Cage Rage Middleweight Championship (One time, Final) - Three successful title defenses - Shooto - Shooto Middleweight Championship (One time) - Ultimate Fighting Championship - UFC Middleweight Championship (One time) - Ten successful title defenses - Unified the UFC Middleweight and Pride World Welterweight Championships - Fight of the Night (Five times) - Knockout of the Night (Seven times) - Most \"Knockout of the Night\" awards in UFC history (7) - Submission of the Night (Two times) - Longest title reign in UFC history (2457 days) - Longest win"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " streak in UFC history (16) - Most UFC Middleweight title fights (13) - Most wins in UFC Middleweight title fights (11) - Tied for most knockouts in the UFC Middleweight division history (8) - Most successful title defenses in the UFC middleweight division (10) - Most consecutive title defenses in the UFC middleweight division (10) - Second most consecutive title defenses in UFC history (10) - Most finishes in the UFC Middleweight division history (11) - Most finishes in UFC title fights (9) - Second most knockdowns in UFC history (18) - Most knockdowns in the UFC Middleweight division history (13) - Most knockdowns in UFC title fights (10) - Most knockouts in UFC title fights (7) - Most total fight bonuses in the UFC Middleweight division history (12) - ESPN.com - 2011 Knockout of the Year - Inside MMA - 2011 KO Kick of the Year Bazzie Award - MMA Live - 2010 Fight of the Year - Sherdog - 2009 Beatdown of the Year - 2011 All-Violence 1st Team - Mixed Martial Arts Hall of Fame - Spike Guys' Choice Awards - 2008 Most Dangerous Man - Sports Illustrated - 2008 Fighter of the Year - World MMA Awards -"
},
{
"title": "Anderson Silva",
"text": " 2008 Fighter of the Year - 2010 Fight of the Year - 2011 Knockout of the Year - Wrestling Observer Newsletter - Most Outstanding Fighter (2012) - MMA Most Valuable Fighter (2012)</s><s>Mixed martial arts record.</s><s>Boxing record.</s><s>Boxing record.:Professional.</s><s>See also. - List of male mixed martial artists</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Anderson Silva",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000468
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Cleopatra.
|
[
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "<s>Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Philopator (, \"Cleopatra the father-beloved\"; 70/69 BC10 August 30 BC) was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and its last active ruler. A member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, she was a descendant of its founder Ptolemy I Soter, a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander the Great. After the death of Cleopatra, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire, marking the end of the last Hellenistic state in the Mediterranean and of the age that had lasted since the reign of Alexander (336–323 BC). Although her first language was Koine Greek, she was the only Ptolemaic ruler to learn and use the Egyptian language. In 58 BC, Cleopatra presumably accompanied her father, Ptolemy XII Auletes, during his exile to Rome after a revolt in Egypt (a Roman client state) allowed his rival daughter Berenice IV to claim his throne. Berenice was killed in 55 BC when Ptolemy returned to Egypt with Roman military assistance. When he died in 51 BC, the joint reign of Cleopatra and"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " her brother Ptolemy XIII began, but a falling-out between them led to open civil war. After losing the 48 BC Battle of Pharsalus in Greece against his rival Julius Caesar (a Roman dictator and consul) in Caesar's Civil War, the Roman statesman Pompey fled to Egypt. Pompey had been a political ally of Ptolemy XII, but Ptolemy XIII, at the urging of his court eunuchs, had Pompey ambushed and killed before Caesar arrived and occupied Alexandria. Caesar then attempted to reconcile the rival Ptolemaic siblings, but Ptolemy's chief adviser, Potheinos, viewed Caesar's terms as favoring Cleopatra, so his forces besieged her and Caesar at the palace. Shortly after the siege was lifted by reinforcements, Ptolemy XIII died in the Battle of the Nile; Cleopatra's half-sister Arsinoe IV was eventually exiled to Ephesus for her role in carrying out the siege. Caesar declared Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy XIV joint rulers but maintained a private affair with Cleopatra that produced a son, Caesarion. Cleopatra traveled to Rome as a client queen in 46 and 44 BC, where she"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " stayed at Caesar's villa. After the assassination of Caesar and (on her orders) Ptolemy XIV in 44 BC, she named Caesarion co-ruler as Ptolemy XV. In the Liberators' civil war of 43–42 BC, Cleopatra sided with the Roman Second Triumvirate formed by Caesar's grandnephew and heir Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. After their meeting at Tarsos in 41 BC, the queen had an affair with Antony. He carried out the execution of Arsinoe at her request, and became increasingly reliant on Cleopatra for both funding and military aid during his invasions of the Parthian Empire and the Kingdom of Armenia. The Donations of Alexandria declared their children Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II, and Ptolemy Philadelphus rulers over various erstwhile territories under Antony's triumviral authority. This event, their marriage, and Antony's divorce of Octavian's sister Octavia Minor led to the final war of the Roman Republic. Octavian engaged in a war of propaganda, forced Antony's allies in the Roman Senate to flee Rome in"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " 32 BC, and declared war on Cleopatra. After defeating Antony and Cleopatra's naval fleet at the 31 BC Battle of Actium, Octavian's forces invaded Egypt in 30 BC and defeated Antony, leading to Antony's suicide. When Cleopatra learned that Octavian planned to bring her to his Roman triumphal procession, she killed herself by poisoning, contrary to the popular belief that she was bitten by an asp. Cleopatra's legacy survives in ancient and modern works of art. Roman historiography and Latin poetry produced a generally critical view of the queen that pervaded later Medieval and Renaissance literature. In the visual arts, her ancient depictions include Roman busts, paintings, and sculptures, cameo carvings and glass, Ptolemaic and Roman coinage, and reliefs. In Renaissance and Baroque art, she was the subject of many works including operas, paintings, poetry, sculptures, and theatrical dramas. She has become a pop culture icon of Egyptomania since the Victorian era, and in modern times, Cleopatra has appeared in the applied and fine arts, burlesque satire, Hollywood films, and brand images for commercial products.</s><s>Etymology. The Latinized form"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " Cleopatra comes from the Ancient Greek (), meaning \"glory of her father\", from (, \"glory\") and (, \"father\"). The masculine form would have been written either as () or (). Cleopatra was the name of Alexander the Great's sister, as well as Cleopatra Alcyone, wife of Meleager in Greek mythology. Through the marriage of Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Cleopatra I Syra (a Seleucid princess), the name entered the Ptolemaic dynasty. Cleopatra's adopted title () means \"goddess who loves her father\".</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Background. Ptolemaic pharaohs were crowned by the Egyptian high priest of Ptah at Memphis, but resided in the multicultural and largely Greek city of Alexandria, established by Alexander the Great of Macedon. They spoke Greek and governed Egypt as Hellenistic Greek monarchs, refusing to learn the native Egyptian language. In contrast, Cleopatra could speak multiple languages by adulthood and was the first Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language. Plutarch implies that she also spoke Ethiopian, the language of the \"Troglodytes\", Hebrew ("
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "or Aramaic), Arabic, the Syrian language (perhaps Syriac), Median, and Parthian, and she could apparently also speak Latin, although her Roman contemporaries would have preferred to speak with her in her native Koine Greek. Aside from Greek, Egyptian, and Latin, these languages reflected Cleopatra's desire to restore North African and West Asian territories that once belonged to the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Roman interventionism in Egypt predated the reign of Cleopatra. When Ptolemy IX Lathyros died in late 81 BC, he was succeeded by his daughter Berenice III. However, with opposition building at the royal court against the idea of a sole reigning female monarch, Berenice III accepted joint rule and marriage with her cousin and stepson Ptolemy XI Alexander II, an arrangement made by the Roman dictator Sulla. Ptolemy XI had his wife killed shortly after their marriage in 80 BC, but was lynched soon thereafter in the resulting riot over the assassination. Ptolemy XI, and perhaps his uncle Ptolemy IX or father Ptolemy X Alexander I, willed the Ptolemaic Kingdom to Rome as collateral for loans, so that the Romans had legal grounds to"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " take over Egypt, their client state, after the assassination of Ptolemy XI. The Romans chose instead to divide the Ptolemaic realm among the illegitimate sons of Ptolemy IX, bestowing Cyprus on Ptolemy of Cyprus and Egypt on Ptolemy XII Auletes.</s><s>Biography.:Early childhood. Cleopatra VII was born in early 69 BC to the ruling Ptolemaic pharaoh Ptolemy XII and an uncertain mother, presumably Ptolemy XII's wife Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (also known as Cleopatra V Tryphaena), the mother of Cleopatra's older sister, Berenice IV Epiphaneia. Cleopatra Tryphaena disappears from official records a few months after the birth of Cleopatra in 69 BC. The three younger children of Ptolemy XII, Cleopatra's sister Arsinoe IV and brothers Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator and Ptolemy XIV, were born in the absence of his wife. Cleopatra's childhood tutor was Philostratos, from whom she learned the Greek arts of oration and philosophy. During her youth Cleopatra presumably studied at the Mus"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "aeum, including the Library of Alexandria.</s><s>Biography.:Reign and exile of Ptolemy XII. In 65 BC the Roman censor Marcus Licinius Crassus argued before the Roman Senate that Rome should annex Ptolemaic Egypt, but his proposed bill and the similar bill of tribune Servilius Rullus in 63 BC were rejected. Ptolemy XII responded to the threat of possible annexation by offering remuneration and lavish gifts to powerful Roman statesmen, such as Pompey during his campaign against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and eventually Julius Caesar after he became Roman consul in 59 BC. However, Ptolemy XII's profligate behavior bankrupted him, and he was forced to acquire loans from the Roman banker Gaius Rabirius Postumus. In 58 BC the Romans annexed Cyprus and on accusations of piracy drove Ptolemy of Cyprus, Ptolemy XII's brother, to commit suicide instead of enduring exile to Paphos. Ptolemy XII remained publicly silent on the death of his brother, a decision which, along with ceding traditional Ptolemaic territory to the Romans, damaged his credibility among subjects already enraged by his economic policies."
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " Ptolemy XII was then exiled from Egypt by force, traveling first to Rhodes, then Athens, and finally the villa of triumvir Pompey in the Alban Hills, near Praeneste, Italy. Ptolemy XII spent nearly a year there on the outskirts of Rome, ostensibly accompanied by his daughter Cleopatra, then about 11. Berenice IV sent an embassy to Rome to advocate for her rule and oppose the reinstatement of her father Ptolemy XII, but Ptolemy had assassins kill the leaders of the embassy, an incident that was covered up by his powerful Roman supporters. When the Roman Senate denied Ptolemy XII the offer of an armed escort and provisions for a return to Egypt, he decided to leave Rome in late 57 BC and reside at the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus. The Roman financiers of Ptolemy XII remained determined to restore him to power. Pompey persuaded Aulus Gabinius, the Roman governor of Syria, to invade Egypt and restore Ptolemy XII, offering him 10,000 talents for the proposed mission. Although it put him at odds with Roman law, Gabinius invaded Egypt in the spring of 55 BC by way of Hasmonean Jude"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "a, where Hyrcanus II had Antipater the Idumaean, father of Herod the Great, furnish the Roman-led army with supplies. As a young cavalry officer, Mark Antony was under Gabinius's command. He distinguished himself by preventing Ptolemy XII from massacring the inhabitants of Pelousion, and for rescuing the body of Archelaos, the husband of Berenice IV, after he was killed in battle, ensuring him a proper royal burial. Cleopatra, then 14 years of age, would have traveled with the Roman expedition into Egypt; years later, Antony would profess that he had fallen in love with her at this time. Gabinius was put on trial in Rome for abusing his authority, for which he was acquitted, but his second trial for accepting bribes led to his exile, from which he was recalled seven years later in 48 BC by Caesar. Crassus replaced him as governor of Syria and extended his provincial command to Egypt, but he was killed by the Parthians at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC. Ptolemy XII had Berenice IV and her wealthy supporters executed, seizing their properties. He allowed Gabinius's largely Germanic and Gallic"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " Roman garrison, the Gabiniani, to harass people in the streets of Alexandria and installed his longtime Roman financier Rabirius as his chief financial officer. Within a year Rabirius was placed under protective custody and sent back to Rome after his life was endangered for draining Egypt of its resources. Despite these problems, Ptolemy XII created a will designating Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII as his joint heirs, oversaw major construction projects such as the Temple of Edfu and a temple at Dendera, and stabilized the economy. On 31 May 52 BC, Cleopatra was made a regent of Ptolemy XII, as indicated by an inscription in the Temple of Hathor at Dendera. Rabirius was unable to collect the entirety of Ptolemy XII's debt by the time of the latter's death, and so it was passed on to his successors Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII.</s><s>Biography.:Accession to the throne. Ptolemy XII died sometime before 22 March 51 BC, when Cleopatra, in her first act as queen, began her voyage to Hermonthis, near Thebes, to install a new sacred Buchis bull, worshiped as an"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " intermediary for the god Montu in the Ancient Egyptian religion. Cleopatra faced several pressing issues and emergencies shortly after taking the throne. These included famine caused by drought and a low level of the annual flooding of the Nile, and lawless behavior instigated by the Gabiniani, the now unemployed and assimilated Roman soldiers left by Gabinius to garrison Egypt. Inheriting her father's debts, Cleopatra also owed the Roman Republic 17.5 million drachmas. In 50 BC Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, proconsul of Syria, sent his two eldest sons to Egypt, most likely to negotiate with the Gabiniani and recruit them as soldiers in the desperate defense of Syria against the Parthians. However, the Gabiniani tortured and murdered these two, perhaps with secret encouragement by rogue senior administrators in Cleopatra's court. Cleopatra sent the Gabiniani culprits to Bibulus as prisoners awaiting his judgment, but he sent them back to Cleopatra and chastised her for interfering in their adjudication, which was the prerogative of the Roman Senate. Bibulus, siding with Pompey in Caesar's Civil War, failed to prevent Caesar from landing a naval fleet in Greece, which ultimately allowed Caesar"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " to reach Egypt in pursuit of Pompey. By 29 August 51 BC, official documents started listing Cleopatra as the sole ruler, evidence that she had rejected her brother Ptolemy XIII as a co-ruler. She had probably married him, but there is no record of this. The Ptolemaic practice of sibling marriage was introduced by Ptolemy II and his sister Arsinoe II. A long-held royal Egyptian practice, it was loathed by contemporary Greeks. By the reign of Cleopatra, however, it was considered a normal arrangement for Ptolemaic rulers. Despite Cleopatra's rejection of him, Ptolemy XIII still retained powerful allies, notably the eunuch Potheinos, his childhood tutor, regent, and administrator of his properties. Others involved in the cabal against Cleopatra included Achillas, a prominent military commander, and Theodotus of Chios, another tutor of Ptolemy XIII. Cleopatra seems to have attempted a short-lived alliance with her brother Ptolemy XIV, but by the autumn of 50 BC Ptolemy XIII had the upper hand in their conflict and began signing documents with his name before that of his sister,"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " followed by the establishment of his first regnal date in 49 BC.</s><s>Biography.:Assassination of Pompey. In the summer of 49 BC, Cleopatra and her forces were still fighting against Ptolemy XIII within Alexandria when Pompey's son Gnaeus Pompeius arrived, seeking military aid on behalf of his father. After returning to Italy from the wars in Gaul and crossing the Rubicon in January of 49 BC, Caesar had forced Pompey and his supporters to flee to Greece. In perhaps their last joint decree, both Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII agreed to Gnaeus Pompeius's request and sent his father 60 ships and 500 troops, including the Gabiniani, a move that helped erase some of the debt owed to Rome. Losing the fight against her brother, Cleopatra was then forced to flee Alexandria and withdraw to the region of Thebes. By the spring of 48 BC Cleopatra had traveled to Roman Syria with her younger sister, Arsinoe IV, to gather an invasion force that would head to Egypt. She returned with an army, but her advance to Alexandria was blocked by her brother's forces, including some Gabiniani mobilized to fight against her, so she camped outside"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " Pelousion in the eastern Nile Delta. In Greece, Caesar and Pompey's forces engaged each other at the decisive Battle of Pharsalus on 9August 48 BC, leading to the destruction of most of Pompey's army and his forced flight to Tyre, Lebanon. Given his close relationship with the Ptolemies, Pompey ultimately decided that Egypt would be his place of refuge, where he could replenish his forces. Ptolemy XIII's advisers, however, feared the idea of Pompey using Egypt as his base in a protracted Roman civil war. In a scheme devised by Theodotus, Pompey arrived by ship near Pelousion after being invited by a written message, only to be ambushed and stabbed to death on 28 September 48 BC. Ptolemy XIII believed he had demonstrated his power and simultaneously defused the situation by having Pompey's head, severed and embalmed, sent to Caesar, who arrived in Alexandria by early October and took up residence at the royal palace. Caesar expressed grief and outrage over the killing of Pompey and called on both Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra to disband their forces and reconcile with each other.</s><s>Biography.:Relationship with Julius Caesar. Ptole"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "my XIII arrived at Alexandria at the head of his army, in clear defiance of Caesar's demand that he disband and leave his army before his arrival. Cleopatra initially sent emissaries to Caesar, but upon allegedly hearing that Caesar was inclined to having affairs with royal women, she came to Alexandria to see him personally. Historian Cassius Dio records that she did so without informing her brother, dressed in an attractive manner, and charmed Caesar with her wit. Plutarch provides an entirely different account that alleges she was bound inside a bed sack to be smuggled into the palace to meet Caesar. When Ptolemy XIII realized that his sister was in the palace consorting directly with Caesar, he attempted to rouse the populace of Alexandria into a riot, but he was arrested by Caesar, who used his oratorical skills to calm the frenzied crowd. Caesar then brought Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII before the assembly of Alexandria, where Caesar revealed the written will of Ptolemy XII—previously possessed by Pompey—naming Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII as his joint heirs. Caesar then attempted to arrange for the other two siblings, Arsinoe IV and Ptolemy XIV, to rule together"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " over Cyprus, thus removing potential rival claimants to the Egyptian throne while also appeasing the Ptolemaic subjects still bitter over the loss of Cyprus to the Romans in 58 BC. Judging that this agreement favored Cleopatra over Ptolemy XIII and that the latter's army of 20,000, including the Gabiniani, could most likely defeat Caesar's army of 4,000 unsupported troops, Potheinos decided to have Achillas lead their forces to Alexandria to attack both Caesar and Cleopatra. After Caesar managed to execute Potheinos, Arsinoe IV joined forces with Achillas and was declared queen, but soon afterward had her tutor Ganymedes kill Achillas and take his position as commander of her army. Ganymedes then tricked Caesar into requesting the presence of the erstwhile captive Ptolemy XIII as a negotiator, only to have him join the army of Arsinoe IV. The resulting siege of the palace, with Caesar and Cleopatra trapped together inside, lasted into the following year of 47 BC. Sometime between January and March of 47 BC, Caesar's reinforcements arrived, including those led by Mithridates of Pergamon and Antipater the Idumaean. Ptolemy XIII"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " and Arsinoe IV withdrew their forces to the Nile, where Caesar attacked them. Ptolemy XIII tried to flee by boat, but it capsized, and he drowned. Ganymedes may have been killed in the battle. Theodotus was found years later in Asia, by Marcus Junius Brutus, and executed. Arsinoe IV was forcefully paraded in Caesar's triumph in Rome before being exiled to the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. Cleopatra was conspicuously absent from these events and resided in the palace, most likely because she had been pregnant with Caesar's child since September 48 BC. Caesar's term as consul had expired at the end of 48 BC. However, Antony, an officer of his, helped to secure Caesar's appointment as dictator lasting for a year, until October 47 BC, providing Caesar with the legal authority to settle the dynastic dispute in Egypt. Wary of repeating the mistake of Cleopatra's sister Berenice IV in having a female monarch as sole ruler, Caesar appointed Cleopatra's 12-year-old brother, Ptolemy XIV, as joint ruler with the 22-year-old Cleopatra in a nominal sibling marriage, but Cleopatra continued living"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " privately with Caesar. The exact date at which Cyprus was returned to her control is not known, although she had a governor there by 42 BC. Caesar is alleged to have joined Cleopatra for a cruise of the Nile and sightseeing of Egyptian monuments, although this may be a romantic tale reflecting later well-to-do Roman proclivities and not a real historical event. The historian Suetonius provided considerable details about the voyage, including use of \"Thalamegos\", the pleasure barge constructed by Ptolemy IV, which during his reign measured in length and in height and was complete with dining rooms, state rooms, holy shrines, and promenades along its two decks, resembling a floating villa. Caesar could have had an interest in the Nile cruise owing to his fascination with geography; he was well-read in the works of Eratosthenes and Pytheas, and perhaps wanted to discover the source of the river, but turned back before reaching Ethiopia. Caesar departed from Egypt around April 47 BC, allegedly to confront Pharnaces II of Pontus, the son of Mithridates VI of Pontus, who was stirring up trouble for Rome in Anatolia. It is possible that Caesar, married to the prominent Roman"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " woman Calpurnia, also wanted to avoid being seen together with Cleopatra when she bore him their son. He left three legions in Egypt, later increased to four, under the command of the freedman Rufio, to secure Cleopatra's tenuous position, but also perhaps to keep her activities in check. Caesarion, Cleopatra's alleged child with Caesar, was born 23 June 47 BC and was originally named \"Pharaoh Caesar\", as preserved on a stele at the Serapeum of Saqqara. Perhaps owing to his still childless marriage with Calpurnia, Caesar remained publicly silent about Caesarion (but perhaps accepted his parentage in private). Cleopatra, on the other hand, made repeated official declarations about Caesarion's parentage, naming Caesar as the father. Cleopatra and her nominal joint ruler Ptolemy XIV visited Rome sometime in late 46 BC, presumably without Caesarion, and were given lodging in Caesar's villa within the Horti Caesaris. As with their father Ptolemy XII, Caesar awarded both Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIV the legal status of \"friend and ally of the Roman people\" (), in effect client rulers loyal to Rome. Cleopatra"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "'s visitors at Caesar's villa across the Tiber included the senator Cicero, who found her arrogant. Sosigenes of Alexandria, one of the members of Cleopatra's court, aided Caesar in the calculations for the new Julian calendar, put into effect 1January 45 BC. The Temple of Venus Genetrix, established in the Forum of Caesar on 25 September 46 BC, contained a golden statue of Cleopatra (which stood there at least until the 3rd century AD), associating the mother of Caesar's child directly with the goddess Venus, mother of the Romans. The statue also subtly linked the Egyptian goddess Isis with the Roman religion. Cleopatra's presence in Rome most likely had an effect on the events at the Lupercalia festival a month before Caesar's assassination. Antony attempted to place a royal diadem on Caesar's head, but the latter refused in what was most likely a staged performance, perhaps to gauge the Roman public's mood about accepting Hellenistic-style kingship. Cicero, who was present at the festival, mockingly asked where the diadem came from, an obvious reference to the Ptolemaic queen whom he abhorred. Caesar was assassinated on the Ides of March (15 March 44"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " BC), but Cleopatra stayed in Rome until about mid-April, in the vain hope of having Caesarion recognized as Caesar's heir. However, Caesar's will named his grandnephew Octavian as the primary heir, and Octavian arrived in Italy around the same time Cleopatra decided to depart for Egypt. A few months later, Cleopatra had Ptolemy XIV killed by poisoning, elevating her son Caesarion as her co-ruler.</s><s>Biography.:Cleopatra in the Liberators' civil war. Octavian, Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate in 43 BC, in which they were each elected for five-year terms to restore order in the Republic and bring Caesar's assassins to justice. Cleopatra received messages from both Gaius Cassius Longinus, one of Caesar's assassins, and Publius Cornelius Dolabella, proconsul of Syria and Caesarian loyalist, requesting military aid. She decided to write Cassius an excuse that her kingdom faced too many internal problems, while sending the four legions left by Caesar in Egypt to Dolabella. However, these troops were captured by Cassius in Palestine."
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " While Serapion, Cleopatra's governor of Cyprus, defected to Cassius and provided him with ships, Cleopatra took her own fleet to Greece to personally assist Octavian and Antony, but her ships were heavily damaged in a Mediterranean storm and she arrived too late to aid in the fighting. By the autumn of 42 BC, Antony had defeated the forces of Caesar's assassins at the Battle of Philippi in Greece, leading to the suicide of Cassius and Brutus. By the end of 42 BC, Octavian had gained control over much of the western half of the Roman Republic and Antony the eastern half, with Lepidus largely marginalized. In the summer of 41 BC, Antony established his headquarters at Tarsos in Anatolia and summoned Cleopatra there in several letters, which she rebuffed until Antony's envoy Quintus Dellius convinced her to come. The meeting would allow Cleopatra to clear up the misconception that she had supported Cassius during the civil war and address territorial exchanges in the Levant, but Antony also undoubtedly desired to form a personal, romantic relationship with the queen. Cleopatra sailed up the Kydnos River to Tarsos in \"Thalamegos\", hosting Ant"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "ony and his officers for two nights of lavish banquets on board the ship. Cleopatra managed to clear her name as a supposed supporter of Cassius, arguing she had really attempted to help Dolabella in Syria, and convinced Antony to have her exiled sister, Arsinoe IV, executed at Ephesus. Cleopatra's former rebellious governor of Cyprus was also handed over to her for execution.</s><s>Biography.:Relationship with Mark Antony. Cleopatra invited Antony to come to Egypt before departing from Tarsos, which led Antony to visit Alexandria by November 41 BC. Antony was well received by the populace of Alexandria, both for his heroic actions in restoring Ptolemy XII to power and coming to Egypt without an occupation force like Caesar had done. In Egypt, Antony continued to enjoy the lavish royal lifestyle he had witnessed aboard Cleopatra's ship docked at Tarsos. He also had his subordinates, such as Publius Ventidius Bassus, drive the Parthians out of Anatolia and Syria. Cleopatra carefully chose Antony as her partner for producing further heirs, as he was deemed to be the most powerful Roman figure following Caesar's demise. With his powers as a"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " triumvir, Antony also had the broad authority to restore former Ptolemaic lands, which were currently in Roman hands, to Cleopatra. While it is clear that both Cilicia and Cyprus were under Cleopatra's control by 19 November 38 BC, the transfer probably occurred earlier in the winter of 41–40 BC, during her time spent with Antony. By the spring of 40 BC, Antony left Egypt due to troubles in Syria, where his governor Lucius Decidius Saxa was killed and his army taken by Quintus Labienus, a former officer under Cassius who now served the Parthian Empire. Cleopatra provided Antony with 200 ships for his campaign and as payment for her newly acquired territories. She would not see Antony again until 37 BC, but she maintained correspondence, and evidence suggests she kept a spy in his camp. By the end of 40 BC, Cleopatra had given birth to twins, a boy named Alexander Helios and a girl named Cleopatra Selene II, both of whom Antony acknowledged as his children. Helios (the Sun) and Selene (the Moon) were symbolic of a new era of societal rejuvenation, as well as an indication that Cleop"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "atra hoped Antony would repeat the exploits of Alexander the Great by conquering the Parthians. Mark Antony's Parthian campaign in the east was disrupted by the events of the Perusine War (41–40 BC), initiated by his ambitious wife Fulvia against Octavian in the hopes of making her husband the undisputed leader of Rome. It has been suggested that Fulvia wanted to cleave Antony away from Cleopatra, but the conflict emerged in Italy even before Cleopatra's meeting with Antony at Tarsos. Fulvia and Antony's brother Lucius Antonius were eventually besieged by Octavian at Perusia (modern Perugia, Italy) and then exiled from Italy, after which Fulvia died at Sicyon in Greece while attempting to reach Antony. Her sudden death led to a reconciliation of Octavian and Antony at Brundisium in Italy in September 40 BC. Although the agreement struck at Brundisium solidified Antony's control of the Roman Republic's territories east of the Ionian Sea, it also stipulated that he concede Italia, Hispania, and Gaul, and marry Octavian's sister Octavia the Younger, a potential rival for Cleopatra."
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " In December 40 BC Cleopatra received Herod in Alexandria as an unexpected guest and refugee who fled a turbulent situation in Judea. Herod had been installed as a tetrarch there by Antony, but he was soon at odds with Antigonus II Mattathias of the long-established Hasmonean dynasty. The latter had imprisoned Herod's brother and fellow tetrarch Phasael, who was executed while Herod was fleeing toward Cleopatra's court. Cleopatra attempted to provide him with a military assignment, but Herod declined and traveled to Rome, where the triumvirs Octavian and Antony named him king of Judea. This act put Herod on a collision course with Cleopatra, who would desire to reclaim the former Ptolemaic territories that comprised his new Herodian kingdom. Relations between Antony and Cleopatra perhaps soured when he not only married Octavia, but also sired her two children, Antonia the Elder in 39 BC and Antonia Minor in 36 BC, and moved his headquarters to Athens. However, Cleopatra's position in Egypt was secure. Her rival Herod was occupied with civil war in Judea that required heavy Roman military assistance, but received none from Cleopatra. Since the"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " authority of Antony and Octavian as triumvirs had expired on 1January 37 BC, Octavia arranged for a meeting at Tarentum, where the triumvirate was officially extended to 33 BC. With two legions granted by Octavian and a thousand soldiers lent by Octavia, Antony traveled to Antioch, where he made preparations for war against the Parthians. Antony summoned Cleopatra to Antioch to discuss pressing issues, such as Herod's kingdom and financial support for his Parthian campaign. Cleopatra brought her now three-year-old twins to Antioch, where Antony saw them for the first time and where they probably first received their surnames Helios and Selene as part of Antony and Cleopatra's ambitious plans for the future. In order to stabilize the east, Antony not only enlarged Cleopatra's domain, he also established new ruling dynasties and client rulers who would be loyal to him, yet would ultimately outlast him. In this arrangement Cleopatra gained significant former Ptolemaic territories in the Levant, including nearly all of Phoenicia (Lebanon) minus Tyre and Sidon, which remained in Roman hands. She also received Ptolema"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "is Akko (modern Acre, Israel), a city that was established by Ptolemy II. Given her ancestral relations with the Seleucids, she was granted the region of Coele-Syria along the upper Orontes River. She was even given the region surrounding Jericho in Palestine, but she leased this territory back to Herod. At the expense of the Nabataean king Malichus I (a cousin of Herod), Cleopatra was also given a portion of the Nabataean Kingdom around the Gulf of Aqaba on the Red Sea, including Ailana (modern Aqaba, Jordan). To the west Cleopatra was handed Cyrene along the Libyan coast, as well as Itanos and Olous in Roman Crete. Although still administered by Roman officials, these territories nevertheless enriched her kingdom and led her to declare the inauguration of a new era by double-dating her coinage in 36 BC. Antony's enlargement of the Ptolemaic realm by relinquishing directly controlled Roman territory was exploited by his rival Octavian, who tapped into the public sentiment in Rome against the empowerment of a foreign queen at the expense of their Republic. Octavian, fostering the narrative that Antony was neglecting his"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " virtuous Roman wife Octavia, granted both her and Livia, his own wife, extraordinary privileges of sacrosanctity. Some 50 years before, Cornelia Africana, daughter of Scipio Africanus, had been the first living Roman woman to have a statue dedicated to her. She was now followed by Octavia and Livia, whose statues were most likely erected in the Forum of Caesar to rival that of Cleopatra's, erected by Caesar. In 36 BC, Cleopatra accompanied Antony to the Euphrates in his journey toward invading the Parthian Empire. She then returned to Egypt, perhaps due to her advanced state of pregnancy. By the summer of 36 BC, she had given birth to Ptolemy Philadelphus, her second son with Antony. Antony's Parthian campaign in 36 BC turned into a complete debacle for a number of reasons, in particular the betrayal of Artavasdes II of Armenia, who defected to the Parthian side. After losing some 30,000 men, more than Crassus at Carrhae (an indignity he had hoped to avenge), Antony finally arrived at Leukokome near Berytus (modern Beirut, Lebanon) in December"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": ", engaged in heavy drinking before Cleopatra arrived to provide funds and clothing for his battered troops. Antony desired to avoid the risks involved in returning to Rome, and so he traveled with Cleopatra back to Alexandria to see his newborn son.</s><s>Biography.:Donations of Alexandria. As Antony prepared for another Parthian expedition in 35 BC, this time aimed at their ally Armenia, Octavia traveled to Athens with 2,000 troops in alleged support of Antony, but most likely in a scheme devised by Octavian to embarrass him for his military losses. Antony received these troops but told Octavia not to stray east of Athens as he and Cleopatra traveled together to Antioch, only to suddenly and inexplicably abandon the military campaign and head back to Alexandria. When Octavia returned to Rome Octavian portrayed his sister as a victim wronged by Antony, although she refused to leave Antony's household. Octavian's confidence grew as he eliminated his rivals in the west, including Sextus Pompeius and even Lepidus, the third member of the triumvirate, who was placed under house arrest after revolting against Octavian in Sicily. Dellius was sent as Antony's envoy to Artav"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "asdes II in 34 BC to negotiate a potential marriage alliance that would wed the Armenian king's daughter to Alexander Helios, the son of Antony and Cleopatra. When this was declined, Antony marched his army into Armenia, defeated their forces and captured the king and Armenian royal family. Antony then held a military parade in Alexandria as an imitation of a Roman triumph, dressed as Dionysus and riding into the city on a chariot to present the royal prisoners to Cleopatra, who was seated on a golden throne above a silver dais. News of this event was heavily criticized in Rome as a perversion of time-honored Roman rites and rituals to be enjoyed instead by an Egyptian queen. In an event held at the gymnasium soon after the triumph, Cleopatra dressed as Isis and declared that she was the Queen of Kings with her son Caesarion, King of Kings, while Alexander Helios was declared king of Armenia, Media, and Parthia, and two-year-old Ptolemy Philadelphos was declared king of Syria and Cilicia. Cleopatra Selene II was bestowed with Crete and Cyrene. Antony and Cleopatra may have been wed during this ceremony. Antony sent"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " a report to Rome requesting ratification of these territorial claims, now known as the Donations of Alexandria. Octavian wanted to publicize it for propaganda purposes, but the two consuls, both supporters of Antony, had it censored from public view. In late 34 BC, Antony and Octavian engaged in a heated war of propaganda that would last for years. Antony claimed that his rival had illegally deposed Lepidus from their triumvirate and barred him from raising troops in Italy, while Octavian accused Antony of unlawfully detaining the king of Armenia, marrying Cleopatra despite still being married to his sister Octavia, and wrongfully claiming Caesarion as the heir of Caesar instead of Octavian. The litany of accusations and gossip associated with this propaganda war have shaped the popular perceptions about Cleopatra from Augustan-period literature through to various media in modern times. Cleopatra was said to have brainwashed Mark Antony with witchcraft and sorcery and was as dangerous as Homer's Helen of Troy in destroying civilization. Pliny the Elder claims in his \"Natural History\" that Cleopatra once dissolved a pearl worth tens of millions of sesterces in vinegar just to win a dinner-party bet. The accusation that"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " Antony had stolen books from the Library of Pergamum to restock the Library of Alexandria later turned out to be an admitted fabrication by Gaius Calvisius Sabinus. A papyrus document dated to February 33 BC, later used to wrap a mummy, contains the signature of Cleopatra, probably written by an official authorized to sign for her. It concerns certain tax exemptions in Egypt granted to either Quintus Caecillius or Publius Canidius Crassus, a former Roman consul and Antony's confidant who would command his land forces at Actium. A subscript in a different handwriting at the bottom of the papyrus reads \"make it happen\" or \"so be it\" (); this is likely the autograph of the queen, as it was Ptolemaic practice to countersign documents to avoid forgery.</s><s>Biography.:Battle of Actium. In a speech to the Roman Senate on the first day of his consulship on 1January 33 BC, Octavian accused Antony of attempting to subvert Roman freedoms and territorial integrity as a slave to his Oriental queen. Before Antony and Octavian's joint \"imperium\" expired on 31 December 33 BC, Antony declared"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " Caesarion as the true heir of Caesar in an attempt to undermine Octavian. In 32 BC, the Antonian loyalists Gaius Sosius and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus became consuls. The former gave a fiery speech condemning Octavian, now a private citizen without public office, and introduced pieces of legislation against him. During the next senatorial session, Octavian entered the Senate house with armed guards and levied his own accusations against the consuls. Intimidated by this act, the consuls and over 200 senators still in support of Antony fled Rome the next day to join the side of Antony. Antony and Cleopatra traveled together to Ephesus in 32 BC, where she provided him with 200 of the 800 naval ships he was able to acquire. Ahenobarbus, wary of having Octavian's propaganda confirmed to the public, attempted to persuade Antony to have Cleopatra excluded from the campaign against Octavian. Publius Canidius Crassus made the counterargument that Cleopatra was funding the war effort and was a competent monarch. Cleopatra refused Antony's requests that she return to Egypt, judging that by blocking Octavian in Greece she"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " could more easily defend Egypt. Cleopatra's insistence that she be involved in the battle for Greece led to the defections of prominent Romans, such as Ahenobarbus and Lucius Munatius Plancus. During the spring of 32 BC Antony and Cleopatra traveled to Athens, where she persuaded Antony to send Octavia an official declaration of divorce. This encouraged Plancus to advise Octavian that he should seize Antony's will, invested with the Vestal Virgins. Although a violation of sacred and legal rights, Octavian forcefully acquired the document from the Temple of Vesta, and it became a useful tool in the propaganda war against Antony and Cleopatra. Octavian highlighted parts of the will, such as Caesarion being named heir to Caesar, that the Donations of Alexandria were legal, that Antony should be buried alongside Cleopatra in Egypt instead of Rome, and that Alexandria would be made the new capital of the Roman Republic. In a show of loyalty to Rome, Octavian decided to begin construction of his own mausoleum at the Campus Martius. Octavian's legal standing was also improved by being elected consul in 31 BC. With Antony's will made public, Oct"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "avian had his \"casus belli\", and Rome declared war on Cleopatra, not Antony. The legal argument for war was based less on Cleopatra's territorial acquisitions, with former Roman territories ruled by her children with Antony, and more on the fact that she was providing military support to a private citizen now that Antony's triumviral authority had expired. Antony and Cleopatra had a larger fleet than Octavian, but the crews of Antony and Cleopatra's navy were not all well-trained, some of them perhaps from merchant vessels, whereas Octavian had a fully professional force. Antony wanted to cross the Adriatic Sea and blockade Octavian at either Tarentum or Brundisium, but Cleopatra, concerned primarily with defending Egypt, overrode the decision to attack Italy directly. Antony and Cleopatra set up their winter headquarters at Patrai in Greece, and by the spring of 31 BC they had moved to Actium, on the southern side of the Ambracian Gulf. Cleopatra and Antony had the support of various allied kings, but Cleopatra had already been in conflict with Herod, and an earthquake in Judea provided him"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " with an excuse to be absent from the campaign. They also lost the support of Malichus I, which would prove to have strategic consequences. Antony and Cleopatra lost several skirmishes against Octavian around Actium during the summer of 31 BC, while defections to Octavian's camp continued, including Antony's long-time companion Dellius and the allied kings Amyntas of Galatia and Deiotaros of Paphlagonia. While some in Antony's camp suggested abandoning the naval conflict to retreat inland, Cleopatra urged for a naval confrontation, to keep Octavian's fleet away from Egypt. On 2 September 31 BC the naval forces of Octavian, led by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, met those of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium. Cleopatra, aboard her flagship, the \"Antonias\", commanded 60 ships at the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf, at the rear of the fleet, in what was likely a move by Antony's officers to marginalize her during the battle. Antony had ordered that their ships should have sails on board for a better chance to pursue or flee from the enemy, which Cleopatra,"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " ever concerned about defending Egypt, used to swiftly move through the area of major combat in a strategic withdrawal to the Peloponnese. Burstein writes that partisan Roman writers would later accuse Cleopatra of cowardly deserting Antony, but their original intention of keeping their sails on board may have been to break the blockade and salvage as much of their fleet as possible. Antony followed Cleopatra and boarded her ship, identified by its distinctive purple sails, as the two escaped the battle and headed for Tainaron. Antony reportedly avoided Cleopatra during this three-day voyage, until her ladies in waiting at Tainaron urged him to speak with her. The Battle of Actium raged on without Cleopatra and Antony until the morning of 3September, and was followed by massive defections of officers, troops, and allied kings to Octavian's side.</s><s>Biography.:Downfall and death. While Octavian occupied Athens, Antony and Cleopatra landed at Paraitonion in Egypt. The couple then went their separate ways, Antony to Cyrene to raise more troops and Cleopatra to the harbor at Alexandria in an attempt to mislead the oppositional party and portray the activities in Greece as a victory."
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " She was afraid that news about the outcome of the battle of Actium would lead to a rebellion. It is uncertain whether or not, at this time, she actually executed Artavasdes II and sent his head to his rival, Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene, in an attempt to strike an alliance with him. Lucius Pinarius, Mark Antony's appointed governor of Cyrene, received word that Octavian had won the Battle of Actium before Antony's messengers could arrive at his court. Pinarius had these messengers executed and then defected to Octavian's side, surrendering to him the four legions under his command that Antony desired to obtain. Antony nearly committed suicide after hearing news of this but was stopped by his staff officers. In Alexandria he built a reclusive cottage on the island of Pharos that he nicknamed the \"Timoneion\", after the philosopher Timon of Athens, who was famous for his cynicism and misanthropy. Herod, who had personally advised Antony after the Battle of Actium that he should betray Cleopatra, traveled to Rhodes to meet Octavian and resign his kingship out of loyalty to Antony. Octavian was impressed by his speech and sense of"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " loyalty, so he allowed him to maintain his position in Judea, further isolating Antony and Cleopatra. Cleopatra perhaps started to view Antony as a liability by the late summer of 31 BC, when she prepared to leave Egypt to her son Caesarion. Cleopatra planned to relinquish her throne to him, take her fleet from the Mediterranean into the Red Sea, and then set sail to a foreign port, perhaps in India, where she could spend time recuperating. However, these plans were ultimately abandoned when Malichus I, as advised by Octavian's governor of Syria, Quintus Didius, managed to burn Cleopatra's fleet in revenge for his losses in a war with Herod that Cleopatra had largely initiated. Cleopatra had no other option but to stay in Egypt and negotiate with Octavian. Although most likely later pro-Octavian propaganda, it was reported that at this time Cleopatra started testing the strengths of various poisons on prisoners and even her own servants. Cleopatra had Caesarion enter into the ranks of the \"ephebi\", which, along with reliefs on a stele from Koptos dated 21 September 31 BC, demonstrated that Cleopatra was now grooming"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " her son to become the sole ruler of Egypt. In a show of solidarity, Antony also had Marcus Antonius Antyllus, his son with Fulvia, enter the \"ephebi\" at the same time. Separate messages and envoys from Antony and Cleopatra were then sent to Octavian, still stationed at Rhodes, although Octavian seems to have replied only to Cleopatra. Cleopatra requested that her children should inherit Egypt and that Antony should be allowed to live in exile in Egypt, offered Octavian money in the future, and immediately sent him lavish gifts. Octavian sent his diplomat Thyrsos to Cleopatra after she threatened to burn herself and vast amounts of her treasure within a tomb already under construction. Thyrsos advised her to kill Antony so that her life would be spared, but when Antony suspected foul intent, he had this diplomat flogged and sent back to Octavian without a deal. After lengthy negotiations that ultimately produced no results, Octavian set out to invade Egypt in the spring of 30 BC, stopping at Ptolemais in Phoenicia, where his new ally Herod provided his army with fresh supplies. Octavian moved south and swiftly took Pel"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "ousion, while Cornelius Gallus, marching eastward from Cyrene, defeated Antony's forces near Paraitonion. Octavian advanced quickly to Alexandria, but Antony returned and won a small victory over Octavian's tired troops outside the city's hippodrome. However, on 1 August 30 BC, Antony's naval fleet surrendered to Octavian, followed by Antony's cavalry. Cleopatra hid herself in her tomb with her close attendants and sent a message to Antony that she had committed suicide. In despair, Antony responded to this by stabbing himself in the stomach and taking his own life at age 53. According to Plutarch, he was still dying when brought to Cleopatra at her tomb, telling her he had died honorably and that she could trust Octavian's companion Gaius Proculeius over anyone else in his entourage. It was Proculeius, however, who infiltrated her tomb using a ladder and detained the queen, denying her the ability to burn herself with her treasures. Cleopatra was then allowed to embalm and bury Antony within her tomb before she was escorted to the palace. Octavian entered Alexandria, occupied the palace, and seized Cleopatra's three"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " youngest children. When she met with Octavian, Cleopatra told him bluntly, \"I will not be led in a triumph\" (), according to Livy, a rare recording of her exact words. Octavian promised that he would keep her alive but offered no explanation about his future plans for her kingdom. When a spy informed her that Octavian planned to move her and her children to Rome in three days, she prepared for suicide as she had no intentions of being paraded in a Roman triumph like her sister Arsinoe IV. It is unclear if Cleopatra's suicide on 10 August 30 BC, at age 39, took place within the palace or her tomb. It is said she was accompanied by her servants Eiras and Charmion, who also took their own lives. Octavian was said to have been angered by this outcome but had Cleopatra buried in royal fashion next to Antony in her tomb. Cleopatra's physician Olympos did not explain her cause of death, although the popular belief is that she allowed an asp or Egyptian cobra to bite and poison her. Plutarch relates this tale, but then suggests an implement (,, 'spine, cheese-grater') was used"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " to introduce the toxin by scratching, while Dio says that she injected the poison with a needle (, ), and Strabo argued for an ointment of some kind. No venomous snake was found with her body, but she did have tiny puncture wounds on her arm that could have been caused by a needle. Cleopatra decided in her last moments to send Caesarion away to Upper Egypt, perhaps with plans to flee to Kushite Nubia, Ethiopia, or India. Caesarion, now Ptolemy XV, would reign for a mere 18 days until executed on the orders of Octavian on 29 August 30 BC, after returning to Alexandria under the false pretense that Octavian would allow him to be king. Octavian was convinced by the advice of the philosopher Arius Didymus that there was room for only one Caesar in the world. With the fall of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the Roman province of Egypt was established, marking the end of the Hellenistic period. In January of 27 BC Octavian was renamed Augustus (\"the revered\") and amassed constitutional powers that established him as the first Roman emperor, inaugurating the Principate era of the Roman Empire.</s><s>Cleopatra's"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " kingdom and role as a monarch. Following the tradition of Macedonian rulers, Cleopatra ruled Egypt and other territories such as Cyprus as an absolute monarch, serving as the sole lawgiver of her kingdom. She was the chief religious authority in her realm, presiding over religious ceremonies dedicated to the deities of both the Egyptian and Greek polytheistic faiths. She oversaw the construction of various temples to Egyptian and Greek gods, a synagogue for the Jews in Egypt, and even built the Caesareum of Alexandria, dedicated to the cult worship of her patron and lover Julius Caesar. Cleopatra was directly involved in the administrative affairs of her domain, tackling crises such as famine by ordering royal granaries to distribute food to the starving populace during a drought at the beginning of her reign. Although the command economy that she managed was more of an ideal than a reality, the government attempted to impose price controls, tariffs, and state monopolies for certain goods, fixed exchange rates for foreign currencies, and rigid laws forcing peasant farmers to stay in their villages during planting and harvesting seasons. Apparent financial troubles led Cleopatra to debase her coinage, which included silver and bronze currencies but no gold coins like those of some of her distant Ptolemaic predecessors.</s><s>"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "Legacy.</s><s>Legacy.:Children and successors. After her suicide, Cleopatra's three surviving children, Cleopatra Selene II, Alexander Helios, and Ptolemy Philadelphos, were sent to Rome with Octavian's sister Octavia the Younger, a former wife of their father, as their guardian. Cleopatra Selene II and Alexander Helios were present in the Roman triumph of Octavian in 29 BC. The fates of Alexander Helios and Ptolemy Philadelphus are unknown after this point. Octavia arranged the betrothal of Cleopatra Selene II to Juba II, son of Juba I, whose North African kingdom of Numidia had been turned into a Roman province in 46 BC by Julius Caesar due to Juba I's support of Pompey. The emperor Augustus installed Juba II and Cleopatra Selene II, after their wedding in 25 BC, as the new rulers of Mauretania, where they transformed the old Carthaginian city of Iol into their new capital, renamed Caesarea Mauretaniae (modern Cherchell, Algeria). Cleopatra Selene II imported many important scholars, artists, and advisers from her mother"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "'s royal court in Alexandria to serve her in Caesarea, now permeated in Hellenistic Greek culture. She also named her son Ptolemy of Mauretania, in honor of their Ptolemaic dynastic heritage. Cleopatra Selene II died around 5 BC, and when Juba II died in 23/24 AD he was succeeded by his son Ptolemy. However, Ptolemy was eventually executed by the Roman emperor Caligula in 40 AD, perhaps under the pretense that Ptolemy had unlawfully minted his own royal coinage and utilized regalia reserved for the Roman emperor. Ptolemy of Mauretania was the last known monarch of the Ptolemaic dynasty, although Queen Zenobia, of the short-lived Palmyrene Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century, would claim descent from Cleopatra. A cult dedicated to Cleopatra still existed as late as 373 AD when Petesenufe, an Egyptian scribe of the book of Isis, explained that he \"overlaid the figure of Cleopatra with gold.\"</s><s>Legacy.:Roman literature and historiography. Although almost 50 ancient works of Roman historiography mention"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " Cleopatra, these often include only terse accounts of the Battle of Actium, her suicide, and Augustan propaganda about her personal deficiencies. Despite not being a biography of Cleopatra, the \"Life of Antonius\" written by Plutarch in the 1st century AD provides the most thorough surviving account of Cleopatra's life. Plutarch lived a century after Cleopatra but relied on primary sources, such as Philotas of Amphissa, who had access to the Ptolemaic royal palace, Cleopatra's personal physician named Olympos, and Quintus Dellius, a close confidant of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. Plutarch's work included both the Augustan view of Cleopatra—which became canonical for his period—as well as sources outside of this tradition, such as eyewitness reports. The Jewish Roman historian Josephus, writing in the 1st century AD, provides valuable information on the life of Cleopatra via her diplomatic relationship with Herod the Great. However, this work relies largely on Herod's memoirs and the biased account of Nicolaus of Damascus, the tutor of Cleopatra's children in Alexandria before he moved to Judea to serve as an adviser and chronicler"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " at Herod's court. The \"Roman History\" published by the official and historian Cassius Dio in the early 3rd century AD, while failing to fully comprehend the complexities of the late Hellenistic world, nevertheless provides a continuous history of the era of Cleopatra's reign. Cleopatra is barely mentioned in, the memoirs of an unknown staff officer who served under Caesar. The writings of Cicero, who knew her personally, provide an unflattering portrait of Cleopatra. The Augustan-period authors Virgil, Horace, Propertius, and Ovid perpetuated the negative views of Cleopatra approved by the ruling Roman regime, although Virgil established the idea of Cleopatra as a figure of romance and epic melodrama. Horace also viewed Cleopatra's suicide as a positive choice, an idea that found acceptance by the Late Middle Ages with Geoffrey Chaucer. The historians Strabo, Velleius, Valerius Maximus, Pliny the Elder, and Appian, while not offering accounts as full as Plutarch, Josephus, or Dio, provided some details of her life that had not survived in other historical records. Inscriptions on contemporary Ptolemaic coinage and some"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " Egyptian papyrus documents demonstrate Cleopatra's point of view, but this material is very limited in comparison to Roman literary works. The fragmentary \"Libyka\" commissioned by Cleopatra's son-in-law Juba II provides a glimpse at a possible body of historiographic material that supported Cleopatra's perspective. Cleopatra's gender has perhaps led to her depiction as a minor if not insignificant figure in ancient, medieval, and even modern historiography about ancient Egypt and the Greco-Roman world. For instance, the historian Ronald Syme asserted that she was of little importance to Caesar and that the propaganda of Octavian magnified her importance to an excessive degree. Although the common view of Cleopatra was one of a prolific seductress, she had only two known sexual partners, Caesar and Antony, the two most prominent Romans of the time period, who were most likely to ensure the survival of her dynasty. Plutarch described Cleopatra as having had a stronger personality and charming wit than physical beauty.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Depictions in ancient art.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Depictions in ancient art.:Statues."
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " Cleopatra was depicted in various ancient works of art, in the Egyptian as well as Hellenistic-Greek and Roman styles. Surviving works include statues, busts, reliefs, and minted coins, as well as ancient carved cameos, such as one depicting Cleopatra and Antony in Hellenistic style, now in the Altes Museum, Berlin. Contemporary images of Cleopatra were produced both in and outside of Ptolemaic Egypt. For instance, a large gilded bronze statue of Cleopatra once existed inside the Temple of Venus Genetrix in Rome, the first time that a living person had their statue placed next to that of a deity in a Roman temple. It was erected there by Caesar and remained in the temple at least until the 3rd century AD, its preservation perhaps owing to Caesar's patronage, although Augustus did not remove or destroy artworks in Alexandria depicting Cleopatra. In regards to surviving Roman statuary, was found near the, Rome, along the and is now housed in the, part of the Vatican Museums. Plutarch, in his \"Life of Antonius\", claimed that the public statues of Antony were torn down by Augustus, but those of Cleopatra were preserved following"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " her death thanks to her friend Archibius paying the emperor 2,000 talents to dissuade him from destroying hers. Since the 1950s scholars have debated whether or not the \"Esquiline Venus\"—discovered in 1874 on the Esquiline Hill in Rome and housed in the of the Capitoline Museums—is a depiction of Cleopatra, based on the statue's, apparent royal diadem worn over the head, and the uraeus Egyptian cobra wrapped around the base. Detractors of this theory argue that the face in this statue is thinner than the face on and assert that it was unlikely she would be depicted as the naked goddess Venus (or the Greek Aphrodite). However, she was depicted in an Egyptian statue as the goddess Isis, while some of her coinage depicts her as Venus-Aphrodite. She also dressed as Aphrodite when meeting Antony at Tarsos. The \"Esquiline Venus\" is generally thought to be a mid-1st-century AD Roman copy of a 1st-century BC Greek original from the school of Pasiteles.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Depictions in ancient art.:Coinage portraits. Surviving coinage of Cle"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "opatra's reign include specimens from every regnal year, from 51 to 30 BC. Cleopatra, the only Ptolemaic queen to issue coins on her own behalf, almost certainly inspired her partner Caesar to become the first living Roman to present his portrait on his own coins. Cleopatra was also the first foreign queen to have her image appear on Roman currency. Coins dated to the period of her marriage to Antony, which also bear his image, portray the queen as having a very similar aquiline nose and prominent chin as that of her husband. These similar facial features followed an artistic convention that represented the mutually-observed harmony of a royal couple. Her strong, almost masculine facial features in these particular coins are strikingly different from the smoother, softer, and perhaps idealized sculpted images of her in either the Egyptian or Hellenistic styles. Her masculine facial features on minted currency are similar to that of her father, Ptolemy XII Auletes, and perhaps also to those of her Ptolemaic ancestor Arsinoe II (316–260 BC) and even depictions of earlier queens such as Hatshepsut and Nefertiti. It is likely, due to political expediency, that Antony"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "'s visage was made to conform not only to hers but also to those of her Macedonian Greek ancestors who founded the Ptolemaic dynasty, to familiarize himself to her subjects as a legitimate member of the royal house. The inscriptions on the coins are written in Greek, but also in the nominative case of Roman coins rather than the genitive case of Greek coins, in addition to having the letters placed in a circular fashion along the edges of the coin instead of across it horizontally or vertically as was customary for Greek ones. These facets of their coinage represent the synthesis of Roman and Hellenistic culture, and perhaps also a statement to their subjects, however ambiguous to modern scholars, about the superiority of either Antony or Cleopatra over the other. Diana Kleiner argues that Cleopatra, in one of her coins minted with the dual image of her husband Antony, made herself more masculine-looking than other portraits and more like an acceptable Roman client queen than a Hellenistic ruler. Cleopatra had actually achieved this masculine look in coinage predating her affair with Antony, such as the coins struck at the Ashkelon mint during her brief period of exile to Syria and the Levant, which Joann Fletcher explains as"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " her attempt to appear like her father and as a legitimate successor to a male Ptolemaic ruler. Various coins, such as a silver tetradrachm minted sometime after Cleopatra's marriage with Antony in 37 BC, depict her wearing a royal diadem and a'melon' hairstyle. The combination of this hairstyle with a diadem is also featured in two surviving sculpted marble heads. This hairstyle, with hair braided back into a bun, is the same as that worn by her Ptolemaic ancestors Arsinoe II and Berenice II in their own coinage. After her visit to Rome in 46–44 BC it became fashionable for Roman women to adopt it as one of their hairstyles, but it was abandoned for a more modest, austere look during the conservative rule of Augustus.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Depictions in ancient art.:Greco-Roman busts and heads. Of the surviving Greco-Roman-style busts and heads of Cleopatra, the sculpture known as the \"\", located in the Antikensammlung Berlin collection at the Altes Museum, possesses her full nose, whereas the head known as the \"\", located in the Vatican"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " Museums, is damaged with a missing nose. Both the Berlin Cleopatra and Vatican Cleopatra have royal diadems, similar facial features, and perhaps once resembled the face of her bronze statue housed in the Temple of Venus Genetrix. Both heads are dated to the mid-1st century BC and were found in Roman villas along the Via Appia in Italy, the Vatican Cleopatra having been unearthed in the Villa of the Quintilii. Francisco Pina Polo writes that Cleopatra's coinage present her image with certainty and asserts that the sculpted portrait of the Berlin head is confirmed as having a similar profile with her hair pulled back into a bun, a diadem, and a hooked nose. A third accepted by scholars as being authentic survives at the Archaeological Museum of Cherchell, Algeria. This portrait features the royal diadem and similar facial features as the Berlin and Vatican heads, but has a more unique hairstyle and may actually depict Cleopatra Selene II, daughter of Cleopatra. A possible Parian-marble wearing a vulture headdress in Egyptian style is located at the Capitoline Museums. Discovered near a sanctuary of Isis in Rome and dated to the 1st century BC, it is either"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " Roman or Hellenistic-Egyptian in origin. Other possible sculpted depictions of Cleopatra include one in the British Museum, London, made of limestone, which perhaps only depicts a woman in her entourage during her trip to Rome. The woman in has facial features similar to others (including the pronounced aquiline nose), but lacks a royal diadem and sports a different hairstyle. However, the British Museum head, once belonging to a full statue, could potentially represent Cleopatra at a different stage in her life and may also betray an effort by Cleopatra to discard the use of royal insignia (i.e. the diadem) to make herself more appealing to the citizens of Republican Rome. Duane W. Roller speculates that the British Museum head, along with those in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, the Capitoline Museums, and in the private collection of Maurice Nahmen, while having similar facial features and hairstyles as the Berlin portrait but lacking a royal diadem, most likely represent members of the royal court or even Roman women imitating Cleopatra's popular hairstyle.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Depictions in ancient art.:Paintings. In the at Pompeii, Italy, a mid-"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "1st century BC Second Style wall painting of the goddess Venus holding a cupid near massive temple doors is most likely a depiction of Cleopatra as Venus Genetrix with her son Caesarion. The commission of the painting most likely coincides with the erection of the Temple of Venus Genetrix in the Forum of Caesar in September 46 BC, where Caesar had a gilded statue erected depicting Cleopatra. This statue likely formed the basis of her depictions in both sculpted art as well as. The wears a royal diadem over her head and is strikingly similar in appearance to the Vatican Cleopatra, which bears possible marks on the marble of its left cheek where a cupid's arm may have been torn off. The room with the painting was walled off by its owner, perhaps in reaction to the execution of Caesarion in 30 BC by order of Octavian, when public depictions of Cleopatra's son would have been unfavorable with the new Roman regime. Behind her golden diadem, crowned with a red jewel, is a translucent veil with crinkles that suggest the \"melon\" hairstyle favored by the queen. Her ivory-white skin, round face, long aquiline nose, and large round eyes were features common in both Roman and P"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "tolemaic depictions of deities. Roller affirms that \"there seems little doubt that this is a depiction of Cleopatra and Caesarion before the doors of the Temple of Venus in the Forum Julium and, as such, it becomes the only extant contemporary painting of the queen.\", dated to the early 1st century AD and located in the House of Giuseppe II, contains a possible depiction of Cleopatra with her son Caesarion, both wearing royal diadems while she reclines and consumes poison in an act of suicide. The painting was originally thought to depict the Carthaginian noblewoman Sophonisba, who toward the end of the Second Punic War (218–201 BC) drank poison and committed suicide at the behest of her lover Masinissa, King of Numidia. Arguments in favor of it depicting Cleopatra include the strong connection of her house with that of the Numidian royal family, Masinissa and Ptolemy VIII Physcon having been associates, and Cleopatra's own daughter marrying the Numidian prince Juba II. Sophonisba was also a more obscure figure when the painting was made, while Cleopatra's suicide was far more famous. An asp is absent from the painting,"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " but many Romans held the view that she received poison in another manner than a venomous snakebite. A set of double doors on the rear wall of the painting, positioned very high above the people in it, suggests the described layout of Cleopatra's tomb in Alexandria. A male servant holds the mouth of an artificial Egyptian crocodile (possibly an elaborate tray handle), while another man standing by is dressed as a Roman. In 1818 a now lost encaustic painting was discovered in the Temple of Serapis at Hadrian's Villa, near Tivoli, Lazio, Italy, that with an asp biting her bare chest. A chemical analysis performed in 1822 confirmed that the medium for the painting was composed of one-third wax and two-thirds resin. The thickness of the painting over Cleopatra's bare flesh and her drapery were reportedly similar to the paintings of the Fayum mummy portraits. A steel engraving published by John Sartain in 1885 depicting the painting as described in the archaeological report shows Cleopatra wearing authentic clothing and jewelry of Egypt in the late Hellenistic period, as well as the radiant crown of the Ptolemaic rulers, as seen in their portraits on various coins minted during"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " their respective reigns. After Cleopatra's suicide, Octavian commissioned a painting to be made depicting her being bitten by a snake, parading this image in her stead during his triumphal procession in Rome. The portrait painting of Cleopatra's death was perhaps among the great number of artworks and treasures taken from Rome by Emperor Hadrian to decorate his private villa, where it was found in an Egyptian temple. A Roman panel painting from Herculaneum, Italy, dated to the 1st century AD possibly depicts Cleopatra. In it she wears a royal diadem, red or reddish-brown hair pulled back into a bun, pearl-studded hairpins, and earrings with ball-shaped pendants,. Her hair and facial features are similar to those in the sculpted Berlin and Vatican portraits as well as her coinage. A highly similar painted bust of a woman with a blue headband in the House of the Orchard at Pompeii features Egyptian-style imagery, such as a Greek-style sphinx, and may have been created by the same artist.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Depictions in ancient art.:Portland Vase. The Portland Vase, a Roman cameo glass v"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "ase dated to the Augustan period and now in the British Museum, includes a possible depiction of Cleopatra with Antony. In this interpretation, Cleopatra can be seen grasping Antony and drawing him toward her while a serpent (i.e. the asp) rises between her legs, Eros floats above, and Anton, the alleged ancestor of the Antonian family, looks on in despair as his descendant Antony is led to his doom. The other side of the vase perhaps contains a scene of Octavia, abandoned by her husband Antony but watched over by her brother, the emperor Augustus. The vase would thus have been created no earlier than 35 BC, when Antony sent his wife Octavia back to Italy and stayed with Cleopatra in Alexandria.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Depictions in ancient art.:Native Egyptian art. The \"Bust of Cleopatra\" in the Royal Ontario Museum represents a bust of Cleopatra in the Egyptian style. Dated to the mid-1st century BC, it is perhaps the earliest depiction of Cleopatra as both a goddess and ruling pharaoh of Egypt. The sculpture also has pronounced eyes that share similarities with Roman copies of Ptolemaic sculpted"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " works of art. The Dendera Temple complex, near Dendera, Egypt, contains Egyptian-style carved relief images along the exterior walls of the Temple of Hathor depicting Cleopatra and her young son Caesarion as a grown adult and ruling pharaoh making offerings to the gods. Augustus had his name inscribed there following the death of Cleopatra. A large Ptolemaic black basalt statue measuring in height, now in the Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, is thought to represent Arsinoe II, wife of Ptolemy II, but recent analysis has indicated that it could depict her descendant Cleopatra due to the three uraei adorning her headdress, an increase from the two used by Arsinoe II to symbolize her rule over Lower and Upper Egypt. The woman in the basalt statue also holds a divided, double cornucopia (\"dikeras\"), which can be seen on coins of both Arsinoe II and Cleopatra. In his (2006), contends that this basalt statue, like other idealized Egyptian portraits of the queen, does not contain realistic facial features and hence adds little to the knowledge of her appearance. Adrian Goldsworthy writes that, despite these representations in the traditional"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " Egyptian style, Cleopatra would have dressed as a native only \"perhaps for certain rites\" and instead would usually dress as a Greek monarch, which would include the Greek headband seen in her Greco-Roman busts.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Medieval and Early Modern reception. In modern times Cleopatra has become an icon of popular culture, a reputation shaped by theatrical representations dating back to the Renaissance as well as paintings and films. This material largely surpasses the scope and size of existent historiographic literature about her from classical antiquity and has made a greater impact on the general public's view of Cleopatra than the latter. The 14th-century English poet Geoffrey Chaucer, in \"The Legend of Good Women\", contextualized Cleopatra for the Christian world of the Middle Ages. His depiction of Cleopatra and Antony, her shining knight engaged in courtly love, has been interpreted in modern times as being either playful or misogynistic satire. However, Chaucer highlighted Cleopatra's relationships with only two men as hardly the life of a seductress and wrote his works partly in reaction to the negative depiction of Cleopatra in and, Latin works by the 14th-century Italian poet Giovanni Bocc"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "accio. The Renaissance humanist, in his 1504 \"Libretto apologetico delle donne\", was the first Italian to defend the reputation of Cleopatra and criticize the perceived moralizing and misogyny in Boccaccio's works. Works of Islamic historiography written in Arabic covered the reign of Cleopatra, such as the 10th-century \"Meadows of Gold\" by Al-Masudi, although his work erroneously claimed that Octavian died soon after Cleopatra's suicide. Cleopatra appeared in miniatures for illuminated manuscripts, such as a lying in a Gothic-style tomb by the Boucicaut Master in 1409. In the visual arts, the sculpted depiction of Cleopatra as a free-standing nude figure committing suicide began with the 16th-century sculptors Bartolommeo Bandinelli and Alessandro Vittoria. Early prints depicting Cleopatra include designs by the Renaissance artists Raphael and Michelangelo, as well as 15th-century woodcuts in illustrated editions of Boccaccio's works. In the performing arts, the death of Elizabeth I of England in 1603, and the German publication in 1606 of alleged letters of Cleopatra, inspired Samuel Daniel"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " to alter and republish his 1594 play \"Cleopatra\" in 1607. He was followed by William Shakespeare, whose \"Antony and Cleopatra\", largely based on Plutarch, was first performed in 1608 and provided a somewhat salacious view of Cleopatra in stark contrast to England's own Virgin Queen. Cleopatra was also featured in operas, such as George Frideric Handel's 1724 \"Giulio Cesare in Egitto\", which portrayed the love affair of Caesar and Cleopatra; Domenico Cimarosa wrote \"Cleopatra\" on a similar subject in 1789.</s><s>Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Modern depictions and brand imaging. In Victorian Britain, Cleopatra was highly associated with many aspects of ancient Egyptian culture and her image was used to market various household products, including oil lamps, lithographs, postcards and cigarettes. Fictional novels such as H. Rider Haggard's \"Cleopatra\" (1889) and Théophile Gautier's \"One of Cleopatra's Nights\" (1838) depicted the queen as a sensual and mystic Easterner, while the Egyptologist Georg Ebers's \"Cleopatra\" (18"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "94) was more grounded in historical accuracy. The French dramatist Victorien Sardou and Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw produced plays about Cleopatra, while burlesque shows such as F. C. Burnand's \"Antony and Cleopatra\" offered satirical depictions of the queen connecting her and the environment she lived in with the modern age. Shakespeare's \"Antony and Cleopatra\" was considered canonical by the Victorian era. Its popularity led to the perception that by Lawrence Alma-Tadema depicted the meeting of Antony and Cleopatra on her pleasure barge in Tarsus, although Alma-Tadema revealed in a private letter that it depicts a subsequent meeting of theirs in Alexandria. Also based on Shakespeare's play was Samuel Barber's opera \"Antony and Cleopatra\" (1966), commissioned for the opening of the Metropolitan Opera House. In his unfinished 1825 short story \"\", Alexander Pushkin popularized the claims of the 4th-century Roman historian Aurelius Victor, previously largely ignored, that Cleopatra had prostituted herself to men who paid for sex with their lives. Cleopatra also became appreciated outside the Western world and Middle East, as the Qing-dynasty Chinese scholar Yan Fu wrote"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " an extensive biography of her. Georges Méliès's \"Robbing Cleopatra's Tomb\" (), an 1899 French silent horror film, was the first film to depict the character of Cleopatra. Hollywood films of the 20th century were influenced by earlier Victorian media, which helped to shape the character of Cleopatra played by Theda Bara in \"Cleopatra\" (1917), Claudette Colbert in \"Cleopatra\" (1934), and Elizabeth Taylor in \"Cleopatra\" (1963). In addition to her portrayal as a \"vampire\" queen, Bara's Cleopatra also incorporated tropes familiar from 19th-century Orientalist painting, such as despotic behavior, mixed with dangerous and overt female sexuality. Colbert's character of Cleopatra served as a glamour model for selling Egyptian-themed products in department stores in the 1930s, targeting female moviegoers. In preparation for the film starring Taylor as Cleopatra, women's magazines of the early 1960s advertised how to use makeup, clothes, jewelry, and hairstyles to achieve the \"Egyptian\" look similar to the queens Cleopatra and Nefertiti. By the end of the 20th century there were forty-three films, two"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " hundred plays and novels, forty-five operas, and five ballets associated with Cleopatra.</s><s>Legacy.:Written works. Whereas myths about Cleopatra persist in popular media, important aspects of her career go largely unnoticed, such as her command of naval forces and administrative acts. Publications on ancient Greek medicine attributed to her are, however, likely to be the work of a physician by the same name writing in the late first century AD. Ingrid D. Rowland, who highlights that the \"Berenice called Cleopatra\" cited by the 3rd- or 4th-century female Roman physician Metrodora was likely conflated by medieval scholars as referring to Cleopatra. Only fragments exist of these medical and cosmetic writings, such as those preserved by Galen, including remedies for hair disease, baldness, and dandruff, along with a list of weights and measures for pharmacological purposes. Aëtius of Amida attributed a recipe for perfumed soap to Cleopatra, while Paul of Aegina preserved alleged instructions of hers for dyeing and curling hair.</s><s>Ancestry. Cleopatra belonged to the Macedonian Greek dynasty of the Ptolemies, their European origins tracing back to northern Greece"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": ". Through her father, Ptolemy XII Auletes, she was a descendant of two prominent companions of Alexander the Great of Macedon: the general Ptolemy I Soter, founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, and Seleucus I Nicator, the Macedonian Greek founder of the Seleucid Empire of West Asia. While Cleopatra's paternal line can be traced, the identity of her mother is unknown. She was presumably the daughter of Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (also known as Cleopatra V Tryphaena), the sister-wife of Ptolemy XII who had previously given birth to their daughter Berenice IV. Cleopatra I Syra was the only member of the Ptolemaic dynasty known for certain to have introduced some non-Greek ancestry. Her mother Laodice III was a daughter born to King Mithridates II of Pontus, a Persian of the Mithridatic dynasty, and his wife Laodice who had a mixed Greek-Persian heritage. Cleopatra I Syra's father Antiochus III the Great was a descendant of Queen Apama, the Sogdian Iranian wife of Seleucus I Nicator."
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": " It is generally believed that the Ptolemies did not intermarry with native Egyptians. Michael Grant asserts that there is only one known Egyptian mistress of a Ptolemy and no known Egyptian wife of a Ptolemy, further arguing that Cleopatra probably did not have any Egyptian ancestry and \"would have described herself as Greek.\" Stacy Schiff writes that Cleopatra was a Macedonian Greek with some Persian ancestry, arguing that it was rare for the Ptolemies to have an Egyptian mistress. Duane W. Roller speculates that Cleopatra could have been the daughter of a theoretical half-Macedonian-Greek, half-Egyptian woman from Memphis in northern Egypt belonging to a family of priests dedicated to Ptah (a hypothesis not generally accepted in scholarship), but contends that whatever Cleopatra's ancestry, she valued her Greek Ptolemaic heritage the most. Ernle Bradford writes that Cleopatra challenged Rome not as an Egyptian woman \"but as a civilized Greek.\" Claims that Cleopatra was an illegitimate child never appeared in Roman propaganda against her. Strabo was the only ancient historian who claimed that Ptolemy XII's children born after Berenice IV, including Cleopatra, were illegitimate. Cleop"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "atra V (or VI) was expelled from the court of Ptolemy XII in late 69 BC, a few months after the birth of Cleopatra, while Ptolemy XII's three younger children were all born during the absence of his wife. The high degree of inbreeding among the Ptolemies is also illustrated by Cleopatra's immediate ancestry, of which a reconstruction is shown below. The family tree given below also lists Cleopatra V, Ptolemy XII's wife, as a daughter of Ptolemy X Alexander I and Berenice III, which would make her a cousin of her husband, Ptolemy XII, but she could have been a daughter of Ptolemy IX Lathyros, which would have made her a sister-wife of Ptolemy XII instead. The confused accounts in ancient primary sources have also led scholars to number Ptolemy XII's wife as either Cleopatra V or Cleopatra VI; the latter may have actually been a daughter of Ptolemy XII, and some use her as an indication that Cleopatra V had died in 69 BC rather than reappearing as a co-ruler with Berenice IV in 58 BC (during P"
},
{
"title": "Cleopatra",
"text": "tolemy XII's exile in Rome).</s><s>See also. - List of female hereditary rulers</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Sources.</s><s>References.:Sources.:Online. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>References.:Sources.:Print. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Cleopatra",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000469
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Michael Douglas.
|
[
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": "<s>Michael Douglas Michael Kirk Douglas (born September 25, 1944) is an American actor and film producer. He has received numerous accolades, including two Academy Awards, five Golden Globe Awards, a Primetime Emmy Award, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, and the AFI Life Achievement Award. The elder son of Kirk Douglas and Diana Dill, Douglas received his Bachelor of Arts in drama from the University of California, Santa Barbara. His early acting roles included film, stage, and television productions. Douglas first achieved prominence for his performance in the ABC police procedural television series \"The Streets of San Francisco\", for which he received three consecutive Emmy Award nominations. In 1975, Douglas produced \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\", having acquired the rights to the Ken Kesey novel from his father. The film received critical and popular acclaim, and won the Academy Award for Best Picture, earning Douglas his first Oscar as one of the film's producers. Douglas went on to produce films including \"The China Syndrome\" (1979) and \"Romancing the Stone\" (1984), for which he received the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, and \"The Jewel of the Nile\" (1985). Douglas received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Gordon"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": " Gekko in Oliver Stone's \"Wall Street\" (1987), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor (a role he reprised in the sequel \"\" in 2010). Other notable roles include in \"A Chorus Line\" (1985), \"Fatal Attraction\" (1987), \"The War of the Roses\" (1989), \"Basic Instinct\" (1992), \"Falling Down\" (1993), \"The American President\" (1995), \"The Game\" (1997), \"Traffic\" (2000), \"Wonder Boys\" (2000), \"Solitary Man\" (2009). In 2013, for his portrayal of Liberace in the HBO film \"Behind the Candelabra\", he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie. Douglas starred as an aging acting coach in the Netflix comedy series \"The Kominsky Method\" (2018–2021), for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy. He has portrayed Hank Pym in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearing in the films \"Ant-Man\" (2015), \"Ant-Man and the Wasp\" (2018), \"\" (2019), and \"\" (2023). He"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": " also voiced an alternate version of the character in the MCU animated television series \"What If...?\". Douglas has received notice for his humanitarian and political activism. He sits on the board of the Nuclear Threat Initiative, is an honorary board member of the anti-war grant-making foundation Ploughshares Fund and he was appointed as a United Nations Messenger of Peace in 1998. He has been married to actress Catherine Zeta-Jones since 2000.</s><s>Early life and education. Douglas was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, the first child of actors Kirk Douglas (1916–2020) and Diana Dill (1923–2015). His parents met at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. His father was Jewish and was born \"Issur Danielovitch\". Michael's paternal grandparents were emigrants from Chavusy in the Russian Empire (present-day Belarus). His mother was from Devonshire Parish, Bermuda, and had English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, French, Belgian, and Dutch ancestry. Douglas's uncle was politician Sir Nicholas Bayard Dill, and Douglas's maternal grandfather, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Melville Dill, served as Attorney General of Bermuda, as a Member of the Parliament of Bermuda (MCP), and as commanding officer of the"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": " Bermuda Militia Artillery. His great-grandfather, Thomas Newbold Dill (1837–1910), was a merchant, an MCP for Devonshire Parish from 1868 to 1888, a member of the legislative council and an assistant justice from 1888, mayor of the City of Hamilton from 1891 to 1897, served on numerous committees and boards, and was a member of the Devonshire Church (Church of England) and Devonshire Parish vestries. Thomas Newbold Dill's father, another Thomas Melville Dill, was a sea captain who took the Bermudian-built barque \"Sir George F. Seymour\" from Bermuda to Ireland in thirteen days in March 1858, but lost his master's certificate after the wreck of the Bermudian-built \"Cedrine\" on the Isle of Wight while returning the last convict labourers from the Royal Naval Dockyard in Bermuda to Britain in 1863. The current (installed on 29 May 2013) Bishop of Bermuda, the Right Reverend Nicholas Dill, is a cousin of Michael Douglas. Douglas has a younger brother, Joel Douglas (born 1947), and two paternal half-brothers, Peter Douglas (born 1955) and Eric Douglas (1958–2004), from stepmother Anne Buydens"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": ". Douglas attended The Allen-Stevenson School in New York City, Eaglebrook School in Deerfield, Massachusetts, and The Choate Preparatory School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut. He received his B.A. in dramatic art from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1968, where he was also the honorary president of the UCSB Alumni Association. He studied acting with Wynn Handman at The American Place Theatre in New York City.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early years. His first TV breakthrough role came with a 1969 \"CBS Playhouse\" special, \"The Experiment\"—and it was the only time he was billed as \"M.K. Douglas\". On November 24, 1969, Douglas formed his first independent film production company, Bigstick Productions, Limited. Michael Douglas started his film career in the late 1960s and early 1970s, appearing in little known films such as \"Hail, Hero!\", \"Adam at 6 A.M.\", and \"Summertree\". His performance in \"Hail, Hero!\" earned him a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Male Newcomer. His first significant role came in the TV series \"The Streets of San Francisco\" from"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": " 1972 to 1976, in which he starred alongside Karl Malden. Douglas later said that Malden became a \"mentor\" and someone he \"admired and loved deeply\". After Douglas left the show, he had a long association with his mentor until Malden's death on July 1, 2009. In 2004, Douglas presented Malden with the Monte Cristo Award of the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut for the Lifetime Achievement Award. In late 1971, Douglas received from his father, Kirk Douglas, the rights to the novel \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\", which had been purchased by Bryna Productions in February 1962. Michael went on to produce the film of the same name with Saul Zaentz. Kirk Douglas hoped to portray McMurphy himself, having starred in an earlier stage version, but was deemed too old for the part by his son Michael. Kirk relented, and the lead role went instead to Jack Nicholson, who won the Academy Award for Best Actor. Douglas won the Award for Best Picture for producing the film. In December 1976, Michael and his brother Peter became head of their father's film production company, The Bryna Company, though Michael would depart by 1978 to focus exclusively on producing through his own"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": " Bigstick Productions. After leaving \"The Streets of San Francisco\" in 1976, Douglas played a hospital doctor in the medical thriller \"Coma\" (1978), and in 1979 he played the role of a troubled marathon runner in \"Running\". In 1979, he both produced and starred in \"The China Syndrome\", a dramatic film co-starring Jane Fonda and Jack Lemmon about a nuclear power plant accident (the Three Mile Island accident took place 12 days after the film's release). The film was considered \"one of the most intelligent Hollywood films of the 1970s\". In June 1979, Michael appointed Jack Brodsky Executive Vice-president of Bigstick Productions.</s><s>Career.:Success in Hollywood. Douglas's acting career was propelled to fame when he produced and starred in the 1984 romantic adventure comedy \"Romancing the Stone\". It also reintroduced Douglas as a capable leading man and gave director Robert Zemeckis his first box-office success. The film also starred Danny DeVito, a friend of Douglas since they had shared an apartment in the 1960s. It was followed a year later by a sequel, \"The Jewel of the Nile\", which he also produced. Bigstick Productions was then partnered with Mercury Entertainment, a company backed by producer Michael Phillips in"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": " 1986 to produce independently financed features. In the 1980s, Douglas formed a new film production company, The Stone Group (later renamed Stonebridge Entertainment) with partner Rick Bieber. The year 1987 saw Douglas star in the thriller \"Fatal Attraction\" with Glenn Close. That same year he played tycoon Gordon Gekko in Oliver Stone's \"Wall Street\" for which he received an Academy Award as Best Actor. He reprised his role as Gekko in the sequel \"\" in 2010, also directed by Stone. Douglas starred in the 1989 film \"The War of the Roses\", which also starred Kathleen Turner and Danny DeVito. In 1989 he starred in Ridley Scott's international police crime drama \"Black Rain\" opposite Andy García and Kate Capshaw; the film was shot in Osaka, Japan. In 1992, Douglas had another successful starring role when he appeared alongside Sharon Stone in the film \"Basic Instinct\". The movie was a box office hit, and sparked controversy over its depictions of bisexuality and lesbianism. In March 1994, Douglas announced that he had formed a new film production company, Douglas/Reuther Productions, in partnership with Steven Reuther. In 1994 Douglas and Demi Moore starred in the hit movie \"Disclosure\" focusing on the topic of"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": " sexual harassment with Douglas playing a man harassed by his new female boss. Other popular films he starred in during the decade were \"Falling Down\", \"The American President\", \"The Ghost and the Darkness\", \"The Game\" (directed by David Fincher), and a remake of Alfred Hitchcock's classic – \"Dial M for Murder\" – titled \"A Perfect Murder\". In 1998 Douglas received the Crystal Globe award for outstanding artistic contribution to world cinema at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. On November 19, 1997, Douglas formed his fourth film production company, Further Films. In 2000, Douglas starred in Steven Soderbergh's critically acclaimed film \"Traffic\", opposite Benicio del Toro and future wife, Catherine Zeta-Jones. That same year he also received critical acclaim for his role in \"Wonder Boys\", as a professor and novelist suffering from writer's block. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Drama and for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role.</s><s>Career.:2001–present. Douglas starred in \"Don't Say a Word\" (2001), filmed shortly before his marriage to Zeta-Jones. In 2003, he starred in \"It Runs in the Family\", which featured three generations"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": " of his family (his parents, Kirk and Diana, as well as his own son, Cameron). The film, although a labor of love, was not successful, critically or at the box office. He then starred in and produced the action-thriller \"The Sentinel\" in 2006. During that time, he also guest starred on the episode \"Fagel Attraction\" of the television sitcom \"Will & Grace\" as a gay cop attracted to Will Truman (Eric McCormack); the performance earned Douglas an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Show. Douglas was approached for \"Basic Instinct 2\", but he declined to participate in the project. In December 2007, Douglas began announcing the introduction to \"NBC Nightly News\". Howard Reig, the previous announcer, had retired two years earlier. Douglas collaborated with Steven Soderbergh again on the 2013 film \"Behind the Candelabra\", playing Liberace, opposite Matt Damon, centered on the pianist's life. His portrayal of Liberace received critical acclaim, which resulted in him receiving the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards. He also won SAG and Golden Globe Awards for the performance. He"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": " played Hank Pym in the films \"Ant-Man\" (2015), \"Ant-Man and the Wasp\" (2018), and \"\" (2019), based on the Marvel Comics superhero of the same name. The \"Ant-Man\" films were directed by Peyton Reed and starred Paul Rudd. In 2018, he starred with Alan Arkin in \"The Kominsky Method\", playing Sandy Kominsky, an aging acting coach. He received a Golden Globe Award for his performance. The same year, he starred in a Chinese film, \"Animal World\", based on the Japanese manga series \"Kaiji\". Douglas is on the board of selectors of the Jefferson Awards for Public Service.</s><s>Career.:Types of roles. According to film historian and critic David Thomson, Douglas was capable of playing characters who were \"weak, culpable, morally indolent, compromised, and greedy for illicit sensation without losing that basic probity or potential for ethical character that we require of a hero\". Critic and author Rob Edelman points out similarities in many of Douglas's roles, writing that in some of his leading films, he personified the \"contemporary, Caucasian middle-to-upper-class American male who finds himself the brunt of female anger because of real or"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": " imagined sexual slights\". These themes of male victimization are seen in films such as \"Fatal Attraction\" (1987) with Glenn Close, \"The War of the Roses\" (1989) with Kathleen Turner, \"Basic Instinct\" (1992) with Sharon Stone, \"Falling Down\" (1993), and \"Disclosure\" (1994) with Demi Moore. For his characters in films such as these, \"any kind of sexual contact with someone other than his mate and the mother of his children is destined to come at a costly price.\" Edelman describes his characters as the \"Everyman who must contend with, and be victimized by, these women and their raging, psychotic sexuality\". Conversely, Douglas also played powerful characters with dominating personalities equally well: as Gordon Gekko, in the \"Wall Street\" franchise, he acted the role of a \"greedy yuppie personification of the Me generation,\" convinced that \"greed is good;\" in \"Romancing the Stone\" and \"The Jewel of the Nile,\" he played an idealistic soldier of fortune; in \"The Star Chamber\" (1983), he was a court judge fed up with an inadequate legal system, leading him to become involved with a vigilante group; and in \"Black"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": " Rain\" (1989), he proved he could also play a Stallone-like action hero as a New York City cop. Having become recognized as both a successful producer and actor, he describes himself as \"an actor first and a producer second\". He has explained why he enjoys both functions:</s><s>Personal life. After the filming of \"Summertree\" in 1971, Douglas began dating actress Brenda Vaccaro, a relationship that lasted nearly six years. In March 1977, Douglas married Diandra Luker, the daughter of an Austrian diplomat. At the time, Douglas was 32 and Luker was 19. They had one son, Cameron, born in 1978. In 1995, Diandra filed for divorce and was awarded $45 million as part of the divorce settlement. In March 1999, Douglas began dating Welsh actress Catherine Zeta-Jones. The pair married on November 18, 2000. They were both born on September 25, albeit 25 years apart. Zeta-Jones says that when they met in Deauville, France, Douglas said, \"I want to father your children.\" They have two children, son Dylan Michael (born August 8, 2000) and daughter Carys Zeta (born April 20, 2003). The family has a coastal estate near Valld"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": "emossa, Mallorca. In August 2013, \"People\" claimed that Douglas and Zeta-Jones began living separately in May 2013, but did not take any legal action towards separation or divorce. A representative for Zeta-Jones subsequently confirmed that they \"are taking some time apart to evaluate and work on their marriage\". It was reported on November 1, 2013, that the couple had reconciled and Zeta-Jones moved back into their New York apartment. Douglas was born to a Jewish father and an Anglican (Church of England) mother. His cousin, the Right Reverend Nicholas Dill, is the bishop of the established Anglican Church of Bermuda. Douglas was not raised with a religious affiliation, but stated in January 2015, that he now identifies as a Reform Jew. His son, Dylan, had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony, and the Douglas family traveled to Jerusalem to mark the occasion.{{cite news|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/177606/michael-douglas-says-shalom-from-israel |title=Michael Douglas Says 'Shalom' From Israel Douglas was the recipient of the 2015 Genesis Prize, a $1 million prize awarded by the"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": " Genesis Prize Foundation for Jewish achievement. He donated the prize money to activities designed to raise awareness about inclusion and diversity in Jewish life, and to finding innovative solutions to pressing global and community problems. Douglas is a U.S. citizen by birth in the United States and has British citizenship with Bermudian Status through his mother's birth in Bermuda.</s><s>Personal life.:Allegations of sexual misconduct. In 2018, journalist and author Susan Braudy alleged on the U.S. TV program \"Today\" and in several interviews that, while Braudy was in her 40s and working for Douglas in 1989, Douglas regularly made degrading sexual comments about or to her. She stated this caused her to wear baggy clothing at work, and also recalled a one-on-one script meeting where Douglas allegedly undid his pants and fondled himself with her in the room. In a pre-emptive statement, Douglas admitted to using coarse language but categorically denied any other wrongdoing. Zeta-Jones, asked about the allegations while promoting \"Cocaine Godmother\", did not address them directly but said that her husband was \"110 percent behind\" the #MeToo movement and that she was \"very, very happy\" with his statement.</s><s>In the"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": " media. In 1980, Douglas was involved in a serious skiing accident which sidelined his acting career for three years. On September 17, 1992, the same year \"Basic Instinct\" came out, he began a 30-day treatment for alcoholism and drug addiction at Sierra Tucson Center. In 1992, Douglas founded the short-lived Atlantic Records distributed label Third Stone Records. He founded the label with record producer Richard Rudolph, who became the company's president and CEO. Among the acts signed to Third Stone were Saigon Kick and Nona Gaye. In 1997, New York caddie James Parker sued Douglas for $25 million. Parker accused Douglas of hitting him in the groin with an errant golf ball, causing Parker great distress. The case was later settled out of court. In 2004, Douglas and Zeta-Jones took legal action against stalker Dawnette Knight, who was accused of sending violent letters to the couple that contained graphic threats on Zeta-Jones's life. Testifying, Zeta-Jones said the threats left her so shaken she feared a nervous breakdown. Knight claimed she was in love with Douglas and admitted to the offenses, which took place between October 2003 and May 2004. She was sentenced to three years in prison.</s><s>In the media"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": ".:Health. It was announced on August 16, 2010, that Douglas was suffering from throat cancer (later revealed to have actually been tongue cancer), and would undergo chemotherapy and radiation treatment. He subsequently confirmed that the cancer was at stage IV, an advanced stage. Douglas credits the discovery of his cancer to the public Canadian health system since a doctor in Montreal, Quebec diagnosed the actor's medical condition after numerous American specialists failed to do so. Douglas has since participated in fundraisers for Montreal's Jewish General Hospital, where he was diagnosed, and the McGill University Health Centre with which the hospital is affiliated. Douglas attributed the cancer to stress, his previous alcohol abuse, and years of heavy smoking. In July 2011, \"Star\" magazine published photographs which appeared to show him smoking a cigarette while on holiday that month. A representative declined to comment on the photographs. In November 2010, Douglas's doctors put him on a weight-gain diet due to excessive weight loss that left him weak. On January 11, 2011, he said that the tumor was gone, though the illness and aggressive treatment had caused him to lose 32 pounds (14.5 kg). He said he would require monthly screenings because of a high chance of recurrence within three years. In June 2013, Douglas told \"The"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": " Guardian\" that his type of cancer is caused by the human papilloma virus transmitted by cunnilingus, leading some media to report this as well. His spokesman denied these reports and portrayed Douglas's conversation with \"The Guardian\" as general and not referring specifically to his own diagnosis. Although Douglas described the cancer as throat cancer, it was publicly speculated that he may actually have been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer. In October 2013, Douglas said he suffered from tongue cancer, not throat cancer. He announced it as throat cancer upon the advice of his physician, who felt it would be unwise to reveal that he had tongue cancer given its negative prognosis and potential for disfigurement, particularly because the announcement came immediately before Douglas's promotional tour for \"\".</s><s>Activism.</s><s>Activism.:Political activities. Douglas and Zeta-Jones hosted the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert in Oslo, Norway, on December 11, 2003. They acted as co-masters of ceremony in the concert celebrating the award given to Iranian human rights activist Shirin Ebadi. In 2006, Douglas was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. He is an advocate of nuclear disarmament, a supporter of"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": " the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, sits on the board of the Nuclear Threat Initiative, and is an honorary board member of the anti-war grant-making foundation Ploughshares Fund. In 1998, he was appointed UN Messenger of Peace by Secretary-General Kofi Annan. He is a notable Democrat and has donated money to Barack Obama, Christopher Dodd, and Al Franken. He has been a major supporter of gun control since John Lennon was murdered in 1980. In 2006, he was a featured speaker in a public service campaign sponsored by a UN conference to focus attention on trade of illicit arms, especially of small arms and light weapons. Douglas made several appearances and offered his opinions: A few years earlier, in 2003, Douglas hosted a \"powerful film\" on child soldiers and the impact of combat on children in countries such as Sierra Leone. During the documentary film, Douglas interviewed children, and estimated that they were among 300,000 other children worldwide who have been conscripted or kidnapped and forced to fight. Of one such child he interviewed, Douglas stated, \"After being kidnapped by a rebel group, he was tortured, drugged, and forced to commit atrocities.\" Douglas discussed his role as a Messenger Peace for the UN: In February 2012, following his return to the"
},
{
"title": "Michael Douglas",
"text": " character of financial criminal Gordon Gekko, the Federal Bureau of Investigation released a public service announcement video of Douglas calling on viewers to report financial crime. In August 2014, Douglas was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to \"The Guardian\" opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue. In June 2015, during a visit in Israel to receive the Genesis Prize, Douglas said the boycott movement against that country is an \"ugly cancer\".</s><s>Activism.:Humanitarian initiatives. In 2009, Douglas joined the project \"Soldiers of Peace\", a movie against all wars and for global peace. Douglas lent his support for the campaign to release Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani, the Iranian woman, who after having been convicted of committing adultery, was given a sentence of death by stoning.</s><s>See also. - List of actors with Academy Award nominations - List of actors with Hollywood Walk of Fame motion picture stars</s><s>Further reading. - - - - - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Michael Douglas",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000470
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Franck Ribéry.
|
[
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "<s>Franck Ribéry Franck Henry Pierre Ribéry (; born 7 April 1983) is a French former professional footballer who primarily played as a winger, preferably on the left side, and was known for his pace, energy, skill, and precise passing. Ribéry has been described as a player who is fast, tricky and an excellent dribbler, who has great control with the ball at his feet. While with Bayern, he was recognised on the world stage as one of the best players of his generation. The previous talisman of the French national team, Zinedine Zidane, once referred to Ribéry as the \"jewel of French football\". Ribéry's career began in 1989 as a youth player for local hometown club Conti Boulogne. He left the club after seven years to join professional outfit Lille, but departed the club after three years after having difficulties adjusting. In 1999, Ribéry joined US Boulogne, where he played for two years. After spending two more years in the amateur divisions with two clubs (Alès and Brest), Ribéry earned a move to Ligue 1 club Metz in 2004. After six months with the club, Ribéry moved to Turkey"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " in January 2005 to join Galatasaray, where he won the Turkish Cup. After six months at Galatasaray, he departed the club in controversial fashion in order to return to France to join Marseille. Ribéry spent two seasons at the club, helping the \"Marseillais\" reach the final of the Coupe de France in back-to-back seasons. In 2007, Ribéry joined German club Bayern Munich for a then club-record fee of €25 million. With Bayern, he won nine Bundesliga titles (at the time a Bundesliga record), six DFB-Pokal, one UEFA Champions League and one FIFA Club World Cup, which include five doubles and one treble, amounting to a then club record of 24 titles over twelve seasons. His form for Bayern in the club's 2012–13 treble winning season saw him nominated alongside Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo on the three-man shortlist for the 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or. During his long spell at Bayern, Ribéry was also known for his fruitful partnership with fellow winger Arjen Robben—together they were affectionately referred to by the nickname \"Robbery\". He left Bayern in summer 2019, and subsequently joined Italian side Fiore"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "ntina, while Robben retired from football. Between 2006 and 2014, Ribéry represented the France national team 81 times. He played at two FIFA World Cups (2006 and 2010) and two UEFA European Championships (2008 and 2012). Individually, Ribéry is a three-time winner of the French Player of the Year award and also won the German award of Footballer of the Year, becoming the first player to hold both honours. He has also been named to the UEFA Team of the Year and declared the Young Player of the Year in France. In 2013, Ribéry won the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award. In 2013, he was also ranked fourth in \"The Guardian\"'s list of the best players in the world. He is currently in charge as a technical collaborator of Italian Serie A club Salernitana, which was also his final club as a player.</s><s>Early life. Ribéry was born on 7 April 1983 in Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais and raised in a low-income neighbourhood on the fringes of the city. When he was two years old, he and his family were involved in a car accident in his hometown, colliding with a lorry;"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " he suffered serious facial injuries that resulted in more than one hundred stitches and which left two long scars down the right side of his face, and another across his brows. Prior to joining Stade Brestois in 2003, he worked as a construction worker with his father, which Ribéry referred to as a \"learning experience\".</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Early career. Ribéry began his football career at age six playing in the youth section of amateur club \"FC Conti de Boulogne-sur-Mer\". After a seven-year stay, in 1996, he joined professional outfit Lille, who were playing in the second division. While at Lille, Ribéry excelled athletically, but developed academic and behavioural problems, which led to Lille releasing him. In 2012, during a press conference ahead of Bayern Munich's Champions League tie against his former club Lille, Ribéry explained that he was released from the Lille academy after suffering a broken elbow and that Lille officials had previously wanted to drop him from the academy for being \"too small\". After leaving Lille, Ribéry returned to his hometown joining the biggest club in the city, US Boulogne. After spending a year in"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " the reserves, he was promoted to the senior team. Ribéry only made four appearances in his debut season as Boulogne, who were playing in the CFA, the fourth division of French football, earned promotion to third-tier Championnat National. In his second season with the club, Ribéry appeared in 25 league matches converting five goals. Although Boulogne finished 17th, which meant a return to the fourth division, Ribéry's solid performances earned him a move to fellow National club Olympique Alès. In his only season at the club, Ribéry made 18 appearances scoring only one goal. Following the season, despite finishing safe, Alès were relegated to the Division d'Honneur, the sixth division of French football, by the DNCG after the club declared bankruptcy. The resulting news led to Ribéry signing with Stade Brest, another Championnat National club. At Brest, Ribéry established himself as a premier player in the league appearing in 35 league matches scoring three goals. Ribéry's performance and the team as a whole led to the club finishing second in the league, thus earning promotion to Ligue 2. Despite his success with Brest, Ribéry sought to"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " play in Ligue 1, the top division of French football. His dream came to fruition when Metz's manager Jean Fernandez took a liking to him and recruited him on a free transfer. Ribéry only spent half a season at Metz, but impressed earning the UNFP Player of the Month in August 2004. He scored his only league goal for Metz on 6 November in the team's 1–1 draw with Toulouse. His stellar play on the right side of midfield led to Metz supporters comparing him to Robert Pires, a former Metz player. After negotiations on an extension ended in a stalemate, Ribéry relocated to Turkey. There he joined Galatasaray, signing a three-and-a-half-year contract on 1 February 2005.</s><s>Club career.:Galatasaray. At Galatasaray, Ribéry was brought in by manager Gheorghe Hagi and appeared in 14 league matches as the club finished in third-place position. While playing for the club, Galatasaray supporters nicknamed him \"Ferraribery\", in reference to his quick acceleration with the ball at his feet and also \"Scarface\" due to a large scar located on the right side of his face"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": ". In the Turkish Cup, Ribéry was instrumental in the club's 5–1 thrashing of rivals Fenerbahçe in the competition's ultimate match. He scored the opening goal in the 16th minute and also assisted on another goal. Ribéry was later substituted in the 52nd minute with Galatasaray leading 3–1. The trophy was Ribéry's first major honour.</s><s>Club career.:Move to Marseille and CAS ruling. On 15 June 2005, Ribéry announced that he would be returning to France joining Ligue 1 club Marseille on a five-year contract, plus reuniting with former manager Jean Fernandez. The move was considered surprising to Galatasaray as Ribéry had three years remaining on his contract after the club paid Metz €2 million to make the loan move permanent on 30 March. Ribéry argued that he had not been paid his wages by the club and asked FIFA, the sport's governing body, to invalidate his contract. He also confirmed that, at one point during the season, he was threatened with a baseball bat by his former agent and a Galatasaray director. A day after announcing his move, Galatasaray officials and manager Eric Gerets"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " blasted the player for betraying the club and also announced their intent to ask FIFA to probe the situation. In July 2005, FIFA ruled in favour of Ribéry and dismissed Galatasaray's claims of the player being at fault. In response, the Turkish club announced their decision to challenge FIFA's ruling by appealing to the international Court of Arbitration for Sport. On 25 April 2007, their appeal was dismissed by the court, who declared in a statement that Ribéry had terminated his contract with the Turkish club at the end of the 2004–05 season on just grounds, and that Galatasaray was therefore not entitled to any compensation. Galatasaray had sought €10 million in compensation from Marseille.</s><s>Club career.:Move to Marseille and CAS ruling.:2005–06 season. Upon his arrival, Ribéry was handed the number 7 shirt and made his debut on 30 July 2005 in a 2–0 defeat to Bordeaux collecting a yellow card. On 17 September, he scored his first goal for the club in their 2–1 victory over Troyes. Two weeks later, Ribéry netted goals in back-to-back matches in victories over his former club Metz and Nice. On 19 November, Ribé"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "ry scored the game-winning goal in a 2–1 win over Nantes. The goal, scored from almost out, was later voted the goal of the season by supporters. In the Coupe de France, Ribéry performed well scoring a double against Le Havre and scoring the opening goal in Marseille's 3–1 semi-final victory over Rennes. The win pushed Marseille through to the 2006 final, where they faced \"Le Classique\" rivals Paris Saint-Germain, which merited Ribéry his second consecutive cup final appearance. Unfortunately, Marseille faltered losing 2–1 to the Parisian club. In Europe, Ribéry scored two goals in the UEFA Intertoto Cup against Italian club Lazio and Spanish outfit Deportivo de La Coruña. In the UEFA Cup, he scored one goal converting it in the second leg of Marseille's Round of 32 tie with Premier League club Bolton Wanderers. Ribéry was later named the National Union of Professional Footballers (UNFP) Young Player of the Year.</s><s>Club career.:Move to Marseille and CAS ruling.:2006–07 season. Following Ribéry's success internationally at the 2006 FIFA World Cup, a bidding war occurred in order"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " to obtain his services with English club Arsenal initially offering €15 million for the player. However, Arsenal would be trumped by Spanish club Real Madrid, who offered €30 million for the Frenchman, according to Marseille directors. Rivals Olympique Lyonnais also sought Ribéry's services, with president Pape Diouf accusing Jean-Michel Aulas of tapping-up Ribéry after it was discovered that the Lyon chairman visited the France national team and Ribéry himself during the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Diouf later threatened to report Aulas to the Ligue de Football Professionnel (LFP) for his actions. He went as far as to accuse Ribéry's former agent, Bruno Heiderscheid, of badly advising the player. Marseille continued to declare him off-limits with nearly four years remaining on Ribéry's contract. On 11 August 2006, Ribéry confirmed his intention to remain with the club for the 2006–07 season. Ribéry's now heightened popularity saw increased speculation from writers and supporters that Marseille would finally win their first league title since the 1991–92 season. He began the 2006–07 campaign on a high note, scoring in the club's second match of the season against Auxer"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "re in a 3–0 victory. On 11 November 2006, Ribéry suffered a serious groin injury in Marseille's 1–0 loss to Lille. The resulting injury meant Ribéry was out for a number of weeks, returning following the winter break. On his return in January, Ribéry netted two goals in another win over Auxerre. The following month, Ribéry suffered a fractured foot in a match against Toulouse. The injury required him to miss four league matches, as well as a Coupe de France match. In April 2007, Ribéry finished the league season by scoring in back-to-back weeks against Sochaux in a 4–2 win and Monaco in another victory. In the Coupe de France, Marseille again reached the final with Ribéry, for the second straight season, putting them there scoring the game-winning goal in a 3–0 semi-final win over Nantes. In the final, Marseille were heavy favourites over Sochaux, a team they had completely dominated just 12 days prior. However, Sochaux recorded an upset victory defeating Marseille 5–4 on penalties after the match ended 2–2 following extra time. Ribéry's final match with Marse"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "ille was a 1–0 win over Sedan on the final match day of the season. The victory secured second place for Marseille and was their best finish since finishing runner-up to Bordeaux during the 1998–99 season. Following the season, Ribéry was awarded the French Player of the Year by French sports publication \"France Football\". The honour ended the four-year reign of Thierry Henry.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2007–08 season. On 7 June 2007, German club Bayern Munich announced that they had reached an agreement with Marseille for the transfer of Ribéry, with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and Bayern paying Marseille a then club-record €25 million. Ribéry was given the number 7 shirt, which was freed up due to the retirement of midfielder Mehmet Scholl at the end of the previous season. He made his team debut one month later, scoring twice in an 18–0 friendly drubbing of Munich youth side FT Gern. Ribéry made his competitive debut for Bayern on 21 July 2007 against Werder Bremen in the first round of the Premiere Ligapokal, scoring twice and also"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " assisting on another in a 4–1 victory. In the semifinals, he netted an early goal in a 2–0 win over defending champions VfB Stuttgart. Due to an injury, Ribéry was unable to play in the final, which Bayern won. Ribéry scored his first league goal for the club on 18 August in a 4–0 triumph over Bremen converting a penalty in the 31st minute. He went scoreless in the league for almost two months before scoring a goal and providing the assist on Bayern's other goal in a 2–1 win over VfL Bochum. A month later, Ribéry recorded this feat again, providing the assist on the opening goal scored by Miroslav Klose and scoring the game winning goal in a 2–1 win over VfL Wolfsburg. In the German Cup, he recorded two goals and provided four assists in five matches Bayern contested. He netted his first goal in the competition on 27 February 2008 in Bayern's win over inner-city rivals 1860 Munich, with Ribéry converting the lone goal, a penalty, in the final minute of extra time. In the semi-finals, Ribéry scored the opening goal in Bayern's 2–0 win over Wolf"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "sburg, which resulted in the club qualifying for the final against Borussia Dortmund. In the DFB-Pokal final, Ribéry assisted on Luca Toni's opener in the 11th minute in a match Bayern won 2–1, thus claiming their 14th cup title. In the UEFA Cup, Bayern reached the semi-finals, with Ribéry scoring three goals in the competition, including one in the Germans' comeback win over Spanish club Getafe in the quarter-finals. In total, Ribéry appeared in 46 matches scoring 16 goals and assisting on 17 goals as Bayern won the league and cup double. For his efforts, on 8 June 2008, Ribéry was named the 2007–08 Footballer of the Year (Germany). He was also named French Player of the Year for the second consecutive season.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2008–09 season. Due to tearing ligaments in his ankle at Euro 2008, Ribéry began the season with Bayern on 24 September 2008 in a DFB-Pokal match against 1. FC Nürnberg, appearing as a substitute in the 65th minute. He made his league debut three days later and, after a month of play, scored his first goal of"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " the season in Bayern's 4–2 comeback win over VfL Wolfsburg. Following the match, Ribéry scored in five-straight league matches, with the club going undefeated in that span. On 10 December, Ribéry capped the 2008 portion of the season by scoring a goal and providing assists on the other two in Bayern's 3–2 victory over Lyon in the Champions League. For his performances throughout 2008, Ribéry finished third behind Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi for the Onze d'Or. He was shortlisted by the French magazine \"France Football\" for the 2008 Ballon d'Or award, won by Cristiano Ronaldo. Ribéry's 2009 debut saw Bayern earn a 5–1 German Cup win over VfB Stuttgart, with the player scoring and also providing an assist. On 24 February 2009, he scored a double in the club's 5–0 win over Sporting CP in the first leg of their Round of 16 clash. Bayern were later eliminated 5–1 on aggregate by Spanish champions Barcelona in the next round, with Ribéry scoring a consolation goal in the second leg in a 1–1 draw at the Allianz. In the league, Bayern failed to defend their Bundesliga title, despite suffering defeat"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " only twice in their final 13 matches, losing out to Wolfsburg. Ribéry ended the season with 36 total appearances scoring 14 goals and providing 19 assists.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2009–10 season. Following the 2008–09 season, constant speculation began to surface regarding Ribéry's availability on the transfer market. Despite Bayern president Uli Hoeneß, executive Karl-Heinz Rummenigge and new manager Louis van Gaal declaring that Ribéry would not be sold, numerous media outlets declared that English clubs Chelsea and Manchester United, Spanish clubs Barcelona and Real Madrid, and Italian outfit Inter Milan had strong interest in the player, with many of the clubs willing to offer as much as €65 million for his services. In order to quell the interest, Hoeneß declared that Ribéry would leave for nothing less than €100 million. Ribéry began the 2009–10 season struggling with tendonitis in his left knee, but was healthy enough to start the season scoring his first goal in a 5–1 victory against rivals Borussia Dortmund, converting a free kick. The goal was notable in part due to Ribéry's celebration afterward; following his conversion, Ribéry ran across the field eluding"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " several celebratory teammates and enthusiastically jumped into his manager Louis van Gaal's awaiting arms. The mutual show of admiration ended speculation by the media of the two having a poor relationship. In early October, the tendinitis began to affect his play, which resulted in Ribéry missing the rest of the year, as well as France's World Cup playoff tie with the Republic of Ireland. On 23 January 2010, Ribéry returned to the team, making an appearance as a substitute in the club's 3–2 league win over Werder Bremen. Ribéry's first goal of the new year came on 10 February scoring in Bayern's 6–2 DFB-Pokal victory over SpVgg Greuther Fürth. On 31 March, he scored the equalising goal in Bayern's 2–1 first leg win over English club Manchester United in the Champions League quarter-finals after converting a free kick, which deflected off of striker Wayne Rooney before going into the net. In the club's ensuing match, Ribéry scored the opening goal in the team's 2–1 victory over Schalke 04. On 20 April, Ribéry was sent off by referee Roberto Rosetti in the club's first leg Champions League semi-final against"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " Lyon after being adjudged to have committed serious foul play on Lyon striker Lisandro López. The expulsion resulted in Ribéry missing the second leg in Lyon, which Bayern won to advance to the UEFA Champions League final. On 28 April, Ribéry was handed a three-match suspension by UEFA's Control and Disciplinary Body for assault. The suspension meant that Ribéry would miss the final. Following the ruling, Bayern Munich announced their intent to appeal the suspension. On 5 May, the club's appeal was heard by the UEFA Appeals Body, which upheld Ribéry's ban meaning he would not only miss the final on 22 May, but also the next UEFA club competition fixture for which he is eligible. Immediately after the ruling, however, Bayern responded by announcing their intention of appealing to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. On 15 May, Ribéry scored the third goal in Bayern's 4–0 win over Werder Bremen in the 2009–10 edition of the DFB-Pokal final. Two days later, Ribéry's appeal was heard by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and was dismissed meaning he was officially ruled out of the UEFA Champions League final against Inter Milan on 22 May. Bayern Munich lost the match"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " 2–0. On 20 May, it was announced by German newspaper \"Bild\" that Ribéry had agreed to a new five-year contract with Bayern Munich and would sign the contract upon his arrival in Madrid to watch his teammates contest the Champions League final. On 23 May, the day after the final, the club officially confirmed the agreement. The new deal tied Ribéry to the club until 2015 and, though there is uncertainty regarding the annual salary, it has been speculated that the new deal pays him an annual salary of €10 million a year, the highest annual salary ever awarded to a player in the club's history.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2010–11 season. Ribéry began the 2010–11 season healthy for the first time since his debut season with the club. He was among the first World Cup players to arrive to pre-season training and made his season debut on 16 August 2010 in Bayern's 4–0 victory over Germania Windeck in the first round of the DFB-Pokal. In the match, Ribéry scored his first goal of the season. Four days later, he assisted on the game-winning goal, scored by Bastian Schweinsteiger, in the team"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "'s opening league match against VfL Wolfsburg. On 21 September, Ribéry was forced to leave the team's 2–1 win over 1899 Hoffenheim after suffering an ankle injury. The injury was discovered to be serious and Ribéry was ruled out for four weeks. Despite the initial diagnosis, Ribéry missed two months and returned to the team on 14 November in a league match against 1. FC Nürnberg. A week later, Ribéry was criticised by manager Louis van Gaal for his performance in a friendly match against SpVgg Unterhaching, which was organised to help Ribéry and other injured first-team players regain full fitness. Though Van Gaal was disappointed in several of his players' performances, he singled out Ribéry, stating, \"he [Ribéry] didn't make any effort and showed no commitment.\" Ribéry did, however, remain in contention to appear in the team's next league match against Bayer Leverkusen. He subsequently appeared in the match as a substitute in the 61st minute. On 8 December, Ribéry scored a double in a 3–0 victory over Swiss club Basel in the Champions League. On 15 January, in Bayern's first league match following"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " the winter break against Wolfsburg, Ribéry suffered a lower leg injury in the first half as a result of a tackle by Brazilian midfielder Josué. Initial media reports described the injury as serious with Ribéry possibly having to undergo surgery to repair torn ligaments. After further medical analysis, however, the injury was only reduced to a sprain and Ribéry subsequently missed two weeks. He returned to the team on 5 February in a league match against 1. FC Köln. On 12 February, Ribéry assisted on two goals in a 4–0 win over 1899 Hoffenheim. Following the team's 3–1 league win over Mainz 05 on 19 February, Ribéry embarked on a streak in which he charted a statistical output in Bayern's next five league matches. On 26 February, he assisted on the team's only goal in its 3–1 defeat against rivals Borussia Dortmund. In the next match, against Hannover 96, he repeated his feat from the previous match assisted on an Arjen Robben goal in another defeat. On 12 March, Ribéry had arguably his best performance of the season after scoring a goal and providing three assists in a 6–0 hammering of Hamburger SV. In Bayern's following"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " match against SC Freiburg, he assisted on the team's opening goal, scored by Mario Gómez, and then netted the game-winning goal two minutes from time in a 2–1 win. Against Borussia Mönchengladbach on 2 April, Ribéry assisted on the only goal of the match, which was converted by Robben. The streak ended in the team's 1–1 draw with 1. FC Nürnberg on 11 April. Six days later, Ribéry scored the final goal in a 5–1 sweeping of Bayer Leverkusen.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2011–12 season. Prior to the start of the 2011–12 season, Ribéry suffered an ankle injury during a pre-season training session, which resulted in the player being carried from the training ground by members of the club's medical team. Despite the player himself fearing he may have torn ligaments in the ankle, after an examination, club doctors revealed that the injury was not as serious as first thought, and Ribéry missed only one competitive match, a 3–0 DFB-Pokal away win over Eintracht Braunschweig on 1 August 2011. Ribéry made his"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " season debut a week later in Bayern's opening league match of the season, playing the entire match in a 1–0 loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach. In the following week, he assisted on the game-winning goal, scored by Luiz Gustavo, in a win over VfL Wolfsburg. Ribéry scored his first goal of the campaign in the team's next league match against Hamburger SV. Bayern won the match 5–0. Following the international break, on 10 September, he scored a double and assisted on a goal in a 7–0 home victory over SC Freiburg. A week later, Ribéry assisted on both team goals in a shutout win over Schalke 04. Following the October international break, Ribéry manufactured another statistical output after scoring and assisting on two goals in a 4–0 win over Hertha BSC. On 29 October, he scored the game-winning goal in a 2–1 win over FC Augsburg. In the UEFA Champions League, Ribéry scored his first goal in the competition on 22 November against Spanish club Villarreal in the group stage. He scored one goal in each half to give Bayern a 3–1 win, which allowed the club progression to"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " the UEFA Champions League knockout phase. On 3 December, Ribéry scored another set of goals in a 4–1 win against Werder Bremen. The league win re-inserted Bayern back into first-place position in the league after momentarily losing the spot in late November. After failing to score a goal in two months, on 8 February 2012 Ribéry scored the game-winning goal in a 2–0 win over VfB Stuttgart in the quarter-finals of the DFB-Pokal. The goal resulted in Ribéry scoring in every official competition Bayern Munich has participated in since he joined the club in 2007. On 26 February, Ribéry scored two goals in a shutout win over Schalke 04. Two weeks later, in a 7–1 thrashing of 1899 Hoffenheim, he scored another goal and assisted on goals scored by Toni Kroos, Arjen Robben and Mario Gómez. In the semi-finals of the DFB-Pokal, Ribéry scored the second goal in the team's 4–2 extra time win over Borussia Mönchengladbach. The win took Bayern Munich to its 18th German Cup final. On 17 April, Rib"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "éry scored Bayern's opening goal in its 2–1 first leg victory over Spanish club Real Madrid in the semi-finals of the Champions League. Two days after the match, it was reported by German publication \"Sport Bild\" that Ribéry was involved in a dressing room fight during half-time of the Madrid match with Arjen Robben. The report stated that \"a clear-the-air meeting was held\" and Ribéry was \"said to have apologized and accepted a fine for his actions\". In the team's ensuing match against Werder Bremen, Ribéry appeared as a substitute and scored the game-winning goal in the 90th minute. On 12 May 2012, Ribéry scored in the 2012 DFB-Pokal Final, as Bayern lost 5–2 against rivals Borussia Dortmund. In extra time of the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final, he was subbed out after sustaining an injury from a tackle by Didier Drogba. Bayern eventually lost in a penalty shootout.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2012–13 season. Ribéry started the 2012–13 season by winning the 2012 DFL-Supercup against Borussia Dortmund on 12 August 2012. He scored two goals in a 2–"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "0 victory over Hoffenheim on 6 October. Ribery scored a late minute goal against BATE Borisov in the Champions League, but the match ended a 3–1 loss for Bayern. On 20 October, Ribery provided hat-trick of assists in a 5–0 win over Fortuna Düsseldorf. On 18 December, Ribéry was shown a straight red card after slapping Augsburg's midfielder Koo Ja-cheol during the DFB Pokal round of 16 match, but that did not stop his side from winning the match 2–0. He was given two-match suspension in the Pokal causing him to miss the quarter-final match against Borussia Dortmund and the semi-final match against VFL Wolfsburg even though his side won both of the matches and made it through to the final. Ribéry also won the Champions League with Bayern Munich in an all-German final against Dortmund. He provided the assist to Arjen Robben who then scored the match-winning goal in the Champions League final. He completed the continental treble with Bayern after also winning the 2012–13 Bundesliga and 2013 DFB-Pokal against VfB Stuttgart. Ribéry also had the most"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " assists with 15 assists in the Bundesliga.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2013–14 season. On 10 August 2013, Ribéry provided one assist to his teammate Arjen Robben in their first Bundesliga game of the season as they won the game with a 3–1 victory over Borussia Mönchengladbach. Ribéry scored his first header in a 2–0 victory over 1. FC Nürnberg on 24 August. On 29 August, Ribéry won the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award. On 30 August, Ribéry scored a 47th-minute goal against Chelsea in the 2013 UEFA Super Cup as his side won the UEFA Super Cup title for the first time in their club's history after winning in the penalty shoot-out. On 21 December, Ribéry was awarded the Golden Ball for being the best player of the tournament after his side won the FIFA Club World Cup title for the first time in club's history by beating Raja Casablanca 2–0 victory in the final. On 13 January 2014, he placed third in the 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or, behind Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. On 7 February, Ribéry suffered burst blood vessel in his buttock which kept him"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " out of the pitch for two weeks. On 25 March, he scored in a 3–1 win over Hertha BSC as Bayern were confirmed as Bundesliga champions.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2014–15 season. On 18 October 2014, Ribéry made his return after suffering from a knee injury as a substitute in the 61st minute in a 6–0 home victory over Werder Bremen. Ribéry scored each goal in both the matches against A.S. Roma in the UEFA Champions League group stage, Bayern won 7–1 in the first match and 2–0 in the second match. He made an impressive performance and scored a goal in his first start for the club since April 2014 in a 3–1 victory over Hamburger SV in the DFB-Pokal on 30 October. Ribéry scored his 100th goal for Bayern and the only goal of the match in 1–0 victory over Bayer Leverkusen on 6 December. The goal happened in his 287th competitive match for Bayern. In January 2015, he suffered another injury which was muscle injury in training and missed only three matches against VfL Wolfsburg, Schalke 04 and VfB Stuttgart. On 27 March, Ribé"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "ry then suffered an ankle injury in a 7–0 home victory over Shakhtar Donetsk in the UEFA Champions League 2nd leg match of the Round of 16 tie and was sidelined for the remaining of the season. He scored nine goals and provided seven assists in this season.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2015–16 season. On 2 December 2015, Ribéry trained with the first team for the first time since his injury in March 2015. On 5 December, he made his first appearance since his ankle injury as a substitute coming in for Robert Lewandowski and also scored a goal after six minutes of his appearance, but that didn't stop Bayern from losing 3–1 to Borussia Mönchengladbach. It was also his 300th competitive appearance for Bayern Munich. He made his 200th Bundesliga appearance in a 1–0 win over 1. FC Köln on 19 March 2016. On 2 April, Ribéry scored a bicycle kick goal for Bayern Munich to beat Eintracht Frankfurt with a 1–0 victory. He finished the season with two goals and three assists.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2016–17 season. Ribéry extended his contract with Bayern Munich by another year to June 2018, on 27"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " November 2016. On 17 September, Ribéry was involved in all Bayern's goal as he provided three assists to Robert Lewandowski, Xabi Alonso and Rafinha's goals to beat FC Ingolstadt 04 with a 3–1 victory. In the middle of the season, he suffered a thigh injury which kept him out from the pitch for almost four weeks. He made his comeback in a 3–0 DFB-Pokal quarter-final victory over Schalke 04 on 2 March 2017. Ribéry scored five goals and provided seventeen assists in this season.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2017–18 season. Ribéry started the season by winning the DFL-Supercup as Bayern defeated their arch-rival Borussia Dortmund 5–4 on penalties. On 1 October 2017, he sustained a knee injury in a 2–2 draw to Hertha BSC. On 2 December, Ribéry made his return to the pitch in a 3–1 victory over Hannover 96 and made a record for Bayern Munich's most Bundesliga appearances by a non-German with 235th appearance, overtaking former Bayern player and current sporting director Hasan Salihamidžić who had 234 appearances. He made another record of most"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " competitive appearances by any non-German player for Bayern with 366 appearances in a 1–0 victory over 1. FC Köln, surpassing Hasan Salihamidžić's 365 appearances. Ribéry scored twice in a 6–0 home victory over Hamburger SV on 10 March 2018. On 7 May 2018, Ribéry again extended his contract with Bayern, until June 2019. He ended the season with six goals and five assists.</s><s>Club career.:Bayern Munich.:2018–19 season. Ribéry played his first competitive match of the season and won the DFL-Supercup as Bayern defeated Eintracht Frankfurt with a 5–0 victory. On 1 September, Ribéry made his 250th Bundesliga appearance in a 3–0 victory over VfB Stuttgart. On 27 November, Ribéry scored his first goal of the season in a 5–1 win against Benfica in the Champions League. On 5 May 2019, Bayern Munich announced that Ribéry would be leaving the club at the end of the season, with a testimonial match set for 2020. On 18 May 2019, Ribéry won his ninth Bundesliga title with Bayern. With his ninth Bundesliga title, Ribéry became"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " Bundesliga's all-time record champion (since surpassed by David Alaba and Thomas Müller). On 25 May 2019, Ribéry won his sixth DFB-Pokal as Bayern defeated RB Leipzig 3–0 in the 2019 DFB-Pokal Final. Ribéry came on as a substitute in the 87th minute and made history as this was his eighth DFB-Pokal final appearance. No other player has played in as many DFB-Pokal finals. Ribéry finished his career at Bayern with a club record 24 titles.</s><s>Club career.:Fiorentina. In August 2019, Ribéry signed with Italian side Fiorentina on a free transfer. He made his debut for the club on 24 August, coming on as a late substitute in a 4–3 home loss to Napoli in the opening game of the 2019–20 Serie A season. He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–2 away draw against Atalanta on 22 September. In October 2019, he received a three-match ban after pushing a match official.</s><s>Club career.:Salernitana. On 6 September 2021, Ribéry signed for Salernitana, agreeing a one"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "-year contract with an automatical renewal in case the club succeeded to keep its Serie A status by the end of the season. Appointed as team captain, Ribéry played only a total of 23 league games due to recurring injuries. As Salernitana escaped relegation by the final day of the season, Ribéry's contract was automatically extended by one more year. In the following 2022–23 season, Ribéry only managed to play 36 minutes in a game against Roma as he regularly struggled with a recurring knee injury, thus leading to rumours regarding his possible immediate retirement. On 20 October 2022, Ribéry terminated his contract with Salernitana and announced his retirement, but agreed to stay at the club as a technical collaborator to head coach Davide Nicola.</s><s>International career. Prior to representing the senior team, Ribéry was ever present with the France under-21 team earning his first selection on 3 September 2004 in a 1–0 victory over Israel in qualifying for the 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship. Ribéry scored his first under-21 goal five days later in a 1–0 friendly win over Slovakia. On 15 November 2005, he scored an important goal against England during the qualification playoffs as France defeated them 3–"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "2 on aggregate to advance to the finals. Ribéry, however, missed the competition after earning selection to coach Raymond Domenech's pre-World Cup squad. In total with the under-21s, Ribéry made 13 appearances scoring two goals. Ribéry earned his first cap with the senior team in a 1–0 victory over Mexico on 27 May 2006 appearing as a substitute in the 74th minute for striker David Trezeguet. His solid performances in the friendly matches ahead of the 2006 FIFA World Cup led to his inclusion in the team for the competition. Ribéry appeared in all seven matches France contested, starting six. On 27 June, he scored France's opening goal in the team's 3–1 Round of 16 win over Spain after receiving a through ball from Patrick Vieira, which allowed the winger to dribble past an oncoming Iker Casillas and shoot into the empty net. He played in the final where France lost to Italy on penalties. Ribéry's only shot on goal came in extra time and he was later replaced by Trezeguet. Following the retirement of Zinedine Zidane, it was expected that Ribéry would succeed him and become the national team's talisman. He went score"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "less for almost a year and a half before converting a penalty shot against England on 26 March 2008 at the Stade de France. Following the goal, Ribéry paid tribute to legendary French commentator Thierry Gilardi, who had died a day earlier. At Euro 2008, France performed below expectations, with Ribéry appearing in all three group stage matches as France suffered early elimination. On 17 June 2008, in the team's final group stage match against Italy, Ribéry ruptured a ligament in his left ankle in just the 8th minute of play. Ribéry returned to the team on 11 October 2008 in a FIFA World Cup qualification match against Romania, scoring the team's opening goal in a 2–2 draw. On 28 March 2009, Ribéry scored the lone goal away to Lithuania. Three days later, he completed this feat again, this time at the Stade de France, netting the winner in the 75th minute following service from André-Pierre Gignac. On 11 May 2010, Ribéry was named to Domenech's 30-man preliminary squad to participate in the 2010 World Cup and his second World Cup overall. He was later named to the 23-man team to compete in the competition. Ribé"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "ry appeared in all three group stage matches. Following the team's opening match against Uruguay, Ribéry was criticised for his performance by former international Just Fontaine, who questioned Ribéry's leadership ability. It was later reported by the media that Ribéry and striker Nicolas Anelka purposely \"froze-out\" midfielder Yoann Gourcuff. Anelka was later dismissed from the team after reportedly having a dispute in which obscenities were passed, with Domenech during half-time of the team's 2–0 loss to Mexico. On 20 June, an emotional Ribéry appeared alongside Domenech on TF1's football show \"Téléfoot\" to dispel rumours associated with the team and to also apologise to supporters for the national team's performance over the past two years, stating, \"We [France] are suffering at the moment,\" and, \"I would like to say sorry to the whole country.\" The following day, the team boycotted a training session in response to Anelka's expulsion and, on 21 June, returned to training without incident. In the team's final group stage match against the hosts South Africa, Ribéry assisted on the team's only goal of the competition, scored by"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " Florent Malouda. France, however, lost the match 2–1, which resulted in the team's elimination from the competition. On 6 August, Ribéry was one of five players summoned to attend a hearing held by the Disciplinary Committee of the French Football Federation (FFF) in response to the team's strike held at the World Cup. On 17 August, he received a three-match international ban for his part in the incident. Ribéry did not attend the hearing due to his parent club's objection. On 17 March 2011, Ribéry was called up to the national team by new manager Laurent Blanc for the first time since the 2010 World Cup. He had been eligible to return to the team since October 2010 after serving his three-match suspension, but due to injuries, Ribéry missed three call-ups. On 21 March, after arriving to Clairefontaine ahead of the team's matches against Luxembourg and Croatia, Ribéry attended a personal press conference in which he apologised for his behaviour overall during the 2010 calendar year. He made his return to the team on 25 March in the team's match against Luxembourg and responded by assisting on the team's second goal, scored by Yoann Gourcuff, in its 2–"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "0 win. In his first match at the Stade de France since his participation at the World Cup, against Croatia, Ribéry appeared as a substitute and was subject to jeers from some section of supporters, though other parts of the stadium chanted his name. After appearing regularly in qualifying for UEFA Euro 2012, on 29 May 2012, Ribéry was named to the squad to participate in the competition. Two days prior, he scored his first goal for France in over three years in a 3–2 friendly comeback win over Iceland. On 31 May, Ribéry scored the game-winning goal in a 2–0 win against Serbia. Four days later, he capped off the trio of lead-in friendly matches ahead of the European Championship by scoring the opening goal in a 4–0 shutout win over Estonia. Ribéry was included in France's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, but on 6 June, coach Didier Deschamps confirmed that he would miss the tournament through injury. Shortly afterwards, in August 2014 Ribéry retired from international football. He cited the reasons for his retirement as \"purely personal\".</s><s>Style of play and personality. Ribéry primarily played as a winger and was described as a player who was \"fast"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": ", tricky, and an excellent dribbler who had great control with the ball at his feet\". Despite being predominantly right-footed and utilised as a right-sided midfielder during his development years in France, since establishing himself as an international and at Bayern Munich, Ribéry personally admitted that his preference was to play on the left wing, even going as far as to state, \"My place is on the left\" when asked at a February 2010 media session while on international duty. Although he was often played on the left wing domestically, Ribéry struggled to establish himself as a left winger at the international level with France due to the presence of left-footed dominant players such as Florent Malouda. Ribéry declared that he was best utilised on the left side because \"that is where I am most free and I am the best in my head\". Playing on the left also allowed Ribéry to use his \"bursts of acceleration and weaving runs\" to effectively cut inside, which allowed him to take on opponents, exploit spaces, and give him the options of either shooting on goal with his stronger foot or delivering a decisive pass. Ribéry was also capable of playing in the centre of the field as an attacking midfielder, where his vision, precise"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " passing, technique, and playmaking skills were best exhibited; he was also deployed as a central midfielder on occasion. Despite predominantly playing on the wing, Ribéry was known to be an excellent assist provider: during his twelve seasons with Bayern Munich, he amassed 124 assists in the Bundesliga; moreover, he averaged double-digits in assists every year beginning with his final season at Marseille. In addition to his skills, eye for goal, and playing ability, he also drew praise in the media over his defensive work-rate, tenacity, mentality, and energetic playing style. Ribéry was described as a provocateur on the field of play, with UEFA referring to him as \"a crowd-pleaser – one of those rare breed of footballer capable of enjoying his talents while expressing them\", due to his trickery, artistry, and creativity on the ball. During the 2006 World Cup, he was mentored by national team playmaker Zinedine Zidane. While boasting him as \"the jewel of French football\", Zidane also praised Ribéry as a person, declaring, \"Franck just loves life. He's the kind of player that makes an impression every time he plays. He’s bound to become an important figure"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " in the world of football.\" Ribéry's on-field personality was often matched off-field as he was often referred to as a \"joker\" and \"prankster\" by club and international teammates. The midfielder has stated that humour is very important, admitting, \"It's important to always be smiling, to wake up and feel good. We (footballers) have a great job, we like what we do and we have fun.\" His more notable stunts include driving a tractor on field during one of his last matches with Marseille; in his debut season with Bayern, emptying a bucket of water over former club goalkeeper Oliver Kahn from the roof of the club's training centre; and, during the 2008–09 winter break, commandeering the team bus while in Dubai and crashing it. Ribéry, however, also struggled with injuries throughout his career. Since his first season at Bayern in which he appeared in 46 of the club's 54 competitive matches, Ribéry struggled with minor and serious injuries that resulted in the player failing to appear in over 40 matches in subsequent seasons; the midfielder passed the 40-match barrier in the 2011–12 season after failing to in the previous three campaigns. Ahead of the 2008–09 season, he tore lig"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "aments in one of his ankles while on international duty and, during the 2009–10 season, struggled with tendinitis in his left knee. In the next season, Ribéry suffered an ankle injury, which resulted in the midfielder missing two months, despite the initial diagnosis ruling him out for four weeks. He later suffered a similar ankle injury at the start of the 2011–12 season. Ribéry, himself, has admitted that injuries led to most of his five-year career at Bayern being difficult, stating in July 2011, \"The last two years (2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons) have been more difficult, partly because I kept picking up injuries. The important thing for me now is to avoid any more injuries\".</s><s>Personal life. Ribéry's younger brothers, François and Steeven, are also football players. François played for many amateur clubs in France, among others for Bayonne in the Championnat National. Steeven played for Bayern's reserve team for two years. Ribéry's wife, Wahiba, is a French national of Algerian descent and the couple have three daughters named Hiziya, Shahinez and Keltoum Chérifa, and two sons named Seif el Islam and Mohammed. Rib"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "éry is a convert to Islam, following which, he adopted the name Bilal Yusuf Mohammed.</s><s>Personal life.:Commercial promotions. Since establishing himself as an international, Ribéry has been involved in numerous promotional campaigns. He is sponsored by American sportswear company Nike and regularly wears Nike Mercurial Vapors. He appeared in several television advertisements for Nike and, during the 2007–08 Bundesliga season, starred in a one-off television show called \"The Franck Ribéry Show\", which aired on Direct 8 in France. The show, sponsored by Nike, acted as a variety show with Ribéry appearing in several sketches. Ribéry features in EA Sports' \"FIFA\" video game series. For the 2008–09 season, he appeared on the French cover of \"FIFA 09\" alongside international teammate Karim Benzema, and was the ninth-highest rated player in \"FIFA 15\". On 25 May 2010, a billboard of Ribéry was officially unveiled in his home city of Boulogne-sur-Mer ahead of the 2010 World Cup. The billboard paid tribute to a similar billboard that was erected for Zinedine Zidane in his home city of Marseille during his career. The construction of"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " the billboard was initially suspended due to possible image ramifications associated with Ribéry's alleged relationship with an underage prostitute. However, the Regional Council of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, which initially opposed the billboard, agreed to allow construction of the billboard. The billboard was a project of Ribéry's sponsor Nike and was on display for the duration of the 2010 World Cup. More recently, he was one of several international superstars featured in Nike's \"The Last Game\", a five-minute animated ad made during the run-up to the 2014 World Cup that went viral. He appeared in the music video for \"Même pas fatigué!!!\" by Magic System and Khaled. The single released in 2009 stayed seven weeks at number one in SNEP French Singles Chart.</s><s>Personal life.:Controversies. On 18 April 2010, it was first reported by French television service M6 that four members of the French national team were being investigated for their roles as clients of a prostitution ring that was being operated inside a Paris nightclub, with some of the women possibly being underage. The report also stated that two of the players were already questioned as witnesses by judge André Dando and a group of magistrates. The report"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " described the two players as being one who \"is a major player in a big foreign club\" and that the other \"plays in the championship of France Ligue 1\". Later that day, the players were discovered to be Ribéry and Sidney Govou. During his interview with Dando, Ribéry reportedly admitted to having had a relationship with a prostitute, but did not know that she was a minor at the time the relationship began. On 29 April 2010, the country's Secretary of State for Sports Rama Yade, after refusing to publicly comment on the case in its infancy, declared that any player placed under investigation should not represent the France national team. The following day, a judicial source confirmed that Ribéry would not be placed under official investigation, if at all, before the start of the 2010 World Cup. On 20 July, Ribéry was questioned by Paris police and, following questioning, was indicted by judge Dando on the charge of \"solicitation of a minor prostitute\". In November 2011, prosecutors asked for the cases against Ribéry and Benzema to be dropped, saying that the players were not aware that the escort, identified as Zahia Dehar, was 16 years old when they had paid to have sex with her.</s>"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": "<s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club. - 1. Includes the French League Cup, German League Cup, German Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup, and FIFA Club World Cup.</s><s>Career statistics.:International. Source: - International goals \"France score listed first, score and result columns indicate score after each Ribéry goal.\"</s><s>Honours. Galatasaray - Turkish Cup: 2004–05 Marseille - UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2005 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga: 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19 - DFB-Pokal: 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2018–19 - DFB-Ligapokal: 2007 - DFL-Supercup: 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018 - UEFA Champions League: 2012–13 - UEFA Super Cup: 2013 - FIFA Club World Cup: 2013 France - FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2006 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month: August 2004, October 2005, November 2005, April 2006 - UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " of the Year: 2006 - UNFP Ligue 1 Goal of the Year: 2006 - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2006 - Etoile d'Or: 2006 - Onze de Bronze: 2006, 2008 - French Player of the Year: 2007, 2008, 2013 - Footballer of the Year in Germany: 2008 - ESM Team of the Year: 2007–08, 2012–13 - UEFA Team of the Year: 2008, 2013 - UEFA Best Player in Europe Award: 2012–13 - UEFA Super Cup Man of the Match: 2013 - \"kicker\" Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2007–08, 2008–09, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14 - UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2011–12 - Bundesliga top assist provider: 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13 - Bundesliga Player of the Year: 2012–13 - The kicker Man of the Year: 2013 - Globe Soccer Best Footballer of the Year: 2013 - FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball: 2013 - FIFA Club World Cup Most Valuable Player of the Final: 2013 - FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2013 - FIFA FIFPro World XI 5th team: 2014 - FIFA Ballon d'Or: Third"
},
{
"title": "Franck Ribéry",
"text": " place 2013 - DFB-Pokal top assist provider: 2016–17 - Serie A Player of the Month: September 2019 - Fiorentina Player of the Season: 2019–20</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Franck Ribéry",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000471
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Lali Espósito.
|
[
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": "<s>Lali Espósito Mariana Espósito (born 10 October 1991), known professionally as Lali Espósito (or simply Lali), is an Argentine singer, actress, dancer and model. Espósito began her career as an actress and singer in 2003 when she joined the cast of the children's telenovela \"Rincón de Luz\", created by producer Cris Morena. She had other subsequent supporting roles in telenovelas \"Floricienta\" (2004–2005) and \"Chiquititas\" (2006), and a main role in \"Casi Ángeles\" (2007–2010), the latter of which increased her fame in Latin America, the Middle East, and Europe. From 2007 to 2012, Espósito, along with four other cast members from \"Casi Ángeles\", was part of the teen pop band Teen Angels, which originated from the series. The group was commercially successful internationally, and toured throughout Argentina and countries such as Israel, Spain, Italy and Latin America. Espósito also sang in the soundtracks of \"Rincón de Luz\" and \"Chiquititas\". Following her role in the 2011 telenovel"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": "a \"Cuando Me Sonreís\" and her portrayal of Abigail Williams in the Buenos Aires production of \"The Crucible\", Espósito made her film debut in \"La Pelea de mi Vida\" in 2012, starring alongside Mariano Martínez and Federico Amador. She was part of the cast of the television comedy \"Solamente Vos\" (2013), portraying the daughter of Adrián Suar's character. In 2015, Espósito portrayed her first lead role on TV as the title character in \"Esperanza Mía\". Its soundtrack album, in which she appeared on nine of the eleven tracks, received a platinum certification in Argentina for selling over 40,000 copies. For her portrayals in the crime-thriller film \"The Accused\" (2018) and Netflix's action crime drama television series \"Sky Rojo\" (2021), Espósito received critical acclaim. Her debut solo studio album, \"A Bailar\", was released on 21 March 2014, featuring pop and EDM influences. \"A Bailar\" was released as the lead single of the homonymous album. The album spawned the singles \"Asesina\", \"Mil Años Lu"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": "z\", \"Del Otro Lado\" and \"Histeria\". The album peaked at No. 5 in Argentina and at No. 3 in Uruguay. In 2016, she released her second studio album \"Soy\" after the previous release of the songs \"Unico\" and \"Soy\". Her third album, \"Brava\" was released in 2018, spawning the singles \"Una Na\", \"Tu Novia\", \"100 Grados\" (feat. A.CHAL), \"Besarte Mucho\", \"Sin Querer Queriendo\" (feat. Mau y Ricky), \"Caliente\" (feat. Pabllo Vittar) and \"Somos Amantes\". In 2020, Espósito released her fourth studio album, \"Libra\". The album was preceded by the singles \"Laligera\", \"Como Así\" (feat. CNCO), \"Lo Que Tengo Yo\", \"Fascinada\" and \"Ladrón\" (feat. Cazzu). \"A Bailar\" and \"Soy\" were certified gold in Argentina by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers (CAPIF), while \"Brava\" and"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " \"Libra\" were certified platinum. Espósito's accolades include Six Gardel Awards, Five MTV Europe Music Awards, one Kids' Choice Award, thirteen Argentine Kids' Choice Awards, Seven MTV Millennial Awards, one Heat Latin Music Award, one Martin Fierro Award, one Tato Award, and nominations for the Billboard Latin Music Awards, Premios Lo Nuestro, and the Seoul International Drama Awards. In 2015, \"Infobae\" named Espósito one of the 10 most influential women in Argentina.</s><s>Life and career.</s><s>Life and career.:1991–2003: Early life and career: \"Rincón de Luz\". Mariana Espósito was born on 10 October 1991 in Buenos Aires to Carlos Espósito, a football coach, and Maria José Riera, who road-manages her tours. She has two older siblings, Ana Laura, a makeup artist and stylist, and Patricio Espósito, a former futsal player who played in Italy. Espósito lived in the Buenos Aires neighbourhood of Parque Patricios during her childhood and then moved to the district of Banfield, Buenos Aires. Espósito is of Italian descent through her"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " great-grandparents. Espósito made her television debut at the age of 6 on the children's program \"Caramelito y Vos\" in 1998, as a contestant impersonating Uruguayan actress and singer Natalia Oreiro. After wandering into a producer Cris Morena audition by mistake in early 2002, Espósito was cast in Morena's children television series \"Rincón de Luz\", making her acting debut as part of the children's supporting cast, portraying Malena \"Coco\" Cabrera. \"Rincón de Luz\" ran on Argentina's Canal 9 and later América TV from 18 February 2003 to 18 December 2003. Espósito also made her singing debut in the \"Rincón de Luz\" soundtrack album, singing a duet with Agustín Sierra. Due to \"Rincón de Luz\"s success in Israel, Espósito was part of a stage adaptation at the Yad Eliyahu Arena in Tel Aviv, which ran for two weeks in April 2004.</s><s>Life and career.:2004–2006: Settlement as a child actress: \"Floricienta\" and \"Chiquititas\". In 2004, Espósito was cast as Roberta in the"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " juvenile telenovela \"Floricienta\", also created and produced by Cris Morena, which ran for two seasons on El Trece from 15 March 2004 to 2 December 2005. \"Floricienta\" was a record-smashing success in Argentina, Latin America, Israel and Europe, and has been broadcast in over 70 countries since its original run. The series helped to establish Espósito as a child actress of the likes of former Cris Morena Group stars Agustina Cherri, Marcela Klosterboer, Luisana Lopilato and Camila Bordonaba. Espósito was also part of the stage adaptation of \"Floricienta\", ableit portraying different versions of her character, which ran for over 100 shows in 2004 and 2005 at Teatro Gran Rex, 10 shows at the Luna Park arena and 4 shows at the Vélez Sarfield Stadium, as well as a national tour in Argentina. In 2006, Espósito led the children's cast in the remake of Cris Morena's highly successful children's series \"Chiquititas\", released as \"Chiquititas Sin Fin\", portraying Agustina Ross. Espósito also sang \"Me Pasan Cosas\" and \"Por"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " Una Sola Vez\", two of the songs in the \"Chiquititas\" soundtrack album \"24 Horas\", which was one of the top ten selling albums in 2006 and participated in the stage adaptations in mid 2006 at Teatro Gran Rex.</s><s>Life and career.:2007–2010: Success with \"Casi Ángeles\" and \"Teen Angels\". In 2007, Espósito landed her first leading role on television, as Marianella \"Mar\" Rinaldi in \"Casi Ángeles\" (\"Almost Angels\"), also created by Morena and produced by Cris Morena Group. It became one of the most popular adolescent television programs in Argentina, Latin America and Israel. The series lasted from 2007 to 2010 and held high viewer ratings and earning four Martín Fierro Awards for Best Juvenile Program. While acting in \"Casi Ángeles\", Espósito became one of five members of successful pop band Teen Angels, signed to Sony BMG, along with Gastón Dalmau, Juan Pedro Lanzani, Nicolás Riera and María Eugenia Suárez. Teen Angels reached success in countries such as Argentina, Israel, Chile, Peru, Spain and Uruguay."
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " Although \"Casi Ángeles\" ended in 2010, the band members announced they would continue working together, with Rochi Igarzábal replacing María Eugenia Suárez. From 2007 to 2012, Teen Angels released six studio albums, of which five were certified platinum and one was certified gold by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers. They were also spokespersons for numerous brands, such as Coca-Cola. The band won a Clarín Award, a Kids' Choice Award Argentina, two Los 40 Principales Awards, and a Quiero Award, and three nominations for Carlos Gardel Awards. Teen Angels disbanded in 2012, and held its last concert on 11 October 2012 in Córdoba. \"Teen Angels, el adiós\", a 3D concert film about Teen Angels, was released in 2013 and marked the end of the group.</s><s>Life and career.:2011–2013: \"Cuando me sonreis\", \"The Crucible\", \"Solamente vos\" and \"A Bailar\". After the end of \"Casi Ángeles\", Espósito adopted her nickname \"Lali\", by which she had been known to her"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " friends and family, as her stage name. In 2011, Espósito starred on \"Cuando me sonreís\" (When you smile at me), a new television series by Tomás Yankelevich, opposite Facundo Arana, Julieta Díaz and Benjamín Rojas. The following year, Espósito portrayed Abigail Williams in the Buenos Aires production of \"The Crucible\" by Arthur Miller, and made her film debut with \"La pelea de mi vida\" (\"The Fight of My Life\"), which also starred Mariano Martínez and Federico Amador. Since January 2013, Espósito had starred the Pol-ka series \"Solamente vos\" (\"Only You\"), along with Adrián Suar and Natalia Oreiro, as Daniela, one of its leading characters. In 2013, Espósito announced she would release her first album as a solo artist, titled \"A Bailar\". When asked about the album's genre, she described it as mainly dance with hip hop influences. The album's lead single, \"A Bailar\", was released for digital download on her website on 5 August, causing the website to crash because of a spike"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " in traffic. On 2 September, Espósito presented the music video for \"A Bailar\" at the prominent La Trastienda Club. \"A Bailar\" received 100,000 YouTube views on its release day, and the single entered the top 20 on iTunes Latin and iTunes Israel. It also was popular in music charts and radio channels in Latin America, Italy and Israel.</s><s>Life and career.:2014–2015: \"A Bailar\", \"A los 40\" and \"Esperanza mía\". Previous to the release of her debut album, Espósito released \"A Bailar EP\", which included the tracks \"A Bailar\", \"Asesina\" and \"Del Otro Lado\". The music video for \"Asesina\", the second single, was uploaded to the singer's official YouTube account on 10 March 2014. The ten-track album \"A Bailar\" (English: \"Let's Dance\") was released on 21 March 2014. In support of the album, Espósito embarked on the A Bailar Tour of Argentina, with several later stops in Uruguay, Chile, Spain, Italy and Israel. The tour earned million in the first five shows at Teatro Opera"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " Allianz and was later named the highest-grossing tour of 2015 in Argentina. Following the tour's success, more dates were added, and the tour concluded on 25 April 2016 at Menora Mivtachim Arena, Tel Aviv, after a total of 74 dates. In May 2014 she starred in the Peruvian film \"A los 40\" (At 40), directed by Bruno Ascenzo. In the same year, she became the first ever Argentine artist to win a Kids' Choice Award in the United States for Best Latin Artist. In later 2014, the singer signed an exclusive publishing contract with Sony Music Entertainment Argentina and released \"Mil Años Luz\" as the third single from \"A Bailar\". To celebrate her incorporation to Sony Music, Espósito released a deluxe edition of \"A Bailar\", which contained unpublished material including a new song, a remix, several video clips and a documentary of the tour. The album peaked at No. 3 in Uruguay and at No. 5 in Argentina, where it was certified gold a few days after its release. In 2015, Espósito starred in the Pol-ka telenovela \"Esperanza mía\" (\"My lovely hope\") alongside Mariano Martinez"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " as Julia \"Esperanza\" Albarrazin, a young woman who settles in a convent by posing as a novice. The A Bailar Tour, continued to 2016 across national cities like Buenos Aires, Rosario, Mar del Plata and Córdoba and included international stops in Uruguay, Italy, Spain and Israel. In 2014, the singer performed as the opening act for Ricky Martin show, held in Buenos Aires and in 2015 for Katy Perry's The Prismatic World Tour.</s><s>Life and career.:2016–2017: \"Soy\", \"Permitidos\" and collaborations. Espósito released her second studio album \"Soy\" on 20 May 2016, with \"El País\" newspaper writing that \"she takes one more step with this album, she experiments, shows herself as she is, and that is always valuable\". In an interview with \"Intrusos\", the singer referred to the album's title (\"Soy\", English: \"I Am\") saying that \"it is called Soy because I am sharing the truth about what I think and feel. It is super personal\". It sold more than 20,000 copies in Argentina in just three hours, being certified gold by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " Producers (CAPIF). The album debuted at No. 1 in Argentina, Uruguay and Israel, and at No. 5 and No. 6 in Italy and Spain, respectively. Its lead single, \"Soy\", was released on 5 May and peaked at No. 5 on the \"Monitor Latino\" Argentina Top 20 chart and at No. 15 on the Ecuador Pop Songs chart. The second single, \"Boomerang\", was released on 5 September 2016. As of June 2017, its music video has been viewed more than 17 million times. \"Soy\" was listed as one of the best albums of 2016 by Billboard Brasil along with Beyoncé's \"Lemonade\", Lady Gaga's \"Joanne\", J Balvin's \"Energía\" and others. In the same year, Espósito was featured on Abraham Mateo's remix of the song \"Mueve\" from the re-issue of his album \"Are You Ready?\", on Brian Cross song \"Firestarter\" from his second studio album \"Darkness to Life\" and on Baby K's Spanish version of the international hit \"Roma-Bangkok\". In August, Espósito starred in the romantic comedy film \"Permitidos\" as Camila Bo"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": "ecchi alongside. The film, which was directed by, grossed US$1.9 million and has been viewed more than 370,000 times. The review aggregator website Todas Las Críticas assigned the film a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". The singer embarked on the Soy Tour of Latin America, Europe and Asia on 8 September. Reviews of the tour performances generally praised Espósito's vocals and the show's staging, which is said that \"fulfills the expectations of a nowadays international pop show.\" Espósito's 2016 most notable accolades include Favorite Artist and Favorite Song for \"Soy\" at the, Best Latin America South Act at the 2016 MTV Europe Music Awards, Argentine Artist of the Year at the 2016 MTV Millennial Awards, and nominations for Best Actress at both the 2016 Seoul International Drama Awards and the 2016 Martín Fierro Awards, where she won Best Theme Song for \"Tengo Esperanza\". The singer became the first ever Argentine artist to enter the \"Billboard\" Social 50 and Artist 100 charts, peaking at No. 2 and No. 69, respectively. In July and November, respectively, Espósito"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " released \"Una Na\" and \"Tu Novia\" as the first two singles from her upcoming third studio album. The former one rapidly reached the top of the Argentine National Songs chart. In November, the singer kicked off her second concert tour in support of \"Soy\", titled Lali en Vivo, with two sold-out shows at the Luna Park Arena. In that period of time Lali was the most popular in the global ranking of different topics in multilingual Wikipedia.</s><s>Life and career.:2018–2019: \"Brava\", \"The Accused\" and \"Talento FOX\". From January to July, the singer continued with her Lali en Vivo tour, which visited Peru, Spain, Italy, Israel and the United States. In February, Espósito was featured on Mau y Ricky and Karol G's remix of \"Mi Mala\", with Becky G and Leslie Grace, and, in May, she teamed up with CD9 and Ana Mena for the remix of \"Prohibido\". Preceded by the release of \"100 Grados\", in April, and \"Besarte Mucho\", in July, the singer released her third studio album, \"Brava\", in August 2018. One week"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " after, the album received a gold certification by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers for having sold ten thousand copies. Espósito embarked on the Brava Tour immediately after the album release, on 23 August, with two sold-out shows at the Luna Park Arena. The album was succeeded by the release of the singles \"Sin Querer Queriendo\" with Mau y Ricky, and \"Caliente\", with Brazilian drag queen Pabllo Vittar. The singles peaked at number 14 and 51 on the \"Billboard\" Argentina Hot 100, respectively. Outside of recording music, Espósito made her debut as a judge on Fox Latin America's original television talent show \"Talento FOX\". In September, Espósito starred in the film \"The Accused\", as Dolores Dreier, a girl accused of killing her best friend. The film was directed by Gonzalo Tobal and it made its premiere in the main competition of the 75th Venice International Film Festival. Lali started off 2019 performing in Times Square, New York City, for Univision's Countdown Feliz 2019. Early that year, the music video for \"Lindo Pero Bruto\", her collaboration with Thalía, was released."
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " The singer received notable nominations for the Premio Lo Nuestro and the Billboard Latin Music Awards. During the first months of the year, Lali continued touring with \"Brava\", which was certified four times platinum in Argentina. For the 21st Annual Gardel Awards, Lali won three awards, the most of the night, in the categories for Best Female Pop Album and Best Cover Design for \"Brava\", and Song of the Year for \"Sin Querer Queriendo\". In the last months of 2019, Lali took her Brava Tour to Europe, the United States and the Rock in Rio music festival in Brazil, where she also received a gold certification for \"Caliente.\" It was in these months that Lali officially kicked off her fourth music era: in October, she released her fourth studio album's lead single, \"Laligera\", which peaked at number 24 on the \"Billboard\" Argentina Hot 100; in November, she released \"Como Así\", which features boy band CNCO, with whom she co-hosted the 2019 Premios Juventud ceremony back in July.</s><s>Life and career.:2020–2021: \"Libra\" and \"Sky Rojo\". The year 2020 saw the"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " release of Lali's fourth studio album titled \"Libra\", which reached the number one position in Argentina. The album was preceded by the release of three more singles, namely \"Lo Que Tengo Yo\", \"Fascinada\" and \"Ladrón\" with Argentine trap singer Cazzu. 2020 was also marked by collaborations as Lali was featured in Los Ángeles Azules's \"Las Maravillas de La Vida\", Fito Páez's \"Gente en la Calle\" and the Dvicio-duet \"Soy de Volar\". Lali was also part of the charity single \"Color Esperanza 2020\" alongside Diego Torres, Thalía, Camilo, Carlos Vives, Manuel Turizo, Rauw Alejandro, Ivete Sangalo and others. The song was released as a joint effort by Sony Music Latin and Global Citizen to benefit the Pan American Health Organization's (PAHO) response to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020 was also marked by the shooting of the upcoming Netflix series, \"Sky Rojo\", for which Lali had to move indefinitely to Spain. Filming began in Madrid in November 2019, and, although the shooting of the series was originally"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " planned to take place in approximately four months, the production of the series was forced to stop and was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic starting from March 2020. The pandemic caused the series to stop filming, which also delayed the release of \"Libra\". Before a nation-wide lockdown was established in Argentina, Lali managed to return to the country and go through quarantine in her Buenos Aires house. In November 2020, Lali confessed that, like many of the \"Sky Rojo\" staff, she tested positive for COVID-19 between the months of June and November. \"Sky Rojo\", which premiered in March 2021, saw Lali playing Wendy, one of three prostitutes that go on the run in search of freedom while being chased by their pimp and his henchmen. In 2022, Lali starred and executive produced El fin del amor (The End of Love) on Prime Video.</s><s>Other work.</s><s>Other work.:Modelling. Espósito has been a spokesperson for numerous brands, either independently or with her Teen Angels bandmates. Her first commercial was for the children's fashion label MCbody Jeans. In 2007, she signed an exclusive contract with the Argentine lingerie brand Promesse, and she"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " has done most of her photo sessions with Luisana Lopilato. In 2009, Espósito and Peter Lanzani did a special promotion for KEFF body spray for the Israeli market. Between 2013 and 2014, she has been the spokesperson for the lingerie brand Lara Teens. In 2014 she starred in a commercial for hair conditioner Biokur in Uruguay and a commercial for feminine wipes company Carefree in Argentina. In 2014 to 2016 she starred in commercials for Claro. Also from 2015 to 2017 she was an ambassador and star in commercials for the hair care brand Sedal, she would again be an ambassador and star in a commercial for the brand in 2021. In 2018 she starred in commercials for Panacom and Terma. In 2019 she would stars commercial of Toyota and M&M´S, Espósito starred a commercial it would be one of the official faces for Garnier. In October 2021 Espósito along with Bizarrap, L-Gante, Nicki Nicole and Duki starred in commercials for the beer brand, Brahma. In 2022, she starred a commercial for Gancia. Espósito has been the cover model for magazines such as \"Billboard\", \"Galore\", \""
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": "Vogue Latin America\", \"Caras\", \"OnMag\", \"Las Rosas\", \"Twees\", \"Seventeen\", \"Cosmopolitan\", \"Luz\", \"Viva\", \"Watt\", \"Nueva\", \"Upss\" and \"Fack\", among others.</s><s>Other work.:Entrepreneurship. On 21 September 2013, Espósito launched her own line of eponymous perfumes. In 2018, she launched a clothing collection with 47 Street.</s><s>Other work.:Philanthropy. In May 2010, Espósito and her Teen Angels bandmates participated in an action organized by the Biodiversity Foundation on the occasion of the World Biodiversity Day and raised awareness of the importance of preserving biodiversity. Espósito has been named \"Godmother\" of Dono x Vos foundation, a nongovernmental organization dedicated to raising awareness about organ donation. In 2017, the singer joined forces with Red Solidaria and River Plate Football Club to launch a solidarity campaign named \"Amor Es Presente\". The campaign received donated toys that were later gifted to more than twelve-thousand children as part of Christmas festivities.</s><s>Other work.:Activism. Espósito is part of a"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " feminist group of Argentine actresses and singers, such as Jimena Barón, Griselda Siciliani, Carla Peterson, Florencia Peña and Florencia de la V, among others. Espósito has declared herself in favor of the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy Bill in Argentina, where abortion was still illegal at the moment. The bill proposed that an abortion may be performed during the first 14 weeks of pregnancy, with no requirements other than the woman's desire. The bill was approved in 2020.</s><s>Public image. In March 2014, the 23-year-old Espósito was ranked third sexiest Argentine woman in a survey reported by Radio Continental. That same year, she was ranked the 27th-most influential Spanish-speaking celebrity on Twitter.</s><s>Personal life. Espósito's nickname and stage name, Lali, was originated by her eldest brother who mispronounced the short form of her name \"Mari\" as \"Lali\". She attended primary school and high school at the Colegio San Vicente De Paul in Parque Patricios.</s><s>Personal life.:Relationships. From 2006 to 2010, Espósito was in an on-again, off-again relationship"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " with her \"Chiquititas\" and \"Casi Ángeles\" co-star Peter Lanzani, whom she called her \"first love\". The couple is still a fan favourite in Argentina and they remained good friends after their breakup. In 2010, Espósito began dating singer and actor after they met in \"Casi Ángeles\". Espósito and Amadeo announced their breakup in 2015, but they and their families remained close friends, making several public appearances together. From late 2015 to early 2016, Espósito was in a highly publicized relationship with her \"Esperanza Mía\" co-star Mariano Martinez. In 2017 Espósito began dating sound engineer Santiago Mocorrea; but they broke up in 2020.</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:Theatre. Events, galas and others - 2017 - \"\" - Judge - 2022 - \"\" - Presenter</s><s>Discography. - \"A Bailar\" (2014) - \"Soy\" (2016) - \"Brava\" (2018) - \"Libra\" (2020) - \"Lali\" (2023)</s><s>Concert tours. Headlining - A Bailar"
},
{
"title": "Lali Espósito",
"text": " Tour (2014–16) - Soy Tour (2016–2017) - Lali en Vivo (2017–2018) - Brava Tour (2018–2019) - Disciplina Tour (2022–2023) Opening act - The Prismatic World Tour (2015) - The 7/27 Tour (2016) - One World Tour (2016) - (2018) - Never Be the Same Tour (2018)</s><s>Awards and nominations. As of September 2021, Espósito has won 51 awards from 115 nominations, including Six Gardel Awards, five MTV Europe Music Awards, one Kids' Choice Award, one Heat Latin Music Award, thirteen Argentine Kids' Choice Awards, six MTV Millennial Awards, one Heat Latin Music Award, one Martin Fierro Award, one Billboard Latin Music Awards and one Tato Award. Moreover, Lali has received nominations for the Premio Lo Nuestro, and the Seoul International Drama Awards, among others.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Lali Espósito",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000472
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Idris Elba.
|
[
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": "<s>Idris Elba Idrissa Akuna Elba (; born 6 September 1972) is an English actor and DJ. An alumnus of the National Youth Music Theatre in London, he is known for roles including Stringer Bell in the HBO series \"The Wire\" (2002–2004), DCI John Luther in the BBC One series \"Luther\" (2010–2019), and Nelson Mandela in the biographical film \"\" (2013). For \"Luther\", he received four nominations each for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor, winning one of the former. Elba appeared in \"American Gangster\" (2007), \"Obsessed\" (2009) and \"Prometheus\" (2012). He portrayed Heimdall in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), beginning with \"Thor\" (2011), and Bloodsport in \"The Suicide Squad\" (2021), set in the DC Extended Universe. He also starred in \"Pacific Rim\" (2013), \"Beasts of No Nation\" (2015), for which he received Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations for Best Supporting Actor, and \"Molly's Game\" (2017). One of his other prominent roles was that of Ruf"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": "us Buck in the Western film \"The Harder They Fall\" (2021). Elba has also voiced characters in \"Zootopia\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"Finding Dory\" (all 2016), and \"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\" (2022). He made his directorial debut with \"Yardie\" (2018). Apart from acting, Elba performs as a DJ under the moniker DJ Big Driis or Idris and as an R&B singer. In 2016, he was named in the \"Time\" 100 list of the Most Influential People in the World. As of May 2019, his films have grossed over at the global box office, including over in North America, where he is one of the top 20 highest-grossing actors.</s><s>Early life. Idrissa Akuna Elba was born on 6 September 1972 in the London Borough of Hackney, to Winston Elba, a Sierra Leonean Creole man who worked at the Ford Dagenham plant, and Eve, a Ghanaian woman. His parents were married in Sierra Leone and later moved to London. Elba was raised in Hackney and East Ham; he shortened his first name to \"Idris\" at school in Canning Town,"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": " where he first became involved in acting. He credits \"The Stage\" with giving him his first big break. After seeing an advertisement for a play in it; he auditioned and subsequently met his first agent while performing in the role. In 1986, he began helping an uncle with his wedding DJ business; within a year, he had started his own DJ company with some of his friends. Elba briefly attended Barking and Dagenham College, leaving school in 1988 and winning a place in the National Youth Music Theatre after a £1,500 Prince's Trust grant. In order to support himself between roles in his early career, he worked in odd jobs including tyre-fitting, cold-calling, and night shifts at Ford Dagenham. He was worked in nightclubs under the DJ nickname \"Big Driis\" during his adolescence, but began auditioning for television roles in his early twenties.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Television. Elba's first acting role was in \"Crimewatch\" murder reconstructions and in 1994 he appeared in a BBC children's drama called \"The Boot Street Band\". In 1995, he landed his first significant role on a series called \"Bramwell\", a medical drama set in 1890s England."
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": " He played a central character in an episode of Season 1, an African petty thief named Charlie Carter, who lost his wife to childbirth and had to figure out how to support his newborn daughter. His first named role arrived earlier in 1995, when he was cast as a gigolo on the \"Sex\" episode of \"Absolutely Fabulous\". Many supporting roles on British television followed, including series such as \"The Bill\" and \"The Ruth Rendell Mysteries\". He joined the cast of the soap opera \"Family Affairs\" and went on to appear on the television serial \"Ultraviolet\" and later on \"Dangerfield\". He decided to move to New York City soon afterwards. He returned to England occasionally for a television role, such as a part in one of the \"Inspector Lynley Mysteries\". In 2001, Elba played Achilles in a stage production of \"Troilus and Cressida\" in New York City. In 1997 he starred in the first two episodes of series 2 “Blood, Sweat and Tears” in Silent Witness. After a supporting turn on a 2001 episode of \"Law & Order\", Elba landed a starring role on the 2002 HBO drama series \"The Wire\". From 2002 to 2004, Elba portrayed Russell \"Stringer\" Bell"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": " in the series, perhaps his best-known role in the United States. In 2005, he portrayed Captain Augustin Muganza in \"Sometimes in April\", an HBO film about the Rwandan genocide. Elba appeared on the 2007 BET special \"Black Men: The Truth\". He appeared as Charlie Gotso on \"The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency\", filmed in Botswana. The series premiered on 23 March 2008, Easter Sunday, on BBC One, receiving a high 6.3 million viewers and 27% of the audience share. In January 2009, \"Variety\" reported that Elba would portray Charles Miner, a new rival to Dunder Mifflin regional manager Michael Scott (Steve Carell) for NBC's \"The Office\". Elba appeared in a six-episode story arc later in the 2009 season as well as the season finale. In September 2009, he signed a deal to star as the lead role on the six-part BBC television series \"Luther\", which aired in May 2010. He appeared on Showtime's \"The Big C\" in 2010. At the 69th Golden Globe Awards telecast on 15 January 2012, Elba won the Award for Best Actor in a Series, Mini-Series, or Motion Picture Made for Television for his"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": " role on the BBC crime thriller series \"Luther\". In April 2018, it was announced that Elba was cast as Charlie in the Netflix comedy series, \"Turn Up Charlie\". It premiered on 15 March 2019 and was cancelled after one season. He also created and starred in the semi-autobiographical comedy \"In the Long Run\".</s><s>Career.:Films. In 2007, Elba signed on to play the lead role of the film \"Daddy's Little Girls\", playing Monty, a blue-collar mechanic who falls in love with an attorney helping him gain custody of his kids, and finds the relationship and his custody hopes threatened by the return of his former wife. He appeared in \"28 Weeks Later\" (2007) and \"This Christmas\" (2007), which brought in nearly $50 million at the box office in 2007. In 2008, he starred in the horror film \"Prom Night\" and the Guy Ritchie London gangster film \"RocknRolla\". In 2009, he starred in the horror film \"The Unborn\" and in \"Obsessed\", a thriller that had him cast opposite Beyoncé. The latter was a box office success, taking $29 million in its opening weekend. Elba's next film was \"Leg"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": "acy\" (2010), in which he portrayed a black ops soldier who returns to Brooklyn after a failed mission in Eastern Europe, where he has undertaken a journey looking for retribution. He starred in Dark Castle's adaptation of DC/Vertigo's \"The Losers\", under the direction of Sylvain White, in the role of Roque, the second-in-command of a black-ops team out for revenge against a government that did them wrong. Filming took place in Puerto Rico and the movie was released in April 2010. Elba appeared in the thriller \"Takers\" (2010). He played Heimdall in Kenneth Branagh's film \"Thor\" (2011) (based on the Marvel Comics superhero of the same name). In August 2010, Elba signed up to portray the title character in a reboot of James Patterson's Alex Cross film franchise. However in February 2011, he was replaced by Tyler Perry. In \"\" (2011), the sequel to \"Ghost Rider\" (2007), Elba played an alcoholic warrior monk tasked with finding the title character. In February 2012, Elba confirmed that he would portray Nelson Mandela in the film \"Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom\", which is based on his autobiography. As part of his preparation for the role"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": ", Elba spent a night locked in a cell alone on Robben Island, where Mandela had been imprisoned. His performance earned him a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama. In June 2012, Elba portrayed the role of Captain Janek in Ridley Scott's \"Prometheus\". He joined the cast of the film \"Pacific Rim\" (2013) in the role of Stacker Pentecost. He reprised his role as Heimdall in \"\" in 2013. In January 2014, he confirmed that he would be starring in a film adaptation of \"Luther\". In 2014, he starred in \"No Good Deed\" as a vengeful psychopathic serial killer. In 2015, Elba appeared as Heimdall in the superhero blockbuster \"\", directed by Joss Whedon. Elba also starred alongside Abraham Attah in the film \"Beasts of No Nation\" which premiered in select theatres and on Netflix. He earned a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in any Motion Picture as well as a BAFTA Award nomination for Supporting Actor in the Film category. In 2016, he had several voice roles: the cape buffalo chief of police, Chief Bogo, in Disney's \"Z"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": "ootopia\", alongside Ginnifer Goodwin and Jason Bateman; villainous tiger Shere Khan in \"The Jungle Book\" (2016), a live-action adaptation of the animated 1967 film of the same name, directed by Jon Favreau; and sea lion Fluke in Pixar's \"Finding Dory\", alongside Ellen DeGeneres and Albert Brooks, both reprising their roles from \"Finding Nemo\" (2003). Also that year, he played the main antagonist, Krall, in the sequel \"Star Trek Beyond\". In 2017, he played Roland Deschain in the Stephen King film adaptation \"The Dark Tower\", starred in \"The Mountain Between Us\" and Aaron Sorkin's directorial debut \"Molly's Game\", alongside Jessica Chastain. In 2019, Elba starred as the villain in \"Fast & Furious Presents: Hobbs & Shaw\", a spin-off of \"Fast & Furious\" franchise, and played Macavity in Tom Hooper's film adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical, \"Cats\". In 2021, Elba portrayed mercenary Robert \"Milton\" DuBois / Bloodsport in James Gunn's \"The Suicide Squad\". In 2022, Elba was the voice of Knuckles in the film \"Sonic"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": " the Hedgehog 2\", a sequel to the film \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" which is itself based on the franchise of the same name. He will reprise the role in a self-titled solo series for Paramount+ in 2023.</s><s>Career.:Music. Elba has appeared in music videos for Fat Joe (2002), Angie Stone (2004), and rapper Giggs (2010). In 2006, he recorded the four-song EP \"Big Man\" for Hevlar Records. He co-produced and performed on the intro to Jay-Z's album \"American Gangster\" (2007). He DJed at the 2007 NBA All Star parties at The Venetian and Ice House Lounge in Las Vegas. In July 2009, Elba was the DJ for BET's current series \"Rising Icons\". He announced the release of his first single \"Please Be True.\" In the August 2009 issue of \"Essence\" magazine, he announced the name of his six-song EP as \"Kings Among Kings\". He released his EP \"High Class Problems Vol. 1\" in the United Kingdom in February 2010, for which he has won many prizes including a \"Billboard\" Music Awards nomination. In 2011, he performed on the intro to"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": " Pharoahe Monch's album \"W.A.R.\". In the following year he co-directed and performed in the Mumford & Sons music video for \"Lover of the Light\". In 2014, he produced K. Michelle's \"The Rebellious Soul Musical\" which debuted on VH1 on 19 August 2014. In May, Elba featured on Mr Hudson's single \"Step Into the Shadows\". Mr Hudson also produced his album \"Idris Elba Presents mi Mandela\", which was released in November 2014. He also featured on the remix of Ghanaian music group, VVIP's single \"Selfie\" together with Nigerian rapper Phyno released on 12 September 2014 and video released on YouTube on 11 April 2015. Elba performed a rap for the second album by Noel Fielding and Sergio Pizzorno's band, the Loose Tapestries. Elba also rapped in a remix of Skepta's \"Shutdown\" which was uploaded on 1 June 2015 to SoundCloud. On 17 August, a song was released on which Elba appeared on Nigerian singer D'banj's single \"Confidential\", featuring Sierra Leonean rapper Shadow Boxer with the video uploaded to YouTube on 20 August. In November 2015, Elba"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": " opened for Madonna during her Rebel Heart Tour in Berlin, Germany. Elba is also featured on the Macklemore & Ryan Lewis album \"This Unruly Mess I've Made\" (2016). In July 2018, he launched his record label, 7Wallace Music. Elba performed at Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April 2019. In 2019, he featured on the track \"Boasty\" by British grime artist Wiley. Elba also appears in the \"Boasty\" music video, delivering his verse in a mansion that includes a film set. In 2019, Elba appears on Taylor Swift's song \"London Boy\" from her seventh studio album \"Lover\". The intro of the song samples a snippet from an interview by Elba. In April 2020, Elba collaborated with producer Jay Robinson on the track \"Know Yourself\", released on Mau5trap. In 2020, after hearing Canadian R&B singer Emanuel's debut single \"Need You\", Elba reached out with an idea for a music video compiled from clips of people sharing the things that were helping them cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. Elba was credited as creative director of the video, and is being credited as an executive producer of Emanuel's forthcoming full-length debut album"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": ". On 13 February 2021, Elba performed a guest DJ mix for \"Mix Up\" on Australian national youth broadcaster Triple J. On 22 September 2021, Elba announced he would be releasing a collaborative EP with Australian pop rock duo Lime Cordiale titled \"Cordi Elba\", which was released on 14 January 2022. Elba also collaborated with Paul McCartney on a remix of McCartney's song \"Long Tailed Winter Bird.\"</s><s>Career.:Other works. In October 2014, Elba presented the series \"Journey Dot Africa with Idris Elba\" on BBC Radio 2, exploring all types of African music. Elba was featured in various television commercials for Sky box-sets in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2019. He has collaborated with the Uk parliament in their efforts to eradicate Ebola from West Africa, working alongside the UK Secretary of State for International Development Justine Greening in 2014. Elba has created a collaboration with British fashion label Superdry, which launched at the end of November 2015. In January 2016, Elba addressed the UK parliament in regards to the concern of the lack of diversity on screen. He said, 'Change is coming but it's taking its sweet time', He spoke about the lack of diversity regarding race,"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": " gender, and sexuality. Elba hosted The Best FIFA Football Awards 2017 at the London Palladium on 23 October 2017. During the show he took a selfie of \"the best team in the world\" which included Lionel Messi, Cristiano Ronaldo, and Neymar. He had the idea to develop the music from his album \"Idris Elba Presents mi Mandela\" into a show, which eventually resulted in a play called \"Tree\" that premiered at the Manchester International Festival in 2019. However, authorship of the piece was disputed. On 2 July 2019, \"The Guardian\" published a story describing how writers Tori Allen-Martin and Sarah Henley claimed to have been removed from the production under what they described as questionable circumstances. The two writers had worked on the project for four years following an approach from Elba asking them to develop his idea for a musical based on the album, on which Allen-Martin had also collaborated. Kwame Kwei-Armah joined the project in May 2018 and rewrote part of their material. At the time of its premiere \"Tree\" was billed as \"created by Idris Elba and Kwame Kwei-Armah\". Allen-Martin and Henley described their creative input as having included research and script-writing, as"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": " well as coming up with the play's title, and that after being removed they were threatened with legal action if they went public with the story. Elba and Kwei-Armah both published rebuttals of the writers' account of what happened on Twitter. He currently signed a deal with Apple to produce original content through his Green Door Pictures production company. In January 2021, it was reported that the companies of Elba and his wife, Sabrina Dhowre, would be developing an Afrofuturist adult animated, and sci-fi, series, tentatively titled \"Dantai\", for Crunchyroll, which would be about a time when biotech has \"created an ever-widening gap between the haves and have-nots.\" Elba will portray the character Solomon Reed in the \"Phantom Liberty\" downloadable expansion for CD Projekt Red's 2020 video game \"Cyberpunk 2077\". He provides voice acting and his likeness to the character.</s><s>Career.:Kickboxing. Discovery Channel produced a documentary, \"Idris Elba: Fighter\", chronicling Elba's 12-month kickboxing and mixed martial arts training under Muay Thai coach Kieran Keddle, culminating in Elba's first professional kick"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": "boxing fight—and win—against Lionel Graves, a younger, more experienced Dutch opponent, at London's York Hall.</s><s>Personal life. Elba has been married three times: first to Hanne \"Kim\" Nørgaard (from 1999 to 2003) and then to Sonya Nicole Hamlin (for four months in 2006). He has two children: a daughter with Nørgaard and a son with former girlfriend Naiyana Garth. Elba began a relationship with Somali-Canadian model Sabrina Dhowre in early 2017. They became engaged on 10 February 2018, during a screening of his film \"Yardie\" at an East London cinema. They were married on 26 April 2019 in Marrakesh. Elba has stated he is spiritual but not religious. He is an avid Arsenal supporter. In 2015, as part of his Discovery Channel miniseries \"Idris Elba: No Limits\", he broke the land speed record for the Pendine Sands \"Flying Mile\" course. The Prince's Trust, a UK youth charity founded by Prince Charles in 1976, which Elba credits with helping begin his career, appointed him as their anti-crime ambassador in April 2009. He voiced support for a vote to remain in the European Union"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": " for the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. On 16 March 2020, Elba said he and his wife had tested positive for COVID-19 amidst the pandemic. During his quarantine period, he noted that he had suffered from asthma all his life, placing him in the high-risk category of the disease.</s><s>Awards and honours. In 2013, Elba was named \"Essence\"s annual Sexiest Man of the Year and, in 2018, he was named \"People\" magazine's Sexiest Man Alive. In October 2014, he was presented with a MOBO Inspiration Award. Elba was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to drama. In 2017, he won the male title for the \"Rear of the Year\" award in Britain. In September 2018, he was one of 50 people named for \"making London awesome\" and helping to shape London's cultural landscape, as part of \"Time Out\" magazine's 50th anniversary. In the 2020 and 2021 editions of the \"Powerlist\", he was listed in the top 100 most influential people in the UK of African/African-Caribbean descent.</s><s>Select filmography. -"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": " \"One Love\" - \"Obsessed\" - \"Thor\" - \"Prometheus\" - \"Pacific Rim\" - \"\" - \"Zootopia\" - \"The Jungle Book\" - \"The Dark Tower\" - \"The Mountain Between Us\" - \"\" - \"The Suicide Squad\" - \"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\" - \"Beast\" - \"Three Thousand Years of Longing\"</s><s>Discography. Albums - 2015: \"Murdah Loves John (The John Luther Character Album)\" Extended plays - 2006: \"Big Man\" - 2009: \"Kings Among Kings\" - 2010: \"High Class Problems Vol. 1\" - 2014: \"Idris Elba Presents Mi Mandela\" - 2022: \"Cordi Elba\" (with Lime Cordiale) Remixes - \"Trust in Me\" - \"The Bare Necessities\" Mixtapes - 2011: \"Merry DriisMas Holiday Mixtape\" Other appearances - 2019: \"Even If I Die (Hobbs & Shaw)\" on the soundtrack to the \"Fast & Furious\" spin-off film \"Hobbs & Shaw\", featuring Cypress Hill; the remix version features Hybrid. - 2019: \"London Boy\" by Taylor Swift — The intro of"
},
{
"title": "Idris Elba",
"text": " the song samples a snippet from an interview by Elba. - 2019: \"Party & BullShit\" by Sarkodie – He was featured in the song. - 2020: \"Fear or Faith Pt. 2\" by Future Utopia from the album \"12 Questions\". - 2021: \"Long Tailed Winter Bird (Idris Elba Remix)\" by Paul McCartney from the album \"McCartney III Imagined\". Featured singles</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Idris Elba",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000473
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Carmelo Anthony.
|
[
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": "<s>Carmelo Anthony Carmelo Kyam Anthony (born May 29, 1984) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has been named an NBA All-Star ten times and an All-NBA Team member six times. He played college basketball for the Syracuse Orange, winning a national championship as a freshman in 2003 while being named the NCAA Tournament's Most Outstanding Player. In 2021, he was named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team, and is regarded as one of the greatest scorers in NBA history. After one season at Syracuse, Anthony entered the 2003 NBA draft and was selected with the third overall pick by the Denver Nuggets. While playing for Denver, he led the Nuggets to the playoffs every year from 2004 to 2010; the team won two division titles in that span. In 2009, Anthony led the Nuggets to their first Conference Finals appearance since 1985. In 2011, he was traded from Denver to the New York Knicks days before the NBA trade deadline. In a January 24, 2014, game against the Charlotte Bobcats, Anthony scored a career-high 62 points, setting a Knicks' single-game scoring record and a Madison Square Garden single-game scoring record. Anthony was traded to the"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " Oklahoma City Thunder, where he played one season before a short stint with the Houston Rockets. He spent two seasons with the Portland Trail Blazers prior to joining the Los Angeles Lakers. Anthony has played in the Olympics for the US national team a record four times, winning a bronze medal with the 2004 squad and gold medals on the 2008, 2012, and 2016 Olympic teams. As of April 2016, he was the US Olympic team's all-time leader in points, rebounds, and games played. He currently ranks 9th on the all time NBA scoring list.</s><s>Early life and high school career. Anthony was born in the Red Hook housing projects in Brooklyn, New York City. His father, Carmelo Iriarte, was born in Manhattan to Puerto Rican parents. Iriarte was of African, Spanish, and indigenous ancestry; some of his roots also traced to Venezuela. His mother, Mary Anthony, is African-American. Iriarte died of cancer when Anthony was two years old. When Anthony turned eight, his family moved to Baltimore. Anthony commuted to Towson Catholic High School for his first three years of high school. During the summer of 1999, Anthony grew five inches into the frame of a 6–5 swingman. He suddenly became one of the"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " area's top players and made a name for himself in the area, being named \"The Baltimore Sun\"s metro player of the year in 2001, as well as Baltimore Catholic League player of the year. During his sophomore year, he averaged 14 points, five rebounds, four assists and two steals. Towson Catholic surged to a record of 26–3 and finished third in the state tournament. Anthony enjoyed a successful high school basketball career as a junior, almost doubling his numbers in scoring and rebounds, averaging 23 points and 10.3 rebounds. Despite his successful year, Anthony was distracted by all of the attention and was suspended on several occasions for skipping classes. He barely registered a blip on the radars of pro scouts with his skinny frame and lack of strength; many scouts felt that he was not ready for the physical demands of the NBA. In the end, Towson Catholic fell short of the state title, although he was named Baltimore's County Player of the Year, All-Metropolitan Player of the Year and Baltimore Catholic League Player of the Year. After his junior year, Division I coaches were lined up to recruit Anthony to a school on the East Coast, which included North Carolina and Syracuse. In contrast to contemporary prep-to-pro players like Kevin Garnett"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": ", Jermaine O'Neal, Kobe Bryant, Tracy McGrady or Amar'e Stoudemire, he decided to declare early and announce that he would attend Syracuse University before his senior year. As Anthony's grades dropped under a C average and his scores on the ACT were below acceptable standards, he knew that he needed to improve in the classroom to qualify academically for Syracuse. For his senior year, his mother considered transferring him to a different school. Anthony first thought of Virginia's Hargrave Military Academy but after talking to Steve Smith, the head coach at basketball powerhouse Oak Hill Academy, he eventually transferred to Oak Hill Academy in Virginia—winner of the \"USA Today\" 2000–01 high school championship—for his senior campaign. During the summer of 2001, Anthony led an AAU Baltimore Select team to the Final Four of the Adidas Big Time Tournament in Las Vegas, Nevada. Anthony attracted attention from the NBA by averaging 25.2 points a game in the tournament, which was also attended by Amar'e Stoudemire (who was already being touted as a future lottery pick). Anthony played at the USA Basketball Youth Development Festival where he helped the East Team win the silver medal. He tied LeBron James for the tournament scoring lead at 24 points per game"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " and shot 66 percent from the field. It was there that Anthony and James struck up a friendship. Oak Hill Academy entered the 2001–02 campaign boasting a 42-game winning streak. The team's first tournament win came in The Les Schwab Invitational against Mater Dei High School from Santa Ana, California, with Anthony winning the tournament MVP. Oak Hill won two more big-time tournaments, including the Nike Academy National Invitational where they knocked off then-No. 1 Westchester High School 77–61 in the final, and an anticipated game against St. Vincent – St. Mary High School of Akron, Ohio, where he was matched up with high school phenom LeBron James. James scored 36 points, while Anthony scored 34 points and grabbed 11 rebounds to lead Oak Hill to a 72–66 win. The team ended the season ranked third in the country at 32–1, with their only loss coming in a rematch against Mater Dei, which ended their unbeaten streak at 67. He averaged 21.7 points, 8.1 rebounds and 4.0 assists during his senior year at Oak Hill and named a \"USA Today\" All-USA First Team and a Parade First-Team All-American. He was selected to play in the Jordan Brand"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " Classic, scoring a game-high 27 points, and the 2002 McDonald's All-American Game, where he played on the same team with two future New York Knicks teammates, Raymond Felton and Amar'e Stoudemire. In that game, he scored 19 points and won the \"Sprite Slam Jam\" dunk contest. His performances at the high school All-Star games, helped lift his reputation with HoopScoop ranking him as the nation's No. 1 high school senior in the class of 2002, ranked second by College Basketball News and third by All-Star Sports. Due to his struggles with the ACT, his family and friends wondered whether Anthony would forget about his college plans to attend Syracuse and move on to the NBA. He had yet to produce the minimum score of 18; however, in late April Anthony got a 19 and decided to stick with college and prepared for his freshman year at Syracuse. In April 2009, he was named to the ESPN RISE's all-decade team and was honored as one of the 35 Greatest McDonald's All-Americans in January 2012.</s><s>College career. Anthony played one season at Syracuse University, during the 2002–03 season, where he averaged 22.2 points (16th in the NCAA,"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " fourth in the Big East) and 10.0 rebounds (19th in the NCAA, third in the Big East, first among NCAA Division I freshmen). He helped guide the Orangemen to their first ever NCAA tournament title in 2003. He led the team in scoring, rebounding, minutes played (36.4 minutes per game), field goals made and free throws made and attempted. Anthony's 33-point outburst against the University of Texas in the Final Four set an NCAA tournament record for most points by a freshman. In the championship game against the University of Kansas, Anthony had 20 points and 10 rebounds. For his efforts during the NCAA tournament, Anthony earned the tournament's Most Outstanding Player Award. Afterwards, Syracuse head coach Jim Boeheim described Anthony as \"[...] by far, the best player in college basketball. It wasn't even close. Nobody was even close to him last year in college basketball. That's the bottom line\". Anthony said that he originally planned to stay at Syracuse for two to three seasons, but having already accomplished everything he set out to do, he chose to abandon his collegiate career (with Boeheim's blessing) and declared himself eligible for the 2003 NBA draft. Some of Anthony's highlights in his time with Syracuse include being named Second-Team"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " All-American by the Associated Press as a freshman, leading his team to a 30–5 record, capturing the school's first ever NCAA title and being the consensus pick for NCAA Freshman of the Year. He was also named to the All-Big East First Team and was the consensus selection for the Big East Conference Freshman of the Year as so as unanimous selection for Big East All Rookie Team.</s><s>Professional career.</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003–2011).</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003–2011).:Rookie season. Anthony's NBA career began on June 26, 2003, when he was chosen third overall in the 2003 NBA draft by the Denver Nuggets. He was selected behind LeBron James (first overall, Cleveland Cavaliers) and Darko Miličić (second overall, Detroit Pistons). He made his NBA regular season debut on October 29, 2003, in an 80–72 home win against the San Antonio Spurs. Anthony finished the night with 12 points, seven rebounds, and three assists. In just his sixth career NBA game (November 7 versus the Los Angeles Clippers), Anthony scored 30 points, becoming the second youngest player in NBA history to score 30 points or more in a game (19 years, 151 days;"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " Kobe Bryant was the youngest). It was the fewest games a Nuggets rookie took to score 30 points in a contest since the ABA–NBA merger. On February 9, 2004, against the Memphis Grizzlies, Anthony became the third-youngest player to reach the 1,000-point plateau in NBA history with a 20-point effort in an 86–83 win. On February 13, 2004, Anthony participated in the Got Milk? Rookie Challenge at All-Star Weekend. On March 30, 2004, he scored 41 points against the Seattle SuperSonics to set a new Denver Nuggets franchise record for most points in a game by a rookie. He also became the second-youngest player (19 years, 305 days) to score at least 40 points in a game in NBA history. After winning the Rookie of the Month award for the Western Conference in the month of April, Anthony became the fourth player in NBA history to capture all six of the Rookie of the Month awards in a season. The others to do so were David Robinson, Tim Duncan and fellow rookie LeBron James. Anthony was also named NBA Player of the Week twice (March 10, 2004 – March 14, 2004, and April 6, 2004 – April 10, 2004) and was a unanimous NBA All-"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": "Rookie First Team selection. Anthony averaged 21.0 points per game during the season, which was more than any other rookie. Anthony was second in the NBA Rookie of the Year voting, finishing runner-up to the Cavaliers rookie standout, James. Anthony played a major part in the turnaround of the Denver Nuggets from league laughingstock to playoff contender. In the season before Anthony was drafted by the team, the Nuggets finished with a 17–65 record, which tied them for worst in the NBA with the Cleveland Cavaliers. They finished the 2003–04 campaign with a 43–39 overall record, qualifying them as the eighth seed for the playoffs. Anthony became the first NBA rookie to lead a playoff team in scoring since David Robinson of the San Antonio Spurs during the 1989–90 season. In the 2004 NBA Playoffs, the Nuggets faced the top-seeded Minnesota Timberwolves in the First Round. In Anthony's first career playoff game, he had 19 points, six rebounds, and three assists, in a 106–92 loss at Minnesota. The Timberwolves eliminated the Nuggets in five games.</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003–2011).:2004–05 season. In Anthony's second season, he averaged 20.8 points per game, ranking him 19th in the NBA"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": ". Anthony placed 16th in the NBA for points per 48 minutes. On December 4, 2004, versus the Miami Heat, Anthony became the third-youngest player in NBA history to reach 2,000 career points. Only James and Bryant were younger when they reached that plateau. Anthony played again in the Got Milk? Rookie Challenge, this time suiting up for the sophomore squad. In front of his home fans of Denver (who were hosting the 2005 All-Star Game), Anthony scored a game-high 31 points to go along with five boards, two assists and two steals, en route to becoming the MVP of the game. With Anthony's help, the Nuggets improved their season record by six games from the previous season, ending with a mark of 49–33. The Nuggets finished seventh place in the Western Conference (one spot higher than they finished the previous season). Denver faced the second-seeded San Antonio Spurs in the First Round, winning the first game in San Antonio, 93–87. However, the eventual NBA champion Spurs won the next four games, eliminating the Nuggets from the playoffs.</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003–2011).:2005–06 season. Anthony played and started in 80 games during the 2005–06 season. He averaged"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " 26.5 points (eighth, NBA), 2.7 assists, 4.9 rebounds and 1.1 steals per game. His eighth-place finish in NBA scoring was the highest finish by a Denver player since the 1990–91 season, when Nuggets guard Michael Adams finished the season sixth in NBA scoring. On November 23, 2005, with the Nuggets facing the two-time defending Eastern Conference Champion Detroit Pistons, Anthony hauled down his 1,000th career rebound. A month later, Anthony recorded a then career-high 45 points in a losing effort against the Philadelphia 76ers. On March 17, 2006, versus the Memphis Grizzlies, he scored 33 points to push his career point total over the 5,000 mark. Also, in doing so, he became the second youngest player to accomplish that feat (behind LeBron James). As the month of March came to a close, the Nuggets finished 11–5, and Anthony was named as the NBA Player of the Month for March. He also took home Player of the Week honors for March 13, 2006 – March 19, 2006. During the season, Anthony made five game-winning shots in the last five seconds: at Houston on January 8, 2006; at home versus Phoenix on January 10; at Minnesota on February 24"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": "; at Indiana on March 15; at home versus the Los Angeles Lakers on April 6. All five of those game-winners were made on jump shots, while the shot against Minnesota was a three-point field goal. Anthony also made a shot in the final seconds to force overtime vs. the Dallas Mavericks on January 6. He made shots in the final 22 seconds against the Cleveland Cavaliers on January 18, 2006, and the Philadelphia 76ers on March 9, which gave the Nuggets leads they would never lose. Anthony was named to the All-NBA Third Team. The Nuggets finished the season in third place, winning the Northwest Division for the first time in Anthony's career. Denver faced the sixth-seeded Los Angeles Clippers in the First Round of the playoffs. The Clippers held home court advantage in the series, due to ending the regular season with a better record (Denver finished 44–38; Los Angeles finished 47–35). The Clippers won the first two games of the series on their home floor. The Nuggets split their games at home in Denver (winning game three; losing game four). Denver then lost game five at Los Angeles, which eliminated the Nuggets from the playoffs. After the season, Anthony signed a 5-year, $80 million extension with the Nuggets"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": ".</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003–2011).:2006–07 season. Coincidentally, Alex English witnessed Anthony tie his record as English was an Assistant Coach at the time with the Toronto Raptors. After the Chicago victory, Anthony again tied the club record of six-straight 30-point games, failing to break it the second time around, as he scored 24 points in his 16th game (a 98–96 home loss to the Atlanta Hawks) on December 6. During a game at Madison Square Garden on December 16, Anthony was one of many players involved in the infamous Knicks–Nuggets brawl. Footage showed Anthony laying a punch on the face of New York's Mardy Collins and subsequently backing away. As a result of his actions, Anthony was suspended for 15 games by NBA commissioner David Stern. Shortly thereafter, the Nuggets traded for Allen Iverson. The duo did not get to play alongside one another until a home game against the Memphis Grizzlies on January 22, which was the day Anthony was allowed to return from his 15-game suspension. Anthony finished the game with 28 points, as he and Iverson combined for 51 points. On February 2, 2007, Anthony and teammate J. R. Smith were involved in a minor car accident."
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " Neither player was injured in the collision. The only information released by the team was that the car Smith was driving belonged to Anthony. Three days later, Anthony recorded his first career triple-double, with 31 points, 10 rebounds and 10 assists, in a 113–108 loss to the Phoenix Suns. When the reserves for the Western Conference All-Star team were announced, Anthony was not included on the roster. However, with Yao Ming and Carlos Boozer out with injuries, NBA commissioner David Stern chose Anthony as a replacement (along with Josh Howard). Anthony scored 20 points with nine rebounds in his All-Star debut. Anthony was the first Denver Nugget to be named an All-Star since Antonio McDyess in 2001. Anthony won Player of the Week honors three times during the season (November 20–26; November 27 – December 3; and February 5–11), and received Player of the Month honors for April. Anthony finished the season as the league's second leading scorer behind Bryant, with an average of 28.9 points, while adding 6.0 rebounds, 3.8 assists and 1.2 steals per game. He was named to All-NBA Third Team for the second straight year.</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003–2011).:"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": "2007–08 season. On January 24, 2008, Anthony was named to his second consecutive NBA All-Star Game—his first as a starter. He finished as the leading vote-getter among Western Conference forwards (1,723,701 votes) and second in overall voting to Kobe Bryant (2,004,940 votes) among all Western Conference players. On February 8, Anthony scored a then career-high 49 points in a 111–100 home win over the Washington Wizards. He had a field goal percentage of.760 on a 19-of-25 shooting effort, and his shooting percentage was the second highest in the last 13 years for a player who took 25 or more shots in a game (Bryant was first with a.769 field goal percentage on a 20-of-26 shooting effort, in a 99–94 road victory over the Houston Rockets on December 21, 2000). On March 27, in a home win over the Dallas Mavericks, Anthony scored his 9,000th career point. He played in 77 games during the regular season, finishing as the NBA's fourth-leading scorer with 25.7 points per game, and had career-highs in rebounds per game (7.4) and steals per game (1."
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": "3). He tied his career-high in blocks per game (0.5), and ended the season with 3.4 assists per game, which was the second-best mark of his career. The Nuggets finished the 2007–08 season with exactly 50 wins (50–32 overall record, tied for the third-best all-time Nuggets record since the team officially joined the NBA in 1976), following a 120–111 home victory over the Memphis Grizzlies in the last game of the season. It was the first time since the 1987–88 NBA season that the Nuggets finished with at least 50 wins in a season. Denver ended up as the eighth seed in the Western Conference of the 2008 Playoffs, and their 50 wins marked the highest win total for an eighth seed in NBA history. It also meant that for the first time in NBA history, all eight playoff seeds in a conference had at least 50 wins. The Nuggets faced the top-seeded Los Angeles Lakers (57–25 overall record) in the First Round of the Playoffs. The seven games separating the Nuggets overall record and the Lakers overall record is the closest margin between an eighth seed and a top seed since the NBA went to a 16-team playoff format in 1983–84. The Lakers swept the Nuggets in four"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " games, marking the second time in NBA history that a 50-win team was swept in a best-of-seven playoff series in the First Round. For the series, Anthony averaged 22.5 points, 9.5 rebounds (playoff career-high), 2.0 assists and 0.5 steals per game.</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003–2011).:2008–09 season. The 2008–09 campaign began with Allen Iverson being traded to the Detroit Pistons in exchange for guard Chauncey Billups. On December 10, 2008, in a 116–105 home win over the Timberwolves, Anthony tied George Gervin for the most points scored in one quarter in NBA history by scoring 33 points in the third quarter. Gervin had set the record when he was competing against David Thompson for the scoring title on the last day of the 1977–78 season. Anthony shot 12 of 15 (80%) in the third quarter and finished the game with 45 points, 11 rebounds, three assists, and four steals. The record was broken in January 2015 by Klay Thompson of the Golden State Warriors. On January 4, 2009, Anthony broke a bone in his hand in a game against the Indiana Pacers. He opted to have the hand"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " splinted rather than have surgery; his recovery time was estimated at three to four weeks. He had already missed three games in late December with a sore elbow. Anthony returned from injury and to the Nuggets starting lineup on January 30, 2009, in a game against the Charlotte Bobcats in which he scored 19 points. Anthony was suspended for one game by the Nuggets for staying on the court and refusing to leave the game after coach George Karl benched him during a game against the Pacers. The Nuggets won the Northwest Division and placed second in the Western Conference, finishing the season with a franchise record-tying 54 wins (54–28 overall). Anthony averaged 22.8 points per game and made a career-high 37.1% of his shots from three-point range. After losing in five straight playoff appearances (2004–2008), on April 29, 2009, Anthony won his first playoff series when the Nuggets beat the New Orleans Hornets at home 107–86 where Anthony finished with a playoff career-high 34 points and four steals. In a post-game conference, Anthony said \"Yeah, finally... Took me 5 years to get that gorilla off my back, it's a great feeling.\" The Nuggets beat the Hornets in five games in the First Round of the"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " playoffs and proceeded to beat the Dallas Mavericks 4–1 in the Conference Semifinals with Anthony scoring 30 points in a solid game five performance. In the third game of the semifinals, Anthony made a last second three-point shot to give the Nuggets the win after being down by two points (103–105). Denver advanced to the Conference Finals for the first time since 1985 but was eliminated, 4–2, by the eventual NBA champion Los Angeles Lakers on his birthday. Anthony was named to the All-NBA Third Team for the third time in his career.</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003–2011).:2009–10 season. In the opening two games of the 2009–10 season, Anthony totaled 71 points, scoring 30 points in the home opener and 41 the next night, in wins against division rivals Utah Jazz and Portland Trail Blazers respectively. Anthony became one of three players in the Nuggets' history to open with 70 or more points through two games—tied with Nick Van Exel with 71 points—surpassed only by Alex English who did it twice, in 1985 (79) and 1988 (74). It was also only the second time since 1987 that the Nuggets started the season 2–0. In their third game, Anthony scored 42"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " points. It was the first time they went 3–0 since 1985. In the month of November, Anthony was named the NBA player of the week and Western Conference Player of the Month, leading the Nuggets to a 12–5 start. In the fifteenth regular season game against the Minnesota Timberwolves, Anthony entered the game leading the league in points per game (30.2) and was the only player in the league to score at least 20 points in every game. He finished the game with 22 points which was his fifteenth consecutive game with at least 20 points breaking the previous franchise record of 14 straight set by English. The following game, Anthony scored a career-high 50 points in a home game against the New York Knicks while teammate Chauncey Billups added 32 points in the game, making them only the third duo in NBA history to score at least 50 and 30 points respectively. Two days later, Anthony scored a total of 32 points. On January 21, 2010, Anthony was named as a starter for the 2010 NBA All-Star Game leading the Western Conference ballots in votes for forwards. This was Anthony's third All-Star appearance and second as a starter. He finished the game with a team-high 27 points and 10 rebounds. In the team's"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " first game after the All-Star Game, the Nuggets visited the Cleveland Cavaliers in a highly anticipated game with the Cavaliers having a 13-game winning streak. While LeBron James posted a triple-double of 43 points, 13 rebounds and 15 assists, Anthony compiled 40 points, six rebounds and seven assists in an overtime win as Anthony nailed a jumper over the outstretched arms of James with just 1.9 seconds left in the game, ending the Cavaliers' win streak. On March 26, 2010, Anthony made a game-winning shot at the buzzer, after missing his first attempt, against the Toronto Raptors. The Nuggets concluded the 2009–10 regular season with a 53–29 record and the Northwest Division title for the second straight season facing the Utah Jazz in the First Round. In Game 1, Anthony scored a playoff-career-high 42 points. This also matched a franchise-playoff high for scoring in a single playoff game, tied with Alex English. Anthony was named to the All-NBA Second Team for the first time in his career.</s><s>Professional career.:Denver Nuggets (2003–2011).:2010–11 season. The 2010–11 season began with speculation that Anthony had requested a trade. Anthony refused to sign a proposed contract extension. Sources reported"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " that Anthony's preferred destination was the New York Knicks, with other teams such as the New Jersey Nets, Houston Rockets and Atlanta Hawks said to be interested. Anthony's trade request was not initially fulfilled, and he began the season on the Nuggets' roster. On November 15, 2010, Anthony had 20 points and a career-high 22 rebounds for the first 20–20 game of his career against the Phoenix Suns. He also hit game-winning jumper at the buzzer against the Bulls on November 26, 2010.</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011–2017).</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011–2017).:2010–11 season. On February 22, 2011, Anthony, along with point guard Chauncey Billups, was traded to the New York Knicks in a multi-player deal also involving the Minnesota Timberwolves. Anthony chose to wear number 7 with the Knicks, as his former number 15 was retired by the Knicks in honor of Earl Monroe and Dick McGuire. Anthony's first game with the Knicks was a 114–108 win against the Milwaukee Bucks in which he scored 27 points and had 10 rebounds and an assist. After Anthony's acquisition, the Knicks qualified for the playoffs as the sixth seed in the Eastern Conference and were matched"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " up against the Boston Celtics. During the series, the Knicks struggled with injuries as Amar'e Stoudemire and Billups went down. In game two of the NBA playoffs in Boston, Anthony tied a playoff career high with 42 points and also had 17 rebounds and six assists in a Knicks loss. The Knicks fell to the Boston Celtics in four games in the First Round of the playoffs.</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011–2017).:2011–12 season. The 2011–12 season brought new expectations, as the season would be Anthony's first full season as a Knick. The Knicks struggled throughout the season, as injuries derailed the team. Anthony himself missed 11 games; during this stretch, the Knicks inserted Jeremy Lin as the team's starting point guard. This led to a historic stretch of games by Lin, and a period of basketball hysteria known as Linsanity. However, the team found themselves with an 18–24 record, leading to the resignation of coach Mike D'Antoni. Anthony was assumed to have a role in the coach's departure, as he was not a good fit in D'Antoni's high paced offense. Mike Woodson took over for D'Antoni; this led to an improvement in Anthony's play"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": ", as he was more suited for Woodson's halfcourt offense. On Easter Sunday, Anthony had arguably his best game in a Knicks uniform as he scored 43 points and hit two clutch three-pointers in a victory over Chicago. Under Woodson, the Knicks finished the season at 18–6, a vast improvement from the 18–24 record they had under D'Antoni. The Knicks qualified for the playoffs as the seventh seed in the Eastern Conference, and faced off against the eventual champions, the Miami Heat. During the series, the Knicks were hampered by injuries as they were a season before. Tyson Chandler was diagnosed with the flu for game 1, Iman Shumpert tore his ACL, Baron Davis tore his patella tendon, and All-Star Amar'e Stoudemire sustained a laceration on his hand after punching a fire extinguisher out of anger after a loss. In addition, Jeremy Lin had torn his left meniscus before the playoffs started. Despite the injuries, Anthony was able to lead the Knicks to their first playoff win since 2001. In the game, Anthony scored 41 points. The Knicks were eventually eliminated in five games, 4–1. Anthony was voted to the All-NBA Third Team for the fourth time in his"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " career alongside teammate Tyson Chandler.</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011–2017).:2012–13 season. On December 3, 2012, Anthony was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the period November 26 to December 2, 2012. On January 7, 2013, Anthony received his second Player of the Week for games played from December 31, 2012, to January 6, 2013. During that time, he led the team to a 2–1 record, tallying a league-best 36.0 points per game. The week was highlighted by a pair of 40-point games, first in a loss to Portland (45 points, seven rebounds, four assists) on January 1, and then in a victory over Orlando (40 points, six rebounds and six assists) on January 5. On January 9, 2013, Anthony was suspended for one game without pay for confronting Kevin Garnett after a game on January 7. On January 30, 2013, in a game against the Orlando Magic, Anthony set the Knicks' team-record with 30 straight 20-point games, breaking the old record set by Richie Guerin (29 games). Anthony later extended the record to 31 games after he scored 25 points in a 96–86 victory against the Milwaukee Bucks. On"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " March 29, 2013, Anthony recorded 32 points and 11 rebounds in a 111–102 victoryt over the Charlotte Bobcats. His teammate J. R. Smith scored 37 points in the game. On March 31, 2013, Anthony scored 24 points and grabbed 10 rebounds in a win against the Boston Celtics as he recorded a double-double in consecutive games. With the victory, the Knicks won the season series against the Celtics (3–1) for the first time since the 2003–04 season. On April 2, 2013, Anthony tied his career high by scoring 50 points in a 102–90 win over the Miami Heat and became the first player in NBA history to record 50+ points with no baskets in the paint. He followed the next night with 40 points in a 95–82 victory over the Atlanta Hawks, and then 41 points against the Milwaukee Bucks two days later, becoming the first Knicks player since Bernard King to score 40+ points in three consecutive games. He also became only the third NBA player to score at least 40 points on at least 60% field-goal shooting in three consecutive games, joining King and Michael Jordan. On April 7, 2013, Anthony scored 36 points and 12 rebounds, nine offensive, as the Knicks tallied their 12th straight win in a"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " 125–120 victory over the Oklahoma City Thunder. By scoring 36 points to Kevin Durant's 27 points, he overtook the latter in the scoring race, upping his season average to 28.44 to Durant's 28.35 points per game. On April 8, 2013, Anthony was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the period April 1–7, 2013. He led the Knicks to a 4–0 record as part of their 12-game winning streak, during which he averaged 41.8 points per game. No NBA player had scored at least 35 points in five straight games since Kobe Bryant in the 2006–07 season. In 2013, Anthony became the first Knicks player with the highest-selling jersey in the NBA, based on sales at the NBA Store and NBAstore.com, since the league started tracking jersey sales in 2001. On April 11, 2013, the Knicks' 13-game winning streak ended with a loss to the Bulls, 118–111. Despite the loss, Anthony scored 36 points on top of a season-high 19 rebounds, and he set a franchise record with six straight games with at least 35 points. On April 15, 2013, Anthony won his second straight Eastern Conference Player of the Week award for games played from April 8 to"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " 15, 2013, when he led the team to a 3–1 record. For the week, he averaged a conference-best 32.0 points and a seventh-best 11.5 rebounds per game. He became the 2013 NBA scoring champion with 28.7 points per game after second place scorer and three-time reigning scoring champion Kevin Durant decided to sit out his last regular season game against the Milwaukee Bucks, ending his season with an average of 28.1 points per game. At the close of the regular season, Anthony was named as the Eastern Conference Player of the Month for April. Anthony broke LeBron James' stranglehold on the monthly award after James had received such honors five times that season. In the 2013 NBA Playoffs, Anthony scored 21 points to go with seven rebounds, five assists, two steals and one block against the Boston Celtics, in their First Round playoff series. It was the Knicks' first playoff series win since 2000. Anthony averaged a team-high 29.2 points per game in the series. This was the second highest playoff series average of a Knick player against the Celtics, behind Ewing's 31.6 during their 1989–90 First Round series. In the next round, the Knicks were defeated by the Indiana Pacers in six games."
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " On May 23, 2013, Anthony was named to the All-NBA Second Team. It was the second time in Anthony's career that he made the Second Team.</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011–2017).:2013–14 season. Early in the 2013–14 NBA season, the Knicks suffered a nine-game losing streak, as the team opened with a 3–13 record. Despite the losing record, Anthony continued to play well under the circumstances, averaging 26.3 points, 9.9 rebounds and 1.1 steals per game, nine double-doubles including four straight: against Indiana (30 points and 18 rebounds), Washington (23 and 12), Portland (34 and 15) and LA Clippers (27 and 10). However, at the start of 2014, the Knicks went 4–1, including big wins against previous season finalists Miami Heat and San Antonio Spurs. In the victory against the Heat, Anthony and James ended up in a virtual deadlock as the former registered 29 points (shooting 12-of-24), eight rebounds, five assists and two steals as against the latter's 32 points (shooting 12-of-17), five rebounds, six assists, one steal and one block. On January 24, he established"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " his career high, the Knicks' franchise record, and the Madison Square Garden record for single-game scoring with a 62-point, 13-rebound, 0 turnover effort against the Charlotte Bobcats. On January 30, in a 117–86 victory against the Cleveland Cavaliers, Anthony became the 50th NBA player to score 19,000 career points. Anthony became the fifth-youngest NBA player to achieve the feat. Anthony was named Eastern Conference Player of the Month for January after leading the conference in scoring with 28.7 points per game while also averaging nine rebounds per contest. On February 16, 2014, Anthony played in his seventh All-Star Game as a starter for the East All-Stars. On March 10, 2014, Anthony won his second Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played March 3–9, after he averaged 29.0 points per game, while the Knicks went 3–1. For the 2013–14 season, Anthony averaged 27.4 points, 8.1 rebounds, and 3.1 assists in a league-leading 38.7 minutes per game, but would miss the NBA playoffs for the first time in his career. On June 23, 2014, Anthony informed the Knicks that he would opt out of his contract and become a free"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " agent. On July 13, 2014, Anthony re-signed with the Knicks to a reported five-year deal.</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011–2017).:2014–15 season. In just the team's third game in the season, Anthony became the 40th member of the 20,000 points club, when he hit a three-pointer early in the first quarter of a 96–93 victory over the Charlotte Hornets. He eventually finished with 28 points, hiking his total to 20,025 career points. In the process, he became the 10th active player to achieve the milestone and the sixth youngest in NBA history to reach the milestone just behind LeBron James (28 years, 17 days), Kobe Bryant (29 years, 122 days), Wilt Chamberlain (29 years, 134 days), Michael Jordan (29 years, 326 days) and Oscar Robertson (30 years, 97 days). On January 22, 2015, Anthony was named as a starter in the 2015 NBA All-Star Game, his seventh consecutive start and eight overall alongside LeBron James, Pau Gasol, Kyle Lowry and John Wall. After competing in the All-Star game and scoring 10 points, Anthony was ruled out for the rest of the season on February 18, after undergoing left knee surgery"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": ". Anthony only played 40 games for the season ending with season averages of 24.2 ppg, 6.6 rpg, 3.1 apg and 1.0 spg.</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011–2017).:2015–16 season. On January 20, 2016, in the Knicks' 118–111 overtime win against the Jazz, Anthony recorded 30 points, seven rebounds and nine assists, while passing Larry Bird for 31st place in career points scored. On January 21, Anthony was voted as starter for the 2016 NBA All-Star Game. In the All-Star game Anthony recorded 11 points, 6 rebounds and 1 block in the East's 196–173 loss to the West. On January 23, Anthony moved past Gary Payton as the league's 30th all-time career scoring leader in a 97–84 loss to the Charlotte Hornets. In the team's 128–97 victory against the Phoenix Suns on March 9, 2016, Anthony scored 23 points with 7 rebounds as he passed another NBA legend, Clyde Drexler, in the career scoring list moving up to No. 29. While Anthony ended the season with an average of 21.8 ppg (1,573 points in 72 games), below his 25.2 p"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": "pg average entering the season, he set a career-high 4.2 apg average (299 assists in 72 games), the first and only time that he averaged over 4.0 apg in his career.</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011–2017).:2016–17 season. On December 9, 2016, in a game against the Sacramento Kings, Anthony became the fifth active player to eclipse the 23,000 point mark. He also became the 29th player in NBA history to hit the scoring milestone. On December 25, 2016, in a Christmas Day game against the Boston Celtics, Anthony moved past Elgin Baylor into 28th place on the NBA career scoring list when he scored 29 points upping his total to 23,156 compared to Baylor's 23,149. In a January 11, 2017, game against the Philadelphia 76ers, which the team lost 98–97 on a buzzer-beater, Anthony scored 28 points to move past Robert Parish into 26th place in the NBA career scoring ladder. On January 19, 2017, Anthony scored a Knicks-record 25 points in the second quarter, breaking the old record of 24 points shared by Hall of Famer Willis Reed and Allan Houston. Reed scored his 24 points also in the second"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " quarter, while Houston's 24 points came in the fourth quarter. On January 29, 2017, Anthony scored a season-high 45 points, his first 40-point game of the season, in a quadruple-overtime 142–139 loss to the Atlanta Hawks won. He added six rebounds, four assists and a block. In the February 12, 2017, game against the San Antonio Spurs, where the team eked out a 94–90 victory that salvaged the finale of their five-game homestand, Anthony scored a game-high 25 points to move past Charles Barkley into 25th position in the NBA career scoring list. He also had the fifth-most points among active players after Nowitzki, James, Pierce, and Carter, who was No. 24 in the scoring list. It was the 12th time Anthony has scored at least 17 points in his last 13 games that included his season-high of 45 points in a quadruple-OT loss to the Atlanta Hawks. On February 15, 2017, he was announced as the replacement for Kevin Love on the 2017 NBA All-Star Game, thus gaining his tenth All-Star appearance. Anthony played 19 minutes, scored 10 points on a 4-of-8 shooting including 2–6 on"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " three-pointers and grabbed three rebounds in the All-Star Game. On March 12, 2017, in a 120–112 loss to Knicks cross-town rivals Brooklyn Nets, Anthony became only the third player to score 10,000 points for two franchises, joining Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Milwaukee Bucks and L.A. Lakers) and Elvin Hayes (San Diego/Houston Rockets and Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets). He began his career with the Denver Nuggets, where he scored a total of 13,970 points in 564 games. Two days later, on March 14, in an 87–81 victory over the Indiana Pacers, ending a three-game losing streak, Anthony surpassed the 24,000 career point mark by scoring 22 points with 13 rebounds.</s><s>Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011–2017).:2017 off-season. During the 2017 off-season, after multiple conflicts with the then-team president Phil Jackson, Anthony demanded a trade. Originally, the only team for which Anthony was willing to waive his no-trade clause was the Houston Rockets. However, Anthony expanded his list of teams to include the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Oklahoma City Thunder. On September 25, 2017, Anthony was traded to the Thunder in exchange for future"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " teammate Enes Kanter, Doug McDermott and a 2018 second-round pick. During Anthony's seven seasons with the Knicks, the team won one playoff series.</s><s>Professional career.:Oklahoma City Thunder (2017–2018). On November 9, 2017, with only 12 points needed to move up in the rankings, Anthony passed Allen Iverson on the NBA all-time scoring list and moved to the 24th spot. He finished the game with 28 points. On November 26, 2017, Anthony passed Ray Allen on the NBA all-time scoring list and moved to 23rd place. On December 11, 2017, Anthony passed Vince Carter for 22nd on the NBA all-time scoring list. On January 27, 2018, Anthony became the 21st NBA player to score 25,000 career points. In addition, he has 1,693 playoff points. On March 19, 2018, in a 132–125 victory over the Toronto Raptors, Anthony scored 15 points to up his career total to 25,289, thereby moving past Reggie Miller into 19th place in the NBA career scoring ladder. On July 25, 2018, the Thunder traded Anthony to the Atlanta Hawks in a three-team trade in which they acquired Dennis Schröder from the Hawks and Timothé Lu"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": "wawu-Cabarrot from the Philadelphia 76ers. The trade was widely seen as a cost-cutting move, as it saved the Thunder tens of millions of dollars in luxury tax payments. On July 30, Anthony accepted a contract buyout from the Hawks, and was subsequently placed on waivers.</s><s>Professional career.:Houston Rockets (2018–2019). On August 13, 2018, Anthony signed a one-year, $2.4 million veterans minimum contract with the Houston Rockets coached by his former Knicks coach, Mike D'Antoni. On November 15, Rockets general manager Daryl Morey announced that the team was \"parting ways\" with Anthony, but had not released him. He played ten games for Houston, starting twice, but he was held out of the last three for what the club called an unspecified \"illness.\" During that absence, much of his playing time went to rookie Gary Clark. Houston had started the season losing seven of their first 11 games. Morey said that Anthony \"accepted every role\" asked by D'Antoni, but that the \"fit we envisioned when Carmelo chose to sign with the Rockets has not materialized; therefore we thought it was best to move on as any other outcome would have been unfair to"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " him.\" D'Antoni stated that he \"didn't ever want to disrespect [Anthony] and his career. He's going in the Hall of Fame.\" On January 22, 2019, the Rockets traded Anthony, the draft rights to Jon Diebler, and undisclosed cash considerations to the Chicago Bulls in exchange for the draft rights to Tadija Dragićević. This trade allowed the Rockets to alleviate luxury-tax penalties up to $2.6 million. On February 1, he was waived by the Bulls.</s><s>Professional career.:Portland Trail Blazers (2019–2021).</s><s>Professional career.:Portland Trail Blazers (2019–2021).:2019–20 season. On November 19, 2019, Anthony was signed by the Portland Trail Blazers to a one-year, non-guaranteed deal. With his last NBA game having been on November 8, 2018, Anthony made his debut as a Blazer in a 115–104 road loss to the New Orleans Pelicans on November 19; he started and had 10 points to go along with 4 rebounds and 1 block in 24 minutes of play. On November 25, Anthony scored a season-high 25 points along with 8 rebounds in a 117–94 road victory over the Chicago Bulls. In the same game"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": ", Anthony moved past Alex English into 18th spot on the NBA's all-time scoring list. A couple of days later Anthony was named Western Conference Player of the Week, in the process becoming the oldest player at 35 years old to win the weekly award since Tim Duncan at 38 won it in 2014–15. On December 6, Anthony's contract became fully guaranteed. On January 1, 2020, Anthony bested his season-high by scoring 26 points in a 117–93 loss to the New York Knicks. On January 7, Anthony recorded a new season-high 28 points and seven rebounds, and hit the game-winning shot in a 101–99 win over the Toronto Raptors. It was Anthony's 26th game winner in the last 30 seconds of a game, better than Kobe Bryant with 22, LeBron James with 20, Dirk Nowitzki with 18 and Dwyane Wade with 16. It was also the 17th time that Anthony has hit a game winner in the last 5 seconds of a game. On January 15, Anthony recorded his third double-double of the season with 18 points and a season-high 12 rebounds in Portland's 117–107 victory over the Rockets. On January 17, Anthony scored 22 points in a 120–112 loss to the Dallas"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " Mavericks, while becoming the 18th player in NBA history to reach the 26,000 points mark. Anthony scored six points in the Trail Blazers' 125–112 win against the Rockets on January 29, and passed Kevin Garnett for 17th place in the NBA's all-time scoring list with a total of 26,073 points. On February 23, Anthony scored a season-high 32 points in a 107–104 victory against the Detroit Pistons. This was the first time that Anthony scored over 30 points since February 25, 2017, when he was playing for the New York Knicks. On August 1, 2020, in the team's 1st game in the NBA restart against the Memphis Grizzlies, Anthony scored 21 points. Anthony ultimately tied Chamberlain for No. 8 all-time with 771 career 20-point games when he scored 21, 20, and 26 points against the Los Angeles Clippers, Philadelphia 76ers and Dallas Mavericks in their 5th, 6th and 7th games in the NBA restart. In the team's sixth game in the NBA restart against the Philadelphia 76ers on August 10, 2020, Anthony scored 20 points with 7 rebounds, 2 steals and a block as he passed Boston Celtics legends John Havlicek for 16th place and ultimately Paul Pierce for"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " 15th in the NBA career scoring ladder with a then-total of 26,411 points. On August 13, 2020, just before the team's last game in the NBA restart against the Brooklyn Nets, Anthony was named the recipient of the 2019–20 Maurice Lucas Award. Anthony finished the first round playoff series with averages of 15.2 points, 5.0 rebounds, 2.0 assists, 1.0 steals and 0.4 blocks in five games.</s><s>Professional career.:Portland Trail Blazers (2019–2021).:2020–21 season. In November 2020, Anthony re-signed with the Trail Blazers on a one-year contract. On January 1, 2021, in the first game of Portland's back-to-back game with the Golden State Warriors, Anthony scored a then season-high 18 points to move past Tim Duncan into 14th place on the NBA career scoring list. On February 2, Anthony scored 21 points in a game against the Washington Wizards and moved past Dominique Wilkins into 13th place on the NBA all-time scoring list. On February 9, Anthony scored 23 points against the Orlando Magic and moved past Oscar Robertson into 12th place on the NBA all-time career scoring list. On February 11, Anthony scored a then"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " season-high 24 points in the 118–114 win against the Philadelphia 76ers. On March 1, Anthony scored a season-high 29 points in a win against the Charlotte Hornets. On March 13, Anthony scored 26 points to move past Hakeem Olajuwon into 11th place on the NBA career scoring list in a win against the Minnesota Timberwolves. On March 19, Anthony scored 18 points off the bench in a victory over Dallas Mavericks and became 11th NBA player to score over 27,000 points. On May 3, Anthony scored 14 points in the 123–114 loss to the Atlanta Hawks and moved past Elvin Hayes into the 10th place on the NBA all-time career scoring list. After the 2020–21 season, Anthony received the Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Social Justice Champion Award.</s><s>Professional career.:Los Angeles Lakers (2021–2022). On August 6, 2021, Anthony signed with the Los Angeles Lakers. On October 19, he made his Lakers debut, putting up nine points, four rebounds, and two assists in a 121–114 loss to the Golden State Warriors. On October 24, Anthony put up 28 points in a 121–118 win over the Memphis Grizzlies and moved past Moses Malone into the 9th place"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " on the NBA all-time career scoring list. On January 28, 2022, he scored 19 points in a 117–114 loss to the Charlotte Hornets to become the 9th player in NBA history to reach 28,000 points. In a disappointing season due to injuries and inconsistency, the Lakers finished with a 33–49 record (11th), and Anthony averaged 13.3 points per game with 37.5 percent three-point shooting in 69 appearances.</s><s>National team career. After his rookie season, Anthony, along with fellow 2003 draftees LeBron James and Dwyane Wade, were chosen as members of the 2004 USA Olympic basketball team alongside veterans Allen Iverson, Stephon Marbury and Tim Duncan that won the bronze medal. He averaged 2.4 points, 1.6 rebounds and 6.8 minutes of playing time while playing in seven of the team's eight games. In 2006, Anthony was named co-captain (along with James and Wade) of Team USA at the 2006 FIBA World Championship. The team won the bronze medal. On August 23, 2006, Anthony set the U.S. scoring record in a game with 35 points against Italy in the said FIBA tournament. The record was previously held by Kenny Anderson with 34 points"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " in 1990. Anthony was named to the FIBA World Championship All-Tournament Team, posting averages of 19.9 points (led team), 3.7 rebounds and 1.6 assists per game. On January 16, 2006, Anthony was chosen as the USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year after his performance at the FIBA World Championship. Anthony was also a member of Team USA during the 2007 FIBA Americas Championship. The team went undefeated, going 10–0. He equaled the previous record of 28 points set by Allen Iverson in a qualifying tournament, which was later broken by James, who scored 31 points in the title-clinching win against Argentina. Anthony was also named to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, again alongside James and Wade, with Kobe Bryant and Jason Kidd among others. The team won its games by an average winning margin of 32.2 points, eliminating Australia in the quarterfinals by 31 and beating Argentina by 20 points. Anthony scored 21 points against Argentina, making 3-of-14 field goals and 13-of-13 in free throws, setting USA Olympic game records for made free throws and free throw percentage. In the gold medal game, the United States defeated 2006 World Champion Spain, with Anthony scoring 13 points. Anthony"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " posted averages of 11.5 points, 4.3 rebounds and 1.0 steals per game in eight contests. Anthony also played in the 2016 Olympic Games, his fourth straight stint in the Olympics, which was a record for a US male basketball player, breaking the old record of having played in three Olympiads he shared with James and Robinson. Team USA won the gold medal when they beat Serbia, 96–66, in the championship game with Anthony becoming the first player in US men's basketball history to win three gold medals. In the gold medal game against Serbia, Anthony collared seven rebounds to finish with 125 total rebounds in US Olympic history, passing Robinson as Team USA's all-time leader in most rebounds. In summary, Anthony caps his Olympic career as the first man to win three gold medals, career leader in scoring, rebounding and games played, with 31, thereby becoming USA basketball's most decorated Olympian. In recognition of his performances and accomplishments in the tournament, Anthony was named co-USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year (along with Kevin Durant) for the third time in his career.</s><s>Player profile. Anthony plays the small forward position, but he is also capable of playing power forward. His scoring prowess is considered his best asset with"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " his ability to take over any game on the offensive end; he shares the NBA record for second most points scored in one quarter with 33, and holds the New York Knicks single-game franchise scoring record with 62. On offense, Anthony is recognized for being a prolific scorer with a variety of crafty offensive moves. Listed at and, he has strength and quickness to be an immediate and consistent scoring threat in the post. He also likes creating space from his defenders which allows him to step into his jump shot or put the ball on the floor and drive to the basket and get to the free throw line. Anthony is often known for being one of the premier clutch performers in the NBA; during the 2005–06 season, Anthony made five game-winning shots in the last five seconds of the fourth quarter or overtime. Dave McMenamin, a staff writer for ESPN, wrote, \"If you were going to choose one player to challenge Bryant for his title of Mr. Clutch, it would have to be Anthony.\" Despite being a prolific scorer, he has been criticized for his defense and has never been named to the NBA All-Defensive Team. Anthony is one of many NBA players who use Idan Ravin as a personal coach and trainer. His relationship with"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " Ravin started when he was 18 years old and preparing for the NBA draft after spending his one year at Syracuse University.</s><s>Personal life. Anthony has two brothers, Robert and Wilford, and a half-sister, Daphne. He had another sister, Michelle, who died in 2010. His mother, Mary, is African American and his father, Carmelo Iriarte, was Puerto Rican. In 2004, Anthony became engaged to Alani \"La La\" Vazquez. Their son, Kiyan Carmelo Anthony, was born on March 7, 2007. Michael Eric Dyson married Anthony and La La on July 10, 2010, at Cipriani's in New York City before 320 guests. VH1 filmed the ceremony for use in a reality series on the couple, titled \"La La's Full Court Wedding\". Anthony resides in Portland, Oregon. He sold his New York property in 2020. Shortly after the end of the 2016–17 regular season, TMZ reported that La La had moved out of the couple's apartment and the two were living separately. The two reconciled in December 2018. In June 2021, La La filed for divorce.</s><s>Controversies. In 2004, Anthony was cited for marijuana possession, after inspectors"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " at Denver International Airport found marijuana in his backpack. Charges were later dropped after Anthony's friend, James Cunningham, of St. Louis, signed an affidavit taking responsibility for the marijuana. That same year, Anthony appeared in a video entitled \"Stop Snitchin'\", which warned that residents of Baltimore who collaborated with the police would face violence. Anthony later distanced himself from this video. In 2006, Anthony's friend, Tyler Brandon Smith, was pulled over in Anthony's vehicle and cited for marijuana possession and three traffic violations. Later that year on December 16, he was involved in the infamous Knicks–Nuggets brawl during a game at Madison Square Garden. He was suspended for 15 games as a result. On April 14, 2008, Anthony was arrested on suspicion of driving under the influence, after being pulled over on Interstate 25 in Denver for weaving through lanes and not dimming his lights. Police spokesperson Detective Sharon Hahn said Anthony, who was alone in the car, failed a series of sobriety tests. He was ticketed and then released at police headquarters to a \"sober, responsible party.\" A court date was set for May 14. The Nuggets suspended Anthony for two games due to the arrest. On June 24, 2008, Anthony pleaded guilty to a charge of"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " driving while ability-impaired. The original charge of driving while under the influence was dropped. He was sentenced to one year of probation, 24 hours of community service and US$1,000 in court costs and fines. He has been criticized by South Bronx community activists for aligning himself with Mott Haven developer Keith Rubenstein's efforts to build luxury apartment buildings in the neighborhood, which could lead to gentrification.</s><s>Charity work. In Denver, Anthony was a spokesman for the Family Resource Center and helped organize a Christmas party, entitled \"A Very Melo Christmas,\" for less well-off children. In Baltimore, Anthony hosts an annual 3-on-3 tournament, known as \"Melo's H.O.O.D. (Holding Our Own Destiny) Movement 3 on 3 Challenge\" and is helping fund the revitalization of a local community center for local youth. Anthony opened \"The Carmelo Anthony Youth Development Center\" in Baltimore on December 14, 2006. He contributed $1.5 million to the Living Classrooms Foundation, a non-profit organization that \"provides innovative hands-on-education, job-training, and community service programs for over 35,000 children, youth and young adults in the east Baltimore community.\""
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " After the tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, Anthony donated $35,000 to relief efforts. He donated $1,000 per point scored against San Antonio and Houston on January 8 and 9, 2005, respectively. Anthony also committed $3 million toward the construction of a newly planned basketball practice facility at his alma mater, Syracuse University. According to the NBA's official website, \"Anthony's gift represents one of the largest individual donations to Syracuse University Athletics and is also believed to be one of largest by a current professional athlete to the school they attended.\" The practice facility will be called the Carmelo K. Anthony Basketball Center. For charitable contributions totaling $4,282,000, Anthony was listed as number eight in \"The Giving Back 30 List of Largest Charitable Donations by Celebrities in 2006\".</s><s>Other activities. Anthony was a guest star in the \"Lost and Found\" episode of \"Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide\". He also appeared in the music video for Common's song \"Be\" from the album \"Be\" in 2005. Anthony is the only player to appear on the cover of all three EA Sports basketball franchises (NCAA March Madness, NBA Live and NBA Street). In January 2009, Colorado Sports Hall of Fame"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " selected Anthony as its professional athlete of the year for 2008. He and wrestler Henry Cejudo, also a 2008 gold medalist, were chosen to be the special award headliners for the induction banquet held on April 14, 2009. In spring 2012, Anthony guest starred in several episodes of the Showtime series \"Nurse Jackie\" as a professional baseball player going through drug rehab. He, along with Dwight Howard and Scottie Pippen, also appeared in the 2013 Chinese film \"Amazing\", a joint venture between the NBA and Shanghai Film Group Corporation. In 2003, Anthony signed his first shoe deal with Jordan brand and was paid $3.5 million per year for six years. In 2004, his first signature shoe, the Jordan Carmelo 1.5, was released., thirteen shoes have been released in the Melo line. In 2006, Anthony partnered with Hemelgarn Racing to campaign a car driven by P. J. Chesson in the 2006 IndyCar Series season. Jeff Bucknum joined the team as a second team car, and under the moniker \"Car-Melo\", the two cars qualified for the 2006 Indianapolis 500. However, the team dismantled after a crash of both cars in the Indy 500. In 2014, Anthony made a brief cameo appearance"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " in the eighth episode of the seventh and final season FX series \"Sons of Anarchy\" as a henchman to series antagonist Moses Cartwright. He also participated in a merchandising cooperation with Nickelodeon for the \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" franchise, where he has several guest appearances, namely in the and as a comic character in the \"Amazing Adventures\" spin-off comics to the 2012 TV series. In 2015, Anthony founded North American Soccer League expansion club Puerto Rico FC. Despite the financial recession in Puerto Rico, Anthony saw this opportunity as a form of community outreach, as well as a long-term investment in a club that could ultimately be profitable. Anthony is also a fan of English football club Arsenal. In April 2021, Anthony launched a production company called Creative 7, which was named after his New York Knicks jersey number 7, which he wore from 2011 to 2017.</s><s>See also. - List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders - List of National Basketball Association career games played leaders - List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders - List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders - List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders - List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders - List of National Basketball Association single-game"
},
{
"title": "Carmelo Anthony",
"text": " scoring leaders - List of career achievements by Carmelo Anthony - List of Puerto Ricans - List of African-Americans</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Carmelo Anthony",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000474
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Griselda Blanco.
|
[
{
"title": "Griselda Blanco",
"text": "<s>Griselda Blanco Griselda Blanco Restrepo (February 14, 1943 – September 3, 2012), known as \"the Black Widow\", was a Colombian drug lord of the Medellín Cartel, and in the Miami-based cocaine drug trade and underworld, during the 1970s through the early 2000s. She was shot dead on September 3, 2012, at the age of 69.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Early life. Griselda Blanco Restrepo was born in Cartagena on the country's north coast. She and her mother, Ana Blanco, moved to Medellín when she was three years old. Upon arriving there, she adopted a criminal lifestyle. Blanco's former lover, Charles Cosby, recounted that at the age of 11 she allegedly kidnapped, attempted to ransom and eventually shot a child from an upscale flatland neighborhood near her own neighborhood. Blanco had become a pickpocket before she even turned 13. To escape the sexual assaults of her mother's boyfriend, she ran away from home at the age of 19 and resorted to looting in Medellín until the age of 20.</s><s>Biography.:Drug business. Blanco was a figure in the drug trade from Colombia to Miami"
},
{
"title": "Griselda Blanco",
"text": ", New York and California. In the mid-1970s, she illegally immigrated to the United States with false passports and settled in Queens, New York. She established a sizable cocaine business there and in April 1975, she was indicted on federal drug conspiracy charges along with 30 of her subordinates. She fled to Colombia before she could be arrested, but returned to the United States and settled in Miami in the late 1980s. Her return more or less coincided with the beginning of very public violent conflicts that involved hundreds of murders and killings yearly which were associated with the high crime epidemic that swept the City of Miami in the 1980s. The struggle by law enforcement to put an end to the influx of cocaine into Miami led to the creation of CENTAC 26 (Central Tactical Unit), a joint operation between the Miami-Dade Police Department and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) anti-drug operation. Blanco was involved in the drug-related violence known as the \"Miami Drug War\" or the \"Cocaine Cowboy Wars\" that plagued Miami in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This was a time when cocaine was trafficked more than cannabis. The distribution network, which spanned the United States, earned $80 million per month.</s><s>Biography.:"
},
{
"title": "Griselda Blanco",
"text": "Arrest. On February 17, 1985 Blanco was arrested in her home by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and charged with conspiring to manufacture, import, and distribute cocaine. The case went to trial in federal court in New York City where she was found guilty and sentenced to 15 years. While serving her sentence, she was charged with three counts of first degree murder by the state of Florida. The prosecution made a deal with one of Blanco's most trusted hitmen, Jorge Ayala, who agreed to testify against her. However, the case collapsed due to technicalities relating to a phone sex scandal between Ayala and two female secretaries who worked in the state attorney’s office. In 1998, Blanco pleaded guilty to three counts of second degree murder and was sentenced to 20 years in prison, to run concurrently. In 2002, Blanco suffered a heart attack in prison. In 2004, she was released and deported to Medellín. Before her murder in 2012, she was last seen in May 2007 at Bogotá Airport.</s><s>Death. On the night of 3 September 2012, Blanco bought $150 worth of meat at Cardiso butcher shop on the corner of 29th Street in Medellín. She died at age of 69 when"
},
{
"title": "Griselda Blanco",
"text": " she was shot in the head and shoulder by a motorcyclist outside the shop.</s><s>Personal life. Blanco's first husband was Carlos Trujillo with whom she had three sons, Dixon, Uber, and Osvaldo, all of them poorly educated. Blanco had her youngest son, Michael Corleone Blanco, with her third husband, Darío Sepúlveda. Her husband left her in 1983, returned to Colombia, and kidnapped Michael when he and Blanco disagreed over who would have custody. Blanco paid to have Sepúlveda assassinated in Colombia, and her son returned to her in Miami. According to the \"Miami New Times\", \"Michael's father and older siblings were all killed before he reached adulthood. His mother was in prison for most of his childhood and teenage years, and he was raised by his maternal grandmother and legal guardians.\" In 2012, Michael was put under house arrest after an arrest in May on two felony counts of cocaine trafficking and conspiracy to traffic in cocaine. He appeared on a 2018 episode of the \"Investigation Discovery\" documentary series, \"Evil Lives Here\", to recount his lonely childhood. In 2019, he was featured in the VH1 docuseries \"Cartel Crew,\" which follows"
},
{
"title": "Griselda Blanco",
"text": " the descendants of drug lords. He also runs a clothing brand, \"Puro Blanco\". According to Michael, his mother became a born-again Christian.</s><s>Popular culture. Blanco has been featured in multiple documentaries, series, films, and songs, including several forthcoming projects. - She features prominently in the documentary films \"Cocaine Cowboys\" (2006) and \"Cocaine Cowboys 2\" (2008; also written as \"Cocaine Cowboys II: Hustlin' With the Godmother\"). - In 2010, Florida rapper Jacki-O released a mixtape \"La Madrina - Griselda Blanco\". - She is portrayed by the Colombian actress Luces Velásquez in 2012 television series \"Pablo Escobar, The Drug Lord\" as the character of Graciela Rojas. - In 2012, American rapper Westside Gunn formed a record label called Griselda Records, naming it after Blanco. - In a television biographical film \"Cocaine Godmother\", which premiered in 2018 on the Lifetime channel, Blanco is portrayed by Catherine Zeta-Jones. - In 2018, she was mentioned in the chorus of NBA Young Boy's song \"Slime Belief\". - In the 2018 song \"Portland\" by"
},
{
"title": "Griselda Blanco",
"text": " Drake featuring Quavo and Travis Scott, she is mentioned in the second verse. - She is mentioned in the 2019 remix of song “Suge (Yea Yea)” by DaBaby featuring Nicki Minaj. - As of 2020, there were plans to produce a film titled \"The Godmother\", starring Jennifer Lopez as Blanco. - Blanco is to be portrayed by the Colombian-American actress Sofia Vergara in a Netflix limited series titled \"Griselda\", announced in November 2021. - \"Griselda Blanco\", a song by Toronto Drill rappers Pengz and Two Two, was certified Platinum in Canada.</s><s>See also. - List of people deported or removed from the United States - Pablo Escobar - Enedina Arellano Félix, another well-known female alleged cartel leader</s><s>Sources. - - \"Pablo Escobar and Colombian Narcoculture\" by Aldona Bialowas Pobutsky</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Griselda Blanco",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Latin America/Africa"
}
|
factscore-000475
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Kaoru Kuroki.
|
[
{
"title": "Kaoru Kuroki",
"text": "<s>Kaoru Kuroki, is a Japanese former adult video performer and a multi-media personality. Her role as a media counselor expressing outspoken views on sex and society have drawn comparisons to Cicciolina, sex therapist Dr. Ruth, and actress Linda Lovelace.</s><s>Life and career.</s><s>Life and career.:Early life. Kaoru Kuroki (whose stage name translates to \"Fragrant Blacktree\") was born to a conservative, comfortably middle-class family. The daughter of an engineer, Kuroki was a naturally gifted child and showed artistic talent from an early age. She left public school at the age of 15 to attend art college, and later studied Renaissance art history at Yokohama National University. While still attending Yokohama National University, Kuroki began appearing in adult videos (AVs), at first considering this to be another form of art. \"I wanted to approach it purely as a performance art form, but it turned out to be a lot crazier than that. In fact, if I'd continued to see porno video as art without also acknowledging it as just a fuck film, I wouldn't have gone this far.\" She expresses admiration for the films of Nagisa Oshima, Ingmar Bergman, and Bernardo Bert"
},
{
"title": "Kaoru Kuroki",
"text": "olucci, but, while she continues to view her AV performances as a social mission, she contrasts the AV with film. She says the AV \"has a different atmosphere. It's not very sophisticated, in fact it's primitive. It's a bit like eating and menus in restaurants: you're hungry and you have a sudden craving for noodles, so you go and eat noodles. Your appetite is towards a porno video, so you go and rent whatever turns you on. And as with food, viewers can use basic ingredients to 'cook' the desired stimulation from the video themselves.\"</s><s>Life and career.:AV debut. Kuroki's adult video debut was, released in October 1986 by the major AV company Crystal-Eizou, under the innovative AV director and former porn actor, Toru Muranishi. Muranishi is credited as one of the creators of the documentary style often emulated in Japanese AVs. Kuroki, sharing Muranishi's opinion that the AV should have a documentary quality, continued to work with him when he left Crystal-Eizou to found his own company, Diamond Visual. Her videos for Muranishi usually began with her seated, sharply dressed, and addressing the camera in an improvised talk on a subject like sexual"
},
{
"title": "Kaoru Kuroki",
"text": " liberation. This would typically be followed by a modeling segment, either nude or in a swimsuit. The remaining video footage would be taken up with various sexual performances, often involving S&M. Regarding the sex scenes, Bornoff states, \"the peripherals in a Kuroki video are fairly violent stuff. She oscillates between abused sexual slave and the epitome of self-assertion with schizophrenic rapidity. To some, the documentary makes for a jarring experience; the feedback she gets from viewers can be surprising. Some say they almost find her frightening; that they can't get a hard-on.\" Kuroki responds, \"The men who find my videos frightening often recognize the wilder, more uninhibited side of their own girlfriends. In order to liberate themselves, they must first take off their armour. If a man recognizes Kuroki in his wife or girlfriend, he is forced to strip it off in order to deal with her. That's how I liberate both sexes.\"</s><s>Life and career.:Mainstream breakthrough. Kuroki was engaged in video and magazine appearances typical to being an AV model when she caught the attention of the mainstream media in 1988. Her decision to stop shaving her under-arm hair, as a symbolic protest against Japan's long-standing"
},
{
"title": "Kaoru Kuroki",
"text": " censorship of the depiction of pubic hair in print or film, gained Kuroki interviews with the mainstream media. Kuroki concedes that her decision to stop shaving her under-arms worked as a gimmick to help set her apart from the mass of AV girls, but considers it also an expression of femininity and identity. Impressed by her ability to speak intelligently and matter-of-factly about subjects normally considered unmentionable, late-night talk shows began inviting Kuroki as a guest. Soon she had become a popular daytime TV panellist, was appearing in commercials, and served as a large department store's campaign girl. While she was popular with her male audience for her AV appearances, she also appealed to a female audience by expressing feminist view on daytime television. In addition to TV talk shows, Kuroki also had a role in the TV Asahi costume drama which was broadcast on March 3, 1989. Reflecting on her popularity, unprecedented for an AV model up to that time, Kuroki points out that there was a social need for someone like her. \"I talk about life as a woman, but with my background, obviously the focus is on sex. I seem to have become a spokeswoman for the too many women who are embarrassed to talk about"
},
{
"title": "Kaoru Kuroki",
"text": " it.\" In 1988 Kuroki visited Italy where she met Cicciolina, whom she regards as \"sensei\". She was pleased to find that many of their opinions coincided, but was surprised by Cicciolina's discomfort with Kuroki's masochistic tendencies and preference for the S&M genre. Kuroki attributes this to cultural and personal differences, and does not feel that S&M equates to submissiveness. Indeed, Fornander points out that Kuroki made AVs in general, and S&M in particular a feminist issue in Japan. In March 1989, Kuroki teamed with Diamond Visual's new AV star, Kimiko Matsuzaka in the adult video. Later in 1989, in two entries of Diamond Visual's \"How to Sex - Sexual Information\" series of instructional sex videos, Kuroki served as the instructor/lecturer with Matsuzaka performing the physical demonstrations. Kuroki and Matsuzaka were brought together again in Toru Muranishi's December 1990 pink film,, for Xces. After Matsuzaka's retirement from AV appearances in 1990, Kuroki also appeared with Matsuzaka at the Akasaka club, \"Mirukuhooru\" (\"Milk Hall\").</s><s>Retirement and legacy. Kuro"
},
{
"title": "Kaoru Kuroki",
"text": "ki retired from public life in 1994. In a 1994 interview, Kuroki said that she suffered physical violence from Muranishi shortly before her retirement. In the January 2002 issue of the magazine \"Josei Seven\", and the January 2004 issue of \"Shukan Post\", stories and pictures on Kuroki's private life were printed. Kuroki claimed that as an ordinary citizen no longer in the public eye, the magazines needed her permission to print these stories. Kuroki sued the publisher, Shogakukan, for 22 million yen for invasion of privacy. In April, 2007, the presiding judge ruled the articles illegal and awarded Kuroki 1.7 million yen (about $14,000). Shogakukan was reportedly considering appealing the decision. At the height of her popularity, Kuroki's AVs were averaging 17,000 sales a piece, a huge amount by industry standards, exceeding a million dollars. According to Rosemary Iwamura, \"Kaoru changed the image of AV girls; she didn't seem to be making videos because of a lack of options but rather as an informed choice.\" For bringing the AV industry to the attention of mainstream media in Japan, as well as her polite but frank outspokenness on subjects like sex and censorship, Kj"
},
{
"title": "Kaoru Kuroki",
"text": "ell Fornander calls her \"the first high-profile AV actress.\" She permanently changed the way that the AV industry and AV actresses were viewed by the general public in Japan. Kuroki's life is portrayed in Netflix's show \"The Naked Director\", where she is portrayed by actress Misato Morita.</s><s>Sources. - - - Alt URL - - - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Kaoru Kuroki",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000476
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Isla Fisher.
|
[
{
"title": "Isla Fisher",
"text": "<s>Isla Fisher Isla Lang Fisher (; born 3 February 1976) is an Australian actress and author. Born to Scottish parents in Oman, she moved to Australia at age six where she began appearing in television commercials. Fisher came to prominence for her portrayal of Shannon Reed on the Australian soap opera \"Home and Away\" from 1994–97, for which she received two Logie Award nominations. After various appearances on television and stage, Fisher made a successful transition to Hollywood with her portrayal of Mary Jane in the 2002 live-action adaptation of \"Scooby-Doo\", and has since played prominent roles in films such as \"Wedding Crashers\" (2005), \"Confessions of a Shopaholic\" (2009), \"Bachelorette\" (2012), \"The Great Gatsby\", \"Now You See Me\" (both 2013), and \"Nocturnal Animals\" (2016). Her other notable credits include \"Swimming Pool\" (2001), \"I Heart Huckabees\" (2004), \"London\" (2005), \"Wedding Daze\" (2006), \"The Lookout\", \"Hot Rod\" (both 2007), \"Definitely, Maybe\" (2008), \"Burke & Hare\" (2010), \""
},
{
"title": "Isla Fisher",
"text": "Visions\" (2015), \"Grimsby\", \"Keeping Up with the Joneses\" (both 2016), \"Tag\" (2018), \"The Beach Bum\", \"Greed\" (both 2019), and \"Blithe Spirit\" (2020). She has also voiced characters in animated films such as \"Horton Hears a Who!\" (2008), \"Rango\" (2011), and \"Rise of the Guardians\" (2012). Outside film, Fisher played a recurring role on the fourth and fifth seasons of \"Arrested Development\" (2013, 2018–19), and currently stars as Mary on \"Wolf Like Me\" (2022–present). Fisher has authored two young adult novels and the \"Marge in Charge\" book series. She is married to Sacha Baron Cohen, with whom she has three children.</s><s>Early life. Fisher was born in Muscat, Oman, on 3 February 1976, she is the daughter of Elspeth Reid and Brian Fisher from Scotland. Her father was working as a banker in Oman for the United Nations. Fisher and her family returned to their hometown of Bathgate, Scotland, then moved to Perth, Western Australia, when she was six. She has four brothers, and said that she"
},
{
"title": "Isla Fisher",
"text": " had a \"great\" upbringing in Perth with a \"very outdoorsy life\". She has stated that her \"sensibility is Australian\", she has a \"laid-back attitude to life\", and that she feels \"very Australian\". She considers herself a feminist. Her mother and siblings live in Athens, Greece, while her father lives in Frankfurt, Germany. Fisher attended Swanbourne Primary School and Methodist Ladies' College, Perth. She appeared in lead roles in school productions such as \"Little Shop of Horrors\". At 21, she attended L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq in Paris, where she studied clown, mime, musical theatre and commedia dell'arte.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:1985–2001: Early acting credits. Fisher made her first on-screen appearances in commercials on Australian television at the age of 9, and made her professional acting debut in 1993 with two guest-starring roles in the children's television shows \"Bay City\" and \"Paradise Beach\". At 18, with her mother's help, she published two teen novels, \"Bewitched\" and \"Seduced by Fame\". In a 2005 interview with \"Sunday Mirror\", she said that had"
},
{
"title": "Isla Fisher",
"text": " she not been successful as an actress, she would probably have been a full-time writer. Between 1994 and 1997, Fisher played Shannon Reed, a young, unconfident bisexual woman who develops anorexia, on the Australian soap opera \"Home and Away\". In a 1996 interview with \"The Sun-Herald\", she spoke of her success and experiences on the show: \"I would be stupid to let it go to my head because it could all end tomorrow and I would just fade back into obscurity [...] I like working on \"Home and Away\" but it's a heavy workload so I get stressed out a lot. We work about 15 hours a day, including the time it takes to learn lines. I know a lot of people work those sort of hours but I think we really feel it because most of us are young and fairly inexperienced [...] But I am very grateful because it is good experience. It's like an apprenticeship, but we do it in front of 20 million people so all our mistakes are up for the world to see.\" For her performance in the series, Fisher received nominations for Most Popular New Talent at the 1995 Logie Awards, and for Most Popular Actress at the 1997 ceremony. After leaving the soap, Fisher enrolled at L'École"
},
{
"title": "Isla Fisher",
"text": " Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq, a theatre and arts training school in Paris, and went on to appear in pantomime in the United Kingdom. She also toured with Darren Day in the musical \"Summer Holiday;\" appeared in the London theatre production of \"Così,\" and played an ill-fated member of an elite group of international students in the German slasher film \"Swimming Pool\" (2001).</s><s>Career.:2002–2004: Move to Hollywood. Fisher transitioned to Hollywood in 2002, with the part of the love interest of a cowardly slacker Shaggy Rogers in the live-action film \"Scooby-Doo\". Although \"Scooby-Doo\" received negative reviews, the film was a commercial success, grossing US$275.7 million worldwide. On that early stage in her career, Fisher remarked: \"I only came out on the back of [the movie] — for the premiere of \"Scooby Doo\". And then, I ended up getting representation and ended up getting a job, almost straight away. So, I was fortunate, in that I didn't have to come out to L.A. and join a queue of however many people, and try to"
},
{
"title": "Isla Fisher",
"text": " get work. I came in on the back of what was deemed as a big studio movie that had had extraordinary success\". She subsequently played supporting roles in the independent film \"Dallas 362\" (2003) and the Australian comedy \"The Wannabes\" (also 2003). In his review for the latter, David Rooney of \"Variety\" felt that Fisher \"adds easy charm and a thinly developed hint of romantic interest\", in what he summed as an \"uneven but endearing farce about breaking into showbiz\". In the comedy \"I Heart Huckabees\" (2004), directed by David O. Russell, she played what was described as a \"punchy little part\", by newspaper \"The Age\".</s><s>Career.:2005–2009: Breakthrough. Fisher's breakthrough came with the comedy \"Wedding Crashers\" (2005), opposite Vince Vaughn and Owen Wilson, taking on the role of the seemingly sexually aggressive and precocious younger daughter of a politician falling in love with an irresponsible wedding crasher. On her part in the film, she remarked: \"It was an interesting character to play, because she was so crazy and lacking in any kind of social etiquette. She doesn't care what anyone thinks.\" For one particular scene"
},
{
"title": "Isla Fisher",
"text": ", involving sexual content, she used a body double. \"I negotiated that from the beginning, trying to analyse why. I find pornographic violence, just gratuitous and unnecessary than nudity, because there's nothing more peaceful and beautiful\". The film was favourably received by critics and made US$285.1 million worldwide. \"Empire\" magazine found Fisher to be an \"unexpected, scene-stealing joy\", and her performance earned her the Breakthrough Performance Award at the MTV Movie Awards and two Teen Choice Awards nominations. Fisher appeared as a Manhattan party host in the independent drama \"London\" (2005), opposite Jessica Biel, Chris Evans and Jason Statham. She next starred in the romantic comedy \"Wedding Daze\" (2006), with Jason Biggs, playing a dissatisfied waitress who spontaneously gets engaged to a grieving young man. While \"Wedding Daze\" opened in second place on its UK opening weekend, the film received mediocre reviews from critics. Nevertheless, \"Reel Film Reviews\" found the film to be an \"irreverent, sporadically hilarious romantic comedy that boasts fantastic performances from stars Jason Biggs and Isla Fisher\". In the thriller \"The Lookout\" (2007), opposite Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Matthew Good"
},
{
"title": "Isla Fisher",
"text": "e, Fisher played a woman used by a gang leader to seduce a man with lasting mental impairments. Describing on how she took her character, she said: \"[I]t was one of those situations where I read the script and thought, 'This is the take. I don't want to play the cliché femme fatale. I don't want to come in and be the woman with the sexual appetite, who wants to take down this man. I want to come in and make her this big beating heart, and innocent —a woman who has no identity, who knows the man she's with, who doesn't have an agenda'. Because every character in the script has an agenda. I thought how interesting if [my character] doesn't have one if she's a victim of her own kindness. So, that was my starting point\". While \"The Lookout\" received a limited release, the film was favourably received. The comedy \"Hot Rod\" (also 2007), with Andy Samberg, saw Fisher star as the college-graduate neighbour on whom an amateur stuntman has a crush. Fisher played a copy girl who becomes romantically involved with an ambitious political consultant in the romantic comedy \"Definitely, Maybe\" (2008), with Ryan Reynolds"
},
{
"title": "Isla Fisher",
"text": ", Elizabeth Banks, Rachel Weisz and Abigail Breslin. Reviewers felt the film was a \"refreshing entry into the romantic comedy genre\", and \"The New Yorker\" wrote that the \"interest lies\" in the female characters, concluding: \"Isla Fisher, short, with thick auburn hair, is a changeable free spirit who keeps [the male lead]—and maybe herself—off balance\". Budgeted at US$7 million, \"Definitely, Maybe\" was a commercial success, grossing US$55.4 million worldwide. Fisher also voiced a professor in a city of microscopic creatures in the computer-animated comedy hit \"Horton Hears a Who!\" (2008), featuring Jim Carrey, Steve Carell, Will Arnett, among others. Fisher obtained her first leading film role in the comedy \"Confessions of a Shopaholic\" (2009), where she played a college graduate who works as a financial journalist in New York City to support her shopping addiction. She felt \"apprehensive\" as she took on her first star vehicle, stating: \"I was gobsmacked that anyone would give me my own movie. I am eternally bewildered. Every time I see [producer"
},
{
"title": "Isla Fisher",
"text": "] Jerry Bruckheimer, I want to shake him and say: 'Are you mad? Why would you put me on a poster?'\". Upon its release, the film received lukewarm reviews from critics; while \"Time Out\" described her as \"silly and adorable\", \"The Christian Science Monitor\" remarked: \"Isla Fisher is such a bundle of comic energy that watching her spin her wheels in the aggressively unfunny \"Confessions of a Shopaholic\" counts as cruel and unusual punishment —for her as well as for us\". Despite the critical response, the film was a commercial success; it opened with US$15 million on its North America opening weekend and went on to gross US$108.3 million worldwide. Fisher received her third Teen Choice Award nomination.</s><s>Career.:2010–2013: Mainstream recognition. In the British black comedy \"Burke and Hare\" (2010), loosely based on the Burke and Hare murders, Fisher starred opposite Simon Pegg and Andy Serkis as a young former prostitute and the love interest of one of the titular characters. The film found a limited audience in theatres, and \"Variety\" wrote that \"Pegg and Fisher, just about holding up their end of the bargain by delivering"
},
{
"title": "Isla Fisher",
"text": " the film's portion of sweet romance, are hardly given anything funny to say\", as part of an overall mixed reception. Fisher voiced a hot-tempered but good-hearted desert iguana befriending an eccentric chameleon in the 3D animated Western action comedy \"Rango\" (2011), featuring Johnny Depp, Abigail Breslin and Bill Nighy. The film received positive reviews and made US$245.7 million worldwide. For her role, Fisher won the Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Animated Female. Fisher starred in the comedy \"Bachelorette\" (2012), opposite Kirsten Dunst, Lizzy Caplan and Rebel Wilson, portraying a ditzy party girl and one-third of a trio of troubled women who reunite for the wedding of a friend who was ridiculed in high school. In its review for the film, \"Daily Telegraph\" found Fisher to be \"brilliantly slow as a hot mess whose main ambition is to get coked out of her skull\". Budgeted at US$3 million, \"Bachelorette\" was a commercial success; it grossed US$11.9 million in theaters worldwide and more than US$8 million on VOD. In another voice-over"
},
{
"title": "Isla Fisher",
"text": " role, Fisher voiced the Tooth Fairy in what she summed up as an \"animated \"Avengers\"\", the film \"Rise of the Guardians\" (also 2012), which earned her an Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award nomination for Best Animated Female. Fisher found mainstream recognition in 2013, with roles in two highly successful films —\"The Great Gatsby\" and \"Now You See Me\".{{cite news|title=Isla Fisher Talks 'Great Gatsby': 'I Was Nervous She Wouldn't Make An Impact' Also in 2013, Fisher obtained the nine-episode role of an actress in the fourth season of \"Arrested Development\", which was released on Netflix, and appeared opposite Jennifer Aniston, Tim Robbins, and Will Forte in \"Life of Crime\", a film adaptation of Elmore Leonard's 1978 novel \"The Switch\", as the mistress of a wealthy man who refuses to pay the ransom for his kidnapped wife. The film received a limited theatrical release and favorable reviews from critics. Fisher, along with the cast of \"Arrested Development\", received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series, and describing her work on the series as a career highlight, she said:"
},
{
"title": "Isla Fisher",
"text": " \"I've been really fortunate in my career to work with a lot of great people and get a lot of great gigs, but my favourite phone call ever was the \"Arrested Development\" one from my agent [...] It was very exciting\".</s><s>Career.:2014–present: Films and writing. In \"Visions\" (2015), an independent horror film, Fisher starred as a pregnant woman who begins to experience supernatural manifestations after moving to a vineyard with her husband. Distributed for a limited release in most international markets, \"Visions\" was released for VOD in North America, and in its review for the film, Spanish newspaper \"Reforma\" wrote: \"Predictable and boring, even Isla Fisher, who is usually pretty good, delivers a very boring performance\". 2016 saw Fisher star in two action comedy films —\"Grimsby\" and \"Keeping Up with the Joneses\". She collaborated for the first time with husband Sacha Baron Cohen in the British film \"Grimsby\", playing the handler of the best MI6 agent, and in \"Keeping Up with the Joneses\", she starred as one half of a suburban couple who begin to suspect their new neighbors are secret agents. Both films were budgeted at over"
},
{
"title": "Isla Fisher",
"text": " US$35 million, but only made less than US$30 million at the box office. Based on Austin Wright's novel \"Tony and Susan\", Tom Ford's neo-noir thriller \"Nocturnal Animals\" (2016) featured Fisher as the blighted wife of a motorist inside a violent novel written by a recently divorced man. The film was the winner of the Grand Jury Prize at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival and was an arthouse success. Her third book and first children's novel, \"Marge in Charge\", revolving around a mischievous babysitter with rainbow hair who tends to bend the rules, was published in 2016. The book was met with a positive reception; \"Publishers Weekly\" noted that \"spontaneity and mayhem\" reign in the work, while \"The Daily Express\" found \"the comic tale of [the] anarchic babysitter\" to be \"perfect for reading aloud\". Fisher subsequently authored three follow-ups: \"Marge and the Pirate Baby\", in 2017, \"Marge and the Great Train Rescue\", also in 2017, and \"Marge in Charge and the Stolen Treasure\", in 2018. In 2019, she guest starred in an episode of the tenth season of HBO's \"Curb Your"
},
{
"title": "Isla Fisher",
"text": " Enthusiasm\". In 2020, Fisher starred in the Walt Disney Pictures film \"Godmothered\", which was released on Disney+ on 4 December of that year.</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>Personal life.:Family. Fisher first met English comedian and actor Sacha Baron Cohen in 2001 at a party in Sydney. They became engaged in 2004 and were married on 15 March 2010 in a Jewish ceremony in Paris, France. The couple have three children, born in 2007, 2010, and 2015. The family once resided in the United States, and London.</s><s>Personal life.:Religion. Before marrying Baron Cohen, Fisher converted to Judaism (her husband's faith), saying, \"I will definitely have a Jewish wedding just to be with Sacha. I would do anything—move into any religion—to be united in marriage with him. We have a future together and religion comes second to love as far as we are concerned.\" She completed her conversion in early 2007, after three years of study. She took the Hebrew name Ayala (), the Hebrew word for a female deer, and has described herself as keeping the Jewish Sabbath.</s><s>Personal life.:Philanthropy. In 2014 and 2015, Fisher donated her signed shoes for Small Steps Project Celebrity Shoe Auction."
},
{
"title": "Isla Fisher",
"text": " In December 2015, Fisher and her husband Baron Cohen donated £335,000 (US$500,000) to Save the Children as part of a programme to vaccinate children in Northern Syria against measles, and the same amount to the International Rescue Committee also aimed at helping Syrian refugees.</s><s>Works and publications. - - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Isla Fisher",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000477
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Radhika Apte.
|
[
{
"title": "Radhika Apte",
"text": "<s>Radhika Apte Radhika Apte (born 7 September 1985) is an Indian actress. She works predominantly in Hindi films, and has appeared in a few Tamil, Marathi, Telugu, Bengali, and English-language films. She began acting in theatre and made her film debut with a brief role in the Hindi fantasy, \"Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi!\" (2005). Apte's first lead role was in the 2009 Bengali social drama, \"Antaheen\". She gained attention for her supporting roles in three of her 2015 Bollywood productions: \"Badlapur\", the comedy \"Hunterrr\", and the biographical film \"Manjhi - The Mountain Man\". Her leading roles in the 2016 independent films \"Phobia\" and \"Parched\" earned her acclaim. In 2018, Apte starred in three Netflix productionsthe anthology film \"Lust Stories\", the thriller series \"Sacred Games\", and the horror mini-series \"Ghoul\". She was nominated for an International Emmy Award for her work in the first of these. She has since starred in the Netflix films \"Raat Akeli Hai\" (2020) and \"Monica, O My Darling\" (2022"
},
{
"title": "Radhika Apte",
"text": "), and portrayed Noor Inayat Khan in the American film \"A Call to Spy\" (2019). In addition to her work in independent films, Apte has also played the leading lady in mainstream films, such as the Tamil action film \"Kabali\" (2016), the Hindi biographical film \"Pad Man\" (2018), and the Hindi black comedy \"Andhadhun\" (2018), all of which were commercially successful. She has been married to London-based musician, Benedict Taylor, since 2012.</s><s>Early life. Radhika Apte was born in a Marathi speaking family on 7 September 1985 in Vellore, Tamil Nadu. Her parents were studying and working as doctors at the Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore when she was born. Her father Dr. Charudutt Apte subsequently became a neurosurgeon and chairman of Sahyadri Hospital, Pune. She is an Economics and Mathematics graduate from Fergusson College, Pune. In Pune, she initially studied in a regular school, and then was homeschooled along with four friends by their parents living in the same building, who did not want their children to go through the regular schooling system. Apte found this"
},
{
"title": "Radhika Apte",
"text": " experience liberating, as it boosted her self-confidence. While growing up in Pune, Apte trained under Kathak exponent, Rohini Bhate, for eight years. It was during this time that Apte became involved in theater in Pune, and decided to go to Mumbai to join films. However, a few months later, Apte got discouraged by her experience in Mumbai and returned to her family in Pune. Apte recounted these times in an interview with Scoop Whoop in 2018, as a learning yet demoralizing experience, wherein she managed with a salary of 8,000 to 10,000 from theater roles and having to put up with odd house owners and roommates in Goregaon, where she lived as a paying guest. During this time, Apte acted in her first film, a Marathi film called \"Gho mala asala hawa\" (2009). This was followed by her first Hindi film, Emiway Bhantai, after which she acted in Rakta Charitra, Rakta Charitra 2, and \"I am\". On returning to Pune, Apte made an overnight decision of going to London for a year, where she studied contemporary dance at London's Trinity"
},
{
"title": "Radhika Apte",
"text": " Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance for a year. Apte said her experience in London was life-changing, as she was exposed to a completely different and liberating way of working professionally. There she met her future husband Benedict, who subsequently moved to Pune with her, travelling regularly to Mumbai for his work while Apte still did not want to return to Mumbai because of her earlier experience. After a year, she finally agreed to move to Mumbai, and her second experience in Mumbai was far more positive, as she no longer felt alone.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early roles (2005–10). Apte first appeared with a small role in the Hindi film \"Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi!\" in 2005, a project she did \"just for fun\" while still in college. Actor Rahul Bose, who had seen Apte perform in Anahita Oberoi's play \"Bombay Black\", suggested her name to director Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury who cast her in his National award-winning Bengali film \"Antaheen\" along with Aparna Sen, Sharmila Tagore and Rahul Bose. She played the role of Brinda Roy Menon, a TV"
},
{
"title": "Radhika Apte",
"text": " journalist, in \"Antaheen\". Riddhima Seal, writing for \"The Times of India\", called Apte a \"revelation\", further adding \"With eyes that speak a thousand words, her passion for work and the loneliness of her heart as she waits to chat every night with that special stranger just strikes the right chord\". In 2009, Apte had her first Indian release, KBC productions' \"Gho Mala Asla Hava\" by Sumitra Bhave and Sunil Sukthankar, in which she appeared as Savitri, a village girl. She later collaborated with Bhave and Sukthankar again on the Hindi docufiction \"Mor Dekhne Jungle Mein\". It was in that year that she also worked on Jatin Wagle's \"Ek Indian Manoos\", Akash Khurana's \"Life Online\", about \"a bunch of youngsters working in a BPO\" and Amol Palekar's Indian film, \"Samaantar\". In 2010, she was seen in Maneej Premnath's thriller \"The Waiting Room\" and later, appeared in a significant role in Ram Gopal Varma's \"Rakta Charitra\" and its sequel. On"
},
{
"title": "Radhika Apte",
"text": " returning from London, Apte was offered a role in a large blockbuster production Hindi film, but was (in her words) kicked out of it, because they felt she was too fat to be in that film.</s><s>Career.:Breakthrough and rise to prominence (2011–present). In 2011, Apte appeared in the anthology film \"I Am\" and in \"Shor in the City\" under Ekta Kapoor's Balaji Motion Pictures. She worked for the third time with the Bhave-Sukthankar duo on \"Ha Bharat Majha\" (2012), a film inspired by Anna Hazare's movement that was shot in 14 days and screened at various film festivals. Her two other 2012 releases were \"Tukaram\" in Marathi and \"Dhoni\", her maiden Tamil film. For her performance in the latter, she was nominated for SIIMA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. In 2013, she was seen in the Bengali film \"Rupkatha Noy\". About her character, she said, \"I play Sananda, an IT engineer, who is a single mother of a three-year-old child. Sananda had a dreadful past, which keeps haunting her\". Apt"
},
{
"title": "Radhika Apte",
"text": "e's first four 2014 releases were \"Postcard\", \"Pendulum\", \"Legend\" and \"Vetri Selvan\" in three languages – Bengali, Telugu and Tamil, respectively—after which another film of hers, \"Lai Bhaari\", released. \"Pendulum\", which was described by Apte as a \"story on magic realism which takes you through multiple layers of parallel realities, or apparent realities\", had her playing a working woman in a relationship with a younger man, while in \"Vetri Selvan\", she had played the role of a lawyer. \"Legend\" and \"Lai Bhaari\" were commercial successes, the latter breaking the opening weekend box office record and becoming the highest grossing Marathi film of all time. In 2015, Apte gained wider recognition for her roles in six feature films released in the first eight months. In the year's first release, Sriram Raghavan's \"Badlapur\", she had a minor supporting role, for which she shot for six days. Despite appearing only briefly in the latter part of the film, she was widely recognized and appreciated for her performance, with several critics stating that she stood out in the ensemble cast. Rediff's Raja"
},
{
"title": "Radhika Apte",
"text": " Sen, in particular, wrote that she was \"sensational\" and featured in \"possibly the film's finest\" moment. Following a Malayalam release, \"Haram\", her first in the language, and a Telugu release, \"Lion\", she had her next Hindi release, the sex comedy \"Hunterrr\" directed by Harshvardhan Kulkarni. Although the film opened to mixed reviews, Apte again earned praise for her performance. While Shubha Shetty-Saha from mid-day.com described her as \"excellent in an absolutely realistic role\", Filmfare's Rachit Gupta wrote, \"While you're at it, hand one (award) to Radhika Apte...She really comes into her own, in a character that's unconventional and full of surprises\". With \"Badlapur\" and \"Hunterrr\" both achieving commercial success and winning Apte critical acclaim, she grew in popularity, breaking into the mainstream Bollywood scene, with the media dubbing her the \"latest sensation of Bollywood\", Bollywood's new \"go-to girl\" and the \"new constant in Indian cinema\". HuffPost India wrote, \"Radhika Apte is on her way"
},
{
"title": "Radhika Apte",
"text": " to stardom, whether she likes it or not\". In late August, two more Hindi films of her, Ketan Mehta's critically acclaimed biogeographical film \"Manjhi - The Mountain Man\", based on Dashrath Manjhi, featuring Apte as Manjhi's wife Falguni Devi, and \"Kaun Kitne Paani Mein\", a satire on water scarcity featuring Apte as an agriculture graduate, released a week apart. Her next film was the Tamil gangster-drama \"Kabali\", in which she was featured as the wife of Rajinikanth. Upon the release, her performance received positive feedback from critics, and the film proved to be a major commercial success as well. In 2018, Apte co-starred with Akshay Kumar in R. Balki's comedy-drama \"Pad Man\", based on a short story in Twinkle Khanna's book, \"The Legend of Lakshmi Prasad\". It is inspired by the life of Arunachalam Muruganantham from Tamil Nadu, who campaigned for menstrual hygiene in rural India. Apte's role was that of a shy homemaker whose husband (Kumar) invents low-"
},
{
"title": "Radhika Apte",
"text": "cost sanitary napkins. Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV wrote, \"Radhika Apte is, as always, a scene-stealer. She contributes majorly to ensuring that the exchanges between the protagonist and his wife do not veer into corniness.\" Apte made her directorial debut with \"The Sleepwalkers,\" starring Gulshan Devaiah and Shahana Goswami. \"The Sleepwalkers\" is in competition at the Palm Springs International ShortFest 2020, under the Best Midnight Short category. Among Apte's upcoming films are three Hindi language projects, \"The Field\", the feature debut of Rohit Karn Batra, Leena Yadav's \"Parched\", a U.S.-Indian co-production, and \"Bombairiya\", an Indo – British production and a Tamil project, \"Ula\".</s><s>Career.:Theatre. Apte is actively involved with theatre and has been part of several stage plays, mostly in Hindi language. She is associated with Mohit Takalkar's theatre troupe \"Aasakta Kalamanch\" in her hometown and has acted in plays like \"Tu\", \"Purnaviram\", \"Matra Ratra\""
},
{
"title": "Radhika Apte",
"text": " and Samuel Beckett's \"That Time\" with Rehan Engineer. She also performed a commercial Hindi play, \"Kanyadaan\", and an English play named \"Bombay Black\". In 2013, she was part of an Indian play named \"Uney Purey Shahar Ek\", which was an adaptation of Girish Karnad's \"Benda Kaalu on Toast\" (\"Baked Beans of Toast\"). She has also stated that she plans to do an English play in London. Apte has said that she prefers to work in experimental theatre.</s><s>Career.:Short films. Radhika Apte has also acted in a number of short films, including \"Darmiyan\", in which she played a college girl, Ekta, and \"Vakratunda Swaha\", which was filmed by \"Ashish Avikunthak\" over a period of 12 years. She played one of the lead roles in Anurag Kashyap's film on eve teasing, \"That Day After Everyday\", which released on YouTube in 2012. She has played the title role in Sujoy Ghosh's 2015 Bengali short film \"Ahalya\".</s><s>Personal life. Apte met Benedict Taylor in 2011 in London during her"
},
{
"title": "Radhika Apte",
"text": " year-long sabbatical when she had gone to learn contemporary dance. Director Sarang Sathaye, a friend of Radhika, in October 2012, said that the two had been living together since a long time and that a registered marriage took place a month before the official ceremony was said to be held in March 2013. Apte has spoken out against sexual harassment in the Indian film industry. She supported the MeToo movement in India, stating that she was hopeful that it could bring about a change if enough major industry figures were to participate.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Radhika Apte",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000478
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Manny Pacquiao.
|
[
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": "<s>Manny Pacquiao Emmanuel \"Manny\" Dapidran Pacquiao Sr. (; born December17, 1978) is a Filipino politician and former professional boxer. Nicknamed \"PacMan\", he is regarded as one of the greatest professional boxers of all time. He previously served as a Senator of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. Pacquiao is the only eight-division world champion in the history of boxing and has won twelve major world titles. He was the first boxer to win the lineal championship in five different weight classes, the first boxer to win major world titles in four of the eight \"glamour divisions\" (flyweight, featherweight, lightweight, and welterweight), and is the only boxer to hold world championships across four decades (1990s, 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s). In July 2019, Pacquiao became the oldest welterweight world champion in history at the age of 40, and the first boxer in history to become a recognized four-time welterweight champion after defeating Keith Thurman to win the WBA (Super) welterweight title. As of 2015, Pacquiao's fights had generated $1.2 billion in revenue from his 25 pay-per-view"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " bouts. According to \"Forbes\", he was the second highest paid athlete in the world in 2015. Pacquiao entered politics in 2010 when he was elected as the representative of Sarangani. He held this post for six years until he was elected and assumed office as a senator in 2016. He became the leader of then-ruling PDP–Laban party in 2020 (which is disputed since 2021). On September 19, 2021, Pacquiao officially declared his candidacy for President of the Philippines in the 2022 Philippine presidential election, he ended up losing to Bongbong Marcos. Outside of boxing and politics, Pacquiao was the head coach and a player for the Philippine Basketball Association team Kia/Mahindra for three seasons from 2014 to 2017, before founding the semi-professional Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League. He has also starred in films and has presented television shows. In music, he has released multiple PARI-certified platinum albums and songs; his cover of \"Sometimes When We Touch\" peaked at 19 in the United States on \"Billboard\"'s Adult Contemporary chart after a performance on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\". He is also an Evangelical Christian preacher, philanthropist, and entrepreneur.</s><s>Early life and education."
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " Pacquiao was born in Kibawe, Bukidnon, and raised in General Santos, Philippines. He is the son of Rosalio Pacquiao and actress Dionisia Dapidran. His parents separated when he was in sixth grade, after his father had an affair. He is the fourth of six siblings, one of whom, Alberto \"Bobby\" Pacquiao, is also a politician and former professional boxer. At the age of 14, Pacquiao moved to Manila and lived on the streets, worked as a construction worker and had to pick between eating or sending money to his mother. Pacquiao completed his elementary education at Saavedra Saway Elementary School in General Santos, but dropped out of high school due to extreme and abject poverty. In February 2007, Pacquiao took and passed a high school equivalency exam, and was awarded with a high school diploma by the Department of Education.</s><s>Boxing career.</s><s>Boxing career.:Overview. Manny Pacquiao has an amateur record of 60–4 and a record of 62–8–2 as a professional, with 39 wins by knockout. Boxing historian Bert Sugar ranked Pacquiao as the greatest southpaw fighter of all time. In"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " 2020, Pacquiao topped the Ranker's list of best boxers of the 21st century. Pacquiao made history by being the first boxer ever to win world titles in eight weight divisions, having won twelve major world titles, as well as being the first boxer to win the lineal championship in five different weight classes. Pacquiao is also the first boxer in history to win major world titles in four of the original eight weight classes of boxing, also known as the \"glamour divisions\" (flyweight, featherweight, lightweight and welterweight), and the first boxer ever to become a four-decade world champion, winning world championships across four decades (1990s, 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s). Pacquiao was long rated as the best active boxer in the world, pound for pound, by most sporting news and boxing websites, including ESPN, \"Sports Illustrated\", \"Sporting Life\", Yahoo! Sports, About.com, BoxRec and \"The Ring\", beginning from his climb to lightweight until his losses in 2012. He is also the longest reigning top-ten active boxer on \"The Ring\"'s pound for pound list from 2003 to 2016. Pacquiao has generated approximately 20.4 million in pay-"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": "per-view (PPV) buys and $1.3 billion in revenue from 26 PPV-bouts. Per Forbes, he was the world's second highest paid athlete in 2015. Pacquiao signed with Bob Arum's Top Rank from 2015 to 2017 and Al Haymon's Premier Boxing Champions (PBC) promotion on 2018 alongside Paradigm Sports on 2020. On September 29, 2021, Pacquiao announced his retirement from boxing, in a post on social media.</s><s>Boxing career.:Early years. Pacquiao was introduced to boxing at the age of 12 by his maternal uncle Sardo Mejia. According to his autobiography, Pacquiao said watching Mike Tyson's defeat of James \"Buster\" Douglas in 1990 with his Uncle Sardo as an experience that, \"changed my life forever.\" Mejia began training his nephew in a makeshift home gym. After 6 months of training, Pacquiao began boxing in a park in General Santos eventually traveling to other cities to fight higher-ranked opponents. By age 15, he was considered the best junior boxer in the southern Philippines and he moved to Manila. In January 1995, at the age of 16, he made his professional boxing debut as a junior flyweight. Pacquiao"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " stated of his early years, \"\"Many of you know me as a legendary boxer, and I'm proud of that. However, that journey was not always easy. When I was younger, I became a fighter because I had to survive. I had nothing. I had no one to depend on except myself. I realized that boxing was something I was good at, and I trained hard so that I could keep myself and my family alive\".\" On December 4, 1998, at the age of 19, he won his first major title, the World Boxing Council (WBC) flyweight title.</s><s>Boxing career.:Notable fights. Over the course of his decorated career, Pacquiao has defeated 22 world champions: Chatchai Sasakul, Lehlohonolo Ledwaba, Jorge Eliécer Julio, Marco Antonio Barrera (twice), Érik Morales (twice), Óscar Larios, Jorge Solís, Juan Manuel Márquez (twice), David Díaz, Oscar De La Hoya, Ricky Hatton, Miguel Cotto, Joshua Clottey, Antonio Margarito, Shane Mosley, Brandon Ríos, Timothy Bradley (twice), Chris Algieri, Jessie Vargas,"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " Lucas Matthysse, Adrien Broner and Keith Thurman. Pacquiao's most recent bout was against Yordenis Ugás in August 2021. Pacquiao also participated in an exhibition match against former world champion Jesus Salud in August 2002 which he won.</s><s>Boxing career.:Notable fights.:Ranking and awards. Pacquiao was named \"Fighter of the Decade\" for the 2000s by the Boxing Writers Association of America (BWAA), World Boxing Council (WBC), and World Boxing Organization (WBO). In 2006, 2008, and 2009, he was awarded \"Ring\" magazine, \"ESPN\" and BWAA's Fighter of the Year, and in 2009 and 2011 he won the Best Fighter ESPY Award. BoxRec ranks him as the greatest Asian fighter of all time. In 2016, Pacquiao ranked No. 2 on ESPN's list of top pound for pound boxers of the past 25 years and he ranks No.5 in BoxRec's ranking of the greatest pound for pound boxers of all time. Manny Pacquiao is a holder of six Guinness Book World Records. He has the most consecutive boxing world title fight victories at different weights at 15, between 2005 and 2011; he is named the"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " oldest welterweight boxing world champion when he claimed the WBA Welterweight title aged 40 years 215 days on July 20, 2019; he has the most boxing world titles won in different weight divisions with eight, when he defeated Antonio Margarito (USA) to win the WBC Super Welterweight title on November 13, 2010. He has also held sanctioned belts in the WBC Flyweight, Super Featherweight and Lightweight divisions, plus The Ring Featherweight, IBF Super Bantamweight, IBO and The Ring Light Welterweight and WBO Welterweight. He recorded the highest selling pay-per-view boxing match in a Welterweight title fight at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, on May 2, 2015, and the highest revenue earned from ticket sales for a boxing match from ticket sales title fight at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, on May 2, 2015. Pacquiao became the first Filipino Olympic non-participant to be Team Philippines' flag-bearer during the August 8 opening ceremonies of the 2008 Summer Olympics at the Beijing National Stadium. Swimmer Miguel Molina, 2005 Southeast Asian Games' Best Male Athlete, yielded the honor to Pacquiao, upon the request"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to the national sports officials on the Philippines at the 2008 Summer Olympics. He had the opportunity to compete in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Brazil, when professional boxers under the age of 40 were allowed to compete in the games for the first time. However Pacquiao, decided not to compete.</s><s>Boxing career.:Earnings. \"Forbes\" listed Pacquiao as the world's equal sixth highest paid athlete, with a total of $40 million or ₱2 billion pesos from the second half of 2008 to the first half of 2009. Tied with him on the sixth spot was NBA player LeBron James and golfer Phil Mickelson. Pacquiao was again included in \"Forbes\"' list of highest paid athletes from the second half of 2009 to the first half of 2010; he was ranked eighth with an income of $42 million. Pacquiao also won the 2009 ESPY Awards for the Best Fighter category, beating fellow boxer Shane Mosley and Brazilian mixed martial arts fighters Lyoto Machida and Anderson Silva. ESPN Magazine reported that Pacquiao was one of the two top earning athletes for 2010, alongside American Major League Baseball player Alex Rodriguez. According to the magazine's annual"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " salary report of athletes, Pacquiao earned $32 million (approximately PhP 1.38 billion) for his two 2010 boxing matches against Clottey and Margarito.</s><s>Basketball career. On April 17, 2014, Pacquiao, a passionate basketball fan, announced his intention to join the Philippine Basketball Association as the playing coach of Kia Motors Basketball team, an incoming expansion team for the PBA's 2014–15 season. As the team's head coach, he asked other teams to not draft him before Kia, and picked himself 11th overall in the first round of the 2014 PBA draft, being the oldest rookie to be ever drafted in the league's history. Pacquiao played basketball as part of his training before his matches and prior to his PBA stint, Pacquiao was named an honorary member of the Boston Celtics and established friendships with Steph Curry and basketball Hall of Famers Kobe Bryant, Kevin Garnett, and Ray Allen. NBA player Karl-Anthony Towns cites Pacquiao as a \"legend\" & visited him along with Klay Thompson at training. On September 4, 2014, Pacquiao trained with the Golden State Warriors at their training facility in preparation for his PBA stint. On February 18, 2015"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": ", Pacquiao played briefly and scored one point when the Sorento pulled a 95–84 upset against Purefoods that tapped former NBA player Daniel Orton as their import for the conference, when asked about playing against him he said that Pacquiao as a basketball player was a \"mockery of the game and a joke\". Orton was fined by PBA commissioner Chito Salud and was replaced after a few days. On October 25, 2015, Pacquiao made his first field goal in the PBA in a 108–94 loss against the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters. On August 21, 2016, Pacquiao scored a career-high four points in a 97–88 victory against the Blackwater Elite, also sinking the first three-point field goal in his career. He appeared rarely in the succeeding seasons as he was focused on other commitments. In 2017, Pacquiao founded the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League, a prominent semi-professional league in the Philippines. In 2018, although being rumored to transfer to Blackwater, Pacquiao officially announced his retirement from the league after playing just ten games in three seasons and scoring less than fifteen career points. In 2019, he announced that he is \"plan"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": "ning to own an NBA team\" after boxing retirement.</s><s>Political career.</s><s>Political career.:House of Representatives (2010–2016). On February 12, 2007, Pacquiao announced his campaign for a seat in the Philippine House of Representatives to represent the 1st District of South Cotabato province running as a candidate of the Liberal Party faction under Manila mayor Lito Atienza. Pacquiao, said he was persuaded to run by the local officials of General Santos, hoping he would act as a bridge between their interests and the national government. Ultimately Pacquiao was forced to run under the Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino (KAMPI), a pro-Arroyo political party by the courts. Pacquiao was defeated in the election by incumbent Rep. Darlene Antonino-Custodio of the Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), who said, \"More than anything, I think, people weren't prepared to lose him as their boxing icon.\" In preparation for his political career in the Filipino House of Representatives, Pacquiao enrolled in the Certificate Course in Development, Legislation, and Governance at the Development Academy of the Philippines – Graduate School of Public and Development Management (DAP-G"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": "SPDM). On November 21, 2009, Pacquiao announced that he would run again for a congressional seat, but this time in Sarangani province, the hometown of his wife Jinkee. In May 2010, Pacquiao was elected to the House of Representatives in the 15th Congress of the Philippines, representing the province of Sarangani. He scored a landslide victory over the wealthy and politically well-entrenched Chiongbian clan that had been in power in the province for more than thirty years. Pacquiao got 120,052 votes while his opponent for the seat, Roy Chiongbian, got 60,899 votes. In 2010, Pacquiao made a speech on human trafficking that earned praise. However, he also received criticism for coming out as uninformed during a discussion of the contentious reproductive health bill that same year. In 2013, he was re-elected to the 16th Congress of the Philippines. He ran unopposed. Additionally, his wife, Jinkee, was also elected as vice-governor of Sarangani, while his younger brother, Rogelio lost his bid as congressman. Because of other commitments, Pacquiao only attended one Congress session on the congress' final leg and was criticized for being the top"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " absentee among lawmakers. Pacquiao filed a total of less than 20 bills in six years, with zero of them passing beyond committee.</s><s>Political career.:Senate (2016–2022). On October 5, 2015, Pacquiao formally declared that he was running for senator under the United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) party of vice-president Jejomar Binay. On May 19, 2016, Pacquiao was formally elected as a senator by the Commission on Elections. Pacquiao garnered over 16 million votes, landing at 7th place. Pacquiao earlier aligned himself with the Duterte government. He facilitated on September 18, 2016, the ouster of Leila de Lima (a Duterte critic) from the chairmanship of the Senate Justice committee and criticized de Lima's presentation three days later of an alleged member of the Davao Death Squad. In another Senate hearing, Pacquiao defended then-Davao City Vice Mayor Paolo Duterte from allegations of having a part, along with the vice mayor's alleged drinking buddy Charlie Tan and Kenneth Dong, in a 2017 seized ₱6.4-billion shipment of illegal drugs from Xiamen, China, into the Philippines. As of 2018, Pacquiao has filed a total of"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " 31 Senate bills during the 17th Congress. And in a bill filed alongside Senator Bato dela Rosa and Bong Go, he backed the return of capital punishment. In June 2019, the Philippine Senate released a data showing Pacquiao as having the worst attendance record among all senators in the 17th Congress, reflecting a struggle Pacquiao had since he was a congressman. Despite the poor attendance, he still managed to enact four laws from the bills he filed. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Pacquiao worked with Alibaba Group co-founder Jack Ma to help bring to the Philippines 50,000 COVID-19 test kits through their respective charity foundations. In December 2020, Pacquiao became acting party president of PDP-Laban, the ruling political party, when Koko Pimentel resigned. However, the position will eventually become disputed between Pacquiao and Energy Secretary Alfonso Cusi. Alfonso Cusi's faction through a vote decided that Pacquiao is no longer party president of PDP-Laban on July 17. Melvin Matibag, the deputy secretary-general of PDP-Laban, defended the vote, saying it was organized because the term limits of the party's officials had already"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " expired. Pacquiao is still regarded by his faction as party president. In May 2021, Senator Pacquiao filed a bill proposing to create the Philippine Boxing and Combat Sports Commission. The move, however, was lambasted by Senator Pia Cayetano who criticized the timing of the proposal in the midst of the coronavirus pandemic. Pacquiao earlier already tried filing the bill during the 17th Congress when Pacquiao and Senator Franklin Drilon made headlines after Pacquiao called out the latter and senior legislator to use his \"common sense\" during an interpellation about the topic while Pacquiao was apparently being coached by his advisers after struggling to answer Drilon. In May 2022, Pacquiao called for the \"speedy release\" of fellow Senator Leila De Lima, who was detained for five years now, after witnesses against De Lima retracted their testimony. Pacquiao had earlier been vocal about De Lima's supposed links to a purported drug lord, Kerwin Espinosa, an allegation that led to De Lima's arrest and detention.</s><s>Political career.:2022 presidential campaign. As early as June 2020, Pacquiao's former promoter Bob Arum declared that the senator expressed that he will run in 2022 in a conversation with"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " him uttering \"Bob, I’m gonna run in 2022 and, when I win, I want you there at my inauguration.'” Speculations quickly spread around a possible Pacquiao run for president, backed by his own expression of interest in a presidential bid. In June 2021, he expressed belief that Duterte's response towards China's claims in the South China Sea was lacking. Duterte rebuked Pacquiao for the statement, saying the latter lacked knowledge in foreign policy. The President also responded to a claim attributed to Pacquiao that the Duterte administration is more corrupt than those by his predecessors; Duterte challenged Pacquiao to name certain individuals or agencies, otherwise he will launch a negative campaign against the senator in the 2022 elections. A month after being asked about the possibility of him running in the postgame interview after losing his final boxing match against Yordenis Ugas, Pacquiao officially announced his presidential bid on September 19, 2021, during the National Assembly of the PDP-Laban, organized by his faction. On October 1, he formally registered his candidacy under the Cebu-based party PROMDI. This was in accordance with the \"MP3 Alliance\" established by PDP Laban under Pacquiao's faction"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " with PROMDI, and the People's Champ Movement. Cusi in response to Pacquiao's filing of candidacy under PROMDI decided that he is no longer a member of PDP-Laban. His platforms include solving corruption and a promise of nationwide housing projects for the poor. Since the campaign period started in February, he had struggled in the presidential surveys with low ratings ranking fourth to fifth among the candidates, dropping to as low as 1.8 percent on the March 2022 poll by Publicus Asia and 8 percent on Pulse Asia with his disapproval rating going up. In March 2022, amid recent news about frontrunner Bongbong Marcos' unsettled estate tax dues amounting to 200 billion pesos, Pacquiao openly challenged Marcos to a one-on-one debate and made remarks against critics saying \"he's not intelligent enough to be president\" saying that \"the most dumb in this country are those who are going to vote for a plunderer\". Pacquiao only placed third in the election with roughly four million votes and later conceded to Marcos, who won by a landslide.</s><s>Entertainment career.</s><s>Entertainment career.:Acting and hosting career. With growing fame, Pacquiao became a celebrity and was obligated to start"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " his acting and hosting career with guest appearances on ABS-CBN shows. He signed a contract as an actor & host with ABS-CBN short-after. In December 2005, Pacquiao took his first lead role in Violett Films' \"Lisensyadong Kamao\" (Licensed Fist). The film is titled so because (according to director Tony Bernal), being a boxer, Pacquiao is licensed to use his hands. Upon the expiration of his contract with ABS-CBN, Pacquiao signed with GMA Network as an actor and host in September 2007. A few months after, he taped his first episode of the network's infotainment show \"Pinoy Records\". His other projects with the network included \"Totoy Bato\" and the sitcom \"Show Me Da Manny\", where he appeared as Marian Rivera's onscreen loveteam, and in which his mother, Dionisia, also appeared. He also hosted his own game show Manny Many Prizes where he gave out prizes to his audience. In 2008, Pacquiao starred with Ara Mina and Valerie Concepcion in \"Anak ng Kumander\" (Child of a Commander). The movie was not a commercial success and was panned"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " by critics. Pacquiao starred in the superhero/comedy film entitled \"Wapakman\", which was released on December 25, 2009, as an entry to the 2009 Metro Manila Film Festival. Like his previous films, \"Wapakman\" was not commercially successful. In 2020, he was cast to portray General Miguel Malvar in the upcoming biopic film \"\" about the Philippine hero, which gained mixed reactions from the Malvar family. Gabriel, grandson of General Malvar's youngest child Pablo, worries that Pacquiao's fame might overshadow his movie character. While Villegas, son of Malvar's daughter Isabel, supports the casting.</s><s>Entertainment career.:Music career. Pacquiao recorded songs to use as entrance music for his fights and released them on two albums that were certified platinum locally in the Philippines. Most of the Tagalog songs of Pacquiao were composed by Lito Camo who wrote Pacquiao's biggest hit and primarily known song \"Para Sayo ang Laban Na 'To\". On November 3, 2009, Pacquiao covered \"Sometimes When We Touch\", originally by Dan Hill, on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\", marking his first singing performance on American TV. He went back to the late-night talk"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " show on March 3, 2010, to cover another song, \"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You\". He would later record Dan Hill's hit in April 2011 as a single which reached number 19 on the \"Billboard\" Adult Contemporary chart. It made Pacquiao one of the few Southeast Asians to enter a US \"Billboard\" chart. He also appeared with Will Ferrell and sang a version of John Lennon's \"Imagine\" for his third guesting on the show. His appearances on the show led to Canadian rapper Drake impersonating him and making fun of his singing by creating a parody, Pacquiao responded by posting another video of himself singing. In 2015, he released an extended play that featured his own recorded entrance song for his fight against Floyd Mayweather Jr. and shortly announced his retirement from music, being quoted saying \"I love music, but music is not for me\". The following are Manny Pacquiao's albums from 2006 to 2015:</s><s>In popular culture. A film based on Pacquiao's life, \"\", was released on June 21, 2006, featuring Filipino actor Jericho Rosales as Manny Pacquiao and was directed by Joel Lamangan. The film flopped at the box office, grossing a total of only P"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": "4,812,191 (approximately US$99,322), as confirmed by Lamangan. Another film, based on Pacquiao's early life in boxing, \"Kid Kulafu\", was released on April 15, 2015, featuring young actor Robert Villar as Emmanuel \"Manny\" Pacquiao. The film dramatizes the life of the Filipino boxing superstar during his childhood. A documentary entitled \"Manny\", which featured Pacquiao's early life as well as his boxing and political career, was released with Liam Neeson as the narrator. Pacquiao has featured in the \"Fight Night\" boxing video game franchise as a playable character. The playable character Paquito, in the mobile game, \"\" was also inspired from Pacquiao. A skin was also made available for Paquito which changes the character's appearance to that of the real life boxer. Filipino game developer Ranida Games announced in 2021 that a mobile game revolving around Pacquiao's boxing career \"Fighting Pride: The Manny Pacquiao Saga\" is in the works. Pacquiao was one of \"Time's\" 100 most influential people for the year 2009, for his exploits in boxing and his influence among the Filipino people. Pacquiao was also included by"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " \"Forbes\" in its annual Celebrity 100 list for the year 2009, joining Hollywood actress Angelina Jolie and fellow athletes Woods and Bryant. Pacquiao has also appeared on the cover of \"Time\" magazine Asia for their November 16, 2009 issue. According to their five-page feature story, \"(Pacquiao is) a fighter with enough charisma, intelligence and backstory to help rescue a sport lost in the labyrinth of pay-per-view. Global brands like Nike want him in their ads.\" They also added, \"Pacquiao has a myth of origin equal to that of any Greek or Roman hero. He leaves the Philippines to make it even bigger, conquering the world again and again to bring back riches to his family and friends.\" Pacquiao became the eighth Filipino to grace the cover of the prestigious magazine, after former Philippine presidents Manuel L. Quezon, Ramon Magsaysay, Ferdinand Marcos, Corazon Aquino, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Benigno \"Noynoy\" Aquino III and Filipino actress and environmentalist Chin Chin Gutierrez. Pacquiao was also featured on the cover of Reader's Digest Asia, where a seven-page story was written about the Filipino boxing superstar. The issue came"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " out in November 2008, before Pacquiao's fight against De La Hoya. Pacquiao is also mentioned in some hip hop tracks including Kool A.D.'s song entitled \"Manny Pacquiao\" on his mixtape, \"51\". A few notable ones are Pitbull's \"Get It Started\", A$AP Rocky's \"Phoenix\", Bad Meets Evil and Bruno Mars' \"Lighters\", Eminem and Skylar Grey's \"Asshole\", Future's \"Never Gon' Lose\", Migos' \"Chinatown\", Nicki Minaj and Ciara's \"I'm Legit\" and Rick Ross's \"High Definition\", Jelo Acosta's \"Just Like Manny P,\" and Yung Gravy's \"Betty\" to name a few. Pacquiao became the first Filipino athlete to appear on a postage stamp. A video clip of Pacquiao greeting his followers for New Year's Eve was used as a meme in the Internet.</s><s>Controversies.</s><s>Controversies.:Taxation issues. On November 26, 2013, a few days after Pacquiao's victory over Brandon Ríos, the Philippine Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) issued a freeze order on all of Pacquiao"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": "'s Philippine bank accounts due to his alleged failure to pay ₱2.2 billion in taxes for earnings he made in his fights in the United States from 2008 to 2009. A day after the bank account freeze, the BIR also issued an order to freeze all of Pacquiao's Philippine properties, whereupon Pacquiao presented documents to the press showing the income tax for non-resident alien payment by his promoter to the BIR's US counterpart, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), as well as a letter from Bob Arum. In April 2017, Pacquiao, now a senator, approached Philippine authorities in an attempt to settle the case. The BIR had maintained that taxes were due even if all taxes had been paid to the IRS in the first place.</s><s>Controversies.:Homosexuality comments. In February 2016, Pacquiao, in a video statement posted by TV5, made a comment on the issue of same-sex marriage. Pacquiao, in vernacular, described people in same-sex marriages as behaving worse than animals because, he said, animals generally do not have same-sex mating. LGBT celebrities criticized the statements of the senatorial candidate. Pacquiao later apologized and stated that while, as"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " a Christian, he is still against same-sex marriage, which he said is against Biblical teachings, he did not condemn gay people themselves. Nike ended their longtime partnership with Pacquiao, stating his comments against gay people were abhorrent. The Grove at Farmers Market in Los Angeles also banned Pacquiao from the shopping mall. Towards the end of the video, Pacquiao clarified that he is not condemning gay people.</s><s>Personal life. Pacquiao married Jinkee Jamora on May 10, 1999. Together, they have five children, Emmanuel Jr. (Jimuel), Michael Stephen, Mary Divine Grace (Princess) who is a popular YouTube vlogger with millions of subscribers and started the Pacquiao family's network of YouTube content, Queen Elizabeth (Queenie) and Israel. His first son, Jimuel, also rose to celebrity fame as an amateur boxer, model & actor, while his second son, Michael, is a rapper, who has amassed tens of millions of streams with his songs. His daughter, Queenie, was born in the United States. Pacquiao resides in his hometown of General Santos, South Cotabato, Philippines. As the congressman representing the lone district of Sarangani from 2010 to 2016, he officially resided"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " in Kiamba, Sarangani, the hometown of his wife. Upon his election to the Senate of the Philippines, he returned his official residence to General Santos, as Senators are elected on a nationwide basis, rather than by district. Pacquiao has a YouTube channel with 830,000 subscribers as of August 2022. The Pacquiao family constantly posts content about their activities together in their own separate YouTube channels. His daughter, Mary and his wife Jinkee both have one million subscribers and his sons Jimuel and Michael each have fewer than 600,000. On June 25, 2010, Pacquiao completed a 10-day crash course on Development Legislation and Governance at the Graduate School of Public and Development Management of the Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP). Pacquiao was officially enrolled for two semesters at Notre Dame of Dadiangas University (NDDU) in the Academic Year 2007-2008 under the bachelor's degree of business administration major in marketing management program, however, Pacquiao was not able to finish the program and NDDU did not grant him a college degree. From June 8 to 17, 2016, Pacquiao underwent another 9-day Executive Coaching Program crash course conducted by the Development Academy of the Philippines,"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " the Ateneo School of Government, the Asian Institute of Management, and the Philippine Public Safety College after he won a senate seat in 2016. On December 11, 2019, Pacquiao controversially graduated from the University of Makati with a bachelor's degree in political science; majoring in local government administration through the Expanded Tertiary Education Equivalency and Accreditation Program (ETEEAP) of the Philippine Councilors League-Legislative Academy (PCCLA) which allows qualified Filipinos to complete a collegiate-level education via informal education system. Pacquiao reportedly completed the degree in one year, contrary to earlier reports of three months. Raised Catholic, Pacquiao is currently practicing and preaching Evangelical Protestantism. Pacquiao said he once had a dream where he saw a pair of angels and heard the voice of Godthis dream convinced him to become a devout believer. Pacquiao enlisted as a military reservist and was promoted with the rank of colonel in the Reserve Force of the Philippine Army. Prior to being promoted to full colonel after finishing his General Staff Course (GSC) schooling, he held the rank of lieutenant colonel for being a member of the Philippine Congress as per the AFP's regulations for reservist officers. He"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " first entered the army's reserve force on April 27, 2006, as a sergeant. Later, he rose to Technical Sergeant on December 1 of the same year. On October 7, 2007, he became a Master Sergeant, the highest rank for enlisted personnel. On May 4, 2009, he was given the special rank of Senior Master Sergeant and was also designated as the Command Sergeant Major of the 15th Ready Reserve Division. In 2022, Pacquiao graduated from Philippine Christian University, with a master's degree in management, majoring in public administration.</s><s>Awards and recognitions.</s><s>Awards and recognitions.:International. - 2000–2009 Boxing Writers Association of America Fighter of the Decade - 2000–2009 HBO Fighter of the Decade - 2001–2010 World Boxing Council Boxer of the Decade - 2001–2010 World Boxing Organization Best Pound-for-Pound Fighter of the Decade - 2006, 2008 and 2009 Boxing Writers Association of America's Fighter of the Year - 2006, 2008 and 2009 ESPN Fighter of the Year - 2006, 2008 and 2009 \"The Ring\" Fighter of the Year - 2007 World Boxing Hall of Fame Fighter of the year - 2008 Sports Illustrated Boxer of the Year - 2008 Yahoo! Sports Fighter of the Year - 2008"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " and 2009 ESPN Star's Champion of Champions - 2008 and 2009 World Boxing Council Boxer of the Year - 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 \"The Ring\" No.1 Pound-for-Pound (year-end) - 2009 ESPN Knockout of the Year (\"in Round 2 against Ricky Hatton\") - 2009 and 2011 ESPY Awards Best Fighter - 2009 and 2015 \"Forbes\" magazine World's Highest-Paid Athletes (ranked 6th and 2nd) - 2009 \"Sports Illustrated\" Fighter of the Year - 2009 \"The Ring\" Knockout of the Year (\"in Round 2 against Ricky Hatton\") - 2009 \"TIME\" 100 Most Influential People (Heroes and Icons Category) - 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2015 \"Forbes\" magazine Celebrity 100 (The World's Most Powerful Celebrity) (ranked 57th, 55th, 33rd and 2nd) - 2010 World Boxing Organization Fighter of the Year - 2010 Yahoo! Sports Boxing's Most Influential (ranked 25th) - 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2015 The Ring Magazine Event of the year - 2011 Las Vegas Walk of Stars Awardee - 2011 Guinness World Records Most boxing world titles in different weight divisions (8 times; since November 13, 2010) - 2012 L"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": "aredo Asian Association Special Recognition Award - 2013 On The Ropes Boxing Awards Comeback Fighter of the Year - 2013 \"The Ring\" magazine Comeback of the Year - 2014, 2015 and 2016 Reader's Digest Asia Pacific Most Trusted Sports Personality - 2014 On The Ropes Boxing Awards Fighter of the Year - 2014 PublicAffairsAsia HP Gold Standard Award for Communicator of the Year - 2015 Asia Society's Asia Game Changer of the Year - 2016 \"Forbes\" magazine Boxing's MVPs (ranked 4th) - 2019 \"Forbes\" magazine Highest Paid Athletes of the Decade (ranked 8th) - 2019 World Boxing News Fighter of the year</s><s>Awards and recognitions.:National. - 2000–2009 Philippine Sportswriters Association Athlete of the Decade - 2000–2009 Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde Memorial Boxer of the Decade - 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde Memorial Boxer of the Year - 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2008 PSA Sportsman of the Year - 2003 Presidential Medal of Merit - 2003 and 2010 Congressional Medal of Achievement / Distinction / Honor - 2006 Order of Lakandula with the rank of \"Champion for"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " Life\" (\"Kampeon Habambuhay\") - 2006 Eastwood City Walk of Fame Awardee - 2006 36th GMMSF Box-Office Entertainment Awards People's Hero Award - 2008 Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde Memorial Hall of Fame Awardee - 2008 Philippine Legion of Honor with the rank of \"Officer\" (\"Pinuno\") - 2008 University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) Honorary Award for Sports Excellence - 2009 Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde Memorial Best Pound For Pound Boxer Award - 2009 25th Philippine Movie Press Club Star Awards for Movies Newsmaker of the Year - 2009 Order of Sikatuna with the rank of \"Datu\" (Grand Cross with Gold Distinction) - 2009 Southwestern University – honorary Doctorate of Humanities (\"Honoris Causa\" as accorded by the Commission on Higher Education) - 2010–2019 Philippine Sportswriters Association Athlete of the Decade - 2011 Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde Memorial \"Quintessential Athlete\" Award - 2012 Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde Memorial \"Man of Others\" Award - 2013, 2016 and 2018 Gabriel \"Flash\" Elorde Memorial Award of Distinction - 2015 MEGA Man Magazine Man of the Year - 2017 Bawas Bisyo Youth for"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " Sin Tax Movement Anti-smoking champion - 2018 League of Municipalities of the Philippines – Cebu \"Cebuano Heritage Award for Manny Pacquiao\" - 2019 50th GMMSF Box-Office Entertainment Awards Global Achievement by a Filipino Award - 2020 Clean Air Philippines Movement, Inc. (CAPMI) \"Clean Air Champion\" award - 2021 Philippine Sportswriters Association Chooks-to-Go Fan Favorite \"Manok ng Bayan\" Award</s><s>Electoral history.</s><s>Basketball stats.</s><s>Basketball stats.:PBA season-by-season averages. \"Correct as of February 18, 2018\"</s><s>Basketball stats.:UNTV Cup season-by-season averages. \"Correct as of February 2, 2019\"</s><s>See also. - List of world flyweight boxing champions - List of world super-bantamweight boxing champions - List of world super-featherweight boxing champions - List of world lightweight boxing champions - List of world welterweight boxing champions - List of world light-middleweight boxing champions - List of boxing triple champions - List of boxing quadruple champions - List of boxing quintuple champions - List of boxing sextuple champions - List of boxing septuple champions - List of Filipino"
},
{
"title": "Manny Pacquiao",
"text": " boxing world champions - List of left-handed boxers - \"The Ring\" pound for pound</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Manny Pacquiao",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000479
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Vicky Kaushal.
|
[
{
"title": "Vicky Kaushal",
"text": "<s>Vicky Kaushal Vicky Kaushal (; born 16 May 1988) is an Indian actor known for his work in Hindi films. Kaushal is the recipient of numerous accolades including a National Film Award and two Filmfare Awards, and has appeared in \"Forbes India\" Celebrity 100 list of 2019. After graduating with an engineering degree from Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, He began his film career by assisting Anurag Kashyap in the 2012 crime drama \"Gangs of Wasseypur\" and went on to play minor roles in two of Kashyap's productions. His first leading role was in the 2015 independent drama \"Masaan\", following which he starred in the psychological thriller \"Raman Raghav 2.0\" (2016). Kaushal gained wider recognition in 2018 with supporting roles in \"Raazi\" and \"Sanju\", two of the highest-grossing Hindi films of the year, winning the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for the latter. A starring role as a military officer in the 2019 war film \"\" established Kaushal as a leading actor and won him the National Film Award for Best Actor. He earned critical acclaim for his portrayal of Udham Singh in the biopic \"Sardar"
},
{
"title": "Vicky Kaushal",
"text": " Udham\" (2021), winning the Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Critics). In addition to his acting career, Kaushal endorses several brands and products, and has co-hosted and performed at award ceremonies. He is married to actress Katrina Kaif.</s><s>Early life and background. Kaushal was born on 16 May 1988 in a suburban chawl in Mumbai to Sham Kaushal, an action director in Indian films, and Veena Kaushal, a homemaker. His younger brother, Sunny, is also an actor. His family is Punjabi Hindu who hail originally from Hoshiarpur. Kaushal has described himself as a \"regular kid who was interested in studying, playing cricket and watching movies\". His father was keen on his son having a stable career away from show-business and thus, he graduated with an engineering degree in Electronics and Telecommunications from Mumbai's Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology in 2009. During an industrial visit to an IT company in his graduation year, he realised that he had no real interest in an office job and began aspiring to have a career in film. He studied acting at Kishore Namit Kapoor's academy while simultaneously participating in theatre with Manav Kaul's Ar"
},
{
"title": "Vicky Kaushal",
"text": "anya group and Naseeruddin Shah's Motley Productions; doing everything from backstage and announcements to stand-ins. Kaushal would spend the next two years going for various kinds of auditions, but did not get any good opportunities. His first attempt at acting was in a theatrical production titled \"Laal Pencil\" in 2011. Kaushal started his career in films by working as an assistant director to Anurag Kashyap in the two-part crime drama \"Gangs of Wasseypur\" (2012). Kaushal has described fond memories of working with Kashyap, whom he considers as his mentor. He then played minor roles in Kashyap's productions \"Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana\" (2012) and \"Bombay Velvet\" (2015), and the short film \"Geek Out\" (2013).</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early work in independent films (2015–2016). Kaushal's first leading role was in the independent drama \"Masaan\" (2015), directed by Neeraj Ghaywan. Kaushal and Ghaywan were both assistants on \"Gangs of Wasseypur\", and he was cast through an audition after Rajkummar"
},
{
"title": "Vicky Kaushal",
"text": " Rao backed out. To play a young man from a low socio-economic class yearning for a better life, Kaushal spent time in Benaras, where the film is set, and observed the mannerisms of local men. The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard segment at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, where it won two awards, including the FIPRESCI Prize. \"Masaan\" earned critical acclaim and \"The New York Times\" considered it to be a leading example of increased realism in Indian cinema. Nikhil Taneja of \"HuffPost\" termed Kaushal's performance \"poignant and memorable\" and Anuj Kumar of \"The Hindu\" wrote that \"he effortlessly conveys both the inferiority complex and the attitude of breaking through the caste cauldron\". His performance won him the IIFA and Screen Awards for Best Male Debut, and a nomination for the Asian Film Award for Best Newcomer, among other accolades. \"Zubaan\", which Kaushal had filmed before \"Masaan\", was screened at the 2015 Busan International Film Festival. His role was that of a grieving man who starts stammering after the suicide of his father. He worked with a speech therapist to"
},
{
"title": "Vicky Kaushal",
"text": " learn stammering patterns and spent time with some of the doctor's patients. After completing work on the film, Kaushal found it difficult to distance from the character and began to stammer in real life. His performance led Justin Chang of \"Variety\" to label him a \"charismatic, naturally engaging talent\". In Kashyap's psychological thriller \"Raman Raghav 2.0\" (2016), Kaushal played a chain-smoking, drug-addicted police officer in pursuit of a serial killer portrayed by Nawazuddin Siddiqui. The troubled and unbalanced character had little in common with Kaushal's own personality, and to convince Kashyap to cast him, he lived in isolation for five days and kept repeating lines from the script. He also severely dehydrated himself and smoked heavily, impacting his health. Kaushal chose the role because he was eager to avoid typecasting from his first two films. The film premiered at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, in the Directors' Fortnight section to a positive response. Writing for Rediff.com, Aseem Chhabra found Kaushal's performance \"brave\" and \"surprising\".</s><s>Career.:Breakthrough and success (2018"
},
{
"title": "Vicky Kaushal",
"text": "–2020). Kaushal achieved his breakthrough in 2018. He played the male lead of the romantic comedy \"Love per Square Foot\", India's first original film from Netflix. Shweta Ramakrishnan of \"Firstpost\" considered the chemistry between Kaushal and his co-star Angira Dhar to be the film's highlight. It was screened at the Beijing International Film Festival later in 2019. Kaushal next featured in Meghna Gulzar's spy thriller \"Raazi\" (2018), based on Harinder Sikka's novel \"Calling Sehmat\". Set during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the film tells the real-life story of a young Indian spy (played by Alia Bhatt) who marries a Pakistani army officer (Kaushal). He was drawn to the humanity he found in the story and worked towards conveying both vulnerability and authoritative strength in his character. Meena Iyer of \"Daily News and Analysis\" commended Kaushal for being \"the correct foil\" to Bhatt's character. Kaushal's biggest commercial success of 2018 came with Rajkumar Hirani's \"Sanju\", a biopic of the troubled actor Sanjay Dutt, who was portrayed by Ranbir"
},
{
"title": "Vicky Kaushal",
"text": " Kapoor in the film. Kaushal played his best friend Kamli, a fictionalised amalgamation of various real-life friends of Dutt. In preparation, he spent time with Paresh Ghelani, who served as the primary inspiration for the role. Samrudhi Ghosh of \"India Today\" wrote that he \"holds his own against Ranbir's superlative performance, and shines in the funny as well as emotional scenes\". Both \"Raazi\" and \"Sanju\" proved to be among the highest-grossing Hindi films of 2018, and with earnings of over, the latter ranks among Indian cinema's biggest grossers. For \"Sanju\", Kaushal won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor (tied with Gajraj Rao for \"Badhaai Ho\"). Kaushal's second Netflix production of the year was the anthology film \"Lust Stories\". It consists of four short films dealing with female sexuality; Kaushal was seen in Karan Johar's segment as a newly married man who fails to recognise his wife's (played by Kiara Advani) sexual dissatisfaction. In his final release of the year, Kaushal reunited with Kashyap for \"Manmarziyaan"
},
{
"title": "Vicky Kaushal",
"text": "\", a love triangle set in Punjab, co-starring Taapsee Pannu and Abhishek Bachchan. Kaushal played the role of Vicky Sandhu, a local DJ whose commitment issues lead to conflict in his romantic relationship with Pannu's character. The film premiered at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival and met with positive critical reception. Anupama Chopra took note of how well he used silences to convey his character's pain and desire. Shilpa Jamkhandikar of \"Reuters\" found him to be \"at once petulant, childlike and suddenly cheerful, bringing a vulnerability to Vicky that saves him from being the villain of the piece.\" In 2019, Kaushal starred as a military officer in \"\", an action film based on the 2016 Uri attack, directed by Aditya Dhar and filmed in Serbia. To prepare, he gained muscle weight, practised a ketogenic diet, and underwent five months of military training and mixed martial arts sessions. He injured his arm while filming an action sequence in it. Uday Bhatia of \"Mint\" found Kaushal to be a \"fetching stoic lead\" but bemoaned the lack of depth in his character"
},
{
"title": "Vicky Kaushal",
"text": ". Rajeev Masand took note of the film's jingoism but opined that Kaushal \"brings both the bulked-up physicality and the sort of steely determination that the part requires\". \"Uri\" earned in India, and over worldwide, making it the tenth highest-grossing Indian film domestically. Kaushal was awarded with the National Film Award for Best Actor (shared with Ayushmann Khurrana for \"Andhadhun\") and received his first nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor. A year later, Kaushal featured alongside Bhumi Pednekar in the horror film \"\" (2020), as a grief-stricken shipping officer. He suffered an accident during the filming of an action sequence and fractured his cheekbone. Saibal Chatterjee of \"NDTV\" found Kaushal to be \"earnest\" in a film he dismissed as a \"horrific misfire\".</s><s>Career.:\"Sardar Udham\" and beyond (2021–present). Kaushal's sole release in 2021 was Shoojit Sircar's \"Sardar Udham\" which premiered digitally on Amazon Prime Video after multiple delays due to the COVID-19 pand"
},
{
"title": "Vicky Kaushal",
"text": "emic. The film is based on the life of Udham Singh, a freedom fighter who assassinated Michael O'Dwyer as revenge for his role in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919. In order to play the younger version of his character, who was 19 years old at the time of the massacre, Kaushal lost over 15 kilograms of weight within two months. The film received critical acclaim, particularly for Kaushal's performance, with Chatterjee calling it his best performance to date. Subhash K. Jha of \"Firstpost\" shared the same opinion, adding \"Kaushal's Udham Singh is a performance laced with grace, tinged with bitterness, and defined by a dormant rage\". For his performance, Kaushal won the IIFA Award for Best Actor and the Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Critics), in addition to his second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor. In 2022, Kaushal played the titular role of a backup dancer and struggling choreographer accused of murder in the comedy thriller \"Govinda Naam Mera\" alongside Bhumi Pednekar and Kiara Advani, which released on Disney+ Hotstar. In a mixed review for the film, \"The Times Of"
},
{
"title": "Vicky Kaushal",
"text": " India\" optioned that Kaushal is \"outstanding in a never-seen avatar that is reminiscent of a quintessential masaledar 90s Bollywood hero\" and commended him for imbuing his character with \"the right amount of energy and comic timing.\" He has completed work on three upcoming projects. He will feature in Laxman Utekar's as-yet untitled next co-starring Sara Ali Khan. He has also completed director Anand Tiwari's as-yet untitled film co-starring Tripti Dimri and Vijay Krishna Acharya's family film \"The Great Indian Family\" opposite Manushi Chhillar. Kaushal will also be playing a brief role in Rajkumar Hirani's immigration drama \"Dunki\", co-starring Shah Rukh Khan and Taapsee Pannu. In his second collaboration with Meghna Gulzar, he will star in a biopic titled \"Sam Bahadur\" on the life of Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw.</s><s>Personal life and off-screen work. Kaushal's personal life has been the subject of extensive tabloid reporting. Although he is known for his media-friendly attitude, he has been guarded about discussing his relationships"
},
{
"title": "Vicky Kaushal",
"text": ". He was first linked to actress Harleen Sethi in 2018. Their break up was reported by the media in early 2019. Kaushal married actress Katrina Kaif on 9 December 2021 in a traditional Hindu ceremony at Six Senses Resort, Fort Barwara in Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan. The wedding attracted substantial media coverage in India. In addition to his acting career, Kaushal has hosted and performed at numerous televised awards shows, including the Filmfare, Zee Cine, and Screen Awards. He also performed at Femina Miss India's 2019 grand finale. He is a celebrity spokesperson of several brands and products, including Havells, Reliance Trends, and Oppo, charging annually per brand. Kaushal is also the brand ambassador for Pearson in India.</s><s>Charity work. Kaushal is also active in charity work and supports a number of causes associated with environmental protection and women's rights. He appeared alongside other celebrities in a music video, produced by the United Nations and the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to spread awareness regarding air pollution. He also lent his support to a 2018 Radio City initiative to help with environmental and infrastructure issues in Mumbai and spent a day filling potholes. Kaushal"
},
{
"title": "Vicky Kaushal",
"text": " was one of the speakers at the 2018 edition of We The Women festival by journalist Barkha Dutt and UN Women for women’s empowerment where he spoke in support of the MeToo movement in India. In 2019, he participated in the fourth edition of the Nashik Marathon for gender equality and women's safety. Kaushal extended his support to a football training program for children belonging to low-income families named \"Just For Kicks\" in 2017. In 2019, he visited sepoys in Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh as part of NDTV's reality program \"Jai Jawan\". For Diwali that year, he visited Tata Memorial Centre to celebrate the festival with cancer patients and distribute gifts. During the COVID-19 pandemic in India in 2020, he contributed to the PM CARES Fund and Maharashtra Chief Minister's Relief Fund and collaborated with the NGO GiveIndia on a fundraiser to provide ration kits to daily wage workers. Kaushal also donated to the Cine and TV Artistes Association (CINTAA) to help artists who were financially effected by the second wave of the pandemic in 2021.</s><s>Artistry and public image. Following his debut, Kaushal was regarded by the media as one of the most"
},
{
"title": "Vicky Kaushal",
"text": " promising newcomers in Hindi cinema. According to \"Firstpost\", while Kaushal did not have the conventional looks by Hindi cinema standards, his \"merit as a performer shone through right from his first film\" and put him in a group of young actors who brought change in the concept of a typical hero. His roles and performances have since been studied by critics. Writing for \"Elle\" in 2019, Rajeev Masand pointed to \"the unmistakable vulnerability in his eyes that comes from 'feeling' and 'living' his parts\". While discussing his career in a 2021 article, Asjad Nazir of \"Eastern Eye\" wrote that Kaushal's \"chameleon-like ability to morph himself into any character has already resulted in an impressive body of work and turned him into the go-to guy for demanding roles that add weight to a major movie.\" Also that year, Alaka Sahani of \"The Indian Express\" described him as \"the most-dependable actor among the current crop\", while \"Filmfare\" magazine hailed him as \"one of the finest actors of this generation.\" Kaushal is a method actor. He is particularly known for his professionalism and full commitment to each role; he severely dehydrated himself and smoked heavily for"
},
{
"title": "Vicky Kaushal",
"text": " \"Raman Raghav 2.0\" and has gone through major physical transformations for several of his roles in films including \"Sanju\", \"Uri : The Surgical Strike\" and \"Sardar Udham\", believing it helps him achieve the \"right look\" and thus benefits his performance. Kaushal's efforts to avoid typecasting by means of diverse parts in various film genres have been lauded by critics. In a 2018 interview with \"The Telegraph\", he explained that \"the idea is to never be repetitive... if I have done a role that's taken me to a certain space emotionally, I won't repeat that\". Bollywood Hungama describes him as \"a perfect mix of versatility, natural talent and dedication\". Kaushal has featured frequently on Rediff.com's annual list of Bollywood's Best Actors. Kaushal has been cited as one of the most attractive Indian celebrities by the media. He topped \"The Times of India\"s listing of the country's most desirable men of 2018, and was ranked at No. 4 in 2019 as well as 2020. In 2018, \"Forbes India\" included him in their 30 Under 30 list as well as their list of 'Tycoons of Tomorrow'. The following year, he"
},
{
"title": "Vicky Kaushal",
"text": " appeared on the magazine's Celebrity 100 list, which ranked him 72nd with an estimated annual income of. Kaushal was also India's most-searched film actor in 2019, according to Google. In 2016 and 2021, he was listed as one of the best-dressed male celebrities by the Indian edition of \"GQ\" magazine.</s><s>Awards and nominations. Kaushal has been the recipient of the National Film Award for Best Actor for \"\" (2019) and two Filmfare Awards: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for \"Sanju\" (2018) and Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Critics) for \"Sardar Udham\" (2021)</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Vicky Kaushal",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000480
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Karl Urban.
|
[
{
"title": "Karl Urban",
"text": "<s>Karl Urban Karl-Heinz Urban (born 7 June 1972) is a New Zealand actor. His career began with appearances in New Zealand films and TV series such as \"\". His first Hollywood role was in the 2002 horror film \"Ghost Ship\". Since then, he has starred in many high-profile movies, including as Éomer in the second and third installments of \"The Lord of the Rings\" trilogy, Vaako in the second and third installments of \"Riddick\" film series, Leonard McCoy in the \"Star Trek\" reboot film series, Kirill in \"The Bourne Supremacy\" (2004), John \"Reaper\" Grimm in \"Doom\" (2005), Judge Dredd in \"Dredd\" (2012), Gavin Magary in \"Pete's Dragon\" (2016), and Skurge in Marvel Studios' \"\" (2017). In 2013, he starred in the sci-fi series \"Almost Human\". Since 2019, he has starred as Billy Butcher in Amazon's superhero streaming television series \"The Boys\".</s><s>Early life. Urban was born in Wellington, New Zealand. His father, a German immigrant, owned a leather goods store, and his mother once worked for Film Facilities in Wellington. Through his mother, the young"
},
{
"title": "Karl Urban",
"text": " Urban was exposed to classic New Zealand cinema and developed an interest in the film industry. Urban attended St Mark's Church School, where he showed an early love for public performance. His first acting role came at age eight, when he had a single line in one episode of the New Zealand television series \"Pioneer Woman\". Though continuing to take part in school stage productions, he did not act professionally again until after high school. He attended Wellington College in 1986–1990. He then enrolled at Victoria University of Wellington in the Bachelor of Arts program but left after one year to pursue a career in acting. Over the next few years, he appeared in several local TV commercials in addition to theater roles in the Wellington area. Eventually, he moved to Auckland where he was offered many guest roles in TV shows (one of which was playing a heroin addict in the police drama \"Shark in the Park\"). Urban then moved briefly to Bondi Beach, Sydney, Australia in 1995 before returning to New Zealand the following year.</s><s>Career. Urban's first Hollywood role was in the 2002 horror film \"Ghost Ship\". Since then, he has worked on many high-profile movies, including the second and third installments of \"The Lord of the Rings\" trilogy (\"\" and \"\")"
},
{
"title": "Karl Urban",
"text": " as Éomer, \"The Bourne Supremacy\" (as Russian Federal Security Service agent Kirill), \"The Chronicles of Riddick\", \"Star Trek\" and \"Doom\". \"The Hollywood Reporter\" speculated that Urban was one of several actors being considered for the part of British secret service agent 007 in \"Casino Royale\", directed by fellow New Zealander Martin Campbell. Urban played John \"Reaper\" Grimm in Universal Pictures' \"Doom\" (based on the first-person shooter video game \"Doom\"), which was released on 21 October 2005. In 2007, he starred in the Viking adventure \"Pathfinder\". A longtime fan of Westerns, he starred as Woodrow Call in \"Comanche Moon\", a television miniseries that aired in early 2008 as a prequel to the \"Lonesome Dove\" miniseries based on Larry McMurtry's book series of the same name. In the 2009 film \"Star Trek\", he played Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy, a role originated by DeForest Kelley in the original \"\" TV series. A fan of the \"Star Trek\" franchise since childhood, Urban actively pursued a role in the film. His performance was widely embraced by the \"Star Trek\" fan community for"
},
{
"title": "Karl Urban",
"text": " its faithfulness to the spirit of Kelley's McCoy. Urban reprised the role in the 2013 film \"Star Trek Into Darkness\" and the 2016 film \"Star Trek Beyond\". Urban next appeared as CIA agent William Cooper in \"Red\", adapted from the graphic novel of the same name and co-starring Bruce Willis and Helen Mirren. He portrayed Black Hat, a villainous priest-turned-vampire, in the film adaption of the Korean manhwa \"Priest\", released in 3-D in 2011. In 2012, Urban starred as law-enforcing comic book character Judge Dredd in the film \"Dredd\". In an interview with \"Shave\" magazine, Urban described it as a \"high-octane, action-fueled film... about the day in the life of Dredd\". The film was directed by Pete Travis, with a script by Alex Garland. Though it underperformed at the box office, \"Dredd\" was well received by critics. In 2013, Urban starred as Detective John Kennex in \"Almost Human\", a TV series created by J. H. Wyman. The series was set 35 years into the future when cops in the L.A.P.D. are paired up with lifel"
},
{
"title": "Karl Urban",
"text": "ike androids. Urban played a detective who has a dislike for robots but ends up being teamed up with one with emotional feelings. Urban next appeared in the ensemble thriller \"The Loft\", a remake of the Belgian film of the same name. It was filmed in New Orleans and Belgium by the director of the 2008 original, Erik Van Looy. In January 2015, Urban replaced Michael C. Hall as the main antagonist in the 2016 remake of \"Pete's Dragon\". In 2017, he played Skurge in \"\". Also in 2017, Urban played a psychotic cop in the action thriller \"Acts of Vengeance\" opposite Antonio Banderas and Robert Forster. Urban had a cameo as a stormtrooper in in 2019. He voiced the lead role in The Sea Beast in 2022. Since 2019, Urban has starred as William \"Billy\" Butcher in the Amazon Prime series \"The Boys\".</s><s>Personal life. In September 2004, Urban married his longtime partner, Natalie Wihongi, who was his makeup artist for the 2000 television film \"The Privateers\". Together they have two sons; Hunter and Indiana. His second son was named for the eponymous hero of the \"Indiana Jones\" franchise, which he has stated is one of his favourite movie series"
},
{
"title": "Karl Urban",
"text": ". They lived in their NZ$5.25 million mansion in the affluent Herne Bay section of Auckland, New Zealand. The couple announced their separation in June 2014, selling their home for NZ$6.65 million in December 2014. From 2014 to 2018, he was in a relationship with actress Katee Sackhoff.</s><s>Personal life.:Philanthropy. Urban serves as a celebrity ambassador for KidsCan, a charity that currently supports over 16,000 disadvantaged children in New Zealand by providing them with essentials such as food, clothing, and shoes. In May 2022, UNICEF Aotearoa New Zealand welcomed Urban as an official Ambassador to support in raising awareness on children’s rights both in New Zealand and around the world. On 1 June 2020, Urban, together with Sean Astin, Sean Bean, Orlando Bloom, Billy Boyd, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, Viggo Mortensen, Miranda Otto, John Rhys-Davies, Andy Serkis, Liv Tyler, and Elijah Wood, plus writer Philippa Boyens and director Peter Jackson, joined Josh Gad's YouTube series \"Reunited Apart\" which reunites the cast of popular movies through video-conferencing, and promotes donations to non-profit charities."
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Karl Urban",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000481
|
Question: Tell me a bio of RM (rapper).
|
[
{
"title": "RM (rapper)",
"text": "<s>RM (rapper) Kim Nam-joon (; born September 12, 1994), known professionally as RM (formerly Rap Monster), is a South Korean rapper, singer-songwriter and record producer. He is the leader of South Korean boy band BTS. RM released his first solo mixtape, \"RM\", in 2015. In 2018, he released his second mixtape, \"Mono\", which peaked at number 26 on the US \"Billboard\" 200 and became the highest-charting album by a Korean soloist in chart history at the time. RM made his official solo debut in 2022 with the release of his studio album \"Indigo\", which featured contributions from Erykah Badu and Anderson.Paak. The album peaked at number three on the \"Billboard\" 200 and is the highest-charting album by a Korean soloist of all-time. He has also collaborated with artists such as Wale, Younha, Warren G, Gaeko, Krizz Kaliko, MFBTY, Fall Out Boy, Primary, and Lil Nas X.</s><s>Early life and education. Kim Nam-joon () was born on September 12, 1994, in Dongjak District, Seoul, South Korea and"
},
{
"title": "RM (rapper)",
"text": " grew up in Ilsan District, Goyang, where his family moved when he was aged four or five. The elder of two siblings, he has a younger sister. As a child, RM largely learned English by watching the American sitcom \"Friends\" with his mother. As a student, he actively wrote poetry and often received awards for his writing. He posted his work to an online poetry website for roughly one year, where he received moderate attention. As a result, RM expressed interest in pursuing a literary career but later decided against it. When he was twelve years old, he studied in New Zealand for four months. At age 11, in fifth grade, RM became interested in hip-hop music after hearing Epik High's \"Fly\". Finding that the song had provided him comfort, he decided to look further into the genre. He was introduced to the music of American rapper Eminem by his school teacher, which first sparked RM's interest in lyricism. He would print out lyrics that he felt were \"cool\" and shared them with friends. RM began songwriting at that time, stating that his poetry became lyrics when it combined with music. In 2007, as a first-year middle school student, he began rapping in local amateur hip-hop circles,"
},
{
"title": "RM (rapper)",
"text": " creating his first self-composed recording with the program Adobe Audition (then called Cool Edit) and later participating in his first concert in 2008. RM became more active in the underground Korean hip-hop scene under the moniker Runch Randa, releasing a number of tracks and collaborations with other underground rappers such as Zico. As a student, RM had an IQ of 148 and scored in the top 1% of the nation in the university entrance examinations for language, math, foreign language and social studies. Because his parents had been strongly opposed to his interest in a musical career due to his academic achievements, RM initially decided to set music aside to focus on his studies. He eventually convinced his mother to allow him to be a rapper, asking her if \"she wanted to have a son who was a first-place rapper, or a 5,000th-place student\". In March 2019, after graduating from Global Cyber University with a degree in Broadcasting and Entertainment, RM enrolled at Hanyang Cyber University's Master of Business Administration program in Advertising and Media.</s><s>Name. RM selected the name \"Rap Monster\" during his time as an idol trainee. The name derives from the lyrics of a song he wrote, inspired by San E's \"Rap Genius\". The"
},
{
"title": "RM (rapper)",
"text": " lyrics contained a segment where San E declares he should be called a \"rap monster\" as he \"raps non-stop\". He adopted the stage name because he felt it was \"cool\". RM has described himself as having a love-hate relationship with the name, feeling that it was not selected for being of \"incredible value\" to him. He formally changed his stage name to \"RM\" in November 2017, as he determined that \"Rap Monster\" was no longer representative of who he was or the music that he creates. In an interview with \"Entertainment Tonight\" in 2019, RM stated that the name \"could symbolize many things\" and \"could have more spectrums to it.\" One meaning that has been suggested is \"Real Me\".</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:2010–2013: Joining Big Hit Entertainment and debut with BTS. In 2009, RM auditioned for Big Deal Records, passing the first round along with Samuel Seo but failing the second round after forgetting lyrics. However, following the audition, rapper Sleepy exchanged contact information with RM, whom he later mentioned to Big Hit Entertainment producer Pdogg. In 2010, Sleepy contacted RM, encouraging him to audition for Big Hit Entertainment CEO Bang Si-hy"
},
{
"title": "RM (rapper)",
"text": "uk. Bang offered RM, then aged 16, a spot at the record label, which he accepted immediately and without his parents' knowledge. Bang and Pdogg soon began forming a hip hop group that would eventually become the idol group BTS. RM trained for three years with fellow rapper Min Yoon-gi and dancer Jung Ho-seok, later known as Suga and J-Hope, respectively. During this three-year trainee period, RM performed on five pre-debut tracks credited to BTS in 2010 and 2011. He also worked as a songwriter for girl group Glam and helped pen their debut single \"Party (XXO)\", a pro-LGBTQ song that was praised by \"Billboard\" as \"one of the most forward-thinking songs out of a K-pop girl group in the past decade.\" On June 13, 2013, RM made his debut with BTS and has since produced and written lyrics for many tracks on their albums. On August 29, 2013, RM performed the intro track to BTS' first extended play (EP) \"O!RUL8,2?\", which was released as a trailer ahead of the EP's September 11 release, marking his first solo after debuting.</s><s>Career.:"
},
{
"title": "RM (rapper)",
"text": "2014–2016: First solo collaborations, \"RM\", and \"Problematic Men\". On August 5, 2014, Big Hit Entertainment released a trailer for BTS' first studio album \"Dark & Wild\", which was set to be released on August 20. The rap track, officially credited to BTS as \"Intro: What Am I to You?\", was a solo performed by RM. Through reality television show \"American Hustle Life\", which was used to produce \"Dark & Wild\", RM formed a working relationship with Warren G, who offered to write BTS a beat. In an interview with Korean magazine \"Hip Hop Playa,\" Warren G stated that he had befriended BTS through the program and had kept in touch with the band after they returned to South Korea. On March 4, 2015, RM released a single with Warren G entitled, \"P.D.D (Please Don't Die)\" ahead of his first solo mixtape \"RM\" following an offer by Warren G to collaborate. The track reflected how RM felt towards those who hated and criticized him at the time, which he used to find very upsetting. That same March, RM collaborated with hip hop project group MFBTY, EE and Dino J on the song \"Bucku Bucku"
},
{
"title": "RM (rapper)",
"text": "\". He featured in the song's music video and also had a cameo appearance in a music video for another song by MFBTY, \"Bang Diggy Bang Bang\". RM had first formed a lasting working relationship with MFBTY member Tiger JK after meeting and expressing admiration for him on a TV show in 2013, when Tiger JK was promoting his song \"The Cure\". RM was cast as a regular on the Korean variety program \"Problematic Men\", where cast members were given a variety of puzzles and problems to solve and work through by discussing their own thoughts and experiences. The program began airing on February 26, 2015; however, RM left the show after 22 episodes due to BTS' 2015. On March 17, 2015, RM released his first solo mixtape, \"RM\", which ranked 48th on \"Spin\"'s \"50 Best Hip Hop Albums of 2015\". The mixtape addressed a variety of topics, such as RM's past on the track \"Voice\" and the idea that \"you're you and I'm me\" in the track \"Do You\". When discussing the track \"God Rap\", RM described himself as an atheist, believing that only he could determine his fate. The production process for the mixtape lasted around four or five months"
},
{
"title": "RM (rapper)",
"text": ", with RM working on it in between BTS' activities. The following year, RM recalled that he had largely written about the negative emotions he had been carrying, such as anger and rage, but stated that the songs are not \"100% under [his] sovereignty\" and that he felt many parts of the mixtape were \"immature\". He also added that he hoped his next mixtape to be something he worked on by himself. Following \"RM\"'s release, he featured along with Kwon Jin-ah on Primary's \"U\" that April. In August, RM collaborated with Marvel for \"Fantastic Four\"'s soundtrack in Korea, releasing the digital single, \"Fantastic\" featuring Mandy Ventrice through Melon, Genie, Naver Music and other music platforms. In August 2016, vocal duo Homme released a single titled \"Dilemma\", which was co-produced by RM and Bang Si-hyuk.</s><s>Career.:2017–2021: Second mixtape \"Mono\" and further collaborations. In March 2017, RM collaborated with American rapper Wale on a special socially-charged track called \"Change\", released as a free digital download along with an accompanying music video filmed two weeks prior to the track's"
},
{
"title": "RM (rapper)",
"text": " release. The pair first formed a relationship over Twitter, with Wale reaching out to RM in 2016, having seen RM's cover of his track \"Illest Bitch\". RM decided on the topic of \"Change\", saying that though the two rappers were extremely different, their commonality lay in the fact that both America and South Korea had their political and social situations and that both of them wanted the world to change for the better. One month later, RM featured on the track \"Gajah\" with Gaeko of Dynamic Duo. In December, RM collaborated on a remix of Fall Out Boy's song \"Champion\". The track reached number 18 on \"Billboard\"'s Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles and helped RM reach number 46 on the Emerging Artists Chart for the week of January 8, 2018. On December 27, RM made history as the first K-pop artist to chart on the Rock Digital Songs chart, placing at number two. RM released his second mixtape, \"Mono\", which he referred to as a \"playlist\", on October 23, 2018. He became the first Korean artist to rank number one on the Emerging Artists Chart in the United States with its release. The playlist was well-received by critics, who praised RM for"
},
{
"title": "RM (rapper)",
"text": " laying \"his deep insecurities bare on songs like 'Tokyo' and 'Seoul'\". The track \"Seoul\" was produced by British electropop duo Honne, who first discovered RM after seeing him recommend their music on Twitter and eventually met him in Seoul following one of their concerts. In November, RM also collaborated with Tiger JK on his last and final album under the stage name Drunken Tiger, featuring on the track \"Timeless\". Tiger JK originally expected RM's lyrics to contain self-praise, which was the trend of rap at the time; RM instead wrote lyrics about leaving behind the historical meaning of Drunken Tiger's name. On March 25, 2019, Honne announced that RM would feature on their remake of \"Crying Over You\" alongside singer BEKA, which was released on March 27. Honne originally released \"Crying Over You\" with BEKA in 2018. The song was originally slated for a January 2019 release but postponed due to \"unforeseen circumstances\". Chinese singer Bibi Zhou was added to the Chinese release, appearing with RM and replacing BEKA. The same day, Big Hit Entertainment released the song \"Persona\" as a trailer for BTS' EP \"\", performed as a solo by RM"
},
{
"title": "RM (rapper)",
"text": ". Persona debuted at number 17 on \"Billboard\"'s YouTube Song Chart. Three months later, on July 24, 2019, RM featured on the fourth official remix of Lil Nas X's \"Old Town Road,\" entitled \"Seoul Town Road\", in which he \"infuse[d]...his English-language verse with a surprisingly good Southern twang\". On December 29, it was announced that RM would feature on Younha's track \"Winter Flower\", released on January 6, 2020. RM also featured on \"Don't\", the lead single of Korean singer eAeon's second solo album released on April 30, 2021.</s><s>Career.:2022–present: BTS' second phase and solo debut. During BTS' ninth anniversary celebrations in June 2022, RM announced that the band members would be devoting more attention to individual endeavors going forward and that future music projects would no longer be released for free but commercially instead, complete with promotional activities. He mentioned needing time to think about BTS' new direction, as a group and as growing individuals, stating that while he \"always thought that BTS was different from other groups [...] the problem with K-pop and the whole idol system is that they don't give you time to mature."
},
{
"title": "RM (rapper)",
"text": " You have to keep producing music and keep doing something\"; the band went on an extended break from most group activities shortly afterwards. RM subsequently featured on the single \"Sexy Nukim\" by alt-K-pop group Balming Tiger in September, and released his debut solo studio album, \"Indigo\", led by the single \"Wild Flower\", on December 2. The album peaked at number three on the \"Billboard\" 200, making him the highest-charting Korean soloist in chart history. In 2023, RM traveled to Spain for inspiration for a second solo album. In an interview with EFE while there, he reflected on the search for his own identity, after having followed the dictates of K-pop trends for the past 10 years as part of BTS, additionally revealing that he would \"not be taking on any projects in the near future\" in light of his approaching mandatory military service. RM appeared in Bottega Veneta's Spring/Summer 2023 campaign at the end of March, after attending the brand's Fall 2023 show at Milan Fashion Week a month prior.</s><s>Artistry and impact. RM is a baritone. In 2017, American hip-hop magazine \"XXL\" included him in its list of \"10"
},
{
"title": "RM (rapper)",
"text": " Korean Rappers You Should Know\", with writer Peter A. Berry stating that \"Rap Monster rarely fails to live up to his name\". Berry described RM as \"one of the region's most dexterous rappers, capable of switching flows effortlessly as he glides across an array of diverse instrumentals\". Crystal Tai of the \"South China Morning Post\" noted that RM has \"received much praise for his natural flow and lyrics\". Speaking about RM's work, Noiseys Bianca Mendez wrote that \"he's got some \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" [by Kanye West] in him, but he's closer to...Earl Sweatshirt and Chance the Rapper in spirit, and that's exciting\". In January 2020, he was promoted from associate to a full member of the Korea Music Copyright Association. In a survey conducted by Gallup Korea, RM ranked as the 12th most preferred idol of the year for 2018. He ranked 11th in 2019. In 2018, RM was awarded the fifth-class Hwagwan Order of Cultural Merit by the President of South Korea, along with the other members of BTS, for his contributions to spreading Korean culture. In July 2021, he and the members of BTS were appointed Special Presidential Envoy for Future Generations and"
},
{
"title": "RM (rapper)",
"text": " Culture by President Moon Jae-in to help \"lead the global agenda for future generations, such as sustainable growth\" and \"expand South Korea's diplomatic efforts and global standing\" in the international community.</s><s>Personal life. RM underwent septoplasty for his nasal septum deviation in 2018 and temporarily withdrew from band activities while recovering from the operation. Since 2018, RM has lived in Hannam-dong, Seoul, South Korea with his bandmates. In November 2019, he bought a property in the Yongsan District of Seoul for ₩4.9 billion, then sold it the following year for ₩5.8 billion. He later bought another home in Hannam-dong worth US$5.7 million.</s><s>Personal life.:Philanthropy. For his 25th birthday, RM donated ₩100 million to the Seoul Samsun School to help hearing-impaired students receive music education. In December 2020, the Arts Council of Korea named him one of its ten 2020 Patrons of the Arts in recognition of his ₩100 million donation to the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art for the printing and distribution of various rare art books to schools and libraries in rural and mountainous"
},
{
"title": "RM (rapper)",
"text": " regions. Since September 2021, he has consecutively donated ₩100 million annually towards the preservation and restoration of cultural artifacts overseas, through the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA) and the Overseas Cultural Heritage Foundation. His first donation, originally made privately, was used for treatment of a \"hwarot\" owned by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) at the time, while his 2022 donation was used for the creation of an art brochure introducing Korean paintings.</s><s>Discography. Studio albums - \"Indigo\" (2022) Mixtapes - \"RM\" (2015) - \"Mono\" (2018) As songwriter</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "RM (rapper)",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000482
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Xi Jinping.
|
[
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": "<s>Xi Jinping Xi Jinping (; born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician who has served as the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), and thus as the paramount leader of China, since 2012. Xi has also served as the president of the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 2013. The son of Chinese Communist veteran Xi Zhongxun, Xi was exiled to rural Yanchuan County as a teenager following his father's purge during the Cultural Revolution. He lived in a yaodong in the village of Liangjiahe, Shaanxi province, where he joined the CCP after several failed attempts and worked as the local party secretary. After studying chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a worker-peasant-soldier student, Xi rose through the ranks politically in China's coastal provinces. Xi was governor of Fujian from 1999 to 2002, before becoming governor and party secretary of neighboring Zhejiang from 2002 to 2007. Following the dismissal of the party secretary of Shanghai, Chen Liangyu, Xi was transferred to replace him for a brief period in 2007. He subsequently joined the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) of the CCP the same year and served as"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " first secretary of the Central Secretariat in October 2007. In 2008, he was designated as Hu Jintao's presumed successor as paramount leader; to that end, Xi was appointed vice president of the PRC and vice chairman of the CMC. He officially received the title of leadership core from the CCP in 2016. Xi is the first CCP general secretary born after the establishment of the PRC. Since assuming power, Xi has introduced far-ranging measures to enforce party discipline and to impose internal unity. His anti-corruption campaign led to the downfall of prominent incumbent and retired CCP officials, including Zhou Yongkang, a former member of the PSC. He has also enacted or promoted a more aggressive foreign policy, particularly with regard to China's relations with the U.S., the nine-dash line in the South China Sea, the Sino-Indian border dispute, and the political status of Taiwan. He has sought to expand China's African and Eurasian influence through the Belt and Road Initiative. Xi has expanded support for state-owned enterprises (SOEs), advanced military-civil fusion, overseen targeted poverty alleviation programs, and has attempted to reform the property sector. He has also promoted \"common prosperity\", a series of policies designed with stated goal to increase equality"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": ", and used the term to justify a broad crackdown and major slew of regulations against the tech and tutoring sectors in 2021. Xi met with Taiwanese president Ma Ying-jeou in 2015, the first time PRC and Republic of China leaders met, though relations deteriorated after Tsai Ing-wen of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won the presidential elections in 2016. He responded to the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China with a zero-COVID approach until December 2022, afterwards shifting towards a mitigation strategy. Xi also oversaw the passage of a national security law in Hong Kong, clamping down on political opposition in the city, especially pro-democracy activists. Often described as an authoritarian leader by political and academic observers, Xi's tenure has included an increase of censorship and mass surveillance, deterioration in human rights, including the internment of one million Uyghurs in Xinjiang (which some observers have described as part of a genocide), a cult of personality developing around Xi, and the removal of term limits for the presidency in 2018. Xi's political ideas and principles, known as Xi Jinping Thought, have been incorporated into the party and national constitutions, and he has emphasized the importance of national security and the need for CCP leadership over the country. As"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " the central figure of the fifth generation of leadership of the PRC, Xi has centralized institutional power by taking on multiple positions, including chairing the National Security Commission and new steering committees on economic and social reforms, military restructuring and modernization, and the Internet. He and the CCP Central Committee passed a \"historical resolution\" in November 2021, the third such resolution after Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. In October 2022, Xi secured a third term as CCP General Secretary, the second leader of the CCP to do so (the other being Mao).</s><s>Early life and education. Xi Jinping was born in Beijing on 15 June 1953, the second son of Xi Zhongxun and his wife Qi Xin. After the founding of the PRC in 1949, Xi's father held a series of posts, including Party propaganda chief, vice-premier, and vice chairperson of the National People's Congress. Xi had two older sisters, Qiaoqiao, born in 1949 and An'an (), born in 1952. Xi's father was from Fuping County, Shaanxi, and Xi could further trace his patrilineal descent from Xiying in Dengzhou, Henan. Xi went to the Beijing No. 25 School, and then Beijing Bayi School"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": ", in the 1960s. He became friends with Liu He, who attended Beijing No. 101 School in the same district, who later became China's vice-premier and a close advisor to Xi after he became China's paramount leader. In 1963, when he was aged 10, his father was purged from the CCP and sent to work in a factory in Luoyang, Henan. In May 1966, the Cultural Revolution cut short Xi's secondary education when all secondary classes were halted for students to criticise and fight their teachers. Student militants ransacked the Xi family home and one of Xi's sisters, Xi Heping, committed suicide from the pressure. Later, his mother was forced to publicly denounce his father, as he was paraded before a crowd as an enemy of the revolution. His father was later imprisoned in 1968 when Xi was aged 15. Without the protection of his father, Xi was sent to work in Liangjiahe Village, Wen'anyi, Yanchuan County, Yan'an, Shaanxi, in 1969 in Mao Zedong's Down to the Countryside Movement. He worked as the party secretary of Liangjiahe, where he lived in a cave house. According to people who knew him, this experience led"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " him to feel affinity with the rural poor. After a few months, unable to stand rural life, he ran away to Beijing. He was arrested during a crackdown on deserters from the countryside and sent to a work camp to dig ditches, but later returned to the village, spending a total of seven years there. The misfortunes and suffering of his family in his early years hardened Xi's view of politics. During an interview in 2000, he said, \"People who have little contact with power, who are far from it, always see these things as mysterious and novel. But what I see is not just the superficial things: the power, the flowers, the glory, the applause. I see the bullpens and how people can blow hot and cold. I understand politics on a deeper level.\" The \"bullpens\" () was a reference to Red Guards' detention houses during the Cultural Revolution. After being rejected seven times, Xi joined the Communist Youth League of China in 1971 by befriending a local official. He reunited with his father in 1972, because of a family reunion ordered by premier Zhou Enlai. From 1973, he applied to join the CCP ten times and was finally accepted on his tenth attempt in 1974. From 1975 to 1979"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": ", Xi studied chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a worker-peasant-soldier student in Beijing. The engineering majors there spent about 15 percent of their time studying Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong thought and 5 percent of their time doing farm work and \"learning from the People's Liberation Army\".</s><s>Rise to power. From 1979 to 1982, Xi served as secretary for his father's former subordinate Geng Biao, the then vice premier and secretary-general of the CMC. In 1982, he was sent to Zhengding County in Hebei as deputy party secretary of Zhengding County. He was promoted in 1983 to secretary, becoming the top official of the county. Xi subsequently served in four provinces during his regional political career: Hebei (1982–1985), Fujian (1985–2002), Zhejiang (2002–2007), and Shanghai (2007). Xi held posts in the Fuzhou Municipal Party Committee and became the president of the Party School in Fuzhou in 1990. In 1997, he was named an alternate member of the 15th Central Committee of the CCP. However, of the 151 alternate members of the Central Committee elected at the 15th Party Congress, Xi received the lowest number of votes in favour"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": ", placing him last in the rankings of members, ostensibly due to his status as a princeling. From 1998 to 2002, Xi studied Marxist theory and ideological education in Tsinghua University, graduating with a doctorate in law and ideology in 2002. In 1999, he was promoted to the office of Vice Governor of Fujian, and became governor a year later. In Fujian, Xi made efforts to attract investment from Taiwan and to strengthen the private sector of the provincial economy. In February 2000, he and then-provincial party secretary Chen Mingyi were called before the top members of PSC – general secretary Jiang Zemin, premier Zhu Rongji, vice president Hu Jintao and Discipline Inspection secretary Wei Jianxing – to explain aspects of the Yuanhua scandal. In 2002, Xi left Fujian and took up leading political positions in neighbouring Zhejiang. He eventually took over as provincial Party Committee secretary after several months as acting governor, occupying a top provincial office for the first time in his career. In 2002, he was elected a full member of the 16th Central Committee, marking his ascension to the national stage. While in Zhejiang, Xi presided over reported growth rates averaging 14% per year. His career in Zhejiang"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " was marked by a tough and straightforward stance against corrupt officials. This earned him a name in the national media and drew the attention of China's top leaders. Following the dismissal of Shanghai Party secretary Chen Liangyu in September 2006 due to a social security fund scandal, Xi was transferred to Shanghai in March 2007, where he was the party secretary there for seven months. In Shanghai, Xi avoided controversy and was known for strictly observing party discipline. For example, Shanghai administrators attempted to earn favour with him by arranging a special train to shuttle him between Shanghai and Hangzhou for him to complete handing off his work to his successor as Zhejiang party secretary Zhao Hongzhu. However, Xi reportedly refused to take the train, citing a loosely enforced party regulation that stipulated that special trains can only be reserved for \"national leaders\". While in Shanghai, he worked on preserving unity of the local party organisation. He pledged there would be no 'purges' during his administration, despite the fact many local officials were thought to have been implicated in the Chen Liangyu corruption scandal. On most issues, Xi largely echoed the line of the central leadership.</s><s>Politburo Standing Committee member. Xi was appointed to the nine-man PSC at the 17th Party Congress in October 2007."
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " He was ranked above Li Keqiang, an indication that he was going to succeed Hu Jintao as China's next leader. In addition, Xi also held the first secretary of the CCP's Central Secretariat. This assessment was further supported at the 11th National People's Congress in March 2008, when Xi was elected as vice president of the PRC. Following his elevation, Xi held a broad range of portfolios. He was put in charge of the comprehensive preparations for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, as well as being the central government's leading figure in Hong Kong and Macau affairs. In addition, he also became the new president of the Central Party School of the CCP, its cadre-training and ideological education wing. In the wake of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Xi visited disaster areas in Shaanxi and Gansu. He made his first foreign trip as vice president to North Korea, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Yemen from 17 to 25 June 2008. After the Olympics, Xi was assigned the post of committee chair for the preparations of the 60th Anniversary Celebrations of the founding of the PRC. He was also reportedly at the helm of a top-level CCP committee dubbed the 6521 Project, which was charged with ensuring social"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " stability during a series of politically sensitive anniversaries in 2009. Xi's position as the apparent successor to become the paramount leader was threatened with the rapid rise of Bo Xilai, the party secretary of Chongqing at the time. Bo was expected to join the PSC at the 18th Party Congress, with most expecting that he would try to eventually maneuver himself into replacing Xi. Bo's policies in Chongqing inspired imitations throughout China and received praise from Xi himself during Xi's visit to Chongqing in 2010. Records of praises from Xi were later erased after he became paramount leader. Bo's downfall would come with the Wang Lijun incident, which opened the door for Xi to come to power without challengers. Xi is considered one of the most successful members of the Princelings, a quasi-clique of politicians who are descendants of early Chinese Communist revolutionaries. Former prime minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, when asked about Xi, said he felt he was \"a thoughtful man who has gone through many trials and tribulations\". Lee also commented: \"I would put him in the Nelson Mandela class of persons. A person with enormous emotional stability who does not allow his personal misfortunes or sufferings affect his judgment. In other words"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": ", he is impressive\". Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson described Xi as \"the kind of guy who knows how to get things over the goal line\". Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd said that Xi \"has sufficient reformist, party and military background to be very much his own man\".</s><s>Politburo Standing Committee member.:Trips as Vice President. In February 2009, in his capacity as vice-president, Xi Jinping embarked on a tour of Latin America, visiting Mexico, Jamaica, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, and Malta, after which he returned to China. On 11 February 2009, while visiting Mexico, Xi spoke in front of a group of overseas Chinese and explained China's contributions during the international financial crisis, saying that it was \"the greatest contribution towards the whole of human race, made by China, to prevent its 1.3 billion people from hunger\". He went on to remark: \"There are some bored foreigners, with full stomachs, who have nothing better to do than point fingers at us. First, China doesn't export revolution; second, China doesn't export hunger and poverty; third, China doesn't come and cause you headaches. What more is there to be said?\" The story was reported on some local television stations."
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " The news led to a flood of discussions on Chinese Internet forums and it was reported that the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs was caught off-guard by Xi's remarks, as the actual video was shot by some accompanying Hong Kong reporters and broadcast on Hong Kong TV, which then turned up on various Internet video websites. In the European Union, Xi visited Belgium, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania from 7 to 21 October 2009. He visited Japan, South Korea, Cambodia, and Myanmar on his Asian trip from 14 to 22 December 2009. He later visited the United States, Ireland and Turkey in February 2012. This visit included meeting with then U.S. president Barack Obama at the White House and then vice president Joe Biden; and stops in California and Iowa, where he met with the family that previously hosted him during his 1985 tour as a Hebei provincial official.</s><s>Leadership.</s><s>Leadership.:Accession to top posts. A few months before his ascendancy to the party leadership, Xi disappeared from official media coverage and cancelled meeting with foreign officials for several weeks beginning on 1 September 2012, causing rumors. He then reappeared on 15 September. On 15 November 2012, Xi was elected to the posts of general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the C"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": "MC by the 18th Central Committee of the CCP. This made him, informally, the paramount leader and the first to be born after the founding of the PRC. The following day Xi led the new line-up of the PSC onto the stage in their first public appearance. The PSC was reduced from nine to seven, with only Xi and Li Keqiang retaining their seats; the other five members were new. In a marked departure from the common practice of Chinese leaders, Xi's first speech as general secretary was plainly worded and did not include any political slogans or mention his predecessors. Xi mentioned the aspirations of the average person, remarking, \"Our people... expect better education, more stable jobs, better income, more reliable social security, medical care of a higher standard, more comfortable living conditions, and a more beautiful environment.\" Xi also vowed to tackle corruption at the highest levels, alluding that it would threaten the CCP's survival; he was reticent about far-reaching economic reforms. In December 2012, Xi visited Guangdong in his first trip outside Beijing since taking the Party leadership. The overarching theme of the trip was to call for further economic reform and a strengthened military. Xi visited the statue of Deng Xiaoping and his trip was"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " described as following in the footsteps of Deng's own southern trip in 1992, which provided the impetus for further economic reforms in China after conservative party leaders stalled many of Deng's reforms in the aftermath of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. On his trip, Xi consistently alluded to his signature slogan the \"Chinese Dream\". \"This dream can be said to be the dream of a strong nation. And for the military, it is a dream of a strong military\", Xi told sailors. Xi's trip was significant in that he departed from the established convention of Chinese leaders' travel routines in multiple ways. Rather than dining out, Xi and his entourage ate regular hotel buffet. He travelled in a large van with his colleagues rather than a fleet of limousines, and did not restrict traffic on the parts of the highway he travelled. Xi was elected president on 14 March 2013, in a confirmation vote by the 12th National People's Congress in Beijing. He received 2,952 for, one vote against, and three abstentions. He replaced Hu Jintao, who retired after serving two terms. In his new capacity as president, on 16 March 2013 Xi expressed support for non-interference in China–Sri Lanka relations amid a United Nations Security Council vote"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " to condemn that country over government abuses during the Sri Lankan Civil War. On 17 March, Xi and his new ministers arranged a meeting with the chief executive of Hong Kong, CY Leung, confirming his support for Leung. Within hours of his election, Xi discussed cyber security and North Korea with U.S. President Barack Obama over the phone. Obama announced the visits of treasury and state secretaries Jacob Lew and John F. Kerry to China the following week.</s><s>Leadership.:Anti-corruption campaign. Xi vowed to crack down on corruption almost immediately after he ascended to power at the 18th Party Congress. In his inaugural speech as general secretary, Xi mentioned that fighting corruption was one of the toughest challenges for the party. A few months into his term, Xi outlined the Eight-point Regulation, listing rules intended to curb corruption and waste during official party business; it aimed at stricter discipline on the conduct of party officials. Xi also vowed to root out \"tigers and flies\", that is, high-ranking officials and ordinary party functionaries. Xi initiated cases against former CMC vice-chairmen Xu Caihou and Guo Boxiong, former PSC member and security chief Zhou Yongkang and former Hu Jintao chief aide Ling Jih"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": "ua. Along with new disciplinary chief Wang Qishan, Xi's administration spearheaded the formation of \"centrally-dispatched inspection teams\" (). These were essentially cross-jurisdictional squads of officials whose main task was to gain more in-depth understanding of the operations of provincial and local party organizations, and in the process, also enforce party discipline mandated by Beijing. Many of the work teams also had the effect of identifying and initiating investigations of high-ranking officials. Over one hundred provincial-ministerial level officials were implicated during a massive nationwide anti-corruption campaign. These included former and current regional officials (Su Rong, Bai Enpei, Wan Qingliang), leading figures of state-owned enterprises and central government organs (Song Lin, Liu Tienan), and highly ranked generals in the military (Gu Junshan). In June 2014, the Shanxi provincial political establishment was decimated, with four officials dismissed within a week from the provincial party organization's top ranks. Within the first two years of the campaign alone, over 200,000 low-ranking officials received warnings, fines, and demotions. The campaign has led to the downfall of prominent incumbent and retired CCP officials, including members of the PSC. Xi's anti-corruption"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " campaign is seen by critics, such as \"The Economist\", as a political tool with the aim of removing potential opponents and consolidating power. Xi's establishment of a new anti-corruption agency, the National Supervision Commission, ranked higher than the supreme court, has been described by Amnesty International's East Asia director as a \"systemic threat to human rights\" that \"places tens of millions of people at the mercy of a secretive and virtually unaccountable system that is above the law.\" Xi has overseen significant reforms of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), CCP's highest internal control institution. He and CCDI Secretary Wang Qishan further institutionalized CCDI's independence from the day-to-day operations of the CCP, improving its ability to function as a \"bona fide\" control body. According to \"The Wall Street Journal\", any anti-corruption punishment to officials at or above the vice ministerial level need approval from Xi. Another article from \"The Wall Street Journal\" said that when he wants to neutralize a political rival, he asks inspectors to prepare hundreds of pages of evidence. The article also said that he sometimes authorizes investigations on close associates of a high-ranking politician to replace them with his own proteges and puts political rivals in"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " less important positions to separate them from their political bases. Reportedly, these tactics have even been used against Wang Qishan, Xi's close friend. According to historian and sinologist Wang Gungwu, Xi Jinping inherited a political party that was faced with pervasive corruption. Xi believed that the amount of corruption at the higher levels of the CCP put both the party and the country at risk of collapse. Wang further adds that Xi has a belief that only the CCP is capable of governing China, and that a collapse of the party would be disastrous for the Chinese people. Xi and the new generational leaders reacted by launching the anti-corruption campaign to eliminate corruption at the higher levels of the government.</s><s>Leadership.:Censorship. Since Xi became the CCP general secretary, censorship, including internet censorship, has been significantly stepped up. Chairing the 2018 China Cyberspace Governance Conference on 20 and 21 April 2018, Xi committed to \"fiercely crack down on criminal offenses including hacking, telecom fraud, and violation of citizens' privacy.\" During a visit to Chinese state media, Xi stated that \"party and government-owned media must hold the family name of the party\" () and that the state media \"must embody the party’s will, safeguard the"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " party’s authority\". His administration has overseen more Internet restrictions imposed in China, and is described as being \"stricter across the board\" on speech than previous administrations. Xi has taken a very strong stand to control internet usage inside China, including Google and Facebook, advocating Internet censorship in the country under the concept of internet sovereignty. The censorship of Wikipedia has also been stringent; as of April 2019, all versions of Wikipedia have been blocked in China. Likewise, the situation for users of Weibo has been described as a change from fearing that individual posts would be deleted, or at worst one's account, to fear of arrest. A law enacted in September 2013 authorized a three-year prison term for bloggers who shared more than 500 times any content considered \"defamatory\". The State Internet Information Department summoned a group of influential bloggers to a seminar instructing them to avoid writing about politics, the CCP, or making statements contradicting official narratives. Many bloggers stopped writing about controversial topics, and Weibo went into decline, with much of its readership shifting to WeChat users speaking to very limited social circles. In 2017, telecommunications carriers in China were instructed by the government to block individuals' use of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) by February 2018. Xi has spoken"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " out against \"historical nihilism\", meaning historical viewpoints that challenge the official line of the CCP. Xi said that one of the reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union has been historical nihilism. The Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) has established a telephone hotline for people to report acts of historical nihilism, while Toutiao and Douyin urged its user to report instances of historical nihilism. In May 2021, the CAC reported that it removed two million online posts for historical nihilism.</s><s>Leadership.:Consolidation of power. Political observers have called Xi the most powerful Chinese leader since Mao Zedong, especially since the ending of presidential two-term limits in 2018. Xi has notably departed from the collective leadership practices of his post-Mao predecessors. He has centralised his power and created working groups with himself at the head to subvert government bureaucracy, making himself become the unmistakable central figure of the new administration. Beginning in 2013, the CCP under Xi has created a series of Central Leading Groups: supra-ministerial steering committees, designed to bypass existing institutions when making decisions, and ostensibly make policy-making a more efficient process. The most notable new body is the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " Reforms. It has broad jurisdiction over economic restructuring and social reforms, and is said to have displaced some of the power previously held by the State Council and its premier. Xi also became the leader of the Central Leading Group for Internet Security and Informatization, in charge of cyber-security and Internet policy. The Third Plenum held in 2013 also saw the creation of the National Security Commission of the CCP, another body chaired by Xi, which commentators have said would help Xi consolidate over national security affairs. In the opinion of at least one political scientist, Xi \"has surrounded himself with cadres he met while stationed on the coast, Fujian and Shanghai and in Zhejiang.\" Control of Beijing is seen as crucial to Chinese leaders; Xi has selected Cai Qi, one of the cadres mentioned above, to manage the capital. Xi has also been believed to have diluted the authority of premier Li Keqiang, taking authority over the economy which has generally been considered to be the domain of the premier. In March 2018, the National People's Congress (NPC) passed a set of constitutional amendments including removal of term limits for the president and vice president, the creation of a National Supervisory Commission, as well as enhancing the central role of the CCP. On 17"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " March 2018, the Chinese legislature reappointed Xi as president, now without term limits; Wang Qishan was appointed vice president. The following day, Li Keqiang was reappointed premier and longtime allies of Xi, Xu Qiliang and Zhang Youxia, were voted in as vice-chairmen of the CMC. Foreign minister Wang Yi was promoted to state councillor and General Wei Fenghe was named defence minister. According to the \"Financial Times\", Xi expressed his views of constitutional amendment at meetings with Chinese officials and foreign dignitaries. Xi explained the decision in terms of needing to align two more powerful posts—general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the CMC—which have no term limits. However, Xi did not say whether he intended to serve as party general secretary, CMC chairman and state president, for three or more terms. In its sixth plenary session in November 2021, CCP adopted a historical resolution, a kind of document that evaluated the party's history. This was the third of its kind after ones adopted by Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping, and the document for the first time credited Xi as being the \"main innovator\" of Xi Jinping Thought while also declaring Xi's leadership as being “the key to the great rejuvenation"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " of the Chinese nation\". In comparison with the other historical resolutions, Xi's one did not herald a major change in how the CCP evaluated its history. To accompany the historical resolution, the CCP promoted the terms Two Establishes and Two Safeguards, calling the CCP to unite around and protect Xi's core status within the party. In 2022, Xi appointed his close ally Wang Xiaohong as the Minister of Public Security, giving him further control over the security establishment. The 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, held between 16 and 22 October 2022, has overseen amendments in the CCP constitution and the re-election of Xi as general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the CMC for a third term, with the overall result of the Congress being further strengthening of Xi's power. The newly amended CCP constitution included the terms two establishes and two safeguards, reinforcing Xi's power. It also included concepts promoted by Xi like common prosperity, \"Chinese-style modernization\" and \"whole-process people’s democracy.\" The new Politburo Standing Committee elected just after the CCP Congress was filled almost completely with people close to Xi, with four out of the seven members of the previous PSC including premier Li Keqiang and CPPCC chairman Wang Yang"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " stepping down. Li Qiang, a close Xi ally, became the second-ranking member of the PSC, and was further promoted to premier in 2023. Other allies of Xi, including Cai Qi, Ding Xuexiang and Li Xi have also joined the PSC, and are expected to become first secretary of the CCP Secretariat, first vice premier and secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection respectively. The only remaining members of the previous PSC except Xi were Zhao Leji and Wang Huning, though their ranking and positions changed, and became the NPC Standing Committee and CPPCC chairmen respectively on 10 March 2023. Xi's re-election made him the first party leader since Mao Zedong to serve more than three terms, though Deng Xiaoping ruled the country informally for a longer period. Xi was further re-elected as the PRC president and chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission on 10 March 2023 during the opening of the 14th National People's Congress.</s><s>Leadership.:Consolidation of power.:Cult of personality. Xi has had a cult of personality constructed around himself since entering office with books, cartoons, pop songs and dance routines honouring his rule. Following Xi's ascension to the leadership core"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " of the CCP, he had been referred to as \"Xi Dada\" (, Uncle or Papa Xi), though this stopped in April 2016. The village of Liangjiahe, where Xi was sent to work, has become a \"modern-day shrine\" decorated with CCP propaganda and murals extolling the formative years of his life. The CCP's Politburo named Xi Jinping \"lingxiu\" (), a reverent term for \"leader\" and a title previously only given to Mao Zedong and his immediate successor Hua Guofeng. He is also sometimes called the \"pilot at the helm\" (). On 25 December 2019, the Politburo officially named Xi as \"People's Leader\" (), a title only Mao had held previously.</s><s>Leadership.:Consolidation of power.:Economy and technology. Xi was initially seen as a market reformist, and the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee under him announced that \"market forces\" would begin to play a \"decisive\" role in allocating resources. This meant that the state would gradually reduce its involvement in the distribution of capital, and restructure China's state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to allow further competition, potentially by attracting foreign and private sector players"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " in industries that were previously highly regulated. This policy aimed to address the bloated state sector that had unduly profited from an earlier round of re-structuring by purchasing assets at below-market prices, assets that were no longer being used productively. Xi also launched the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone in August 2013, which was seen as part of the economic reforms. In However, by 2017, Xi's promise of economic reforms has been said to stall by experts. In 2015, the Chinese stock market bubble popped, which led Xi to use state forces to fix the issue. However, from 2012 to 2022, the share of the market value of China's top listed companies has increased from around 10% to over 40%. He has also overseen the relaxation of restrictions on foreign direct investment (FDI) and increased cross-border holdings of stocks and bonds. Xi has increased state control over China's economy, voicing support for SOEs, while also supporting the country's private sector. Under Xi, \"government guidance funds\", public-private investment funds set up by or for government bodies, have raised more than $900 billion for early funding to companies that work in sectors the government deems as strategic. Xi has increased the role of the Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission at the expense"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " of the State Council. His administration made it easier for banks to issue mortgages, increased foreign participation in the bond market, and increased the national currency renminbi's global role, helping it to join IMF's basket of special drawing right. In the 40th anniversary of the launching of Chinese economic reforms in 2018, he has promised to continue reforms but has warned that nobody \"can dictate to the Chinese people\". Xi has also personally made eradicating extreme poverty through \"targeted poverty alleviation\" a key goal. In 2021, Xi declared a \"complete victory\" over extreme poverty, saying that nearly 100 million people have been lifted out of poverty under his tenure, though some experts said that China's poverty threshold was relatively lower than the one set by the World Bank. In 2020, premier Li Keqiang, citing the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) said that China still had 600 million people living with less than 1000 yuan ($140) a month, although an article from \"The Economist\" said that the methodology NBS used was flawed, stating that the figure took the combined income, which was then equally divided. China's economy has grown under Xi, with GDP in nominal terms more than doubling from $8.53 trillion in 2012 to $17.73 trillion"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " in 2021, though the rate of growth has slowed from 7.9% in 2012 to 6% in 2019. Xi has stressed the importance of \"high-quality growth\" rather than \"inflated growth\". His administration pursued a debt-deleveraging campaign, seeking to slow and cut the unsustainable amount of debt China has accrued during its economic growth. Though China's total non-financial-sector debt-to-GDP ratio reached a record 270.9% by 2020 during the COVID-19 crisis, it fell to reach around 262.5% by 2021 before going up again to 273.2% in 2022, mainly due to the pressure put by the zero-COVID policy to local finances. Xi has circulated a policy called \"dual circulation\", meaning reorienting the economy towards domestic consumption while remaining open to foreign trade and investment. Xi has also made boosting productivity in the economy a priority. Xi has attempted to reform the property sector to combat the steep increase in the property prices and to cut Chinese economy's dependence on the real estate sector. In the 19th CCP National Congress, Xi declared \"Houses are built to be inhabited, not for speculation\". In 2020, Xi's government formulated the \"three red lines\" policy that aimed"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " to deleverage the heavily indebted property sector. Xi additionally has supported a property tax, for which he has faced resistance from members of the CCP. Xi's administration has promoted \"Made in China 2025\" plan that aims to make China self-reliant in key technologies, although publicly China de-emphasised this plan due to the outbreak of a trade war with the U.S. Since the outbreak of the trade war in 2018, Xi has revived calls for \"self-reliance\", especially on the matters of technology. In August 2022, Xi's administration has allocated more than $100 billion to support China's efforts at semiconductor independence. The Chinese government has also supported technology companies like Huawei through grants, tax breaks, credit facilities and other forms of assistance, enabling their rise but also leading to countermeasures by the U.S. In November 2020, \"The Wall Street Journal\" reported that Xi personally ordered a halt to Ant Group's initial public offering (IPO), in reaction to its founder Jack Ma criticizing government regulation in finance. Xi's administration has also overseen a decrease in offshore IPOs by Chinese companies, with most Chinese IPOs taking place either in Shanghai or Shenzhen as of 2022, and has increasingly directed funding to IPOs of companies that works in"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " sectors it deems as strategic, including electric vehicles, biotechnology, renewable energy, artificial intelligence, semiconductors and other high-technology manufacturing. Since 2021, Xi has promoted the term \"common prosperity\", a term which he defined as an \"essential requirement of socialism\", described as affluence for all and said entailed reasonable adjustments to excess incomes. Common prosperity has been used as the justification for large-scale crackdowns and regulations towards the perceived \"excesses\" of several sectors, most prominently tech and tutoring industries. The examples of actions taken against tech companies have included fining large tech companies and passing of laws such as the Data Security Law. China also banned private tutoring companies from making profits and teaching school syllabus during weekends and holidays, effectively destroying the whole industry. Xi additionally opened a new stock exchange in Beijing targeted for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which was another part of his common prosperity campaign. There have also been other numerous cultural regulations, such as limiting video game usage by minors to 90 minutes during weekdays and 3 hours during weekends, complete banning of cryptocurrency, cracking down on idol worship, fandom and celebrity culture and cracking down on \"sissy men\". \"The Wall Street Journal\" has also reported in October 2021 that Xi had"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " launched a round of inspections of the country's financial institutions, including state-owned banks, investment funds and financial regulators, on whether their ties to private firms had become too close, with the investigations being led by Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.</s><s>Leadership.:Reforms.</s><s>Leadership.:Reforms.:Agenda announcement. In November 2013, at the conclusion of the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee, the Communist Party delivered a far-reaching reform agenda that alluded to changes in both economic and social policy. Xi signaled at the plenum that he was consolidating control of the massive internal security organization that was formerly the domain of Zhou Yongkang. A new National Security Commission was formed with Xi at its helm. The Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms—another \"ad hoc\" policy coordination body led by Xi upgraded to a commission in 2018—was also formed to oversee the implementation of the reform agenda. Termed \"comprehensive deepening reforms\" (), they were said to be the most significant since Deng Xiaoping's 1992 Southern Tour. The plenum also announced economic reforms and resolved to abolish the \"laogai\" system of \"re-education through labour\", which was largely seen as a blot on China"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": "'s human rights record. The system has faced significant criticism for years from domestic critics and foreign observers. In January 2016, a two-child policy replaced the one-child policy, which was in turn was replaced with a three-child policy in May 2021. In July 2021, all family size limits as well as penalties for exceeding them were removed.</s><s>Leadership.:Reforms.:Political reforms. Xi's administration taken a number of changes to the structure of the CCP and state bodies, especially in a large overhaul in 2018. In March 2014, the CCP Central Committee merged the Office for External Propaganda (OEP), externally known as the State Council Information Office (SCIO), to the CCP's Central Propaganda Department. SCIO is now used by the Central Propaganda Department as an external name under an arrangement called \"one institution with two names\". February earlier that year oversaw the creation of the Central Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization. The State Internet Information Office (SIIO), previously under the OEP and SCIO, was transferred to the central leading group and renamed in English into the Cyberspace Administration of China. As part of managing the financial system, the Financial Stability and Development Committee, a State Council body, was established in 2017"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": ". Chaired by vice premier Liu He during its existence, the committee was disestablished by the newly established Central Financial Commission during the 2023 Party and state reforms. 2018 has seen larger reforms to the bureaucracy. In that year, several central leading groups including reform, cyberspace affairs, finance and economics. and foreign affairs were upgraded to commissions. In the area of media, the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television (SAPPRFT) was renamed into the National Radio and Television Administration (NRTA) with its film, news media and publications being transferred to the Central Propaganda Department. Additionally, the control of China Central Television (CCTV, including its international edition, China Global Television), China National Radio (CNR) and China Radio International (CRI) were transferred to the newly established China Media Group (CMG) under the control of the Central Propaganda Department. Two State Council departments. one dealing with overseas Chinese, and other one dealing with religious affairs, were merged into the United Front Work Department while another commission dealing with ethnic affairs was brought under formal UFWD leadership. 2023 has seen further reforms to the CCP and state bureaucracy, most notably the strengthening of Party control over the financial and technology domains. This included"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " the creation of two CCP bodies for overseeing finance; the Central Financial Commission (CFC), as well as the revival of the Central Financial Work Commission (CFWC) that was previously dissolved in 2002. The CFC would broadly manage the financial system while the CFWC would focus on strengthening the ideological and political role of the CCP in the sector. Additionally, a new CCP Central Science and Technology Commission would be established to broadly oversee the technology sector, while a newly created Social Work Department was tasked with CCP interactions with several sectors, including civic groups, chambers of commerce and industry groups, as well as handling public petition and grievance work. A new Central Hong Kong and Macau Work Office would also be established, with the State Council's Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office being turned into the new body's external name. At the State Council, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission would be replaced by the State Administration of Financial Supervision (SAFS), which would take a much larger responsibility on financial regulation, effectively overseeing all financial activities except the securities industry, which was continued to be regulated by the China Securities Regulatory Commission, now elevated to a government body. Several regulatory responsibilities were also transferred from the People's Bank of China (PBoC) to the SAFS, while the"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " PBoC will also reopen offices around the country that were closed in a previous reorganization.</s><s>Leadership.:Reforms.:Legal reforms. The party under Xi announced a raft of legal reforms at the Fourth Plenum held in the fall 2014, and he called for \"Chinese socialistic rule of law\" immediately afterwards. The party aimed to reform the legal system, which had been perceived as ineffective at delivering justice and affected by corruption, local government interference and lack of constitutional oversight. The plenum, while emphasizing the absolute leadership of the party, also called for a greater role of the constitution in the affairs of state and a strengthening of the role of the National People's Congress Standing Committee in interpreting the constitution. It also called for more transparency in legal proceedings, more involvement of ordinary citizens in the legislative process, and an overall \"professionalization\" of the legal workforce. The party also planned to institute cross-jurisdictional circuit legal tribunals as well as giving provinces consolidated administrative oversight over lower level legal resources, which is intended to reduce local government involvement in legal proceedings.</s><s>Leadership.:Reforms.:Military reforms. Since taking power in 2012, Xi has undertaken an overhaul of the People's Liberation Army. Military-civil fusion has advanced under Xi"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": ". Xi has been active in his participation in military affairs, taking a direct hands-on approach to military reform. In addition to being the Chairman of the CMC and leader of the Central Leading Group for Military Reform founded in 2014 to oversee comprehensive military reforms, Xi has delivered numerous high-profile pronouncements vowing to clean up malfeasance and complacency in the military. Xi has repeatedly warned that the depoliticization of the PLA from the CCP would lead to a collapse similar to that of the Soviet Union. Xi held the New Gutian Conference in 2014, gathering China's top military officers, re-emphasizing the principle of \"the party has absolute control over the army\" first established by Mao at the 1929 Gutian Conference. Xi announced a reduction of 300,000 troops from the PLA in 2015, bringing its size to 2 million troops. Xi described this as a gesture of peace, while analysts such as Rory Medcalf have said that the cut was done to reduce costs as well as part of PLA's modernization. On 2016, he reduced the number of theater commands of the PLA from seven to five. He has also abolished the four autonomous general departments of the PLA, replacing them with 15 agencies directly reporting to the CMC. Two new"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " branches of the PLA were created under his reforms, the Strategic Support Force and the Joint Logistics Support Force. On 21 April 2016, Xi was named commander-in-chief of the country's new Joint Operations Command Center of the PLA by Xinhua News Agency and the broadcaster China Central Television. Some analysts interpreted this move as an attempt to display strength and strong leadership and as being more \"political than military\". According to Ni Lexiong, a military affairs expert, Xi \"not only controls the military but also does it in an absolute manner, and that in wartime, he is ready to command personally\". According to a University of California, San Diego expert on Chinese military, Xi \"has been able to take political control of the military to an extent that exceeds what Mao and Deng have done\".</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy. Xi has taken a harder line on security issues as well as foreign affairs, projecting a more nationalistic and assertive China on the world stage. His political program calls for a China more united and confident of its own value system and political structure. Foreign analysts and observers have frequently said that Xi's main foreign policy objective is to restore China's position on the global stage as a great power. Xi advocates \"baseline thinking\" in China's"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " foreign policy: setting explicit red lines that other countries must not cross. In the Chinese perspective, these tough stances on baseline issues reduce strategic uncertainty, preventing other nations from misjudging China's positions or underestimating China's resolve in asserting what it perceives to be in its national interest. Xi stated during the 20th CCP National Congress that he wanted to ensure China \"leads the world in terms of composite national strength and international influence\" by 2049. Xi has promoted \"major-country diplomacy\" (), stating that China is already a \"big power\" and breaking away from previous Chinese leaders who had a more precautious diplomacy. He has adopted a hawkish foreign policy posture called \"wolf warrior diplomacy\", while his foreign policy thoughts are collectively known as \"Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy\". In March 2021, he said that \"the East is rising and the West is declining\" (), saying that the power of the Western world was in decline and their COVID-19 response was an example of this, and that China was entering a period of opportunity because of this. Xi has frequently alluded to \"community with a shared future for mankind\", which Chinese diplomats have said doesn't imply an intention to change the international order, but which foreign observers say China wants a new order"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " that puts it more at the centre. Under Xi, China has, along with Russia, also focused on increasing relations with the Global South in order to blunt the effect of Western sanctions. Xi has put an emphasis on increasing China's \"international discourse power\" () to create a more favorable global opinion of China in the world. In this pursuit, Xi has emphasised the need to \"tell China's story well\" (), meaning expanding China's external propaganda () and communications. Xi has expanded the focus and scope of the united front, which aims to consolidate support for CCP in non-CCP elements both inside and outside China, and has accordingly expanded the United Front Work Department.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:Security. Under Xi, China has promoted reformation of the international system, with Xi calling for a \"rejection of hegemonic power structures in global governance\". Addressing a regional conference in Shanghai on 21 May 2014, he called on Asian countries to unite and forge a way together, rather than get involved with third party powers, seen as a reference to the United States. \"Matters in Asia ultimately must be taken care of by Asians. Asia's problems ultimately must be resolved by Asians and Asia's security ultimately must be protected by Asians\", he told the"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " conference. In 2022, Xi proposed the Global Security Initiative (GSI), aiming to create a new global security architecture, incorporating the term \"indivisible security\", a concept also supported by Russia. He has also advocated for international security cooperation; during a meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in September 2021, he spoke out against \"interference in other countries’ internal affairs\", and called for joint cooperation in warding off against \"colour revolutions\".</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:Africa. Under Xi, China has cut back lending to Africa after fears that African countries couldn't repay their debts to China. Xi has also promised that China would write off debts of some African countries. In November 2021, Xi promised African nations 1 billion doses of China's COVID-19 vaccines, which was in addition to the 200 million already supplied before. This has been said to be part of China's vaccine diplomacy.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:European Union. China's efforts under Xi has been for the European Union (EU) to stay in a neutral position in their contest with the U.S. China and the EU announced the Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) in 2020, although the deal was later frozen due to mutual sanctions over"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " Xinjiang. Xi has supported calls for EU to achieve \"strategic autonomy\", and has also called on the EU to view China \"independently\".</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:India. Relations between China and India had ups and downs under Xi, later deteriorating due to various factors. In 2013, the two countries had a standoff in Depsang for three weeks, which ended with no border change. In 2017, the two countries again had a standoff over a Chinese construction of a road in Doklam, a territory both claimed by Bhutan, India's ally, and China, though by 28 August, both countries mutually disengaged. The most serious crisis in the relationship came when the two countries had a deadly clash in 2020 at the Line of Actual Control, leaving some soldiers dead. The clashes created a serious deterioration in relations, with China seizing a small chunk of territory that India controlled.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:Japan. China–Japan relations have initially soured under Xi's administration; the most thorny issue between the two countries remains the dispute over the Senkaku islands, which China calls Diaoyu. In response to Japan's continued robust stance on the issue, China declared an Air Defense Identification Zone in November 2013. However"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": ", the relations later started to improve, with Xi being invited to visit in 2020, though the trip was later delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In August 2022, Kyodo News reported that Xi personally decided to let ballistic missiles to land within Japan's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) during the military exercises held around Taiwan, to send a warning to Japan.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:Taiwan. In 2015, Xi met with Taiwanese president Ma Ying-jeou, which marked the first time the political leaders of both sides of the Taiwan Strait have met since the end of the Chinese Civil War in Mainland China in 1950. Xi said that China and Taiwan are \"one family\" that cannot be pulled apart. However, the relations started deteriorating after Tsai Ing-wen of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won the presidential elections in 2016. In the 19th Party Congress held in 2017, Xi reaffirmed six of the nine principles that had been affirmed continuously since the 16th Party Congress in 2002, with the notable exception of \"Placing hopes on the Taiwan people as a force to help bring about unification\". According to the Brookings Institution, Xi used stronger language on potential Taiwan independence than his predecessors towards previous DPP governments in Taiwan"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": ". He said that \"we will never allow any person, any organisation, or any political party to split any part of the Chinese territory from China at any time at any form.\" In March 2018, Xi said that Taiwan would face the \"punishment of history\" for any attempts at separatism. In January 2019, Xi Jinping called on Taiwan to reject its formal independence from China, saying: \"We make no promise to renounce the use of force and reserve the option of taking all necessary means.\" Those options, he said, could be used against \"external interference\". Xi also said that they \"are willing to create broad space for peaceful reunification, but will leave no room for any form of separatist activities.\" President Tsai responded to the speech by saying Taiwan would not accept a one country, two systems arrangement with the mainland, while stressing the need for all cross-strait negotiations to be on a government-to-government basis. In 2022, after the Chinese military exercises around Taiwan, the PRC published a white paper called \"The Taiwan Question and China’s Reunification in the New Era\", which was the first white paper regards to Taiwan since 2000. The paper urged Taiwan to become a special administrative region of the PRC under the one country"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " two systems formula, and said that \"a small number of countries, the U.S. foremost amongst them\" are \"using Taiwan to contain China\". Notably, the new white paper excluded a part that previously said the PRC would not send troops or officials to Taiwan after unification.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:Middle East. While China has historically been wary of getting closer to the Middle East countries, Xi has changed this approach. China has grown closer to both Iran and Saudi Arabia under Xi. During a visit to Iran in 2016, Xi proposed a large cooperation program with Iran, a deal that was later signed in 2021. China has also sold ballistic missiles to Saudi Arabia and is helping build 7,000 schools in Iraq. In 2013, Xi proposed a peace deal between Israel and Palestine that entails a two-state solution based on the 1967 borders. Turkey, with whom relations were long strained over Uyghurs, has also grown closer to China. On 10 March 2023, Saudi Arabia and Iran agreed to restore diplomatic ties cut in 2016 after a deal brokered between the two countries by China following secret talks in Beijing.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:North Korea. Under Xi, China has initially taken a more critical stance on North Korea due to"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " its nuclear tests. However, starting in 2018, the relations started to improve due to meetings between Xi and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un. Xi has also supported denuclearization of North Korea, and has voiced support for economic reforms in the country. At the G20 meeting in Japan, Xi called for a \"timely easing\" of sanctions imposed on North Korea. After the 20th CCP National Congress in 2022, \"Rodong Sinmun\", official newspaper of the ruling Workers' Party of Korea, wrote a long editorial praising Xi, titling both Kim and Xi \"Suryong\" (수령), a title historically reserved for North Korea's founder Kim Il-sung.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:Russia. Xi has cultivated stronger relations with Russia, particularly in the wake of the Ukraine crisis of 2014. He seems to have developed a strong personal relationship with president Vladimir Putin. Both are viewed as strong leaders with a nationalist orientation who are not afraid to assert themselves against Western interests. Xi attended the opening ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Under Xi, China signed a $400 billion gas deal with Russia; China has also become Russia's largest trading partner. Xi and Putin met on 4 February 2022 during the run up"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " to the 2022 Beijing Olympics during the massive Russian build-up of force on the Ukrainian border, with the two expressing that the two countries are nearly united in their anti-US alignment and that both nations shared \"no limits\" to their commitments. U.S. officials said that China had asked Russia to wait for the invasion of Ukraine until after the Beijing Olympics ended on 20 February. In April 2022, Xi Jinping expressed opposition to sanctions against Russia. On 15 June 2022, Xi Jinping reasserted China's support for Russia on issues of sovereignty and security. However, Xi also said China is committed to respecting \"the territorial integrity of all countries\", and said China was \"pained to see the flames of war reignited in Europe\". China has additionally kept a distance from Russia's actions, instead putting itself as a neutral party. In February 2023, China released a 12-point peace plan to \"settle the acute crisis in Ukraine\"; the plan was praised by Putin but criticized by the U.S. and European countries. During the war Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy has given a nuanced take to China, saying that the country has the economic leverage to pressure Putin to end the war, adding \"I’m sure that without the Chinese"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " market for the Russian Federation, Russia would be feeling complete economic isolation. That’s something that China can do – to limit the trade [with Russia] until the war is over.\" In August 2022, Zelenskyy said that since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, Xi Jinping had refused all his requests for direct talks with him. He additionally said that while he would like China to take a different approach to the war in Ukraine, he also wanted the relationship to improve every year and said that China and Ukraine shared similar values.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:South Korea. Xi has initially improved relationships with South Korea, and the two countries signed a free-trade agreement in December 2015. Starting in 2017, China's relationship with South Korea soured over the Terminal High Altitude Area Defence (THAAD), a missile defence system, purchase of the latter. which China sees as a threat but which South Korea says is a defence measure against North Korea. Ultimately, South Korea halted the purchase of the THAAD after China imposed unofficial sanctions. China's relations with South Korea improved again under president Moon Jae-in.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:Southeast Asia. Since Xi came to power, China has been rapidly building and militarizing"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " islands in the South China Sea, a decision \"Study Times\" of the Central Party School said was personally taken by Xi. In April 2015, new satellite imagery revealed that China was rapidly constructing an airfield on Fiery Cross Reef in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea. In May 2015, U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter warned the government of Xi to halt its rapid island-building in disputed territory in the South China Sea. In November 2014, in a major policy address, Xi called for a decrease in the use of force, preferring dialogue and consultation to solve the current issues plaguing the relationship between China and its South East Asian neighbors.</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:United States. Xi has called China–United States relations in the contemporary world a \"new type of great-power relations\", a phrase the Obama administration had been reluctant to embrace. Under his administration the Strategic and Economic Dialogue that began under Hu Jintao has continued. On China–U.S. relations, Xi said, \"If [China and the United States] are in confrontation, it would surely spell disaster for both countries\". The U.S. has been critical of Chinese actions in the South China Sea. In 2014, Chinese hackers compromised the computer"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " system of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, resulting in the theft of approximately 22 million personnel records handled by the office. Xi has also indirectly spoken out critically on the U.S. \"strategic pivot\" to Asia. Relations with the U.S. soured after Donald Trump became president in 2017. Since 2018, U.S. and China have been engaged in an escalating trade war. In 2020, the relations further deteriorated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, Xi has called the U.S. the biggest threat to China's development, saying that \"the biggest source of chaos in the present-day world is the United States\". Xi has also scrapped a previous policy in which China didn't challenge the U.S. in most instances, while Chinese officials said that they now see China as an \"equal\" to the U.S. On 6 March 2023, during a speech to the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), Xi said that \"Western countries—led by the U.S.—have implemented all-round containment, encirclement and suppression\" against China, which he said brought \"unprecedentedly severe challenges to our country’s development\".</s><s>Leadership"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": ".:Foreign policy.:Foreign trips as paramount leader. Xi made his first foreign trip as China's paramount leader to Russia on 22 March 2013, about a week after he assumed the presidency. He met with President Vladimir Putin and the two leaders discussed trade and energy issues. He then went on to Tanzania, South Africa (where he attended the BRICS summit in Durban), and the Republic of the Congo. Xi visited the United States at Sunnylands Estate in California in a'shirtsleeves summit' with U.S. President Barack Obama in June 2013, although this was not considered a formal state visit. In October 2013, Xi attended the APEC Summit in Bali, Indonesia. In March 2014, Xi made a trip to Western Europe visiting the Netherlands, where he attended the Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague, followed by visits to France, Germany and Belgium. He made a state visit to South Korea on 4 July 2014 and met with South Korean President Park Geun-hye. Between 14 and 23 July, Xi attended the BRICS leaders' summit in Brazil and visited Argentina, Venezuela, and Cuba. Xi went on an official state visit to India and met with Indian prime minister Narendra Modi in September 2014; he visited New Delhi and also went to Modi's hometown"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " in the state of Gujarat. He went on a state visit to Australia and met with Prime Minister Tony Abbott in November 2014, followed by a visit to the island nation of Fiji. Xi visited Pakistan in April 2015, signing a series of infrastructure deals worth $45 billion related to the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor. During his visit, Pakistan's highest civilian award, the Nishan-e-Pakistan, was conferred upon him. He then headed to Jakarta and Bandung, Indonesia, to attend the Afro-Asian Leaders Summit and the 60th Anniversary events of the Bandung Conference. Xi visited Russia and was the guest-of-honour of Russian president Vladimir Putin at the 2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade to mark the 70th Anniversary of the victory of the allies in Europe. At the parade, Xi and his wife Peng Liyuan sat next to Putin. On the same trip Xi also visited Kazakhstan and met with that country's president Nursultan Nazarbayev, and also met Alexander Lukashenko in Belarus. In September 2015, Xi made his first state visit to the United States. In October 2015, he made a state visit to the United Kingdom, the first by a Chinese leader in a decade. This followed a visit to China in March 2015 by the"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " Duke of Cambridge. During the state visit, Xi met Queen Elizabeth II, British prime minister David Cameron and other dignitaries. Increased customs, trade, and research collaborations between China and the U.K. were discussed, but more informal events also took place including a visit to Manchester City's football academy. In March 2016, Xi visited the Czech Republic on his way to the United States. In Prague, he met with the Czech president, prime minister and other representatives to promote relations and economic cooperation between the Czech Republic and the PRC. His visit was met by a considerable number of protests by Czechs. In January 2017, Xi became the first Chinese paramount leader to plan to attend the World Economic Forum in Davos. On 17 January, Xi addressed the forum in a high-profile keynote, addressing globalization, the global trade agenda, and China's rising place in the world's economy and international governance; he made a series of pledges about China's defense of \"economic globalization\" and climate change accords. Premier Li Keqiang attended the forum in 2015 and Vice-president Li Yuanchao did so in 2016. During the three-day state visit to the country in 2017 Xi also visited the World Health Organization, the United Nations and the International Olympic Committee."
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " On 20 June 2019, Xi visited Pyongyang, becoming the first Chinese leader to visit North Korea since his predecessor Hu Jintao's visit in 2004. On 27 June, he attended the G20 summit in Osaka. On 17 January 2020, Xi visited Myanmar, meeting president Win Myint, state councillor Aung San Suu Kyi and military leader Min Aung Hlaing in Naypyidaw. Between 2020 and 2022, Xi paused foreign travel, speculated to be due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 14 February 2022, Xi visited Astana, Kazakhstan, his first trip overseas since the start of the pandemic, meeting president Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. A day later, he visited Uzbekistan to attend the 2022 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit. There he met with Central Asian leaders as well as Russian president Vladimir Putin, his first since Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022. Between 15 and 16 November 2022, Xi attended the G20 Summit in Bali, meeting numerous world leaders including the US president Joe Biden, Australian prime minister Antony Albanese, French president Emmanuel Macron and South Korean president Yoon Suk-yeol. Between 16 and 19 November, he attended the APEC Summit in Thailand, meeting leaders including Japanese prime minister"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " Fumio Kishida, New Zealand prime minister Jacinda Ardern, Thai prime minister Prayut Chan-o-cha and US vice president Kamala Harris. Between 7 and 10 December, he visited Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, where he met king Salman, and crown prince and prime minister Mohammed bin Salman. He also met with numerous Arab leaders, including members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. During the meeting, he signed numerous commercial deals with Saudi Arabia and formally elevated the relationship to comprehensive strategic partnership, highest level in China's formal ranking of relations with other countries. Between 20 and 22 March 2023, Xi visited Moscow, Russia, in what was his first trip overseas after the 2023 National People's Congress. The visited came at the backdrop of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, as well as an arrest warrant for Russian president Vladimir Putin issued by the International Criminal Court. During the visit, Xi met with Putin, as well as prime minister Mikhail Mishustin. Putin and Xi signed a joint statement vowing to expand ties, and officially promoted a new \"multipolar world\".</s><s>Leadership.:Foreign policy.:Economic relations. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was unveiled by Xi in September and October 2013 during visits to Kazakhstan and Indonesia, and"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " was thereafter promoted by Premier Li Keqiang during state visits to Asia and Europe. Xi made the announcement for the initiative while in Astana, Kazakhstan, and called it a \"golden opportunity\". BRI has been called Xi's \"signature project\", involving numerous infrastructure development and investment projects throughout Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. BRI was added to the CCP Constitution at the closing session of the 19th Party Congress on 24 October 2017, further elevating its importance. Since the BRI was launched, China became the world's largest lender, lending about $1 trillion in a decade to almost 150 countries. However, by 2022, many BRI projects have stalled, and most of China's debt became held by countries in financial distress, leading the Chinese leaders to adopt a more conservative approach to BRI, dubbed as \"Belt and Road Initiative 2.0\". Xi officially proposed the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) in October 2013 during a visit to Indonesia, which officially launched in January 2016. The membership of the AIIB has included numerous countries, including allies of the United States and Western countries, despite opposition from the US. Since its launch until 2022, AIIB has invested $36.43 billion to 190 projects."
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " Xi's tenure has seen a signing of several free-trade deals, including with Australia in 2014, South Korea in 2015, and the larger Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in 2020. Xi has also expressed his interest in China joining the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), with China formally applying to join in September 2021.</s><s>Leadership.:National security. Xi has devoted a large amount of work towards national security, calling for a \"holistic national security architecture\" that encompasses \"all aspects of the work of the party and the country\". During a private talk with U.S. president Obama and vice president Biden, he said that China had been a target of \"colour revolutions\", foreshadowing his focus on national security. Since its creation by Xi, the National Security Commission has established local security committees, focusing on dissent. In the name of national security, Xi's government has passed numerous laws including a counterespionage law in 2014, national security and a counterterrorism law in 2015, a cybersecurity law and a law restricting foreign NGOs in 2016, a national intelligence law in 2017, and a data security law in 2021. Under Xi, China's mass surveillance network has dramatically grown, with comprehensive profiles being built for each citizen"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": ".</s><s>Leadership.:Hong Kong. During his leadership, Xi has supported and pursued a greater political and economic integration of Hong Kong to mainland China, including through projects such as the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge. He has pushed for the Greater Bay Area project, which aims to integrate Hong Kong, Macau, and nine other cities in Guangdong. Xi's push for greater integration has created fears of decreasing freedoms in Hong Kong. Many of views held by the central government and eventually implemented in Hong Kong were outlined in a white paper published by the State Council in 2014 named \"The Practice of the 'One Country, Two Systems' Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region\", which outlined that the China's central government has \"comprehensive jurisdiction\" over Hong Kong. Under Xi, the Chinese government also declared the Sino-British Joint Declaration to be legally void. In August 2014, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) made a decision allowing universal suffrage for the 2017 election of the chief executive of Hong Kong, but also requiring the candidates to \"love the country, and love Hong Kong\", as well as other measures that ensured the Chinese leadership would be the ultimate decision-maker on the selection"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": ", leading to protests, and the eventual rejection of the reform bill in the Legislative Council due to a walk-out by the pro-Beijing camp to delay to vote. In the 2017 chief executive election, Carrie Lam was victorious, reportedly with the endorsement of the CCP Politburo. Xi has supported the Hong Kong Government and Carrie Lam against the protesters in the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, which broke out after a proposed bill that would allow extraditions to China. He has defended the Hong Kong police's use of force, saying that \"We sternly support the Hong Kong police to take forceful actions in enforcing the law, and the Hong Kong judiciary to punish in accordance with the law those who have committed violent crimes.\" While visiting Macau on 20 December 2019 as part of the 20th anniversary of its return to China, Xi warned of foreign forces interfering in Hong Kong and Macau, while also hinting that Macau could be a model for Hong Kong to follow. In 2020, the NPCSC passed a national security law in Hong Kong that dramatically expanded government clampdown over the opposition in the city; amongst the measures were the dramatic restriction on political opposition and the creation of a central government office outside Hong Kong jurisdiction to oversee the enforcement of the law. This was"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " seem as the culmination of a long-term project under Xi to further closely integrate Hong Kong with the mainland. Xi visited Hong Kong as president in 2017 and 2022, in the 20th and 25th anniversary of the handover of Hong Kong respectively. In his 2022 visit, he swore in John Lee as chief executive, a former police officer that was backed by the Chinese government to expand control over the city. While in the city, he said Hong Kong had moved from \"chaos\" to \"stability\". Since John Lee became chief executive, Hong Kong government officials including Lee himself have shown public displays of loyalty towards Xi, similar to the mainland but previously unheard in the city.</s><s>Leadership.:Human rights. According to the Human Rights Watch, Xi has \"started a broad and sustained offensive on human rights\" since he became leader in 2012. The HRW also said that repression in China is \"at its worst level since the Tiananmen Square massacre.\" Since taking power, Xi has cracked down on grassroots activism, with hundreds being detained. He presided over the 709 crackdown on 9 July 2015, which saw more than 200 lawyers, legal assistants and human rights activists being detained. His term has seen the arrest and imprisonment of activists such as Xu Zhiy"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": "ong, as well as numerous others who identified with the New Citizens' Movement. Prominent legal activist Pu Zhiqiang of the Weiquan movement was also arrested and detained. In 2017, the local government of the Jiangxi province told Christians to replace their pictures of Jesus with Xi Jinping as part of a general campaign on unofficial churches in the country. According to local social media, officials \"transformed them from believing in religion to believing in the party\". According to activists, \"Xi is waging the most severe systematic suppression of Christianity in the country since religious freedom was written into the Chinese constitution in 1982\", and according to pastors and a group that monitors religion in China, has involved \"destroying crosses, burning bibles, shutting churches and ordering followers to sign papers renouncing their faith\". Under Xi, the CCP has embraced assimilationist policies towards ethnic minorities, scaling back affirmative action in the country by 2019, and scrapping a wording in October 2021 that guaranteed the rights of minority children to be educated in their native language, replacing it with one that emphasized teaching the national language. In 2020, Chen Xiaojiang was appointed as head of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, the first Han Chinese head of the body since 1954. On 24 June 2022, Pan Yue, another"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " Han Chinese, became the head of the commission, with him reportedly holding assimilationist policies toward ethnic minorities. Xi outlined his official views relations between the majority Han Chinese and ethnic minorities by saying \"[n]either Han chauvinism nor local ethnic chauvinism is conducive to the development of a community for the Chinese nation\".</s><s>Leadership.:Human rights.:Xinjiang. Following several terrorist attacks in Xinjiang in 2013 and 2014, the CCP leaders help a secret meeting to find a solution to the attacks, leading to Xi to launch the Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism in 2014, which involved mass detention, and surveillance of ethnic Uyghurs there. Xi made an inspection tour in Xinjiang between 27 and 30 April in 2014. The program was massively expanded in 2016, after the appointment of Chen Quanguo as the Xinjiang CCP secretary. The campaign included the detainment of 1.8 million people in internment camps, mostly Uyghurs but also including other ethnic and religious minorities, by 2020, and a birth suppression campaign that led to a large drop in the Uyghur birth rate by 2019. Various human rights groups and former inmates have described the camps as \"concentration camps\", where Uyghurs and other minorities have"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " been forcibly assimilated into China's majority ethnic Han society. This program has been called a genocide by some observers, while a report by the UN Human Rights Office said they may amount to crimes against humanity. Internal Chinese government documents leaked to the press in November 2019 showed that Xi personally ordered a security crackdown in Xinjiang, saying that the party must show \"absolutely no mercy\" and that officials use all the \"weapons of the people's democratic dictatorship\" to suppress those \"infected with the virus of extremism\". The papers also showed that Xi repeatedly discussed about Islamic extremism in his speeches, likening it to a \"virus\" or a \"drug\" that could be only addressed by \"a period of painful, interventionary treatment.\" However, he also warned against the discrimination against Uyghurs and rejected proposals to eradicate Islam in China, calling that kind of viewpoint \"biased, even wrong\". Xi's exact role in the building of internment camps has not been publicly reported, though he's widely believed to be behind them and his words have been the source for major justifications in the crackdown in Xinjiang. In the Xinjiang Police Files leaked in 2022, a document quoting Minister of Public Security Zhao Kezhi suggested that Xi had been aware of the internment camps"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": ".</s><s>Leadership.:COVID-19 pandemic. On 20 January 2020, Xi commented for the first time on the emerging COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, and ordered \"efforts to curb the spread\" of the virus. He gave premier Li Keqiang some responsibility over the COVID-19 response, in what has been suggested by \"The Wall Street Journal\" was an attempt to potentially insulate himself from criticism if the response failed. The government initially responded to the pandemic with a lockdown and censorship, with the initial response causing widespread backlash within China. He met with Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO), on 28 January. \"Der Spiegel\" reported that in January 2020 Xi pressured Tedros Adhanom to hold off on issuing a global warning about the outbreak of COVID-19 and hold back information on human-to-human transmission of the virus, allegations denied by the WHO. On 5 February, Xi met with Cambodian prime minister Hun Sen in Beijing, the first foreign leader allowed into China since the outbreak. After the COVID-19 outbreak got under control in Wuhan, Xi visited the city on 10 March. After getting"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " the outbreak in Wuhan under control, Xi has favoured what has officially been termed \"dynamic zero-COVID policy\" that aims to control and suppress the virus as much as possible within the country's borders. This has involved local lockdowns and mass-testing. While initially credited for China's suppression of the COVID-19 outbreak, the policy was later criticized by foreign and some domestic observers for being out of touch with the rest of the world and taking a heavy toll on the economy. This approach has especially come under criticism during a 2022 lockdown on Shanghai, which forced millions to their homes and damaged the city's economy, denting the image of Li Qiang, close Xi ally and Party secretary of the city. Conversely, Xi has said that the policy was designed to protect people's life safety. On 23 July 2022, the National Health Commission reported that Xi and other top leaders have taken the local COVID-19 vaccines. At the 20th CCP Congress, Xi confirmed the continuation of the zero-COVID policy, stating he would \"unswervingly\" carry out \"dynamic zero-COVID\" and promising to \"resolutely win the battle,\" though China started a limited easing of the policies in the following weeks. In November 2022,"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " protests broke out against China's COVID-19 policies, with a fire in a high-rise apartment building in Ürümqi being the trigger. The protests were held in multiple major cities, with some of the protesters demanding the end of Xi's and the CCP's rule. The protests were mostly suppressed by December, though the government further eased COVID-19 restrictions in the time since. On 7 December 2022, China announced large-scale changes to its COVID-19 policy, including allowing quarantine at home for mild infections, reducing of PCR testing, and decreasing the power of local officials to implement lockdowns.</s><s>Leadership.:Environmental policy. In September 2020, Xi announced that China will \"strengthen its 2030 climate target (NDC), peak emissions before 2030 and aim to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060\". If accomplished, this would lower the expected rise in global temperature by 0.2–0.3 °C – \"the biggest single reduction ever estimated by the Climate Action Tracker\". Xi mentioned the link between the COVID-19 pandemic and nature destruction as one of the reasons for the decision, saying that \"Humankind can no longer afford to ignore the repeated warnings of nature.\" On 27 September, Chinese scientists presented a detailed"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " plan how to achieve the target. In September 2021, Xi announced that China will not build \"coal-fired power projects abroad, which was said to be potentially \"pivotal\" in reducing emissions. The Belt and Road Initiative did not include financing such projects already in the first half of 2021. Xi Jinping did not attend COP26 personally. However, a Chinese delegation led by climate change envoy Xie Zhenhua did attend. During the conference, the United States and China agreed on a framework to reduce GHG emission by co-operating on different measures.</s><s>Leadership.:Governance style. Known as a very secretive leader, little is known publicly about how Xi makes political decisions, or how he came to power. Xi's speeches generally get released months or years after they are made. Xi has also never given a press conference since becoming paramount leader, except in rare joint press conferences with foreign leaders. \"The Wall Street Journal\" reported that Xi prefers micromanaging in governance, in contrast to previous leaders such as Hu Jintao who left details of major policies to lower-ranking officials. Reportedly, ministerial officials try to get Xi's attention in various ways, with some creating slide shows and audio reports. \"The Wall Street Journal\" also reported that"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " Xi created a performance-review system in 2018 to give evaluations on officials on various measures, including loyalty. According to \"The Economist\", Xi's orders have generally been vague, leaving lower level officials to interpret his words. Chinese state media Xinhua News Agency said that Xi \"personally reviews every draft of major policy documents\" and \"all reports submitted to him, no matter how late in the evening, were returned with instructions the following morning\". Xi called for officials to practice self-criticism which, according to observers, is in order to appear less corrupt and more popular among the people.</s><s>Political positions.</s><s>Political positions.:Chinese Dream. Xi and CCP ideologues coined the phrase \"Chinese Dream\" to describe his overarching plans for China as its leader. Xi first used the phrase during a high-profile visit to the National Museum of China on 29 November 2012, where he and his Standing Committee colleagues were attending a \"national revival\" exhibition. Since then, the phrase has become the signature political slogan of the Xi era. The origin of the term \"Chinese Dream\" is unclear. While the phrase has been used before by journalists and scholars, some publications have posited the term likely drew its inspiration from the concept of the American Dream. \"The Economist"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": "\" noted the abstract and seemingly accessible nature of the concept with no specific overarching policy stipulations may be a deliberate departure from the jargon-heavy ideologies of his predecessors. Xi has linked the \"Chinese Dream\" with the phrase \"great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation\".</s><s>Political positions.:Cultural revival. In recent years, top political leaders of the CCP such as Xi have overseen the rehabilitation of ancient Chinese philosophical figures like Han Fei into the mainstream of Chinese thought alongside Confucianism. At a meeting with other officials in 2013, he quoted Confucius, saying \"he who rules by virtue is like the Pole Star, it maintains its place, and the multitude of stars pay homage.\" While visiting Shandong, the birthplace of Confucius, in November, he told scholars that the Western world was \"suffering a crisis of confidence\" and that the CCP has been \"the loyal inheritor and promoter of China's outstanding traditional culture.\" According to several analysts, Xi's leadership has been characterised by a resurgence of the ancient political philosophy Legalism. Han Fei gained new prominence with favourable citations; one sentence of Han Fei's that Xi quoted appeared thousands of times in official Chinese media at the local, provincial, and national levels. Xi has additionally supported the"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " Neo-Confucian philosopher Wang Yangming, telling local leaders to promote him. Xi has also overseen a revival of traditional Chinese culture, breaking apart from CCP's path, which had often attacked it. He has called traditional culture the \"soul\" of the nation and the \"foundation\" of the CCP's culture. Hanfu, the traditional dress of Han Chinese, has seen a revival under him, associated with the revival of traditional culture.</s><s>Political positions.:Ideology. Xi has said that \"only socialism can save China\". Xi has also declared Deng Xiaoping's socialism with Chinese characteristics to be the \"only correct path to realize national rejuvenation\". According to BBC News, while the CCP was perceived to have abandoned its communist ideology since it initiated economic reforms in the 1970s, Xi is believed by some observers to be more believing in the \"idea of a communist project\", being described as a Marxist–Leninist by former Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd. Xi's emphasis on prioritizing ideology has included re-asserting the eventual realization of communism as the Party's goal and reprimanding those who dismiss communism as impractical or irrelevant. Xi described the communist ideal as the \"calcium\" in a Party member's spine, without which the Party member would suffer"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " the \"osteoporosis\" of political decay and be unable to stand upright. Subscribing to the view that socialism will eventually triumph over capitalism, Xi has said \"Marx and Engels's analysis of the basic contradictions of capitalist society is not outdated, nor is the historical materialist view that capitalism is bound to die out and socialism bound to win\". Xi has overseen the increase of \"Socialist Political Economy With Chinese Characteristics\" as a major study topic for academics in China, aiming to decrease the influence of Western-influenced economics. Though he has called a stop to what he considers to be \"disorderly expansion of capital\", he has also said that \"it is necessary to stimulate the vitality of capital of all types, including nonpublic capital, and give full play to its positive role\". Xi has supported greater CCP control over the PRC, saying \"government, the military, society and schools, north, south, east and west – the party leads them all\". During the 100th anniversary of the CCP in 2021, he said that \"without the Communist Party of China, there would be no new China and no national rejuvenation\", and that \"the leadership of the Party is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics and constitutes the greatest strength"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " of this system\". He has said that China, despite many setbacks, has achieved great progress under the CCP, saying that \"socialism with Chinese characteristics has become the standard-bearer of 21st-century socialist development\". However, he has also warned that it will take a long time for China under the CCP to complete its rejuvenation, and during this timeframe, party members must be vigilant to not let CCP rule collapse. Xi has ruled out a multi-party system for China, saying that \"constitutional monarchy, imperial restoration, parliamentarism, a multi-party system and a presidential system, we considered them, tried them, but none worked\". However, Xi considers China to be a democracy, saying that \"China’s socialist democracy is the most comprehensive, genuine and effective democracy\". China's definition of democracy is different from liberal democracies and is rooted in Marxism–Leninism, and is based on the phrases \"people's democratic dictatorship\" and \"democratic centralism\". Xi has additionally coined the term \"whole-process people's democracy\" which he said was about having \"the people as masters\". Foreign analysts and observers have widely disputed that China is a democracy, saying that it is a one-party authoritarian state and Xi an authoritarian leader. Some observers"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " have called Xi a dictator, citing the large centralisation of power around him unseen compared to his predecessors. Xi has additionally rejected Westernisation as the only way to modernize, instead promoting what he says is \"Chinese-style modernisation\". He has identified five concepts as part of Chinese-style modernisation, including modernisation of a huge population, common prosperity, material and cultural-ethical advancement, harmony between humanity and nature, and peaceful development.</s><s>Political positions.:Ideology.:Document Number Nine. Document No. 9, officially the ″Communiqué on the Current State of the Ideological Sphere″, is a confidential internal document widely circulated within the CCP in 2013 by the party's General Office. It was published in July 2012. The document officially warns of promoting seven dangerous Western values: - Western Constitutional Democracy: an attempt to undermine the current leadership and the socialism with Chinese characteristics system of governance; - \"Universal values\" in an attempt to weaken the theoretical foundations of the Party's leadership; - Civil society in an attempt to dismantle the ruling party's social foundation; - Neoliberalism, attempting to change China's Basic Economic System; - West's idea of journalism, challenging China's principle that the media and publishing system should be subject to Party discipline;"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " - Historical nihilism, trying to undermine the history of the CCP and of New China; and - Questioning Reform and Opening and the socialist nature of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Although it predates Xi Jinping's formal rise to the top party and state posts, the release of this internal document, which has introduced new topics that were previously not \"off-limits\", was being closely associated with Xi Jinping by \"The New York Times\".</s><s>Political positions.:Ideology.:Xi Jinping Thought. In September 2017, the CCP Central Committee decided that Xi's political philosophies, generally referred to as \"Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era\", would become part of the Party Constitution. Xi first made mention of the \"Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era\" in his opening day speech delivered to the 19th Party Congress in October 2017. His Politburo Standing Committee colleagues, in their own reviews of Xi's keynote address at the Congress, prepended the name \"Xi Jinping\" in front of \"Thought\". On 24 October 2017, at its closing session, the 19th Party Congress approved the incorporation of Xi Jinping Thought into the Constitution of the CCP, while in March 2018, the National People's Congress changed the state constitution"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " to include Xi Jinping Thought. Xi himself has described the Thought as part of the broad framework created around socialism with Chinese characteristics, a term coined by Deng Xiaoping that places China in the primary stage of socialism. In official party documentation and pronouncements by Xi's colleagues, the Thought is said to be a continuation of Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development, as part of a series of guiding ideologies that embody \"Marxism adopted to Chinese conditions\" and contemporary considerations. It has additionally been described as the \"21st century Marxism\" by two professors in the Central Party School of the CCP. Wang Huning, a top political adviser and a close ally of Xi, has been described as pivotal to developing Xi Jinping Thought. The concepts and context behind Xi Jinping Thought are elaborated in Xi's \"The Governance of China\" book series, published by the Foreign Languages Press for an international audience. Volume one was published in September 2014, followed by volume two in November 2017. An app for teaching Xi Jinping Thought had become the most popular smartphone app in China in 2019, as the country's ruling CCP launched a new campaign that calls on its cadres to immerse themselves in the political"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " doctrine every day. \"Xuexi Qiangguo\" is now the most downloaded item on Apple's domestic App Store, surpassing in demand social media apps such as WeChat and TikTok. In 2021, the government included Xi Jinping Thought in the curriculum including to students from primary schools to university, which created pushback from parents. For much of the preceding 30 years, political ideology and communist doctrine were not a standard taught in Chinese schools until middle school, and textbooks featured a wider set of Chinese leaders with less emphasis on a single leader like Xi.</s><s>Personal life.</s><s>Personal life.:Family. Xi's first marriage was to Ke Lingling, the daughter of Ke Hua, China's ambassador to the United Kingdom in the early 1980s. They divorced within a few years. The two were said to fight \"almost every day\", and after the divorce Ke moved to England. In 1987, Xi married the prominent Chinese folk singer Peng Liyuan. Xi and Peng were introduced by friends as many Chinese couples were in the 1980s. Xi was reputedly academic during their courtship, inquiring about singing techniques. Peng Liyuan, a household name in China, was better known to the public than Xi until his political elevation. The couple"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " frequently lived apart due largely to their separate professional lives. Peng has played a much more visible role as China's \"first lady\" compared to her predecessors; for example, Peng hosted U.S. First Lady Michelle Obama on her high-profile visit to China in March 2014. Xi and Peng have a daughter named Xi Mingze, who graduated from Harvard University in the spring of 2015. While at Harvard, she used a pseudonym and studied Psychology and English. Xi's family has a home in Jade Spring Hill, a garden and residential area in north-western Beijing run by the CMC. In June 2012, \"Bloomberg News\" reported that members of Xi's extended family have substantial business interests, although there was no evidence he had intervened to assist them. The \"Bloomberg\" website was blocked in mainland China in response to the article. Since Xi embarked on an anti-corruption campaign, \"The New York Times\" reported members of his family were selling their corporate and real estate investments beginning in 2012. Relatives of highly placed Chinese officials, including seven current and former senior leaders of the Politburo of the CCP, have been named in the Panama Papers, including Deng Jiagui,</s><s>Personal life.:Personality. Peng described Xi as hardworking and down-"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": "to-earth: \"When he comes home, I've never felt as if there's some leader in the house. In my eyes, he's just my husband.\" Xi was described in a 2011 \"Washington Post\" article by those who know him as \"pragmatic, serious, cautious, hard-working, down to earth and low-key\". He was described as a good hand at problem solving and \"seemingly uninterested in the trappings of high office\".</s><s>Public life. It is hard to gauge the opinion of the Chinese public on Xi, as no independent surveys exist in China and social media is heavily censored. However, he is believed to be widely popular in the country. According to a 2014 poll co-sponsored by the Harvard Kennedy School's Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, Xi ranked 9 out of 10 in domestic approval ratings. A YouGov poll released in July 2019 found that about 22% of people in mainland China list Xi as the person they admire the most, a plurality, although this figure was less than 5% for residents of Hong Kong. In the spring of 2019, the Pew Research Center made a survey on confidence on Xi Jinping among six-country medians based on Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan,"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " Philippines and South Korea. The survey indicated that a median 29% have confidence in Xi Jinping to do the right thing regarding world affairs, meanwhile a median of 45% have no confidence. These numbers are slightly higher than those of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un (23% confidence, 53% no confidence). A poll by Politico and Morning Consult in 2021 found that 5% of Americans have a favorable opinion of Xi, 38% unfavorable, 17% no opinion and 40%, a plurality, never hearing of him. In 2017, \"The Economist\" named him the most powerful person in the world. In 2018, \"Forbes\" ranked him as the most powerful and influential person in the world, replacing Russian President Vladimir Putin, who had been ranked so for five consecutive years. In 2016 and 2021, Reporters Without Borders, an international non-profit and non-governmental organization with the stated aim of safeguarding the right to freedom of information, included Xi among the list of press freedom predators. Unlike previous Chinese leaders, Chinese state media has given a more encompassing view of Xi's private life, although still strictly controlled. According to Xinhua News Agency, Xi would swim one kilometer and walk every day as long as there was time, and is interested in foreign writers"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": ", especially Russian. He is known to love films and TV shows such as \"Saving Private Ryan\", \"The Departed,\" \"The Godfather\" and \"Game of Thrones,\" also praising the independent film-maker Jia Zhangke. The Chinese state media has also cast him as a fatherly figure and a man of the people, determined to stand up for Chinese interests.</s><s>Honors.</s><s>Honors.:Key to the City. Xi holds a \"key to the city\", an honor granted to attending guests to symbolize their significance, in: - Muscatine, Iowa, United States (26 April 1985) - Montego Bay, Jamaica (13 February 2009) - Muscatine, Iowa, United States (14 February 2012) - (3 June 2013) -, Mexico (5 June 2013) -, Argentina (19 July 2014) -, Czech Republic (29 March 2016) - Madrid, Spain (28 November 2018)</s><s>Honors.:Honorary doctorates. - Nazarbayev University (7 September 2013) - University of Johannesburg (11 April 2019) - Saint Petersburg State University (6 June 2019) - King Saud University (8 December 2022)</s><s>Works. - - - - - - -"
},
{
"title": "Xi Jinping",
"text": " - - - - - -</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Works cited. - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - - - - - - - - - - includes McGregor, Richard. \"Xi Jinping's Quest to Dominate China.\" \"Foreign Affairs\" 98 (Sept 2019): 18+. - Magnus, George. \"Red Flags: Why Xi's China is in Danger\" (Yale UP, 2018). - - - Review of comment accompanying Xi's visit. - Describes Xi Jinping's life. - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Xi Jinping",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000483
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Robert Whittaker (fighter).
|
[
{
"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)",
"text": "<s>Robert Whittaker (fighter) Robert John Whittaker (born 20 December 1990) is an Australian professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Middleweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), where he is a former UFC Middleweight Champion. A professional MMA competitor since 2009, Whittaker was a contestant on the first series of \"\" and won the. Whittaker became interim middleweight champion after winning the title at UFC 213; he was promoted to undisputed champion after Georges St-Pierre vacated the UFC Middleweight Championship in 2017. As of January 24, 2023, he is #14 in the UFC men's pound-for-pound rankings, and as of November 15, 2022, he is #2 in the UFC middleweight rankings.</s><s>Background. Whittaker was born at Middlemore Hospital in Ōtāhuhu, Auckland, New Zealand. His father is an Australian of European descent and his mother is of Māori and Samoan descent. Moving to Australia shortly after, Whittaker's father enrolled Robert, aged seven, and his brother in a Goju-ryu Karate school, to encourage them in self-discipline and self-defence. After training in the discipline for"
},
{
"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)",
"text": " a little over eight years, and earning his black belt, his father offered him the chance to change to another sport or drop karate entirely. While his brother decided to drop out, Robert chose to switch to a Hapkido gym run by Henry Perez, following his move to Menai. Not long afterwards, Perez transformed his gym into an MMA gym. Having no other choice, Whittaker began training in MMA and was immediately hooked, choosing MMA as his preferred sport over rugby league. Whittaker prefers not to engage in trash-talk outside of the octagon. As he puts it:</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Early career. In 2008 Whittaker signed with Australia's Xtreme Fighting Championships and made his debut 14 March 2009 against fellow pro debutant Chris Tallowin. Whittaker won the fight via TKO in the first round. Whittaker continued his career with Cage Fighting Championships, going 6-0 inside the promotion from 2009 to 2011, with a notable win over fellow \"\" cast member, Ben Alloway. On 30 October 2011 Whittaker lost his first fight when he travelled to Cotai, Macau for Legend Fighting Championships 6: he fought Hoon Kim and lost"
},
{
"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)",
"text": " via submission in the first round. Whittaker bounced back from the loss and won two consecutive bouts before suffering his second loss to Jesse Juarez, which brought his overall record to 9–2.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship.:The Ultimate Fighter. In 2012, Whittaker's coach, Henry Perez, put him forward for the first series of, which pitted a team of eight Australians against a team of eight men from the United Kingdom, and he was selected as one of the cast members. In his first fight on the show, Whittaker fought Luke Newman. Whittaker landed a punch flush on the chin of Newman after 19 seconds, knocking him unconscious for several minutes. The win moved him onto the semifinal round. The knockout also earned Whittaker an additional $25,000 for \"Knockout of the Season\". In the semifinal, Whittaker was matched against replacement fighter and fellow Team Australia teammate, Xavier Lucas. Whittaker won via knockout at 1:17 in the first round. The win moved Whittaker into the final round of the competition, which would take place live on.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting"
},
{
"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)",
"text": " Championship.:Early UFC fights. Whittaker made his UFC debut on 15 December 2012 at UFC on FX 6, which was also known as \"The Ultimate Fighter: The Smashes Finale\". He would fight Brad Scott to determine the welterweight winner of. Whittaker won the fight via unanimous decision to become the first winner of \"The Ultimate Fighter: The Smashes\" alongside Norman Parke, who was the lightweight winner. Whittaker faced Colton Smith on 25 May 2013 at UFC 160. He won the fight by TKO in the third round. Whittaker faced Court McGee on 28 August 2013 at UFC Fight Night 27. He lost the fight via split decision. Whittaker was expected to face Brian Melancon on 7 December 2013 at UFC Fight Night 33. However, Melancon pulled out of the bout citing an injury and subsequently retired. As a result, Whittaker was removed from the card. Whittaker faced Stephen Thompson on 22 February 2014 at UFC 170. He lost the fight via TKO in the first round. Whittaker faced Mike Rhodes on 28 June 2014 at UFC Fight Night 43. He won the fight via unanimous decision.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship.:Move to middleweight"
},
{
"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)",
"text": ". Whittaker faced Clint Hester in a middleweight bout on 8 November 2014 at UFC Fight Night 55. He won the back-and-forth fight via TKO in the second round. The win also earned Whittaker his first \"Fight of the Night\" bonus award. Whittaker faced Brad Tavares on 10 May 2015 at UFC Fight Night 65. He won the fight via knockout in the first round. The win also earned Whittaker his first \"Performance of the Night\" bonus award. Whittaker was expected to face Michael Bisping on 15 November 2015 at UFC 193. However, Bisping pulled out of the fight on 30 September, citing an elbow injury, and was replaced by Uriah Hall. Whittaker defeated Hall by unanimous decision (30–27, 30–27, and 29–28). Whittaker next faced Rafael Natal on 23 April 2016 at UFC 197. Whittaker won the back and forth fight via unanimous decision. Whittaker faced Derek Brunson on 27 November 2016 at UFC Fight Night 101. He won the back and forth fight via first-round TKO. The win also earned him the \"Performance of the Night and\" the \"Fight of the Night bonus awards.\" Whitt"
},
{
"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)",
"text": "aker faced Ronaldo Souza on 15 April 2017 at UFC on Fox 24. He won by second-round TKO and in the process became the first person to finish Souza since 2008. The win also earned Whittaker his third \"Performance of the Night\" bonus award.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship.:UFC Middleweight Champion. Whittaker fought for the interim middleweight title against Yoel Romero on 8 July 2017 at UFC 213, after Michael Bisping announced a nagging knee injury which would go on to keep him on the sidelines for several months. Whittaker won by unanimous decision, and became the first Australian and first New Zealand born fighter to hold a UFC title. This win earned him the \"Fight of the Night\" bonus award. He missed the remainder of 2017, as he was recovering from a medial knee injury to his left leg. On 7 December 2017, then middleweight champion Georges St-Pierre vacated the title after being diagnosed with colitis. As a result, Whittaker was promoted to undisputed champion. He was slated for his first title defence at UFC 221 against former middleweight champion Luke Rockhold on 10 February 2018 at Perth Arena in Australia. On 13 January 2018, it was reported that"
},
{
"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)",
"text": " Whittaker had pulled out of the event due to an undisclosed injury and would be replaced by Yoel Romero for the interim middleweight championship. The winner of this bout would then face Whittaker in a unification bout. On 20 January 2018, Dana White confirmed that Whittaker was in a serious condition after he was not properly treated from a staph infection in his stomach. A rematch with Romero took place on 9 June 2018 at UFC 225. At the weigh-ins, Romero missed weight, coming in at 186 lbs, 1 pound over the middleweight limit for a title fight. Romero was given additional time to make weight, but he weighed in at 185.2 lbs, 0.2 lbs over the title fight limit. Romero was fined 20% of his fight purse and the fight was contested as a non-title catchweight bout. Whittaker won the fight by a close split decision. Their fight was awarded with 'Fight of The Night' honours. As Romero had failed to make weight, Whittaker received a $100,000 bonus, which would normally have been shared by both fighters. In July 2018, the UFC announced that Whittaker and Kelvin Gastelum had been selected as coaches for Ultimate Fighter 28. On 2 November 2018"
},
{
"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)",
"text": ", it was announced that Whittaker's next middleweight title defence would be against Kelvin Gastelum, in February at UFC 234. However, Whittaker pulled out of the event a few hours beforehand after he was forced to undergo emergency dual surgery immediately, due to an abdominal hernia of the intestine and a twisted and collapsed bowel. Whittaker faced Israel Adesanya on 6 October 2019 at UFC 243. He lost the bout and the championship via second-round knockout.</s><s>Mixed martial arts career.:Ultimate Fighting Championship.:Post UFC Middleweight Championship. Whittaker was scheduled to face Jared Cannonier on 7 March 2020 at UFC 248. However, on 15 January 2020, it was announced Whittaker pulled out of the bout for undisclosed reasons. In late April 2020, Whittaker revealed in an interview that he withdrew from the bout and training altogether due to burnout. Whittaker faced Darren Till on 26 July 2020 at. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Whittaker faced Jared Cannonier on 24 October 2020 at UFC 254. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Whittaker was scheduled to face Paulo Costa on 17 April 2021 at UFC on ESPN 22. However, on March 16 Costa withdrew from the fight due to"
},
{
"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)",
"text": " illness, and he was replaced by Kelvin Gastelum. Whittaker won the fight via unanimous decision. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night award. A rematch between Whittaker and Adesanya for the UFC Middleweight Championship took place on 12 February 2022 at UFC 271. Whittaker lost the bout via unanimous decision. Whittaker was scheduled to face Marvin Vettori June 11, 2022 at UFC 275. However, Whittaker withdrew for undisclosed reasons. The pair was rescheduled to meet at UFC Fight Night 209 on September 3, 2022. Whittaker won the fight via unanimous decision. Whittaker was scheduled to face Paulo Costa on February 12, 2023, at UFC 284. However, Costa disputed the official announcement by the promotion indicating he had never signed a contract and the fight would not take place.</s><s>Freestyle wrestling career. Whittaker began competing in amateur freestyle wrestling tournaments in 2015, when he unexpectedly turned up to compete in the Australia Cup in Canberra. He won each of his three bouts. It was also at the 2015 Australia Cup that Whittaker flagged the possibility of potentially representing Australia in Olympic or Commonwealth wrestling competitions. He returned to the wrestling mat in May 2017 and claimed the Australian National Wrestling"
},
{
"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)",
"text": " Championships gold medal in the 97 kg (213 lbs) division. After winning the national championship, Whittaker entered Australia's 2018 Commonwealth Games 97 kg qualifying tournament in November 2017. He would once again claim first place in his division and in doing so qualified to represent Australia in the 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast, the city in which he made his UFC debut. Following his qualification, Whittaker made it clear he would only compete in the Commonwealth Games if the event did not interfere with his UFC commitments. It was confirmed in March 2018 that Whittaker would be one of eight Australians to compete in the Commonwealth Games wrestling competition in April 2018. However, Whittaker was forced to withdraw from the Games less than three weeks from the event in order not to risk being stripped of his UFC championship title, as the UFC was concerned that an injury incurred during the Commonwealth Games would render him unable to compete for the middleweight championship at UFC 225 against Yoel Romero on 9 June 2018.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:General. - GQ Australia - 2018 GQ Australia Sportsman of the year award</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:Mixed martial arts. - Ultimate Fighting Championship - UFC Middleweight"
},
{
"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)",
"text": " Championship (one time) - Interim UFC Middleweight Championship (one time, first) - First Australian UFC champion - Welterweight Tournament Winner - Knockout of the Season - Fight of the Night (five times) - Performance of the Night (three times) - Superfight Australia - Superfight Australia Welterweight Championship (one time) - MMA Mania.com - UFC/MMA 'Fighter of the Year' 2017 - Top 5 List #2 - Sherdog - 2017 Fighter of the Year - MMA DNA.nl - 2017 Fighter of the Year - 2018 Fight of the Year. - BJPENN.COM - Scrap of the Month for June 2018 - World MMA Awards - 2017 International Fighter of the Year</s><s>Championships and accomplishments.:Freestyle wrestling. - Australia Cup - Winner - 97 kg (2015) - Australian National Wrestling Championships - Gold medal - 97 kg (2017) - Commonwealth Games - Qualified - 97 kg (2018)</s><s>Personal life. Whittaker and his wife Sofia have three sons, John, Jack and Jace, and a daughter, Lilliana. Whittaker also has legal guardianship of his younger half sister and brothers Kerehi and Henry Matafeo.</s><s>Personal life"
},
{
"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)",
"text": ".:Representing both Australia and New Zealand. Whittaker once stated in an interview, \"Pretty much all my mother's side is Kiwi and we have a strong Maori heritage. He said further, \"I feel really privileged to have that Maori blood and link to my past. I got my tattoo out of respect to that.\" Whittaker was born in New Zealand and moved to Australia when he was one month old. As stated in an interview, \"My mother wanted to have me back home, so she came back. After I was born we came back to Australia. It's half of who I am, is Maori, and my mum's roots go back to Samoa.\" When asked about his nationality in an interview with the Australian TV programme \"The Project\", he declared that he had an Australian passport but added that he felt as if he represented both countries as an MMA fighter. In an interview with \"GQ Australia\", he stated:</s><s>Personal life.:Youth clinics for community service. Whittaker has held clinics for youths in his spare time at his home gym, Gracie jiu-jitsu at Smeaton Grange, and also visited several remote Australian Indigenous youth communities at inland New South Wales. Through this community service"
},
{
"title": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)",
"text": ", he hopes to inspire the younger generation to take up combat sports by being a good role model to them. Whittaker has said \"I want to be a good role model for young up-and-coming athletes, and I want to be a role model to men in general. If I could affect a kid, then this whole journey is amazing. To help them to have some sort of a career path in the sport and fitness industry, and if I could do that for one kid even that would make my day.\"</s><s>Mixed martial arts record.</s><s>Freestyle record.! colspan=\"7\"| Senior Freestyle Matches! Res.! Record! Opponent! Score! Date! Event! Location! style=background:white colspan=7 |! style=background:white colspan=7 |! style=background:white colspan=7 |</s><s>See also. - List of current UFC fighters - List of male mixed martial artists</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Robert Whittaker (fighter)",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000484
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Anurag Kashyap.
|
[
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": "<s>Anurag Kashyap Anurag Kashyap (born 10 September 1972) is an Indian filmmaker and actor known for his works in Hindi cinema. He is the recipient of several accolades, including four Filmfare Awards. For his contributions to film, the Government of France awarded him the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Knight of the Order of Arts and letters) in 2013. After writing a television serial, Kashyap got his major break as a co-writer in Ram Gopal Varma's crime drama \"Satya\" (1998) and made his directorial debut with \"Paanch\", which never had a theatrical release due to censorship issues. He then went on to direct \"Black Friday\" (2004), a film based on the by Hussain Zaidi about the 1993 Bombay bombings. Its release was held up for two years by the District Board of Film Certification because of the pending verdict of the case at that time but was released in 2007 to widespread critical appreciation. Kashyap's follow-up, \"No Smoking\" (2007) met with negative reviews and performed poorly at the box-office. His next venture \"Dev.D\" (2009), a modern adaptation of Devdas was a critical and commercial success"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": "; followed by the socio-political drama \"Gulaal\" (2009), and the thriller \"That Girl in Yellow Boots\" (2011). Kashyap's prominence increased with the two-part crime drama, \"Gangs of Wasseypur\" (2012). Kashyap subsequently co-produced the critically acclaimed drama \"The Lunchbox\", and the biographical drama \"Shahid\" (both 2013), the former earned him a BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language nomination. His next films were the anthology \"Bombay Talkies\" (2013), and the drama \"Ugly\" (2014). In 2016, Kashyap directed \"Raman Raghav 2.0\", a film inspired by the serial killer Raman Raghav. His next film was the sports drama \"Mukkabaaz\", which was released in 2018. The same year, he co-directed India's first Netflix Original series, the crime thriller \"Sacred Games\", based on Vikram Chandra's novel of the same name and the romantic drama \"Manmarziyaan\". He is also the co-founder of a film production company, Good Bad Films.</s><s>Early life. Kashyap was born on 10 September 1972 to a Raj"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": "put family in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. His father Sri Prakash Singh is a retired Chief Engineer of the Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited and was posted in Obra Thermal Power Station in Sonbhadra district near Varanasi. He did his early schooling in Green School Dehradun and, age eight onwards, at the Scindia School in Gwalior. Some of the locations used in \"Gangs of Wasseypur\" are also influenced from his own old house where he himself lived with his parents, sister, Anubhuti Kashyap, and brother, Abhinav Kashyap. Abhinav is also a filmmaker, who made his directorial debut with the masala blockbuster, \"Dabangg\" (2010). Anubhuti has been his assistant in most of his films. She made her directorial debut with \"Doctor G\" (2022), a medical campus comedy, starring Ayushmann Khurrana, Rakul Preet Singh, Shefali Shah and Sheeba Chaddha. Owing to his desire to become a scientist, Kashyap went to Delhi for his higher studies and enrolled himself into a zoology course at the"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": " Hansraj College (University of Delhi); he graduated in 1993. He then eventually joined the street theatre group, Jana Natya Manch; and did many street plays. The same year, his couple of friends \"urged [him] to catch a de Sica retrospective\" at the International Film Festival of India. In ten days, he saw 55 films at the festival, and Vittorio De Sica's \"Bicycle Thieves\" was the film that influenced him the most.</s><s>Career. After the de Sica experience, Kashyap arrived in Mumbai in 1993 with INR 5,000 in his pocket. Soon the money ran out, and he spent months on the streets, staying in lofts, \"sleeping on beaches,\" \"under a water tank and in the St Xavier's [college] boys hostel.\" He then managed to find work at Prithvi Theatre, but his first play remained incomplete because the director died.</s><s>Career.:Writer and director.</s><s>Career.:Writer and director.:1990–1999. In 1995, an acquaintance introduced Kashyap to Shivam Nair. The day they met, Kashyap watched \"Taxi Driver\" (1976) at Nair's place,"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": " and the film inspired him to \"write something\". The team of Sriram Raghavan, Sridhar Raghavan and Shiv Subramaniam were working on two projects, one of which was a short TV series, \"Auto Narayan\", based on the life of serial killer Auto Shankar; the second one was a film scripted by Kashyap. \"Auto Narayan\" got delayed because the script written by Subramaniam was not \"working\". Kashyap rewrote the script and got credit for the same, but it was scrapped. In 1997, he wrote the screenplay of Hansal Mehta's first film, \"Jayate\" which failed to find a theatrical release; and episodes of the TV series \"Kabhie Kabhie\" (1997). In 1998, actor Manoj Bajpayee suggested his name to Ram Gopal Varma to write a film. Varma liked Kashyap's \"Auto Narayan\" and hired him, alongside Saurabh Shukla to write the script for his crime film, \"Satya\" (1998). \"Satya\" was a critical and commercial success, and is regarded as one of the best films of Indian cinema. He later collaborated with Varma in"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": " scripting \"Kaun\" (1999) and writing dialogues for \"Shool\" (1999). In 1999, he made a short film, titled \"Last Train to Mahakali\" for television.</s><s>Career.:Writer and director.:2000–2009. While working with Nair, Kashyap came across files related to the Joshi-Abhyankar serial murders that took place in Pune in 1976, which became the inspiration for his directorial debut \"Paanch\". A crime thriller about a group of five friends of a rock band who turn into criminals. The film faced trouble with the Central Board of Film Certification because the board felt that it dealt unapologetically with sex, drugs and celebrated violence. It was cleared by the Board in 2001, but remains unreleased due to some problems faced by the producer. In these years, he also wrote dialogues for many films including \"Paisa Vasool\" (2004), Mani Ratnam's \"Yuva\" (2004), the Canadian film \"Water\" (2005), \"Main Aisa Hi Hoon\" (2005) and \"Mixed Doubles\" (2006). After a failed attempt to make \"Allwyn Kalicharan\" in 2003, Kashyap started working on \""
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": "Black Friday\", a film based on the by Hussain Zaidi about the 1993 Bombay bombings. The Bombay high court put a stay on the release of the film, until the judgement in the bomb blasts case was delivered. It was decided after a petition filed by a group of 1993 bomb blasts accused, challenging the release of the film based on their case. The film got censorship clearance in 2007, and was released after two years meeting universal acclaim. Nikhat Kazmi gave the film a three star out of five rating and mentioned: \"It was indeed a difficult film to make, yet the director has managed to grapple with all the loose threads and put them together in a composite whole. So much so, the film moves like a taut thriller, without ideology coloring the sepia frames.\" The same year, Kashyap adapted Stephen King's short story \"Quitters, Inc.\" into \"No Smoking\". A surrealistic thriller about a chain-smoker who gets trapped in the maze of a person who guarantees will make him quit smoking. The film starring John Abraham, Ayesha Takia, Ranvir Shorey and Paresh Rawal in the leads with music by Vishal Bhardwaj, premiered at the Rome Film Festival. \"No Smoking\" received an"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": " overwhelming negative reception and failed at the box-office. CNN-IBN's Rajeev Masand called it a \"colossal disappointment\". His final release of the year was \"Return of Hanuman\", an animation film about adventures of the Hindu god Hanuman. In 2009, Kashyap had two releases. \"Dev.D\", a contemporary takes on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel \"Devdas\". It was the twelfth film adaptation of the Bengali novel. Starring Abhay Deol who actually pitched the original idea of the film to Kashyap, with Mahie Gill and newcomer Kalki Koechlin portraying the characters of \"Paro\" and Chandramukhi respectively. The film met with generally positive reviews and strong box office results. \"Gulaal\", a political drama, was his final release of that year. Kashyap started working on the film in 2005 and had finished 70–80 per cent of the film in 2006, when its producer fell ill. Later on, Zee Motion Pictures took over the project and was finally finished in 2008 and released on 13 March 2009. Anupama Chopra gave the film three stars and referred to Kashyap as \"the Anti-Y"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": "ash Chopra\". Despite positive reviews, the film underperformed at the box office.</s><s>Career.:Writer and director.:2010s. \"Mumbai Cutting\" (2010), an anthology film, was his next directorial venture. It consisted of eleven short films made by eleven directors. He directed one of the short films. It premiered at the 2008 Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles. In 2011, Kashyap directed \"That Girl in Yellow Boots\", a thriller starring Kalki Koechlin who also co-wrote the film with him. The film was screened at many festivals including 2010 Toronto International Film Festival, 67th Venice International Film Festival, Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles and the London Indian Film Festival. Shot in thirteen days, the film was released in September 2011. Roger Ebert gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising the character-driven film and the portrayal of its lead alongside the city compared to most Hindi films: \" a film like this provides a radically different view of India than you can find in the pleasures and excesses of Bollywood\". In 2012, Kashyap came up with his ambitious directorial venture \"Gangs of Wasseypur\", which screened at the 2012 Cannes Directors' Fortnight, London Indian"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": " Film Festival, Toronto film festival and the Sundance Film Festival in 2013. The film with an ensemble cast, was a two-part crime saga centered on the coal mafia of Dhanbad with the story spanning from the early 1940s to 2009. The first part was released on 22 June, and the second on 8 August 2012, both receiving appreciation from Indian and international critics alike. The combined budget of the two films allowed it to be a box-office success. In 2013, Kashyap directed \"That Day After Everyday\", a 20-minute short film that was released on YouTube; starring Radhika Apte, Geetanjali Thapa and Sandhya Mridul. It showed the story of three working women facing troubles every day, both inside and outside their houses and how they overcome them. Dealing with issues like eve teasing and public molestation, the video got four lakh hits in two days. Speaking about the purpose of the project, Kashyap showed his intention to make people feel angry without offering a solution. The same year he teamed up with Dibakar Banerjee, Zoya Akhtar and Karan Johar to direct \"Murabba\", one of the four segments of anthology film \"Bombay Talkies\"."
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": " It was made to celebrate the 100 years of Indian cinema, and was screened at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. The film did not perform well at the box office, but was well received by critics. His next film was \"Ugly\" (2014), a thriller about the kidnapping of a struggling actor's daughter, and the events followed by it. It was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, receiving a standing ovation. The film's theatrical release was halted for over a year regarding censorship issues over depiction of smoking in it. Though it was released on 26 December 2014 to generally positive reviews. Kashyap's next release was \"Bombay Velvet\" (2015), a period film set in Bombay in the 1960s, based on Princeton University Historian Gyan Prakash's book \"Mumbai Fables\". It stars Ranbir Kapoor, Anushka Sharma and Karan Johar. The film was co-edited by the Academy Award winner editor Thelma Schoonmaker, who is known for her collaboration with Martin Scorsese. Released on 15 May 2015, some critics appreciated its retro-look, performances, styling and music, but criticized its faltered storytelling. It also emerged as a box-office"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": " failure. \"Bombay Velvet\" was Kashyap's dream project and its failure was a huge disappointment to him. In an interview with critic Rajeev Masand, Kashyap stated that at one point he wanted to leave India because he felt that people here did not understand his films but then realized that he did not manage the budget of the film. In 2016, Kashyap co-wrote and directed \"Raman Raghav 2.0\", a thriller inspired by the notorious serial killer Raman Raghav. It starred Nawazuddin Siddiqui as the title character along with Vicky Kaushal. The film premiered at the 2016 Sydney Film Festival and the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, in the Director's Fortnight section to a positive response. After working on \"Raman Raghav 2.0\", Kashyap received a script from Vineet Kumar Singh of \"Mukkabaaz\". He did not like the initial script but was excited by a \"10-minute chunk\" that he had not come across before. He then rewrote the script with his team having the 10-minute as a base. Singh trained himself for six months for the film. The film was screened at 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, the Mumbai Film"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": " Festival and was released theatrically on 12 January 2018. Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV called it \"one of the more important films to have come out of the Mumbai movie industry in recent times.\" In 2018, Kashyap again collaborated with Banerjee, Akhtar and Johar for the anthology film \"Lust Stories\". Based on the theme of lust, it had stories told from the female perspective. Kashyap's story had Radhika Apte and Akash Thosar. The film was released on Netflix on 15 June 2018. It was followed by India's first Netflix Original series, the crime thriller \"Sacred Games\", based on Vikram Chandra's novel of the same name. Kashyap co-directed the series with Vikramaditya Motwane. The show received critical acclaim, with Lincoln Michel of \"GQ\" calling it the \"best Netflix original in years.\" His final directorial venture of the year was \"Manmarziyaan\", a love triangle set in Punjab, starring Abhishek Bachchan, Tapsee Pannu and Vicky Kaushal. Written by Kanika Dhillon, the film was premiered at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival and was released in India on"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": " 16 September to positive reviews. In December 2019, Kashyap launched the audio web-series titled \"Thriller Factory\" which he directed for Amazon's Audible Suno application. It features voices of Tabu and Nawazuddin Siddiqui.</s><s>Career.:Writer and director.:2020s. The next year, Kashyap reunited with his \"Lust Stories\" team to direct the horror anthology film \"Ghost Stories\". His story was about a pregnant woman going through anxiety. It was released on Netflix on 1 January 2020. He continued his association with Netflix and released his directorial venture \"Choked\" (2020) on the same. Starring Saiyami Kher and Roshan Mathew, the film tells the story of a bank cashier who finds a stash of cash hidden in her kitchen sink. In 2022, Kashyap directed the science fiction thriller \"Dobaaraa\". The film is an official remake of the 2018 Spanish film \"Mirage\"; it opened at the London Indian Film Festival and was released theatrically on 19 August 2022. \"Dobaaraa\" met with mostly positive reviews with Tanul Thakur of \"The Wire\" writing: \"A sharp adaptation, the film is deeper than it"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": " cares to admit and never slips into an instructional mode.\" Just months after releasing \"Dobaara\", Kashyap released another directorial venture titled \"Almost Pyaar with DJ Mohabbat\". The musical romantic drama starred Alaya F and debutant Karan Mehta. It had its world premiere at the 2022 Marrakech International Film Festival and the film was released theatrically on 3 February 2023. Anurag Kashyap said in his interview with Baradwaj Rangan at Galatta Plus that he has written 20 films in the Covid-19 Lockdown and been waiting for getting greenlit them as projects.</s><s>Career.:Producer. Kashyap found his production company Anurag Kashyap Films in 2009, which is managed by Guneet Monga. The companies' first film was the critical hit \"Udaan\" (2010), which was screened in the Un Certain Regard category at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival. Since then, he has produced a number of projects including \"Shaitan\" (2011), \"Chittagong\" (2012), \"Aiyyaa\" (2012), \"Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana\" (2012) and \"Shorts"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": "\" (2013). He has also co-produced a number of films that have gone on to film festivals, but are yet to release theatrically, including \"Michael\", \"Peddlers\" and \"Monsoon Shootout\". In 2012, Kashyap produced \"The Last Act\", India's first collaborative feature film from twelve directors to make ten-minute short films, with each film being a part of a larger story written by him. In 2013, his company co-produced the critically acclaimed drama \"The Lunchbox\", which was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language; along with the biographical drama \"Shahid\". The same year Kashyap, with Viacom 18 Motion Pictures co-produced five short films with the theme of 'India is Visual Journey'. The short films were \"Moi Marjaani\", \"Chai\", \"Hidden Cricket\", \"Geek Out\" and \"The Epiphany\". He also served as the creative director in the Amitabh Bachchan starrer TV series \"Yudh\" (2014), and subsequently presented two documentary film's, \"The World Before Her\" (2012) and \"Katiyabaaz\" (2014). In 2011 Kashyap co-"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": "founded his director-driven production company Phantom Films with partnership from Vikas Bahl, Vikramaditya Motwane and Madhu Mantena. The companies first film was the period romance \"Lootera\" (2013), starring Ranveer Singh and Sonakshi Sinha. Based O. Henry's short story, \"The Last Leaf\", the film was critically acclaimed. He then went on to collaborate with Karan Johar's Dharma Productions to produce the romantic comedy \"Hasee Toh Phasee\" (2014). The film starring Parineeti Chopra and Sidharth Malhotra was directed by the debutant Vinil Mathew. Kashyap then co-edited and co-produced the comedy drama \"Queen\", starring Kangana Ranaut. The film was a critical and commercial success, it also won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi. In 2015, Kashyap co-produced Anushka Sharma's production debut \"NH10\", and the sex comedy \"Hunterrr\". Both films proved to be successes. \"Masaan\", was Phantom's fourth release of the year. The film won the FIPRESCI Award and the Promising Future award at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival. The final"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": " release of Phantom of 2015 was \"Shaandaar\", which proved to be a box-office flop. In October the same year, Kashyap teamed up with Ridley Scott and Richie Mehta for Google, as the executive producer for the documentary \"India in a Day\". The project was for people across India to film a snapshot of their day and upload it on Google's official website. The following year, Kashyap collaborated again with Ekta Kapoor to produce \"Udta Punjab\" (2016), a crime drama by the director Abhishek Chaubey that documents the substance abuse endemic in the Indian state of Punjab. \"Udta Punjab\" generated controversy when the Central Board of Film Certification demanded extensive censorship before its theatrical release, citing that the portrayal of Punjab in it was negative. After Kashyap filed a lawsuit against the board, the Mumbai High Court cleared the film for exhibition with a single scene cut. His company, Phantom Films, also produced a Gujarati film \"Wrong Side Raju\", that same year. Kashyap co-produced \"Haraamkhor\" (2017), the survival drama \"Trapped\" (2016) and the superhero film \"Bhavesh Joshi Superhero\" ("
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": "2018). Phantom Films was dissolved in October 2018, largely in response to the sexual assault allegation on Vikas Bahl by a former Phantom employee, which was reported in 2015. Kashyap, and the other three founders issued statements on Twitter confirming the company's disbanding and moving on to independent projects. In 2020, Kashyap launched another production company titled Good Bad Films with partnership from Dhruv Jagasia and Akshay Thakker. Their maiden production was \"Choked.\"</s><s>Career.:Actor. Kashyap has made cameo appearances in his films and those of others, including \"Black Friday\", \"No Smoking\", \"Tera Kya Hoga Johnny\" (2008), \"Luck by Chance\" (2009), \"Dev.D\", \"Gulaal\", \"Soundtrack\" (2011), \"Trishna\" (2011), \"Bhoothnath Returns\" (2014), \"Happy New Year\" (2014) and \"I Am\" (2010), playing a child abuser. The same year, he played a police officer in the short film \"Encounter\" (2010), co-starring Nimrat Kaur. In 2011, he playing the full-fledged role of the antagonist Bunty Bhaiya in Tig"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": "manshu Dhulia's crime thriller \"Shagird\" (2011). In 2016, Kashyap starred in AR Murugadoss's \"Akira\", starring Sonakshi Sinha; where he played the role of a corrupt police officer. In 2017, he acted in the short film titled \"Chhuri\", alongside Tisca Chopra and Surveen Chawla. He also played the role of the antagonist in the Tamil-language thriller \"Imaikkaa Nodigal\" (2018) directed by R. Ajay Gnanamuthu. In 2020, Kashyap played an exaggerated version of himself in \"AK vs AK\" directed by Vikramaditya Motwane, opposite Anil Kapoor. He also wrote the dialogues and served as one of the executive producers.</s><s>Personal life. Kashyap was first married to film editor Aarti Bajaj, with whom he has a daughter, Aaliyah Kashyap. They divorced in 2009. He later married actress Kalki Koechlin, whom he first met during the making of \"Dev D\", at her maternal home in Ooty. In 2013, Kashyap and Koechlin announced that:"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": " \"they are taking time apart from their more than two-year-old marriage.\" In May 2015, they were divorced at the Bandra family court in Mumbai. When asked about his religious views, Kashyap replied: \"I am an atheist. Cinema is the only religion I believe in.\" On 3 March 2021, the Income Tax Department raided 28 locations in Mumbai and Pune in connection with tax evasion by firm Phantom Films connected to Anurag Kashyap. Income Tax Department said it found discrepancy of around ₹300 crore which the Kashyap company official have not been able to explain.</s><s>Style, themes and influences. Kashyap is regarded as an auteur and is credited for pioneering India's indie scene in the early 2000s. While promoting \"Bombay Talkies\" in Anupama Chopra's show, Dibakar Banerjee described Kashyap's aesthetics as \"purely new age or purely Indian\"; projecting \"modern post independence India\" in his films. He prefers shooting on real locations by employing guerrilla-filmmaking techniques with hidden cameras, and often makes his actors improvise their dialogues on set. In \"Ugly\", he did not show the script to any of the lead actors."
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": " He frequently uses hand-held camera and experimental soundtracks. Film maker Zoya Akhtar wrote: \"He has a very strong storytelling style and he proved that you could tell a great story with not a lot of money.\" Actor Ranbir Kapoor said, \"All his films may not be big money spinners but the impact Anurag has, his contribution to Indian cinema, is immense.\" Canadian film critic and festival programmer Cameron Bailey has called Kashyap as \"one of the most knowledgeable filmmaker\". The protagonists of his films often deal with excessive drug, smoke or alcohol consumption, personal guilt, extreme rage and arrogance which leads them into self-shattering situations. Often portrays small but strong female characters. Most of his films deal with realistic scenarios and take clues from real incidents. Like the 1976–77 Joshi-Abhyankar serial murders reference in \"Paanch\", the 1993 Mumbai bombing in \"Black Friday\", the 1999 Delhi hit-and-run case and DPS MMS Scandal in \"Dev.D\" and the depiction of real life gang wars in \"Gangs of Wasseypur\". \"Ugly\" came from his \"personal guilt\" of not spending enough time with his daughter and the fear of losing her. With several real-"
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": "life incidents like IAS officer whose wife filed a case of brutality against him. A song \"Sylvia\" in \"Bombay Velvet\" was named after the Nanavati case, where Sylvia Nanavati was K. M. Nanavati's wife. Kashyap's work inspired British director Danny Boyle, who has cited \"Black Friday\" and \"Satya\" as the inspirations for his Academy Award-winning film \"Slumdog Millionaire\" (2008). Boyle stated that a chase in one of the opening scenes of \"Slumdog Millionaire\" was based on a \"12-minute police chase through the crowded Dharavi slum\" in \"Black Friday\". He also described \"Satya\" \"slick, often mesmerizing\" portrayal of the Mumbai underworld, which included gritty and realistic \"brutality and urban violence,\" directly influenced the portrayal of the Mumbai underworld in \"Slumdog Millionaire\".</s><s>Awards and honours. On 20 May 2013, Kashyap was awarded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters) by the French government at 2013 Cannes Film Festival, when India was the guest country of the festival to commemorate 100 years of Indian cinema."
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": " He has also served as one of the jury members at many film festivals including the 2009 Venice Film Festival, 2013 Sundance Film Festival, 13th Marrakech Film Festival, and the 20th Busan International Film Festival. In 2016, Kashyap was awarded with Yash Bharti Award by the Government of Uttar Pradesh for his contribution in the field of cinema. In 1999, Kashyap shared the Screen Award for Best Screenplay, along with Saurabh Shukla for \"Satya\". The next year, his short film \"Last Train to Mahakali\" won the Special Jury Award at the same awards. His feature film debut \"Black Friday\" won the \"Grand Jury Prize\" at the 3rd Annual Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles, and was a nominee for the Golden Leopard (Best Film) Award at the 57th Locarno International Film Festival. In 2011, Kashyap shared the Best Story and Best Screenplay Award at the 56th Filmfare Awards with Vikramaditya Motwane for \"Udaan\". The next year he shared the Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue with Zeishan Quadri, Sachin Ladia and Akhilesh Jaiswal for \"Gangs of Wasseypur\""
},
{
"title": "Anurag Kashyap",
"text": " at the 58th Filmfare Awards; the film also won the Critics Award Best Movie at the same award show. At the 60th Filmfare Awards, Kashyap won the Filmfare Award for Best Editing with Abhijit Kokate for \"Queen\".</s><s>Filmography. Directed features</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Anurag Kashyap",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000485
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Vijay (actor).
|
[
{
"title": "Vijay (actor)",
"text": "<s>Vijay (actor) Vijay Chandrasekhar (born 22 June 1974), known professionally as Vijay, is an Indian actor and singer who works predominantly in Tamil cinema. He is among the highest paid actors in India and has featured in \"Forbes India\"'s Celebrity 100 list since 2012. He has played the lead in 66 films and the \"International Business Times\" framed him as a \"consistent performer\". Referred to as \"Thalapathy\", Vijay has a significant following internationally. He has won several awards, including a South Indian International Movie Award.</s><s>Early life and family. Vijay was born as Joseph Vijay Chandrasekhar in a Tamil speaking family on 22 June 1974 in Madras (now Chennai), Tamil Nadu. His father S. A. Chandrasekhar is a Tamil film director and his mother Shoba Chandrasekhar is a playback singer and carnatic vocalist. His father is of Christian descent and his mother is Hindu. Vijay was baptised at the age of 12. Vijay had a sister, Vidhya, who died when she was two years old. Initially attending Fathima Matriculation Higher Secondary School at Kodambakkam, Vijay later joined the Balal"
},
{
"title": "Vijay (actor)",
"text": "ok Matriculation Higher Secondary School at Virugambakkam and went on to pursue a degree in Visual Communications from Loyola College. While studying, at the age of 18, he asked his father if \"he would launch him\".</s><s>Film career.</s><s>Film career.:1984–2003: Child actor and transition into lead roles. At the age of 10, Vijay started his film career as a child actor in \"Vetri\" (1984), making his first paycheck of 500 rupees paid for by actor-and-producer P. S. Veerappa. He then performed as a child actor in films such as \"Kudumbam\" (1984), \"Vasantha Raagam\" (1986), \"Sattam Oru Vilayaattu\" (1987) and \"Ithu Engal Neethi\" (1988). He also performed in \"Naan Sigappu Manithan\" (1985) as a co-star to Rajinikanth, who was the lead actor. Vijay started to play lead roles at the age of 18 starting with \"Naalaiya Theerpu\" (1992). Vijay then appeared in the films \"Sendhoorapandi\", \""
},
{
"title": "Vijay (actor)",
"text": "Rasigan\", \"Deva\" and \"Coimbatore Mappillai.\" They were commercially successful, though not critically acclaimed. In 1996, Vijay performed in the Vikraman-directed \"Poove Unakkaga\", which he states gave him his \"initial breaks\" and caused his popularity to \"reach great heights\". In 1997, Vijay acted in \"Kaalamellam Kaathiruppen\" which received positive response from critics, and \"Love Today,\" which was applauded by audiences. He also starred in the films \"Nerrukku Ner\", \"Kadhalukku Mariyadhai\", \"Ninaithen Vandhai\", \"Priyamudan\" and \"Thulladha Manamum Thullum\" which released to positive reviews and were commercially successful. He then performed in \"Nilaave Vaa\". This was followed by the films \"Endrendrum Kadhal\", \"Nenjinile,\" and \"Minsara Kanna\". In 2000, he performed in \"Kannukkul Nilavu\", which was Vijay's 25th critically successful film, alongside two commercially successful romance films, \"Kushi\" and \"Priyamaanavale\". His"
},
{
"title": "Vijay (actor)",
"text": " next successful films were \"Friends,\" \"Badri\" and \"Shahjahan.\" In 2002, he starred in the action film \"Thamizhan\" alongside Hindi actress Priyanka Chopra. Later, he featured in the romantic film \"Youth\" and the action film \"Bagavathi\". Vijay began 2003 with the comedy film \"Vaseegara\" and the supernatural film \"Pudhiya Geethai\".</s><s>Film career.:2003–2011: Star status in Tamil cinema. Following the action-romance flick \"Thirumalai\" in 2003\",\" \"Ghilli\", a film directed by S. Dharani and produced by A. M. Rathnam, was released. It co-starred Trisha and Prakash Raj with Vijay as the lead. \"Ghilli\" was the first Tamil film of all time to gross over 500 million, or 50 crore, in the domestic box office. The film grossed nearly $500,000 in the Malaysian market. \"Ghilli\" also broke the record for the most people seeing a movie in the first week of its release, previously held by M. G. Ramachandran's \"Adimai Penn\" (1969"
},
{
"title": "Vijay (actor)",
"text": "). \"Ghilli\" received favourable reviews. \"The Hindu\" stated that \"Vijay, the hero whom the masses today identify with, and Prakash Raj, the inimitable villain in tow, this flick, \"Ghilli\"...on a winning track\". \"Ghilli\" was followed by commercially successful films \"Madhurey\" and \"Thirupaachi\" in 2005. Later, Vijay starred in the commercially and critically successful films \"Sachein\", \"Sivakasi\" and \"Pokkiri\". \"Pokkiri\" was one of the highest-grossing films in his career at that time. In late 2007, Vijay starred in the romantic thriller film \"Azhagiya Tamil Magan\", where he played the role of the protagonist and antagonist at the same time. \"Azhagiya Tamil Magan\" collected $1.043 million overseas, a top grosser at overseas box offices in 2007. \"Screen Daily, a\" British magazine, reported that \"Azhagiya Tamil Magan\" had entered the top ten Asian films box office hit chart in Malaysia in 2007. Barring the commercially successful \"Vettaikaaran\" (2009), all of his subsequent releases"
},
{
"title": "Vijay (actor)",
"text": " from \"Azhagiya Tamil Magan\", \"Kuruvi\" and \"Villu\" were average successes; all three films were more successful overseas. In 2009, Vijay became one of the highest paid actors in South India. In 2010, he acted in the action comedy film \"Sura\", which was a box office failure. Sura was Vijay's 50th film as a lead actor. In early 2011, Vijay joined up with director Siddique for the romantic comedy \"Kaavalan.\" It received positive responses from both viewers and critics, with a box office collection of 102 crore worldwide. \"Kaavalan\" was screened at the Shanghai International Film Festival in China. \"Kaavalan\" was a commercial success in China. During Diwali the same year, his next film, the action film \"Velayudham\", directed by M. Raja and produced by Venu Ravichandran, was released. \"Velayudham\" became one of the top-grossing films of 2011. \"Velayudham\" was a critical success among Japanese audiences.</s><s>Film career.:2012–present: Increased critical and commercial success globally. Vijay's next release in 2012 was \"Nanban\". \"Nan"
},
{
"title": "Vijay (actor)",
"text": "ban\" was screened at the Melbourne International Film Festival in Australia. Vijay's performance in the film received critical acclaim. \"Nanban\" went on to have a 100-day theatrical run. \"The Indian Express\" reported the film \"Nanban\" grossed 150 crore at the box office. The action thriller \"Thuppakki\", directed by A. R. Murugadoss and produced by S. Dhanu, was released on Diwali 2012 to positive reviews. The film became the third Tamil film to enter the 1 billion club domestically. \"Thuppakki\" became the highest-grossing film of Vijay's career at the time, and the first of his films to gross over 1,800,000,000. \"Thuppakki\" was screened at the Russian film festival. His next film \"Thalaivaa\", directed by A. L. Vijay, was released on 9 August 2013 worldwide to mixed reports, and had a delayed release in Tamil Nadu. \"Thalaivaa\" was overall a box office failure. The film \"Jilla\" released in 2014 and ended up as a box office hit. Vijay again worked with AR Murugadoss in the action thriller \"Kathth"
},
{
"title": "Vijay (actor)",
"text": "i\". The film released to critical acclaim. The \"Los Angeles Times\" called \"Kaththi\" a \"success in style\". \"Kaththi\" collected 130 crore at the box office. It was the second-highest-grossing Tamil film of 2014. In 2015, the fairy tale fantasy film \"Puli\" was released, directed by Chimbu Deven. \"Puli\" received mixed reviews from critics, though Vijay was praised for venturing into a new genre. \"Puli\" was one of the highest-grossing films of 2015 in its entire run. The film's satellite rights and distribution rights were sold for 100 crore. Since director Deven is a cartoonist, the film's half-demon theme was partially based on Japanese hit anime manga series \"Inuyasha\", similar to which, Vijay played a \"Tiger-demon\" with tiger's teeth and blue eyes. \"The Sydney Morning Herald\" stated Vijay excels as a \"Tiger-demon\" in the film. \"IB Times\" reported \"Puli\" was successful in foreign markets and is regarded as one of the Indian films that took the standard to an international level. The action-thriller \"Theri\" directed by Atlee"
},
{
"title": "Vijay (actor)",
"text": " was released in April 2016 to mixed reviews from critics and audiences, with one reviewer criticizing the actor's performance and the \"predictable\" storyline. It was the second-highest-grossing Tamil film of 2016 and Vijay's second film to gross over 1,710,000,000. In 2017, the masala film \"Bairavaa\" was released. It received mixed reviews and it collected 115 crore at the box office. His 61st film, the action thriller \"Mersal\", was directed by Atlee and released Diwali of 2017. It was both a critical and commercial success, becoming the first of Vijay's films to gross over 2.5 billion. The film was also released in Japan in the cities of Tokyo, Ebina, Osaka and Nakaya. For his role in \"Mersal\", Vijay was nominated for Best Actor at the National Film Awards UK in 2018. The film won the Best Foreign Language Film award at the same event. The film was Vijay's third film to be released in China after \"Kaavalan\" (2011) and \"Puli\" (2015). The film was also screened at the Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival in South Korea. In 2018 the political film \"Sark"
},
{
"title": "Vijay (actor)",
"text": "ar\" was released with Vijay in the lead role, directed by AR Murugadoss. Keerthi Suresh played the female supporting role, it being her second collaboration with Vijay after \"Bairavaa\". Following its release on Diwali 2018, \"Sarkar\" broke several collection records and entered the 100 Crore Club within two days. \"The Hollywood Reporter\" mentioned Vijay as a man with \"swag\" in the film. \"Sarkar\" was his second film to gross over 2.5 billion. \"Sarkar\" was released in Spain and screened in France and Japan. \"Bigil\" was released in 2019, directed by Atlee, is a football action film. Vijay underwent \"special training\" for his role in the film. \"Bigil\" was Vijay's last film of the decade. \"Bigil\" received mixed reviews from critics, but Vijay was praised for the portrayal of his characters within the film. It was a commercial success, collecting more than 300 crore, became both the highest-grossing Tamil film of 2019—within three months of its release—and the highest-grossing film of Vijay's career. \"Bigil\" was also the first Tamil"
},
{
"title": "Vijay (actor)",
"text": " film released in Egypt and Jordan. In 2020, \"Bigil\" was the first Tamil film re-released in Germany. During the same year, Lokesh Kanagaraj was selected as the director of Vijay's film \"Master\" produced by Xavier Britto. \"Master\" was originally scheduled to be released on 9 April 2020, however, it was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was released on 13 January 2021 in theatres. \"Master\" was the highest-grossing film in United Arab Emirates (UAE) with a box office collection of $1.4 million within two days, surpassing the Hollywood releases \"Wonder Woman 1984\" and \"Tenet\" within the same country. It was the first Indian film to periodically hold the number one spot globally for its year. The film was screened at the International film festival of Alberta, Canada. Upon release, it received both mixed to positive reviews from viewers and critics. \"Eastern Eye, a\" British magazine, called \"Master\" \"an entertaining massy action film\" but stated that \"the runtime is a bit long\". The film collected 300 crore worldwide and it was declared as a box office hit. The combined gross earnings of \"Mersal\", \"Sark"
},
{
"title": "Vijay (actor)",
"text": "ar\", \"Bigil\" and \"Master\" was determined to be over 1000 crore according to trade analysts. The dark comedy action film \"Beast\" released theatrically on 13 April 2022 worldwide. \"Beast\" received mixed reviews from critics. Roger Ebert, an American film critic website, reviewed the film \"Beast\" with 3/5 stars and called \"Vijay as a multifaced tiger with a multifaceted avatar\". \"Beast\" was the highest grossing Tamil film in US premiere shows. \"Beast\" made box office collection records in the international markets of New Zealand, Australia and Singapore. The film was commercially successful, collecting 250 crore worldwide, and was one of the most viewed films on Netflix globally in 2022. It was the first Tamil film released theatrically in Uzbekistan. The action drama film \"Varisu\" was produced by Telugu film producer Dil Raju and directed by Vamshi Paidipally. Thaman S composed music and background score for the film. \"Varisu\" released theatrically worldwide on 11 January 2023 to polarizing reviews. \"Varisu\" collected 300 crore at the box office. His upcoming project\", Leo\" is directed by Lokesh Kanagaraj, in his second collaboration with Vijay"
},
{
"title": "Vijay (actor)",
"text": ". It is scheduled to release on 19 October 2023 in theatres worldwide. The film's soundtrack was composed by Anirudh, in his fourth collaboration with Vijay. \"Leo\" will release in Tamil, Hindi, Telugu and Kannada. His 68th film will be a science-fiction directed by Pradeep Ranganathan.</s><s>Personal life. Vijay married Sangeetha Sornalingam, a Sri Lankan Tamil whom he met in the United Kingdom, on 25 August 1999. They have two children. Vijay's son made a cameo appearance with his father in \"Vettaikaaran\" (2009) and his daughter portrayed a small role as her father's pre-teen daughter in \"Theri\" (2016). On 5 February 2020, the Income Tax Department raided Vijay's residence in Chennai and inquired about potential tax evasion, making note of his investment in immovable properties, which he inherited from the production studio AGS Entertainment. It was reported that Vijay and AGS Entertainment producer Anbu Cheliyan were suspected of undisclosed payments and alleged tax fraud. Nearly 65 crore was seized by the officials from Cheliyan's residence. The investigation took place while Vijay was shooting for his film \"Master"
},
{
"title": "Vijay (actor)",
"text": "\" in Cuddalore. On 12 March, officials stated that nothing significant was found during the raid. Opponents of the Bharatiya Janata Party accused them of politically targeting Vijay through such raids because he was critical of the them on demonetization and Goods and Services Tax (India) in the film \"Mersal\". On 13 July 2021, the Madras High Court dismissed a writ petition filed by Vijay in 2012 seeking exemption of the Entry Tax for his Rolls-Royce Ghost car that was imported from England. It imposed a fine of ₹1 lakh which was allotted to the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister's Public COVID relief fund. Justice S.M. Subramaniam said that Vijay's fan base considers him as a hero and he was expected to be one instead of a \"reel\" hero, further calling it an anti-national habit. On 15 July 2021, Vijay filed an appeal against defamatory statements made by the judge against him in Madras High court. On 20 July 2021, Vijay's appeal against the tax exemption case issue and defamatory statements was moved to a different tax bench sector of the court. On 27 July 2021, a two-judge bench of Madras High court stayed"
},
{
"title": "Vijay (actor)",
"text": " the earlier passed order by Judge S.M. Subramaniam that included the critical remarks and also stayed the order of a ₹1 lakh fine amount. On 25 January 2022, the court dismissed and removed the defamatory critical statements made by Judge S.M. Subramaniam against Vijay. On 15 July 2022, the court declared that no fine should be imposed on the car imported by since he had paid the full entry tax before January 2019, closing out the case in the process.</s><s>Personal life.:Wealth. As of 2021, Vijay's net worth is 4200 million or 420 crore. Vijay earned a 100 crore salary for \"Beast\", and also earned an estimated 120 crore—150 crore for \"Varisu\", marking him among the highest paid Indian actors.</s><s>Artistry and honours. Vijay's wax figures were unveiled in several parts of India, especially in Kanyakumari Museum. The \"Arabic Kuthu\" music dance video from the film \"Beast\" garnered 20 million views in 1 day. The song \"Ranjithame\" from \"Varisu\" was well received in Pakistan and Bangladesh. News 18 describes Vijay as a \"versatile actor\" and a \""
},
{
"title": "Vijay (actor)",
"text": "fantastic playback singer, dancer and philanthropist\". Odisha TV reported that \"While fans are crazy for [Vijay's] movies, he has a set of dedicated audience who enjoy his dance moves\". Zee media reported that Vijay amazed audiences with his acting and screen presence. \"The Times of India\" labelled Vijay's dance moves in his film songs as \"energetic and effortless\". Vijay received an honorary doctorate from the Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute in 2007 in honour of his achievements in the film industry. Vijay was awarded the 'Best International Actor of 2018' in the United Kingdom for \"Mersal\".</s><s>See also. - List of dancers</s><s>Further reading. -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Vijay (actor)",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000486
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Kajal Aggarwal.
|
[
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": "<s>Kajal Aggarwal Kajal Aggarwal (born 19 June 1985) is an Indian actress and model who mainly appears in Telugu and Tamil language films, in addition to a few Hindi films. Aggarwal has worked in more than 50 films and also received two South Indian International Movie Awards. Aggarwal made her acting debut with the 2004 Hindi film \"Kyun! Ho Gaya Na...\" and had her first Telugu film release in 2007, \"Lakshmi Kalyanam\". In the same year, she starred in the box office hit \"Chandamama\", which earned her recognition. The 2009 Telugu fantasy action film \"Magadheera\" marked a turning point in her career, earning her critical acclaim. It ranks among the highest-grossing Telugu films of all time and fetched her Best Actress nominations at several award ceremonies including South Filmfare Awards. She subsequently starred in Telugu films such as \"Darling\" (2010), \"Brindavanam\" (2010), \"Mr. Perfect\" (2011), \"Businessman\" (2012), \"Naayak\" (2013), \"Baadshah\" (2013), \"Govindudu Andarivadele\" (2014"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": "), \"Temper\" (2015) and \"Khaidi No. 150\" (2017). Kajal also played the female lead in the high-profile Tamil projects \"Naan Mahaan Alla\" (2010), \"Maattrraan\" (2012), \"Thuppakki\" (2012), \"Jilla\" (2014), \"Vivegam\" (2017) and \"Mersal\" (2017). She made a comeback to Hindi cinema with \"Singham\" (2011), which was a hit, while another film \"Special 26\" (2013) was also a box office success. In 2020, a wax figure of Aggarwal was put on display at Madame Tussauds Singapore, making it the first of an actress from South Indian cinema.</s><s>Early life and education. Aggarwal was born and raised in a Punjabi Hindu family settled in Bombay (present-day Mumbai). Her father Suman Aggarwal, is an entrepreneur in the textile business and her mother Vinay Aggarwal is a confectioner, and also Kajal's business manager. Kajal has a younger sister Nisha Aggarwal, an actress in Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam cinema. Aggarwal"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": " studied at St. Anne's High School, Fort, Mumbai, and completed her pre-university education at Jai Hind College. She pursued her graduation in mass media, with specialisation in marketing and advertising, from Kishinchand Chellaram College. Having harboured MBA dreams all through her growing years, she intends to achieve a post-graduation degree soon.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Film debut and struggles (2004–08). Aggarwal made her acting debut in the 2004 Bollywood film \"Kyun! Ho Gaya Na...\", in which she had a minor supporting role. Aggarwal made her debut in Telugu and played her first leading role in 2007 in Teja's \"Lakshmi Kalyanam\", alongside Kalyan Ram; it did not fare well at the box office. Later that year, she appeared in the Krishna Vamsi-directed \"Chandamama\", which opened to positive reviews and became her first major successful film. In 2008, she had her first Tamil film release, Perarasu's action entertainer \"Pazhani\", opposite Bharath. She had one more Tamil release that year with Venkat Prabhu's comedy-thriller \"S"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": "aroja\", in which she did a guest appearance. Although the film went on to become a commercial as well as a critical success, the film failed to boost her career as her role was too insignificant. Her Telugu releases \"Pourudu\" and \"Aatadista\" opposite Sumanth and Nitin, respectively, did not receive positive reviews, but both were successful at the box office.</s><s>Career.:Public recognition and critical acclaim (2009–11). Aggarwal had four releases in 2009. She first starred opposite Vinay Rai in the Tamil film \"Modhi Vilayadu\", which garnered mixed reviews and was a financial failure. She then appeared in the high budget Telugu historical drama \"Magadheera\", alongside Ram Charan Teja, which saw her playing double roles for the first time. The film, directed by S. S. Rajamouli, received overwhelming critical acclaim, while Aggarwal, in particular, was praised for her portrayal of a princess. Aggarwal was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress in Telugu and nominated for the award for Best Telugu Actress in the South Scope Awards for her performance. It was highly successful commercially and broke several records, emerging as the highest"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": "-grossing Telugu film of all time. \"Magadheera\" success turned Aggarwal into one of the most sought-after actresses in Telugu cinema. It was released again in Tamil as \"Maaveeran\" in 2011, and was also successful at the box office. Her subsequent releases \"Ganesh Just Ganesh\", opposite Ram and \"Arya 2\" opposite Allu Arjun received mixed reviews from critics, while her performance garnered positive feedback. Aggarwal's first 2010 release was A. Karunakaran's romantic comedy \"Darling\", which featured her alongside Prabhas and received a favourable response, becoming a commercial success at the box office, with Kajal receiving her second Filmfare nomination for Best Actress. Later that year, Aggarwal appeared in the Tamil thriller film \"Naan Mahaan Alla\", opposite Karthi, which was based on a real-life incident and opened to positive reviews. It was a box office success. The chemistry between Karthi and Aggarwal was widely praised. It was later dubbed in Telugu as \"Naa Peru Siva\" in Andhra Pradesh and was a success. Aggarwal's final release in 2010 was another romantic comedy \"Brind"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": "avanam\" opposite Jr. NTR and Samantha, which received critical acclaim and went on to become a commercial success, while fetching Aggarwal the CineMAA Award for Best Actress. In 2011, Aggarwal was paired with Prabhas for the second time in the romantic comedy \"Mr. Perfect\", directed by Dasaradh. The film became a critical and commercial success. Aggarwal's performance as a conservative doctor and her chemistry with Prabhas was praised by critics. Aggarwal received her third Filmfare nomination for Best Actress in Telugu for her performance. In May, she appeared in \"Veera\", replacing Anushka Shetty and starring opposite Ravi Teja for the first time. The film received moderate reviews. In July that year, Aggarwal made her Bollywood comeback after seven years with a leading role in the police story \"Singham\", a remake of the same-titled 2010 Tamil film, opposite Ajay Devgn. It received mixed reviews from critics, as did her portrayal of a Goan girl Kavya Bhosle, with critics stating that Aggarwal had not much to offer in the hero-centric film. Komal Nahta noted that \"Kaajal Aggarwal acts"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": " with effortless ease. Her performance is good\", while Filmfare wrote that \"Kajal who looks pretty and has done what she has been told to, but probably deserved a meatier debut\". Nevertheless, the film was a hit at the box office. She was nominated for two awards for her performance: the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut and the Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut. Aggarwal finished 2011 with the Telugu film \"Dhada\", opposite Naga Chaitanya, which failed at the box office.</s><s>Career.:Commercial success (2012–14). In early 2012, Aggarwal appeared in the Telugu gangster film \"Businessman\", alongside Mahesh Babu, directed by Puri Jagannadh. A Sankranthi release, it opened to positive reviews and was a commercial success. Aggarwal's performance, though limited, was praised by critics. Aggarwal made a comeback to Tamil cinema later that year with two high-profile action flicks. The first was \"Maattrraan\", directed by K. V. Anand and starring Suriya. The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Her performance was well received; a review carried by \""
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": "The Indian Express\" summarised: \"Kajal does with utmost sincerity as the foreign language translator Anjali. It's this trait and her graceful demeanour which makes Kajal a pleasant watch\". The second was A. R. Murugadoss's \"Thuppakki\", starring Vijay, in which she played a boxer. It received mostly positive reviews from the critics and was a major commercial success, becoming the second Tamil film ever to collect over. Her final release in 2012 was the Telugu romance film \"Sarocharu\", opposite Ravi Teja for the second time. Although her performance was praised by critics, the film received poor reviews and did below-average business at the box office. In early 2013, Aggarwal starred in V. V. Vinayak's action film \"Naayak\", opposite Ram Charan Teja and Amala Paul. Upon release, it received positive reviews and was a major commercial success. Also that year, she starred in the Hindi film \"Special 26\", a heist drama directed by Neeraj Pandey. It went on to be a major critical and commercial success. She later appeared in Srinu Vaitla's \"Baadshah\", opposite Jr. N"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": "TR for the second time in her career. Upon its release, critics appreciated her performance. \"The Times of India\" commented: \"Kajal is as usual an eye-candy. She's got a good role and has done justice to her performance. Also she looks stunning in the songs.\" The film was a financial success. Her final release in 2013 was \"All in All Azhagu Raja\", opposite Karthi, which released on Diwali to negative reviews from critics. In early 2014, Aggarwal starred in R. T. Neason's masala film \"Jilla\", in which she played a police officer. She then featured in a cameo appearance in the Telugu action thriller film \"Yevadu\". Her next release was Krishna Vamsi's family drama \"Govindudu Andarivadele\", which released in October to positive reviews. It grossed at the box office and became one of the highest grossing Telugu films of 2014.</s><s>Career.:Setback and recent work (2015–present). Aggarwal's first release of 2015 was in the Telugu action film \"Temper\", directed by Puri Jagannadh, alongside NTR Jr. The film received positive responses from"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": " critics and was a commercial success at the box office. Aggarwal played an animal lover and on her performance, a critic from \"The Times of India\" said: \"Despite her limited role, the actress does well\". Next, she featured in two Tamil films, working with industry-leading actors and directors. In July 2015 she was seen as an entrepreneur in Balaji Mohan's gangster comedy film \"Maari\", opposite Dhanush. Critics rated it as a \"regular masala movie\" and \"Rediff\" noted: \"Kajal Aggarwal does have a significant role to play, but their onscreen chemistry just does not work\". The film became a commercial success. Her other release, Suseenthiran's action film \"Paayum Puli\", alongside Vishal, received mixed reviews and failed at the box office. Reviewers criticised her character stating: \"badly written and has nothing more to do with the script\" She also did a cameo appearance in the bilingual romantic comedy film \"Size Zero\". The year 2016 saw Aggarwal appear in two high-profile Telugu films. She played the lead female role, marking her first collaboration with Pawan Kalyan, in the masala film \"Sardaar"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": " Gabbar Singh\", directed by K. S. Ravindra. Critical reaction of the film was mixed to negative, though Aggarwal's performance was positive. A reviewer from the \"Deccan Chronicle\" wrote: \"Kajal Aggarwal plays the perfect princess and looks beautiful and elegant. In fact, she is a breath of air in the film\". The film grossed worldwide. Her second Telugu release was Srikanth Addala's family drama \"Brahmotsavam\", opposite Mahesh Babu, which was a major critical and commercial failure. Among the female leads, her performance as a \"new age girl\" was well received, despite the role having a limited screen time. She next starred opposite Randeep Hooda in the romantic drama Hindi film \"Do Lafzon Ki Kahani\". The film received moderate reviews. In April 2016, she signed another Telugu film directed by Teja, starring opposite Rana Daggubati. In June 2016, she signed for \"Vivegam\", starring opposite Ajith Kumar. In July 2016, she signed for the Telugu film \"Khaidi No. 150\", starring opposite Chiranjeevi for the first time in his 150th film. In late July"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": " 2016, she signed to perform her first item number in Koratala Siva's \"Janatha Garage\", starring Mohanlal, Jr NTR, Samantha Ruth Prabhu and Nithya Menen. The shooting of the song took place in mid-August 2016. That song, titled \"Pakka Local\", was well received by the audience. In October 2016, the much delayed Hindi film \"Final Cut of Director\" released, which was supposed to mark her lead debut. The film was dubbed in Tamil and released eight years earlier as \"Bommalattam\". Her next release, \"Kavalai Vendam\", received mixed to positive reviews, but her performance was praised by critics. In December 2016, she signed for Vijay 61, starring opposite Vijay. Aggarwal's first 2017 release was the Telugu-language action drama film \"Khaidi No. 150\", starring opposite Chiranjeevi. It received mostly positive reviews and turned out to be a commercial success, with Aggarwal's performance praised by critics. In January 2017, in a poll conducted by the Hyderabad Times, she topped the list of Most Desirable Women 2016. In 2017, she appeared in the Political drama \"Nene Raju Nene"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": " Mantri\", as Radha Jogendhra, a loyal wife who acts as a morale balance to Rana Daggubati's character. Her performance received praise from critics. She then appeared as lead female role in Spy action film, \"Vivegam\", as Yazhini Kumar, a music teacher and loving wife of a spy. Her performance was again praised by critics. She then portrayed the supporting role in Atlee's \"Mersal\" as a doctor, and featured alongside Vijay for the third time in her career and her performance received positive reviews while the film became one of the highest grossing Tamil films of 2017. \"Mersal\" went on to join the 2 billion club. In 2018, Aggarwal had a leading role in the Telugu film MLA. In April 2018, she signed to a Telugu film which also features Ravi Teja, marking her third collaboration with the actor. She also starred in \"Awe\", where she played a troubled woman. Aggarwal later bagged a role in \"Kavacham\". In 2019, Aggarwal was seen in \"Comali\". She then reunited with director Teja for \"Sita\", where she plays the titular character, an arrogant, selfish"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": " businesswoman who manipulates people for business improvement and money. In 2021, her two films released on 19 March, \"Mosagallu\" directed by Jeffery Gee Chin co-starring Vishnu Manchu and Suniel Shetty; and Sanjay Gupta directed Hindi film \"Mumbai Saga\". In 2020, her role in the Telugu film \"Acharya\", co-starring Chiranjeevi, Ram Charan was announced. It is directed by Koratala Siva and produced by Ram Charan and Niranjan Reddy. However, when the trailer released, there was no clip that featured her, which triggered rumours of makers cutting down her role. The rumours were confirmed by the director Koratala Siva in an interview. Her first release in 2022 was \"Hey Sinamika\", directed by Brinda, it has Dulquer Salmaan and Aditi Rao Hydari alongside her. The film released on 3 March 2022. Aggarwal also has an under production film \"Indian 2\", co-starring Kamal Haasan and Rakul Preet Singh.</s><s>Personal life. On 6 October 2020, Aggarwal announced her upcoming marriage to Gautam Kitchlu. On 30 October 2020, the couple"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": " got married in a small, private ceremony in her hometown of Mumbai, India, with only the couple's immediate families in attendance. Kajal made her pregnancy official with an Instagram post and was also confirmed by her husband shortly. She gave birth to a boy on 19 April 2022, named Neil.</s><s>Brand endorsements. Aggarwal endorses a large number of brands. Before starting her film career, she had acted in commercials as a model. She represents Celebrity Cricket League as a brand ambassador. In April 2012, Aggarwal was announced as the brand ambassador for Panasonic. In 2013, Aggarwal was signed by Dabur as the brand ambassador of its hair oil brand Dabur Amla Nelli Hair Oil. She also endorses Green Trends, a salon brand in India. She's also associated with PETA and 'Giving Back' NGO. She has featured in television advertisements along with Karthi, endorsing Bru instant coffee. She has endorsed mobile brands such as Samsung Mobile, Poorvika Mobiles and has featured in advertisements for the Secunderabad-based The Chennai Shopping Mall. She endorses several retail and jewellery stores in south India – RS Brothers in Hyderabad, Chennai Silks, Sri Lakshmi Jewellery AVR in Salem"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": " in Pondicherry, Malabar Jewellery, Khazana Jewellery. She is the brand ambassador for Lux, Pond's, Himalaya Herbal Kajal, Parachute advanced Hair oils. She partnered with Aroma Curd and Milk Products and Cherio (juice). She also partnered with indeed, an employment related search engine. She recently became the brand ambassador for edible oils brand, Priya Gold Oils (2020). In July 2022 she began endorsing Mobilla.</s><s>Awards and nominations.</s><s>Awards and nominations.:Filmfare Awards South. The Filmfare Awards South is the South Indian segment of the annual Filmfare Awards, presented by The Times Group to honour artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the South Indian film industry. Nominated - 2009 – Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu for \"Magadheera\" - 2010 – Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu for \"Darling\" - 2011 – Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu for \"Mr. Perfect\" - 2014 – Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu for \"Govindudu Andarivadele\"</s><s>Awards and nominations.:Filmfare Awards. Nominated - 2012 – Filmfare Award for"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": " Best Female Debut – Hindi for \"Singham\"</s><s>Awards and nominations.:South Indian International Movie Awards. Winner - 2013 – SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Critics) – Tamil for \"Thuppakki\" - 2013 – Youth Icon of South Indian Cinema - 2018 – Best Actress – Telugu for \"Nene Raju Nene Mantri\" Nominated - 2012 – SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Telugu) for \"Mr. Perfect\" - 2013 – SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Telugu) for Businessman - 2014 – SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Telugu) for \"Baadshah\" - 2013 – SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Tamil for \"Thuppakki\". - 2015 – SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Telugu) for \"Govindudu Andarivadele\"</s><s>Awards and nominations.:CineMAA Awards. The CineMAA Awards are presented annually by the Movie Artists Association Group to honour artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the Telugu Cinema. Winner - 2011 – CineMAA Award for Best Actress – Telugu for \"Brindaavanam\" (2010) - 2013 – CineMAA Award for"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": " Best Actress -Tamil for \"Thuppakki\" (2012) Nominations - 2010 – CineMAA Award for Best Actress – Telugu for \"Magadheera\" (2009) - 2012 – CineMAA Award for Best Actress – Telugu for \"Mr. Perfect\" (2011)</s><s>Awards and nominations.:Vijay Awards. Vijay Awards are given by the Tamil television channel STAR Vijay. Winner - Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine-For Thuppakki (2012) Nominated - Vijay Award for Best Actress – For Thuppakki (2012)</s><s>Awards and nominations.:Cosmopolitan Awards. Awards given by Cosmopolitan magazine. - Winner – Cosmopolitan People Choice Award for Best Actress – \"Thuppakki\"</s><s>Awards and nominations.:Edison Awards. - Nominated The Gorgeous Belle – For Maari (2015) - Winner The Gorgeous Belle of the year (2016)</s><s>Awards and nominations.:Zee Telugu Apsara Awards 2016. - Winner Fashion Icon of the year & Most Popular Female celebrity on Social Media - Winner – Femina Penn Shakti Awards 2013 - Winner – Femina Power List South 2016 - Winner –"
},
{
"title": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"text": " Zee Telugu Golden Awards 2017 Best Actress - \"Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Women 2016 \" -Telugu - WinnerHyderabad Times Most Desirable Women 2016</s><s>Awards and nominations.:Zee Telugu Apsara Awards 2018. - Winner Actress of the Decade - Winner Best Actress in 2017</s><s>See also. - List of Indian film actresses</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Kajal Aggarwal",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000487
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Kiara Advani.
|
[
{
"title": "Kiara Advani",
"text": "<s>Kiara Advani Alia Advani (born 31 July 1991), known professionally as Kiara Advani (), is an Indian actress who works in Hindi and Telugu language films. After making her acting debut in the comedy film \"Fugly\" (2014), she played MS Dhoni's wife in the sports biopic \"\" (2016). She gained praise for playing a sexually unsatisfied wife in the Netflix anthology film \"Lust Stories\" (2018) and played the leading lady in the political thriller \"Bharat Ane Nenu\" (2018). Advani received wider attention for starring in the romantic drama \"Kabir Singh\" and the comedy drama \"Good Newwz\", two of the highest-grossing Hindi films of 2019. She won the IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress for the latter. This success continued with her roles in the 2021 film \"Shershaah\", for which she was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress, and the 2022 films \"Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2\" and \"Jugjugg Jeeyo\". Advani is married to actor Sidharth Malhotra.</s><s>Early life. Advani was born to Jagdeep Advani, a Sindhi Hindu businessman"
},
{
"title": "Kiara Advani",
"text": " and Genevieve Jaffrey, a teacher whose father was originally from Lucknow and whose mother was of Scottish, Irish, Portuguese, and Spanish ancestry. Her brother, Mishaal, is a musician. She is related to several celebrities through her maternal family. Actors Ashok Kumar and Saeed Jaffrey are her step-great-grandfather and great-uncle, respectively. Advani attended the Cathedral and John Connon School, and later attended Jai Hind College where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in mass communications. Born as Alia Advani, she changed her first name to Kiara prior to the release of her first film, \"Fugly\", in 2014. Her choice of the name was inspired from Priyanka Chopra's character Kiara in the film \"Anjaana Anjaani\" (2010). She has stated that it was Salman Khan's suggestion to change her name, as Alia Bhatt was already an established actress.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early work (2014–2019). Advani began her acting career with the Hindi ensemble comedy film \"Fugly\" (2014). Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama wrote, \"Kiara Advani catches you"
},
{
"title": "Kiara Advani",
"text": " completely unaware\" and has the \"combination of looks and talent\". Mehul S Thakkar of \"Deccan Chronicle\" found her \"very striking\" and said that she \"shows a lot of promise\". \"Fugly\" underperformed at the box office. Two years later, Advani appeared in the sports drama \"\" (2016), a biopic of cricketer MS Dhoni who served as the former captain of Indian cricket team. She had a supporting role opposite Sushant Singh Rajput (who essayed Dhoni), as the real-life character of his wife, hotel manager Sakshi Rawat. \"M. S. Dhoni: The Untold Story\" was a major commercial success with global revenues of over. Advani then starred in Abbas–Mustan's action thriller \"Machine\" (2017). It failed at the box office. She next collaborated with filmmaker Karan Johar, for their first of many films, in the Netflix anthological film \"Lust Stories\" (2018), where she starred opposite Vicky Kaushal as his sexually dissatisfied wife. Writing for \"NDTV\", Raja Sen found her to be \"positively lovely\" in it. She also featured with Shahid Kapoor in the music"
},
{
"title": "Kiara Advani",
"text": " video \"Urvashi\", sung by Yo Yo Honey Singh. Advani expanded to Telugu cinema in 2018, appearing with Mahesh Babu in the action film \"Bharat Ane Nenu\" from Koratala Siva, about a student who unexpectedly becomes the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh. Janani K of \"India Today\" opined that she \"shines in her brief role\" but added that her character was \"more of an eye-candy who doesn't add any purpose to the story\". The film grossed worldwide, making it one of Telugu cinema's highest grossers. She, however, failed to replicate this success with her second Telugu film, \"Vinaya Vidheya Rama\", co-starring Ram Charan. In a scathing review for \"The Hindu\", Sangeetha Devi Dundoo wrote, \"It isn't Kiara Advani's fault that she looks lost in the melee.\" In the same year, she had a guest appearance in Abhishek Varman's ensemble period film \"Kalank\", produced by Johar.</s><s>Career.:Rise to prominence (2019–present). Advani received wider attention later in 2019 for Sandeep Reddy V"
},
{
"title": "Kiara Advani",
"text": "anga's romantic drama \"Kabir Singh\", starring Shahid Kapoor. The film had a worldwide gross of over becoming her highest-grossing release, but critics panned it due to its depiction of misogyny and toxic masculinity. Rajeev Masand bemoaned that her passive character \"offers the actress little to work with\". She then starred in the comedy \"Good Newwz\" alongside Akshay Kumar, Kareena Kapoor Khan and Diljit Dosanjh, about two couples tryst with in vitro fertilization. Namrata Joshi opined, \"Dosanjh and Advani are all about the amplification of the boisterous, kitschy Punjabi stereotype but they play it with an infectious cheer.\" Both \"Kabir Singh\" and \"Good Newwz\" grossed over each domestically, ranking among the year's highest-grossing films. She won the IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in \"Good Newwz\". In 2020, Advani starred in Johar's production \"Guilty\", a Netflix film about sexual assault. Ektaa Malik of \"The Indian Express\" believed that she had been \"reduced to the 'tortured-artistic-creat"
},
{
"title": "Kiara Advani",
"text": "ive' types\" She then played the wife of Akshay Kumar's character in Raghava Lawrence's horror comedy \"Laxmii\", in which Kumar's character gets possessed by a transgender ghost. \"Laxmii\" was released digitally on Disney+ Hotstar owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, and met with negative reviews. Even so, it attained a strong viewership on the platform. In her final release of 2020, Advani starred in the unremarkable romantic comedy \"Indoo Ki Jawani\" (2020). Advani next featured in the war film \"Shershaah\" (2021), based on the life of army officer Vikram Batra (played by Sidharth Malhotra), in which she played Batra's girlfriend. The film released digitally on Amazon Prime Video, on which it became the most-streamed Indian film. Anna M. M. Vetticad of \"Firstpost\" opined that Advani \"sparkles\" in her brief role. She received a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress. The following year, she appeared with Kartik Aaryan and Tabu in the comedy horror film \"Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2\". Shalini Langer of"
},
{
"title": "Kiara Advani",
"text": " \"The Indian Express\" wrote that she \"has little to do except pop up now and then\". The film emerged as one of her most commercially successful, with worldwide earnings of over. Advani starred alongside an ensemble cast in \"Jugjugg Jeeyo\", a comedy-drama about divorce, in which Varun Dhawan and her played an unhappily married couple. Writing for \"Hindustan Times\", Monika Rawal Kukreja commended her \"restrained performance\" in it. It earned worldwide. She then starred in the comic thriller \"Govinda Naam Mera\", with Vicky Kaushal and Bhumi Pednekar, which released digitally on Disney+ Hotstar. Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com opined that \"Kiara Advani's energy is capable of far more heavy lifting than it gets credit for.\" Advani will next appear in the Telugu film \"Game Changer\" directed by S. Shankar, co-starring Ram Charan. She will also reunite with Kartik Aaryan in the romantic drama \"Satyaprem Ki Katha\".</s><s>Personal life and media image. Despite persistent rumours of dating actor Sidharth Malhotra since 2020,"
},
{
"title": "Kiara Advani",
"text": " Advani did not publicly speak about the relationship. On 7 February 2023, they married in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan in a traditional Hindu wedding ceremony. Their wedding received widespread media attention, resulting in their official wedding pictures being the most liked Instagram post in India till date. In 2019, Advani took part of the campaign as brand ambassador for Giordano handbags. In 2020, Advani collaborated with Myntra. In 2022, she took part with Spanish retailer Mango in India in a campaign with endorse the brand's Spring-Summer-22 collection. In 2023, Advani became the new face of the mango drink brand, Slice. Advani ranked 30th in \"GQ India\"s listing of the 30 most influential young Indians. She is frequently featured in The Times of India listing of the \"Most Desirable Woman\"; she ranked sixth in 2019 and fourth in 2020. In March 2023, Advani performed at the opening ceremony of the Women's Premier League alongside Kriti Sanon and AP Dhillon.</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:Films. - \"All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.\"</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Kiara Advani",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000488
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
|
[
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": "<s>Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Ali Jinnah (, ; born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a barrister, politician and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until the inception of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, and then as the Dominion of Pakistan's first governor-general until his death. He is revered in Pakistan as the \"Quaid-i-Azam\" (\"Great Leader\") and \"Baba-i-Qaum\" (\"Father of the Nation\"). His birthday is observed as a national holiday in Pakistan. Born at Wazir Mansion in Karachi, Jinnah was trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in London, England. Upon his return to India, he enrolled at the Bombay High Court, and took an interest in national politics, which eventually replaced his legal practice. Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress in the first two decades of the 20th century. In these early years of his political career, Jinnah advocated Hindu–Muslim unity, helping to shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the All-India Muslim League, in which Jinnah had also become prominent. Jinnah"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " became a key leader in the All-India Home Rule League, and proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. In 1920, however, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of \"satyagraha\", which he regarded as political anarchy. By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that the Muslims of the subcontinent should have their own state to avoid the possible marginalised status they may gain in an independent Hindu–Muslim state. In that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate nation for Indian Muslims. During the Second World War, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the provincial elections held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims. Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula that would allow the entirety of British India to be united as a single state following independence, leading all parties to agree instead to the independence of a predominantly Hindu India, and for a Muslim-majority state of Pakistan. As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation's government and policies, and"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " to aid the millions of Muslim migrants who had emigrated from neighbouring India to Pakistan after the two states' independence, personally supervising the establishment of refugee camps. Jinnah died at age 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan. Innumerable streets, roads and localities in the world are named after Jinnah. Several universities and public buildings in Pakistan bear Jinnah's name. According to his biographer, Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah remains Pakistan's greatest leader.</s><s>Early years.</s><s>Early years.:Family and childhood. Jinnah's given name at birth was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai, and he likely was born in 1876, to Jinnahbhai Poonja and his wife Mithibai, in a rented apartment on the second floor of Wazir Mansion near Karachi, now in Sindh, Pakistan but then within the Bombay Presidency of British India. Jinnah's paternal grandfather was from Paneli Moti village in Gondal state in Kathiawar peninsula (now in Gujarat, India). He was of a Gujarati Khoja Nizari Isma'ili Shi’a Muslim background, though Jinnah later followed"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " the Twelver Shi'a teachings. After his death, his relatives and other witnesses claimed that he had converted in later life to the Sunni sect of Islam. His sectarian affiliation at the time of his death was disputed in multiple court cases. Jinnah was from a wealthy merchant background. His father was a merchant and was born to a family of textile weavers in the village of Paneli in the princely state of Gondal (Kathiawar, Gujarat); his mother was also of that village. They had moved to Karachi in 1875, having married before their departure. Karachi was then enjoying an economic boom: the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 meant it was 200 nautical miles closer to Europe for shipping than Bombay. Jinnah was the second child; he had three brothers and three sisters, including his younger sister Fatima Jinnah. The parents were native Gujarati speakers, and the children also came to speak Kutchi and English. Jinnah was not fluent in Gujarati, his mother-tongue, nor in Urdu; he was more fluent in English. Except for Fatima, little is known of his siblings, where they settled or if they met with their brother as he advanced in his legal and political careers"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": ". He has sometimes been referred to as a Muhajir by some writers because of his Gujarati ethnicity. However, labelling him a \"Muhajir\" is equivocal due to its official definition referring to Muslim refugees who migrated to Pakistan after the 1947 partition. As a boy, Jinnah lived for a time in Bombay with an aunt and may have attended the Gokal Das Tej Primary School there, later on studying at the Cathedral and John Connon School. In Karachi, he attended the Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam and the Christian Missionary Society High School. He gained his matriculation from Bombay University at the high school. In his later years and especially after his death, a large number of stories about the boyhood of Pakistan's founder were circulated: that he spent all his spare time at the police court, listening to the proceedings, and that he studied his books by the glow of street lights for lack of other illumination. His official biographer, Hector Bolitho, writing in 1954, interviewed surviving boyhood associates, and obtained a tale that the young Jinnah discouraged other children from playing marbles in the dust, urging them to rise up, keep their hands and clothes clean, and play cricket"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " instead.</s><s>Early years.:Education in England. In 1892, Sir Frederick Leigh Croft, a business associate of Jinnahbhai Poonja, offered young Jinnah a London apprenticeship with his firm, Graham's Shipping and Trading Company. He accepted the position despite the opposition of his mother, who before he left, had him enter an arranged marriage with his cousin, two years his junior from the ancestral village of Paneli, Emibai Jinnah. Jinnah's mother and first wife both died during his absence in England. Although the apprenticeship in London was considered a great opportunity for Jinnah, one reason for sending him overseas was a legal proceeding against his father, which placed the family's property at risk of being sequestered by the court. In 1893, the Jinnahbhai family moved to Bombay. Soon after his arrival in London, Jinnah gave up the business apprenticeship in order to study law, enraging his father, who had, before his departure, given him enough money to live for three years. The aspiring barrister joined Lincoln's Inn, later stating that the reason he chose Lincoln's over the other Inns of Court was that over the main entrance to Lincoln's Inn were the names of the world's great"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " lawgivers, including Muhammad. Jinnah's biographer Stanley Wolpert notes that there is no such inscription, but inside (covering the wall at one end of New Hall, also called the Great Hall, which is where students, Bar and Bench lunch and dine) is a mural showing Muhammad and other lawgivers, and speculates that Jinnah may have edited the story in his own mind to avoid mentioning a pictorial depiction which would be offensive to many Muslims. Jinnah's legal education followed the pupillage (legal apprenticeship) system, which had been in force there for centuries. To gain knowledge of the law, he followed an established barrister and learned from what he did, as well as from studying lawbooks. During this period, he shortened his name to Muhammad Ali Jinnah. During his student years in England, Jinnah was influenced by 19th-century British liberalism, like many other future Indian independence leaders. His main intellectual references were peoples like Bentham, Mill, Spencer, and Comte. This political education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation, and progressive politics. He became an admirer of the Parsi British Indian political leaders Dadabhai Naoroji and Sir Pherozeshah Mehta"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": ". Naoroji had become the first British Member of Parliament of Indian extraction shortly before Jinnah's arrival, triumphing with a majority of three votes in Finsbury Central. Jinnah listened to Naoroji's maiden speech in the House of Commons from the visitor's gallery. The Western world not only inspired Jinnah in his political life, but also greatly influenced his personal preferences, particularly when it came to dress. Jinnah abandoned local garb for Western-style clothing, and throughout his life he was always impeccably dressed in public. His suits were designed by Savile Row tailor Henry Poole & Co. He came to own over 200 suits, which he wore with heavily starched shirts with detachable collars, and as a barrister took pride in never wearing the same silk tie twice. Even when he was dying, he insisted on being formally dressed, \"I will not travel in my pyjamas.\" In his later years he was usually seen wearing a Karakul hat which subsequently came to be known as the \"Jinnah cap\". Dissatisfied with the law, Jinnah briefly embarked on a stage career with a Shakespearean company, but resigned after receiving a stern letter from his father. In 1895, at age 19, he"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " became the youngest British Indian to be called to the bar in England. Although he returned to Karachi, he remained there only a short time before moving to Bombay.</s><s>Legal and early political career.</s><s>Legal and early political career.:Barrister. At the age of 20, Jinnah began his practice in Bombay, the only Muslim barrister in the city. English had become his principal language and would remain so throughout his life. His first three years in the law, from 1897 to 1900, brought him few briefs. His first step towards a brighter career occurred when the acting Advocate General of Bombay, John Molesworth MacPherson, invited Jinnah to work from his chambers. In 1900, P. H. Dastoor, a Bombay presidency magistrate, left the post temporarily and Jinnah succeeded in getting the interim position. After his six-month appointment period, Jinnah was offered a permanent position on a 1,500 rupee per month salary. Jinnah politely declined the offer, stating that he planned to earn 1,500 rupees a day—a huge sum at that time—which he eventually did. Nevertheless, as Governor-General of Pakistan, he would refuse to accept a large salary, fixing it at 1 rupee per month"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": ". As a lawyer, Jinnah gained fame for his skilled handling of the 1908 \"Caucus Case\". This controversy arose out of Bombay municipal elections, which Indians alleged were rigged by a \"caucus\" of Europeans to keep Sir Pherozeshah Mehta out of the council. Jinnah gained great esteem from leading the case for Sir Pherozeshah, himself a noted barrister. Although Jinnah did not win the Caucus Case, he posted a successful record, becoming well known for his advocacy and legal logic. In 1908, his factional foe in the Indian National Congress, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, was arrested for sedition. Before Tilak unsuccessfully represented himself at trial, he engaged Jinnah in an attempt to secure his release on bail. Jinnah did not succeed, but obtained an acquittal for Tilak when he was charged with sedition again in 1916. One of Jinnah's fellow barristers from the Bombay High Court remembered that \"Jinnah's faith in himself was incredible\"; he recalled that on being admonished by a judge with \"Mr. Jinnah, remember that you are not addressing a third-class magistrate\", Jinnah shot back, \"My Lord, allow me to warn you that you are not"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " addressing a third-class pleader.\" Another of his fellow barristers described him, saying:</s><s>Legal and early political career.:Trade unionist. Jinnah was also a supporter of working class causes and an active trade unionist. He was elected President of All India Postal Staff Union in 1925 whose membership was 70,000. According to All Pakistan Labour Federation's publication \"Productive Role of Trade Unions and Industrial Relations\", being a member of Legislative Assembly, Jinnah pleaded forcefully for rights of workers and struggled for getting a \"living wage and fair conditions\" for them. He also played an important role in enactment of Trade Union act of 1926 which gave trade union movement legal cover to organise themselves.</s><s>Legal and early political career.:Rising leader. In 1857, many Indians had risen in revolt against British rule. In the aftermath of the conflict, some Anglo-Indians, as well as Indians in Britain, called for greater self-government for the subcontinent, resulting in the founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885. Most founding members had been educated in Britain, and were content with the minimal reform efforts being made by the government. Muslims were not enthusiastic about calls for democratic institutions in British India, as they constituted a quarter to"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " a third of the population, outnumbered by the Hindus. Early meetings of the Congress contained a minority of Muslims, mostly from the elite. Jinnah devoted much of his time to his law practice in the early 1900s, but remained politically involved. Jinnah began political life by attending the Congress's twentieth annual meeting, in Bombay in December 1904. He was a member of the moderate group in the Congress, favouring Hindu–Muslim unity in achieving self-government, and following such leaders as Mehta, Naoroji, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale. They were opposed by leaders such as Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai, who sought quick action towards independence. In 1906, a delegation of Muslim leaders, known as the Simla Delegation, headed by the Aga Khan called on the new Viceroy of India, Lord Minto, to assure him of their loyalty and to ask for assurances that in any political reforms they would be protected from the \"unsympathetic [Hindu] majority\". Dissatisfied with this, Jinnah wrote a letter to the editor of the newspaper \"Gujarati\", asking what right the members of the delegation had to speak for Indian Muslims, as they were unelected and self-appointed"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": ". When many of the same leaders met in Dacca in December of that year to form the All-India Muslim League to advocate for their community's interests, Jinnah was again opposed. The Aga Khan later wrote that it was \"freakishly ironic\" that Jinnah, who would lead the League to independence, \"came out in bitter hostility toward all that I and my friends had done ... He said that our principle of separate electorates was dividing the nation against itself.\" In its earliest years, however, the League was not influential; Minto refused to consider it as the Muslim community's representative, and it was ineffective in preventing the 1911 repeal of the partition of Bengal, an action seen as a blow to Muslim interests. Although Jinnah initially opposed separate electorates for Muslims, he used this means to gain his first elective office in 1909, as Bombay's Muslim representative on the Imperial Legislative Council. He was a compromise candidate when two older, better-known Muslims who were seeking the post deadlocked. The council, which had been expanded to 60 members as part of reforms enacted by Minto, recommended legislation to the Viceroy. Only officials could vote in the council; non-official members, such as Jinnah, had no vote."
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " Throughout his legal career, Jinnah practised probate law (with many clients from India's nobility), and in 1911 introduced the Wakf Validation Act to place Muslim religious trusts on a sound legal footing under British Indian law. Two years later, the measure passed, the first act sponsored by non-officials to pass the council and be enacted by the Viceroy. Jinnah was also appointed to a committee which helped to establish the Indian Military Academy in Dehra Dun. In December 1912, Jinnah addressed the annual meeting of the Muslim League although he was not yet a member. He joined the following year, although he remained a member of the Congress as well and stressed that League membership took second priority to the \"greater national cause\" of an independent India. In April 1913, he again went to Britain, with Gokhale, to meet with officials on behalf of the Congress. Gokhale, a Hindu, later stated that Jinnah \"has true stuff in him, and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu–Muslim Unity\". Jinnah led another delegation of the Congress to London in 1914, but due to the start of the First World War in August 1914, found officials little interested in Indian reforms"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": ". By coincidence, he was in Britain at the same time as a man who would become a great political rival of his, Mohandas Gandhi, a Hindu lawyer who had become well known for advocating \"satyagraha\", non-violent non-co-operation, while in South Africa. Jinnah attended a reception for Gandhi where the two men met and talked with each other for the first time. Shortly afterwords, Jinnah returned home to India in January 1915.</s><s>Legal and early political career.:Farewell to Congress. Jinnah's moderate faction in the Congress was undermined by the deaths of Mehta and Gokhale in 1915; he was further isolated by the fact that Naoroji was in London, where he remained until his death in 1917. Nevertheless, Jinnah worked to bring the Congress and League together. In 1916, with Jinnah now president of the Muslim League, the two organisations signed the Lucknow Pact, setting quotas for Muslim and Hindu representation in the various provinces. Although the pact was never fully implemented, its signing ushered in a period of co-operation between the Congress and the League. During the war, Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting the British war effort, hoping that Indians would be rewarded with political"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " freedoms. Jinnah played an important role in the founding of the All India Home Rule League in 1916. Along with political leaders Annie Besant and Tilak, Jinnah demanded \"home rule\" for India—the status of a self-governing dominion in the Empire similar to Canada, New Zealand and Australia, although, with the war, Britain's politicians were not interested in considering Indian constitutional reform. British Cabinet minister Edwin Montagu recalled Jinnah in his memoirs, \"young, perfectly mannered, impressive-looking, armed to the teeth with dialectics, and insistent on the whole of his scheme\". In 1918, Jinnah married his second wife Rattanbai Petit (\"Ruttie\"), 24 years his junior. She was the fashionable young daughter of his friend Sir Dinshaw Petit, and was part of an elite Parsi family of Bombay. There was great opposition to the marriage from Rattanbai's family and the Parsi community, as well as from some Muslim religious leaders. Rattanbai defied her family and nominally converted to Islam, adopting (though never using) the name Maryam Jinnah, resulting in a permanent estrangement from her family and Parsi society. The couple resided at South Court Mansion in"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " Bombay, and frequently travelled across India and Europe. The couple's only child, daughter Dina, was born on 15 August 1919. The couple separated prior to Ruttie's death in 1929, and subsequently Jinnah's sister Fatima looked after him and his child. Relations between Indians and British were strained in 1919 when the Imperial Legislative Council extended emergency wartime restrictions on civil liberties; Jinnah resigned from it when it did. There was unrest across India, which worsened after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar, in which British Indian Army troops fired upon a protest meeting, killing hundreds. In the wake of Amritsar, Gandhi, who had returned to India and become a widely respected leader and highly influential in the Congress, called for \"satyagraha\" against the British. Gandhi's proposal gained broad Hindu support, and was also attractive to many Muslims of the Khilafat faction. These Muslims, supported by Gandhi, sought retention of the Ottoman caliphate, which supplied spiritual leadership to many Muslims. The caliph was the Ottoman Emperor, who would be deprived of both offices following his nation's defeat in the First World War. Gandhi had achieved considerable popularity among Muslims because of his work during the war on behalf of killed or"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " imprisoned Muslims. Unlike Jinnah and other leaders of the Congress, Gandhi did not wear western-style clothing, did his best to use an Indian language instead of English, and was deeply rooted in Indian culture. Gandhi's local style of leadership gained great popularity with the Indian people. Jinnah criticised Gandhi's Khilafat advocacy, which he saw as an endorsement of religious zealotry. Jinnah regarded Gandhi's proposed \"satyagraha\" campaign as political anarchy, and believed that self-government should be secured through constitutional means. He opposed Gandhi, but the tide of Indian opinion was against him. At the 1920 session of the Congress in Nagpur, Jinnah was shouted down by the delegates, who passed Gandhi's proposal, pledging \"satyagraha\" until India was independent. Jinnah did not attend the subsequent League meeting, held in the same city, which passed a similar resolution. Because of the action of the Congress in endorsing Gandhi's campaign, Jinnah resigned from it, leaving all positions except in the Muslim League.</s><s>Wilderness years; interlude in England. The alliance between Gandhi and the Khilafat faction did not last long, and the campaign of resistance proved less effective than hoped, as India's institutions continued to function"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": ". Jinnah sought alternative political ideas, and contemplated organising a new political party as a rival to the Congress. In September 1923, Jinnah was elected as Muslim member for Bombay in the new Central Legislative Assembly. He showed much skill as a parliamentarian, organising many Indian members to work with the Swaraj Party, and continued to press demands for full responsible government. In 1925, as recognition for his legislative activities, he was offered a knighthood by Lord Reading, who was retiring from the Viceroyalty. He replied: \"I prefer to be plain Mr Jinnah.\" In 1927, the British Government, under Conservative Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, undertook a decennial review of Indian policy mandated by the Government of India Act 1919. The review began two years early as Baldwin feared he would lose the next election (which he did, in 1929). The Cabinet was influenced by minister Winston Churchill, who strongly opposed self-government for India, and members hoped that by having the commission appointed early, the policies for India which they favoured would survive their government. The resulting commission, led by Liberal MP John Simon, though with a majority of Conservatives, arrived in India in March 1928. They were met with a boycott by India's leaders, Muslim and Hindu alike, angered at"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " the British refusal to include their representatives on the commission. A minority of Muslims, though, withdrew from the League, choosing to welcome the Simon Commission and repudiating Jinnah. Most members of the League's executive council remained loyal to Jinnah, attending the League meeting in December 1927 and January 1928 which confirmed him as the League's permanent president. At that session, Jinnah told the delegates that \"A constitutional war has been declared on Great Britain. Negotiations for a settlement are not to come from our side ... By appointing an exclusively white Commission, [Secretary of State for India] Lord Birkenhead has declared our unfitness for self-government.\" Birkenhead in 1928 challenged Indians to come up with their own proposal for constitutional change for India; in response, the Congress convened a committee under the leadership of Motilal Nehru. The Nehru Report favoured constituencies based on geography on the ground that being dependent on each other for election would bind the communities closer together. Jinnah, though he believed separate electorates, based on religion, necessary to ensure Muslims had a voice in the government, was willing to compromise on this point, but talks between the two parties failed. He put forth proposals that he hoped might satisfy a broad range of Muslims and reunite"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " the League, calling for mandatory representation for Muslims in legislatures and cabinets. These became known as his Fourteen Points. He could not secure adoption of the Fourteen Points, as the League meeting in Delhi at which he hoped to gain a vote instead dissolved into chaotic argument. After Baldwin was defeated at the 1929 British parliamentary election, Ramsay MacDonald of the Labour Party became prime minister. MacDonald desired a conference of Indian and British leaders in London to discuss India's future, a course of action supported by Jinnah. Three Round Table Conferences followed over as many years, none of which resulted in a settlement. Jinnah was a delegate to the first two conferences, but was not invited to the last. He remained in Britain for most of the period 1930 through 1934, practising as a barrister before the Privy Council, where he dealt with a number of India-related cases. His biographers disagree over why he remained so long in Britain—Wolpert asserts that had Jinnah been made a Law Lord, he would have stayed for life, and that Jinnah alternatively sought a parliamentary seat. Early biographer Hector Bolitho denied that Jinnah sought to enter the British Parliament, while Jaswant Singh deems Jinnah's time in Britain as a break or sabbatical"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " from the Indian struggle. Bolitho called this period \"Jinnah's years of order and contemplation, wedged in between the time of early struggle, and the final storm of conquest\". In 1931, Fatima Jinnah joined her brother in England. From then on, Muhammad Jinnah would receive personal care and support from her as he aged and began to suffer from the lung ailments which would kill him. She lived and travelled with him, and became a close advisor. Muhammad Jinnah's daughter, Dina, was educated in England and India. Jinnah later became estranged from Dina after she decided to marry a Parsi, Neville Wadia from a prominent Parsi business family. Wadia is the son Sir Ness Wadia and Dr. Homi Wadia. When Jinnah urged Dina to marry a Muslim, she reminded him that he had married a woman not raised in his faith. Jinnah continued to correspond cordially with his daughter, but their personal relationship was strained, and she did not come to Pakistan in his lifetime, but only for his funeral.</s><s>Return to politics. The early 1930s saw a resurgence in Indian Muslim nationalism, which came to a head with the Pakistan Declaration. In 1933, Indian Muslims, especially from the United"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " Provinces, began to urge Jinnah to return and take up again his leadership of the Muslim League, an organisation which had fallen into inactivity. He remained titular president of the League, but declined to travel to India to preside over its 1933 session in April, writing that he could not possibly return there until the end of the year. Among those who met with Jinnah to seek his return was Liaquat Ali Khan, who would be a major political associate of Jinnah in the years to come and the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. At Jinnah's request, Liaquat discussed the return with a large number of Muslim politicians and confirmed his recommendation to Jinnah. In early 1934, Jinnah relocated to the subcontinent, though he shuttled between London and India on business for the next few years, selling his house in Hampstead and closing his legal practice in Britain. Muslims of Bombay elected Jinnah, though then absent in London, as their representative to the Central Legislative Assembly in October 1934. The British Parliament's Government of India Act 1935 gave considerable power to India's provinces, with a weak central parliament in New Delhi, which had no authority over such matters as foreign policy, defence, and much of the budget. Full power remained"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " in the hands of the Viceroy, however, who could dissolve legislatures and rule by decree. The League reluctantly accepted the scheme, though expressing reservations about the weak parliament. The Congress was much better prepared for the provincial elections in 1937, and the League failed to win a majority even of the Muslim seats in any of the provinces where members of that faith held a majority. It did win a majority of the Muslim seats in Delhi, but could not form a government anywhere, though it was part of the ruling coalition in Bengal. The Congress and its allies formed the government even in the North-West Frontier Province (N.W.F.P.), where the League won no seats despite the fact that almost all residents were Muslim. According to Jaswant Singh, \"the events of 1937 had a tremendous, almost a traumatic effect upon Jinnah\". Despite his beliefs of twenty years that Muslims could protect their rights in a united India through separate electorates, provincial boundaries drawn to preserve Muslim majorities, and by other protections of minority rights, Muslim voters had failed to unite, with the issues Jinnah hoped to bring forward lost amid factional fighting. Singh notes the effect of the 1937 elections on Muslim political opinion, \"when the Congress formed a government with almost all of the Muslim ML"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": "As sitting on the Opposition benches, non-Congress Muslims were suddenly faced with this stark reality of near-total political powerlessness. It was brought home to them, like a bolt of lightning, that even if the Congress did not win a single Muslim seat ... as long as it won an absolute majority in the House, on the strength of the general seats, it could and would form a government entirely on its own ...\" In the next two years, Jinnah worked to build support among Muslims for the League. He secured the right to speak for the Muslim-led Bengali and Punjabi provincial governments in the central government in New Delhi (\"the centre\"). He worked to expand the League, reducing the cost of membership to two annas ( of a rupee), half of what it cost to join the Congress. He restructured the League along the lines of the Congress, putting most power in a Working Committee, which he appointed. By December 1939, Liaquat estimated that the League had three million two-anna members.</s><s>Struggle for Pakistan.</s><s>Struggle for Pakistan.:Background to independence. Until the late 1930s, most Muslims of the British Raj expected, upon independence, to be part of a unitary state encompassing"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " all of British India, as did the Hindus and others who advocated self-government. Despite this, other nationalist proposals were being made. In a speech given at Allahabad to a League session in 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal called for a state for Muslims in British India. Choudhary Rahmat Ali published a pamphlet in 1933 advocating a state \"Pakistan\" in the Indus Valley, with other names given to Muslim-majority areas elsewhere in India. Jinnah and Iqbal corresponded in 1936 and 1937; in subsequent years, Jinnah credited Iqbal as his mentor, and used Iqbal's imagery and rhetoric in his speeches. Although many leaders of the Congress sought a strong central government for an Indian state, some Muslim politicians, including Jinnah, were unwilling to accept this without powerful protections for their community. Other Muslims supported the Congress, which officially advocated a secular state upon independence, though the traditionalist wing (including politicians such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Vallabhbhai Patel) believed that an independent India should enact laws such as banning the killing of cows and making Hindi a national language. The failure of the Congress leadership to disavow Hindu communalists worried Congress-supporting Muslims. Nevertheless, the Congress enjoyed considerable"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " Muslim support up to about 1937. Events which separated the communities included the failed attempt to form a coalition government including the Congress and the League in the United Provinces following the 1937 election. According to historian Ian Talbot, \"The provincial Congress governments made no effort to understand and respect their Muslim populations' cultural and religious sensibilities. The Muslim League's claims that it alone could safeguard Muslim interests thus received a major boost. Significantly it was only after this period of Congress rule that it [the League] took up the demand for a Pakistan state ...\" Balraj Puri in his journal article about Jinnah suggests that the Muslim League president, after the 1937 vote, turned to the idea of partition in \"sheer desperation\". Historian Akbar S. Ahmed suggests that Jinnah abandoned hope of reconciliation with the Congress as he \"rediscover[ed] his own Islamic roots, his own sense of identity, of culture and history, which would come increasingly to the fore in the final years of his life\". Jinnah also increasingly adopted Muslim dress in the late 1930s. In the wake of the 1937 balloting, Jinnah demanded that the question of power sharing be settled on an all-India basis, and that he, as president of the League, be accepted"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " as the sole spokesman for the Muslim community.</s><s>Struggle for Pakistan.:Iqbal's influence on Jinnah. The well documented influence of Iqbal on Jinnah, with regard to taking the lead in creating Pakistan, has been described as \"significant\", \"powerful\" and even \"unquestionable\" by scholars. Iqbal has also been cited as an influential force in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London and re-enter the politics of India. Initially, however, Iqbal and Jinnah were opponents, as Iqbal believed Jinnah did not care about the crises confronting the Muslim community during the British Raj. According to Akbar S. Ahmed, this began to change during Iqbal's final years prior to his death in 1938. Iqbal gradually succeeded in converting Jinnah over to his view, who eventually accepted Iqbal as his \"\"mentor\"\". Ahmed comments that in his annotations to Iqbal's letters, Jinnah expressed solidarity with Iqbal's view: that Indian Muslims required a separate homeland. Iqbal's influence also gave Jinnah a deeper appreciation for Muslim identity. The evidence of this influence began to be revealed from 1937 onwards. Jinnah not only began to"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " echo Iqbal in his speeches, he started using Islamic symbolism and began directing his addresses to the underprivileged. Ahmed noted a change in Jinnah's words: while he still advocated freedom of religion and protection of the minorities, the model he was now aspiring to was that of the Prophet Muhammad, rather than that of a secular politician. Ahmed further avers that those scholars who have painted the later Jinnah as secular have misread his speeches which, he argues, must be read in the context of Islamic history and culture. Accordingly, Jinnah's imagery of the Pakistan began to become clear that it was to have an Islamic nature. This change has been seen to last for the rest of Jinnah's life. He continued to borrow ideas \"directly from Iqbal—including his thoughts on Muslim unity, on Islamic ideals of liberty, justice and equality, on economics, and even on practices such as prayers\". In a speech in 1940, two years after the death of Iqbal, Jinnah expressed his preference for implementing Iqbal's vision for an Islamic Pakistan even if it meant he himself would never lead a nation. Jinnah stated, \"If I live to see the ideal of a Muslim state being achieved in India, and I was then offered"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " to make a choice between the works of Iqbal and the rulership of the Muslim state, I would prefer the former.\"</s><s>Struggle for Pakistan.:Second World War and Lahore Resolution. On 3 September 1939, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain announced the commencement of war with Nazi Germany. The following day, the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, without consulting Indian political leaders, announced that India had entered the war along with Britain. There were widespread protests in India. After meeting with Jinnah and with Gandhi, Linlithgow announced that negotiations on self-government were suspended for the duration of the war. The Congress on 14 September demanded immediate independence with a constituent assembly to decide a constitution; when this was refused, its eight provincial governments resigned on 10 November and governors in those provinces thereafter ruled by decree for the remainder of the war. Jinnah, on the other hand, was more willing to accommodate the British, and they in turn increasingly recognised him and the League as the representatives of India's Muslims. Jinnah later stated, \"after the war began, ... I was treated on the same basis as Mr Gandhi. I was wonderstruck why I was promoted and given a place side by side with Mr Gandhi.\" Although the League"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " did not actively support the British war effort, neither did they try to obstruct it. With the British and Muslims to some extent co-operating, the Viceroy asked Jinnah for an expression of the Muslim League's position on self-government, confident that it would differ greatly from that of the Congress. To come up with such a position, the League's Working Committee met for four days in February 1940 to set out terms of reference to a constitutional sub-committee. The Working Committee asked that the sub-committee return with a proposal that would result in \"independent dominions in direct relationship with Great Britain\" where Muslims were dominant. On 6 February, Jinnah informed the Viceroy that the Muslim League would be demanding partition instead of the federation contemplated in the 1935 Act. The Lahore Resolution (sometimes called the \"Pakistan Resolution\", although it does not contain that name), based on the sub-committee's work, embraced the Two-Nation Theory and called for a union of the Muslim-majority provinces in the northwest of British India, with complete autonomy. Similar rights were to be granted to the Muslim-majority areas in the east, and unspecified protections given to Muslim minorities in other provinces. The resolution was passed by the League session in Lahore on 23 March"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " 1940. Gandhi's reaction to the Lahore Resolution was muted; he called it \"baffling\", but told his disciples that Muslims, in common with other people of India, had the right to self-determination. Leaders of the Congress were more vocal; Jawaharlal Nehru referred to Lahore as \"Jinnah's fantastic proposals\" while Chakravarti Rajagopalachari deemed Jinnah's views on partition \"a sign of a diseased mentality\". Linlithgow met with Jinnah in June 1940, soon after Winston Churchill became the British prime minister, and in August offered both the Congress and the League a deal whereby in exchange for full support for the war, Linlithgow would allow Indian representation on his major war councils. The Viceroy promised a representative body after the war to determine India's future, and that no future settlement would be imposed over the objections of a large part of the population. This was satisfactory to neither the Congress nor the League, though Jinnah was pleased that the British had moved towards recognising Jinnah as the representative of the Muslim community's interests. Jinnah was reluctant to make specific proposals as to the boundaries of Pakistan, or its relationships with Britain and with the rest of the subcontinent"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": ", fearing that any precise plan would divide the League. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 brought the United States into the war. In the following months, the Japanese advanced in Southeast Asia, and the British Cabinet sent a mission led by Sir Stafford Cripps to try to conciliate the Indians and cause them to fully back the war. Cripps proposed giving some provinces what was dubbed the \"local option\" to remain outside of an Indian central government either for a period of time or permanently, to become dominions on their own or be part of another confederation. The Muslim League was far from certain of winning the legislative votes that would be required for mixed provinces such as Bengal and Punjab to secede, and Jinnah rejected the proposals as not sufficiently recognising Pakistan's right to exist. The Congress also rejected the Cripps plan, demanding immediate concessions which Cripps was not prepared to give. Despite the rejection, Jinnah and the League saw the Cripps proposal as recognising Pakistan in principle. The Congress followed the failed Cripps mission by demanding, in August 1942, that the British immediately \"Quit India\", proclaiming a mass campaign of \"satyagraha\" until they did. The British promptly arrested most major leaders of"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " the Congress and imprisoned them for the remainder of the war. Gandhi, however, was placed on house arrest in one of the Aga Khan's palaces prior to his release for health reasons in 1944. With the Congress leaders absent from the political scene, Jinnah warned against the threat of Hindu domination and maintained his Pakistan demand without going into great detail about what that would entail. Jinnah also worked to increase the League's political control at the provincial level. He helped to found the newspaper \"Dawn\" in the early 1940s in Delhi; it helped to spread the League's message and eventually became the major English-language newspaper of Pakistan. In September 1944, Jinnah hosted Gandhi, recently released from confinement, at his home on Malabar Hill in Bombay. Two weeks of talks between them followed, which resulted in no agreement. Jinnah insisted on Pakistan being conceded prior to the British departure and to come into being immediately, while Gandhi proposed that plebiscites on partition occur sometime after a united India gained its independence. In early 1945, Liaquat and the Congress leader Bhulabhai Desai met, with Jinnah's approval, and agreed that after the war, the Congress and the League should form an interim government with the members of the Executive"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " Council of the Viceroy to be nominated by the Congress and the League in equal numbers. When the Congress leadership were released from prison in June 1945, they repudiated the agreement and censured Desai for acting without proper authority.</s><s>Struggle for Pakistan.:Postwar. Field Marshal Viscount Wavell succeeded Linlithgow as Viceroy in 1943. In June 1945, following the release of the Congress leaders, Wavell called for a conference, and invited the leading figures from the various communities to meet with him at Simla. He proposed a temporary government along the lines which Liaquat and Desai had agreed. However, Wavell was unwilling to guarantee that only the League's candidates would be placed in the seats reserved for Muslims. All other invited groups submitted lists of candidates to the Viceroy. Wavell cut the conference short in mid-July without further seeking an agreement; with a British general election imminent, Churchill's government did not feel it could proceed. British voters returned Clement Attlee and his Labour Party to government later in July. Attlee and his Secretary of State for India, Lord Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, immediately ordered a review of the Indian situation. Jinnah had no comment on the change of government"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": ", but called a meeting of his Working Committee and issued a statement calling for new elections in India. The League held influence at the provincial level in the Muslim-majority states mostly by alliance, and Jinnah believed that, given the opportunity, the League would improve its electoral standing and lend added support to his claim to be the sole spokesman for the Muslims. Wavell returned to India in September after consultation with his new masters in London; elections, both for the centre and for the provinces, were announced soon after. The British indicated that formation of a constitution-making body would follow the votes. The Muslim League declared that they would campaign on a single issue: Pakistan. Speaking in Ahmedabad, Jinnah echoed this, \"Pakistan is a matter of life or death for us.\" In the December 1945 elections for the Constituent Assembly of India, the League won every seat reserved for Muslims. In the provincial elections in January 1946, the League took 75% of the Muslim vote, an increase from 4.4% in 1937. According to his biographer Bolitho, \"This was Jinnah's glorious hour: his arduous political campaigns, his robust beliefs and claims, were at last justified.\" Wolpert wrote that the League election showing \"appeared to prove the"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " universal appeal of Pakistan among Muslims of the subcontinent\". The Congress dominated the central assembly nevertheless, though it lost four seats from its previous strength. In February 1946, the British Cabinet resolved to send a delegation to India to negotiate with leaders there. This Cabinet Mission included Cripps and Pethick-Lawrence. The highest-level delegation to try to break the deadlock, it arrived in New Delhi in late March. Little negotiation had been done since the previous October because of the elections in India. The British in May released a plan for a united Indian state comprising substantially autonomous provinces, and called for \"groups\" of provinces formed on the basis of religion. Matters such as defence, external relations and communications would be handled by a central authority. Provinces would have the option of leaving the union entirely, and there would be an interim government with representation from the Congress and the League. Jinnah and his Working Committee accepted this plan in June, but it fell apart over the question of how many members of the interim government the Congress and the League would have, and over the Congress's desire to include a Muslim member in its representation. Before leaving India, the British ministers stated that they intended to inaugurate an interim government even if one of the major groups was"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " unwilling to participate. The Congress soon joined the new Indian ministry. The League was slower to do so, not entering until October 1946. In agreeing to have the League join the government, Jinnah abandoned his demands for parity with the Congress and a veto on matters concerning Muslims. The new ministry met amid a backdrop of rioting, especially in Calcutta. The Congress wanted the Viceroy to immediately summon the constituent assembly and begin the work of writing a constitution and felt that the League ministers should either join in the request or resign from the government. Wavell attempted to save the situation by flying leaders such as Jinnah, Liaquat, and Jawaharlal Nehru to London in December 1946. At the end of the talks, participants issued a statement that the constitution would not be forced on any unwilling parts of India. On the way back from London, Jinnah and Liaquat stopped in Cairo for several days of pan-Islamic meetings. The Congress endorsed the joint statement from the London conference over the angry dissent from some elements. The League refused to do so, and took no part in the constitutional discussions. Jinnah had been willing to consider some continued links to Hindustan (as the Hindu-majority state which would be formed on partition was sometimes"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " referred to), such as a joint military or communications. However, by December 1946, he insisted on a fully sovereign Pakistan with dominion status. Following the failure of the London trip, Jinnah was in no hurry to reach an agreement, considering that time would allow him to gain the undivided provinces of Bengal and Punjab for Pakistan, but these wealthy, populous provinces had sizeable non-Muslim minorities, complicating a settlement. The Attlee ministry desired a rapid British departure from the subcontinent, but had little confidence in Wavell to achieve that end. Beginning in December 1946, British officials began looking for a viceregal successor to Wavell, and soon fixed on Admiral Lord Mountbatten of Burma, a war leader popular among Conservatives as the great-grandson of Queen Victoria and among Labour for his political views.</s><s>Struggle for Pakistan.:Mountbatten and independence. On 20 February 1947, Attlee announced Mountbatten's appointment, and that Britain would transfer power in India not later than June 1948. Mountbatten took office as Viceroy on 24 March 1947, two days after his arrival in India. By then, the Congress had come around to the idea of partition. Nehru stated in 1960, \"the truth is that we"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " were tired men and we were getting on in years ... The plan for partition offered a way out and we took it.\" Leaders of the Congress decided that having loosely tied Muslim-majority provinces as part of a future India was not worth the loss of the powerful government at the centre which they desired. However, the Congress insisted that if Pakistan were to become independent, Bengal and Punjab would have to be divided. Mountbatten had been warned in his briefing papers that Jinnah would be his \"toughest customer\" who had proved a chronic nuisance because \"no one in this country [India] had so far gotten into Jinnah's mind\". The men met over six days beginning on 5 April. The sessions began lightly when Jinnah, photographed between Louis and Edwina Mountbatten, quipped \"A rose between two thorns\" which the Viceroy took, perhaps gratuitously, as evidence that the Muslim leader had pre-planned his joke but had expected the vicereine to stand in the middle. Mountbatten was not favourably impressed with Jinnah, repeatedly expressing frustration to his staff about Jinnah's insistence on Pakistan in the face of all argument. Jinnah feared that at the end of the British presence in the subcontinent,"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " they would turn control over to the Congress-dominated constituent assembly, putting Muslims at a disadvantage in attempting to win autonomy. He demanded that Mountbatten divide the army prior to independence, which would take at least a year. Mountbatten had hoped that the post-independence arrangements would include a common defence force, but Jinnah saw it as essential that a sovereign state should have its own forces. Mountbatten met with Liaquat the day of his final session with Jinnah, and concluded, as he told Attlee and the Cabinet in May, that \"it had become clear that the Muslim League would resort to arms if Pakistan in some form were not conceded.\" The Viceroy was also influenced by negative Muslim reaction to the constitutional report of the assembly, which envisioned broad powers for the post-independence central government. On 2 June, the final plan was given by the Viceroy to Indian leaders: on 15 August, the British would turn over power to two dominions. The provinces would vote on whether to continue in the existing constituent assembly or to have a new one, that is, to join Pakistan. Bengal and Punjab would also vote, both on the question of which assembly to join, and on the partition. A boundary commission would determine the final lines"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " in the partitioned provinces. Plebiscites would take place in the North-West Frontier Province (which did not have a League government despite an overwhelmingly Muslim population), and in the majority-Muslim Sylhet district of Assam, adjacent to eastern Bengal. On 3 June, Mountbatten, Nehru, Jinnah and Sikh leader Baldev Singh made the formal announcement by radio. Jinnah concluded his address with \"\"Pakistan Zindabad \"\" (Long live Pakistan), which was not in the script. In the weeks which followed Punjab and Bengal cast the votes which resulted in partition. Sylhet and the N.W.F.P. voted to cast their lots with Pakistan, a decision joined by the assemblies in Sind and Baluchistan. On 4 July 1947, Liaquat asked Mountbatten on Jinnah's behalf to recommend to the British king, George VI, that Jinnah be appointed Pakistan's first governor-general. This request angered Mountbatten, who had hoped to have that position in both dominions—he would be India's first post-independence governor-general—but Jinnah felt that Mountbatten would be likely to favour the new Hindu-majority state because of his closeness to Nehru. In addition, the governor"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": "-general would initially be a powerful figure, and Jinnah did not trust anyone else to take that office. Although the Boundary Commission, led by British lawyer Sir Cyril Radcliffe, had not yet reported, there were already massive movements of populations between the nations-to-be, as well as sectarian violence. Jinnah arranged to sell his house in Bombay and procured a new one in Karachi. On 7 August, Jinnah, with his sister and close staff, flew from Delhi to Karachi in Mountbatten's plane, and as the plane taxied, he was heard to murmur, \"That's the end of that.\" On 11 August, he presided over the new constituent assembly for Pakistan at Karachi, and addressed them, \"You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan ... You may belong to any religion or caste or creed—that has nothing to do with the business of the State... I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State.\" On 14 August, Pakistan became independent; Jinnah led the celebrations in Karachi. One observer wrote, \"here indeed is Pakistan's King Emperor, Archbishop of Canterbury, Speaker and Prime Minister concentrated into one formidable \"Quaid-e-Azam\".\"</s><s>Governor-General. The Radcliffe Commission, dividing Bengal and Punjab, completed its work and reported to Mountbatten on 12 August; the last Viceroy held the maps until the 17th, not wanting to spoil the independence celebrations in both nations. There had already been ethnically charged violence and movement of populations; publication of the Radcliffe Line dividing the new nations sparked mass migration, murder, and ethnic cleansing. Many on the \"wrong side\" of the lines fled or were murdered, or murdered others, hoping to make facts on the ground which would reverse the commission's verdict. Radcliffe wrote in his report that he knew that neither side would be happy with his award; he declined his fee for the work. Christopher Beaumont, Radcliffe's private secretary, later wrote that Mountbatten \"must take the blame—though not the sole blame—for the massacres in the Punjab in which between 500,000"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " to a million men, women and children perished\". As many as 14,500,000 people relocated between India and Pakistan during and after partition. Jinnah did what he could for the eight million people who migrated to Pakistan; although by now over 70 and frail from lung ailments, he travelled across West Pakistan and personally supervised the provision of aid. According to Ahmed, \"What Pakistan needed desperately in those early months was a symbol of the state, one that would unify people and give them the courage and resolve to succeed.\" Among the restive regions of the new nation was the North-West Frontier Province. The referendum there in July 1947 had been tainted by low turnout as less than 10 per cent of the population were allowed to vote. On 22 August 1947, just after a week of becoming governor general, Jinnah dissolved the elected government of Dr. Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan. Later on, Abdul Qayyum Khan was put in place by Jinnah in the Pashtun-dominated province despite him being a Kashmiri. On 12 August 1948 the Babrra massacre in Charsadda occurred resulting in the death of 400 people aligned with the Khudai Khidmatgar movement. Along with Liaquat and Abdur Rab Nishtar, Jinnah"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " represented Pakistan's interests in the Division Council to appropriately divide public assets between India and Pakistan. Pakistan was supposed to receive one-sixth of the pre-independence government's assets, carefully divided by agreement, even specifying how many sheets of paper each side would receive. The new Indian state, however, was slow to deliver, hoping for the collapse of the nascent Pakistani government, and reunion. Few members of the Indian Civil Service and the Indian Police Service had chosen Pakistan, resulting in staff shortages. Partition meant that for some farmers, the markets to sell their crops were on the other side of an international border. There were shortages of machinery, not all of which was made in Pakistan. In addition to the massive refugee problem, the new government sought to save abandoned crops, establish security in a chaotic situation, and provide basic services. According to economist Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin in her study of Pakistan, \"although Pakistan was born in bloodshed and turmoil, it survived in the initial and difficult months after partition only because of the tremendous sacrifices made by its people and the selfless efforts of its great leader.\" The Indian Princely States were advised by the departing British to choose whether to join Pakistan or India. Most did so prior to independence, but the holdouts contributed"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " to what have become lasting divisions between the two nations. Indian leaders were angered at Jinnah's attempts to convince the princes of Jodhpur, Udaipur, Bhopal and Indore to accede to Pakistan—the latter three princely states did not border Pakistan. Jodhpur bordered it and had both a Hindu majority population and a Hindu ruler. The coastal princely state of Junagadh, which had a majority-Hindu population, did accede to Pakistan in September 1947, with its ruler's \"dewan\", Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, personally delivering the accession papers to Jinnah. But the two states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh—Mangrol and Babariawad—declared their independence from Junagadh and acceded to India. In response, the nawab of Junagadh militarily occupied the two states. Subsequently, the Indian army occupied the principality in November, forcing its former leaders, including Bhutto, to flee to Pakistan, beginning the politically powerful Bhutto family. The most contentious of the disputes was, and continues to be, that over the princely state of Kashmir. It had a Muslim-majority"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " population and a Hindu maharaja, Sir Hari Singh, who stalled his decision on which nation to join. With the population in revolt in October 1947, aided by Pakistani irregulars, the maharaja acceded to India; Indian troops were airlifted in. Jinnah objected to this action, and ordered that Pakistani troops move into Kashmir. The Pakistani Army was still commanded by British officers, and the commanding officer, General Sir Douglas Gracey, refused the order, stating that he would not move into what he considered the territory of another nation without approval from higher authority, which was not forthcoming. Jinnah withdrew the order. This did not stop the violence there, which broke into Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Some historians allege that Jinnah's courting the rulers of Hindu-majority states and his gambit with Junagadh are evidence of ill-intent towards India, as Jinnah had promoted separation by religion, yet tried to gain the accession of Hindu-majority states. In his book \"Patel: A Life\", Rajmohan Gandhi asserts that Jinnah hoped for a plebiscite in Junagadh, knowing Pakistan would lose, in the hope the principle would be established for Kashmir. However, when Mountbatten proposed to"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " Jinnah that, in all the princely States where the ruler did not accede to a Dominion corresponding to the majority population (which would have included Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir), the accession should be decided by an 'impartial reference to the will of the people', Jinnah rejected the offer. Despite the, issued at India's request for a plebiscite in Kashmir after the withdrawal of Pakistani forces, this has never occurred. In January 1948, the Indian government finally agreed to pay Pakistan its share of British India's assets. They were impelled by Gandhi, who threatened a fast until death. Only days later, on 30 January, Gandhi was assassinated by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who believed that Gandhi was pro-Muslim. After hearing about Gandhi's murder on the following day, Jinnah publicly made a brief statement of condolence, calling Gandhi \"one of the greatest men produced by the Hindu community\". In February 1948, in a radio talk broadcast addressed to the people of the US, Jinnah expressed his views regarding Pakistan's constitution to be in the following way: In March, Jinnah, despite his declining health, made his only post-independence visit to East Pakistan. In a speech before a crowd estimated at"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " 300,000, Jinnah stated (in English) that Urdu alone should be the national language, believing a single language was needed for a nation to remain united. The Bengali-speaking people of East Pakistan strongly opposed this policy, and in 1971 the official language issue was a factor in the region's secession to form the country of Bangladesh.</s><s>Illness and death. From the 1930s, Jinnah suffered from tuberculosis; only his sister and a few others close to him were aware of his condition. Jinnah believed public knowledge of his lung ailments would hurt him politically. In a 1938 letter, he wrote to a supporter that \"you must have read in the papers how during my tours ... I suffered, which was not because there was anything wrong with me, but the irregularities [of the schedule] and over-strain told upon my health\". Many years later, Mountbatten stated that if he had known Jinnah was so physically ill, he would have stalled, hoping Jinnah's death would avert partition. Fatima Jinnah later wrote, \"even in his hour of triumph, the \"Quaid-e-Azam\" was gravely ill ... He worked in a frenzy to consolidate Pakistan. And, of course, he totally"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " neglected his health ...\" Jinnah worked with a tin of Craven \"A\" cigarettes at his desk, of which he had smoked 50 or more a day for the previous 30 years, as well as a box of Cuban cigars. As his health got worse, he took longer and longer rest breaks in the private wing of Government House in Karachi, where only he, Fatima and the servants were allowed. In June 1948, he and Fatima flew to Quetta, in the mountains of Balochistan, where the weather was cooler than in Karachi. He could not completely rest there, addressing the officers at the Command and Staff College saying, \"you, along with the other Forces of Pakistan, are the custodians of the life, property and honour of the people of Pakistan.\" He returned to Karachi for the 1 July opening ceremony for the State Bank of Pakistan, at which he spoke. A reception by the Canadian trade commissioner that evening in honour of Dominion Day was the last public event he attended. On 6 July 1948, Jinnah returned to Quetta, but at the advice of doctors, soon journeyed to an even higher retreat at Ziarat. Jinnah had always been reluctant to undergo medical treatment but realising his condition was getting worse, the Pakistani government"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " sent the best doctors it could find to treat him. Tests confirmed tuberculosis, and also showed evidence of advanced lung cancer. He was treated with the new \"miracle drug\" of streptomycin, but it did not help. Jinnah's condition continued to deteriorate despite the Eid prayers of his people. He was moved to the lower altitude of Quetta on 13 August, the eve of Independence Day, for which a ghost-written statement for him was released. Despite an increase in appetite (he then weighed just over ), it was clear to his doctors that if he was to return to Karachi in life, he would have to do so very soon. Jinnah, however, was reluctant to go, not wishing his aides to see him as an invalid on a stretcher. By 9 September, Jinnah had also developed pneumonia. Doctors urged him to return to Karachi, where he could receive better care, and with his agreement, he was flown there on the morning of 11 September. Dr Ilahi Bux, his personal physician, believed that Jinnah's change of mind was caused by foreknowledge of death. The plane landed at Karachi that afternoon, to be met by Jinnah's limousine, and an ambulance into which Jinnah's stretcher"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " was placed. The ambulance broke down on the road into town, and the Governor-General and those with him waited for another to arrive; he could not be placed in the car as he could not sit up. They waited by the roadside in oppressive heat as trucks and buses passed by, unsuitable for transporting the dying man and with their occupants not knowing of Jinnah's presence. After an hour, the replacement ambulance came, and transported Jinnah to Government House, arriving there over two hours after the landing. Jinnah died later that night at 10:20 pm at his home in Karachi on 11 September 1948 at the age of 71, just over a year after Pakistan's creation. Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru stated upon Jinnah's death, \"How shall we judge him? I have been very angry with him often during the past years. But now there is no bitterness in my thought of him, only a great sadness for all that has been ... he succeeded in his quest and gained his objective, but at what a cost and with what a difference from what he had imagined.\" Jinnah was buried on 12 September 1948 amid official mourning in both India and Pakistan; a million people gathered for his funeral led by Shabbir Ahmad Usman"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": "i. Indian Governor-General Rajagopalachari cancelled an official reception that day in honour of the late leader. Today, Jinnah rests in a large marble mausoleum, Mazar-e-Quaid, in Karachi.</s><s>Illness and death.:Aftermath. In the 1965 presidential election, Fatima Jinnah, by then known as \"Madar-e-Millat\" (\"Mother of the Nation\"), became the presidential candidate of a coalition of political parties that opposed the rule of President Ayub Khan, but was not successful. The Jinnah House in Malabar Hill, Bombay, is in the possession of the Government of India, but the issue of its ownership has been disputed by the Government of Pakistan. Jinnah had personally requested Prime Minister Nehru to preserve the house, hoping one day he could return to Bombay. There are proposals for the house to be offered to the government of Pakistan to establish a consulate in the city as a goodwill gesture, but Dina Wadia had also staked a claim on the property. After Jinnah died, his sister Fatima asked the court to execute Jinnah's will under Shia Islamic law. This subsequently became part of the argument in Pakistan about Jinnah's religious affiliation. Vali"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " Nasr says Jinnah \"was an Ismaili by birth and a Twelver Shia by confession, though not a religiously observant man.\" In a 1970 legal challenge, Hussain Ali Ganji Walji claimed Jinnah had converted to Sunni Islam. Witness Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada stated in court that Jinnah converted to Sunni Islam in 1901 when his sisters married Sunnis. In 1970, Liaquat Ali Khan and Fatima Jinnah's joint affidavit that Jinnah was Shia was rejected. But in 1976 the court rejected Walji's claim that Jinnah was Sunni; effectively accepting him as a Shia. In 1984 a high court bench reversed the 1976 verdict and maintained that \"the \"Quaid\" was definitely not a Shia\", which suggested that Jinnah was Sunni. According to the journalist Khaled Ahmed, Jinnah publicly had a non-sectarian stance and \"was at pains to gather the Muslims of India under the banner of a general Muslim faith and not under a divisive sectarian identity.\" Liaquat H. Merchant, Jinnah's grandnephew, writes that \"the Quaid was not a Shia; he was also not a Sunni, he was simply a Muslim\". An eminent lawyer who practised in the Bombay High Court until 1940 testified"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " that Jinnah used to pray as an orthodox Sunni. According to Akbar Ahmed, Jinnah became a firm Sunni Muslim by the end of his life.</s><s>Legacy. Jinnah's legacy is Pakistan. According to Mohiuddin, \"He was and continues to be as highly honored in Pakistan as [first US president] George Washington is in the United States ... Pakistan owes its very existence to his drive, tenacity, and judgment ... Jinnah's importance in the creation of Pakistan was monumental and immeasurable.\" Stanley Wolpert, giving a speech in honour of Jinnah in 1998, deemed him Pakistan's greatest leader. According to Jaswant Singh, \"With Jinnah's death Pakistan lost its moorings. In India there will not easily arrive another Gandhi, nor in Pakistan another Jinnah.\" Malik writes, \"As long as Jinnah was alive, he could persuade and even pressure regional leaders toward greater mutual accommodation, but after his death, the lack of consensus on the distribution of political power and economic resources often turned controversial.\" According to Mohiuddin, \"Jinnah's death deprived Pakistan of a leader who could have enhanced stability and democratic governance ... The rocky road to democracy in Pakistan and the relatively smooth one in India can"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " in some measure be ascribed to Pakistan's tragedy of losing an incorruptible and highly revered leader so soon after independence.\" His birthday is observed as a national holiday, Quaid-e-Azam Day, in Pakistan. Jinnah earned the title \"Quaid-e-Azam\" (meaning \"Great Leader\"). His other title is \"Baba-i-Qaum\" (Father of the Nation). The former title was reportedly given to Jinnah at first by Mian Ferozuddin Ahmed. It became an official title by effect of a resolution passed on 11 August 1947 by Liaquat Ali Khan in the Pakistan Constituent Assembly. Within a few days of Pakistan's creation Jinnah's name was read in the khutba at mosques as Amir-ul-Millat, a traditional title of Muslim rulers. The civil awards of Pakistan includes an 'Order of Quaid-i-Azam'. The Jinnah Society also confers the 'Jinnah Award' annually to a person that renders outstanding and meritorious services to Pakistan and its people. Jinnah is depicted on all Pakistani rupee currency, and is the namesake of many Pakistani public institutions. The former Quaid-i-Azam International Airport in Karachi, now"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " called the Jinnah International Airport, is Pakistan's busiest. One of the largest streets in the Turkish capital Ankara, Cinnah Caddesi, is named after him, as is the Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway in Tehran, Iran. The royalist government of Iran also released a stamp commemorating the centennial of Jinnah's birth in 1976. In Chicago, a portion of Devon Avenue was named \"Mohammed Ali Jinnah Way\". A section of Coney Island Avenue in Brooklyn, New York was also named 'Muhammad Ali Jinnah Way' in honour of the founder of Pakistan. The Mazar-e-Quaid, Jinnah's mausoleum, is among Karachi's landmarks. The \"Jinnah Tower\" in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India, was built to commemorate Jinnah. There is a considerable amount of scholarship on Jinnah which stems from Pakistan; according to Akbar S. Ahmed, it is not widely read outside the country and usually avoids even the slightest criticism of Jinnah. According to Ahmed, some books published about Jinnah outside Pakistan mention that he consumed alcohol, but this is omitted from books published inside Pakistan. Ahmed suggests that depicting the \"Quaid\" drinking would weaken Jinnah's Islamic identity"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": ", and by extension, Pakistan's. Some sources allege he gave up alcohol near the end of his life. The professor Maya Tudor concluded that \"Jinnah could not be described as a practicing Muslim\" given his consumption of pork, use of alcohol, and usage of interest.{{cite book |last1=Tudor |first1=Maya |title=The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan According to historian Ayesha Jalal, while there is a tendency towards hagiography in the Pakistani view of Jinnah, in India he is viewed negatively. Ahmed deems Jinnah \"the most maligned person in recent Indian history ... In India, many see him as the demon who divided the land.\" Even many Indian Muslims see Jinnah negatively, blaming him for their woes as a minority in that state. Some historians such as Jalal and H. M. Seervai assert that Jinnah never wanted the partition of India—it was the outcome of the Congress leaders being unwilling to share power with the Muslim League. They contend that Jinnah only used the Pakistan demand in an attempt to mobilise support to obtain significant political rights for Muslims. Francis Mudie, the last British Governor of Sindh"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": ", in Jinnah's honour once said: In judging Jinnah, we must remember what he was up against. He had against him not only the wealth and brains of the Hindus, but also nearly the whole of British officialdom, and most of the Home politicians, who made the great mistake of refusing to take Pakistan seriously. Never was his position really examined. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, according to Yasser Latif Hamdani and Eamon Murphy, is associated with his call for Direct Action Day, which resulted in bloodshed and communal violence that culminated in the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan. This incident and Jinnah's role, according to these authors, is viewed with contempt especially in India. Jinnah has gained the admiration of Indian nationalist politicians such as Lal Krishna Advani, whose comments praising Jinnah caused an uproar in his Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Indian politician Jaswant Singh's book \"\" (2009) caused controversy in India. The book was based on Jinnah's ideology and alleged that Nehru's desire for a powerful centre led to Partition. Upon the book release, Singh was expelled from his membership of Bharatiya Janata Party, to which he responded that BJP is \"narrow-minded\" and has \""
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": "limited thoughts\". Jinnah was the central figure of the 1998 film \"Jinnah\", which was based on Jinnah's life and his struggle for the creation of Pakistan. Christopher Lee, who portrayed Jinnah, called his performance the best of his career. The 1954 Hector Bolitho's book \"Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan\" prompted Fatima Jinnah to release a book, titled \"My Brother\" (1987), as she thought that Bolitho's book had failed to express the political aspects of Jinnah. The book received positive reception in Pakistan. \"Jinnah of Pakistan\" (1984) by Stanley Wolpert is regarded as one of the best biographical books on Jinnah. The view of Jinnah in the West has been shaped to some extent by his portrayal in Sir Richard Attenborough's 1982 film, \"Gandhi\". The film was dedicated to Nehru and Mountbatten and was given considerable support by Nehru's daughter, the Indian prime minister, Indira Gandhi. It portrays Jinnah (played by Alyque Padamsee) in an unflattering light, who seems to act out of jealousy of Gandhi. Padamsee later stated that his portrayal was not historically accurate. In a journal article on Pakistan's first"
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"text": " governor-general, historian R. J. Moore wrote that Jinnah is universally recognised as central to the creation of Pakistan. Stanley Wolpert summarises the profound effect that Jinnah had on the world:</s><s>See also. - List of peace activists - List of civil rights leaders</s><s>References and notes.</s><s>References and notes.:General and cited references. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - - - - -</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000489
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Joel Edgerton.
|
[
{
"title": "Joel Edgerton",
"text": "<s>Joel Edgerton Joel Edgerton (born 23 June 1974) is an Australian actor and filmmaker. He is best known for his appearance in the \"Star Wars\" films \"Attack of the Clones\" (2002) and \"Revenge of the Sith\" (2005) as a young Owen Lars, a role he reprised in the Disney+ series \"Obi-Wan Kenobi\" (2022). Edgerton also appeared in \"King Arthur\" (2004) as Gawain, \"Warrior\" (2011), \"Zero Dark Thirty\" (2012), \"The Great Gatsby\" (2013), \"Black Mass\" (2015), \"Loving\" (2016), \"Bright\" (2017), \"Red Sparrow\" (2018), \"The King\" (2019), \"The Stranger\" (2022), and the limited series \"The Underground Railroad\" (2021). In Australia, Edgerton portrayed Will McGill in the drama series \"The Secret Life of Us\" (2001–02), for which he won the AACTA Award for Best Lead Actor in a Television Drama. He has appeared in several Australian films, such as \"The Square\" (2008), \"Animal Kingdom\" (2010), for which he won the AACTA"
},
{
"title": "Joel Edgerton",
"text": " Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, \"Wish You Were Here\" (2012), and \"Felony\" (2013). In 2015, Edgerton received a nomination for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – First-Time Feature Film for \"The Gift\", a psychological horror-thriller film he wrote, directed, co-produced, and in which he co-starred. Edgerton garnered further critical acclaim for his performance as Richard Loving in the 2016 historical drama \"Loving\", for which he received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor. In 2018, he wrote, directed, and starred in the drama \"Boy Erased\", about gay conversion therapy. The following year's \"The King\", which he co-wrote and starred in, was released on Netflix.</s><s>Early life. Edgerton was born in Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia the son of Michael, a solicitor and property developer, and Marianne (\"née\" van Dort) Edgerton. His mother is a Dutch immigrant, who was born in The Hague. He graduated from The Hills Grammar School in 1991. He attended the Nepean Drama School at the University of Western Sydney, before moving on to"
},
{
"title": "Joel Edgerton",
"text": " various stage productions, including at Sydney Theatre Company.</s><s>Career. Edgerton has appeared in such films as \"Erskineville Kings\", \"King Arthur\" and \"Ned Kelly\". In the \"Star Wars\" franchise, he played a young Owen Lars in \"\" (2002) and \"\" (2005) and reprised the role in the Disney+ series \"Obi-Wan Kenobi\". He played Will on \"The Secret Life of Us\", for which he won an AACTA Award in 2002. In 2005, he lent his voice to the title character of \"The Mysterious Geographic Explorations of Jasper Morello\", an Academy Award-nominated animated short film. The same year, he appeared as the son of a deceased shoemaker in the British comedy \"Kinky Boots\". He appeared in \"Smokin' Aces\" (2006). Edgerton appeared in the film \"Whisper\" (2007), \"The Square\" (which he co-wrote and was directed by his brother Nash Edgerton), \"Acolytes\", and \"Separation City\". In 2009, he starred alongside as Stanley in the Sydney Theatre Company's acclaimed production of \"A Streetcar Named Desire\". He appeared in a production of the same play"
},
{
"title": "Joel Edgerton",
"text": " at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in December 2009. He appeared in the crime drama film \"Animal Kingdom\" as Barry Baz Brown in 2010 in which he won an AFI award. He starred as fictional MMA fighter Brendan Conlon in the film \"Warrior\" (2011). In February 2010, Edgerton was cast in Matthijs van Heijningen Jr.'s 2011 prequel to \"The Thing\", portraying helicopter pilot Sam Carter. He played Tom Buchanan in Baz Luhrmann's 2013 remake of \"The Great Gatsby\". He was honoured for his work in international roles with the 2011 Australians in Film Breakthrough Award. In 2013, it was revealed that Edgerton and David Michôd had collaborated on writing an adaptation of Shakespeare's \"Henriad\" plays, \"Henry IV, Part 1\", \"Henry IV, Part 2\" and \"Henry V\", for Warner Bros. Pictures. In 2014, Edgerton starred in the biblical film \"\", as Ramesses II, Moses' adoptive brother, who became a notorious king. Edgerton directed, starred in, wrote, and produced the thriller \"The Gift\", which was released on 7 August 2015. He co-starred in the 2015 film \"Black Mass\" as John Connolly"
},
{
"title": "Joel Edgerton",
"text": ", FBI contact and childhood friend of notorious gangster Whitey Bulger. In 2016, he starred in the Jeff Nichols films \"Midnight Special\" and \"Loving\", and in 2017, he starred in the film \"Bright\" as Officer Nick Jacoby, an orc who is a police officer. He will reprise the character in the sequel along with Will Smith, directed by Louis Leterrier for Netflix. In 2018, Edgerton headlined Francis Lawrence's thriller film \"Red Sparrow\" with Jennifer Lawrence, and based on the book by Jason Matthews. He plays Nathaniel Nash, a CIA agent who becomes involved with a Russian spy Dominika Egorova (Lawrence). In February 2018, Timothée Chalamet joined the cast of \"The King\", with Brad Pitt, Dede Gardner, and Jeremy Kleiner producing, alongside Liz Watts, under their Plan B Entertainment banner. In March 2018, Edgerton joined the cast of the film. In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, it was announced that a new film, \"The Unknown Man\", will begin filming in South Australia as soon as enough of the COVID-19 restrictions are lifted. Directed by Thomas M. Wright, it will also star Sean Harris"
},
{
"title": "Joel Edgerton",
"text": ". In September 2020, Edgerton was tapped to star in and executive produce limited series \"The Florida Man\" based on a novel of the same name by Tom Cooper. In 2021, Edgerton starred in the medieval fantasy film \"The Green Knight\" written and directed by David Lowery. In March 2023, Edgerton began filming the period drama \"The Brutalist\" directed by Brady Corbet, in which he will star as László Toth, a Hungarian-born Jewish architect who survived the Holocaust and emigrated to the United States with his wife, portrayed by Marion Cotillard.</s><s>Philanthropy. Edgerton has been a distinguished ambassador for The Fred Hollows Foundation for a number of years and has strong personal ties to the organisation, which works to restore people's sight in poor countries and to improve the health of Aboriginal Australians. In 2012, he visited Nepal, where he saw sight restored first hand. He has described social activism and his involvement with The Fred Hollows Foundation as \"an escape\" from the \"materialistic life\" that often surrounds an actor. The Fred Hollows Foundation is an international non-profit organization which educates and provides equipment for undersupported surgeons to help cure avoidable blindness.</s>"
},
{
"title": "Joel Edgerton",
"text": "<s>Personal life. Edgerton's brother, Nash, is a stuntman and filmmaker. Both he and his brother are a part of the Australian film collective Blue-Tongue Films. Nash directed Joel in 2018's \"Gringo\". In 2018, Edgerton began a relationship with Christine Centenera, fashion director of \"Vogue Australia\". They have known each other since the late 1990s. Their twins were born in May 2021.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Joel Edgerton",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000490
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Damon Herriman.
|
[
{
"title": "Damon Herriman",
"text": "<s>Damon Herriman Damon Herriman is an Australian actor. He is known for his film and television work in Australia and the United States. He is perhaps best known for his portrayal of Dewey Crowe in \"Justified\". In 2019, he portrayed the cult leader and criminal Charles Manson in both the Netflix series \"Mindhunter\" and in the Quentin Tarantino film \"Once Upon a Time in Hollywood\".</s><s>Early life. Damon Herriman was born in Adelaide, South Australia. He began acting in local television commercials at the age of eight, but it was not until he was cast as Frank Errol in \"The Sullivans\" two years later that his career began to take off. He continued to work solidly as a child actor, with a return to \"The Sullivans\" a year later, as well as the Australian series \"The Patchwork Hero\", \"Sara Dane\", \"For the Term of His Natural Life\" and \"Taurus Rising.\" He received three Logie Award nominations for his performance in \"The Sullivans\".</s><s>Career. After appearing in \"The Flying Doctors\", for which he won the Penguin Award for Excellence in a Performance by a Juvenile, and the children's mini"
},
{
"title": "Damon Herriman",
"text": "-series \"Elly & Jools\", Herriman was cast as Mark Jorgensen, the bespectacled best friend of Ben Mendelsohn's Danny Clark in the Australian cult comedy classic \"The Big Steal\". As well as continuing to work solidly in film, television and theatre, Herriman has also written and/or directed many successful short films, including the Tropfest finalists \"They\" and \"The Date\". In 2004, he won the Best Screenplay award at Flickerfest for the short film \"Soar\", in which he also performed. He was a performer and contributing writer on the ABC sketch comedy series, \"The Elegant Gentleman's Guide to Knife Fighting\". Herriman's other Australian work includes playing Claudia Karvan's workmate and friend George Wagstaffe in the critically acclaimed Foxtel series \"Love My Way\"; Marcus Dwyer in the comedy series, \"Laid\"; simpleton Reg in the Australian feature, \"100 Bloody Acres\"; as well as the title role in the ABC telemovie, \"The Outlaw Michael Howe\". In 2014, he was seen as manager Chris Murphy in the miniseries \"\", as well as appearing in Josh Lawson's debut feature, \"The Little Death\". Other"
},
{
"title": "Damon Herriman",
"text": " recent Australian credits include Abe Forsythe's feature, \"Down Under\"; the Foxtel series, \"Secret City\" and \"Mr Inbetween\"; the Oscar nominated short, \"The Eleven O'Clock\"; the ABC telemovie, \"Riot\"; Jennifer Kent's second feature, \"The Nightingale\"; and the Foxtel mini-series, \"Lambs of God\". In 2019 he won the AACTA award for Best Lead Actor in a film for his performance in \"Judy and Punch\". His American career began in 2004, playing the creepy roadkill truck driver in the US horror film \"House of Wax\". Since 2005 he has worked regularly in the United States, starting with such productions as \"The Unit\"; \"Redbelt\" (both written and directed by David Mamet); \"Breaking Bad\"; \"Wilfred\"; \"Cold Case\"; and mysterious hitman Mr. Jones on the CBS crime series, \"Vegas\". He played the convicted kidnapper of the Lindbergh baby, Bruno Hauptmann, in the Clint Eastwood-directed \"J. Edgar\" (2011), and one of the Cavendish gang in Gore Verbinski's \"The Lone Ranger\" (2013). Next he appeared in the Vince Gilligan/David"
},
{
"title": "Damon Herriman",
"text": " Shore series for CBS, \"Battle Creek\"; the homeless Romeo in the Starz limited series, \"Flesh and Bone\"; and the violent hitman Buddy in the first season of the HBO/Cinemax series, \"Quarry\". In 2019, he played Charles Manson in both Quentin Tarantino's film \"Once Upon a Time in Hollywood\" and the television series \"Mindhunter\". In 2019, he appeared as Paul Allen Brown in Steven Conrad's Epix series \"Perpetual Grace, LTD\". In 2021, he was the voice of Kabal in \"Mortal Kombat\", with stuntman Daniel Nelson portraying the character in the suit.</s><s>Awards. In 2018 he was awarded the Orry-Kelly Award, recognising a body of work that contributes to Australia's national identity.</s><s>Other works.</s><s>Other works.:Music. - 2015: \"Raining Gold\" – ARO (Aimee Osbourne)</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Damon Herriman",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000491
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Rohit Sharma.
|
[
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": "<s>Rohit Sharma Rohit Gurunath Sharma (born 30 April 1987), is an Indian international cricketer and the current captain of India men’s cricket team in all formats. Considered one of the best batsmen of his generation and one of greatest opening batters of all time, - - - - - - - - - Sharma is known for his timing, elegance, six-hitting abilities and leadership skills. He plays as a right-handed batsman for India national cricket team in international cricket, Mumbai Indians in IPL and for Mumbai in domestic cricket. Rohit also captains Mumbai Indians and the team has won 5 titles under his leadership, the most by any team. Sharma currently holds the world record for the highest individual score (264) in a One Day International (ODI) match and is the only player to have scored three double-centuries in ODIs and also holds the record for scoring most hundreds (five) in a single Cricket World Cup, for which he won the ICC Men's ODI Cricketer of the Year award in 2019. Sharma has received two national honours, the Arjuna Award in 2015 and the prestigious Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna in 2020. Under his captaincy, India won"
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": " the 2018 Asia Cup, the seventh time the country won the title. Outside cricket, Sharma is an active supporter of animal welfare campaigns. He is the official Rhino Ambassador for WWF-India and is a member of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). He has worked with PETA in its campaign to raise awareness of the plight of homeless cats and dogs in India.</s><s>Early life. Sharma was born on 30 April 1987 in Bansod, Nagpur, Maharashtra. His mother, Purnima Sharma, is from Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. His father, Gurunath Sharma, worked as a caretaker of a transport firm storehouse. Sharma was raised by his grandparents and uncles in Borivali because of his father's low income. He would visit his parents, who lived in a single-room house in Dombivli, only during weekends. He has a younger brother, Vishal Sharma. Sharma joined a cricket camp in 1999 with his uncle's money. Dinesh Lad, his coach at the camp, asked him to change his school to Swami Vivekanand International School, where Lad was the coach and the cricket facilities were better than those at Sharma’s old school. Sharma recollect"
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": "s, \"I told him I couldn't afford it, but he got me a scholarship. So for four years I didn't pay a penny, and did well in my cricket\". Sharma started as an off-spinner who could bat a bit before Lad noticed his batting ability and promoted him from number eight to open the innings. He excelled in the Harris and Giles Shield school cricket tournaments, scoring a century on debut as an opener.</s><s>Youth and domestic first-class career. Sharma made his List A debut for West Zone against Central Zone in the Deodhar Trophy at Gwalior in March 2005. Batting at number eight, he scored 31 not out as West Zone won by 3 wickets with 24 balls remaining. Cheteshwar Pujara and Ravindra Jadeja made their debuts in the same match. It was Sharma's unbeaten innings of 142 in 123 balls against North Zone at the Maharanna Bhupal College Ground in Udaipur in the same tournament that brought him into the limelight. He visited Abu Dhabi and Australia with the India A squad and was then included among India's 30-member probables list for the upcoming ICC Champions Trophy tournament, although he did not make the final squad. Sharma made his"
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": " first-class debut for India A against New Zealand A at Darwin in July 2006. He scored 57 and 22 as India won by 3 wickets. He made his Ranji Trophy debut for Mumbai in the 2006–07 season and scored 205 off 267 balls against Gujarat. Mumbai went on to win the tournament with Sharma scoring a half-century (57) in his second innings in the final against Bengal. Sharma has spent his entire domestic first-class career at Mumbai. In December 2009, he made his highest career score of 309 not out in the Ranji Trophy against Gujarat. In October 2013, upon the retirement of Ajit Agarkar, he was appointed team captain ahead of the 2013–14 season.</s><s>International career.</s><s>International career.:Test matches. In November 2013, during Sachin Tendulkar's farewell series, Sharma made his Test debut at Eden Gardens in Kolkata against West Indies and scored 177, the second-highest score on debut by an Indian to Shikhar Dhawan (187). He followed it up with 111 (not out) in the second Test at his home ground, the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai. Having been out of the Test team since 2017–18, Sharma went on the 2018–19 tour"
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": " of Australia after he had earned a recall earlier. Chief selector M. S. K. Prasad said the reason for his recall was that his natural game suited the bouncy Australian pitches. Sharma played in the first Test in Adelaide, scoring 37 and 1 in an Indian victory. During the first Test, he sustained a minor injury which saw him miss the second Test in Perth. He recovered for the Boxing Day third Test at Melbourne and scored 63 (not out) to help India total 443/7 and win both the Test and the series. After the third Test, Sharma had to return to India for the birth of his daughter. In October 2019, in the third Test against South Africa, Sharma scored his 2,000th run and his first double century in Tests. He made 212 in the first innings of the match. Sharma was named as vice-captain of India's Test team during the tour of Australia in 2020, replacing Cheteshwar Pujara. Sharma had a successful home series against England in 2021. Instrumental in his team's comeback after a defeat in the first Test at Chennai, he scored a century, one that \"The Guardian\" termed \"deserves to be considered one of the greatest this century.\" He put on 167 runs with"
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": " Ajinkya Rahane for the fourth wicket while making 161 runs in an innings that included 18 fours and two sixes. India went on to win the Test by 317 runs. He top-scored for his side in both innings of the low-scoring third Test in Ahmedabad with scores of 66 and 25 contributing to his team's win. Sharma finished the series aggregating 345 runs, the most for India, at an average of 58. He went on to score his first overseas Test century on 4 September 2021 with an innings of 127 against England at The Oval, also reaching the milestone of 3,000 runs in Test cricket. Sharma was appointed captain of India's Test team in February 2022, succeeding Virat Kohli, ahead of a two-match series against Sri Lanka. Sunil Gavaskar praised his leadership and Chetan Sharma, India's chairman of selectors, said: \"We will groom future captains under him\".</s><s>International career.:2015 and 2019 Cricket World Cups. In March 2015, Sharma made his first appearance in the Cricket World Cup and played in eight matches for India in the 2015 tournament in Australia. India reached the semi-final stage where they were defeated by Australia. Sharma scored 330 runs in the tournament with one century"
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": ", a score of 137 in the quarter-final against Bangladesh. On 15 April 2019, Sharma was appointed vice-captain of India's squad for the 2019 World Cup in England. In the opening match against South Africa, he scored 122, including his 12,000th run in international cricket. He followed it up with centuries against Pakistan, England and Bangladesh. In the match against Sri Lanka, hitting yet another century, he became the first batsman to score five centuries in a single World Cup tournament, and equalled Tendulkar's record for the most centuries (6) in all World Cup matches. Sharma totalled 648 runs in the tournament to finish as the leading run-scorer and win the ICC's Golden Bat award, the third Indian player to do so.</s><s>International career.:Other one-day international matches. Sharma made his full international debut in a one-day match against Ireland in Belfast on 23 June 2007. This was part of the 2007 Future Cup competition which also involved South Africa. He was number seven in the batting order but did not bat as India won the game by 9 wickets. He scored his maiden ODI half-century (52) against Pakistan at Jaipur on 18 November 2007 and was selected for the Indian"
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": " squad going to the 2007–08 Commonwealth Bank Series in Australia. In that series, he scored 235 runs at an average of 33.57 with 2 fifties, including 66 in the first final at Sydney when he partnered Sachin Tendulkar for most of India's successful run chase. After that, however, his ODI performances suffered a downturn and he lost his middle-order position to Suresh Raina. Later, Virat Kohli took his position as the reserve batsman. In December 2009, following his triple century in the Ranji Trophy, he was recalled to the ODI team for the tri-nations tournament in Bangladesh as Tendulkar opted to rest in the series. He scored his maiden ODI century (114) against Zimbabwe on 28 May 2010 and followed it up with another century in the next match of the tri-series against Sri Lanka on 30 May 2010 by scoring 101 not out. He had a run of poor form in South Africa just before the 2011 World Cup and as a consequence he was left out of India's squad for the tournament. Sharma was recalled to the limited-overs squad for the tour of the West Indies in June and July 2011. In the first match at Queen's Park Oval, he scored 68 ("
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": "not out) from 75 balls with three fours and a six. In the third match at the Sir Vivian Richards Stadium in Antigua, he scored a match-winning 86 off 91 balls after India had been reduced to 92 for 6. He had a disastrous loss of form in 2012 and scored only 168 runs in the whole calendar year at the very low average of 12.92 with just a single half-century. Even so, his captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni showed faith in him, and his career was revived in 2013. Dhoni decided to move him up the batting order to open the innings with Shikhar Dhawan in the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy. The pairing was a success and India won the competition, defeating hosts England in the final. His good form continued and, later in the year against Australia, he scored 141 (not out) in Jaipur. He followed that with 209 off 158 balls in Bangalore and established a then-world record for the most sixes (16) in a one-day international innings (since beaten by Eoin Morgan of England with 17). On 13 November 2014, playing against Sri Lanka at Eden Gardens in Kolkata, Sharma broke the world record for the highest score in a one-day international"
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": " innings with 264 from 173 deliveries. In December 2017, India's captain Virat Kohli was rested for the series against Sri Lanka, in preparation for India's tour to South Africa, which began in the first week of January 2018. In his place, Sharma was appointed team captain and India under his leadership won the series 2–1, their eighth consecutive series win since defeating Zimbabwe in June 2016. Sharma also hit his third ODI double-century in this series, scoring 208 (not out) to extend his record of most ODI double-centuries by a player. In September 2018, in the absence of many top players including regular captain Virat Kohli, Sharma led India to win the 2018 Asia Cup, where they defeated Bangladesh in the final. On 12 January 2019, in the opening match against Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground, Sharma scored 133 but it was in vain as India lost by 34 runs. It was his 22nd century in one-day internationals. At Delhi on 13 March 2019, in the fifth and final match of a home series against Australia, Sharma scored 56 including his 8,000th run in one-day internationals. It was his 200th innings. In 2019, he scored the most runs in ODIs by any bats"
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": "man, with 1,490 runs in the calendar year, including 7 centuries. In November 2020, Sharma was nominated for the ICC Men's ODI Cricketer of the Decade award. In July 2022, Sharma became the first Indian captain to lead their team to both T20I and ODI series wins in England. He became the 3rd Indian captain to win an ODI series in England, and the first since 2014.</s><s>International career.:Twenty20 international matches. Sharma was included in the Indian squad for the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 and made his mark by scoring an unbeaten 50 from 40 deliveries against hosts South Africa in the quarter-finals. This enabled India to win the match by 37 runs and they went on to defeat Pakistan in the final, when Sharma scored 30 (not out) from 16 deliveries. On 2 October 2015, during the South African tour of India, Sharma scored 106 in the first Twenty20 international at HPCA Stadium in Dharamshala. With that, he became the second Indian cricketer to have scored centuries in all three formats of international cricket. In December 2017, in a series against Sri Lanka, Sharma scored the joint-fastest T20I century, in 35 balls, ending with 118 from 43"
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": " deliveries, equaling the record of David Miller. This was also his second century in Twenty20 internationals. On 8 July 2018, during a series in England, Sharma became the second Indian batsman, after Virat Kohli, to score 2,000 runs in a Twenty20 international career. He was the fifth batsman worldwide to achieve the feat; the others besides Kohli were Brendon McCullum, Martin Guptill and Shoaib Malik. He also scored his third T20I century during this series, equaling the then-record for most T20I centuries, held by Colin Munro. In March 2018, he led Team India to win the Nidahas Trophy under his captaincy. In November 2018, in a series against West Indies, he scored his fourth T20I century, creating a new record for the most centuries by a player in T20I cricket. In November 2019, in the opening match of the series against Bangladesh, Sharma became the most-capped cricketer for India in T20Is, playing in his 99th match. In the next match of the series, he became the first male cricketer for India to play in 100 T20Is. In November 2020, Sharma was nominated for the ICC"
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": " Men's T20I Cricketer of the Decade award. In July 2022, Sharma became the first captain in T20I history to lead their team to 14 consecutive victories. With his participation in the 2022 T20 World Cup in Australia, Sharma became the only Indian cricketer to have played in every edition of the tournament since its inception in 2007. On 27 October 2022, Sharma broke the record for most sixes by an Indian batsman in T20 World Cups, previously held by Yuvraj Singh, hitting his 34th six against Netherlands at Sydney Cricket Ground.</s><s>Indian Premier League. Sharma joined the Indian Premier League (IPL) in 2008 when he was signed by the Deccan Chargers franchise, based in Hyderabad, for the sum of US$750,000 a year. In the 2011 auction, he was sold for US$2 million to the Mumbai Indians. He scored his only IPL century in the 2012 tournament with 109 (not out) against the Kolkata Knight Riders. Under his leadership, Mumbai has won the IPL in 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020; they also won the former Champions League Twenty20 competition in 2013. Sharma has been one of the most successful players in the IPL as"
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": " captain since 2013 of the Mumbai Indians, who have won the tournament five times under his leadership. He is currently (March 2022) one of six players who have scored 5,000 career runs in the competition. Sharma has 5,611 runs with one century and 40 half centuries and is the third-highest run scorer after Virat Kohli (6,283) and Shikhar Dhawan (5,784).</s><s>Playing style. Sharma is an aggressive batsman but plays with style and elegance. He is usually an opening batsman in limited overs cricket, but has played most of his Test cricket as a middle-order batsman. In limited overs cricket, Sharma is widely recognised as one of the format's most outstanding batsmen. And for his attacking batting and six hitting abilities he often referred as Hitman. Sunil Gavaskar considers Sharma to have a batting style similar to those of Virender Sehwag and Viv Richards. In his column for \"The Times of India\" in November 2018, Gavaskar said: While Sharma is not a regular bowler, he can bowl right arm off spin. He usually fields in the slips and has said this is a part of his game which he works very hard on for improvement.</s>"
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": "<s>Achievements. Sharma holds the world record for the highest individual score by a batsman playing in a one-day international match, having scored 264 against Sri Lanka at Eden Gardens, Kolkata, on 13 November 2014. He is the only player to have scored three double-centuries in this form of international cricket. In January 2020, Sharma was named as the ODI Player of the Year by the International Cricket Council (ICC). During the 2019 World Cup, Sharma became the only batsman to scored five centuries in a single edition of the Cricket World Cup. On 5 October 2019, during a Test match against South Africa, Sharma became the first batsman to score two centuries in a match on his first appearance as an opening batsman. In the same series, he broke Shimron Hetmyer's record for the highest number of sixes in a Test series.</s><s>Achievements.:National honours. - 2015 – Arjuna Award - 2020 – Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna</s><s>Achievements.:Sporting honours. - ICC Men's ODI Cricketer of the Year: 2019 - ICC Men's ODI Team of the Year: 2014 (12th man), 2016, 2017, 2018,"
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": " 2019 - ICC Men's ODI Team of the Decade: 2011–2020 - ICC Men's T20I Team of the Decade: 2011–2020 - ICC Men's Test Team of the Year: 2021 For his achievements on India's tour of England in 2021, Sharma was selected by \"Wisden Cricketers' Almanack\" as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in its 2022 edition.</s><s>Outside cricket.</s><s>Outside cricket.:Personal life. Sharma married his longtime girlfriend, Ritika Sajdeh on 13 December 2015. They have one child, a girl born on 30 December 2018. He is a practitioner of the meditation technique Sahaj Marg. He practices an Eggetarian diet but is known to have eaten beef at least once since.</s><s>Outside cricket.:Commercial endorsements. Sharma has been sponsored by several brands including CEAT and the Swiss watchmaker Hublot. In his career, Sharma has endorsed many other brands including Maggi, Fair and Lovely, Lay's, Nissan, energy drink Relentless, Nasivion nasal spray, Aristocrat by VIP Industries, Adidas and Oppo mobiles.</s><s>Outside cricket.:Philanthropy. Sharma engages in numerous philanthropic activities,"
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": " promoting various causes such as animal welfare, health, and children. He is particularly vocal about the protection of animals and has supported various initiatives and organisations to promote the cause. In February 2015, Sharma joined People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) to support sterilisation of homeless cats and dogs. When supporting the cause Sharma said, \"Sterilisation is important because I feel that if we can stop (the homeless-animal crisis), there will be control of population among the street dogs\". In September 2015, along with Hollywood actors Matt LeBlanc and Salma Hayek, Sharma joined an anti-poaching campaign in Kenya to save the wild animals of Africa including the last surviving northern white rhinoceros. When joining the campaign Sharma said, \"I have been a member of PETA and when I was informed about the cause, I thought it is my duty to join the anti-poaching drive. That's what got me to Nairobi. I was fascinated to have a look at Sudan (the last northern white rhino) and the sniffer dogs who catch hold of the poachers\". In November 2017, Sharma in a video on social media said that he had agreed with an online store to merchandise mobile phone covers and other items"
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": " that would use his name and ODI jersey no. 45. Sharma also told his Twitter followers: \"All proceeds from your purchases would go to an animal charity of my choice\". In 2018 on \"World Rhino Day\", Sharma was announced as the WWF-India Rhino Ambassador. Ravi Singh, the CEO and Secretary General of WWF-India, said \"We welcome Rohit into the WWF family\". After taking a pledge for the cause of rhino conservation, Sharma said, \"My love for rhinos sparked when I first heard about Sudan, the last male northern white African rhino who passed away this year thus leading to the inevitable extinction of the entire species and that broke my heart. As the world and I mourned for my fallen friend Sudan, I researched the best way for me to help prevent something like this happening and the best way I know how is to create awareness. After getting in touch with WWF I learnt that 82% of the world’s rhinos reside in India and I am honoured to be WWF-India’s rhino ambassador to spread awareness and do my bit to contribute to the protection and survival of the rhino and help make this world a better place for them.\"</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Rohit Sharma",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000492
|
Question: Tell me a bio of 14th Dalai Lama.
|
[
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": "<s>14th Dalai Lama The 14th Dalai Lama (spiritual name Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, known as Tenzin Gyatso; né Lhamo Thondup; born 6 July 1935), known to the Tibetan people as Gyalwa Rinpoche, is the current Dalai Lama, also the highest spiritual leader and head of the country of Tibet since 1940. He is considered a living Bodhisattva, specifically, an emanation of Avalokiteśvara in Sanskrit and Chenrezig in Tibetan. He is also the leader and a monk of the Gelug school, the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism, formally headed by the Ganden Tripa. The central government of Tibet, the Ganden Phodrang, invested the Dalai Lama with temporal duties until his exile in 1959. The 14th Dalai Lama was born to a farming family in Taktser (Hongya Village), in the traditional Tibetan region of Amdo (administratively Qinghai Province, Republic of China). He was selected as the tulku of the 13th Dalai Lama in 1937 and formally recognized as the 14th Dalai Lama in a public declaration near the town of Bumchen in 1939."
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " As with the recognition process for his predecessor, a Golden Urn selection process was not used. His enthronement ceremony was held in Lhasa on 22 February 1940 and he eventually assumed full temporal (political) duties on 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, after the People's Republic of China's occupation of Tibet. The Tibetan government administered the historic Tibetan regions of Ü-Tsang, Kham and Amdo. Subsequent to the Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China, during the 1959 Tibetan uprising, the Dalai Lama escaped to India, where he currently lives in exile while remaining the most important spiritual leader of Tibet. On 29 April 1959, the Dalai Lama established the independent Tibetan government in exile in the north Indian hill station of Mussoorie, which then moved in May 1960 to Dharamshala, where he resides. He retired as political head in 2011 to make way for a democratic government, the Central Tibetan Administration. The Dalai Lama advocates for the welfare of Tibetans and since the early 1970s has called for the Middle Way Approach with China to peacefully resolve the issue of Tibet. The Dalai Lama travels worldwide to give Tibetan Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism teachings, and his Kalachakra teachings and initiations are"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " international events. He also attends conferences on a wide range of subjects, including the relationship between religion and science, meets with other world leaders, religious leaders, philosophers and scientists, online and in person. His work includes focus on the environment, economics, women's rights, nonviolence, interfaith dialogue, physics, astronomy, Buddhism and science, cognitive neuroscience, reproductive health and sexuality. The Dalai Lama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989, and the US Congressional Gold Medal in 2006. \"Time\" magazine named the Dalai Lama one of the \"Children of Mahatma Gandhi\" and Gandhi's spiritual heir to nonviolence.</s><s>Early life and background. Lhamo Thondup was born on 6 July 1935 to a farming and horse trading family in the small hamlet of Taktser, or Chija Tagtser, at the edge of the traditional Tibetan region of Amdo in Qinghai Province. He was one of seven siblings to survive childhood and one of the three supposed reincarnated Rinpoches in the same family. His eldest sister Tsering Dolma, was sixteen years his senior and was midwife to his mother at his birth. She would accompany him into exile and found Tibetan Children's Villages. His eldest brother, Thupten"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " Jigme Norbu, had been recognised at the age of three by the 13th Dalai Lama as the reincarnation of the high Lama, the 6th Taktser Rinpoche. His fifth brother, Tendzin Choegyal, had been recognised as the 16th Ngari Rinpoche. His sister, Jetsun Pema, spent most of her adult life on the Tibetan Children's Villages project. The Dalai Lama has said that his first language was \"a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language\", a form of Central Plains Mandarin, and his family speak neither Amdo Tibetan nor Lhasa Tibetan. After the demise of the 13th Dalai Lama, in 1935, the Ordinance of Lama Temple Management was published by the Central Government. In 1936, the Method of Reincarnation of Lamas was published by the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission of the Central Government. Article 3 states that death of lamas, including the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, should be reported to the commission, soul boys should be located and checked by the commission, and a lot-drawing ceremony with the Golden Urn system should be held. Article 6 states that local governments should invite officials from the Central Government to take care"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " of the sitting-in-the-bed ceremony. Article 7 states that soul boys should not be sought from current lama families. This article echoes what the Qianlong Emperor described in The Discourse of Lama to eliminate greedy families with multiple reincarnated rinpoches, lamas. Based on custom and regulation, the regent was actively involved in the search for the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama. Following reported signs and visions, three search teams were sent out to the north-east, the east, and the south-east to locate the new incarnation when the boy who was to become the 14th Dalai Lama was about two years old. Sir Basil Gould, British delegate to Lhasa in 1936, related his account of the north-eastern team to Sir Charles Alfred Bell, former British resident in Lhasa and friend of the 13th Dalai Lama. Amongst other omens, the head of the embalmed body of the thirteenth Dalai Lama, at first facing south-east, had turned to face the north-east, indicating, it was interpreted, the direction in which his successor would be found. The Regent, Reting Rinpoche, shortly afterwards had a vision at the sacred lake of Lhamo La-"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": "tso which he interpreted as Amdo being the region to search. This vision was also interpreted to refer to a large monastery with a gilded roof and turquoise tiles, and a twisting path from there to a hill to the east, opposite which stood a small house with distinctive eaves. The team, led by Kewtsang Rinpoche, went first to meet the Panchen Lama, who had been stuck in Jyekundo, in northern Kham. The Panchen Lama had been investigating births of unusual children in the area ever since the death of the 13th Dalai Lama. He gave Kewtsang the names of three boys whom he had discovered and identified as candidates. Within a year the Panchen Lama had died. Two of his three candidates were crossed off the list but the third, a \"fearless\" child, the most promising, was from Taktser village, which, as in the vision, was on a hill, at the end of a trail leading to Taktser from the great Kumbum Monastery with its gilded, turquoise roof. There they found a house, as interpreted from the vision—the house where Lhamo Dhondup lived. The 14th Dalai Lama claims that at the"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " time, the village of Taktser stood right on the \"real border\" between the region of Amdo and China. According to the search lore, when the team visited, posing as pilgrims, its leader, a Sera Lama, pretended to be the servant and sat separately in the kitchen. He held an old mala that had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama, and the boy Lhamo Dhondup, aged two, approached and asked for it. The monk said \"if you know who I am, you can have it.\" The child said \"Sera Lama, Sera Lama\" and spoke with him in a Lhasa accent, in a dialect the boy's mother could not understand. The next time the party returned to the house, they revealed their real purpose and asked permission to subject the boy to certain tests. One test consisted of showing him various pairs of objects, one of which had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and one which had not. In every case, he chose the Dalai Lama's own objects and rejected the others. From 1936 the Hui 'Ma Clique' Muslim warlord Ma Bufang ruled Qinghai as its governor under the nominal authority of the Republic of China central government. According to an interview with"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " the 14th Dalai Lama, in the 1930s, Ma Bufang had seized this north-east corner of Amdo in the name of Chiang Kai-shek's weak government and incorporated it into the Chinese province of Qinghai. Before going to Taktser, Kewtsang had gone to Ma Bufang to pay his respects. When Ma Bufang heard a candidate had been found in Taktser, he had the family brought to him in Xining. He first demanded proof that the boy was the Dalai Lama, but the Lhasa government, though informed by Kewtsang that this was the one, told Kewtsang to say he had to go to Lhasa for further tests with other candidates. They knew that if he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, the Chinese government would insist on sending a large army escort with him, which would then stay in Lhasa and refuse to budge. Ma Bufang, together with Kumbum Monastery, then refused to allow him to depart unless he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, but withdrew this demand in return for 100,000 Chinese dollars ransom in silver to be shared amongst them, to let them go to Lhasa. Kew"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": "tsang managed to raise this, but the family was only allowed to move from Xining to Kumbum when a further demand was made for another 330,000 dollars ransom: one hundred thousand each for government officials, the commander-in-chief, and the Kumbum Monastery; twenty thousand for the escort; and only ten thousand for Ma Bufang himself, he said. Two years of diplomatic wrangling followed before it was accepted by Lhasa that the ransom had to be paid to avoid the Chinese getting involved and escorting him to Lhasa with a large army. Meanwhile, the boy was kept at Kumbum where two of his brothers were already studying as monks and recognised incarnate lamas. The payment of 300,000 silver dollars was then advanced by Muslim traders en route to Mecca in a large caravan via Lhasa. They paid Ma Bufang on behalf of the Tibetan government against promissory notes to be redeemed, with interest, in Lhasa. The 20,000-dollar fee for an escort was dropped, since the Muslim merchants invited them to join their caravan for protection; Ma Bufang sent 20 of his soldiers with them and was paid from both sides since the Chinese government granted him another 50,000"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " dollars for the expenses of the journey. Furthermore, the Indian government helped the Tibetans raise the ransom funds by affording them import concessions. On 22 September 1938, representatives of Tibet Office in Beijing informed Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission that 3 candidates were found and ceremony of Golden Urn would be held in Tibet. Released from Kumbum, on 21 July 1939 the party travelled across Tibet on a journey to Lhasa in the large Muslim caravan with Lhamo Dhondup, now 4 years old, riding with his brother Lobsang in a special palanquin carried by two mules, two years after being discovered. As soon as they were out of Ma Bufang's area, he was officially declared to be the 14th Dalai Lama by the Kashag, and after ten weeks of travel he arrived in Lhasa on 8 October 1939. The ordination (pabbajja) and giving of the monastic name of Tenzin Gyatso were arranged by Reting Rinpoche and according to the Dalai Lama \"I received my ordination from Kyabjé Ling Rinpoché in the Jokhang in Lhasa.\" There was very limited Chinese involvement at this time. The family of the 14th Dalai Lama was"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " elevated to the highest stratum of the Tibetan aristocracy and acquired land and serf holdings, as with the families of previous Dalai Lamas. In 1959, at the age of 23, he took his final examination at Lhasa's Jokhang Temple during the annual Monlam Prayer Festival. He passed with honours and was awarded the Lharampa degree, the highest-level \"geshe\" degree, roughly equivalent to a doctorate in Buddhist philosophy. The Dalai Lama, whose name means \"Ocean of Wisdom,\" is known to Tibetans as Gyalwa Rinpoche, \"The Precious Jewel-like Buddha-Master;\" Kundun, \"The Presence;\" and Yizhin Norbu, \"The Wish-Fulfilling Gem.\" His devotees, as well as much of the Western world, often call him \"His Holiness the Dalai Lama\", the style employed on the Dalai Lama's website. According to the Dalai Lama, he had a succession of tutors in Tibet including Reting Rinpoche, Tathag Rinpoche, Ling Rinpoche and lastly Trijang Rinpoche, who became junior tutor when he was nineteen. At the age of 11 he met the Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer, who"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " became his videographer and tutor about the world outside Lhasa. The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006.</s><s>Life as the Dalai Lama. Historically the Dalai Lamas or their regents held political and religious leadership over Tibet from Lhasa with varying degrees of influence depending on the regions of Tibet and periods of history. This began with the 5th Dalai Lama's rule in 1642 and lasted until the 1950s (except for 1705–1750), during which period the Dalai Lamas headed the Tibetan government or Ganden Phodrang. Until 1912 however, when the 13th Dalai Lama declared the complete independence of Tibet, their rule was generally subject to patronage and protection of firstly Mongol kings (1642–1720) and then the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1720–1912). During the Dalai Lama's recognition process, the cultural Anthropologist Goldstein writes: Afterwards in 1939, at the age of four, the Dalai Lama was taken in a procession of lamas to Lhasa. The traditional ceremony enthroning the 14th Dalai Lama was attended by observing Chinese and foreign dignitaries after a traditional Tibetan recognition processes. Sir Basil Gould, the British representative of the Government of India, has left a"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " highly detailed account of the ceremonies surrounding the enthronement of the 14th Dalai Lama in Chapter 16 of his memoir, The Jewel in the Lotus. Gould disputes the Chinese claim to have presided over it. He criticised the Chinese account as follows: Tibetan scholar Nyima Gyaincain wrote that based on Tibetan tradition, there was no such thing as presiding over an event, and wrote that the word \"主持 (preside or organize)\" was used in many places in communication documents. The meaning of the word was different than what we understand today. He added that Wu Zhongxin spent a lot of time and energy on the event, his effect of presiding over or organizing the event was very obvious. After his enthronement, the Dalai Lama's childhood was then spent between the Potala Palace and Norbulingka, his summer residence, both of which are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Chiang Kai Shek ordered Ma Bufang to put his Muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942. Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand troops to the border with Tibet. Chiang also threatened the Tibetans with aerial bombardment if they worked with the Japanese. Ma Bufang attacked the Tibetan Buddhist Ts"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": "ang monastery in 1941. He also constantly attacked the Labrang monastery. In October 1950 the army of the People's Republic of China marched to the edge of the Dalai Lama's territory and sent a delegation after defeating a legion of the Tibetan army in warlord-controlled Kham. On 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, the 14th Dalai Lama assumed full temporal (political) power as ruler of Tibet.</s><s>Life as the Dalai Lama.:Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China. The Dalai Lama's formal rule as head of the government in Tibet was brief although he was enthroned as spiritual leader on February 22, 1940. When Chinese cadres entered Tibet in 1950, with a crisis looming, the Dalai Lama was asked to assume the role of head of state at the age of 15, which he did on November 17, 1950. Customarily the Dalai Lama would typically assume control at about the age of 20. He sent a delegation to Beijing, which ratified the Seventeen Point Agreement without his authorization in 1951. The Dalai Lama believes the draft agreement was written by China. Tibetan representatives were not allowed to suggest any alterations and China did not allow the Tibetan representatives to communicate with the Tibetan government in Lhasa. The Tibetan delegation was"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " not authorized by Lhasa to sign, but ultimately submitted to pressure from the Chinese to sign anyway, using seals specifically made for the purpose. The Seventeen Point Agreement recognized Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, but China allowed the Dalai Lama to continue to rule Tibet internally, and it allowed the system of feudal peasantry to persist. \"So even if it were agreed that serfdom and feudalism existed in Tibet, this would be little different other than in technicalities from conditions in any other \"premodern\" peasant society, including most of China at that time. The power of the Chinese argument therefore lies in its implication that serfdom, and with it feudalism, is inseparable from extreme abuse,\" \"based on serfdom, it was not necessarily feudal, and [Goldstein] refutes any automatic link with extreme abuse.\" \"Evidence to support this linkage has not been found by scholars other than those close to Chinese governmental circles.\" The nineteen year old Dalai Lama toured China for almost a year from 1954 to 1955, meeting many of the revolutionary leaders and the top echelon of the Chinese communist leadership who created modern China. He learned Chinese and socialist ideals, as explained by his Chinese hosts, on a tour of China showcasing the benefits of socialism and the"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " effective governance provided to turn the large, impoverished nation into a modern and egalitarian society, which impressed him. In September 1954, he went to the Chinese capital to meet Chairman Mao Zedong with the 10th Panchen Lama and attend the first session of the National People's Congress as a delegate, primarily discussing China's constitution. On 27 September 1954, the Dalai Lama was selected as a Vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, a post he officially held until 1964.（一九六四年十二月十七日国务院全体会议第一五一次会议通过）: \"西藏自治区筹备委员会主任委员达赖喇嘛·丹增嘉措，一九五九年发动叛国的反革命武装叛乱。在逃"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": "往国外以后，组织流亡伪政府，公布伪宪法，支持印度反动派对我国的侵略，并积极组织和训练逃亡国外的残匪骚扰祖国边境。这一切都证明他早已自绝于祖国和人民，是一个死心塌地为帝国主义和外国反动派作走狗的叛国分子。国务院根据西藏地方人民的要求，"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": "决定撤销达赖喇嘛·丹增嘉措的西藏自治区筹备委员会主任委员和委员的职务。\" On 17 December 1964, the 151st meeting of the plenary session of the State Council approved: The Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, chairman of the Tibet Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee, launched a treasonous counter-revolutionary armed rebellion in 1959. After fleeing abroad, he organized a pseudo-government in exile, promulgated a pseudo-constitution, supported the Indian reactionaries' aggression against our country, and actively organized and trained bandits who fled abroad to harass the motherland's borders. All this proves that he has terminated himself from the motherland and the people, and he is a traitor who is desperately running for the imperialism and foreign reactionaries. The State Council decided to remove the Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso's duties as chairman and member of the Tibet Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee in accordance with the request of the local people"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " in Tibet. In 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the Buddha's Birthday, the Dalai Lama asked the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, if he would allow him political asylum should he choose to stay. Nehru discouraged this as a provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's non-interventionist stance agreed upon with its 1954 treaty with China. Long called a \"splitist\" and \"traitor\" by China, the Dalai Lama has attempted formal talks over Tibet's status in China. In 2019, after the United States passed a law requiring the US to deny visas to Chinese officials in charge of implementing policies that restrict foreign access to Tibet, the US Ambassador to China \"encouraged the Chinese government to engage in substantive dialogue with the Dalai Lama or his representatives, without preconditions, to seek a settlement that resolves differences\". The Chinese Foreign Ministry has warned the US and other countries to \"shun\" the Dalai Lama during visits and often uses trade negotiations and human rights talks as an incentive to do so. China sporadically bans images of the Dalai Lama and arrests citizens for owning photos of him in Tibet. Tibet Autonomous Region government job candidates must strongly denounce the Dalai Lama, as announced on the Tibet"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " Autonomous Region government's online education platform, \"Support the (Communist) Party's leadership, resolutely implement the [Chinese Communist] Party's line, line of approach, policies, and the guiding ideology of Tibet work in the new era; align ideologically, politically, and in action with the Party Central Committee; oppose any splittist tendencies; expose and criticize the Dalai Lama; safeguard the unity of the motherland and ethnic unity and take a firm stand on political issues, taking a clear and distinct stand\". The Dalai Lama is a target of Chinese state sponsored hacking. Security experts claim \"targeting Tibetan activists is a strong indicator of official Chinese government involvement\" since economic information is the primary goal of private Chinese hackers. In 2009 the personal office of the Dalai Lama asked researchers at the Munk Center for International Studies at the University of Toronto to check its computers for malicious software. This led to uncovering GhostNet, a large-scale cyber spying operation which infiltrated at least 1,295 computers in 103 countries, including embassies, foreign ministries, other government offices, and organizations affiliated with the Dalai Lama in India, Brussels, London and New York, and believed to be focusing on the governments of South and Southeast Asia. A second cyberspy network, Shadow Network,"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " was discovered by the same researchers in 2010. Stolen documents included a years worth of the Dalai Lama's personal email, and classified government material relating to India, West Africa, the Russian Federation, the Middle East, and NATO. \"Sophisticated\" hackers were linked to universities in China, Beijing again denied involvement. Chinese hackers posing as The New York Times, Amnesty International and other organization's reporters targeted the private office of the Dalai Lama, Tibetan Parliament members, and Tibetan nongovernmental organizations, among others, in 2019.</s><s>Life as the Dalai Lama.:Exile to India. At the outset of the 1959 Tibetan uprising, fearing for his life, the Dalai Lama and his retinue fled Tibet with the help of the CIA's Special Activities Division, crossing into India on 30 March 1959, reaching Tezpur in Assam on 18 April. Some time later he set up the Government of Tibet in Exile in Dharamshala, India, which is often referred to as \"\"Little Lhasa\"\". After the founding of the government in exile he re-established the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements. He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the language, history, religion"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": ", and culture. The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts was established in 1959 and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies became the primary university for Tibetans in India in 1967. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life. The Dalai Lama appealed to the United Nations on the rights of Tibetans. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965, all before the People's Republic was allowed representation at the United Nations. The resolutions called on China to respect the human rights of Tibetans. In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, creating an elected parliament and an administration to champion his cause. In 1970, he opened the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for Tibetology in the world. In 2016, there were demands from Indian citizens and politicians of different political parties to confer the Dalai Lama the prestigious Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian honour of India, which has only been awarded to a non-Indian"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " citizen twice in its history. In 2021, it was revealed that the Dalai Lama's inner circle were listed in the Pegasus project data as having been targeted with spyware on their phones. Analysis strongly indicates potential targets were selected by the Indian government.</s><s>Life as the Dalai Lama.:International advocacy. At the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987 in Washington, D.C., the Dalai Lama gave a speech outlining his ideas for the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a democratic \"zone of peace\" without nuclear weapons, and with support for human rights. The plan would come to be known as the \"Strasbourg proposal\", because the Dalai Lama expanded on the plan at Strasbourg on 15 June 1988. There, he proposed the creation of a self-governing Tibet \"in association with the People's Republic of China.\" This would have been pursued by negotiations with the PRC government, but the plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991. The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China agrees not to make any precondition for his return. In the 1970s, the Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping set China's sole return requirement to the Dalai Lama as that"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " he \"must [come back] as a Chinese citizen... that is, patriotism\". The Dalai Lama celebrated his seventieth birthday on 6 July 2005. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home. Patriarch Alexius II of the Russian Orthodox Church alleged positive relations with Buddhists. However, later that year, the Russian state prevented the Dalai Lama from fulfilling an invitation to the traditionally Buddhist republic of Kalmykia. The President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Chen Shui-bian, attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday at the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Taipei. In October 2008 in Japan, the Dalai Lama addressed the 2008 Tibetan violence that had erupted and that the Chinese government accused him of fomenting. He responded that he had \"lost faith\" in efforts to negotiate with the Chinese government, and that it was \"up to the Tibetan people\" to decide what to do. Thirty Taiwanese indigenous peoples protested against the Dalai Lama during his visit to Taiwan after Typhoon Morakot and denounced it as politically motivated. The Dalai Lama is an advocate for a world free of nuclear weapons, and currently serves on the Advisory Council of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. The Dalai Lama has voiced his support for"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.</s><s>Life as the Dalai Lama.:Teaching activities, public talks. Despite becoming 80 years old in 2015, he maintains a busy international lecture and teaching schedule. His public talks and teachings are usually webcast live in multiple languages, via an inviting organisation's website, or on the Dalai Lama's own website. Scores of his past teaching videos can be viewed there, as well as public talks, conferences, interviews, dialogues and panel discussions. The Dalai Lama's best known teaching subject is the Kalachakra tantra which, as of 2014, he had conferred a total of 33 times, most often in India's upper Himalayan regions but also in the Western world. The Kalachakra (Wheel of Time) is one of the most complex teachings of Buddhism, sometimes taking two weeks to confer, and he often confers it on very large audiences, up to 200,000 students and disciples at a time. The Dalai Lama is the author of numerous books on Buddhism, many of them on general Buddhist subjects but also including books on particular topics like Dzogchen, a Nying"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": "ma practice. In his essay \"The Ethic of Compassion\" (1999), the Dalai Lama expresses his belief that if we only reserve compassion for those that we love, we are ignoring the responsibility of sharing these characteristics of respect and empathy with those we do not have relationships with, which cannot allow us to \"cultivate love.\" He elaborates upon this idea by writing that although it takes time to develop a higher level of compassion, eventually we will recognize that the quality of empathy will become a part of life and promote our quality as humans and inner strength. He frequently accepts requests from students to visit various countries worldwide in order to give teachings to large Buddhist audiences, teachings that are usually based on classical Buddhist texts and commentaries, and most often those written by the 17 pandits or great masters of the Nalanda tradition, such as Nagarjuna, Kamalashila, Shantideva, Atisha, Aryadeva and so on. The Dalai Lama refers to himself as a follower of these Nalanda masters, in fact he often asserts that 'Tibetan Buddhism' is based on the Buddhist tradition of Nalanda monastery in ancient India, since the texts written by those 17 Nalanda pandits or masters, to whom he"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " has composed a poem of invocation, were brought to Tibet and translated into Tibetan when Buddhism was first established there and have remained central to the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism ever since. As examples of other teachings, in London in 1984 he was invited to give teachings on the Twelve Links of Dependent Arising, and on Dzogchen, which he gave at Camden Town Hall; in 1988 he was in London once more to give a series of lectures on Tibetan Buddhism in general, called 'A Survey of the Paths of Tibetan Buddhism'. Again in London in 1996 he taught the Four Noble Truths, the basis and foundation of Buddhism accepted by all Buddhists, at the combined invitation of 27 different Buddhist organisations of all schools and traditions belonging to the Network of Buddhist Organisations UK. In India, the Dalai Lama gives religious teachings and talks in Dharamsala and numerous other locations including the monasteries in the Tibetan refugee settlements, in response to specific requests from Tibetan monastic institutions, Indian academic, religious and business associations, groups of students and individual/private/lay devotees. In India, no fees are charged to attend these teachings since costs are covered by requesting sponsors. When he travels abroad to give teachings there is usually a ticket fee calculated by the inviting organization to"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " cover the costs involved and any surplus is normally to be donated to recognised charities. He has frequently visited and lectured at colleges and universities, some of which have conferred honorary degrees upon him. Dozens of videos of recorded webcasts of the Dalai Lama's public talks on general subjects for non-Buddhists like peace, happiness and compassion, modern ethics, the environment, economic and social issues, gender, the empowerment of women and so forth can be viewed in his office's archive.</s><s>Life as the Dalai Lama.:Interfaith dialogue. The Dalai Lama met Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in 1973. He met Pope John Paul II in 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 2003. In 1990, he met a delegation of Jewish teachers in Dharamshala for an extensive interfaith dialogue. He has since visited Israel three times, and in 2006 met the Chief Rabbi of Israel. In 2006, he met Pope Benedict XVI privately. He has met the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Robert Runcie, and other leaders of the Anglican Church in London, Gordon B. Hinckley, who at the time was the president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as well as senior Eastern Orthodox Church, Muslim,"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " Hindu, Jewish, and Sikh officials. The Dalai Lama is also currently a member of the Board of World Religious Leaders as part of The Elijah Interfaith Institute and participated in the Third Meeting of the Board of World Religious Leaders in Amritsar, India, on 26 November 2007 to discuss the topic of Love and Forgiveness. In 2009, the Dalai Lama inaugurated an interfaith \"World Religions-Dialogue and Symphony\" conference at Gujarat's Mahuva religions, according to Morari Bapu. In 2010, the Dalai Lama, joined by a panel of scholars, launched the Common Ground Project, in Bloomington, Indiana (USA), which was planned by himself and Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad of Jordan during several years of personal conversations. The project is based on the book \"Common Ground between Islam and Buddhism\". In 2019, the Dalai Lama fully-sponsored the first-ever 'Celebrating Diversity in the Muslim World' conference in New Delhi on behalf of the Muslims of Ladakh.</s><s>Life as the Dalai Lama.:Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute. The Dalai Lama's lifelong interest in science and technology dates from his childhood in Lhasa, Tibet, when he was fascinated by mechanical objects like clocks, watches, telescopes"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": ", film projectors, clockwork soldiers and motor cars, and loved to repair, disassemble and reassemble them. Once, observing the Moon through a telescope as a child, he realised it was a crater-pocked lump of rock and not a heavenly body emitting its own light as Tibetan cosmologists had taught him. He has also said that had he not been brought up as a monk he would probably have been an engineer. On his first trip to the west in 1973 he asked to visit Cambridge University's astrophysics department in the UK and he sought out renowned scientists such as Sir Karl Popper, David Bohm and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, who taught him the basics of science. The Dalai Lama sees important common ground between science and Buddhism in having the same approach to challenge dogma on the basis of empirical evidence that comes from observation and analysis of phenomena. His growing wish to develop meaningful scientific dialogue to explore the Buddhism and science interface led to invitations for him to attend relevant conferences on his visits to the west, including the Alpbach Symposia on Consciousness in 1983 where he met and had discussions with the late Chilean neuroscientist Francisco J. Varela. Also in 1983, the American social entrepreneur and innovator R"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": ". Adam Engle, who had become aware of the Dalai Lama's deep interest in science, was already considering the idea of facilitating for him a serious dialogue with a selection of appropriate scientists. In 1984 Engle formally offered to the Dalai Lama's office to organise a week-long, formal dialogue for him with a suitable team of scientists, provided that the Dalai Lama would wish to fully participate in such a dialogue. Within 48 hours the Dalai Lama confirmed to Engle that he was \"truly interested in participating in something substantial about science\" so Engle proceeded with launching the project. Francisco Varela, having heard about Engle's proposal, then called him to tell him of his earlier discussions with the Dalai Lama and to offer his scientific collaboration to the project. Engle accepted, and Varela assisted him to assemble his team of six specialist scientists for the first 'Mind and Life' dialogue on the cognitive sciences, which was eventually held with the Dalai Lama at his residence in Dharamsala in 1987. This five-day event was so successful that at the end the Dalai Lama told Engle he would very much like to repeat it again in the future. Engle then started work on arranging a second dialogue, this time with neuroscientists in California,"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " and the discussions from the first event were edited and published as Mind and Life's first book, \"\"Gentle Bridges: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on the Sciences of Mind\".\" As Mind and Life Institute's remit expanded, Engle formalised the organisation as a non-profit foundation after the third dialogue, held in 1990, which initiated the undertaking of neurobiological research programmes in the United States under scientific conditions. Over the following decades, as of 2014 at least 28 dialogues between the Dalai Lama and panels of various world-renowned scientists have followed, held in various countries and covering diverse themes, from the nature of consciousness to cosmology and from quantum mechanics to the neuroplasticity of the brain. Sponsors and partners in these dialogues have included the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Johns Hopkins University, the Mayo Clinic, and Zurich University. Apart from time spent teaching Buddhism and fulfilling responsibilities to his Tibetan followers, the Dalai Lama has probably spent, and continues to spend, more of his time and resources investigating the interface between Buddhism and science through the ongoing series of Mind and Life dialogues and its spin-offs than on any other single activity. As the institute's Cofounder and the Honorary chairman he has personally presided over and participated in"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " all its dialogues, which continue to expand worldwide. These activities have given rise to dozens of DVD sets of the dialogues and books he has authored on them such as \"Ethics for the New Millennium\" and \"The Universe in a Single Atom\", as well as scientific papers and university research programmes. On the Tibetan and Buddhist side, science subjects have been added to the curriculum for Tibetan monastic educational institutions and scholarship. On the Western side, university and research programmes initiated by these dialogues and funded with millions of dollars in grants from the Dalai Lama Trust include the Emory-Tibet Partnership, Stanford School of Medicine's Centre for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education (CCARES) and the Centre for Investigating Healthy Minds, amongst others. In 2019, Emory University's Center for Contemplative Sciences and Compassion-Based Ethics, in partnership with The Dalai Lama Trust and the Vana Foundation of India, launched an international SEE Learning (Social, Emotional and Ethical Learning) program in New Delhi, India, a school curriculum for all classes from kindergarten to Std XII that builds on psychologist Daniel Goleman's work on emotional intelligence in the early 1990s. SEE learning focuses on developing critical thinking, ethical reasoning and compassion"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " and stresses on commonalities rather than on the differences. In particular, the Mind and Life Education Humanities & Social Sciences initiatives have been instrumental in developing the emerging field of Contemplative Science, by researching, for example, the effects of contemplative practice on the human brain, behaviour and biology. In his 2005 book \"The Universe in a Single Atom\" and elsewhere, and to mark his commitment to scientific truth and its ultimate ascendancy over religious belief, unusually for a major religious leader the Dalai Lama advises his Buddhist followers: \"If scientific analysis were conclusively to demonstrate certain claims in Buddhism to be false, then we must accept the findings of science and abandon those claims.\" He has also cited examples of archaic Buddhist ideas he has abandoned himself on this basis. These activities have even had an impact in the Chinese capital. In 2013 an 'academic dialogue' with a Chinese scientist, a Tibetan 'living Buddha' and a professor of Religion took place in Beijing. Entitled \"High-end dialogue: ancient Buddhism and modern science\" it addressed the same considerations that interest the Dalai Lama, described as 'discussing about the similarities between Buddhism and modern science'.</s><s>Life as the Dalai Lama.:Personal meditation practice. The Dalai Lama uses various meditation techniques, including analytic"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " meditation and emptiness meditation. He has said that the aim of meditation is</s><s>Social stances.</s><s>Social stances.:Tibetan independence. Despite initially advocating for Tibetan independence from 1961 to 1974, the Dalai Lama no longer supports it. Instead he advocates for more meaningful autonomy for Tibetans within the People's Republic of China. This approach is known as the \"Middle Way\". In a speech at Kolkata in 2017, the Dalai Lama stated that Tibetans wanted to stay with China and they did not desire independence. He said that he believed that China after opening up, had changed 40 to 50 percent of what it was earlier, and that Tibetans wanted to get more development from China. In October 2020, the Dalai Lama stated that he did not support Tibetan independence and hoped to visit China as a Nobel Prize winner. He said \"I prefer the concept of a'republic' in the People's Republic of China. In the concept of republic, ethnic minorities are like Tibetans, The Mongols, Manchus, and Xinjiang Uyghurs, we can live in harmony\".</s><s>Social stances.:Abortion. The Dalai Lama has said that, from the perspective of the Buddhist precepts, abortion is an act of killing. In 1993"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": ", he clarified a more nuanced position, stating, \"...it depends on the circumstances. If the unborn child will be retarded or if the birth will create serious problems for the parent, these are cases where there can be an exception. I think abortion should be approved or disapproved according to each circumstance.\"</s><s>Social stances.:Death penalty. The Dalai Lama has repeatedly expressed his opposition to the death penalty, saying that it contradicts the Buddhist philosophy of non-violence and that it expresses anger, not compassion. During a 2005 visit to Japan, a country which has the death penalty, the Dalai Lama called for the abolition of the death penalty and said in his address, \"Criminals, people who commit crimes, usually society rejects these people. They are also part of society. Give them some form of punishment to say they were wrong, but show them they are part of society and can change. Show them compassion.\" The Dalai Lama has also praised U.S. states that have abolished the death penalty.</s><s>Social stances.:Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India. The Dalai Lama says that he is active in spreading India's message of nonviolence and religious harmony throughout the world. \"I am the messenger of India's ancient thoughts"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " the world over.\" He has said that democracy has deep roots in India. He says he considers India the master and Tibet its disciple, as great scholars went from India to Tibet to teach Buddhism. He has noted that millions of people lost their lives in violence and the economies of many countries were ruined due to conflicts in the 20th century. \"Let the 21st century be a century of tolerance and dialogue.\" The Dalai Lama has also critiqued proselytization and certain types of conversion, believing the practices to be contrary to the fundamental ideas of religious harmony and spiritual practice. He has stated that \"It's very important that our religious traditions live in harmony with one another and I don't think proselytizing contributes to this. Just as fighting and killing in the name of religion are very sad, it's not appropriate to use religion as a ground or a means for defeating others.\" In particular, he has critiqued Christian approaches to conversion in Asia, stating that he has \"come across situations where serving the people is a cover for proselytization.\" The Dalai Lama has labeled such practices counter to the \"message of Christ\" and has emphasized that such individuals \"practice conversion like a kind of war against peoples and cultures.\" In a statement with Hindu religious"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " leaders, he expressed that he opposes \"conversions by any religious tradition using various methods of enticement.\" In 1993, the Dalai Lama attended the World Conference on Human Rights and made a speech titled \"Human Rights and Universal Responsibility\". In 2001, in response to a question from a Seattle schoolgirl, the Dalai Lama said that it is permissible to shoot someone in self-defense (if the person was \"trying to kill you\") and he emphasized that the shot should not be fatal. In 2013, the Dalai Lama criticised Buddhist monks' attacks on Muslims in Myanmar and rejected violence by Buddhists, saying: \"Buddha always teaches us about forgiveness, tolerance, compassion. If from one corner of your mind, some emotion makes you want to hit, or want to kill, then please remember Buddha's faith.... All problems must be solved through dialogue, through talk. The use of violence is outdated, and never solves problems.\" In May 2013, he said \"Really, killing people in the name of religion is unthinkable, very sad.\" In May 2015, the Dalai Lama called on Myanmar's Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi to do more to help the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar, said that he had urged Suu Kyi to address the"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " Rohingyas' plight in two previous private meetings and had been rebuffed. In 2017, after Chinese dissident and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo died of organ failure while in Chinese government custody, the Dalai Lama said he was \"deeply saddened\" and that he believed that Liu's \"unceasing efforts in the cause of freedom will bear fruit before long.\" The Dalai Lama has consistently praised India. In December 2018, he said Muslim countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan and Syria should learn about religion from India for peace in the world. When asked in 2019 about attacks on the minority community in India including a recent one against a Muslim family in Gurgaon, he said: \"There are always a few mischievous people, but that does not mean it a symbol of that nation\". He reiterated in December 2021 that India was a role model for religious harmony in the world.</s><s>Social stances.:Diet and animal welfare. The Dalai Lama advocates compassion for animals and frequently urges people to try vegetarianism or at least reduce their consumption of meat. In Tibet, where historically meat was the most common food, most monks historically have been omnivores, including the Dalai Lamas. The Fourteenth Dalai Lama was raised in a meat-eating family but converted to"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " vegetarianism after arriving in India, where vegetables are much more easily available and vegetarianism is widespread. He spent many years as a vegetarian, but after contracting hepatitis in India and suffering from weakness, his doctors told him to return to eating meat which he now does twice a week. This attracted public attention when, during a visit to the White House, he was offered a vegetarian menu but declined by replying, as he is known to do on occasion when dining in the company of non-vegetarians, \"I'm a Tibetan monk, not a vegetarian\". His own home kitchen, however, is completely vegetarian. In 2009, the English singer Paul McCartney wrote a letter to the Dalai Lama inquiring why he was not a vegetarian. As McCartney later told The Guardian, \"He wrote back very kindly, saying,'my doctors tell me that I must eat meat'. And I wrote back again, saying, you know, I don't think that's right. [...] I think now he's vegetarian most of the time. I think he's now being told, the more he meets doctors from the west, that he can get his protein somewhere else. [...] It just doesn't seem right – the Dalai Lama, on the one hand, saying, 'Hey guys, don"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": "'t harm sentient beings... Oh, and by the way, I'm having a steak.'\"</s><s>Social stances.:Economics and political stance. The Dalai Lama has referred to himself as a Marxist and has articulated criticisms of capitalism. He reports hearing of communism when he was very young, but only in the context of the destruction of the Mongolian People's Republic. It was only when he went on his trip to Beijing that he learned about Marxist theory from his interpreter Baba Phuntsog Wangyal of the Tibetan Communist Party. At that time, he reports, \"I was so attracted to Marxism, I even expressed my wish to become a Communist Party member\", citing his favorite concepts of self-sufficiency and equal distribution of wealth. He does not believe that China implemented \"true Marxist policy\", and thinks the historical communist states such as the Soviet Union \"were far more concerned with their narrow national interests than with the Workers' International\". Moreover, he believes one flaw of historically \"Marxist regimes\" is that they place too much emphasis on destroying the ruling class, and not enough on compassion. He finds Marxism superior to capitalism, believing the latter is only concerned with \"how to make profits\", whereas the former has \"moral ethics\". Stating in 1993: On the"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " relations between India and Pakistan, the Dalai Lama in October 2019 said: \"There is a difference between Indian and Pakistani Prime Minister's speech at the UN. Indian prime prime minister talks about peace and you know what his Pakistan counterpart said. Getting China's political support is Pakistan's compulsion. But Pakistan also needs India. Pakistani leaders should calm down and think beyond emotions and should follow a realistic approach\".</s><s>Social stances.:Environment. The Dalai Lama is outspoken in his concerns about environmental problems, frequently giving public talks on themes related to the environment. He has pointed out that many rivers in Asia originate in Tibet, and that the melting of Himalayan glaciers could affect the countries in which the rivers flow. He acknowledged official Chinese laws against deforestation in Tibet, but lamented they can be ignored due to possible corruption. He was quoted as saying \"ecology should be part of our daily life\"; personally, he takes showers instead of baths, and turns lights off when he leaves a room. Around 2005, he started campaigning for wildlife conservation, including by issuing a religious ruling against wearing tiger and leopard skins as garments. The Dalai Lama supports the anti-whaling position in the whaling controversy, but has criticized the activities of groups such as the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (which carries out"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " acts of what it calls aggressive nonviolence against property). Before the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, he urged national leaders to put aside domestic concerns and take collective action against climate change.</s><s>Social stances.:Sexuality. The Dalai Lama's stances on topics of sexuality have changed over time. A monk since childhood, the Dalai Lama has said that sex offers fleeting satisfaction and leads to trouble later, while chastity offers a better life and \"more independence, more freedom\". He has said that problems arising from conjugal life sometimes even lead to suicide or murder. He has asserted that all religions have the same view about adultery. In his discussions of the traditional Buddhist view on appropriate sexual behavior, he explains the concept of \"right organ in the right object at the right time\", which historically has been interpreted as indicating that oral, manual and anal sex (both homosexual and heterosexual) are not appropriate in Buddhism or for Buddhists. However, he also says that in modern times all common, consensual sexual practices that do not cause harm to others are ethically acceptable and that society should accept and respect people who are gay or transgender from a secular point of view. In a 1994 interview with \"OUT Magazine\", the Dalai Lama clarified his personal opinion on the matter by saying, \"If"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " someone comes to me and asks whether homosexuality is okay or not, I will ask 'What is your companion's opinion?' If you both agree, then I think I would say, 'If two males or two females voluntarily agree to have mutual satisfaction without further implication of harming others, then it is okay.'\" However, when interviewed by Canadian TV news anchor Evan Solomon on \"\" about whether homosexuality is acceptable in Buddhism, the Dalai Lama responded that \"it is sexual misconduct\". In his 1996 book \"Beyond Dogma\", he described a traditional Buddhist definition of an appropriate sexual act as follows: \"A sexual act is deemed proper when the couples use the organs intended for sexual intercourse and nothing else... Homosexuality, whether it is between men or between women, is not improper in itself. What is improper is the use of organs already defined as inappropriate for sexual contact.\" He elaborated in 1997, conceding that the basis of that teaching was unknown to him. He also conveyed his own \"willingness to consider the possibility that some of the teachings may be specific to a particular cultural and historic context\". In 2006, the Dalai Lama has expressed concern at \"reports of violence and discrimination against\" LGBT people and urged \"respect, tolerance and the full recognition of human rights for all\". In"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " a 2014 interview with Larry King, the Dalai Lama expressed his acceptance for same-sex marriage, stating that it is a personal matter and is acceptable in his view.</s><s>Social stances.:Women's rights. In 2007, he said that the next Dalai Lama could possibly be a woman: \"If a woman reveals herself as more useful the lama could very well be reincarnated in this form.\" In 2009, on gender equality and sexism, the Dalai Lama proclaimed at the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis, Tennessee: \"I call myself a feminist. Isn't that what you call someone who fights for women's rights?\" He also said that by nature, women are more compassionate \"based on their biology and ability to nurture and birth children\". He called on women to \"lead and create a more compassionate world\", citing the good works of nurses and mothers. At a 2014 appearance at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences in Mumbai, the Dalai Lama said, \"Since women have been shown to be more sensitive to others' suffering, their leadership may be more effective.\" In 2015, he said in a BBC interview that if a female succeeded him, \"that female must be attractive, otherwise it is not much use,\" and when asked if he was joking, replied, \"No."
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " True!\" He followed with a joke about his current success being due to his own appearance. His office later released a statement of apology citing the interaction as a translation error.</s><s>Social stances.:Health. In 2013, at the Culture of Compassion event in Derry, Northern Ireland, the Dalai Lama said that \"Warm-heartedness is a key factor for healthy individuals, healthy families and healthy communities.\"</s><s>Social stances.:Health.:Response to COVID-19. In a 2020 statement in \"Time\" magazine on the COVID-19 pandemic, the Dalai Lama said that the pandemic must be combated with compassion, empirical science, prayer, and the courage of healthcare workers. He emphasized \"emotional disarmament\" (seeing things with a clear and realistic perspective, without fear or rage) and wrote: \"The outbreak of this terrible coronavirus has shown that what happens to one person can soon affect every other being. But it also reminds us that a compassionate or constructive act – whether working in hospitals or just observing social distancing – has the potential to help many.\"</s><s>Social stances.:Immigration. In September 2018, speaking at a conference in Malmö, Sweden, home to a large immigrant population, the Dalai Lama said"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " \"I think Europe belongs to the Europeans\", but also that Europe was \"morally responsible\" for helping \"a refugee really facing danger against their life\". He stated that Europe has a responsibility to refugees to \"receive them, help them, educate them\", but that they should aim to return to their places of origin and that \"they ultimately should rebuild their own country\". Speaking to German reporters in 2016, the Dalai Lama said there are \"too many\" refugees in Europe, adding that \"Europe, for example Germany, cannot become an Arab country.\" He also said that \"Germany is Germany\".</s><s>Retirement and succession plans. In May 2011, the Dalai Lama retired from the Central Tibetan Administration. In September 2011, the Dalai Lama issued the following statement concerning his succession and reincarnation: When I am about ninety I will consult the high Lamas of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions, the Tibetan public, and other concerned people who follow Tibetan Buddhism, and re-evaluate whether the institution of the Dalai Lama should continue or not. On that basis we will take a decision. If it is decided that the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama should continue and there is a need for the Fifteenth Dalai Lama to be recognized, responsibility for doing so will primarily rest on the concerned officers"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " of the Dalai Lama's Gaden Phodrang Trust. They should consult the various heads of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions and the reliable oath-bound Dharma Protectors who are linked inseparably to the lineage of the Dalai Lamas. They should seek advice and direction from these concerned beings and carry out the procedures of search and recognition in accordance with past tradition. I shall leave clear written instructions about this. Bear in mind that, apart from the reincarnation recognized through such legitimate methods, no recognition or acceptance should be given to a candidate chosen for political ends by anyone, including those in the People's Republic of China. In October 2011, the Dalai Lama repeated his statement in an interview with Canadian CTV News. He added that Chinese laws banning the selection of successors based on reincarnation will not impact his decisions. \"Naturally my next life is entirely up to me. No one else. And also this is not a political matter\", he said in the interview. The Dalai Lama also added that he has not decided on whether he would reincarnate or be the last Dalai Lama. In an interview with the German newspaper \"Welt am Sonntag\" published on 7 September 2014 the Dalai Lama stated \"the institution of the Dalai Lama has served its purpose\", and that \"We had"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " a Dalai Lama for almost five centuries. The 14th Dalai Lama now is very popular. Let us then finish with a popular Dalai Lama.\" Gyatso has also expressed fear that the Chinese government would manipulate any reincarnation selection in order to choose a successor that would go along with their political goals. In response the Chinese government implied that it would select another Dalai Lama regardless of his decision.</s><s>CIA Tibetan program. In October 1998, the Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the U.S. government through a Central Intelligence Agency program. When asked by CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus in 1995 to comment on the CIA Tibetan program, the Dalai Lama replied that though it helped the morale of those resisting the Chinese, \"thousands of lives were lost in the resistance\" and further, that \"the U.S. Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Cold War tactic to challenge the Chinese.\" As part of the program the Dalai Lama received 180,000 dollars a year from 1959 till 1974 for his own personal use. His administration's reception of CIA funding has become one of the grounds for some state-run Chinese newspapers to discredit him along with the"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " Tibetan independence movement. In his autobiography \"Freedom in Exile\", the Dalai Lama criticized the CIA again for supporting the Tibetan independence movement \"not because they (the CIA) cared about Tibetan independence, but as part of their worldwide efforts to destabilize all communist governments\". In 1999, the Dalai Lama said that the CIA Tibetan program had been harmful for Tibet because it was primarily aimed at serving American interests, and \"once the American policy toward China changed, they stopped their help.\"</s><s>Criticism.</s><s>Criticism.:Ties to India. The Chinese press has criticized the Dalai Lama for his close ties with India. His 2010 remarks at the International Buddhist Conference in Gujarat saying that he was \"Tibetan in appearance, but an Indian in spirituality\" and referral to himself as a \"son of India\" in particular led the \"People's Daily\" to opine, \"Since the Dalai Lama deems himself an Indian rather than Chinese, then why is he entitled to represent the voice of the Tibetan people?\" Dhundup Gyalpo of the \"Tibet Sun\" replied that Tibetan religion could be traced back to Nalanda in India, and that Tibetans have no connection to Chinese \"apart... from a handful of culinary dishes\". The \"People's"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " Daily\" stressed the links between Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism had accused the Dalai Lama of \"betraying southern Tibet to India\". In 2008, the Dalai Lama said for the first time that the territory India claims and administers as part of Arunachal Pradesh is part of India, citing the disputed 1914 Simla Accord.</s><s>Criticism.:Shugden controversy. The Dorje Shugden Controversy reappeared in the Gelug school by the publication of the \"Yellow Book\" in 1976, containing stories about wrathful acts of \"Dorje Shugden\" against Gelugpas who also practiced Nyingma teachings. In response, the 14th Dalai Lama, a Gelugpa himself and advocate of an \"inclusive\" approach to the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism, started to speak out against the practice of Dorje Shugden in 1978. The controversy has attracted attention in the West because of demonstrations held in 2008 and 2014 by Dorje Shugden practitioners. A 2015 Reuters investigation determined \"that the religious sect behind the protests has the backing of the Communist Party\" and that the \"group has emerged as an instrument in Beijing's long campaign to undermine support for the Dalai Lama\". After the Reuters investigation revealed that China backs it, the"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " Shugden group halted operations and disbanded.</s><s>Criticism.:Sexism. In 2010, the Dalai Lama told a reporter that the first time someone asked him about the possibility of a female Dalai Lama, he said “if she is an ugly female, she won’t be very effective, will she?” In 2015 he said at one occasion, \"more than 50 years ago\" in Paris, he said the line to a reporter of a women's magazine, that \"if female Dalai Lama comes, the face should be very, very attractive.\" In 2019, when he was asked about the comment, he repeated it with a laugh, saying that although the real beauty is inner beauty, for human beings, the appearance is also very important. In response to the controversy sparked by the interview, his office released a statement to clarify his remarks and put them into context, expressing that the Dalai Lama \"is deeply sorry that people have been hurt by what he said and offers his sincere apologies.\" The statement explains, the original context of the Dalai Lama's referring to the physical appearance of a female successor was The statement also noted, the Dalai Lama \"consistently emphasizes the need for people to connect with each other on a deeper human level, rather than getting"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " caught up in preconceptions based on superficial appearances.\" Nevertheless, many felt that the apology did nothing to address his repeated similar comments throughout the leader's life, finding them sexist.</s><s>Criticism.:Gedhun Choekyi Nyima. In April 2018, the Dalai Lama confirmed the official Chinese claims about Gedhun Choekyi Nyima by saying that he knew from \"reliable sources\" that the Panchen Lama he had recognized was alive and receiving normal education. He said he hoped that the Chinese-recognised Panchen Lama (Gyaincain Norbu) studied well under the guidance of a good teacher, adding that there were instances in Tibetan Buddhist tradition, of a reincarnated lama taking more than one manifestation.</s><s>Public image. The Dalai Lama places highly in global surveys of the world's most admired men, ranking with Pope Francis as among the world's religious leaders cited as the most admired. The Dalai Lama's appeal is variously ascribed to his charismatic personality, international fascination with Buddhism, his universalist values, and international sympathy for the Tibetans. In the 1990s, many films were released by the American film industry about Tibet, including biopics of the Dalai Lama. This is attributed to both the Dalai Lama's 1989"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " Nobel Peace Prize as well as to the euphoria following the Fall of Communism. The most notable films, \"Kundun\" and \"Seven Years in Tibet\" (both released in 1997), portrayed \"an idyllic pre-1950 Tibet, with a smiling, soft-spoken Dalai Lama at the helm – a Dalai Lama sworn to non-violence\": portrayals the Chinese government decried as ahistorical. The Dalai Lama has his own pages on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. The Dalai Lama has tried to mobilize international support for Tibetan activities. The Dalai Lama has been successful in gaining Western support for himself and the cause of greater Tibetan autonomy, including vocal support from numerous Hollywood celebrities, most notably the actors Richard Gere and Steven Seagal, as well as lawmakers from several major countries. Photos of the Dalai Lama were banned after March 1959 Lhasa protests until after the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976. In 1996 the Chinese Communist Party once again reinstated the total prohibition of any photo of the 14th Dalai Lama. According to the Tibet Information Network, \"authorities in Tibet have begun banning photographs of the exiled Dalai Lama in monasteries and public places, according to reports from a monitoring group and a Tibetan newspaper. Plainclothes police went to"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " hotels and restaurants in Lhasa, the Tibetan capital, on 22 and 23 April and ordered Tibetans to remove pictures of the Dalai Lama...\" The ban continues in many locations throughout Tibet today.</s><s>Public image.:In the media. The 14th Dalai Lama has appeared in several non-fiction films including: - \"10 Questions for the Dalai Lama\" (2006, documentary) - \"Dalai Lama Renaissance\" (2007, documentary) - \"The Sun Behind the Clouds\" (2010) - \"Bringing Tibet Home\" (2013) - \"Monk with a Camera\" (2014, documentary) - \"Dalai Lama Awakening\" (2014) - \"Compassion in Action\" (2014) He has been depicted as a character in various other movies and television programs including: - \"Kundun\", 1997 film directed by Martin Scorsese - \"Seven Years in Tibet\", 1997 film starring Brad Pitt and David Thewlis - \"Klovn\" \"Dalai Lama\" Season 1, Episode 4 (2005) - \"Red Dwarf\" episode \"Meltdown\" (1991) - \"Song of Tibet\", 2000 film directed by Xie Fei. - The Great Escape \"14th Dalai Lama\" (2018) on Epic - \""
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": "Dalai Lama\", episode of the Indian television series \"Mega Icons\" (2019–20) on National Geographic. The Dalai Lama was featured on 5 March 2017, episode of the HBO late-night talk show \"Last Week Tonight\", in which host John Oliver conducted a comedic interview with the Dalai Lama, focusing on the topics of Tibetan sovereignty, Tibetan self-immolations, and his succession plans. A biographical graphic novel, \"Man of Peace,\" also envisaging the Dalai Lama's return to Tibet, was published by Tibet House US. \"The Extraordinary Life of His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama: An Illuminated Journey,\" illustrations and text by artist Rima Fujita, narrated by the Dalai Lama, was published by Simon and Schuster in 2021.</s><s>Public image.:Awards and honours. The Dalai Lama has received numerous awards and honors worldwide over his spiritual and political career. For a more complete list see Awards and honors presented to the 14th Dalai Lama. After the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, the Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded him the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize. The Committee officially gave the prize to the Dalai Lama for \"the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution\" and \"in"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi\". He has also been awarded the: - 1959 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership; - 1994 Freedom Medal from the Roosevelt Institute; - 2005 Christmas Humphreys Award from the Buddhist Society in the United Kingdom; - 2007 Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award bestowed by the American Congress and President. The Chinese government declared this would have \"an extremely serious impact\" on relations with the United States; - 2006 by the Republic of Kalmykia for outstanding services and significant contribution to the spiritual revival and prosperity of the republic. - 2007 Ahimsa Award from the Institute of Jainology in recognition of individuals who embody and promote the principles of Ahimsa (Non-violence); and in - 2012, by the Tuvan Republic in recognition of the contribution to the upbringing of high spiritual and cultural tolerance, strengthening interreligious and interethnic harmony. - 2012, the Templeton Prize. He donated the prize money to the charity Save the Children. In 2006, he became one of only six people ever to be granted Honorary Citizenship of Canada. In 2007 he was named Presidential Distinguished Professor at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, the first time he accepted a university appointment. He is"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " the chief Patron of the Maha Bodhi Society of India, conferred upon him at the 2008 Annual General Meeting of the Maha Bodhi Society of India.</s><s>Publications. - \"My Land and My People: The Autobiography of His Holiness the Dalai Lama\". Ed. David Howarth. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962. - \"Deity Yoga: In Action and Performance Tantras\". Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins. Snow Lion, 1987. - \"Tantra in Tibet\". Co-authored with Tsong-kha-pa, Jeffrey Hopkins. Snow Lion, 1987. - \"The Dalai Lama at Harvard\". Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins. Snow Lion, 1988. - \"Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama\", London: Little, Brown and Co., 1990, - \"My Tibet\", co-authored with photographer Galen Rowell, 1990, - \"The Path to Enlightenment\". Ed. and trans. Glenn H. Mullin. Snow Lion, 1994. - \"Essential Teachings\", North Atlantic Books, 1995, - \"The World of Tibetan Buddhism\", translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, foreword by Richard Gere, Wisdom Publications, 1995, -"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " \"Tibetan Portrait: The Power of Compassion\", photographs by Phil Borges with sayings by Tenzin Gyatso, 1996, - \"Healing Anger: The Power of Patience from a Buddhist Perspective\". Trans. Thupten Jinpa. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 1997, - \"The Gelug/Kagyü Tradition of Mahamudra\", co-authored with Alexander Berzin. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 1997, - \"The Art of Happiness\", co-authored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D., Riverhead Books, 1998, - \"The Good Heart: A Buddhist Perspective on the Teachings of Jesus\", translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 1998, - \"Kalachakra Tantra: Rite of Initiation\", edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications, 1999, - \"MindScience: An East–West Dialogue\", with contributions by Herbert Benson, Daniel Goleman, Robert Thurman, and Howard Gardner, Wisdom Publications, 1999, - \"The Power of Buddhism\", co-authored with Jean-Claude Carrière, 1999, - \"Opening the Eye of New Awareness\", Translated by Donald S. Lopez, Jr"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": "., Wisdom Publications, 1999, - \"Ethics for the New Millennium\", Riverhead Books, 1999, - \"Consciousness at the Crossroads\". Ed. Zara Houshmand, Robert B. Livingston, B. Alan Wallace. Trans. Thupten Jinpa, B. Alan Wallace. Snow Lion, 1999. - \"Ancient Wisdom, Modern World: Ethics for the New Millennium\", Little, Brown/Abacus Press, 2000, - \"Dzogchen: Heart Essence of the Great Perfection\", translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa and Richard Barron, Snow Lion Publications, 2000, - \"The Meaning of Life: Buddhist Perspectives on Cause and Effect\", Translated by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications, 2000, - \"Answers: Discussions with Western Buddhists\". Ed. and trans. Jose Cabezon. Snow Lion, 2001. - \"The Compassionate Life\", Wisdom Publications, 2001, - \"Violence and Compassion: Dialogues on Life Today\", with Jean-Claude Carriere, Doubleday, 2001, - \"Imagine All the People: A Conversation with the Dalai Lama on Money, Politics, and Life as it Could Be\", Coauthored with Fabien Ouaki, Wisdom"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " Publications, 2001, - \"An Open Heart\", edited by Nicholas Vreeland; Little, Brown; 2001, - \"The Heart of Compassion: A Practical Approach to a Meaningful Life\", Twin Lakes, Wisconsin: Lotus Press, 2002, - \"Sleeping, Dreaming, and Dying\", edited by Francisco Varela, Wisdom Publications, 2002, - \"Essence of the Heart Sutra: The Dalai Lama's Heart of Wisdom Teachings\", edited by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 2002, - \"The Pocket Dalai Lama\". Ed. Mary Craig. Shambhala Pocket Classics, 2002. - \"The Buddhism of Tibet\". Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins, Anne C. Klein. Snow Lion, 2002. - \"The Art of Happiness at Work\", co-authored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D., Riverhead, 2003, - \"Stages of Meditation\" (commentary on the Bhāvanākrama). Trans. Ven. Geshe Lobsang Jordhen, Losang Choephel Ganchenpa, Jeremy Russell. Snow Lion, 2003. - \"Der Weg des Herzens. Gewaltlosigkeit und Dialog zwischen den"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " Religionen (The Path of the Heart: Non-violence and the Dialogue among Religions)\", co-authored with Eugen Drewermann, PhD, Patmos Verlag, 2003, - \"The Path to Bliss\". Ed. and trans. Thupten Jinpa, Christine Cox. Snow Lion, 2003. - \"How to Practice: The Way to a Meaningful Life\", translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, 2003, - \"The Wisdom of Forgiveness: Intimate Conversations and Journeys\", coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverbed Books, 2004, - \"The New Physics and Cosmology: Dialogues with the Dalai Lama\", edited by Arthur Zajonc, with contributions by David Finkelstein, George Greenstein, Piet Hut, Tu Wei-ming, Anton Zeilinger, B. Alan Wallace and Thupten Jinpa, Oxford University Press, 2004, - \"Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection\". Ed. Patrick Gaffney. Trans. Thupten Jinpa, Richard Barron (Chokyi Nyima). Snow Lion, 2004. - \"Practicing Wisdom: The Perfection of Shantideva's Bodhisattva Way\", translated by Geshe Thupt"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": "en Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 2004, - \"Lighting the Way\". Snow Lion, 2005. - \"The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality\", Morgan Road Books, 2005, - \"How to Expand Love: Widening the Circle of Loving Relationships\", translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Atria Books, 2005, - \"Living Wisdom with His Holiness the Dalai Lama\", with Don Farber, Sounds True, 2006, - \"Mind in Comfort and Ease: The Vision of Enlightenment in the Great Perfection\". Ed. Patrick Gaffney. Trans. Matthieu Ricard, Richard Barron and Adam Pearcey. Wisdom Publications, 2007, - \"How to See Yourself as You Really Are\", translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, 2007, - \"The Leader's Way\", co-authored with Laurens van den Muyzenberg, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2008, - \"My Spiritual Autobiography\" compiled by from speeches and interviews of the 14th Dalai Lama, 2009, - \"\", Mariner Books, 2012, - \"The Wisdom of Compassion: Stories of Remarkable Encounters and Timeless Insights\", coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverhead Books, 2012, - \"My Appeal"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " to the World\", presented by Sofia Stril-Rever, translated from the French by Sebastian Houssiaux, Tibet House US, 2015, - \"The Book of Joy: Lasting Happiness in a Changing World\", coauthored by Archbishop Desmond Tutu, 2016, - \"Behind the Smile: The Hidden Side of the Dalai Lama\", by Maxime Vivas (author), translated from the French book \"Not So Zen\", Long River Press 2013,</s><s>Discography. - \"Inner World\" (2020)</s><s>See also. - Golden Urn - The Discourse of Lama - Awards and honors presented to the 14th Dalai Lama - List of organizations of Tibetans in exile - Chinese intelligence activity abroad#Modes of operation - Dalai Lama Center for Peace and Education - Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama - History of Tibet (1950–present) - Human rights in Tibet - Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China - Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950 - Sinicization of Tibet - Chinese occupation of Tibet - Period of de facto Tibetan independence - List of overseas visits by Tenzin Gyatso the 14th Dalai Lama outside India - List of peace activists - List of Nobel laure"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": "ates - List of refugees - Templeton Prize lauretes - List of rulers of Tibet - Religious persecution - Freedom of religion in China - Tibet Fund - Tibet House - Tibet Religious Foundation of His Holiness the Dalai Lama - Tibetan art - Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy - Tibetan culture - Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts - Mind & Life Institute</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Sources. - Craig, Mary. \"Kundun: A Biography of the Family of the Dalai Lama\" (1997) Counterpoint. Calcutta.. - Bell, Sir Charles (1946). \"Portrait of the Dalai Lama\" Wm. Collins, London, 1st edition. (1987) Wisdom Publications, London.. - Iyer, Pico. \"The Open Road: The Global Journey of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama\" (2008) Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. - - Knaus, Robert Kenneth. \"Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival\" (1999) PublicAffairs.. - - - Mullin, Glenn H. (2001). \"The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation\", pp. 452–515. Clear Light Publishers. Santa Fe,"
},
{
"title": "14th Dalai Lama",
"text": " New Mexico.. - Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). \"Tibet & Its History\". 1st edition 1962. 2nd edition, Revised and Updated. Shambhala Publications, Boston. (pbk). - Shakya, Tsering. \"The Dragon in the Land of Snows\" (1999) Columbia University Press.. - United States. Congressional-Executive Commission on China. The Dalai Lama: What He Means for Tibetans Today: Roundtable before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, 13 July 2011. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "14th Dalai Lama",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
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|
factscore-000493
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Ahn Jae-hyun.
|
[
{
"title": "Ahn Jae-hyun",
"text": "<s>Ahn Jae-hyun Ahn Jae-hyun (; born July 1, 1987) is a South Korean model and actor. He is best known for his roles in television dramas such as \"You're All Surrounded\" (2014), \"Blood\" (2015), \"Cinderella with Four Knights\" (2016), \"Reunited Worlds\" (2017), \"The Beauty Inside\" (2018), and \"Love with Flaws\" (2019).</s><s>Career. Ahn Jae-hyun began his entertainment career as a fashion model in 2009, appearing in runway shows, magazine editorials and commercials. He gained recognition in 2011 while playing a delivery man in the cable variety show \"Lee Soo-geun and Kim Byung-man's High Society\". He also appeared in several music videos, including \"Sad Song\" by Baek A-yeon, \"Please Don't\" by K.Will, and \"Gone Not Around Any Longer\" by Sistar19. In 2013, Ahn's popularity rose while playing actress Jun Ji-hyun's younger brother in the hit drama \"My Love from Another Star\". This led to more acting offers in 2014, including a role in police comedy \"You're All Surrounded"
},
{
"title": "Ahn Jae-hyun",
"text": "\" and the webtoon film adaptation \"Fashion King\". The same year, he was appointed to be MC for Mnet's weekly music program \"M Countdown\". In 2015, Ahn played his first leading role as a vampire doctor in \"Blood\", and appeared in the two-episode fantasy drama \"Snow Lotus Flower\" alongside Lee Ji-ah. In 2016, Ahn starred in tvN's romantic comedy series \"Cinderella with Four Knights\", playing a chaebol and playboy vying for the main female lead's heart. He won the Top Excellence Award at the 9th Korea Drama Awards for his performance. He also joined the cast of travel reality show \"New Journey to the West\", replacing Lee Seung-gi who enlisted in the army. The same year, he starred in the Chinese romance film \"Perfect Imperfection\" alongside Taiwanese actress Ady An. In 2017, Ahn was cast as the second lead in SBS's fantasy romance drama \"Reunited Worlds\". In 2018, Ahn was cast in the romance melodrama \"The Beauty Inside\". In 2019, Ahn returned to the small screen with a lead role in the romantic comedy drama \"Love with Flaws\" starring opposite Oh Yeon-seo. In 2022"
},
{
"title": "Ahn Jae-hyun",
"text": ", An will publish his first photo essay \"List of Things to Remember\", which will go on sale June 8, 2022 at offline bookstores nationwide. Later in February 2023, Ahn donated 10 million won from the 2022 exhibition to help orphans who have suffered from the coronavirus.</s><s>Personal life. On March 11, 2016, Ahn was confirmed to be dating his \"Blood\" co-star Ku Hye-sun since April 2015. The couple officially registered their marriage at the Gangnam district office on May 20, 2016, and married on May 21, 2016. They announced that instead of holding a wedding party, they would donate money to the pediatric ward of Severance Hospital, one of the oldest and biggest hospitals in Korea. The pair later appeared in the reality show \"Newlywed Diary\" produced by Na Young-seok, showcasing their married life. In August 2019, it was reported Ahn requested a divorce from his wife. Ahn submitted an application to the Seoul Family Court on September 9, 2019 for divorce against Ku, and it was delivered to Ku on September 18, 2019. On October 21, 2019, he deleted all the photos on his Instagram account, which was speculated by the media to be an attempt to prevent further unnecessary"
},
{
"title": "Ahn Jae-hyun",
"text": " issues and controversy about the divorce ahead of his upcoming TV series \"Love with Flaws\".</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Ahn Jae-hyun",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000494
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Lokesh Kanagaraj.
|
[
{
"title": "Lokesh Kanagaraj",
"text": "<s>Lokesh Kanagaraj Lokesh Kanagaraj is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in Tamil films. He started his career with a short film in the 2016 anthology \"Aviyal.\" He later directed his first feature film \"Maanagaram\" (2017). He created the Lokesh Cinematic Universe franchise with his films \"Kaithi\" (2019) and \"Vikram\" (2022). His upcoming film, \"Leo\", marks his second collaboration with Vijay after \"Master\" (2021).</s><s>Early life. Lokesh Kanagaraj was born in Kinathukadavu, Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, India. In PSG College of Arts and Science, he majored in Fashion Technology before pursuing an MBA. He did his schooling in Palanayiammal Matric Hr. Sec. School Kalliyapuram, Pollachi. He is an ex-bank employee. He pursued his passion towards film making by participating in a corporate short film competition. The judge of the competition was Karthik Subbaraj. Impressed with his short film, he encouraged Lokesh to pursue a directorial career making films.</s><s>Career"
},
{
"title": "Lokesh Kanagaraj",
"text": ". In 2016, his short film, \"Kalam\", was included in the anthology film, \"Aviyal\", produced by Karthick Subbaraj. In 2017, he made his directorial feature debut with the hyperlink film, \"Maanagaram\". In late 2018, he began working on a film for Dream Warrior Pictures, the same production company behind \"Maanagaram\". With Karthi in the lead role, the action-thriller was titled \"Kaithi\". His next after \"Kaithi\" was the action-drama film, \"Master\", starring Vijay and Vijay Sethupathi. It was released on 13 January 2021, a day before the Pongal festival. It opened to mostly positive reviews and emerged as a commercial success. \"Master\" was the highest grossing Tamil film of 2021.Highest-grossing Indian films of 2021 He then directed \"Vikram\" (2022), starring Kamal Haasan, Vijay Sethupathi, and Fahadh Faasil. Following the huge success of the film, he is actively creating the Lokesh Cinematic Universe, on the basis of carrying the story forward from \"Kaithi\" and \"Vikram\". His"
},
{
"title": "Lokesh Kanagaraj",
"text": " next directorial after \"Vikram\" will be Vijay's 67th film, \"Leo\".</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Lokesh Kanagaraj",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000495
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Joji (musician).
|
[
{
"title": "Joji (musician)",
"text": "<s>Joji (musician), known professionally as Joji and formerly for playing the characters Filthy Frank and Pink Guy, is a Japanese singer-songwriter, rapper, former comedian, and YouTuber. Miller's music has been described as a mix between R&B, lo-fi, and trip hop. Miller created \"The Filthy Frank Show\" on YouTube in 2011 shortly after moving to the United States, gaining recognition for playing oddball characters on the comedy channels TVFilthyFrank, TooDamnFilthy, and DizastaMusic. The channels, which featured comedy hip hop, rants, extreme challenges, and ukulele and dance performances, are noted for their shock humor and prolific virality. Miller's videos helped popularize the Harlem Shake, which contributed to the commercial success of Baauer's song of the same name which led to the production of memes and collaborations with YouTubers. As Pink Guy, Miller released two comedy studio albums and an extended play between 2014 and 2017. In late 2017, Miller ended \"The Filthy Frank Show\" to pursue a music career under the name Joji. His debut album, \"Ballads 1\", was released in 2018 and featured the single \"Slow Dancing in the Dark\"."
},
{
"title": "Joji (musician)",
"text": " His second album, \"Nectar\" (2020), contained the singles \"Sanctuary\" and \"Run\". In 2022, he released the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 top-ten single \"Glimpse of Us\", his highest-charting song, which was later featured on his third album, \"Smithereens\" (2022).</s><s>Early life. George Kusunoki Miller was born in Osaka, Japan. His father is Australian and his mother is Japanese. He attended Canadian Academy, an international school in Kobe, Japan, where he graduated in 2012. At age 18, he left Japan and travelled to the United States.</s><s>YouTube career.</s><s>YouTube career.:\"The Filthy Frank Show\" (2011–2017). Miller created the \"Filthy Frank\" character during his time on his DizastaMusic YouTube channel, on which he created sketch comedy-based content. The channel started gaining popularity after his 2012 conceptualization of Filthy Frank, a character who was described as the anti-vlogger of YouTube by Miller. The first known video on this particular channel (before his creation of the Frank character) was uploaded on 19 June 2008, and was titled \"Lil Jon falls off a table\". The Diz"
},
{
"title": "Joji (musician)",
"text": "astaMusic channel has over 1 million subscribers and 177 million views. On 15 August 2014, Miller uploaded a video to the DizastaMusic channel announcing that he would not be posting any more video content onto the channel due to the risk of losing the channel due to the numerous copyright and community strikes it received. He also announced that future \"Filthy Frank\" content would be uploaded to a new channel he had created called TVFilthyFrank. Miller's channel TVFilthyFrank had many different series, such as \"Food\" (和食ラップ), \"Japanese 101\", \"Wild Games\" and \"Loser Reads Hater Comments\". This channel currently has a total of 7.76 million subscribers and over one billion views. Miller created a third channel, TooDamnFilthy, on 1 July 2014. On this channel he had two series, \"Japanese 101\", which was also featured on his main channel, and \"Cringe of the Week\", which was usually abbreviated to \"COTW\"., TooDamnFilthy has 2.33 million subscribers and 332 million views. Miller made attempts to maintain his privacy, such as deleting the video \"Filthy Frank Exposes Himself?\", where he revealed himself to be a college student"
},
{
"title": "Joji (musician)",
"text": " in Brooklyn, New York City, and that he did not want to reveal personal information for fear of not being able to get a job later on due to the nature of his show. On 27 September 2017, Miller announced the release of his first and currently only book, titled \"Francis of the Filth\", which addresses things uncovered in \"The Filthy Frank Show\", and serves as a culmination of the series. On 29 December 2017, Miller released a statement on Twitter explaining that he had stopped producing Filthy Frank content due to both \"serious health conditions\" and his lack of interest in continuing the show. In September 2018, Miller stated in a BBC Radio 1 interview that he had no choice but to stop producing comedy due to his health condition.</s><s>Music career.</s><s>Music career.:Pink Guy (2014–2017). Miller always had a passion for music composition. He has expressed that even before his YouTube career, he had an interest in creating music and created his YouTube channel as a means of promoting it. In an interview with \"Pigeons and Planes\", he said, \"I've always wanted to make normal music. I just started the YouTube channel to kind of bump my music. But then Filthy Frank and the Pink Guy stuff ended up getting"
},
{
"title": "Joji (musician)",
"text": " way bigger than I thought so I had to kind of roll with it.\" Miller's music under Pink Guy is often comical, staying true to the nature of his YouTube channel. His debut album, \"Pink Season\", debuted at number 70 on the \"Billboard\" 200. Under his comedy rap stage name, Pink Guy, Miller has produced one mixtape, one album, and one extended play, \"Pink Guy\", \"Pink Season\", and \"\", respectively. On 16 March 2017, Miller performed for the first time as Pink Guy at SXSW. Future plans were stated to include a \"long overdue\" tour, a third Pink Guy album and more progress on his personal music outside of the Pink Guy character. However, as of 29 December 2017, Joji has ceased production of all Filthy Frank-related content, including Pink Guy music.</s><s>Music career.:Joji (2015–present). Aside from the comedic and often rap-based music he created under the Pink Guy alias, Miller also created more serious and traditional music under another stage name, Joji, which became his primary focus in late 2017. Speaking on his transition from his YouTube career to his music career as Joji, Miller said to \"Billboard\" \"now I get to do stuff"
},
{
"title": "Joji (musician)",
"text": " that I want to hear.\" In the article by \"Billboard\", he specified that 'Joji' isn't a character like Filthy Frank and Pink Guy. \"I guess that's the difference,\" he continues. \"Joji's just me.\" During his time growing up in Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan, Miller began to produce music and sing with friends as a side-hobby and a way to pass the time. After relocating to Manhattan, New York, Miller expanded upon his music career by starting his Pink Guy persona, which paved the way for his Joji persona. Miller originally announced his Joji album on 3 May 2014 alongside the first Pink Guy album. However, Miller subtly cancelled the project until he began releasing music under the name PinkOmega. Miller released two songs as PinkOmega: \"Dumplings\" on 4 June 2015 and \"wefllagn.ii 5\" on 28 August 2015, both of which were later released on the Pink Guy album \"Pink Season\", the latter being re-titled \"We Fall Again\". Miller intended to keep the music made under Joji a secret from his fanbase due to them mainly wanting his comedic music. In late 2015, two singles were released, titled \"Thom"
},
{
"title": "Joji (musician)",
"text": "\" and \"You Suck Charlie\"; both were released under a false alias, but it was quickly leaked that the user behind the account was Miller, which prompted him in January 2016 to publicly announce on Instagram that he was releasing a full-length commercial project titled \"Chloe Burbank: Volume 1\". In the same post, he linked his SoundCloud account. Joji began releasing music under 88rising in 2017; the songs \"I Don't Wanna Waste My Time\" (on 26 April), \"Rain on Me\" (on 19 July), and \"Will He\" (on 17 October). Joji was featured in the song \"Nomadic\" with the Chinese rap group Higher Brothers. Miller performed live as Joji for the first time on 18 May 2017 in Los Angeles. The event was streamed by the Boiler Room. On 17 October 2017, Miller released the debut single from his debut commercial project, \"In Tongues.\" The single, titled \"Will He\", was released on platforms Spotify and iTunes. Miller's debut project under the moniker Joji, an EP titled \"In Tongues\", was released on 3 November 2017 by Empire Distribution. A deluxe version of the EP was released on 14 February 2018 with 8 remixes of songs from the EP"
},
{
"title": "Joji (musician)",
"text": " along with the release of \"Plastic Taste\" and \"I Don't Wanna Waste My Time\" as part of the track listing. Joji released the song \"Yeah Right\" in May 2018, becoming his first to chart on a \"Billboard\" chart, peaking at 23 on the \"Billboard\" R&B Songs chart. Miller debuted \"Ballads 1\" under the label 88rising on 26 October 2018, which quickly peaked the \"Billboard\" Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums Chart. Shortly after its release, Miller announced a North American tour, spanning 9 dates in early 2019. At that time, he was already on tour for \"Ballads 1\" in Europe. On 4 June 2019, Miller announced his new single titled \"Sanctuary\" through his Instagram page and released it on 14 June. It was accompanied by a music video, which was uploaded to 88rising's official YouTube channel. Joji was featured in the song \"Where Does the Time Go?\" with Indonesian rapper Rich Brian on his second album \"The Sailor\". On 30 January 2020, Miller announced another new single, \"Run\", which released at midnight on 6 February, alongside a music video released later that day. On 2 March, he performed the song on"
},
{
"title": "Joji (musician)",
"text": " \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\". On 16 April, Joji announced another new single, \"Gimme Love\", which released at midnight, and along with announced his upcoming album \"Nectar\", which was initially set to be released on 10 July 2020. However, on 12 June 2020, Joji announced that the album had been pushed back to 25 September 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 9 June 2022, Joji released a new single titled \"Glimpse of Us\", which peaked at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100. On 26 August, he released a second single called \"Yukon (Interlude)\". On 4 November, Joji released his album \"Smithereens\", alongside the single \"Die For You\". To promote the album, Joji has been touring in North America since September 2022.</s><s>Artistry. Joji's music has been described as trip hop and lo-fi that blends elements of trap, folk, electronic, and R&B. His songs have been characterized as having \"down tempo, melancholic themes and soulful vocals\" with \"minimalistic production\". Joji himself classifies his work as dark love songs, with his 2020 album, \"Nectar\", dissect"
},
{
"title": "Joji (musician)",
"text": "ing cliché tropes and topics. He has been compared to electronic artist James Blake, whom he has cited as an influence alongside Radiohead, Shlohmo and Donald Glover. In an interview with \"Pigeons and Planes\", Miller said that his music was inspired by his time growing up in Osaka and by boom bap instrumentals he listened to while attending Canadian Academy.</s><s>Impact. Miller's web-show has had a significant impact on internet culture and is responsible for creating many internet memes. Filthy Frank has been hailed as \"the epitome of odd.\" Miller's videos had widespread impact, which included starting a viral dance craze known as the Harlem Shake in 2013, which was directly responsible for the debut of Baauer's \"Harlem Shake\" song atop the \"Billboard\" Hot 100.</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Studio albums. As Joji - \"Ballads 1\" (2018) - \"Nectar\" (2020) - \"Smithereens\" (2022) As Pink Guy - \"Pink Guy\" (2014) - \"Pink Season\" (2017)</s><s>Tours. - Ballads 1 Tour (2018–2019) - Nectar: The Finale (2021–2022"
},
{
"title": "Joji (musician)",
"text": ") - Smithereens Tour (2022–2023)</s><s>See also. - List of YouTubers</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Joji (musician)",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000496
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Iggy Azalea.
|
[
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": "<s>Iggy Azalea Amethyst Amelia Kelly (born 7 June 1990), known professionally as Iggy Azalea (), is an Australian rapper. At the age of 16, she moved from Australia to the United States in order to pursue a career in music. Azalea earned public recognition after releasing the music videos for her songs \"Pussy\" and \"Two Times\" on YouTube, both of which gained rapid popularity. Azalea shortly after released her debut mixtape, \"Ignorant Art\" (2011), and subsequently signed a recording contract with American rapper T.I.'s Grand Hustle label. Azalea's debut studio album, \"The New Classic\" (2014), peaked among the top five on several charts worldwide, but received mixed reviews from within the industry. The album eventually topped the \"Billboard\" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, making Azalea the first non-American female rapper to reach the top of the chart. \"The New Classic\" was preceded by Azalea's debut single \"Work\" and chart-topping single \"Fancy\" (featuring Charli XCX), which hit the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Azalea was featured on"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " Ariana Grande's 2014 single \"Problem\", which peaked at number two behind \"Fancy\". With these hits, Azalea became the second musical act (behind The Beatles) to rank at number one and two simultaneously on the Hot 100 with their debut appearances on the chart. In addition, she achieved three top ten hits simultaneously on the Hot 100 with the aforementioned songs and the album's fifth single, \"Black Widow\" (featuring Rita Ora), which debuted later that year. After her debut album, Azalea released a slew of singles to build anticipation for her intended second album, \"Digital Distortion.\" However, a series of conflicts with her label, as well as personal conflicts, resulted in the project being cancelled. Consequently, Azalea switched labels, releasing the EP \"Survive the Summer\" (2018) under Island Records. Further disagreements led to Azalea becoming an independent artist and creating her own label, Bad Dreams, through a distribution deal with Empire. Her second album, \"In My Defense\", was released in 2019, followed by another EP, \"Wicked Lips\", that same year, and a third studio album, \"The End of an Era\", in 2021. Azalea's accolades include two American Music Awards,"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " three Billboard Music Awards, an MTV Video Music Award, a People's Choice Award, four Teen Choice Awards and four Grammy Award nominations. Azalea's official YouTube channel has accumulated 3.4 billion views, with 15 music videos receiving over 100 million views on Vevo.</s><s>Early life and education. Amethyst Amelia Kelly was born in Sydney and grew up in Mullumbimby, New South Wales. Her father, Brendan Kelly, was an Irish-Australian painter and comic artist, while her mother, Tanya, cleaned holiday houses and hotels. Azalea lived in a house that her father built by hand from mud-bricks, surrounded by of land. She has two siblings named Mathias and Emerald Kelly. According to Azalea, she has some Aboriginal Australian ancestry: \"My family came to Australia on the First Fleet. My family's been in that country for a long time, over 100 years. If your family's lived in Australia for a long time, everyone has a little bit of [Aboriginal blood]. I know my family does because we have an eye condition that only Aboriginal people have.\" Azalea has also said that her father \"made her look at [art] as a teenager\", which has always"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " influenced her life and work. She began rapping at age 14. Before embarking on a solo career, Azalea formed a group with two other girls from her neighborhood: \"I was like, I could be the rapper. This could be like TLC. I'll be Left Eye.\" Azalea eventually decided to disband the group because the other girls were not taking it seriously: \"I take everything I do serious [sic]. I'm too competitive.\" In pursuit of her desire to move to America, Azalea dropped out of high school. She worked and saved the money she earned by cleaning hotel rooms and holiday houses with her mother. She claims to have hated school, which, apart from art class, only made her miserable. She also said she had no friends and was teased for her homemade outfits. Azalea traveled to the United States in 2006, shortly before she turned 16. She told her parents she was going \"on a holiday\" with a friend, but eventually decided to stay and shortly afterward told them she was not coming back home: \"I was drawn to America because I felt like an outsider in my own country, I was in love with hip hop, and America is the birthplace of that, so I figured the closer I was"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " to the music, the happier I'd be. I was right.\" She recalled, \"My mum was crying, saying, 'Just be safe.' I was thinking, 'I'm going by myself. I'm fucking crazy!'.\" After she arrived in the US, she received her General Educational Development (GED), and resided in the country on a visa waiver for six years, returning to Australia every three months to renew it. Azalea worked in the US illegally until February 2013 when she was granted a five-year O visa. She chose the name Iggy after her dog. In 2018, Azalea was approved as a permanent U.S. resident.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:2006–2012: Career beginnings, \"Glory\", and \"Ignorant Art\". When she first arrived in the United States in 2006, she stayed in Miami, Florida, and afterward lived briefly in Houston, Texas. Azalea settled for a few years in Atlanta, Georgia, working with a member of the rap collective Dungeon Family named Backbone. During that period, she met future collaborators FKi and Natalie Sims. She said people would laugh at her because \"they thought my raps sucked\", but having grown up getting laughed at"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": ", she was able to shrug it off. Meanwhile, she had met someone from Interscope Records who encouraged her move to Los Angeles during the summer of 2010. Interscope would eventually go on to manage her for a brief period of time. It was during this time that she adopted her stage name, which she created from the name of her childhood dog, Iggy, and the street she grew up on, Azalea Street, where her family lives to this day. She also started making stop motion animated videos with freestyle rap because she felt like she had found her sound. On 27 September 2011, Azalea released her first full-length project, a mixtape titled \"Ignorant Art\", saying she made it \"with the intent to make people question and redefine old ideals.\" Her song \"Pussy\" was included on the mixtape, alongside guest appearances from YG, Joe Moses, Chevy Jones, and Problem. In November 2011, she released a music video for her song \"My World\", directed by Alex/2tone. The video features a cameo appearance from character actor and former wrestler Tiny Lister, which earned her more attention due to its rising popularity online. \"It's supposed to have like, all the ridiculous"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": "ness of a big-budget '90s video, but then chopped and screwed\", said Azalea, of the video. In December 2011, Azalea revealed she would release her debut studio album, \"The New Classic\", as soon as she signed a major record label deal: \"Once that's sorted out and I establish an overall sound and direction for the album, I will be able to know what artists would make for a dynamic collaboration.\" On 11 January 2012, Azalea released the music video for \"The Last Song\", her third video from \"Ignorant Art\". In an interview with \"Billboard\", released on 27 January, Azalea hinted at an Interscope Records signing, while also revealing hopes of releasing \"The New Classic\" in June, and for her debut single to precede it in March. Azalea reached out to rapper T.I., for the direction of her debut album. T.I. was set to executive produce \"The New Classic\", soon after a phone call the two had. At the time, Azalea was eyeing a summer release for \"The New Classic\": \"Hopefully if all goes to plan, my album will be out in June and I'll have it recorded by the end of"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " the month.\" However, after Interscope did not allow T.I. to be an ongoing part of her deal, Azalea opted not to sign with the major label and stay independently signed to Grand Hustle Records, until the release of her first album, which had then been postponed. In early 2012, Azalea was featured on the cover of \"XXL\", as part of its annual \"Top 10 Freshman List\", along with fellow up-and-coming rappers French Montana, Machine Gun Kelly, Danny Brown, Hopsin, and Roscoe Dash. On 1 March 2012, T.I. announced he signed Azalea to Grand Hustle Records, along with rappers Chip and Trae tha Truth. On 26 March 2012, Azalea posted \"Murda Bizness\", the intended lead single for \"The New Classic\", on her YouTube account. The song was produced by Bei Maejor and features a verse from her Grand Hustle label-boss T.I. In April 2012, via her Twitter feed, Azalea announced plans to release an extended play (EP) entitled \"Glory\", later in May: \"I'm just onto something right now, the last two weeks and it's glory. Az"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": "aleans need something new.\" Also in April, Azalea starred alongside Grammy-nominated producer Diplo and FKi in the world's first fully interactive shoppable music video for Canadian fashion retailer, SSENSE. In May 2012, it was confirmed by T.I. on MTV's HipHopPov that Azalea had not yet secured distribution for her deal with Grand Hustle Records, and was described by T.I. as a \"free agent\". It was later revealed in the interview that she was in negotiation with labels other than Interscope, possibly Def Jam Recordings (wherein Bu Thiam, whom of which originally placed a bid to sign her is VP of A&R). Azalea was also featured on Steve Aoki and Angger Dimas' collaborative electronic track \"Beat Down\", which was released on 31 May 2012. On 24 June 2012, Azalea released \"Millionaire Misfits\", the second offering from her EP \"Glory\"; the first being \"Murda Bizness\". On 21 July, the official music video for \"Murda Bizness\" was released online. \"Glory\", although not released in May, as it was originally scheduled, was released"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " 30 July 2012. Azalea was also one of the acts on MTV's 2012 Closer to My Dreams Tour, along with Tyga and Kirko Bangz. On 28 September 2012, Azalea announced she would be releasing her second mixtape on 11 October 2012. Titling it \"TrapGold\", the mixtape was produced entirely by Diplo and FKi. She later premiered teaser visuals for the track \"Bac 2 Tha Future (My Time)\", On 9 October 2012, Azalea made her US national television debut, appearing alongside T.I., B.o.B and other Grand Hustle artists in a cypher at the 2012 BET Hip Hop Awards. Later that month, she embarked on yet another North American mini-concert tour with Roc Nation singer-songwriter Rita Ora, on her Ora Tour. Azalea then headlined a tour in Europe to support \"TrapGold\". On 16 December 2012, Azalea performed live alongside Natasha Bedingfield and Bootsy Collins, covering Deee-Lite's 1990 hit disco song \"Groove Is in the Heart\", on the annual television series \"VH1 Divas\".</s><s>Career.:2013–2014: Breakthrough and \"The New"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " Classic\". In January and February 2013, Azalea worked on tour while still working on her upcoming singles and summer release of \"The New Classic.\" She was the opening act for Rita Ora's Radioactive Tour, in the United Kingdom. As part of her set for Ora's Radioactive Tour, Azalea premiered her commercial debut single \"Work\", which also serves as the lead single for her debut album. The single premiered on BBC Radio 1Xtra on 11 February 2013. On 13 February 2013, it was announced Azalea had signed a record deal with Mercury Records. The music video for her debut single \"Work\", was directed by Jonas & François and released 13 March 2013. In March 2013, Azalea also joined renowned rapper Nas, on the European leg of his Life Is Good Tour. On 15 April 2013, Vevo announced Azalea as its second LIFT artist of 2013 and that she would film live festival performances, fashion and style pieces and behind-the-scenes interviews as part of the eight-week-long campaign. It was also revealed that the music video for her second single, \"Bounce\", would premiere on Vevo at the end of the month. On 16 March 2013, it was announced that Az"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": "alea would perform in the benefit concert \"Chime for Change\", scheduled to take place on 1 June in London, alongside Beyoncé, Jennifer Lopez and others. On 23 April 2013, Azalea announced that she had signed a solo record deal with Island Def Jam. On 26 April 2013, \"Bounce\" premiered on BBC Radio 1. She also noted that the third international single taken from her debut album would be entitled \"Change Your Life\" and feature a verse from T.I. Azalea also confirmed that she was not signed to Grand Hustle Records; however, heavily affiliated with the label. On 25 May 2013, Azalea performed an acclaimed carnival themed set on the \"In New Music We Trust\" stage as part of Radio 1's Big Weekend in Derry, Northern Ireland. The setlist contained songs from previous EPs and album material such as \"Bounce\" and \"Work\". The show was the start of a short set of UK pre-album promotional appearances. In June 2013, Azalea confirmed that the album was nearly finished and that the release was expected in September 2013. On 29 July 2013, Azalea revealed she will be opening for Beyoncé on the 17-date Australia leg of her Mrs. Carter Show"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " World Tour in October and November. The third single from \"The New Classic\", titled \"Change Your Life\", was premiered by BBC Radio 1Xtra's MistaJam, on 19 August 2013. On 3 October 2013, Azalea made her first appearance on BET's \"106 & Park\", where she was interviewed and performed \"Change Your Life\", alongside T.I. Azalea's debut album was slated for an October 2013 release, but in an interview with Australia's \"Herald Sun\" she revealed that due to other commitments such as supporting Beyoncé on her Mrs. Carter Show World Tour, her record label would not allow her to release \"The New Classic\" until March 2014. She said: \"The official date? Fucked if I know! It's done, it's so depressing to say this but it's the beginning of March, it's so far away but I just have to accept that.\" She explained the reasons behind the delay: \"It was supposed to be October but obviously I'm going on tour with Beyoncé and they said I'm not allowed to put an album out while I'm on tour because I'll be trapped in Australia and I won't be able to do any TV appearances and I thought that's fair enough, that"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": "'s three weeks and then they said 'You can't put an album out around Christmas time, that's a bad time' and I said 'What about January?' 'Well nobody gets back off holidays and then it's the BRIT Awards, you can't release an album, it's terrible for marketing' which brings me to February.\" On 10 November 2013, Azalea performed \"Blurred Lines\" with Robin Thicke at the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards. On 5 December 2013, an unfinished song by Azalea titled \"Leave It\", allegedly produced by DJ Mustard, was leaked. Azalea later revealed the song was in fact produced by The Invisible Men and The Arcade, whom she collaborated with on the entire album. In February 2014, Azalea announced that she would be releasing a new single titled \"Fancy\", featuring English singer-songwriter Charli XCX. The song was premiered on BBC Radio 1 Xtra at 7 pm GMT on 6 February 2014. After the song's premiere, it was revealed \"Fancy\" was the song that had leaked titled \"Leave It\". On 17 February 2014, the song was serviced to urban contemporary radio in the United Kingdom as the album's fourth single. The music video for"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " \"Fancy\", inspired by the 1995 American comedy film \"Clueless\" was released on 4 March. \"Fancy\" went on to become Azalea's most successful single to date, becoming her first single to chart on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It also reached number-one on \"Billboard\"'s Hot Rap Songs chart, as well as number-one the US Dance Club Play chart. After much delay and speculation, \"The New Classic\" was finally released on 21 April 2014. Upon its release, the album debuted at number-three on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, with first-week sales of 52,000 copies in the United States. \"The New Classic\" was the highest-charting female rap album since Nicki Minaj's \"\" (2012). \"The New Classic\" also attained the highest number for a female rapper's debut album since Minaj's \"Pink Friday\" (2010), which had entered at number-two with 375,000 copies sold. Azalea was then featured on American singer Ariana Grande's single \"Problem\", which was released on 28 April 2014. The song was released as the lead single from Grande's second studio album. Shortly after, Azalea also appeared on Jennifer"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " Lopez's single \"Booty\". On 28 May 2014, \"The New Classic\"s fourth single \"Fancy\", reached number-one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, with Azalea being the fourth solo female rapper ever to top the Hot 100. On the same day, \"Problem\" rose to number-two on the Hot 100, with Azalea becoming the only artist since the Beatles, to rank at numbers one and two simultaneously, with their first two respective Hot 100 entries. \"Fancy\" also topped the \"Billboard\" Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs chart. On 24 June 2014, Azalea's song \"Black Widow\", featuring Rita Ora, was serviced to rhythmic contemporary radio, as her debut album's fifth single in the US. It eventually peaked at number three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. A reissue of \"The New Classic\", titled \"Reclassified\", was released in November 2014; featuring five new songs, including new singles \"Beg for It\" and \"Trouble\". On 10 December 2014, when reflecting on the year she'd had and the struggles she faced in the years before, Azalea announced plans of an arena tour for 2015 and a second"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " studio album via her Twitter account. The same day, she revealed the title of the tour, The Great Escape Tour, and the concept behind it, which is Azalea picturing herself as \"a musical escape artist for people\". Azalea also stated that the name of the tour went along with the title of her upcoming second studio album, which would also be promoted on the tour.</s><s>Career.:2015–2018: Career setbacks and \"Survive the Summer\". Azalea declared she had started to work on her second studio album in January 2015. On 4 May 2015, she released a duet with Britney Spears titled \"Pretty Girls\". On 29 May 2015, it was reported that The Great Escape Tour had been canceled and there would be a new tour planned around Azalea's new album to be released in 2016. Azalea later clarified she \"had a different creative change of heart\" and would also be taking a break to figure out the progression she wanted for her sound and visuals. In June, when asked details on her new music, she explained she had scrapped six months of work to start from scratch. On 30 August, Azalea performed \"Cool for the Summer\" with Demi Lovato at the 2015 MTV Video Music"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " Awards, after a collaboration between the two was announced for Lovato's fifth studio album, \"Confident\" (2015). In October 2015, Azalea revealed the initial title of her second album to be \"Digital Distortion\". A buzz track off the album, \"Azillion\", was made available for free streaming on SoundCloud on 9 January 2016. The project's lead single, \"Team\", was released on 18 March 2016 along with a dance video. An accompanying music video premiered on 31 March. In March 2016, Azalea revealed she had started a production company, having \"bought the rights to a couple of books that I really like, and also some television shows from Australia that I really believed in and was a fan of when I was a kid, and I had some ideas to rework [them].\" In July 2016, she announced that her company, Azalea Street Productions, had signed a deal to create original content for NBCUniversal. In February 2017, it was announced the company optioned the book \"Bad Girls Gone\" for a film that Azalea would produce but nothing materialized. On 12 June 2016, Seven Network revealed that Azalea had signed on to be a judge replacing Chris Isaak on \"The X Factor Australia"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": "\" for its eighth season, broadcast from October to November 2016. In September 2016, Azalea explained she was delaying the release of her album to 2017, despite it initially being set for July 2016, after ending the relationship with her fiancé Nick Young, stating: \"[I] just needed to have some me time to get my life in order and process the changes that are happening in my private life.\" She also mentioned wanting to record new songs that reflected her mindset: \"when I wrote [my album] I was about to get married... I don't want to go and promote my album and get asked about my relationship that has just crumbled.\" Azalea released two singles, \"Mo Bounce\" and \"Switch\", on 24 March 2017 and 19 May 2017 respectively. The latter track features Brazilian singer Anitta. Azalea promoted \"Switch\" through a performance on the 2017 iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards. On 7 November 2017, Azalea stated that she was not allowed to release music until January 2018, as she signed with a new label. She additionally announced the new title of her second album, \"Surviving the Summer\", and released four new tracks for free download via WeTransfer. The media has dubbed the songs as a four-track"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " mixtape or EP called \"4 My Ratz\". In January 2018, Azalea announced the title of the lead single from \"Surviving the Summer\", \"Savior\" featuring Quavo, which was released on 2 February 2018. On 8 June 2018, the rapper revealed that \"Survive the Summer\" would be an EP. She also stated that the reason behind the postponed release date—originally for 2 June, then 30 June release—was the change of president of her record label, Island Records. On 5 July, Azalea released two tracks from the EP: \"Tokyo Snow Trip\" and \"Kream\", the latter featuring Tyga. \"Survive the Summer\" was released on 3 August 2018, and debuted at number 144 on the \"Billboard\" 200. On 3 November 2018, Azalea tweeted that she had left Island Records, which she had signed to in 2017, and established her own record label, which was then named New Classic Records. Two weeks later, she announced she had signed a $2.7 million dollar distribution deal with an unidentified company. She stated that she would be an independent artist, be able to sign other artists, and own all her masters, with the exception of her music licensed under"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " Universal. On 20 November 2018, it was announced that she had signed a partnership deal with Empire Distribution. She would later rename her record label Bad Dreams in January 2019.</s><s>Career.:2019: \"In My Defense\" and \"Wicked Lips\". Azalea announced in early February 2019 that she had completed work on her second studio album, \"In My Defense\". She further stated her plans to release it in the spring of that year. On 27 February, Azalea announced that \"Sally Walker\" would be the first single off of the album. On the same day, her previous single, \"Kream\", was certified gold for selling 500,000 copies in the US. At the end of March 2019, 14 days after Azalea's new single was released, \"Sally Walker\" had accumulated over 38 million views on YouTube had a combined total sales of over 82,000 copies sold on all platforms and had debuted on \"Billboard\"s Hot 100 Chart at number 62, making it the highest-charting single from Azalea on the \"Billboard\" charts since \"Team\" released in 2016, which had charted at number 42. Azalea promoted the song with a performance on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\""
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " during his Las Vegas shows. On 3 May 2019, Azalea released the album's official second single, \"Started\", along with its official music video. Shortly afterward, a collaboration with VVAVES titled \"Boys Like You\" was released. On 24 June 2019, Azalea announced via Twitter that her album \"In My Defense\" would be released on 19 July 2019. Pre-orders for the album began on 28 June 2019. Azalea appeared on the cover of \"Cosmopolitan\" in August. On 27 September 2019, Azalea announced she would be releasing a new extended play. In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", Azalea stated she was not sure if she would tour to promote the record but that she plans to begin recording new material in September, with hopes of putting it out next year. She later announced on her Twitter that she planned on releasing a new extended play on 15 November 2019 entitled \"Wicked Lips\" following the release of its lead single, \"Lola\". Following a few minor delays, the EP was released on 2 December. The EP was written primarily by Azalea with Noah Cyrus co-writing \"The Girls\", which featured Pabllo Vittar.</s><s>Career.:"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": "2020–present: \"The End of an Era\". In the summer of 2020, Azalea announced her third studio album, \"The End of an Era\". On 20 August 2020, Azalea released the original lead single, \"Dance Like Nobody's Watching\", a collaboration with Tinashe. Following its underperformance, Azalea scrapped the song from \"The End of an Era\" and released the album's new lead single \"Sip It\" with Tyga in April 2021. In June 2021, Azalea tweeted that \"The End of an Era\" would be released in August of the same year. Later in June, Pitbull announced his I Feel Good Tour with Azalea as an opening act. On 15 July 2021, Azalea announced that she would take a hiatus from music after the release of \"The End of an Era\". One year later, on 8 August 2022, Azalea announced that she would resume her musical activity.</s><s>Artistry.</s><s>Artistry.:Musical style and influences. Although Azalea is Australian, she raps with a Southern U.S. accent. When she first moved to America, she was involved in the Southern hip hop scene of Miami and later Atlanta, which made"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " it easy for her to cultivate the Southern influence in her music: \"I lived in the South for five years; you pick up things from your surroundings and teachers. The people who taught me to rap are all from the South and so was the music I had listened to as a teen.\" While Azalea's debut extended play, \"Glory\", was intended to focus on hardcore rap, the EP also touched up on other genres including electronic dance music. Music critics have defined her singles \"Fancy\" and \"Team\" as electro-hop. At the age of 11, Azalea was infatuated with hip hop when she heard Tupac Shakur's \"Baby Don't Cry (Keep Ya Head Up II)\": \"It was the song that made me fall in love with music and also what sparked my Tupac fascination. That would later make me pick up my own pen and write songs.\" In her early interviews, Azalea regularly mentioned Shakur's influence: \"I was sickly obsessed. I had every picture of Tupac ever printed on my wall.\" She has credited Beyoncé as an influence and Missy Elliott as the female rapper who she is influenced by and admires the most. Outside of music, her fashion sense is influenced by"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " Grace Kelly, Lil' Kim, Gwen Stefani, Fran Drescher, Eve, Trina, Fergie, Christina Aguilera, and the Spice Girls, with Azalea stating that Mel B and Victoria Beckham are her favorite Spice Girls.</s><s>Artistry.:Music videos. Azalea is often noted for her cinema-quality music videos which are often comedic and contain satire. Azalea has paid homage to a number of cult films from the 1990s and early 2000s in her music videos, among the most notable examples being \"Priscilla, Queen of the Desert\" (1997) in \"Work\" (2013), \"Showgirls\" (1995) in \"Change Your Life\" (2013), \"Clueless\" (1995) in \"Fancy\" (2014), \"Kill Bill\" (2003) in \"Black Widow\" (2014), \"Earth Girls Are Easy\" (1988) in \"Pretty Girls\" (2015), and \"Romy and Michele's High School Reunion\" (1997) in \"Fuck It Up\" (2019), among others. Alongside those film references, eras of cinema are referenced in several other videos including the Bollywood-themed video for \"Bounce\" (2013) and the 1980"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": "s cop comedy-inspired video for \"Trouble\" (2015). Additionally, the video for \"Murda Bizness\" (2012) is reminiscent of the pageant culture shown in reality series \"Toddlers & Tiaras\". Azalea has also been credited as a director for some of her music videos and often mentions the importance she attributes to them: \"For me, visuals are as important as the music, I just love escapism and giving people something to escape to. To me, that's what art is.\"</s><s>Artistry.:Public image. After initially resisting suggestions to try modeling, Azalea signed with talent agency Wilhelmina Models in 2012. She featured in promotional ads for Los Angeles-based lifestyle brand Dim Mak's 2012 fall/winter collection. Also in 2012, Azalea was the face of Levi's \"Go Forth\" campaign. Azalea also appeared in House of Holland's first eyewear collection campaign. In July 2014, MTV announced that Azalea would be the host of the revived \"House of Style\". Azalea appeared in the seventh installment of \"The Fast and the Furious\" film series, \"Furious 7\", released in 2015. In August 2014, the \"New York"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " Post\"s Page Six reported that Azalea had formed a footwear collaboration with Steve Madden. Their shoe collection was unveiled in February 2015. In October 2014, Azalea and her boyfriend Nick Young were announced as the new faces of Forever 21's 2014 holiday campaign. In April 2015, she signed on to be the 100th-birthday ambassador of Australian underwear and clothing company Bonds. In 2018, Azalea was announced as Monster Products's new spokesperson and starred in their Super Bowl LII commercial.</s><s>Controversy.</s><s>Controversy.:Accusations of cultural appropriation. In 2012, Azalea caused controversy for her song \"D.R.U.G.S\", a remix of Kendrick Lamar's \"Look Out for Detox\", having adapted one of its lyrics to \"When the relay starts, I'm a runaway slave / Master\", leading her to release a letter online apologizing, stating that it was a \"tacky and careless thing to say.\" According to the British newspaper \"The Guardian\", there have been \"accusations of racism against Azalea focused on her... insensitivity to the complexities of race relations and cultural appropriation.\" \"Salon\" writer Brittney Cooper critiqued Azalea's \"co-"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": "optation and appropriation of sonic Southern Blackness, particularly the sonic Blackness of Southern Black women.\" Her use of an African-American English accent has been compared to blackface and part of a \"broad, vague area of white people pretending to be black: those who do it culturally, rather than cosmetically\" but also conversely as \"wilful ignorance\". Both supporters and critics of Azalea's rise to fame in the hip hop industry noted that it was important to be inclusive while acknowledging and respecting the role of African-Americans in pioneering hip hop. After being asked to analyze and compare her speaking and rapping voice, linguistics professor David Crystal said Azalea might be doing it unconsciously to accommodate to the American rapping style, adding: \"There are hardly any echoes of [Azalea's] original Australian accent in her speaking voice—just the odd word (e.g. \"own\", \"believe\") and inflection. She has developed a mixed accent (like so many people have these days) as a result of her traveling around.\" When asked about the validity to the criticisms leveled against her, Azalea stated: \"Do you not like me because I rap with an American accent and I'm not American? Well,"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " that's valid on some level because that's your opinion and I can't change that\", continuing, \"But I'm not trying to sound black—I just grew up in a country where on TV and in music and film, everyone was American or any Australian person in them put on an American accent. So I never saw it as strange at all.\" In 2021, after Azalea released the music video for her song \"Iam the Stripclub\", some Twitter commentators accused her of blackfishing or \"imitating a black female aesthetic\"; Azalea called the allegations \"ridiculous and baseless\" and said that she had worn the same Armani foundation for the past three years \"in every video since 'Sally Walker'\". Her makeup artist Eros J. Gomez took to Twitter to defend and clarify that Azalea was using the same foundation in all the music video scenes.</s><s>Controversy.:Comments on racism. In 2018, Azalea claimed that the history of racism in the United States causes its audiences to dismiss her, and claimed that she, \"grew up in a situation that didn't involve any privilege and I worked really hard\", later reiterating on U.S. race relations: \"I make 'black'"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " music. I don't want people to think it's not something I care about. I want to make music for girls in the gym.\" She stated, \"It's important for music to reflect what is going on socially and for there to be those kinds of voices within the industry. But I want to be that person you can listen to for four minutes and not think about that stuff at all, and it's important to have that too [...] I'm not here to offer that commentary, but that doesn't mean I don't care.\" In 2016, she lamented, \"Many people think I still live in that bubble and that I don't understand that the United States is set up in a way that doesn't benefit minorities. I've lived here for 10 years now, and I don't want it to be that way either. I'm marrying a black man and my children will be half black— of course I care about these things.\" She further dismissed the legitimacy of the racial controversy, citing sexism as the true cause of criticism. In a feature covering Azalea's career, Clover Hope wrote, \"Rather than seeing race as an issue, Iggy focused on the trend of women in rap being over-policed and accused of not writing their own rhymes,"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " while in the process overlooking how artists like herself and Macklemore hold a broader industry advantage, even as they feel like outcasts in their field.\" In 2016, Azalea was planning to release her second album titled, \"Digital Distortion\", explaining its concept: addressing the criticisms against her: \"some of them were fair and some of them, I think, were unfair. I just think it's interesting that we live in this age of digital distortion where we're all distorting each other and distorting ourselves and our perception of who we all are, and none of it is really accurate anymore.\" She later credited the support she received from fellow rappers as giving her motivation facing the controversial claims in the media: \"I grew up loving Missy Elliot, loving Lil' Kim or Trina and so I'm lucky I have those women I really idolized support me. So, I get a little bit confident in that, knowing the people I look up to appreciate what I'm doing.\"</s><s>Personal life. In March 2015, while talking about her body shape with \"Vogue\", Azalea revealed she had undergone breast augmentation, saying, \"I did change something: Four months ago, I got bigger boobs! I'd thought about it my entire life"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": "\", adding she was sick of having to sew padding into her stage costumes and wanted to be able to wear lingerie without wiring. After initially resolving never to discuss it publicly as she didn't want other girls to feel bad about their bodies, she concluded, \"But then, I decided I wasn't into secret-keeping.\" In August 2015, she talked about having a nose job with \"Seventeen\" magazine, adding, \"Your perception of yourself can change a lot over time, so I think it's important to wait and make sure it's the right choice. Plastic surgery is an emotional journey.... There are things that I didn't like about myself that I changed through surgery. There are other things I dislike but I've learned to accept. It's important to remember you can't change everything. You can never be perfect.\" In March 2018, Azalea was approved for permanent residence in the United States.</s><s>Personal life.:Relationships. In late 2011, Azalea began dating American rapper A$AP Rocky, whom she met through American record producer Chase N. Cashe. She confirmed that they were dating in a January 2012 interview with \"Vibe\" and, around this time, got the title of Rocky's breakout mixtape \"Live"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": ". Love. A$AP\" tattooed on her fingers. She claimed she and Rocky both had tattoos dedicated to the relationship, but his tattoos were not visible. In July 2012, Rocky stated they were no longer dating, with Azalea later removing her tattoo after years with the word A$AP crossed out. In November 2013, Azalea began a relationship with Los Angeles Lakers basketball player Nick Young. Azalea and Young were featured in the March 2014 issue of \"GQ\" magazine. They lived together in Tarzana, California. On 1 June 2015, they announced their engagement. On 19 June 2016, Azalea announced that she and Young had split after a video leaked on the internet showing Young bragging about cheating on Azalea. In 2016, she briefly dated Moroccan-American rapper French Montana. In late 2018, Azalea began dating American rapper Playboi Carti. The couple reportedly split in December 2019. However, in June 2020, Azalea announced she had given birth to a son with Carti. That October, she released a statement saying, \"I'm raising my son alone & I'm not in a relationship.\" Later in December, Azalea revealed that Carti had cheated on her and missed their son"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": "'s birth. He later refused to sign their son's birth certificate.</s><s>Awards and nominations. Iggy Azalea has been nominated for numerous major music awards. Azalea was the first female and first non-American rapper to be featured on \"XXL\"'s \"Top 10 Freshman List\". In 2014, she received two American Music Awards in the Rap/Hip-Hop categories, along with four more nominations, and one MTV Video Music Award for her collaboration with Ariana Grande, along with seven more nominations, making her the most nominated artist at these respective award show editions. She has also won three Teen Choice Awards and one MTV Europe Music Award. Azalea won the 2014 ARIA Award for Breakthrough Artist and the 2015 People's Choice Award for Favorite Hip-Hop Artist. In November 2014, she was placed at number-one on the \"Maxim\" Hot 100 list in Australia because \"few Aussies, female or otherwise, have had a bigger 2014 than Iggy.\" Azalea also ranked at number 46 on the 2014 edition of the AMID (Australasian Music Industry Directory) Power 50, a list that compiles the most influential figures in the Australasian music world. Azalea received four nominations"
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": " at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, including Best New Artist, Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance for \"Fancy\" and Best Rap Album for \"The New Classic\". Azalea joined the list of the 9th Annual \"Billboard\" Women in Music honorees as a chart-topper. In late 2014, it was announced she was placed at number-one on \"Billboard\" Year-End's Top New Artists chart. In 2015, Azalea also led the 2015 iHeartRadio Music Awards nominations with five. She received twelve nominations at the 2015 \"Billboard\" Music Awards. In 2016, Azalea was presented with the Woman of the Year award by \"GQ Australia\". In 2020, Iggy Azalea was listed at number 50 in \"Rolling Stone Australia\"s \"50 Greatest Australian Artists of All Time\" issue.</s><s>Discography. - \"The New Classic\" (2014) - \"In My Defense\" (2019) - \"The End of an Era\" (2021) - \"Hotter Than Hell\" (2023)</s><s>Tours.</s><s>Tours.:Headlining. - The New Classic Tour (2014) Cancelled tours - Great Escape Tour ("
},
{
"title": "Iggy Azalea",
"text": "2015) - Bad Girls Tour (2018)</s><s>Tours.:Opening act. - \"XXL\" Freshmen Live Tour (2012) - Tyga – MTV Jams Presents: Closer to My Dreams Tour (2012) - Rita Ora – Ora Tour (2012) - Rita Ora – Radioactive Tour (2013) - Nas – Life Is Good Tour (2013) - Beyoncé – The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour (2013) - Pitbull - I Feel Good Tour (2021) - Pitbull - Can't Stop Us Now Summer Tour (2022)</s><s>See also. - List of artists who reached number one in the United States</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Iggy Azalea",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000497
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Jackie Shroff.
|
[
{
"title": "Jackie Shroff",
"text": "<s>Jackie Shroff Jaikishan Kakubhai Shroff (born 1 February 1957), popularly known as Jackie Shroff, is an Indian actor and former model. He has been in the Bollywood industry for over four decades, and, has appeared in over 220 films in 13 languages namely Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, Marathi, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, Punjabi, Bhojpuri, Konkani, Odia, Gujarati and English. He has won four Filmfare Awards among other accolades. He became an overnight star with Subhash Ghai's \"Hero\" (1983) film, and eventually established himself as one of the leading men of Indian cinema from 1980s to 1990s.</s><s>Early and personal life. Shroff was born as Jaikishan Kakubhai Shroff in Bombay (present Mumbai), India. His father, Kakubhai Haribhai Shroff, was Gujarati, while his mother was a Turkmen who fled from Kazakhstan (then the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic under the Russian Soviet Union) during a coup. His maternal grandmother escaped to Ladakh along with her seven daughters when there was a coup in Kazakhstan. They migrated to"
},
{
"title": "Jackie Shroff",
"text": " Delhi, and finally to Mumbai. His father came from a Gujarati family of merchants and traders. However, they lost all of their money in the stock market and his father had to leave home at the age of 17. His father met his mother when both were teenagers and got married. As a youngster, he modelled in a few advertisements including Savage perfumes. It was one of his classmates in school who gave Shroff his name \"Jackie\" and then filmmaker Subhash Ghai stuck to this name when he launched him in the film \"Hero\". Shroff regularly revisits his childhood home in Teen Batti. Shroff married his longtime girlfriend Ayesha Dutt, a model who later became a film producer, on her birthday, 5 June 1987. The couple runs a media company Jackie Shroff Entertainment Limited. They jointly owned 10% shares in Sony TV from its launch until 2012, when they sold their stake and ended their 15-year-long association with Sony TV. They have two children: a daughter Krishna Shroff, and a son, Bollywood actor Tiger Shroff.</s><s>Career. Jackie Shroff dropped out of school after his 11th standard as his family did not have much money. He"
},
{
"title": "Jackie Shroff",
"text": " tried his hand working as an apprentice chef at Taj Hotels and as a flight attendant at Air India, but he was rejected from both places because of his lack of qualifications. He then started working as a travel agent in a local company called \"Trade Wings\" near Jehangir Art Gallery. An advertising agency accountant spotted him at the bus stand and asked him if he would be interested in modelling. The next day, Shroff went to the advertising agency (National advertising agency) located in the same building as Davar's college near Flora Fountain for the photo shoot during his lunch time. This photo shoot for a suit shirt launched Shroff on his modelling path. In 1982, Shroff made his acting debut in Dev Anand's movie \"Swami Dada\". In 1983, Subhash Ghai cast him in the lead role for the movie \"Hero\", paired against Meenakshi Sheshadri. The film was a major critical and commercial success, and one of the highest grossers of 1983. By \"Hero\", both Shroff and Seshadri had become overnight stars. He continued to work in Subhash Ghai movies, irrespective of any role that was offered. After \"Hero\", he did several other films,"
},
{
"title": "Jackie Shroff",
"text": " such as \"Andar Baahar\". \"Jaanoo\" and \"Yudh\" were successful. In 1986 he did \"Karma\" which became the highest-grossing film of 1986. His next film to be released was \"Kaash\". Later films, such as \"Dahleez\" and \"Sachché Ká Bol-Bálá\" were critically acclaimed, but failed at the box office. But he came back to success through films such as \"Ram Lakhan\", \"Tridev\" and \"Parinda\", which won him filmfare award for best actor. In the 90s he was part of successful films such as \"Saudagar\", \"Angaar\", \"Sapne Sajan Ke\", \"Gardish\", \"Khalnayak\", \"1942: A Love Story\", \"Rangeela\", \"Agnisakshi\", \"Border\" & \"Shapath\". In 2006, Shroff acted in the children's film \"Bhoot Unkle\". In 2010 he appeared in film \"Bhoot and Friends\". In 2011 he did a cameo role in film \"Shraddha In The Name Of God\" directed by Gurubhai Thakkar"
},
{
"title": "Jackie Shroff",
"text": ". In 2017, Shroff made his debut in Konkani, acting in the film \"Soul Curry\", which even won him an award. Subsequently, he is to act in another Konkani film scheduled to release in 2019, titled \"Kantaar\". In October 2018, he acted in a short film, \"The Playboy Mr. Sawhney\". He was also seen in \"Paltan\". He is to feature in many films in 2019, like \"Firrkie\", \"Bharat\", \"Saaho\", and \"Romeo Akbar Walter\". He is also going to star in \"Prasthanam\", which Hindi remake of Telugu film with same name alongside Ali Fazal and Sanjay Dutt.</s><s>Career.:Television. Shroff has hosted many television shows like \"Lehrein\", \"Chirtrahar\" and \"Missing\". Dealing with stories of missing people who were never found, \"Missing\" was popular for its creative narration by Shroff. The show was broadcast on Sony TV, of which he owned some shares. Shroff was also a judge on the magic show \"India's Magic Star\", broadcast on Indian channel STAR One. The show began on"
},
{
"title": "Jackie Shroff",
"text": " 3 July 2010 and ended on 5 September 2010. In 2014, Shroff and his son Tiger Shroff made an appearance on \"Comedy Nights with Kapil\". In 2019 Shroff made his digital debut with the series \"Criminal Justice\".</s><s>Other ventures.</s><s>Other ventures.:Social activism. He has an organic farm, where he grows organic plants, trees and herbs. He is also the brand ambassador of Thalassemia India and over the years has supported many causes like HIV/AIDS awareness and abolishment of female foeticide. He has also funded the treatment and education of many underprivileged children. On 5 March 2021, Shroff donated an ambulance to a Lonavala-based animal shelter in the memory of his late pet dog Rocky.</s><s>Awards and accolades. - 1990: Won: Filmfare Award for Best Actor – \"Parinda\" - 1994: Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Actor – \"Gardish\" - 1994: Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – \"Khalnayak\" - 1995: Won: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – \"\" - 1996: Won: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – \"Rangeela\" - 1997"
},
{
"title": "Jackie Shroff",
"text": ": Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – \"Agni Sakshi\" - 2002: Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – \"Yaadein\" - 2001: Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role – \"Mission Kashmir\" - 2003: Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – \"Devdas\" - 2007: Special Honour Jury Award for outstanding contribution to Indian cinema - 2011: Won: Vikatan Awards for Best Villain – \"Aaranya Kaandam\" - 2014: Won: The Original Rockstar GQ - 2016: Won: HT Most Stylish Living Legend Award. - 2017: Won: Raj Kapoor Award – Received by actress Raakhee: 30 April 2017. - 2017: Won: Received the 20th anniversary of JP Dutta's Border movie Award: 12 June 2017. - 2017: Won: Recipient of National Award-Hindi Cinema Gaurav Samman at Vigyan Bhawan - 2018: Won: Filmfare Short Film Award for Best Actor — \"Khujli\" - 2018: Won: Best Actor Award for the Konkani film \"Soul Curry\" at Goa State Awards ceremony He has received a"
},
{
"title": "Jackie Shroff",
"text": " Doctor of Arts for his valuable contribution in the field of Cinema from the Invertis University.</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Jackie Shroff",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000498
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Cha Eun-woo.
|
[
{
"title": "Cha Eun-woo",
"text": "<s>Cha Eun-woo Lee Dong-min (; born March 30, 1997), known professionally as Cha Eun-woo (), is a South Korean singer, actor, and model under the label Fantagio. He is a member of the South Korean boy band Astro.</s><s>Early life. Cha Eun-woo was born on March 30, 1997, in the city of Gunpo, Gyeonggi Province. He attended Suri Middle School and Suri High School before graduating from Hanlim Multi Art School in 2016. He studied at Sungkyunkwan University, majoring in performing arts.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:2013–2015: Career beginnings. Cha debuted as an actor with a minor role in the film \"My Brilliant Life\". He was the fourth trainee to be officially introduced with the Fantagio iTeen Photo Test Cut. In August 2015, Cha, along with the other members of Astro, participated in the web-drama \"To Be Continued\".</s><s>Career.:2016–present: Debut with Astro, solo activities and rising popularity. Astro debuted on February 23, 2016, with the EP \"Spring Up\". In August, Cha participated in the Chuseok special variety"
},
{
"title": "Cha Eun-woo",
"text": " show, \"Replies That Make Us Flutter\". In September, he participated in another Chuseok pilot program, \"Boomshakalaka\". Cha was announced as a host of \"Show! Music Core\" alongside Kim Sae-ron, Lee Soo-min and Xiyeon from 2016 to 2018. In 2016, he also starred in the web drama \"My Romantic Some Recipe\". In 2017, Cha was cast in the KBS2 drama \"Hit the Top\" and starred in the web drama \"Sweet Revenge\". In 2018, Cha starred in the web drama \"Top Management\". He was later cast in the JTBC romantic comedy series \"Gangnam Beauty\", his first leading role on television. He saw a rise in popularity after the series aired and was included in GQ Korea's \"Men of the Year\". In 2019, Cha starred in the historical drama \"Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung\" alongside Shin Se-kyung. He played the role of an royal price who became a romance novelist, and won the Excellence Award for an Actor and Best Couple Award with Shin at the MBC Drama Awards. In December, he was announced as a cast member of the new variety show \"Handsome Tigers\""
},
{
"title": "Cha Eun-woo",
"text": " alongside Joy, Lee Sang-yoon, Yoo Seon-ho, and Seo Jang-hoon. In April 2020, Cha joined SBS television show \"Master in the House\" as a fixed cast member. At the 2020 SBS Entertainment Awards, he won the Rookie Award for his role on the show. In December 2020, he starred in the tvN coming-of-age romance drama \"True Beauty\" based on the webtoon of the same name, playing high school student alongside Moon Ga-young. In June 2021, he left \"Master in the House\". In November 2021, Cha released \"Don't Cry, My Love\", a ballad song featuring a piano performance, for the official soundtrack of the comic \"Under The Oak Tree\". In 2022, Cha recorded \"Focus on Me\" for the soundtrack of the Kakao webtoon \"The Villainess Is a Marionette\", released on February 22. He then played the role of a Navy officer in Hwang In-ho's urban terror action film \"Decibel\" which was released in November 2022. Later that year he starred in TVING drama \"Island\" alongside Kim Nam-gil, Lee Da-hee and Sung Joon, playing the role of an"
},
{
"title": "Cha Eun-woo",
"text": " exorcist priest. On December 30, Fantagio released an official statement and stated that Cha had decided to renew his contract with the agency. In 2023, Cha is set to star in the webtoon-based fantasy romance drama drama \"A Good Day to Be a Dog\".</s><s>Other ventures.</s><s>Other ventures.:Endorsements. In February 2021, Cha became Penshoppe's international ambassador. In March, he was selected as the brand model for Noona Holdak Chicken. In May, Cha was chosen as a new model for clothing brand O'Neill.{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/COjdHHBJBQD/?igshid=18c35kt9kby3g |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/oneillkorea/2568024244451808259_2568024239183950265 |archive-date=December 23, 2021 |url-access=subscription|title=Cha Eun-Woo has been chosen As The New Model For Leisure Sports Brand O'Neill In January 2022, Cha became the muse for the hair styling brand Dashu."
},
{
"title": "Cha Eun-woo",
"text": " The next two months, he became as a new brand ambassador for Ms Glow, and Mister Potato. In April 2022, Cha modeled for contemporary men's clothing brand Liberclassy. In June, Cha became a brand ambassador for Dior Beauty, announced after attending Jean-Michel Othoniel's exhibition. In December, there was a post announcing Cha became a brand ambassador for Dior. In January 2023, Cha became a regional brand ambassador for Skechers, this partnership covers seven key Asia-Pacific markets for Skechers: Singapore, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. Dior Beauty post announcing welcome Cha as the first global ambassador for Dior Capture Totale the new Serum. In February, Cha and actress Han So-hee were selected as CF models together for global clothing brand Giordano. Cha launches the global campaign 2023 NEW Liens collection Liens Evidence, featuring a bridge that connects two people who express different emotions. that can be experienced in important moments of life With Chaumet's unique artistic sense.{{Cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/now/article/144/0000864801?lfrom=twitter|title"
},
{
"title": "Cha Eun-woo",
"text": "=차은우, 자유로운 남자</s><s>Other ventures.:Philanthropy. In April 2019, Cha donated million to help support the victims of the Sokcho Fire. In February 2020, It was revealed that Cha had donated million to help those affected by COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea. In June 2022, Cha participated as a special audio guide for the art exhibit of Sir Michael Craig-Martin & even donated some proceeds for cancer patients at the national cancer center. In November 2022, it was announced that Cha will hold a photo exhibition at the end of the year and will donate all profits to help the underprivileged.</s><s>Impact and influence. In November 2018, Cha was included as one of GQ Korea's Men of the Year. In 2019, he ranked seventh—with 44,178,474 points—in the Most Accumulated Points On Male Idol Brand Reputation. In the K-pop Radar Year-End Chart of 2019, Cha was named as the male \"Hot Instagrammer\". In April 2021, Cha placed 17th on \"Forbes\" Korea Power Celebrity and sixth in the SNS category. In April 2022,"
},
{
"title": "Cha Eun-woo",
"text": " after Cha was selected to represent contemporary men's clothing brand Liberclassy, traffic to the company's mall increased by 806% in the first week of April from the previous week, and the brand also saw an increase in social media engagement. An official from Liberclassy said, \"The Cha Eunwoo effect was seen as more than 70 million won in sales generated for pre-application alone\". In January 2023, Cha was the Top Male Influencer in Fashion in 2022, and the only male to make it into the Top 10 influencers with $82.5 Million EMV, as reported by Lefty.</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Songwriting credits. \"\"</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Cha Eun-woo",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
factscore-000499
|
Question: Tell me a bio of Nick Kyrgios.
|
[
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": "<s>Nick Kyrgios Nicholas Hilmy Kyrgios ( ; born 27 April 1995) is an Australian professional tennis player. In singles, Kyrgios' career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 13 was achieved on 24 October 2016. He has won seven ATP Tour singles titles, including the 2019 and 2022 Washington Open, and reached eleven finals, most notably a major final at the 2022 Wimbledon Championships, and a Masters 1000 final at the 2017 Cincinnati Masters. In doubles, during his professional career, Kyrgios has a career-high ranking of world No. 11, achieved on 7 November 2022, winning a major doubles title at the 2022 Australian Open and reaching the semifinals of the Miami Open, both times partnering Thanasi Kokkinakis. In singles, he reached a major final at the 2022 Wimbledon Championships and three major quarterfinals (at 2014 Wimbledon, upsetting then-world No. 1 Rafael Nadal en route, the 2015 Australian Open and the 2022 US Open, upsetting then-world No. 1 Daniil Medvedev en route). Kyrgios is only the third player, after Dominik Hrbatý and Lleyton Hewitt, to have beaten each one of the Big Three (Novak Djokovic,"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " Roger Federer, and Rafael Nadal) the first time he played against them. Although Kyrgios has received praise for his perceived entertaining style of play, he is a controversial player whose matches have featured \"epic displays of ranting, racquet-wrecking, and trash-talking\". According to \"Tennishead\" magazine, he has received more fines for his temperamental on-court behaviour than any other player in ATP history. His actions have included swearing and smashing his racquet, as well as insults and verbal altercations with the crowd, with umpires, with his opponents and with his supporters. In his junior career, Kyrgios won the singles event at the 2013 Australian Open and the doubles events at the 2012 French Open, 2012 Wimbledon Championships and 2013 Wimbledon Championships.</s><s>Early life and family. Kyrgios was born on 27 April 1995 in Canberra, Australia, to a father of Greek origin, George, and a Malay mother, Norlaila (\"Nill\"). His father is a self-employed house painter, and his mother is a computer engineer. His mother was born in Malaysia as a member of the Selangor royal family, but she dropped her title as a princess when she moved to Australia in"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " her twenties. His older sister Halimah works in dance and musical theatre and as a voice and performance coach based in Hong Kong. Kyrgios attended Radford College until Year 8 and completed his Year 12 certificate in 2012 at Daramalan College in Canberra. He also played basketball in his early teens before deciding to focus solely on tennis when he was 14 years old. Two years later, he received a full scholarship at the Australian Institute of Sport, where he was able to further develop his tennis. In 2013, Kyrgios relocated his training base from Canberra to Melbourne Park in an attempt to further his career with better facilities and hitting partners. A year later, Tennis ACT announced a $27 million redevelopment of the Lyneham Tennis Centre in Canberra to lure Kyrgios back home and host Davis Cup and Fed Cup ties. Kyrgios confirmed in January 2015 that he would return home and base himself in Canberra. He also donated $10,000 towards the Lyneham Tennis Centre redevelopment.</s><s>Junior career. Kyrgios played his first junior match in 2008 at the age of 13 at a grade 4 tournament in Australia. He won his first ITF junior tour title in Fiji in June 2010, aged 15. He started to compete more regularly on"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " the junior tour in 2011, making his junior grand slam debut at the 2011 Australian Open. During 2012 he won two junior grand slam doubles titles and rose to junior world number three, though he withdrew from the Australian Open Men's Wildcard Playoff due to injury. Moving into 2013, he gained the number 1 junior ranking by defeating Wayne Montgomery in the Traralgon International final. A week later he entered the Australian Open as the juniors number 3 seed and progressed to the final against fellow Australian Thanasi Kokkinakis. After saving two set points in the first set, Kyrgios won his first and only junior grand slam title. He also won Wimbledon junior doubles with Kokkinakis.</s><s>Professional career.</s><s>Professional career.:2012–2013: Turning pro. In 2012, in his first-round qualifying match at the Australian Open, Kyrgios won the first set in a tiebreak, but his opponent Mathieu Rodrigues cruised through the second and third sets to defeat him. Kyrgios then competed on the 2012 ITF Men's Circuit for the rest of the season, competing in tournaments in Australia, Germany, Japan and Slovenia. At the end of the season, he had reached a semifinal and a quarterfinal in Australian tournaments"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": ". He finished the year ranked No. 838. In 2013, he started the season by playing at the 2013 Brisbane International, losing in the first round of qualifying to James Duckworth. He then lost in the first round of qualifying at the 2013 Australian Open to Bradley Klahn in straight sets. After winning the Boys' Singles, Kyrgios said his goal was to reach the top 300 by the end of the year. At the 2013 Nature's Way Sydney Tennis International, he defeated fellow Australian Matt Reid in straight sets in the finals to win his first challenger tour title at the age of 17. Kyrgios was given a wildcard into the qualifying competition of the 2013 French Open, but on 20 May it was announced that John Millman was withdrawing from the main draw due to injury; such that, Kyrgios' wildcard was raised to the main draw. This meant he would compete in a main draw of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time. In the first round Kyrgios had the biggest win of his career to date against the former world No. 8 Radek Štěpánek in three sets, each ending in tiebreaks, giving him the first ATP Tour level win of his career. Although he"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " lost to Marin Čilić in the following round, his ranking rose to No. 213. Kyrgios later qualified for the 2013 US Open, where he was beaten by fourth seed David Ferrer in his opening match. He reached a new career high of No. 186 on 9 September 2013. In October, Kyrgios made the semifinal of the 2013 Sacramento Challenger, before falling to Tim Smyczek. He ended the year with a singles ranking of 182.</s><s>Professional career.:2014: Wimbledon quarterfinal. At the beginning of the 2014 season, Kyrgios was set to debut at the 2014 Brisbane International as a wildcard, but withdrew due to a shoulder injury. On 8 January, Kyrgios was awarded a wildcard into the 2014 Australian Open, where he won his first round match against Benjamin Becker. However, he lost in the second round to Benoît Paire, in five sets. Kyrgios received a wildcard into the 2014 U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships, where he lost his first round match to Tim Smyczek in three sets. Kyrgios was then forced to withdraw from numerous ATP tournaments in Delray Beach and Acapulco due to an elbow injury. At the 2014"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " Sarasota Open, Kyrgios reached the final by defeating Jarmere Jenkins, Rubén Ramírez Hidalgo, Donald Young and Daniel Kosakowski. He defeated Filip Krajinović in straight sets for his second career challenger title. Following this, Kyrgios defeated Jack Sock to win the 2014 Savannah Challenger. As a wildcard at the 2014 French Open, Kyrgios was defeated in the first round in straight by Milos Raonic. Kyrgios then won his fourth career challenger title at the 2014 Aegon Nottingham Challenge, beating fellow Australian Sam Groth in straight-set tiebreaks. In June, Kyrgios received a wildcard to the 2014 Wimbledon Championships. After defeating Stéphane Robert in the first round, he went on to beat Richard Gasquet in a five-set second-round thriller; wherein, he lost the first two sets and saved nine match points. In the third round, Kyrgios beat Jiří Veselý, before going on to record the biggest win of his career so far by beating World No. 1 Rafael Nadal in four sets –– becoming the first male debutant to reach the Wimbledon quarterfinals since Florian Mayer, in 2004. The'shot"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " of the match' was a rear-forehand, half-volley winner from between Kyrgios' legs that David Polkinghorne, of \"The Canberra Times,\" called \"freakish\" and \"audacious\". Kyrgios subsequently lost to Milos Raonic in four sets in the quarterfinals. This Wimbledon performance helped Kyrgios break into the top 100 of the ATP World Rankings for the first time in his career: i.e. Kyrgios' ranking rose to No. 66. Post-Wimbledon, at the Rogers Cup tournament in Toronto, Kyrgios earned his first ATP World Tour Masters event win, with a first round victory over Santiago Giraldo in straight sets. However, Kyrgios lost in the second round to Andy Murray, winning just four games. In the US Open, Kyrgios made it to the third round, defeating Mikhail Youzhny and Andreas Seppi on his way, before losing to 16th seed Tommy Robredo. Kyrgios later played in the Malaysian Open, but lost in the first round. He skipped the rest of the season, citing burnout. He ended the year ranked No. 52 in the world, and the No. 2 ranked Australian behind Lleyton"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " Hewitt.</s><s>Professional career.:2015: First final, top 30. Kyrgios started the season off at the Sydney International, but lost his opening match against Jerzy Janowicz in three tightly contested sets. During the 2015 Australian Open, Kyrgios received direct entry for the first time due to his ranking. In his opening match, he defeated Federico Delbonis in a five-set thriller, before going on to beat Ivo Karlović and Malek Jaziri in second and third rounds, respectively. He then faced Andreas Seppi, who had just beaten Roger Federer in his previous match, in the fourth round. Kyrgios fell two sets behind and faced down a match point in the fourth set but, recovered to win in five sets. As a result, Kyrgios became the first teenage male to reach two Grand Slam quarterfinals since Federer in 2001, the first Australian male to reach the quarterfinals since Hewitt in 2005, and the first Australian of any gender to reach the quarterfinals since Jelena Dokic in 2009. In the quarterfinals, Kyrgios lost to eventual finalist Andy Murray in straight sets. After the tournament, he reached a career-high ranking of no. 35 in"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " the world. He later withdrew from tournaments in Marseille and Dubai due to a back injury he suffered during the Australian Open. In Indian Wells, he served for the match against Grigor Dimitrov, but rolled his ankle and ultimately lost. Kyrgios returned in the Barcelona Open. After receiving a bye in the first round, he lost in three sets to fellow 19-year-old Elias Ymer. At the Estoril Open, Kyrgios reached the final of an ATP tournament for the first time in his career, after defeating Albert Ramos Viñolas, Filip Krajinović, Robin Haase and Pablo Carreño Busta. He then lost the final to Richard Gasquet, in straight sets. At the Madrid Open a week later, Kyrgios defeated world No. 2 and 17-time Grand Slam champion Roger Federer in the second round, after saving two match points in the final set tiebreak. He then had a three-set loss to John Isner in the third round. At this point, until his finalist appearance at Estoril and third round finish in Madrid, Kyrgios had the unique distinction of having won more matches in Grand Slams (10) than on the regular ATP Tour (2). At"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " the French Open, Kyrgios was seeded 29th, his first Grand Slam seeding. He won in straight sets in the first round against Denis Istomin. He then received a walkover into the third round, after Kyle Edmund withdrew with injury. In the third round, he lost in straight sets to third seed Andy Murray. In the doubles, Kyrgios and partner Mahesh Bhupathi lost in the first round to wildcards Thanasi Kokkinakis and Lucas Pouille. At the 2015 Wimbledon Championships, Kyrgios opened with straight-set victories over Diego Schwartzman and Juan Mónaco in the first and second rounds, respectively. In the third round, despite losing the first set, he advanced past seventh seed Milos Raonic ––before losing to Gasquet in the fourth round, squandering set points in the fourth. He also played mixed doubles with Madison Keys, but only reached the second round During the tournament, he was involved in several controversies, all of which resulted in code violation warnings. During his first round match with Schwartzman, Kyrgios threatened to stop play following a disputed line call. In the following match, a linesman heard him say \"dirty scum\"; Kyrgios said his words"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " were not directed at the umpire. During his third round match against Raonic he smashed his racket, which bounced into the stands, following a missed break point. Kyrgios fell out of the top 40 in the rankings following the tournament.</s><s>Professional career.:2016: Hopman Cup champion, 3 titles, top 15. At the 2016 Hopman Cup, Kygrios partnered with Daria Gavrilova, as part of the Australia Green team. During the round robin, Australia Green won 3–0 against Germany, with Kyrgios winning both his singles match against Alexander Zverev andmixed doubles match with Gavrilova. The Australian Green team next faced off against Great Britain; where Kyrgios recorded his first-ever win over Andy Murray (in straight sets) and also won the doubles, claiming a 2–1 win over the British team. Following this, he went on to win the Hopman Cup alongside Gavrilova, defeating Ukraine in the final –– marking Kyrgios' first title on the World Tour. At the 2016 Australian Open he claimed straight-set wins over Pablo Carreño Busta and Pablo Cuevas before losing to sixth-ranked Tomáš Berdych in the third round"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " in 4 sets. Kyrgios won his maiden ATP title at the Open 13 in Marseille by defeating Gasquet in the quarterfinal, Berdych in the semi-final and lastly, Čilić in the final, all in straight sets. Notably, Kyrgios finished the tournament without having his serve broken. During the Dubai Tennis Championships Kyrgios reached the semifinals, where he retired against Stan Wawrinka. At the 2016 Indian Wells tournament, he lost in the first round to Albert Ramos Viñolas. At the 2016 Miami Open Kyrgios reached his first ATP World Tour Masters 1000 semifinal, with straight-set wins over Marcos Baghdati, Tim Smyczek, Andrey Kuznetsov and Milos Raonic –– before losing in the semis to Kei Nishikori. Following Miami Open, Kyrgios entered the top 20 for the first time, becoming the youngest player to do so since Čilić seven years earlier. At the French Open, Kyrgios entered as the 14th seed and went on to beat Marco Cecchinato and Igor Sijsling, reaching the third round; however, he lost to 9th seed Gasquet. Similarly, at Wimbledon (as the 15"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": "th seed), he advanced to the fourth round after defeating Radek Štěpánek, Dustin Brown and Feliciano López –– losing to eventual champion Murray. In Atlanta, as the second seed, Kyrgios advanced to the final after defeating wildcard Jared Donaldson, Fernando Verdasco and Yoshihito Nishioka. In the final, Kyrgios faced three-time defending champion Isner and defeated him to win his second ATP title. Kyrgios reached a career-high ranking of No. 16 following the tournament. At the US Open, Kyrgios reached the third round against Illya Marchenko before retiring with a hip injury that had also affected him in previous rounds. He returned with a straight-set win in his rubber for Australia in the Davis Cup World Group playoff. In October, after a second-round loss to Kevin Anderson at the 2016 Chengdu Open, Kyrgios bounced back by winning his first ATP World Tour 500 series title in Tokyo, at the 2016 Japan Open Tennis Championships, beating David Goffin.</s><s>Professional career.:2017: First Masters final. At the 2017 Australian Open, Kyrgios was seeded 14th. He defeated Gastão Elias before falling to Andreas Se"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": "ppi in round two, despite leading by two sets to love. At the Mexican Open, Kyrgios defeated Novak Djokovic in straight sets in the quarter-finals. Djokovic managed to win just 20.5% of return points in the match, his lowest ever in a tour match. Kyrgios fell to eventual champion Sam Querrey in 3 sets in the semifinals. Kyrgios defeated Djokovic again in straight sets in the fourth round of the Indian Wells Masters tournament. He then withdrew from his quarterfinal match with Federer due to illness. He moved to Miami, where he beat Goffin and Zverev before losing in the semifinals in three tiebreak sets to Federer in three hours and ten minutes. Kyrgios then participated in Madrid, where he lost in straight sets in the third round to Nadal. At Roland Garros, Kyrgios lost to Kevin Anderson in the second round after winning the first set. He then withdrew from his first-round matches at Queen's Club, Wimbledon and Washington due to injuries. After his recent slump in form, Kyrgios then reached the third round of the Montreal Masters, where he lost to Zverev in straight sets. In the Cincinnati Masters, Kyrg"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": "ios made it to the quarterfinals, where he defeated world No. 2 Nadal in straight sets. He followed that up with a victory over Ferrer to reach his first Masters 1000 final, where he lost to Grigor Dimitrov in straight sets. At the China Open, he was crushed by Nadal in the final. Kyrgios's record against Nadal fell to 2–3 with this loss. In the inaugural 2017 Laver Cup, Kyrgios competed for Team World, replacing Milos Raonic following his withdrawal from the tournament. In doubles, Kyrgios partnered with Jack Sock, defeating Tomas Berdych and Rafael Nadal and earning Team World's only point on Day 1. In singles, Kyrgios defeated Tomáš Berdych, earning Team World's only points on Day 2. Kyrgios went on to play a match tie-break with Roger Federer on Day 3, which would have forced a deciding doubles match. However, Federer defended the match point and went on to win: resulting in an overall victory for Team Europe (15–9).</s><s>Professional career.:2018: Clay season absence. In his first tournament of the season at the 2018 Brisbane International, Kyrgios received a bye into the"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " second round due to being the 3rd seed. In his first competitive match since the 2017 European Open, Kyrgios lost the first set to his compatriot Matthew Ebden in a tiebreak but found his form and won in three sets. He reached the final, defeating Ryan Harrison to win his first title since Tokyo 2016. The win returned him to the top 20, at no. 17. In the third round of the 2018 Australian Open, Kyrgios defeated Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in four sets. He was then beaten by Grigor Dimitrov in tight four setter, with the latter winning three tiebreaks. Kyrgios served 36 aces in that match. After the Australian Open, Alexander Zverev defeated Kyrgios in four sets at the Davis Cup. It was soon revealed that he was playing with an elbow injury. In light of this, he cancelled appearances at the Delray Beach Open and Indian Wells Masters tournament. He resumed his season at the Miami Open, defeating Dušan Lajović and Fabio Fognini in straight sets before falling to Zverev in straight sets. Kyrgios weathered a lackluster clay season and did not play at the French Open, citing the elbow injury that spoiled the first quarter"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " of 2018. Kyrgios and Jackson Withrow of the USA were knocked out of the first round doubles match by Sriram Balaji and Vishnu Vardhan. His next tournament, the Stuttgart Open, saw him reach the semifinals, falling to eventual champion Federer. After Stuttgart, Kyrgios entered the Queen's Club Championships. His won his first-round match over former world No. 1 Murray. This was notable as it was Murray's return to the tour since Wimbledon 2017 and Kyrgios's first professional win over Murray after five prior attempts. He was defeated in the semifinals by Čilić in two tiebreaks. At Wimbledon, Kyrgios defeated Istomin and Haase but lost to Nishikori in straight sets in the third round. His campaign in the 2018 US Open generated controversy. In his second-round match, Kyrgios appeared to be given advice by umpire Mohammed Lahyani that seemed to turn the tide in match against Pierre-Hugues Herbert, which he won. Kyrgios's US Open run ended in the next round with a loss to Federer, who saw him out in straight sets. At the annual Laver Cup, Kyrgios was defeated by Federer"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " in straight sets. He then won the doubles with Jack Sock against Grigor Dimitrov and David Goffin. At the Shanghai Open, he was accused of tanking by the chair umpire before losing to world No. 104 Bradley Klahn. His last event on the ATP tour was a wildcard draw at the Kremlin Cup. He defeated Andrey Rublev in three sets before withdrawing against his next opponent, Mirza Bašić, citing an elbow injury. He also revealed weeks later that he was seeing psychologists to improve his mental health.</s><s>Professional career.:2019: Two titles, a default, and a suspension. Kyrgios began 2019 at the Brisbane International, where, in a rematch of last year's final, he defeated Ryan Harrison in the round of 32. He subsequently lost to Jérémy Chardy. His middling performance in his home country culminated in a straight-sets opening round loss to Milos Raonic at the 2019 Australian Open. Kyrgios won the 2019 Mexican Open in Acapulco (his fifth title), after beating three top 10 players (i.e. Nadal, Isner and Zverev) and three-time Grand Slam champion Stan Wawrinka, en route. His"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " Miami Open campaign was full of controversy: a victory over Dušan Lajović in the third round involved two successful underarm serves and an altercation with a spectator, and the follow-up loss to Borna Ćorić in the round of 16 involved another argument with a spectator and both players smashing racquets. Following his loss, he acknowledged his opponent's more disciplined nature and questioned his own motivation. In Rome, Kyrgios beat Daniil Medvedev but then lost his next match to Casper Ruud by default in the third set when he threw a chair on the court after swearing at a linesperson. He forfeited the rankings points and prize money, but no further penalties were imposed. At Wimbledon, Kyrgios defeated compatriot Jordan Thompson in a five-setter, but then lost to Nadal in four sets in the second round. Kyrgios won his sixth title in Washington beating two top 10 players en route. He overcame first seed Stefanos Tsitsipas in the semi-final in three sets, and third seed Daniil Medvedev in the final in straight sets. At the US Open, Kyrgios progressed to the third round where he lost to Andrey Rublev in straight sets in another"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " controversial match, complaining that he was being blinded by the stadium lights while serving. At the annual Laver Cup, Kyrgios was again defeated by Federer, this time in a closer three-set match with a deciding match tiebreak. He teamed up with Jack Sock once again for the doubles, which they won against Rafael Nadal and Stefanos Tsitsipas. Following the incident at the 2019 Cincinnati Masters tournament, where Kyrgios was fined $113,000 for five separate incidents of unsportsmanlike conduct, the ATP conducted an investigation into his behaviour. The investigation ended on September 26, and he was issued a 16-week suspended ban, a $25,000 fine, and a six-month probationary period. Although Kyrgios had corrected his comments by saying that \"corrupt\" was not the right choice of words, the ATP explained that a second investigation had taken place after his comments at the US Open.</s><s>Professional career.:2020: Longest career match. At the 2020 Australian Open, Kyrgios was seeded 23rd. In the first round, he beat Lorenzo Sonego in straight sets before defeating Gilles Simon in four sets in the second round. In the third round, he defeated Karen Khachan"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": "ov in the longest match of both his career and the 2020 Australian Open, lasting 4 hours and 26 minutes. He then played Rafael Nadal in the fourth round, which he lost in four sets. Kyrgios played alongside Amanda Anisimova in the mixed doubles, where they ended up losing in the second round. At the 2020 Mexican Open, Kyrgios attempted to defend his 2019 title, but retired from his first round match against Ugo Humbert, due to a wrist injury. Kyrgios withdrew from the 2020 US Open, choosing to avoid taking health risks amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Kyrgios ended 2020 with a singles rank of No. 45.</s><s>Professional career.:2021: Tournament withdrawals, knee injury. At the 2021 Australian Open, Kyrgios lost in the third round to Dominic Thiem despite at one stage leading by two sets to love. In April, Kyrgios announced he would play in the Mallorca Open. He followed this by also announcing that he would play in the Stuttgart Open, but withdrew from both tournaments. He entered Wimbledon to continue his return to competitive tennis, and won his opening match against 21st-seeded Ugo Humbert in a five-set"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " match that stretched out over two days. In the second round Kyrgios beat Gianluca Mager in straight sets. In the third round against Félix Auger-Aliassime, with the match tied at one set each, he retired after the second set due to an abdominal injury. Kyrgios failed to defend his title in Washington, losing in the first round to Mackenzie McDonald in straight sets. At the US Open, he lost in the first round to Roberto Bautista Agut in straight sets. Kyrgios then competed for Team World at the Laver Cup for the fourth consecutive year. He lost his singles match to Stefanos Tsitsipas and partnered John Isner in doubles, where they lost to Tsitsipas and Andrey Rublev. After the conclusion of the Laver Cup, on 28 September 2021, Kyrgios announced he was ending his 2021 season due to a knee injury. He ended 2021 with a singles ranking of 93.</s><s>Professional career.:2022: Wimbledon final, Australian Open doubles title, ATP Finals and return to Top 20. Kyrgios withdrew from the Melbourne Summer Set ATP 250 tournament after feeling run down for four days due to asthma. On January 10, he tested positive"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " for COVID-19 and had also to withdraw from the Sydney Tennis Classic. As a result, he dropped to No. 114 on the ATP rankings, the first time he had been out of the top 100 since June 2014. At the 2022 Australian Open, he won his first round match in straight sets against qualifier Liam Broady. He was subsequently defeated in the second round by top seed Daniil Medvedev over four sets. In doubles, Kyrgios partnered with Thanasi Kokkinakis to defeat the world No. 1 doubles team, Nikola Mektić and Mate Pavić, en route to the quarter-finals. Following their success in the quarter-finals and semi-finals, this set up the first all-Australian doubles final (since 1980) against Matthew Ebden and Max Purcell. Kyrgios and Kokkinakis won in straight sets, becoming the first all-Australian men's doubles champions (at the Australian Open) since The Woodies in 1997. Moreover, Kyrgios and Kokkinakis are the first wildcard pairing in the Open era to win the Australian Open men's doubles title. As a result, Kyrgios moved to the top 40 in the doubles rankings on 31 January 2022, rising 219 spots. Kyrg"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": "ios next received a wildcard into the main draw at Indian Wells, California. He beat Sebastián Báez and Federico Delbonis, in straight sets, to get to the third round; where he then beat world No. 8 Casper Ruud. He received a walkover in the fourth round following the withdrawal of Jannik Sinner, but then lost in 3 sets to Rafael Nadal in the quarterfinals. He had less success in doubles (partnered Kokkinakis), as the pair lost in the second round to eventual champions John Isner and Jack Sock. In Miami, he advanced to the fourth round, but was beaten in straight sets by Jannik Sinner. In doubles, Kyrgios and Kokkinakis finished up in the semifinals, again losing to the eventual champions Isner and Hubert Hurkacz. Kyrgios then reached the semifinals in Houston, his sole clay court event of the year, losing to Reilly Opelka in the semifinals. In Stuttgart, his first grass tournament of the year, Kyrgios reached the semi-finals where he lost to Andy Murray. In Halle, Kyrgios beat second seed and world No. 6 Stefanos Tsitsipas and sixth"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " seed Pablo Carreno Busta on his way to his third tour-level semifinal of 2022, before losing to Hubert Hurkacz. At the 2022 Wimbledon Championships, Kyrgios beat wildcard Paul Jubb in 5 sets, but was fined US$10,000 for verbally abusing a line judge and spitting in the direction of a spectator. He then went on to beat Filip Krajinović and Tsitsipas (for the second time during the grass season), to reach the fourth round. Following this, Kyrgios beat Brandon Nakashima to reach his first major quarterfinal since the 2015 Australian Open. He followed this with a shut out win over Cristian Garín and reached his first ever Major semifinal. Kyrgios then reached his first major final after Rafael Nadal withdrew from the semifinals, becoming the first player in the Open Era to get a walkover into the Wimbledon final. Kyrgios lost the Wimbledon final to Novak Djokovic in a competitive match lasting over three hours. In Atlanta, Kyrgios withdrew from the singles tournament, but went on to win his second doubles title with Kokkinakis, defeating fellow Australians Jason Kubler and John Peers in straight sets. In Washington, Kyr"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": "gios won his first singles title in 3 years and his second Washington Open singles title –– defeating Marcos Giron, Tommy Paul, Reilly Opelka, Frances Tiafoe and Mikael Ymer en route to the final against Yoshihito Nishioka, where he won in straight sets. In the doubles, Kyrgios partnered with Jack Sock, where after receiving a walkover in the semifinals, they defeated Ivan Dodig and Austin Krajicek to win the Washington Open doubles title. As a result, Kyrgios became the first player to win both the singles and doubles titles at Washington in the same year in the tournament's history. At the Canadian Open, Kyrgios defeated top seed Daniil Medvedev in the second round. Next he defeated his compatriot Alex de Minaur but eventually lost to Hubert Hurkacz in the quarterfinals. At the Cincinnati Masters, Kyrgios was defeated in the second round by Taylor Fritz in a match only lasting 51 minutes. At the US Open, Kyrgios defeated Thanasi Kokkinakis, Benjamin Bonzi and wildcard JJ Wolf to reach the fourth round at the US Open for the first time in his career. He then defeated world No.1 Dan"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": "ill Medvedev in four sets to reach the quarterfinals at the event for the first time. With his win over Medvedev, Kyrgios became the first player to beat the world No. 1 twice within the same year, since Pat Cash in 1987. In the quarterfinals, he faced off against Russian 27th seed Karen Khachanov, losing a closely fought match in five sets. Despite the loss, Kyrgios returned to the Top 20 for the first time since February 2020 and reclaimed the No.1 Australian position, overtaking Alex De Minaur. In October, Kyrgios reached the quarterfinals of the Japan Open, but withdrew before his clash with Taylor Fritz, citing a knee problem as the cause for his exit. Kyrgios, along with doubles partner Thanasi Kokkinakis qualified for the 2022 ATP Finals in Turin after being guaranteed a spot under the Grand Slam champion provision. The pair failed to progress past the round robin stage of the event after recording a 1-2 win-loss record. Kyrgios ended the season ranked No. 22 in singles and No. 13 in doubles. This was Kyrgios' highest end-of-year doubles ranking of his career.</s><s>Professional career.:20"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": "23: Knee injury and Australian Open withdrawal. Kyrgios was scheduled to participate in the inaugural United Cup to begin his season, representing Australia, however withdrew on the eve of the event following an ankle injury. Kyrgios subsequently withdrew from the Adelaide International 2 event the following week as a precaution in the lead up to the Australian Open. On 13 January, Kyrgios competed in an exhibition match against Novak Djokovic on Rod Laver Arena in a Fast4 format. Kyrgios defeated Djokovic in three-sets in front of a sold-out crowd. Just days later, on the eve of the 2023 Australian Open, Kyrgios withdrew from the event due to a knee injury. He revealed a cyst caused by a tear in his lateral meniscus will require arthroscopic surgery.</s><s>National representation.</s><s>National representation.:ATP Cup. Kyrgios played in the inaugural ATP Cup in 2020 in Brisbane and in the Sydney finals. He won three straight singles matches against Jan-Lennard Struff of Germany, Stefanos Tsitsipas of Greece and Cameron Norrie of Great Britain respectively, as well as a doubles match alongside Alex de Minaur to defeat Great Britain in the quarter-finals"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": ". He eventually lost to Roberto Bautista Agut in the semi-finals against Spain in straight sets.</s><s>National representation.:Davis Cup. Kyrgios made his Davis Cup debut for Australia in September 2013 against Poland at the age of 18. He replaced Marinko Matosevic after defeating him in a playoff during the lead-up to the tie. He was selected to pair with Chris Guccione in the crucial doubles rubber. They lost to Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski in five sets. He then went on to win his first singles rubber, after Michał Przysiężny retired five games into the match. After the media attention he attracted during Wimbledon 2015, Kyrgios lost the second rubber of the quarter-final tie against Kazakhstan. His most publicised quote during this match was his comment \"I don't want to be here\". Kyrgios was then replaced by Sam Groth in the reverse singles rubber. He was dumped from the Davis Cup squad due to play their semi-final tie against Great Britain. He returned to the Davis Cup team in September 2016 for Australia's emphatic World Group playoff victory against Slovakia. In 2019, Kyrgios was left out of the Davis"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " Cup team for their qualifier in Adelaide, which they won against Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was re-added to the team later in the year for the Davis Cup Finals in Spain. In Spain, he won his singles rubbers against Colombia and Belgium to advance to the quarter-finals against Canada. He then withdrew from the quarter-finals due to injury and was replaced by John Millman in his singles rubber, which he lost. Australia ended up losing the tie 1–2.</s><s>National representation.:Olympics. Kyrgios qualified for his first Olympics at Rio 2016 but withdrew from the event due to differences with the Australian Olympic Committee. Kyrgios said in July 2021 that he would not compete in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games.</s><s>Style of play. Kyrgios has been described as having an unusually aggressive game. While growing up, he was overweight, asthmatic, and has stated he “had to work out a way to be more aggressive than the average player”. Former British no. 1 John Lloyd described watching Kyrgios as a \"pleasure\" because of \"the mixture and the flair\", adding that his character is one which attracts fans. \"The Guardian\" has described his playing style as \"powerfully"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " flamboyant, sometimes ridiculously-brilliant game, which is something to behold\". In 2017, the ATP rated Kygrios as the fifth best server in the history of professional tennis – with better results than current players such as Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer. He reaches speeds up to and wins 78.8% of his first-serve points. His second serve is also one of the best on the ATP Tour and often hit at above. He sometimes tries for aces, on both his first and second serves. Goran Ivanišević has said “[Kygrios] is a tennis genius. You can’t prepare for Nick Kygrios, he is the best server in the game by far. It’s impossible to create tactics [against him].”He has an effective forehand and (two-handed) backhand and is also able to mix up his shot selection using spin, slices and dropshots. While his game suits grass and hard courts, he reached his first ATP Tour final on clay in Estoril.</s><s>Style of play.:Underarm serve. Kyrgios first used the underarm serve at the 2019 Mexican Open during his match with"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " Rafael Nadal, who subsequently claimed it was not within the spirit of the game, and accused Kyrgios of \"lacking respect\" for his opponent and the crowd. Kyrgios has been credited for reintroducing the underarm serve into the ATP Tour, and he has now used the underarm serve more frequently than any other player in professional tennis.</s><s>Coaching history. Kyrgios has had a number of different coaches and mentors throughout his career. He tends to try one coach and then another, but prefers to do things his own way. In an interview with \"The New Yorker\" in 2017, he said: “Every coach I had tried to tame me, tried to make me play more disciplined, tried to make me do drills. I’ve just been kind of playing on instinct. I feel like it’s been successful, so I don’t know why there’s a good reason to stop that.” In his junior and early professional career, Kyrgios was coached by former Australian professional tennis player and then-ACT national academy coach Todd Larkham, who was Kyrgios' first coach. Larkham had coached Kyrgios from age 10–17. In 2013 it was reported"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " that he was coached by former Australian professional tennis player Desmond Tyson, and later New Zealand tennis coach Simon Rea who worked for Tennis Australia. Under Rea Kyrgios reached a Grand Slam Quarter-final (Wimbledon) for the first time in his career. In 2014 Kyrgios was re-united with former coach Todd Larkham alongside former Australian professional doubles player Joshua Eagle. Kyrgios' cited reasons to change coaches were to spend more time at his home in Canberra. In June 2015 Kyrgios parted with Larkham, less than a week before his appearance at Wimbledon. Two months later, in the lead-up to the US Open, Kyrgios brought in Lleyton Hewitt for temporary coaching and mentoring. Kyrgios continued not having a coach for the remainder of 2015 and throughout 2016. In May 2017, almost two years without a coach, Kyrgios hired French former professional tennis player Sébastien Grosjean. Grosjean was allegedly hired on a part-time basis, and held the position until the end of the year. Since 2017 Kyrgios has been without a head coach, and in 2020 stated: “And, for me, I don't have a goal of"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " winning grand slams. I just want to do it my way, have fun with it and just play. So to get a coach for me is just pointless. Because I don't want to waste their time almost. I just don't think a coach is ready – and I'm not going to put them through it too cause it would just be a nightmare. Where I'm at my career now, it's just too far gone, I think for a coach, 'cause I'm too set in my ways and I just don't like to listen to advice, to be honest.” Throughout his career Kyrgios has had offers by many former professional players, and coaches, to coach him. Some include Jimmy Connors (2016), Pete Sampras (2016) and John McEnroe (2017, 2020).</s><s>Reputation.</s><s>Reputation.:Early career. Kyrgios won his first challenger tour title at the age of 17. His childhood coach, Andrew Bulley, said he was a \"super competitor\" who \"trained with a better intensity than the other kids. He always turned up and gave it 100 per cent.\" His parents used to take him to every regional competition in Australia they could enlist him in. As an 18 year old,"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " his father George Kyrgios, said: \"As a junior he was always playing older kids and you could just see him adjusting. He's a perfectionist and has been pretty hard on himself along the way.\" Top French player, Richard Gasquet, beat the 18 year old Kyrgios in the 2014 Davis Cup World Group tie and said afterwards: He's got a great attitude and a wonderful personality. I think he will be a prominent player in the future. Andrew Bulley believes the support of Kyrgios' close knit family was a critical factor in his attitude and motivation at the time. He was close to his family and friends, but as he rose through the rankings, playing in tournaments all over the world meant that he was away from home for long periods. He said: “I was winning, losing, going through relationship problems, dealing with other problems and I was pushing (family) away because you feel like the world’s against you. I’m going seven months a year abroad in a new place every week. That’s why tennis is so hard in my opinion.\" According to his mother, Nill Kyrgios, this was a very hard time for her son as a result of the criticism and pressure he was"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " under.</s><s>Reputation.:Current public perception. Kyrgios is now known as a talented but mercurial and hot-tempered player. He has been accused of tanking, verbal abuse, and unsportsmanlike conduct by umpires, match referees, the media and by former tennis players, including John McEnroe. In 2019, the Associated Press described Kyrgios as \"a volatile sort who has repeatedly got in trouble for on-court actions\". He is also known for his authenticity and individuality, and has been described by three-time Wimbledon champion John Newcombe as an \"exceptional talent\" and \"a real individual\". Kyrgios has openly said that he \"does not love tennis\" and has a greater interest in basketball. He openly critiqued his dedication to the sport after his exit at the 2017 US Open to fellow Australian John Millman, saying that he is \"not dedicated to the game at all\" and \"There are players out there that are more dedicated, that want to get better, that strive to get better every day, the one-percenters. I'm not that guy.\" At the 2015 Wimbledon Championships, after he failed to return numerous serves, Kyrgios was accused of tanking—"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": "deliberately not playing up to his abilities—during the second set of his fourth-round loss to Gasquet. Kyrgios was booed by the crowd for his perceived lack of effort, but denied the accusations, stating \"of course I tried\". In October 2016 Kyrgios was fined $32,900 (on top of an earlier fine of $21,659—$13,127 for lack of effort, $6,563 for verbal abuse of a spectator, and $1,969 for unsportsmanlike conduct) and banned for eight weeks for \"lack of best efforts\" against unseeded Mischa Zverev in the second round of the Shanghai Rolex Masters. He threw the match 6–3, 6–1, in 48 minutes, at one point asking the umpire: \"Can you call time so I can finish this match and go home?\" When later asked during a press conference if he thought he owed the fans a better effort, he responded: \"What does that even mean? I'm good at hitting a tennis ball at the net. Big deal. I don't owe them anything. If you don't like it, I didn't ask you to come watch. Just leave.\" Some commentators believe Kyrgios is"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " more committed than he claims. After a string of successes in 2017, Kyrgios attributed his greater consistency that year to an improved work ethic. He said: \"I've made an effort to try and put in the work every day. It hasn't been easy.\" However, he continues to cause controversy on the court. Hugh van Cuylenburg, founder of the Resilience Project in Australia says Kyrgios is deliberately provocative and thrives when there is chaos around him: “Some people thrive in a hostile environment because it tricks them into the right level of arousal and reminds them of how much they care and how much they want to win – and Kyrgios is one of those.” Kyrgios produced some of the best performances of his career at Wimbledon in 2022. After losing to Djokovic in the final, Kyrgios said: “It’s taken me 10 years – almost 10 years – in my career to finally get to the point of playing for a grand slam and coming up short, but my level is right there.\" When asked if this had made him hungry for more grand slam finals, he replied \"no, it was exhausting!\", provoking laughter among the crowds.</s><s>Reputation.:Opinions on"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " Kyrgios held by other tennis professionals.</s><s>Reputation.:Opinions on Kyrgios held by other tennis professionals.:Players, coaches and commentators. John Newcombe, former Australian world No. 1 in both singles and doubles, remarked that: \"Nick is an exceptional talent and he doesn't beat to the same drum as everyone else – he's a real individual.\" Tim Henman, former British No.1 (1996, 1999–2005) prior to Andy Murray, stated that: \"Kyrgios is a performer, an entertainer and will go out and play the tennis he is capable of. He can beat anyone because he is seriously talented. He is a bit different and speaks his mind.\" Paul Annacone, Roger Federer's former coach, has been quoted as saying: \"I think Nick is the most talented player since Roger jumped on the scene”. Novak Djokovic after beating Kyrgios in the 2022 Wimbledon final: \"I really respect you a lot. I think you are a phenomenal tennis player and athlete, an amazing talent.\" Coco Gauff, during a press-conference at Flushing Meadows, praised Kyrgios for practicing with her at the Miami Open despite already having concluded a two-hour"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " long practice with Frances Tiafoe, noting that:“I know there's things on the court that he does that people don't agree with. I probably don't agree with some things,” Gauff said. “But it's just things like [hitting with a young kid] that stands out for me.\" \"It's just moments like that that people don't really see about him. So I think people paint him as a bad guy. I feel around the grounds, at least my experience of him, he's not.\" \"If he keeps it up, I think he can go far... I always, always root for him, no matter who he's playing, to be honest.\"</s><s>Reputation.:Opinions on Kyrgios held by other tennis professionals.:John McEnroe. John McEnroe has also praised Kyrgios's talent. In late 2018 on the Seven Network's \"Sunday Night\" show in Australia, McEnroe said that Kyrgios is \"the most talented player [he's] seen in the last ten years\" but that Kyrgios may \"run himself out\", if he continued not to commit himself to tennis. While hosting a radio call-in show during the 2021 Wimbledon"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " Championships on BBC Radio 5 Live McEnroe stated that if he could choose any player on the current tour to coach he would pick Kyrgios. However, McEnroe has also criticised Kyrgios's behaviour several times. Following his loss to Murray at the 2016 Wimbledon championships, McEnroe criticised his temperament, saying: \"Kyrgios has to look in the mirror if he wants to become a top player and win Slams.\" He questioned his attitude towards the sport as Kyrgios was reportedly seen watching compatriot Hewitt in a doubles match shortly before his match with Murray. Two months later and following his exit from the US Open, Kyrgios was further criticised by McEnroe. He called on Kyrgios to retire from the sport, saying: \"Nick Kyrgios, if you don't want to be a professional tennis player, do something else.\" The comments came shortly after his third round defeat by Illya Marchenko, in which he retired due to a hip injury. McEnroe commented: \"He's hurt because he's not training enough.\"</s><s>Reputation.:Off the court.</s><s>Reputation.:Off the court.:Persona outside professional tennis. Those who know Kyrgios personally say his off-"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": "court personality is very different from his on-court antics. Hugh van Cuylenburg, founder of the Resilience Project says: “Everyone who has ever met him say he’s a sensational person who cares deeply about other people. He doesn’t seek recognition or publicity for the good things he does.\"On a similar note, fellow Australian, Jason Kubler, said:“Every time I see him, he’s smiling. Every time I’m around him, it seems like I’m laughing. So it’s kind of weird when I read or see the comments about him, knowing him the way I do. He's just one of those people if you were to hang around him or spend any sort of quality time with him, you’d fall in love with him.”</s><s>Reputation.:Off the court.:Response to Australian bushfires. Kyrgios pledged to donate $200 for every ace he served during the summer, which was subsequently taken up by other Australian tennis players. Kyrgios also asked Tennis Australia to hold an exhibition match before the 2020 Australian Open to raise more funds. Numerous top tennis players participated including Caroline Wozniacki, Serena Williams, Coco"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " Gauff, Alexander Zverev, Stefanos Tsitsipas, Naomi Osaka, Dominic Thiem, Petra Kvitova, Novak Djokovic, Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer. This brought the Aces for Bushfire Relief total to almost $5 million.</s><s>Reputation.:Off the court.:Criticism and support for Djokovic. In June 2020, Kyrgios publicly criticized Djokovic for organizing the controversial charity tennis tournament at which Djokovic and numerous other tennis players tested positive for Covid-19, calling it a \"boneheaded decision\". In January 2021, Kyrgios called Djokovic a \"tool\" after he issued a wish-list of requirements for players forced to quarantine when they arrive in the country to play in the Australian Open. A year later, when Djokovic was detained by the Australian government after entering the country unvaccinated, Kyrgios spoke up for him, declaring: “He’s a human, I just don’t think how we’re going about it is the right way and that’s coming from someone who we’ve had run in and comments about each other, but it’s not right.” He"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " also praised Djokovic for his generous response to the bush fire disasters. In June 2022, after Djokovic beat Kyrgios in the Wimbledon final, Kyrgios called Djokovic \"a bit of a god\" after which Djokovic jokingly declared his relationship with Nick Kyrgios \"officially a bromance\".</s><s>Reputation.:Controversial incidents. Kyrgios has been involved in numerous controversial incidents during tennis matches, including occasions when he has made disrespectful comments to, or about, his opponent, the umpire, the lines judges, ball boys/girls and members of the audience. During a match at the 2015 Rogers Cup, Kyrgios generated considerable controversy for insults he directed at Stan Wawrinka in the middle of the match. Kyrgios, speaking aloud but not directly to Wawrinka, said: \"Kokkinakis banged your girlfriend. Sorry to tell you that, mate\". Microphones also picked up Kyrgios saying under his breath that Wawrinka, 30 at the time, was \"banging 18-year-olds\". After the match, Wawrinka said he found the comments \"unacceptable\" and urged action be taken against Kyrgios. Kyrg"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": "ios was fined $13,127 and given suspended penalties of $32,818 and a 28-day ban, pending further breaches by the ATP. He claimed he later apologised to Wawrinka though Wawrinka denied this claim. Kyrgios's mother shut down her Twitter account several hours after this incident after personal criticisms were levelled at her. She indicated that her son's insults had been made in retaliation, and that Wawrinka accused her son of \"faking an injury\" during a previous match between the two. Following a review, the ATP handed down a 28-day suspended sentence, to expire after six months. Kyrgios would also have received a $25,000 fine had he incurred a further fine for \"verbal or physical abuse\" during that six-month period. At the same tournament he received a $3,281 fine for unsportsmanlike conduct for a comment he made to a ball person. Kyrgios has also been warned and fined for various other instances of inappropriate behaviour. He was given three code violations for audible obscenities and racket-smashing at the 2014 US Open (one more would have disqualified him), fined $4,926 for audible obscenities and racket-smashing at"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " the 2015 Australian Open, fined $12,470 for unsportsmanlike conduct and $2,625 for swearing at the 2015 Wimbledon, fined $4,370 for swearing at the 2016 Australian Open (he also took a phone call while on court during a mixed doubles match), fined $6,200 for swearing at the 2016 French Open, and fined $8,690 for swearing at the 2016 Wimbledon. At the 2018 Queen's Club Championships, Kyrgios was issued a $17,500 fine after \"miming masturbation with his water bottle\" during a changeover in his semifinal match against Čilić. At the 2019 Rome Masters, Kyrgios was defaulted from his second round encounter with Casper Ruud after swearing at a line judge, kicking a bottle, and hurling a chair onto court. Kyrgios was subsequently fined €20,000 and forfeited all prize money and points earned during the event, and told to cover the costs of his hospitality. In June 2019, Kyrgios was assessed three fines totaling $17,500 for unsportsmanlike conduct at the 2019 Queen's Club Championships. Kyrgios was fined $113,000 for five separate incidents of unsportsmanlike conduct at the 2019 Cincinnati"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " Masters tournament. During the second set, Kyrgios felt that the shot clock, which counts down the time allowed between points, had been started too early, and delivered an expletive-laden rant at umpire Fergus Murphy, saying Murphy was \"the worst, hands down\". He then walked off court, claiming he needed to use the restroom, but instead used the time to smash two racquets on the floor in a corridor. At the end of the match Kyrgios told Murphy he was \"a fucking tool\", did not shake his hand, made a vulgar gesture, and appeared to spit at him. The fine set an ATP record. Kyrgios was fined $25,000 for unsportsmanlike conduct and an audible obscenity in his quarter-final match against Rafael Nadal at the 2022 Indian Wells Masters, in which Kyrgios had received a point penalty for swearing at a fan during the match, and had repeatedly clashed with the crowd and umpire Carlos Bernardes. At the 2022 Miami Open, Kyrgios was fined $47,000 for unsportsmanlike conduct during his loss to Jannik Sinner. Kyrgios had again clashed with Bernardes, who had given him a point penalty and then a game"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " penalty during the match. Kyrgios was fined $4,000 by the All England Club after his controversial match with Stefanos Tsitsipas in the third-round of the 2022 Wimbledon championships. According to one source, \"the entire match was heated and had several high-tension moments\". Kyrgios halted play after Tsitsipas hit a backhand into the crowd, possibly hitting a fan. Kyrgios stopped play for several minutes, yelling and swearing at the umpire, claiming he should have defaulted Tstisipas. Tsitsipas criticised Kyrgios at the press conference afterwards calling him a bully. Kyrgios was fined $7,500 at the 2022 US Open, the biggest fine in the tournament's history, after yelling, and later spitting, at his player's box during his second round match against Benjamin Bonzi.</s><s>Reputation.:Mental health issues. At age 19, ranked 144th in the world, he received a wildcard entry to play at Wimbledon and beat then-world No. 1 Nadal in the fourth round. Beating Nadal, the first time he played against him, brought international attention. From then on he was told: \"you’re the next"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " big thing in tennis.\" Kyrgios admits he didn’t know how to deal with the pressure. He told the \"Turn Up the Talk\" podcast in May this year: \"I kept trying, trying and trying, just ended up snowballing into this dark cloud.\" Things became so difficult for him that Kyrgios posted on Instagram that in 2018 he suffered from depression and engaged in self-harm and had suicidal ideation. In an interview on the \"Turn Up The Talk\" podcast, he explained that in 2019, even when he was winning tournaments: “[I was] probably drinking 20 to 30 drinks every night – you know, just in my room on my own – waking up [and] playing.\" Kyrgios said that \"winning tournaments seemed to ‘just mask all of it’, which was the ‘darkest thing ever’.\" Struggling to cope, he sought professional help and saw three or four different psychologists.</s><s>Endorsements. Kyrgios has endorsement deals with several companies, including Yonex, Nike and Beats. Bonds distanced itself from Kyrgios during his controversies of 2015. Malaysia Airlines ended their partnership after Kyrgios was suspended and fined for tanking in the 2016 Shanghai"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " Rolex Masters. Kyrgios is the founding contributor of the athlete direct publishing website \"PlayersVoice\", and has also invested financially in the digital platform.</s><s>Personal life. Kyrgios is a Greek Orthodox Christian and wears a gold cross with three pendants – a cross, a tennis racquet and a piece of jade. His father wears a similar cross. Kyrgios is an avid fan of the Boston Celtics in the NBA and a life-long supporter of Tottenham Hotspur in English football's Premier League. Kyrgios also supports the North Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League., in January 2023, Kyrgios joined the ownership group of South East Melbourne Phoenix of the NBL. Kyrgios has followed a vegan diet since at least early 2020. He said that seeing the loss of animal life during the intense bushfires across Australia reinforced his choice of diet. Kyrgios has spoken about his battle with mental health, including depression and self-harm. He also admitted that in the past he abused drugs and alcohol.</s><s>Personal life.:Relationships. Kyrgios was previously in an on-again, off-again relationship with Croatian-Australian tennis player Ajla Tomljanović. In December 2021, Kyrgios"
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": " started dating social-media influencer and interior designer Costeen Hatzi.</s><s>Personal life.:Relationships.:Common Assault Case. In 2020, Kyrgios entered into a relationship with Chiara Passari, separating in late 2021 after police had to separate the two in a hotel quarantine argument. In 2022, it was announced that Kyrgios was summoned to appear in court, in Australia on 2 August 2022, to face a charge of common assault, for allegedly grabbing Passari in December 2021. In 2023, Kyrgios pled guilty to the assault charge but was not convicted, as Magistrate Beth Campbell stated that he had \"acted poorly in the heat of the moment,\" and that the case was \"at the lower end of the scale of common assault.\"</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Grand Slam tournament performance timelines.</s><s>Career statistics.:Grand Slam tournament performance timelines.:Singles. \"Current through the 2022 US Open.\"</s>"
}
] |
factscore
|
{
"entity": "Nick Kyrgios",
"frequency": "very freq",
"region": "Asia/Pacific"
}
|
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