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values | category
stringclasses 498
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listlengths 1
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3
⌀ | original_question
stringclasses 2
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Is the COL5A1 genotype associated with range of motion?
|
The aim of our study was to investigate the association between COL5A1 genotype and Range of Motion as measured by the passive straight leg raise (SLR) and whole body join laxity (WBJL) in Asian population. One hundred and seventy seven participants including Korean and Japanese college students (male = 109, female = 68) participated in the study. Each subject performed the passive straight leg raise and whole body join laxity test. Genotyping for the COL5A1 (rs 12722) polymorphism was performed...
|
We concluded that COL5A1 gene polymorphism is associated with increased SLR ROM in Asian population.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is the incidence of renal anomalies at full term in fetal rats synergistically increased by estradiol ( but not testosterone ) supplementation on day 18 of alcoholic gestation?
|
Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by facial dysmorphology, mental and growth retardation, and somatic anomalies including hydronephrosis. The authors sought to determine the influence of exogenous testosterone or estradiol on the incidence of hydronephrosis in a rodent model of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Pregnant rats were fed a liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories from gestation day 6 through 15, with exogenous testosterone or estradiol supplementation on day 18. On day ...
|
This suggests that ethanol may act synergistically with estradiol to increase the rate of renal anomalies including hydronephrosis. Such damage may persist via a suppression of normal testosterone-stimulated renal growth and development. FAS includes significant renal anomalies characterized by hydronephrosis in both animal models and affected children. Although the long-term functional sequelae of hydronephrosis and reflux are well known, the progression of renal disease in FAS children remains to be documented.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
非常感谢医生的解答，我知道该怎么使用消炎镇痛膏了！
|
对话历史:
问: 医生您好，我想问一下消炎镇痛膏有哪些使用注意事项？
答: 您好！消炎镇痛膏是一种具有消炎镇痛作用的药膏。它可以用于多种疼痛情况，如神经痛、风湿疼痛、肩膀疼痛、扭伤疼痛、关节疼痛和肌肉疼痛等。但是，有一些使用注意事项需要您知道：首先，如果使用的部位有皮肤破损，不能使用该膏药；其次，如果您患有青光眼或前列腺肥大等疾病，需在医生的指导下使用；并且，儿童和老人在使用前也应咨询医生；最后，哺乳期的妇女要慎用该膏药。
问: 那我是不是需要咨询医生才能使用消炎镇痛膏呢？
答: 是的，对于消炎镇痛膏的使用，特别是在有特殊情况的时候，比如有青光眼或前列腺肥大等疾病的患者，还有哺乳期的妇女，建议在使用之前先咨询医生的意见。因为医生会更准确地了解您的情况，并给出相应的建议，以确保您的用药安全和疗效。
问: 那对于正常人群来说，使用消炎镇痛膏有什么需要注意的地方吗？
答: 对于正常人群，使用消炎镇痛膏也需要注意一些事项。首先，使用前请仔细阅读药品说明书，并严格按照说明进行使用；其次，避免将膏药涂抹在有破损的皮肤上，以免引起感染或过敏反应；另外，在使用期间，如出现皮肤红肿、瘙痒、起泡等不适症状，请及时停止使用，并尽快就医；最后，如需长期使用消炎镇痛膏，请咨询医生的意见，避免出现不良反应或药物相互作用。
|
不客气，如果您需要进一步了解或有其他问题，请随时向我咨询，我将尽力帮助您。祝您身体健康！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_外科
|
[
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Serous demilunes is present in
|
A. Serous glands
B. Mucous glands
C. Mixed glands
D. All salivary glands
|
正确答案: B. Mucous glands
解释: When the gland has this demilunar structure, it produces both serous and mucous secretions, and is thus classified as "mixed".
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
好的，谢谢医生的建议，我会进一步咨询医生来了解具体情况的。
|
对话历史:
问: 医生您好，我发现自己的额头很小，有什么办法可以解决吗？可以做填充手术吗？
答: 你好，关于额头小的问题，可以有一些解决办法。填充手术是一种可行的方法之一。填充手术可以通过注射填充物，如玻尿酸或肉毒素，来增加额头的体积和轮廓。
问: 那填充手术的效果怎么样呢？会有哪些风险吗？
答: 填充手术的效果因个体差异而有所不同，但一般来说可以达到一定的改善效果。填充材料的选择和注射技术十分重要，所以建议你咨询专业的整形美容医生来评估你的情况。至于风险，填充手术一般是安全的，副作用较少，但仍可能出现局部肿胀、瘀斑、感染等并发症，所以在手术前需要咨询医生并了解清楚。
问: 听说还有其他方法可以改善额头小的问题，您能告诉我一些吗？
答: 除了填充手术，改善额头小的方法还包括手术移植和激光治疗。手术移植是将你自身的毛发移植到额头部位，以增加额头的覆盖面积。而激光治疗通过激光的作用来刺激毛发生长，从而改善额头区域的稀疏现象。这些方法各有优劣，具体适合你的情况还需要医生进一步评估。
问: 我还有一个问题，如果我确定要做填充手术，大概需要多少费用呢？
答: 填充手术的费用因地区和医院的不同而有所差异，一般而言费用在几千到几万元之间。具体费用还需根据整形医院的定价情况进行确定。在进行手术前，你可以通过预约咨询的方式，向医院了解详细的费用信息。
|
不客气，如果你有任何其他问题，都可以随时向我咨询。祝你早日找到解决额头小问题的方法。
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_整形美容
|
[
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does loss of adiponectin promote intestinal carcinogenesis in Min and wild-type mice?
|
Metabolic syndrome- and obesity-associated cancers, including colon cancer, are common in Western countries. Visceral fat accumulation and decreased levels of plasma adiponectin (APN) have been associated with development of human colorectal adenoma. We investigated the function of APN in intestinal carcinogenesis. APN+/+, APN+/-, or APN-/- mice (C57BL/6J) were given injections of azoxymethane (AOM), which led to development of intestinal tumors; these strains of mice were also crossed with Min ...
|
Mice with disruptions in APN develop more intestinal tumors and have decreased activation (phosphorylation) of AMPK and increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, compared with wild-type mice. APN and its receptor might be developed as targets for cancer chemopreventive agents.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does stereotactic Administration of Edaravone ameliorate Collagenase-Induced Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rat?
|
Edaravone is widely used for treating ischemic stroke, but it is not still confirmed in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) as an ideal medication targeting the brain parenchyma. We aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of stereotactic administration of edaravone (SI) into the brain parenchyma. Intracerebral hemorrhage rat models were established by infusion of collagenase into the caudate nucleus. Neural functional recovery was assessed using modified neurological severity scores (mNSS). ...
|
SI markedly improved neurological deficits in ICH rat models via antiinflammatory and antiapoptosis mechanisms and promoted M2-type microglia differentiation. SI was effective in rats with collagenase-induced ICH.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is processing speed impairment in schizophrenia mediated by white matter integrity?
|
Processing speed predicts functional outcome and is a potential endophenotype for schizophrenia. Establishing the neural basis of processing speed impairment may inform the treatment and etiology of schizophrenia. Neuroimaging investigations in healthy subjects have linked processing speed to brain anatomical connectivity. However, the relationship between processing speed impairment and white matter (WM) integrity in schizophrenia is unclear. Individuals with schizophrenia and healthy subjects ...
|
Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia was mediated by reduced WM integrity. This relationship was strongest for processing speed because deficits in working memory, verbal learning and executive functioning were not mediated by WM integrity. Larger sample sizes may be required to detect more subtle mediation effects in these domains. Interventions that preserve WM integrity or ameliorate WM disruption may enhance processing speed and functional outcome in schizophrenia.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
除了抗胆碱酯酶药物和免疫抑制剂，还有其他治疗方法吗？
|
对话历史:
问: 您好，我想了解一下重症肌无力的治疗方法。
答: 你好，重症肌无力的治疗方法有很多种，根据患者的具体情况选择合适的治疗方案。首先，抗胆碱酯酶药物可以增强神经肌肉接头的信号传递并改善肌肉力量。例如新斯的明（pyridostigmine）和噻吗氯铵（neostigmine）等。
问: 除了抗胆碱酯酶药物，还有其他治疗方法吗？
答: 是的，除了抗胆碱酯酶药物，还有免疫抑制剂。重症肌无力是一种自身免疫性疾病，免疫抑制剂可以在一定程度上抑制免疫系统的过度反应，减轻病情进展。常用的免疫抑制剂包括：环孢素（cyclosporine）和泼尼松（prednisone）等。
问: 免疫抑制剂治疗重症肌无力的原理是什么呢？
答: 免疫抑制剂通过抑制免疫系统的活性，减少免疫细胞对神经肌肉接头的攻击，从而缓解重症肌无力患者的症状和疾病进展。但需要注意的是，使用免疫抑制剂可能会增加感染的风险，因此在治疗过程中需要密切监测患者的免疫功能和感染指标。
|
是的，还有免疫球蛋白治疗和手术治疗。重症肌无力患者可以通过获得由其它人捐赠的免疫球蛋白来抑制自身免疫系统的攻击，这可以快速减轻病情，但疗效持续时间较短，并且存在一定的风险。手术治疗的方式是切除胸腺，可以改变免疫系统的功能，使得免疫系统不再攻击神经肌肉接头。这些治疗方法都需要根据患者的具体情况综合选择，并且还需注意患者的营养和生活调节，以提高治疗效果。
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_其他
|
[
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
该样本的菌群多样性数据说明了什么？是否表明菌群结构异常？
|
样本ID: 7476
|
菌群多样性分析：
**多样性指标解读：**
- Shannon指数：3.187
多样性良好，菌群结构相对平衡
- Simpson指数：0.89
均匀度高，物种分布较为均衡
- 物种丰富度：495种
**菌群平衡状态评估：**
菌群平衡状态良好，微生态环境健康。
**可能原因分析：**
- 当前无明显异常因素
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
7476
|
interpretation
|
intermediate
|
[] |
该样本的菌群多样性指标表明什么？是否存在菌群失调？
|
Does magnesium abolish inadequate kinetics of frequency adaptation of the Q-aT interval in the presence of sotalol?
|
It has been well established that class III antiarrhythmic drugs can also induce ventricular arrhythmias. Marked changes in the QT interval are correlated with an increased dispersion of repolarization which is an important factor for the induction of ventricular arrhythmias. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of sotalol alone and in combination with MgSO4 and the Q-aT interval during abrupt changes in heart rate. The experiments were performed on isolated guinea-pig hea...
|
Sotalol led to inadequate kinetics of fate adaptation of the Q-aT interval indicated by a high amplitude of Q-aT interval change, especially within the first beat after abrupt change in the pacing rate. MgSO4 abolished this effect of sotalol. These findings suggest that MgSO4 could reduce sotalol-induced inadequate kinetics of rate adaptation and therefore also dispersion of repolarization, which may result in a reduction of sotalol-induced ventricular arrhythmias.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does the timing of surgery for proximal humeral fracture affect inpatient outcomes?
|
Delayed surgical treatment of hip fractures is associated with adverse medical outcomes, but it is unclear whether the same is true for proximal humeral fractures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between surgical delay for proximal humeral fracture and inpatient adverse events, in-hospital death, prolonged postoperative stay, and nonroutine discharge. Of the more than 70,000 patients with an operatively treated proximal humeral fracture identified in the Nationwide Inp...
|
Even when comorbidities and complexity are controlled for, delaying surgery for proximal humeral fracture is likely to increase inpatient morbidity, postoperative length of stay, and nonroutine discharge. It appears that avoiding nonmedical delays is advantageous.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do English and Chinese EQ-5D versions demonstrate measurement equivalence?
|
Although multiple language versions of health-related quality of life instruments are often used interchangeably in clinical research, the measurement equivalence of these versions (especially using alphabet vs pictogram-based languages) has rarely been assessed. We therefore investigated the measurement equivalence of English and Chinese versions of the EQ-5D, a widely used utility-based outcome instrument. In a cross-sectional study, either EQ-5D version was administered to consecutive outpati...
|
These data provide promising evidence for the measurement equivalence of English and Chinese EQ-5D versions.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Are pharmacokinetics of morphine altered in subjects with Gilbert 's syndrome?
|
To verify that Gilbert's syndrome, which is caused by decreased glucuronidation capacity of the UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT)1A1, does not account for impaired morphine clearance. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters for morphine and its glucuronide metabolites were compared between five carriers of Gilbert's syndrome and six noncarriers after a 7.5 mg (19.8 micro mol) intravenous injection of morphine sulphate pentahydrate. To estimate the amount of morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) form...
|
Gilbert's syndrome is not a factor to be considered when prescribing morphine.
结论: no
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
请分析样本 7271 的微生物检测结果概况。
|
样本ID: 7271
|
根据样本 7271 的微生物检测结果分析：
**一、样本基本信息**
- 总测序读数：6,204,904
- 检出物种数：355
- Shannon多样性指数：3.806
- Simpson多样性指数：0.938
**二、优势菌群**
- Anas platyrhynchos (20.0%)
- Cobetia crustatorum (8.7%)
- Anser cygnoides (5.0%)
- Bacteroides caecigallinarum (4.9%)
- Cygnus atratus (3.5%)
**三、检出病原体情况**
未检出明显致病菌
**四、总体评估**
菌群多样性良好，微生态状态相对健康。
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
7271
|
overview
|
basic
|
[
"Anas platyrhynchos (20.0%)",
"Cobetia crustatorum (8.7%)",
"Anser cygnoides (5.0%)"
] | null |
甲型流感病毒为何能引起全球大流行？其亚型更替的机制是什么？
|
甲型流感病毒具有高度变异性，尤其是其表面糖蛋白HA和NA容易发生抗原漂移（antigenic drift）和抗原转换（antigenic shift），导致人群对新出现的病毒株缺乏免疫力，从而引发大规模流行甚至全球大流行。历史上，人类流感的大流行主要由H1、H2、H3三种HA亚型轮番引起，例如H2约于1889年出现，H3于1968年取代H2成为主导株，而H1N1则在1977年重新出现。这种亚型更替使得免疫屏障失效，推动了周期性大流行的形成。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/临床微生物学手册_下/临床微生物学手册_下.md
|
机制原理
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
Is aIDS-associated Kaposi 's sarcoma more aggressive in women : a study of 54 patients?
|
To describe the epidemiologic and clinical features of AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in women compared with men. In a retrospective study, within the Italian Cooperative Group on AIDS and Tumors (GICAT), we compared selected characteristics of 54 women and 108 men with AIDS-associated KS, matched by date of KS diagnosis and referral hospital. The chi2 test was used to test differences among proportions; the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate the survival time, and the Cox proportional hazar...
|
This study suggests that KS is more aggressive and life threatening in female than in male patients. This peculiar clinical behavior may reflect an inherently more aggressive biology of KS in women, possibly mediated by the level of immunodeficiency.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"HIV",
"cre",
"hiv"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is nitric oxide and oxidative stress associated with severity of diabetic retinopathy and retinal structural alterations?
|
The aim of the study was to determine plasma nitric oxide (NO) and lipid peroxide (LPO) levels in diabetic retinopathy and its association with severity of disease. Prospective observational study. A total of 60 consecutive cases and 20 healthy controls were included. Severity of retinopathy was graded according to early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) classification. Photoreceptor inner segment ellipsoid band (ISel) disruption and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) alteration were gr...
|
Increased plasma NO levels are associated with increased severity of diabetic retinopathy. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that increased plasma LPO, NO and decreased GSH levels are associated with in vivo structural changes in inner segment ellipsoid and RPE.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Are antidepressant-like Effects of Medial Forebrain Bundle Deep Brain Stimulation in Rats Associated With Accumbens Dopamine Release?
|
Medial forebrain bundle (MFB) deep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently being investigated in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Striking features of this therapy are the large number of patients who respond to treatment and the rapid nature of the antidepressant response. To study antidepressant-like behavioral responses, changes in regional brain activity, and monoamine release in rats receiving MFB DBS. Antidepressant-like effects of MFB stimulation at 100 μA, 90 μs and either 130 ...
|
These results suggest that MFB DBS induces an antidepressant-like effect in rats and recruits structures involved in the neurocircuitry of reward without affecting dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.
结论: no
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
‘壳瓶’（shell vial）技术在腺病毒检测中的优势及其操作原理是什么？
|
壳瓶技术是一种快速敏感的病毒检测方法，其原理是在盖玻片上培养易感细胞单层，接种临床标本后短时间孵育（1~2天），通过离心促进病毒进入细胞，随后用抗六邻体蛋白的单克隆抗体或其他抗血清进行直接免疫荧光检测（IFA）。该技术显著缩短了检测时间，提高了灵敏度，尤其适用于低病毒载量样本，避免了传统长期观察CPE的等待过程。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/临床微生物学手册_下/临床微生物学手册_下.md
|
诊断治疗
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
Does severe venous insufficiency have a different etiology in the morbidly obese?
|
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is the most common cause of leg ulcers. Patients with morbid obesity are remarkable for particularly recalcitrant ulcers. Because obesity is not specifically incorporated in CEAP or other venous scoring systems, we sought to characterize this group of patients more completely. Patients with severe CVI (CEAP clinical class, 4, 5, and 6), and class III obesity (body mass index [BMI],>40) were reviewed. Findings from clinical and duplex ultrasound scan (DU) examin...
|
Patients with class III obesity had severe limb symptoms, typical of CVI, but approximately two thirds of the limbs had no anatomic evidence of venous disease. The association of increasing limb symptoms with increasing obesity suggested that the obesity itself contributes to the morbidity.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does angiotensin blockade inhibit activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in rat balloon-injured artery?
|
The effect of balloon injury on the arterial signal transduction pathway has not been examined. In vitro studies show that extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs), belonging to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, play a critical role in the activation of transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) and cell proliferation or apoptosis. However, the activation and role of MAPKs in vascular diseases in vivo remain to be determined. Ther...
|
Arterial JNKs and ERKs are dramatically activated by balloon injury associated with the activation of the AP-1 complex. These MAPK activations, followed by AP-1 activation, are mediated at least in part by the AT1 receptor. Thus, activation of JNKs and ERKs may be responsible for balloon injury-induced neointima formation.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does deep-brain-stimulation impair deglutition in Parkinson 's disease?
|
A large proportion of patients with Parkinson's disease develop dysphagia during the course of the disease. Dysphagia in Parkinson's disease affects different phases of deglutition, has a strong impact on quality of life and may cause severe complications, i.e., aspirational pneumonia. So far, little is known on how deep-brain-stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus influences deglutition in PD. Videofluoroscopic swallowing studies on 18 patients with Parkinson's disease, which had been performed...
|
In Parkinson patients without dysphagia deep-brain-stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus modulates the pharyngeal deglutition phase but has no clinically relevant influence on deglutition. Further studies are needed to test if deep-brain-stimulation is a therapeutic option for patients with swallowing disorders.
结论: no
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"pdr",
"uti",
"pneumonia"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is preoperative ciliary body and iris anatomical configuration a predictor of malignant glaucoma development?
|
To investigate anatomical configuration of ciliary body and iris using ultrasound biomicroscopy as a predictor of malignant glaucoma development. Retrospective study in a tertiary care hospital. Cohort of 31 consecutive patients diagnosed with post-surgical malignant glaucoma. Anterior chamber angle, iris and ciliary body configuration of involved eyes that had ultrasound biomicroscopy evaluation prior to the malignant glaucoma onset were evaluated. In cases with no presurgical ultrasound biomic...
|
Identification of plateau iris configuration by ultrasound biomicroscopy should be considered as a possible predictor of post-operative malignant glaucoma development.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Characteristic postmortem finding of carbolic acid poisoning is:
|
A. Greenish stomach
B. Yellow charred stomach
C. Brown leathery stomach
D. Black charred stomach
|
正确答案: B. Yellow charred stomach
解释: Ans. (C). Brown leathery stomach(Ref: Review of Forensic Medicine and toxicology; Gautum Biswas; 2nd edition; Pg - 505)Stomach MucosaSulphuric acid: Charred/Black/blotting paper stomachQCopper sulphate: Bluish greenFerrous sulphate: GreenArsenic: Pink velvety mucosaQ/strawberryQNitric acid: yellowCarbolic acid: White leathery stomachQCarbolic acid: White/ Grey leathery stomachQHCN: PinkKCN: Brick red to brownCresols: BrownNoteOn contact, carbolic acid hardens the tissues.Stomach mucosa hardens and becomes leathery likeQ.That's why, gastric lavage can be doneQ in carbolic acid poisoning.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
对于无法口服药物且对青霉素过敏的患者，推荐的替代抗生素预防方案有哪些？
|
对于无法口服药物且对青霉素过敏的患者，推荐方案包括：① 头孢唑林或头孢曲松1g，在操作前半小时静脉注射或肌内注射；② 克林霉素600mg，在操作前1小时静脉注射或肌内注射。需注意，若患者有青霉素速发型过敏反应，则不应使用头孢菌素类，此时应选择克林霉素。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/哈里森感染病学/哈里森感染病学.md
|
诊断治疗
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
Does de novo expression of EphA2 in osteosarcoma modulate activation of the mitogenic signalling pathway?
|
In osteosarcoma patients the development of metastases, often to the lungs, is the most frequent cause of death. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing osteosarcoma development and dissemination and, thereby, to identify possible novel drug targets for improved treatment. Osteosarcoma samples were characterized using genome-wide microarrays: increased expression of the EphA2 receptor and its ligand EFNA1 was detected. In addition, increased expression of EFNB1,...
|
Upregulation and de novo expression of ephrins in osteosarcomas are involved in oncogenic signalling and thus might stimulate osteosarcoma metastasis.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does melittin suppress HIF-1α/VEGF expression through inhibition of ERK and mTOR/p70S6K pathway in human cervical carcinoma cells?
|
Melittin (MEL), a major component of bee venom, has been associated with various diseases including arthritis, rheumatism and various cancers. In this study, the anti-angiogenic effects of MEL in CaSki cells that were responsive to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) were examined. MEL decreased the EGF-induced hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein and significantly regulated angiogenesis and tumor progression. We found that inhibition of the HIF-1α protein level is due to the shortened hal...
|
MEL specifically suppressed EGF-induced VEGF secretion and new blood vessel formation by inhibiting HIF-1α. These results suggest that MEL may inhibit human cervical cancer progression and angiogenesis by inhibiting HIF-1α and VEGF expression.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
好的，谢谢医生的建议。
|
对话历史:
问: 医生，我女儿得了手足口病，我应该怎么治疗她呢？
答: 您好，我是仲景智能医学助手。很遗憾听到您女儿得了手足口病。手足口病是一种常见的儿童传染病，主要由病毒引起。针对这种疾病，我们可以采取一些措施进行治疗和缓解症状。首先，给予患儿充足的休息和合理的饮食。注意保持口腔、手脚的清洁卫生，经常洗手、勤换洗衣物和床上用品，避免和其他患儿过于亲密接触，以免传染。
问: 谢谢医生，这些我都知道。还有其他的治疗方法吗？
答: 除了休息和保持卫生，还可以给孩子口服一些退热药物来缓解发热症状。同时，可以尝试口腔溶液或含漱液来缓解口腔溃疡的不适感。如果孩子出现口腔溃疡或疱疹，可以使用外用药物，如口腔溃疡贴或含漱药水来减轻疼痛。请务必遵医嘱使用药物，并咨询专业医生的建议。
问: 我了解了，还有其他需要我注意的事项吗？
答: 当然，在治疗过程中，要特别注意观察孩子的病情变化，如有持续高热、严重腹泻、呕吐等症状加重，应及时就诊复诊。此外，手足口病的传染性较强，要避免孩子与其他儿童的密切接触，尽量避免去人多拥挤的场所。
问: 好的，我会注意的。请问手足口病会自愈吗？
答: 对于大部分患者来说，手足口病通常是一种自限性疾病，多数在一周左右可以自愈。但需要注意的是，不同患儿的病情可能有所不同，严重程度也会有所不同。如果感觉孩子的病情不明显改善或有其他不适情况，建议您及时就医，以获得更详细的医生指导。
|
不客气，祝愿您的女儿早日康复！如果还有其他问题，随时都可以向我咨询。祝您和家人身体健康！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_儿科
|
[
"病毒",
"腹泻"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do articular surface segmentation using active shape models for intraoperative implant assessment?
|
In orthopedic surgeries, it is important to avoid intra-articular implant placements, which increase revision rates and the risk of arthritis. In order to support the intraoperative assessment and correction of surgical implants, we present an automatic detection approach using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Multiple active shape models (ASM) with specified articular surface regions are used to isolate the joint spaces. Fast and easy-to-implement methods are integrated in the ASM segmenta...
|
A concept for automatic intraoperative detection of intra-articular implants in CBCT images was presented. The results show a reliable segmentation of articular surfaces in retrospective patient data and an accurate localization of misplaced implants in artificially created human cadaver test cases.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is c-reactive protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid associated with markers of airway inflammation after lung transplantation?
|
C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase marker of systemic inflammation, may also be a local regulator of the pulmonary immune system. Its role in lung transplantation (LT), however, is unclear. We hypothesized that CRP in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid might be associated with airway inflammation or remodeling. Therefore, it could play a role in the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). A total of 100 LT recipients who had undergone transplantation between August 2001 and...
|
The current data corroborate a possible role for CRP in airway inflammation after LT. Its importance for BOS should therefore be further elucidated.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"infection",
"colonization"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
请分析样本 2102 的微生物检测结果概况。
|
样本ID: 2102
|
根据样本 2102 的微生物检测结果分析：
**一、样本基本信息**
- 总测序读数：27,921,873
- 检出物种数：466
- Shannon多样性指数：3.218
- Simpson多样性指数：0.89
**二、优势菌群**
- Bifidobacterium longum (27.9%)
- Bifidobacterium breve (11.4%)
- Prevotella copri (9.3%)
- Collinsella aerofaciens (5.5%)
- Bifidobacterium bifidum (4.2%)
**三、检出病原体情况**
未检出明显致病菌
**四、总体评估**
菌群多样性良好，微生态状态相对健康。
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
2102
|
overview
|
basic
|
[
"Bifidobacterium longum (27.9%)",
"Bifidobacterium breve (11.4%)",
"Prevotella copri (9.3%)"
] | null |
Target sign is seen in?
|
A. Spontaneous CSF Rhinorrhea
B. Traumatic CSF Rhinorrhea
C. Both
D. None
|
正确答案: A. Spontaneous CSF Rhinorrhea
解释: Leakage of CSF into the nose is called CSF rhinorrhea. It may be clear fluid or mixed with blood as in acute head injuries. TRAUMA. Most of the cases follow trauma.it can be accidental or surgical. Inflammation, mucoceles of sinuses, sinunasal polyposis, fungal infection of sinuses & osteomyelitis, can all erode the bone and dura. Neoplasms, idiopathic- where cause is unknown and patient has spontaneous leak. SITE OF Leakage- CSF from anterior cranial fossa reaches the nose (1) cribriform plate, (2) roof of ethmoid air cells or (3) frontal sinus. CSF from middle cranial fossa follows injuries to sphenoid sinus, cribriform plate. In fracture of temporal bone, CSF reaches the middle ear and then escapes through the Eustachian tube into the nose (CSF OTORHINORRHOEA) DIAGNOSIS- there is history of clear watery discharge from the nose on bending the head or straining. CSF rhinorrhea should be differentiated from nasal discharge as the former is sudden, gushes in drops when bending and cannot be sniffed back. CSF rhinorrhea after head trauma is mixed with blood and shows "target sign" when collected on filter paper.it shows central red spot and peripheral lighter halo sign. LAB TEST = BETA-2 transferrin is seen in CSF and not in the nasal discharge. its presence is a specific and sensitive test.
|
medmcqa/validation.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"infection",
"osteomyelitis"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do hTR1B gene variants associate with the susceptibility of Raynauds ' phenomenon in workers exposed hand-arm vibration?
|
To explore whether polymorphic variants of the HTR1B gene are associated with the susceptibility of Raynauds' Phenomenon (RP) coursed by vibration. 148 subjects exposed to vibration for more than 2 years were classified into either induced white finger (VWF) group (n = 72), or non-VWF group (n = 76). Vibration exposure levels were measured and assessed following ISO 5349-1:2001 protocol. All workers were genotyped by sequencing for the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5'-flanking an...
|
Serotonin levels may affect the progression of secondary RP. Polymorphic variants of the HTR1B gene are associated with the susceptibility of secondary RP in vibration-exposed occupational populations of Chinese Han people.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"ELISA",
"cre",
"sequencing"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Nocardia infection is associated most commonly with:
|
A. Liver abscess
B. Lung abscess
C. Brain abscess
D. Subcutaneous abscess
|
正确答案: A. Liver abscess
解释: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Lung abscessRef:(Ananthanarayan, 8th/e, p. 393; 9th/e, p. 390-91)Pneumonia, the most common form of nocardial disease in the respiratory tract, is typically subacute; symptoms have usually been present for days or weeks at presentation. The onset is occasionally more acute in immunosuppressed patients. Cough is prominent and produces small amounts of thick, purulent sputum that is not malodorous and infiltrates and nodules tend to cavitate. Empyema is present in one-quarter of cases.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"infection",
"pneumonia",
"abscess"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
A 12-year-old boy presents to the pediatrician with complaints of chronic cough for the past two years. The cough is present during the day, especially after returning from school. His school teacher says he does not cough at school. The cough is absent while he is asleep, although it increases during examinations or when he experiences boredom. His mother reports that there was a one-month period where he did not cough, but during that month, he used to shrug his shoulders frequently, especially when he was stressed or fatigued. There is no history of sneezing, nasal discharge, nasal congestion, headache, ear symptoms, or breathing difficulty. Detailed history does not suggest the presence of a mood disorder, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. There is no past history of a known neurological disorder, and there is no history of substance abuse. On physical examination, his vital signs are stable. Examination of his respiratory and cardiovascular systems is normal. However, the pediatrician notes repeated eye blinking; upon asking about eye blinking, the mother reports that he has had this habit since he was almost eight years old. Further inquiry suggests that eye blinking, coughing, and grunting disappear for a few weeks without explanation, only to reappear again. Which of the following drugs is likely to be most effective to control this patient’s symptoms?
|
A. Atomoxetine
B. Clonidine
C. Haloperidol
D. Levetiracetam
|
正确答案: C. Haloperidol
|
medqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does renal denervation suppress atrial fibrillation in a model of renal impairment?
|
A close association exists between renal impairment (RI) and atrial fibrillation (AF) occurrence. Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) may contribute to the development of AF associated with RI. Renal denervation (RDN) decreases central sympathetic activity. The main objective of the study was to explore the effects of RDN on AF occurrence and its possible mechanisms in beagles with RI. Unilateral RI was induced in beagles by embolization of small branches of the renal arte...
|
RDN significantly reduced AF inducibility, prevented the atrial electrophysiological changes in a model of RI by combined reduction of sympathetic drive and RAAS activity, and inhibition of inflammation activity and fibrotic pathway in atrial tissue.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do cD11a polymorphisms regulate TH2 cell homing and TH2-related disease?
|
TH2-dependent diseases vary in severity according to genotype, but relevant gene polymorphisms remain largely unknown. The integrin CD11a is a critical determinant of allergic responses, and allelic variants of this gene might influence allergic phenotypes. We sought to determine major CD11a allelic variants in mice and human subjects and their importance to allergic disease expression. We sequenced mouse CD11a alleles from C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains to identify major polymorphisms; human CD11a ...
|
Polymorphisms in CD11a critically influence TH2 cell homing and diverse TH2-dependent immunopathologic states in mice and potentially influence the expression of human allergic disease.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"parasite",
"cre",
"aspergillus"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is celiac disease diagnosed less frequently in young adult males?
|
The female predominance in celiac disease is difficult to explain because population-based screening studies reveal similar rates for celiac disease-specific autoantibodies in males and females. The aim of this study was to explore the role of age and gender in the presentation of celiac disease. The frequency of presentation according to age, gender and mode of presentation was determined by analysis of a prospectively maintained database of children and adults seen at a tertiary medical center...
|
Based on our analysis, males are diagnosed with celiac disease less frequently than females, especially in early adulthood. There should be more emphasis on the diagnosis of celiac disease among young adult males.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does comprehensive clinical assessment improve the accuracy of predicting cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C?
|
The diagnosis of cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is important but difficult in those who are unable to undergo liver biopsy. Thus, the aims of the present study were to compare separately and in combination, clinical markers of liver disease, the discriminant score (DS) and serum hyaluronic acid (HA) for their ability to predict cirrhosis in CHC. Two groups of consecutive patients (groups 1 and 2) with CHC were analyzed. Clinical data and routine laboratory results at the time of liver bi...
|
A comprehensive clinical assessment utilizing clinical and laboratory data more accurately predicts the presence and absence of cirrhosis in CHC than individual markers.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti",
"hepatitis c"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does l-arginine attenuate ketamine-induced increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity?
|
It has been reported that ketamine produces sympathoexcitation by directly stimulating the central nervous system. It also has been shown that nitric oxide (NO) may play a role in signal transduction of the nervous system. Therefore, we hypothesized that the sympathoexcitation of ketamine may be linked to central NO formation. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of L-arginine, a substrate of NO formation, on renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) during ketamine anesthesia. Using 4...
|
Ketamine may act centrally to increase sympathetic outflow, and the sympathoexcitation may be attenuated by increasing NO formation with L-arginine in the central nervous system.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
检测到 Campylobacter concisus，丰度为 0.23%，请评估其临床意义。
|
样本ID: JXEY01C025
|
Campylobacter concisus（简明弯曲杆菌）检测分析：
**1. 病原体特征**
- 检出丰度：0.23%
- 读数：104,883
- 致病类别：oral
- 临床风险等级：low
**2. 临床意义评估**
该菌丰度较低（<1%），可能为低水平定植或过路菌。若患者有相关症状，仍需警惕；若无症状，可随访观察。
**3. 建议措施**
1. 结合临床症状评估
2. 必要时进行药敏试验
3. 动态监测菌量变化
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
JXEY01C025
|
pathogen
|
intermediate
|
[
"Campylobacter concisus"
] | null |
A primigravid 28-year-old woman delivers a 38-week-old male infant via spontaneous vaginal delivery. She had no prenatal care during her pregnancy. At birth the infant has underdeveloped hands and radiograph reveals missing phalanges in the thumbs. Examination of the buttocks reveals a missing anus. Further work-up reveals flow between the two ventricles on echocardiography and a single kidney on preliminary abdominal ultrasound. The infant also has difficulty feeding that results in coughing and apnea. Which of the following tissues was most likely affected during embryologic development?
|
A. Surface ectoderm
B. Neural crest
C. Mesoderm
D. Endoderm
|
正确答案: C. Mesoderm
|
medqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is acute normovolemic hemodilution safe in neurosurgery?
|
To determine the safety of acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) for patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures. A group of 100 patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures was assigned prospectively to receive ANH. A group of 47 patients who underwent craniotomy for aneurysm clipping and standard anesthetic management was used as a control. Procedures conducted under ANH were performed without significant variations in physiologic parameters. Compared with controls, intraoperative blood loss,...
|
ANH is a safe procedure for patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures. Further studies are necessary to confirm the improvement in brain oxygen extraction and the clinical impact. Nonetheless, patients undergoing aneurysm clipping with good clinical grades seem to profit from ANH.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is therapeutic effect of tPA in ischemic stroke enhanced by its combination with normobaric oxygen and hypothermia or ethanol?
|
Our lab has previously elucidated the neuroprotective effects of normobaric oxygen (NBO) and ethanol (EtOH) in ischemic stroke. The present study further evaluated the effect of EtOH or hypothermia (Hypo) in the presence of low concentration of NBO and determined whether EtOH can substitute hypothermia in a more clinically relevant autologous embolus rat stroke model in which reperfusion was established by tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). At 1h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)...
|
Neuroprotection after stroke can be enhanced by combination treatment with either EtOH or hypothermia in the presence of t-PA and 60% NBO. Because the effects produced by EtOH and hypothermia are comparable, their mechanism of action may be not only similar but also could be interchangeable in future clinical trials.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"ELISA",
"elisa",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Are pI3K expression and PIK3CA mutations related to colorectal cancer metastases?
|
To assess the significance of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in colorectal cancer (CRC) and toxicity of LY294002 in CRC cells with different metastatic abilities. Sixty formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded CRC tumor specimens were investigated. Adjacent normal colonic mucosa specimens from 10 of these cases were selected as controls. PI3K protein was detected by immunohistochemistry and PIK3CA mutations were investigated by gene sequencing analysis. A flow-cytometry-based apoptosis detecti...
|
High PI3K expression is associated with CRC metastasis. PI3K inhibitor induced apoptosis in CRC cells and displayed strong cytotoxicity for highly metastatic cells. PI3K inhibition may be an effective treatment for CRC.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"sequencing"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is major upper gastrointestinal surgery associated with an antigen-dependent proinflammatory T cell response?
|
T cells play a central role in the immune response to injury. Oesophageal and pancreatic resections are associated with significant risk of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis. This study involved a detailed analysis of T cell function in a consecutive cohort of patients undergoing such surgery. Twenty-five patients undergoing major oncological upper gastrointestinal surgery were investigated for T cell expression of Fas and the activation markers CD69 and CD25, as well as interle...
|
Major surgery results in pan-T cell activation via a serum-mediated antigenic mechanism that is independent of Fas expression. Postoperative T cells are primed for an augmented proinflammatory response to superantigen, sustained for at least 1 week, implicating the adaptive immune system in the development of the postoperative systemic immunoinflammatory state.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti",
"culture"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Are kidneys from deceased donors with oliguria feasible for kidney transplantation?
|
Since kidneys from deceased donors with oliguria have not been widely used, compared their outcomes with those in recipients of kidneys without oliguria at the time of organ procurement. We reviewed the deceased donors and kidney recipients between January 1999 and December 2009, all of whom were defined as standard criteria donors (SCD). The group included 26 recipients whose terminal serum creatinine level (P < .001), estimated glomerular filtration rates (P < .001), and deceased donor scores ...
|
Deceased donors with oliguria at organ procurement appeared to be poor predictors of outcomes in the early posttransplantation period. Kidneys from deceased donors with oliguria should not be discarded for transplantation. The present study suggested that it is acceptable to use kidneys from selected deceased donors with oliguria.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is the degree of cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease related to their capacity to appoint an enduring power of attorney?
|
Clinicians are often asked to retrospectively assess a patient's capacity to create an Enduring Power of Attorney (EPA). This study will investigate if capacity to create an EPA is significantly related to the degree of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer patients, and whether Mini Mental State Examination score (MMSE) is a good predictor of a patient's capacity. It also considers if socio-demographic factors are related to a patient's capacity to create an EPA. Participants with a DSM-IV diagnosi...
|
The MMSE could be used as a screening tool to help inform a clinical capacity assessment in patients with Alzheimer's disease. It is important that patients always undergo individual clinical assessments where possible, but in situations where direct assessment is not possible MMSE score could be used to aid retrospective assessments of capacity to create an EPA.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
明白了，我会留意狗狗的情况并及时处理。谢谢您的建议！
|
对话历史:
问: 医生，我今天发现家里的枸杞变黑发粘了，但是我家狗狗吃了，请问应该怎么办？
答: 您好！看到您的描述，如果枸杞发生了颜色变化并且变得发粘，这可能是由于存放不当或者受潮导致的。对于狗狗来说，吃了变质的枸杞可能会导致消化不良，例如恶心、呕吐、腹泻等症状。为了保护狗狗的健康，建议及时处理。
问: 那么应该怎么处理呢？
答: 如果您确定狗狗已经吃了变质的枸杞，首先请您观察狗狗的精神状态和食欲，如果出现不适的症状，建议及时就诊兽医。另外，您可以给狗狗饮用清水，帮助它清洁消化道。同时，尽量不要再让狗狗继续食用变质的枸杞或其他可能导致消化不良的食物。
问: 好的，我会注意观察狗狗的情况。请问除了这些症状，还有其他可能会出现的情况吗？
答: 除了消化不良症状，如果狗狗吃了变质的食物，还有可能引发过敏反应、肠道感染等。如果狗狗出现皮肤红肿、呼吸困难、腹痛等异常症状，请立即就诊兽医。
|
不客气！如果您还有其他问题，随时都可以向我咨询。保持狗狗的饮食健康和定期的兽医检查非常重要，祝您和狗狗都健康快乐！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_家居健康
|
[
"腹泻",
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
明白了，谢谢医生的解答。
|
对话历史:
问: 医生您好，我的嘴巴过敏了，现在红肿疼痛，不能吃东西，请问嘴巴过敏是什么原因造成的？该怎么治疗？
答: 您好，嘴巴过敏可能是由于多种原因引起的，比如食物过敏、药物过敏、口腔护理不当等。针对您的情况，首先要确定过敏的具体原因，是否是因为饮食方面引起的过敏。
问: 那应该怎么确定过敏的原因？有什么检查方法吗？
答: 确定过敏原可以通过皮肤过敏原特异性IgE检测、血清学过敏原检测、刮痒试验等方法来进行。建议您就诊时进行相关检查，以便确诊。
问: 好的，如果确诊了食物过敏，该怎么治疗呢？
答: 如果是食物过敏引起的嘴巴过敏，首先需要避免接触过敏原，比如避免食用过敏原食物。同时，口腔护理也非常重要，可以使用温盐水漱口，保持口腔清洁。如果疼痛严重，口腔药物也可以缓解症状，您可以咨询医生给您开一些合适的口腔药物。
问: 如果是药物过敏或口腔护理不当引起的嘴巴过敏，该怎么治疗呢？
答: 如果是药物过敏或口腔护理不当引起的嘴巴过敏，首先要停止使用可能引起过敏的药物或改善口腔护理方法。另外，根据症状的轻重，医生可能会给您开一些口服或外用的抗过敏药物，帮助缓解症状。
问: 还有其他一些不常见的原因造成的嘴巴过敏吗？该怎么治疗呢？
答: 除了常见的食物过敏、药物过敏和口腔护理不当外，嘴巴过敏还可能与口腔感染、牙齿问题、神经性嘴巴疼痛等有关。需要进一步详细了解您的病史和症状，才能做出更精确的诊断并给出相应的治疗建议。建议您尽快就诊，通过口腔检查和相关检查，以便明确诊断和合理治疗。
|
不客气，祝您早日恢复健康！如果还有其他问题，随时可以询问。
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_家居健康
|
[
"血清学",
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Are women at an increased risk of gestational thyrotoxicosis?
|
To evaluate the relative importance of thyroid hormones and human chorionic gonadotropin in relation to the risk of gestational thyrotoxicosis in Saudi women living in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A prospective study was conducted on Saudi healthy pregnant women (N=406) at 12-15 weeks of gestation and compared with healthy non-pregnant controls (N=200). Maternal serum levels of free thyroxine free triiodothyronine, thyrotropin, human chorionic gonadotropin and free b-human chorionic gonadotr...
|
The results of the present study show that Saudi pregnant women are at risk of developing biochemical evidence of thyrotoxicosis during early gestation, and thus, are likely to be at greater risk of clinically evident gestational thyrotoxicosis and hyperemesis gravidarum. Genetically determined differences in the synthesis or metabolism of human chorionic gonadotropin isoforms, or both may contribute to this increased risk.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is interval of less than 5 years between the first and second operation a risk factor for a third operation for Crohn 's disease?
|
Previous studies have shown various risk factors for the initial and/or the second operation for Crohn's disease (CD). However, limited data are available with regard to the risk factors for a third operation. We aimed to clarify the risk factors for a third operation for CD. A total of 200 CD patients who underwent a second intestinal surgery at 13 institutions were examined. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses to examine the influence of independent variables on the cumulative ra...
|
An interval of less than 5 years between the first and the second operations is a significant risk factor for a third operation in patients with CD.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
谢谢医生的建议，我会按照医嘱进行治疗的。
|
对话历史:
问: 我最近小便有刺痛感并且有流脓，我需要怎么治疗？
答: 您好，根据您描述的症状，可能是尿路感染引起的。建议您到医院进行进一步检查，以明确病因并进行相应的治疗。有关具体的治疗方法，还需要了解您的具体情况，比如是否有其他症状或接触过感染源等。请问您有没有其他不适症状？
问: 除了小便刺痛和流脓，没有其他不适症状。
答: 好的，感谢您的信息。根据您提供的情况，如果检查结果显示是由于化脓性的尿道炎引起的上述症状，我们建议进行尿培养检查，以便更准确地确定病因，并且根据培养结果来选择合适的药物治疗。目前常用的药物包括口服的左氧氟沙星胶囊或者头孢克肟胶囊，也可以通过静脉输注盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液、注射用头孢呋辛钠等药物进行治疗。需要请您遵照医嘱选择合适的药物及剂量使用。
问: 好的，我了解了。如果是淋病引起的呢？
答: 如果检查结果确诊是淋病引起的，建议进行静脉注射头孢曲松钠对症处理。在治疗期间，需要注意禁忌性生活，因为淋病是可以通过性生活传染的。同时，也需要注意与感染源的接触，以免再次感染。如果有其他疑问，请随时告诉我。
问: 如果是非淋球菌性尿道炎呢？
答: 对于非淋球菌性尿道炎，常用的治疗方法是使用大环内酯类的抗生素，比如红霉素胶囊、罗红霉素胶囊或者地红霉素胶囊等药物。如果症状较严重，也可以通过静脉注射阿奇霉素注射液对症处理。请记住，在使用药物时一定要按照医嘱的指导合理选择药物及剂量使用，并定期复查以便评估治疗效果。
|
不客气，希望您的症状能够早日缓解。如果在治疗过程中有任何其他问题，您随时都可以咨询我。祝您早日恢复健康！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_外科
|
[
"抗生素",
"培养",
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is eNPP1 K121Q polymorphism related to type 2 diabetes mellitus , features of metabolic syndrome , and diabetic cardiovascular complications in a Chinese population?
|
Ectoenzyme nucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) is known to influence insulin sensitivity by inhibiting insulin receptor signaling. A DNA polymorphism in the ENPP1 gene at exon 4 (K121Q) was demonstrated to be associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and a risk of early myocardial infarction, albeit with controversy. Our aim was to investigate any association of ENPP1 K121Q alleles with T2DM, features of the metabolic syndrome, and diabetic cardiovascu...
|
The ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism is not related to T2DM, features of the metabolic syndrome, or diabetic macrovascular complications in a Chinese population.
结论: no
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"resistance",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do tbx5 and Osr1 interact to regulate posterior second heart field cell cycle progression for cardiac septation?
|
Mutations of TBX5 cause Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS) in humans, a disease characterized by atrial or occasionally ventricular septal defects in the heart and skeletal abnormalities of the upper extremity. Previous studies have demonstrated that Tbx5 regulates Osr1 expression in the second heart field (SHF) of E9.5 mouse embryos. However, it is unknown whether and how Tbx5 and Osr1 interact in atrial septation. To determine if and how Tbx5 and Osr1 interact in the posterior SHF for cardiac septation....
|
Tbx5 and Osr1 interact to regulate posterior SHF cell cycle progression for cardiac septation.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Longitudinal measurement invariance of the metabolic syndrome: is the assessment of the metabolic syndrome stable over time?
|
Without verification of longitudinal measurement invariance, researchers cannot be certain whether observed change in the metabolic syndrome reflects true change or changes in assessment or structure of the construct over time. This research tested longitudinal measurement invariance of a 1-factor model of the metabolic syndrome during the course of 6 years. Tests of longitudinal measurement invariance (configural, metric, and scalar) were conducted on 604 men and women who participated in the S...
|
Because longitudinal invariance was not fully demonstrated, interpretation of change in the metabolic syndrome over time may be misleading because change may be partly attributable to measurement properties of the indicators. However, a cross-sectional 1-factor model of the metabolic syndrome is supported.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
谢谢医生的详细解答！我会注意这些副作用，并及时向医生反馈我在治疗期间的状况。是否还有其他需要我了解的事项？
|
对话历史:
问: 医生，您好！我检查出患有胃癌的早期，现在需要进行化疗治疗。请问在治疗期间会有什么不良反应呢？我是一个34岁的男性。
答: 您好！对于化疗治疗，确实会有一些不良反应。不同的化疗药物和个体差异会导致不同的副作用出现。一般来说，常见的不良反应包括恶心、呕吐、脱发、胃肠道反应、骨髓抑制等。您可以告诉我您是否有过敏史以及目前身体状况如何，我可以为您提供有针对性的建议。
问: 我没有过敏史，目前身体状况一般。我想了解一下关于恶心和呕吐的问题。
答: 了解。化疗期间，恶心和呕吐是比较常见的不良反应之一。不过，请您放心，针对这个问题医学已经有很好的解决办法了。在化疗开始之前，我们通常会预防性地给您使用一些抗恶心药物，以减轻恶心和呕吐的发生。如果您在化疗期间出现恶心和呕吐，及时告诉您的医生，他们可以根据您的具体情况调整药物剂量或者给您其他的治疗措施。
问: 那除了恶心和呕吐之外，还有其他的副作用吗？
答: 是的，除了恶心和呕吐，化疗还可能引起脱发、胃肠道反应和骨髓抑制等副作用。脱发是由于化疗药物对毛发细胞的抑制作用引起的，通常在治疗结束后会逐渐恢复生长。胃肠道反应包括口腔溃疡、消化不良、腹泻等，可以通过调整饮食结构，选择不刺激性的食物来缓解症状。骨髓抑制可能导致白细胞和血小板等血液成分的下降，容易引起感染和出血等问题，需要密切监测和治疗。
|
您不用客气，我很高兴能为您解答。在化疗期间，除了注意副作用的控制外，还需要遵守医生的治疗方案，按时进行化疗，保持良好的营养状况，同时也要注意休息和心理调适。如果在治疗过程中遇到其他疑问或不适，请随时向您的医生咨询。祝您早日康复！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_肿瘤科
|
[
"腹泻",
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
好的，谢谢医生的建议。
|
对话历史:
问: 医生，我被狗狗爪子划伤了皮，出血了，这种情况需要打针吗？
答: 您好，对于被狗狗爪子划伤的皮肤出血状况，是否经过清洗和消毒了呢？
问: 是的，我已经用清水清洗了创口，并进行了消毒处理。
答: 非常好，这样可以降低感染的风险。针对您的症状，表现为针孔大小的出血点，一般来说无需特别打针，可能只需要保持伤口清洁，注意观察是否有任何感染迹象即可。
问: 嗯，那我需要涂抹些什么药物吗？
答: 建议您在伤口干燥后，可以涂抹一些含有抗菌成分的外用药物，比如碘酒或者酒精棉球轻轻擦拭，然后再涂抹一些消炎、止血的药膏，如红霉素软膏或者伤口愈合乳膏等。
问: 好的，我记住了。还有什么需要注意的吗？
答: 除了保持伤口清洁外，还需要注意伤口的观察。如果发现伤口红肿、剧痛、有渗液、发热等症状，可能意味着感染已经发生，就需要立即就医了。另外，为了预防狂犬病的风险，如果您无法确认狗狗是否患有狂犬病，建议您及时联系医生，了解是否需要接种狂犬疫苗。
|
不客气，希望您的伤口能够快速恢复。如果有其他问题或者需要进一步的咨询，随时可以再次联系我。祝您身体健康！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_传染病科
|
[
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
我对放疗和靶向药物治疗有所了解，您能具体介绍一下吗？
|
对话历史:
问: 我最近查出来得了脊髓肿瘤，这个病能治好吗？
答: 您好！对于脊髓肿瘤，可以选择手术的方法进行治疗。因为这种疾病发展的速度非常快，一旦确诊，您一定要及时选择合理的手术方式进行治疗。要调整好自己的心态。除了手术治疗外，还有其他治疗方法，您想了解一下吗？
问: 手术治疗是最有效的方法吗？会不会有什么后遗症？
答: 手术是常见的治疗脊髓肿瘤的方法之一，但并非适用于所有病人。手术的效果与肿瘤的类型、位置、大小等因素有关。一般情况下，手术可以帮助减轻症状，甚至完全切除肿瘤。当然，手术也存在一定的风险和后遗症，比如感染、出血、神经损伤等。我可以详细为您解释手术的步骤和风险，以及其他非手术治疗的选择，您有什么具体疑问吗？
问: 我想详细了解一下手术的步骤和风险，还有其他非手术治疗的选择。
答: 首先，手术治疗的步骤通常是先进行影像学检查，确诊后会进行手术安排。手术会在全麻下进行，医生会根据肿瘤的位置和大小选择切除或减小肿瘤的程度。手术可能会涉及切除肿瘤组织、清除周围受影响的组织，重建脊髓结构等步骤。至于风险方面，手术可能会引发感染、出血以及术后神经功能障碍。当然，手术风险也因个体情况而异，我会根据您的具体情况为您进行详细评估和解释。除了手术治疗，还有放疗、化疗和靶向药物治疗等非手术治疗选择。这些治疗方法的选择需要考虑患者的身体状况、肿瘤的类型和分期等因素。您是否对某种非手术治疗方法有兴趣呢？
|
放疗是通过应用高能X射线或其他辐射源来杀死或抑制癌细胞生长的一种治疗方法。对于脊髓肿瘤，放疗可以被用作术后辅助治疗，或者在手术不可行或不适用的情况下作为主要治疗方法。放疗的优势在于可以针对肿瘤局部进行精确治疗，减小对正常组织的损伤，但也会带来一些副作用，如疲劳、食欲减退、皮肤反应等。靶向药物治疗是针对特定的分子靶点进行的治疗，可以干扰肿瘤细胞的生长和传播。这些靶向药物通常通过口服或静脉注射等途径给药。不同的靶向药物对不同类型的脊髓肿瘤有不同的作用机制和治疗效果，需要根据具体情况选择合适的靶向药物。同时，靶向药物也可能带来一些不良反应，例如恶心、呕吐、皮疹等。若您对具体的治疗方法还有其他疑问，我可以再为您解答。
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_外科
|
[
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Can Flemish women in semi-rural areas be motivated to attend organized breast cancer screening?
|
The implementation of organized breast cancer screening in Flanders was prepared by means of pilot projects within a multicenter study. In the semi-rural district of Kontich (Province of Antwerp, Flanders) a pilot project was performed using a mobile screening unit. Compared to international standards, the attendance rate for this pilot project (i.e. 34%) was low. Non-organized screening, which already exists in Flanders, at least partly explains this low attendance rate for the organized screen...
|
Although the putting into action of a mobile unit in the semi-rural area of the district of Kontich was productive, the attendance rate was still too low compared to international standards. To increase the attendance rate, the following interventions should be considered: devising the personal invitation letter in a more attractive way, activating and stimulating the important motivational role of the GP in persuading women to attend the organized screening programme and offering the invited population the possibility to have a mammographic examination performed outside business hours. Appropriate measures are being explored.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does pretreatment with andrographolide pills ( ® ) attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary microcirculatory disturbance and acute lung injury in rats?
|
The purpose of this study was to explore the protective effect of AP on LPS-induced PMD and ALI. Male SD rats were continuously infused with LPS (5 mg/kg/h) for one hour to induce PMD and ALI. AP was administrated orally one hour before LPS exposure. Arterial blood pressure and HR were monitored. Blood gas analysis, histological observation, cytokines in plasma, leukocyte recruitment, pulmonary oxidative stress, microvessel permeability, edema, and related proteins were evaluated six hours after...
|
The results demonstrated the protective effect of AP on LPS-induced PMD and ALI, suggesting the potential of AP as a prophylactic strategy for LPS-induced ALI.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
cagA阳性和cagA阴性幽门螺旋杆菌菌株在致病性上有何差异？
|
cagA阳性幽门螺旋杆菌菌株比cagA阴性菌株具有更强的致病性。感染cagA阳性菌株会显著增加患者发展为胃溃疡和胃癌的风险，这与其编码的CagA蛋白可诱导宿主细胞信号通路异常、引发更严重的炎症反应和黏膜损伤有关。而cagA阴性菌株通常与较轻的临床表现相关。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/临床微生物学手册_上/临床微生物学手册_上.md
|
机制原理
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
Is the pattern of intestinal substrate oxidation altered by protein restriction in pigs?
|
Previous studies indicate that amino acids and glucose are the major oxidative substrates for intestinal energy generation. We hypothesized that low protein feeding would lower the contribution of amino acids to energy metabolism, thereby increasing the contribution of glucose. Piglets, implanted with portal, arterial, and duodenal catheters and a portal flow probe, were fed isocaloric diets of either a high protein (0.9 g/[kg/h] protein, 1.8 g/[kg/h] carbohydrate, and 0.4 g/[kg/h] lipid) or a l...
|
Although low protein feeding increases the contribution of enteral glucose oxidation to total CO2 production, this adaptation is insufficient. To compensate for the fall in amino acid oxidation, other substrates become increasingly important to intestinal energy generation.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does total laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign uterine pathologies : obesity increase the risk of complications?
|
This study was designed to investigate the intra-operative characteristics and the risk of intra- and post-operative complications in cases of total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) in overweight, obese and non-obese patients. This cohort study includes all patients undergoing TLH for benign pathologies between January 1993 and June 2007 in Cochin university hospital (Paris). Demographic and surgical data were analysed. A comparison between overweight and obese patients versus non-obese patients ...
|
In our experience, provided that the operating technique is meticulous, the intra- and post-operative complications are not increased in the case of obesity, although the operating time is longer.
结论: no
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"infection"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does microbial flora of the cervix assessed at the time of embryo transfer adversely affect in vitro fertilization outcome?
|
To investigate whether the presence of cervical microorganisms, as detected on catheters used for ET, alters the outcome of IVF-ET. Prospective analysis. The assisted reproduction unit of a hospital in Clamart, France. Two hundred seventy-nine controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) cycles performed for IVF-ET. Inclusion criteria were a patient age of < or =38 years, a morphologically normal uterus, and > or =2 good-quality embryos transferred. The tips of catheters used for ruling out possibl...
|
The presence of microbial flora of the cervix on ET catheters is associated with poor IVF-ET outcome.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"escherichia coli",
"culture"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
A 35-year-old man seeks evaluation at a clinic with a 2-week history of pain during urination and a yellow-white discharge from the urethra. He has a history of multiple sexual partners and inconsistent use of condoms. He admits to having similar symptoms in the past and being treated with antibiotics. On genital examination, solitary erythematous nodules are present on the penile shaft with a yellow-white urethral discharge. The urinalysis was leukocyte esterase-positive, but the urine culture report is pending. Gram staining of the urethral discharge showed kidney bean-shaped diplococci within neutrophils. Urethral swabs were collected for cultures. Which of the following best explains why this patient lacks immunity against the organism causing his recurrent infections?
|
A. Lipooligosaccharide
B. Protein pili
C. Exotoxin
D. Lack of vaccine
|
正确答案: B. Protein pili
|
medqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"infection",
"gram stain",
"culture"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
EMG changes in myasthenia gravis:
|
A. Prominent fibrillatory potentials
B. Increased amplitude
C. Increased frequency
D. Decreased amplitude of contraction on repeated stimulation
|
正确答案: C. Increased frequency
解释: Ans. d (Decreased amplitude of contraction on repeated stimulation). (Ref. Harrison, Medicine, 18th/Ch. 386)EMG in myasthenia gravis is characterized by increased amplitude evoked response on repeated stimulation. In myasthenia gravis there is defective release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, the compound muscle action potential elicited by a single stimulus is generally very small.Laboratory testing in MG:# Anti-AChR radioimmunoassay: 85% positive in generalized MG; 50% in ocular MG; definite diagnosis if positive; negative result does not exclude MG 40% of AChR antibody negative patients with generalized MG have anti-MuSK antibodies.# Repetitive nerve stimulation: decrement of >15% at 3 Hz: highly probable# Single-fiber electromyography: blocking and jitter, with nor fiber density;confirmatory,but not specific# Edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) 2 mg + 8 mg IV; highly probable diagnosis if unequivocally positive.# For ocular or cranial MG: exclude intracranial lesions by CT or MRI
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Which of the following is TRUE regarding excitation contraction coupling mechanism in smooth muscles?
|
A. Presence of troponin is essential
B. Sustained contraction occurs with high calcium concentration
C. Phosphorylation of actin is required for contraction
D. Presence of cellular calcium is essential to cause muscle contraction
|
正确答案: C. Phosphorylation of actin is required for contraction
解释: Depending on the activating stimulus, Ca2+ increase can be due to influx through voltage- or ligand-gated plasma membrane channels, efflux from intracellular stores through the RyR receptors, efflux from intracellular stores through the inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) Ca2+ channel, or a combination of these channels. The lack of troponin in smooth muscle prevents Ca2+ activation troponin binding. They do not have the troponin system, and the light chains of smooth muscle myosin molecules differ from those of striated muscle myosin. Myosin in smooth muscle must be phosphorylated for activation of the myosin ATPase. Sustained contraction is by latch bridge mechanism by which myosin cross-bridges remain attached to actin for some time after the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration falls. Ref: Barrett K.E., Barman S.M., Boitano S., Brooks H.L. (2012). Chapter 5. Excitable Tissue: Muscle. In K.E. Barrett, S.M. Barman, S. Boitano, H.L. Brooks (Eds), Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 24e.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does a positive end-expiratory pressure-induced reduction in stroke volume indicate preload responsiveness?
|
Increases in positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) are often associated with cardiovascular depression, responding to fluid loading. Therefore, we hypothesized that if stroke volume (SV) is reduced by an increase in PEEP this reduction is an indicator of hypovolemia or preload responsiveness, i.e. that SV would increase by fluid administration at zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP). The relationship between the cardiovascular response to different PEEP levels and fluid load as well as the rela...
|
Although the overall results suggest that a change in SV by PEEP might predict preload responsiveness, the individual response of SV by 10 cm H(2)O PEEP and of the successive fluid administration seemed to be dependent on where on the Frank-Starling curve the heart function was located.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does gas6 stimulate angiogenesis of human retinal endothelial cells and of zebrafish embryos via ERK1/2 signaling?
|
To determine if growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) plays an important role in the regulation of angiogenesis in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and in vessel development of zebrafish. Proliferation, wound-healing cell migration, and tube formation were measured in HRMECs treated with recombinant human Gas6 (rhGas6). Sprague-Dawley rat aortas in Matrigels were treated with rhGas6, and microvessel sprouting emanating from arterial rings was analyzed. Transgenic zebrafish embryo...
|
These data suggest that Gas6 plays a pivotal role in proliferation, migration, and sprouting of angiogenic endothelial cells in the retina and in zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, Gas6 induced angiogenic processes are induced via phosphorylation of ERK1/2.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do training programs work?
|
The primary objective of this study was to determine if a selected sample of pharmacists who had attended a chemical dependency training program were performing more chemical dependency related activities than a group of American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) members who had not had this training. Additionally, an assessment of the perceived barriers to performing chemical dependencyrelated activities was performed. A confidential mail questionnaire was sent to 305 Utah School participants a...
|
Pharmacists who have attended substance abuse training programs are performing more chemical dependency activities than pharmacists who have not received training in chemical dependency. In addition, different barriers to performing chemical dependency related activities exist between pharmacists with and without training in this field.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does evidence-based guidelines for the secondary prevention of fall in older adults?
|
Falls are a significant problem for older adults. Individuals who have sustained a fall come to the attention of health care providers and are at risk of further falls. To promote the highest quality of care and reduce variation in care, a practice guideline is needed. Summarization of evidence regarding falls may be useful to researchers in this field. To provide evidence-based guidelines of assessment and treatment to prevent falls in older adults and to provide researchers with tables of risk...
|
For community-dwelling older adults, there is strong evidence for multi-factorial specific risk assessment and targeted treatment. Balance exercises are recommended for all individuals who have had a fall and there is evidence for a program of home physiotherapy for women over 80 years of age regardless of risk factor status. For institutional settings, the establishment of a falls program for safety checks, ongoing staff education and monitoring is substantiated by research. Residents who have fallen need to be assessed for specific risk factors and clinical indicators to determine relevant management options.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Which parameter on umbilical aery Doppler indicates imminent fetal demise
|
A. Increased S/D ratio
B. Absent diastolic flow
C. Reversal of flow
D. Normal S/D ratio
|
正确答案: B. Absent diastolic flow
解释: Earliest sign of fetal compromise is a raised S/D ratio in the Umblical aery flow. An absence of diastolic flow is indicative of severe fetal compromise and requires intensive fetal monitoring with NST and frequent doppler upto 34 weeks or occurence of reversal of flow (whichever is earlier) after which pregnancy should be terminated. A reversal of diastolic flow is indicative of imminent fetal death (fetus is expected to die within 24-48 hours) requiring urgent termination, and therefore reversal occuring before lung maturity carries poor chances of fetal survival
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
ANCA is found in all except
|
A. Wegener's granulomatosis
B. Churg-Strauss syndrome
C. Microscopic Polyangitis
D. Bacterial Vasculitis
|
正确答案: C. Microscopic Polyangitis
解释: (D) Bacterial vasculitis # ANTI-NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES (ANCA) are antibodies directed against certain proteins in cytoplasm of neutrophils. It is of two types:(i) Cytoplasmic (c) ANCA: Refers antibodies against proteinase-3 in azurophilic granules. It is found in - weger's granulomatosis(ii) Perinuclear (p) ANCA: Refers antibodies against myeloperoxidase (major target), elastase, cathepsin G, Lactoferin, Lysozyme.# ANCA is found in: PAN, Microscopic polyangitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Crescentic GN, Good-pasture's syndrome Non vascular causes like rheumatic and non-rheumatic autoimmune diseases, IBD, drugs, endocarditis, bacterial infections in patient of cystic fibrosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis etc.> There are three primary diseases that are consistently associated with ANCA: Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, and glomerulonephritis. The antibodies are assumed to be involved in the generation and/or progression of lesions and clinical signs.> Classically, c-ANCA is associated with Wegener's granulomatosis; p-ANCA is associated with microscopic polyangiitis arid focal necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis. However, in recent years ANCA targeted against other autoantigens have been identified.> Patients with a number of other diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Ankylosing spondylitis, will commonly have ANCA as well.> However in these cases there is no associated vasculitis, and the ANCA are thought to be incidental or epiphenomena rather than part of the disease itself.> Churg-Strauss syndrome is associated with p-ANCA directed against MPO.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre",
"bacteria",
"infection"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is soluble transferrin receptor correlated with erythropoietin sensitivity in dialysis patients?
|
Iron deficiency is the most common cause of erythropoietin (EPO) resistance in dialyzed patients with renal anemia. Subclinical or functional iron deficiency is difficult to diagnose in these patients. The soluble transferrin receptor (sTf-R) is considered as a sensitive and specific indicator of bone marrow iron availability. To evaluate the clinical usefulness of this novel marker, we investigated relationships between EPO requirements and various hematological and biochemical parameters of er...
|
Our results suggest that sTf-R is a more sensitive indicator of functional iron deficiency and impaired EPO responsiveness than serum ferritin or transferrin saturation in dialyzed patients. Intensified iron substitution to patients with elevated sTf-R concentrations may considerably improve the cost efficacy of EPO treatment.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"resistance",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does β-Glucan protect against lung injury induced by abdominal aortic ischemia-reperfusion in rats?
|
Aortic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is an important factor in the development of postoperative acute lung injury following abdominal aortic surgery. The aim of our study was to examine the effect of β-glucan on lung injury induced by abdominal aortic IR in rats. Thirty-two Wistar-albino rats were randomized into four groups (eight per group) as follows: the control group (sham laparotomy), aortic IR (120 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion), aortic IR + β-glucan (β-glucan 50 mg/kg/d for 10 d was a...
|
The results of this study indicate that β-glucan attenuates lung injury induced by aortic IR in rats. We propose that this protective effect of β-glucan is due to (1) reduced systemic inflammatory response, (2) reduced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the lung tissue, (3) reduced pulmonary microvascular leakage, and (4) inhibition of leukocyte infiltration into the lung tissue.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
The Prostatic urethra is characterized by all of the following features, except that it -
|
A. Is the widest and most dilatable part
B. Presents a concavity posteriorly
C. Lies closer to anterior surface of prostate
D. Receives Prostatic ductules along its posterior wall
|
正确答案: A. Is the widest and most dilatable part
解释: Ans- B Ref- Textbook of Anatomy Abdomen and Lower Limb - Singh_ Vishram(Vol 2) Prostatic Part of the Urethra (3 cm Long) As its name implies it traverses through the anterior part of the prostate. It is the widest and most dilatable part of the male urethra. It is fusiform in the coronal section. The inner aspect of its posterior wall presents the following features 1. Urethral crest, a median longitudinal ridge of the mucous membrane. 2. Colliculus seminalis (verumontanum), an elevation on the middle of the urethral crest. The prostatic utricle opens on its summit by a slit-like orifice. On either side of the orifice of the prostatic utricle opens the ejaculatory ducts. 3. Prostatic sinuses, vertical grooves one on each side of the urethral crest. Each sinus presents 15-20 openings of the prostatic glands. Convex posteriorly is the correct statement.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
明白了，我会尽快就医并遵循医生的治疗建议。谢谢医生的帮助！
|
对话历史:
问: 医生，我最近在背上和腰上发现了大小不均的白斑，没有皮屑，而且还有点瘙痒的症状，请问这是什么病症？该怎么消除？
答: 您好！根据您的描述，您可能患上了一种皮肤病。尽管无法通过文字来确诊疾病，但从您的症状来看，有几种可能性比较大。首先，白斑可能是白癜风的症状之一，这是一种影响皮肤色素的疾病。其次，白斑还可能是银屑病的表现，这是一种慢性炎症性皮肤病。最后，白斑还可能是白屑病的症状，这是一种真菌感染引起的皮肤病。
我建议您尽快就医，前往皮肤科门诊进行进一步的诊断和治疗。医生会通过仔细观察您的白斑并询问您的病史来做出准确的诊断。同时，医生可能会根据您的情况进行必要的血液检查或皮肤活检以确诊疾病。
问: 谢谢医生！那我去皮肤科门诊看病的时候，有什么准备工作吗？
答: 当您去皮肤科门诊就诊时，您可以先准备好以下信息：您的症状的详细描述，包括病发部位、大小、形状、颜色、是否有瘙痒、是否有疼痛等。此外，您最近是否接触过可能导致皮肤变化的化学物质或有没有更换过衣物或洗涤用品等也是需要告知医生的。
同时，您还可以提前准备一些相关的医疗记录，例如既往病史、用药史等，有助于医生更好地了解您的病情并做出准确的诊断。
问: 好的，我会提前准备好相关信息。医生，针对这种白斑症状，您能给我一些治疗建议吗？
答: 根据疾病的不同，治疗方法也会有所不同。一般来说，针对白癜风，医生可能会考虑使用局部外用药物（如激素制剂）或光疗等治疗方法。对于银屑病，医生可能会推荐您使用局部外用药物（如激素和维生素D类药物）、口服药物或光疗等进行治疗。至于白屑病，医生通常会建议患者使用合适的抗真菌药物进行治疗。
然而，具体的治疗方法和药物剂量还需要根据医生对您病情的判断来确定，所以请您一定要及时就医，遵循医生的指导进行治疗。同时，还要注意保持良好的生活习惯，如保持充足的睡眠、饮食均衡、避免过度劳累、保持心情愉快等...
|
不客气！祝您早日康复！如果您还有其他问题，随时都可以咨询我。祝您身体健康！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_皮肤性病科
|
[
"真菌",
"感染",
"抗真菌药"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does relative value unit-based compensation shortchange the acute care surgeon?
|
Studies have demonstrated that relative value units (RVUs) do not appropriately reflect cognitive effort or time spent in patient care, but RVU continues to be used as a standardized system to track productivity. It is unknown how well RVU reflects the effort of acute care surgeons. Our objective was to determine if RVUs adequately reflect increased surgeon effort required to treat emergent versus elective patients receiving similar procedures. A retrospective analysis using The American College...
|
Our data indicate that the emergent operative management for various procedures is similarly valued despite increased LOS, more complications, higher mortality risk, and subsequently increased physician attention. Our findings suggest that the RVU system for acute care surgeons may need to be reevaluated to better capture the additional work involved in emergent patient care.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is bone marrow a preferential homing site for autoreactive T-cells in type 1 diabetes?
|
The pancreatic microenvironment is considered to be the primary location of autoreactive T-cells in type 1 diabetes. Diabetogenic T-cells have also been detected in the spleens of NOD mice. However, it is not known whether bone marrow also contains T-cells specific for self-antigens in hosts with autoimmunity. In this study, we investigated whether autoreactive diabetogenic T-cells are present in the bone marrow of NOD mice. Bone marrow and splenic T-cells of female NOD mice were purified and te...
|
Our study demonstrates that a large number of diabetogenic T-cells are present in the bone marrow of female NOD mice and that these autoreactive T-cells can be detected long before clinical onset of the disease.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis associated with circulating antiepithelial antibodies?
|
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a restrictive fibrotic lung disease of uncertain etiology. Alveolar epithelial injury may be one of the inciting triggers in the pathogenesis of this disorder. We hypothesized that circulating antibodies to alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of IPF. Antibodies to alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence using alveolar epithelial cells (A549) and human umbilical vein end...
|
There is evidence of increased IgG antibodies directed against alveolar epithelium in IPF. These antibodies may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of this fibrotic disorder. The findings of this study suggest further evaluation of the role of immune mediated alveolar epithelial injury in IPF.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Are diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in respiratory allergy different depending on the profile of aeroallergen sensitisation?
|
There are few studies which analyse the characteristics of allergic respiratory disease according to profiles of sensitisation to different allergens. This study describes the clinical features and therapeutic approaches, according to the sensitisation profile to relevant aeroallergens, in a sample of adult patients with a first-time diagnosis of respiratory allergy (rhinitis and/or asthma). 1287 patients, enrolled consecutively in the spring of 2010 by 200 allergy specialists, were classified i...
|
It was observed in this study that in respiratory allergy disease, there are clinical differences as well as differences in diagnostic procedure and therapeutic attitudes, depending on the clinically relevant allergen.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
非常感谢医生的指导！我会按照您的建议来调整生活习惯，保持健康的状态。如果以后还有其他问题，我还可以向您咨询吗？
|
对话历史:
问: 医生，我是现在注意科学的保养，但是不知道在月经期的话是不是不能吃保健品或者是中药？需要注意什么？我是一个39岁的女性。
答: 您好！月经期可以适量吃保健品，但需要注意一些事项。首先，保健品的选择要慎重，最好选择无药物成分且科学合理的产品。另外，建议您在服用保健品前最好咨询医生或药师的意见，以确保其不会影响您的月经周期和身体健康。
问: 我明白了，谢谢医生的建议。那在月经期期间需要特别注意些什么呢？
答: 在月经期间，女性朋友们需要特别关注身体的舒适和卫生。首先，要注意卫生习惯，每天更换干净的卫生巾或卫生棉条，避免经期感染。其次，避免剧烈的运动和过度劳累，以免加重身体不适。另外，饮食方面，可以适量增加富含铁元素的食物，如红肉、豆制品、绿叶蔬菜等，有助于补充失血带来的营养缺失。
问: 好的，谢谢医生的指导。我还有一个问题，我在经期会经常出现腹痛和头痛的情况，有什么办法可以缓解这些不适呢？
答: 对于经期腹痛和头痛的情况，可以尝试以下几种缓解方法。首先，在腹痛时可以使用热敷或温暖的热水袋放在腹部，有助于缓解疼痛。其次，可以试试轻度的有氧运动，如散步或瑜伽，可以促进血液循环和放松身体。另外，注意饮食方面，可以适量摄入含有维生素B和镁的食物，如全谷物、坚果和绿叶蔬菜等，有助于缓解经期不适症状。
问: 谢谢医生的建议！我会尝试您提供的方法来缓解经期不适。还有其他值得我注意的问题吗？
答: 除了以上提到的问题，还有一些需要注意的事项。在月经期间，女性朋友们要注意保持良好的心态，避免情绪波动和过度紧张，可以通过休息、放松和与亲友交流来舒缓压力。此外，若出现异常的月经周期、剧烈经痛或异常出血等情况，建议及时就医进行进一步的检查和诊断。
|
当然可以！我会一直在这里为您解答问题和提供帮助。如果您有任何其他疑问或需要，随时都可以来找我咨询。祝您身体健康，生活愉快！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_家居健康
|
[
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does granulocyte colony-stimulating factor inhibit neutrophil apoptosis at the local site after severe head and thoracic injury?
|
Tissue injury from mechanical trauma often leads to secondary organ failure. Local accumulation of neutrophils and excessive release of toxic metabolites through inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis may be responsible for capillary leakage and irreversible damage of resident cells of injured tissues. The purpose of this study was to examine the presence of apoptosis-inhibiting factors at the local site of tissue injury. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with severe head injury (n = 10; Abbre...
|
In patients with severe head or chest injury, G-CSF acts locally as a strong inhibitor of spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis, which may cause an increased destructive potential of neutrophils present in injured tissues.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Ketanserin is -
|
A. 5-HT,1B antagonist
B. 5-HT2 antagonist
C. 5-HT1A antagonist
D. 5-HT1P. antagonist
|
正确答案: A. 5-HT,1B antagonist
解释: Ans. is 'b' i.e., 5-HT2 antagonist o Ketanserin and ritanserin are useful as antihypertensive agents. It is important to know that these drugs have additional a receptor blocking property and antihypertensive effect is due to a-blockade, not due to 5HT2A/2C blockade.SEROTONERGIC RECEPTORSo There are four families of 5-HT receptors -5HT1, 5HT2, 5HT3, 5HT4-7o All 5-HT receptors (except 5-HT3) are G protein coupled receptors. 5 HT3 is a ligand gated cation Na+, K+) channel - ionotropic receptor.1. 5HT1 (Five subtypes 5HT1A,B,D,E,F)o All types of 5-HT1 receptors inhibit adenylyl cyclase.o These receptors function primarily as autoreceptors in brain - inhibit 5-HT release or firing of 5-HT neurons.o The most important locations of 5HT1A receptor are raphe nuclei of brainstem and hippocampus.o Buspiron, ipsapirone, gepirone (antianxiety drugs) act as partial agonists on 5HT1A receptors.o 5HT1D regulates dopamenergic tone in substantia nigra basal ganglia.o 5TH1B/1D cause constriction of cranial blood vessels,o The antimigraine drug sumatriptan is a selective 5-HT1B/1D agonist.2. 5-HT2o Coupled to phospholipase lc' and function through IP3/DAGo 5 HT2A is the most widely expressed postjunctional 5-HT receptor.o 5HT 2A/2C receptor is responsible for most of the direct action of serotonine.o Important antagonists of these receptors are : -Ketanserin and ritanserin are useful as antihypertensive agents. It is important to know that these drugs have additional a receptor blocking property' and antihypertensive effect is due to a-blockade, not due to 5HT2A/2C blockade.Clozapine, resperidone are used as antipsychotics.Methylsergide is used in migraine.Cyproheptadine blocks 5HT2A, HI histaminic and muscarinic receptors. It increases appetite and can be used in children to promote weight gain.3. 5-HT3o It is the only 5-HT receptor which is a ligand gated cation Na+, K+ channel.o It mediates most of the indirect and reflex actions of 5-HT at:1. Area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius in brain stem - nausea and vomiting.2. Nerve ending in myentric plexus - | peristalsis3. Somatic and autonomic nerve ending - pain, itch, coronaiy chemoreflex.o Stimulation of 5-HT3 receptor is responsible for vomiting induced by anticancer drugs.o 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (ondansetron, granisetron and tropisetron) are DOCs for chemotherapy induced vomiting.4. HT4o Present on mucosa, plexuses and smooth muscles of the gut - | intestinal secretion and peristalasis.o Cisapride, renzapride and tegaserod are selective 5-HT4 agonists - useful in gastroesophageal reflux disease.o Most direct actions of serotonin are mediated by 5 - HT2 receptors.o Most indirect and reflex actions of serotonin are mediated by 5-HT3 receptors.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do rhizome severing increases root lifespan of Leymus chinensis in a typical steppe of Inner Mongolia?
|
Root lifespan is an important trait that determines plants' ability to acquire and conserve soil resources. There have been several studies investigating characteristics of root lifespan of both woody and herbaceous species. However, most of the studies have focused on non-clonal plants, and there have been little data on root lifespan for clonal plants that occur widely in temperate grasslands. We investigated the effects of rhizome severing on overall root lifespan of Leymus chinensis, a clona...
|
We found that root lifespan in dominant, clonal L. chinensis was shorter than for the dominant, non-clonal species of S. krylovii and A. frigida. There was a substantial increase in the root lifespan of L. chinensis in response to severing their rhizomes, and this increase in root lifespan exhibited temporal and spatial characteristics. These findings suggest that the presence of rhizomes is likely to account for the observed short lifespan of clonal plant species in the temperate steppe.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does bupleurum polysaccharides attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation via modulating Toll-like receptor 4 signaling?
|
Bupleurum polysaccharides (BPs), isolated from Bupleurum smithii var. parvifolium, possesses immunomodulatory activity, particularly on inflammation. Bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers innate immune responses through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on host cell membrane. The present study was performed to evaluate whether the therapeutic efficacy of BPs on suppression of LPS's pathogenecity could be associated with the modulating of TLR4 signaling pathway. LPS stimulated expressio...
|
The therapeutic properties of BPs in alleviating inflammatory diseases could be attributed to its inhibitory effect on LPS-mediated TLR4 signaling.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"ELISA",
"cre",
"bacteria"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Integrity of the optic nerve is tested by except :
|
A. Tangent Screen examination
B. VER
C. Perimetry
D. ERG
|
正确答案: C. Perimetry
解释: Electroretinography (ERG) measures the electrical response of the retina to flashes of light, the flash electroretinogram, or to a reversing checkerboard stimulus, the pattern ERG (PERG).All other test in the option tests the integrity of optic nerve. Perimetry or Tangent Screen examination is used to examine the central and peripheral visual fields. Usually performed separately for each eye, it assesses the combined function of the retina, the optic nerve, and the intracranial visual pathway. The visual evoked response (VER) measures the electrical potential resulting from a visual stimulus. However, because it is measured by scalp electrodes placed over the occipital coex, the entire visual pathway from retina to coex must be intact in order to produce a normal electrical waveform reading. Ref : Chang D.F. (2011). Chapter 2. Ophthalmologic Examination. In P. Riordan-Eva, E.T. Cunningham, Jr. (Eds), Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 18e.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Blood gas measurements of a patient shows the following values pH 7.2, pCO2 80 mm Hg, p02 46 mm Hg. Which of the following could be the most probable diagnosis:
|
A. Acute asthma
B. Acute exacerbation of COPD
C. ARDS
D. Severe pneumonia
|
正确答案: A. Acute asthma
解释: Answer is B (Acute exacerbation of COPD): The patient in question is presenting with type II Respiratory failure (Decreased PaO2 and increased PaCO2) which indicates an obstructive lung disease. Amongst the options provided Asthma and COPD, both are examples of obstructive lung diseases. Obstructive lung disease with elevated PCO2 is more characteristic and common in acute exacerbations of COPD than in Acute Asthma and hence acute exacerbation of COPD is the single best answer of choice. Acute Asthma and COPD are both examples of Obstructive lung diseases. Both conditions may present with the above picture but an elevated PCO2 is more characteristic of COPD than asthma
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre",
"pneumonia",
"Pneumonia"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Lack of ability of a part to do normal function is called as -
|
A. Impairment
B. Disease
C. Disability
D. Handicap
|
正确答案: B. Disease
解释: Ans. is 'c' i.e., Disability o According to WHO definitions,Disease: Any abnormal condition of an individual that impairs functionImpairment: Any loss or abnormality' of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or functionDisability. (Because of impairment,) any restriction or inability to perform an activity in a range considered normal for a human beingHandicap: A disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairmentdisability, that limits/prevents fulfillment of a role considered normal (depending on age, sex, social, cultural factors) for that individualFor example,EventClassificationInterpretationAccidentLoss of footCannot WalkUnemployedDiseaseImpairmentDisabilityHandicapImpairs function of a personLoss of anatomical structure in the form of footWalking is a normal routine daily activity of a human beingLoses out his job because he cannot walk, so cannot fulfill his role in the society, i.e, earning for his family members
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is preeclampsia associated with lower production of vascular endothelial growth factor by peripheral blood mononuclear cells?
|
Recent studies show that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) downregulation is implicated in preeclampsia (PE) pathophysiology. This study assessed the relationship between PE and VEGF levels produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and their serum levels. A cross-sectional design was performed in 36 patients who had hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. We also used a longitudinal design with 12 pregnant women with risk factors for PE development and/or abnormal uterine a...
|
VEGF production by PBMCs is inhibited during PE, creating a downregulation of the microenvironment; this deficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of disease.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does performance on a Surgical In-Training Examination vary by Training Year and Pathway?
|
Few studies in surgery have addressed medical knowledge competency training as defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. As in-training examinations are ubiquitous educational tools for surgical residents in the United States, insights into examination performance may help fill this void. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between In-Service Examination performance and training characteristics in plastic surgery. This retrospective cohort study...
|
Performance on the Plastic Surgery In-Service Training Examination increases during residency, with integrated residents outperforming independent residents. These findings may have implications for medical knowledge competency training as defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is coronary computed tomography angiography a resource sparing strategy in the risk stratification and evaluation of acute chest pain?
|
Annually, almost 6 million U.S. citizens are evaluated for acute chest pain syndromes (ACPSs), and billions of dollars in resources are utilized. A large part of the resource utilization results from precautionary hospitalizations that occur because care providers are unable to exclude the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) as the underlying cause of ACPSs. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the addition of coronary computerized tomography angiography (CCTA) to the concurren...
|
Adding CCTA to the current ED risk stratification of ACPSs resulted in no difference in the quantity of resources utilized, but an increased diagnosis of CAD, and significantly less recidivism and rehospitalization over a 90-day follow-up period.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Eastern equine encephalitis virus is associated with a high fatality rate. Control of the disease could be possible by eradication of
|
A. Horses
B. Birds
C. Mosquitoes
D. Fleas
|
正确答案: B. Birds
解释: Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a severe disease usually seen in the summer months when Aedes mosquitoes are prevalent. In 1996 and 1997, there were several outbreaks in the Northeast United States. Control of EEE is a function of mosquito eradication. Horses and humans are accidental hosts. While draining of swamps helps, other measures to eliminate mosquitoes such as spraying are the most effective.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"virus"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
如何利用生化试验区分流感嗜血杆菌和溶血性嗜血杆菌？
|
可以通过检测分离株对马红细胞的溶解能力以及X因子和V因子的需求情况进行鉴别。流感嗜血杆菌需要X因子和V因子（+，+），不溶解马红细胞；而溶血性嗜血杆菌同样需要X和V因子（+，+），但能溶解马红细胞（+）。这一溶血特性是两者之间的关键区别点。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/临床微生物学手册_上/临床微生物学手册_上.md
|
诊断与鉴别
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
Does morphine down regulate human vascular tissue estrogen receptor expression determined by real-time RT-PCR?
|
Human vascular endothelial cells express the estrogen receptor-beta (ER-beta), which can be modulated by the opiate alkaloid morphine. To determine if morphine is capable of down regulating the ER-beta receptor in a similar fashion as the mu opiate receptor since they are both coupled to constitutive nitric oxide synthase derived nitric oxide release. Endothelial cells obtain from human vascular tissues (saphenous vein, atria and primary saphenous vein cells) were treated with 1 uM morphine plus...
|
These results indicate that ER-beta is expressed in human vascular endothelial cells, and morphine appears to regulate this receptor in a similar fashion as the mu opiate receptor.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"PCR",
"uti",
"pcr"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
该样本的菌群多样性指标反映了什么情况？是否提示存在菌群失衡？
|
样本ID: ZYQC06-A051
|
菌群多样性分析：
**多样性指标解读：**
- Shannon指数：5.209
多样性非常高，菌群结构均匀
- Simpson指数：0.989
均匀度高，物种分布较为均衡
- 物种丰富度：1328种
**菌群平衡状态评估：**
菌群平衡状态良好，微生态环境健康。
**可能原因分析：**
- 急性感染状态
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
ZYQC06-A051
|
interpretation
|
intermediate
|
[] |
该样本的菌群多样性指标表明什么？是否存在菌群失调？
|
检测到 Enterococcus faecium，丰度为 0.01%，请评估其临床意义。
|
样本ID: JXEY06A032
|
Enterococcus faecium（屎肠球菌）检测分析：
**1. 病原体特征**
- 检出丰度：0.01%
- 读数：4,296
- 致病类别：systemic
- 临床风险等级：high
**2. 临床意义评估**
该菌丰度较低（<1%），可能为低水平定植或过路菌。若患者有相关症状，仍需警惕；若无症状，可随访观察。
**3. 建议措施**
1. 进行药敏试验指导用药
2. 根据感染部位选择合适抗菌方案
3. 密切监测治疗效果
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
JXEY06A032
|
pathogen
|
intermediate
|
[
"Enterococcus faecium"
] | null |
Does autologous myoblast transplantation after myocardial infarction increase the inducibility of ventricular arrhythmias?
|
Small scale clinical trials suggested the feasibility and the efficacy of autologous myoblast transplantation to improve ventricular function after myocardial infarction. However, these trials were hampered by unexpected episodes of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT). We investigated cardiac electrical stability after myoblast transplantation to the myocardium. Seven days after coronary ligation, Wistar rats were randomized into 3 groups: a control group receiving no further trea...
|
In an infarcted rat model, myoblast transplantation but not bone marrow mononuclear cells or myocardial injection per se induces electrical ventricular instability. Because ventricular arrhythmias are life-threatening disorders, we suggest that such preclinical evaluation should be conducted for any new source of cells to be injected into the myocardium.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"susceptibility",
"culture"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
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