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Mantle cell lymphoma are positive for all of the following except
|
A. CD 20
B. CD 23
C. CD 5
D. CD 43
|
正确答案: A. CD 20
解释: Solution
Mantle cell lymphoma are usually CD23 negative.
They are positive for CD5, CD 20, and CD43.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
好的，谢谢医生的建议！我会尝试改善睡眠环境，减少对耳塞的依赖。
|
对话历史:
问: 每天睡觉带耳塞好吗，长期会有什么影响？因为我的睡眠质量是非常的浅，睡觉的时候有一点小声音就醒，就经常的佩戴耳塞，这会有什么不利的影响吗？
答: 您好！佩戴耳塞睡觉是为了隔绝外界的噪音干扰，有助于提高睡眠质量。不过，长期佩戴耳塞睡觉可能会对耳朵和健康产生一些影响，下面我来为您详细解答。
问: 那具体会有哪些不利影响呢？
答: 长期佩戴耳塞可能会导致耳道感染，因为佩戴耳塞会阻塞耳道，使得耳道内湿度增加，从而容易滋生细菌。另外，佩戴不当或者材质不合适的耳塞可能会增加耳朵的压力，引起耳痛或耳堵感。此外，如果依赖耳塞入睡，可能会在安静环境下无法入眠，睡眠质量会受到影响。
问: 那我该怎样减少对耳塞的依赖呢？
答: 为了改善睡眠质量，您可以尝试一些非药物性的方法来减少对耳塞的依赖。比如，保持良好的睡眠环境，安静、通风、温度适宜，并尝试放松的睡前活动，如听轻音乐、喝杯温牛奶等，帮助身心放松。如果您的睡眠问题持续存在，建议您咨询专业的医生或睡眠专家，以获取更具体的建议和治疗方案。
|
不客气，希望对您有所帮助。如果有任何其他问题或者需要进一步了解，请随时向我咨询。祝您睡眠愉快，身体健康！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_家居健康
|
[
"感染",
"细菌"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does [ Liver X receptor alpha inhibit LPS-induced inflammation by down-regulating IFR3 and GRIP1 in mouse Kupffer cells ]?
|
To explore the possible mechanism of the inhibitory effect of liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in mouse Kupffer cells (KCs). The KCs isolated from the liver of male KM mice and cultured in RPMI 1640 containing 20% FBS for 24 h were divided into control, LPS, T0901317, and LPS+T0901317 groups with corresponding treatments. The expressions of LXRalpha, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) i...
|
Pre-treatment with T0901317 before LPS stimulation can suppress the expressions of IRF3 and GRIP1 to inhibit the inflammation and hence Kupffer cell activation.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"ELISA",
"cre",
"elisa"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
In sickle cell disease: September 2007
|
A. Glutamtic acid, at position No.5 of beta-globin chain of haemoglobin is replaced by valine
B. Glutamtic acid, at position No.6 of beta-globin chain of haemoglobin is replaced by valine
C. Valine at position No.6 of beta-globin chain of haemoglobin is replaced by glutamtic acid
D. Valine at position No.5 of beta-globin chain of haemoglobin is replaced by glutamtic acid
|
正确答案: A. Glutamtic acid, at position No.5 of beta-globin chain of haemoglobin is replaced by valine
解释: Ans. B: Glutamtic acid, at position No.6 of beta-globin chain of haemoglobin is replaced by valine Sickle haemoglobin (HbS) is a structural variant of haemoglobin in which glutamic acid, an amino acid, at position No.6 of beta-globin chain of haemoglobin is replaced by valine. This happens due to change of a nucleotide, adenine to thymine (GAGgGTG) of codon 6 of beta-globin gene. This substitution of amino acid changes the net charge of haemoglobin, oxygen affinity and three-dimensional structure thus rendering it as unstable haemoglobin. Sickle haemoglobin gets polymerized at low oxygen tension and deforms the red blood cell from discoid shape to sickle like (crescent) form
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is microRNA-421 a new potential diagnosis biomarker with higher sensitivity and specificity than carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 125 in gastric cancer?
|
The sensitivity and specificity of blood microRNA-421 (miR-421) as a gastric cancer (GC) biomarker has not been determined. To investigate the diagnostic value of blood miR-421 as GC biomarker. miR-421 in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 90 GC patients and 90 controls was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The correlation of miR-421 to GC clinicopathological features as well as the diagnostic value of miR-421 comparing to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer anti...
|
miR-421 in serum or PBMCs may be a new potential diagnostic biomarker for GC.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"PCR",
"cre",
"pcr"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme a key mediator of abdominal aortic aneurysm development?
|
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is known to be elevated in plasma and the aorta in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) patients. We sought to clarify the role of TNF-α converting enzyme (Tace), which cleaves the transmembrane precursor of TNF-α, in AAA development. We obtained aortic sample of AAA during surgical operation to assess the histological features and protein expression of human AAA. AAA was induced in mice with temporal systemic deletion of Tace by the inducible Mx-1 Cre transgene (TaceMx1...
|
Tace was overexpressed in the aortic wall in human and experimental AAA. Temporal systemic deletion of Tace prevented AAA development in association with attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress, neoangiogenesis and extracellular matrix disruption, suggesting a crucial role of Tace in AAA development.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Are cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 overexpressed in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis?
|
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promotes malignant growth. Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyzes the synthesis of PGH2, which is converted, in turn, by microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES-1) to PGE2. One strategy for inhibiting carcinogenesis is to prevent PGE2 production in premalignant and malignant tissues. It is important, therefore, to determine whether enzymes involved in PGE2 biosynthesis are deregulated in neoplasia. The main purpose of this study was to determine whether amounts of COX-2 or mPG...
|
Increased amounts of COX-2 and mPGES-1 were detected in penile intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma. These findings provide the basis for evaluating whether inhibiting COX-2 will be useful in the prevention or treatment of penile SCC.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"PCR",
"cre",
"virus"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
好的，我会注意这些的，谢谢医生的建议。
|
对话历史:
问: 我得了气管炎，我该怎么办？
答: 你好，是的，气管炎是气管的炎症导致的疾病。根据你描述的症状，你可能出现咳嗽、喉咙疼痛等一系列症状。首先，你需要多休息，避免劳累和吸烟。此外，饮食调节也很重要，饮食要易消化、富含维生素和蛋白质。还需确保饮水充足，以帮助水分保持在身体的需要水平。
问: 那我需要用抗生素吗？
答: 对于气管炎，如果是由细菌感染引起的，抗生素的使用是必要的。然而，如果是病毒感染引起的，抗生素将无效。因此，建议你在就医前先观察症状变化，如果没有明显好转，就去医院检查并咨询医生的意见。如果需要，医生会根据你的情况决定是否使用抗生素。
问: 那如何缓解咳嗽和喉咙疼痛？
答: 如果你出现咳嗽和喉咙疼痛，可以考虑使用一些止咳药和喉咙喷雾剂来缓解症状。喉咙喷雾剂可以起到消炎镇痛的作用，缓解喉咙疼痛。同时，保持室内空气湿润也有利于缓解喉咙疼痛和咳嗽，使用加湿器或者湿毛巾在房间内供氧可以有效缓解症状。
问: 还有其他需要特别注意的地方吗？
答: 是的，除了药物治疗外，你还需要注意避免接触空气污染和刺激性气体，避免气管进一步受到刺激。此外，保持室内空气新鲜，并避免接触有异味或刺激性的化学品。另外，及时洗手、避免与患感冒、咳嗽的人近距离接触也是预防感染的重要措施。
|
不用客气，如果你还有其他问题，随时都可以咨询我。希望你早日康复！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_其他
|
[
"抗生素",
"病毒",
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
K-B法（纸片扩散法）的工作原理及其结果判读依据是什么？
|
K-B法（Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法）是将含有定量抗生素的纸片置于已接种待测菌株的琼脂平板表面，经孵育后，抗生素向周围扩散形成浓度梯度，抑制细菌生长从而产生抑菌圈。抑菌圈直径的大小反映细菌对该抗生素的敏感程度。结果判读依据经过标准化的临床和实验室标准协会（CLSI）指南，根据不同抗生素和细菌种类设定的折点（breakpoints），将抑菌圈直径划分为敏感、中介或耐药三类，用于指导临床用药。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/哈里森感染病学/哈里森感染病学.md
|
机制原理
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
Does lack of clinically evident signs of organ failure affect ED treatment of patients with severe sepsis?
|
It is not known whether lack of recognition of organ failure explains the low compliance with the "Surviving Sepsis Campaign" (SSC) guidelines. We evaluated whether compliance was higher in emergency department (ED) sepsis patients with clinically recognizable signs of organ failure compared to patients with only laboratory signs of organ failure. Three hundred twenty-three ED patients with severe sepsis and septic shock were prospectively included. Multivariable binary logistic regression was u...
|
The presence of clinically evident compared to biochemical signs of organ failure was associated with increased compliance with a SSC-based resuscitation bundle and admission to the ICU, suggesting that recognition of severe sepsis is an important barrier for successful implementation of quality improvement programs for septic patients. In septic ED patients admitted to the ICU, the time to antibiotics was shorter compared to patients admitted to a normal ward.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"infection",
"antibiotic"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does intravesical Liposomal Tacrolimus protect against Radiation Cystitis Induced by 3-Beam Targeted Bladder Radiation?
|
We primarily determined whether the small animal radiation research platform could create a rat radiation cystitis model via targeted bladder irradiation (phase I). The response to treating early phase radiation cystitis in rats with transurethral catheter instillation of liposomal tacrolimus was also examined (phase II). In phase I 16 adult female Sprague Dawley® rats were used. Metabolic urination patterns were analyzed before and after exposure to 20, 30 or 40 Gy radiation. In phase II irradi...
|
The radiation cystitis rat model showed a dose dependent decrease in the intermicturition interval without inducing short-term skin or gastrointestinal damage. This study demonstrates that liposomal tacrolimus may be a promising new intravesical therapy for the rare, serious condition of radiation cystitis.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does low serum vitamin d predict new disability or loss of muscle strength in older women?
|
To determine whether serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) predict accelerated decline in muscular strength or onset of new disability in mobility and upper extremity functioning over a 3-year follow-up. A community-based prospective cohort study. Six hundred twenty-eight moderately to severely disabled women aged 65 and older living in the community. Subjects were divided into three groups of baseline 25(OH)D serum levels (deficiency: <25 nmol/L; low normal...
|
This study does not support the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency is associated with loss in muscular strength and decline in mobility and upper extremity functioning over time in older women who were moderately to severely disabled at baseline.
结论: no
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is circulating FABP4 a prognostic biomarker in patients with acute coronary syndrome but not in asymptomatic individuals?
|
Blood-borne biomarkers reflecting atherosclerotic plaque burden have great potential to improve clinical management of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Using data integration from gene expression profiling of coronary thrombi versus peripheral blood mononuclear cells and proteomic analysis of atherosclerotic plaque-derived secretomes versus healthy tissue secretomes, we identified fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) as a biomarker candidate for coronary...
|
Circulating FABP4 may prove useful as a prognostic biomarker in risk stratification of patients with ACS.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"candida"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
非常感谢医生的建议，我会参考您的意见，并找到合适的医院和医生进行咨询和手术。
|
对话历史:
问: 我给宝宝断奶后，胸部就开始下垂了，特别丑，我想去做胸部整形，可以吗？
答: 您好！我是仲景智能医学助手，很高兴为您解答问题。胸部下垂在断奶后是常见的情况，不用太过担心。针对这个问题，我先给您解释一下整形手术的原理和风险，您可以参考后再做决定。
问: 好的，谢谢医生！请您介绍一下整形手术的原理和风险。
答: 整形手术通常通过手术的方式改变身体外部的形态。对于胸部下垂问题，可以选择乳房上提手术，即通过移位和提升乳房的方式使其更加挺拔。手术的原理是通过切除多余的皮肤和脂肪组织，重新塑造乳房的形状。手术风险包括麻醉反应、感染、出血、伤口愈合不良等，但是在合适的医院和经验丰富的医生指导下，手术风险可以降到最低。在进行任何手术前，您可以先咨询专业整形医生，详细了解手术的细节和风险。
问: 感谢医生的解答！除了手术之外，还有其他方法可以改善胸部下垂的问题吗？
答: 是的，除了手术外，您可以尝试一些非手术的方法来改善胸部下垂的问题。首先，保持良好的体态和姿势，正确的站姿和行走姿势可以帮助提升胸部的位置。此外，可以进行一些胸部肌肉锻炼，如俯卧撑、哑铃上举等，来增强胸部肌肉的紧致度。另外，调整内衣的选择也是重要的，选择合适的内衣能起到一定的支撑和提升作用。当然，以上方法对于轻度下垂的胸部有效，对于较为严重的下垂问题，手术可能会是更好的解决方案。
问: 谢谢医生！我觉得手术对我来说可能是一个比较好的选择，可以告诉我一些关于整形手术的注意事项吗？
答: 当然可以！在决定进行整形手术之前，您需要找到一家正规的整形医院，并选择有经验和资质的医生进行手术。术前，您需要进行详细的咨询与评估，医生会与您讨论手术的细节、预期效果、术后照顾等问题。在手术前，您需要告知医生您的过敏史、病史以及用药情况。手术后，您需要按照医生的指导进行恢复和护理，避免剧烈活动和压力，注意伤口的清洁和保护。如果手术...
|
不客气！如果您还有其他问题，随时都可以向我咨询。希望您能找到合适的解决方案，并不再为胸部下垂问题烦恼。祝您身体健康，美丽动人！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_整形美容
|
[
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is protein Kinase A-induced tamoxifen resistance mediated by anchoring protein AKAP13?
|
Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα)-positive breast cancer patients receive endocrine therapy, often in the form of tamoxifen. However, resistance to tamoxifen is frequently observed. A signalling cascade that leads to tamoxifen resistance is dictated by activation of the Protein Kinase A (PKA) pathway, which leads to phosphorylation of ERα on Serine 305 and receptor activation, following tamoxifen binding. Thus far, it remains elusive what protein complexes enable the PKA-ERα interaction resulting in...
|
We show that the PKA-anchoring protein AKAP13 is essential for the phosphorylation of ERαS305, which leads to tamoxifen resistance both in cell lines and tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"resistance"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Utility of oral valganciclovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis: does it improve treatment compliance?
|
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among heart transplant (HT) patients. Various prophylactic and preemptive treatment regimens have been used for its prevention. We sought to assess the impact of oral valganciclovir on CMV prophylaxis in HT patients. A retrospective analysis of 536 consecutive HT patients at our institution allowed selection of subjects eligible for prophylaxis based on CMV serology (donor positive/recipient negative). Treatment co...
|
Oral valganciclovir facilitated treatment compliance in prophylaxis for CMV without being inferior to other prophylactic therapies.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cmv",
"cytomegalovirus",
"infection"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do fukutin gene mutations cause dilated cardiomyopathy with minimal muscle weakness?
|
The fukutin gene (FKTN) is the causative gene for Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy, characterized by rather homogeneous clinical features of severe muscle wasting and hypotonia from early infancy with mental retardation. In contrast with the severe dystrophic involvement of skeletal muscle, cardiac insufficiency is quite rare. Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy is one of the disorders associated with glycosylation defects of alpha-dystroglycan, an indispensable molecule for i...
|
FKTN mutations could cause much wider spectrum of clinical features than previously perceived, including familial dilated cardiomyopathy and mildest limb girdle muscular dystrophy.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does prevalence and correlate of elder mistreatment in a community-dwelling population of U.S. Chinese older adults?
|
This study aimed to examine the prevalence and correlates of elder mistreatment among U.S. Chinese older adults. Data were drawn from the Population-Based Study of ChINese Elderly (PINE) study, a population-based epidemiological survey of 3,159 U.S. Chinese older adults in the Greater Chicago area. The study design was guided by a community-based participatory research approach. This study found a prevalence of 15.0% for elder mistreatment among community-dwelling Chinese older adults. In additi...
|
Elder mistreatment is prevalent among U.S. Chinese older adults. The findings point to a pressing need for researchers, community service workers, health care providers, and policy makers to increase efforts on reducing elder mistreatment in U.S. Chinese communities.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Are annual blood tests in preschool cystic fibrosis patients worthwhile?
|
Retrospective review of the results of the first annual assessment blood tests of patients with CF less than 5 years of age during a four year period (1995-99). Management changes were identified from a follow up letter to the general practitioner or local paediatrician. A total of 169 patients (100 female), median age 2.2 years (range 0.3-4.9) were identified. Venepuncture was successful in 93% of patients. Of the 32 individual blood parameters measured, the overall success rate in obtaining a ...
|
These results support the recommendations for routine blood tests at annual review in preschool CF children. The results may help to rationalise which tests are performed and thus reduce laboratory costs.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
明白了，我会注意健康生活方式的调整，并咨询专业医生的意见。非常感谢您的帮助！
|
对话历史:
问: 医生您好，我想了解一下延迟射精的方法有哪些?
答: 您好！针对延迟射精问题，有多种方法可以尝试。首先，我们可以考虑心理治疗。心理治疗可以帮助您了解自身问题所在，学习控制情绪和行为，从而减少射精冲动。您是否有对您的性生活方式方面的问题或焦虑感？
问: 其实我有时候会比较焦虑，并且急于尽早满足伴侣的需求。
答: 明白了，焦虑和时间压力可能是导致您射精过早的主要原因之一。在行为治疗方面，我们可以帮助您培养射精控制的技巧。例如，在性行为过程中，您可以尝试进行深呼吸或者转移注意力等方式，来延长射精的时间。这样有助于减轻焦虑感和提高性持久力。
问: 好的，我会尝试一下深呼吸和转移注意力来延缓射精的时间。不过除此之外，药物治疗或手术治疗方面有什么推荐吗？
答: 对于药物治疗方面，我们可以考虑使用局部麻醉剂，例如利多卡因凝胶，这种药物可以减轻敏感度，延长射精时间。另外，口服药物方面，麻黄素和心得安都有一定的效果。至于手术治疗，可以考虑使用阴茎背深静脉结扎术或者阴茎背神经选择性切断术，来减少射精的冲动。
问: 谢谢医生的建议，我会考虑尝试一下药物和手术治疗。但是，我担心过度依赖这些方法会对身体健康造成不良影响。
答: 担心是正常的，确实过度依赖这些方法可能会对身体健康造成不良影响。因此，在采取任何方法之前，请务必咨询专业医生的建议。此外，调整生活习惯，保持跟伴侣的沟通，以及适量的运动和饮食调理也是很重要的。
|
不客气，我很高兴能够帮助到您。若有其他问题，随时向我咨询。希望您能找到适合的方法，改善您的性生活。祝您身体健康！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_外科
|
[
"培养"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is vitamin D deficiency associated with impaired disease control in asthma-COPD overlap syndrome patients?
|
The association between vitamin D and clinical parameters in obstructive lung diseases (OLDs), including COPD and bronchial asthma, was previously investigated. As asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) is a new clinical entity, the prevalence of vitamin D levels in ACOS is unknown. Our aim was to assess the levels of circulating vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]) in different OLDs, including ACOS patients, and its correlation with clinical parameters. A total of 106 men and women (control, ...
|
Vitamin D deficiency is present in ACOS patients and circulating 25(OH)D level may affect disease control and severity.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does postoperative Increased Loading lead to an Alteration in the Radiological Mechanical Axis After Total Knee Arthroplasty?
|
Standing long-leg radiographs allow assessment of the mechanical axis in the frontal plane before and after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). An alteration in loading, and hence in the forces acting on the knee joint, occurs postoperatively. We therefore postulated that the mechanical axis measured in the long-leg standing radiograph would change within the first year after TKA. Standing long-leg radiographs of 156 patients were performed 7 days, 3 months, and 12 months after TKA with determination...
|
Measured by a standing long-leg radiograph, the frontal mechanical axis after TKA changes over time. The predictive power of a standing long-leg radiograph in the first week after surgery is limited because limb loading is altered because of pain and is therefore nonphysiological. The actual mechanical axis resulting after TKA can only be assessed in a standing long-leg radiograph at physiological loading.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Thyroid analytes TSH, FT3 and FT4 in serum of healthy elderly subjects as measured by the Roche modular system: do we need age and gender dependent reference levels?
|
Age and gender may be involved in the regulation of TSH and thyroid hormones. Reliable investigations concerned with the matter of whether or not these factors are of importance for diagnostic evaluation of the thyroid function are scarce. We used serum values of the CARLA study to calculate reference intervals for TSH, FT3, and FT4 and examine these parameters for their association with age or gender. The CARLA study included 967 men and 812 women aged 45 to 83 years. We defined a reference gro...
|
The decreased TSH and FT3 levels with increasing age suggest a diagnostically relevant modification in the feed back regulation of thyroid function of the elderly. FT3 data should thus be interpreted gender-dependent and even age-dependent for males. These findings should be considered for the diagnostic examination of older patients with suspected disorders of thyroid function.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
为什么针对一种类型的肉毒毒素抗毒素不能有效中和其他类型的毒素？
|
肉毒毒素存在7种抗原性不同的血清型（A～G型），各型之间氨基酸序列差异显著，导致其抗原表位不同。因此，由某一型毒素诱导产生的特异性抗体或使用的抗毒素仅能识别并中和对应的血清型，对其他型别缺乏交叉保护作用。例如，A型抗毒素无法中和B型或E型毒素，这要求在治疗前尽可能明确毒素类型，以选择正确的多价抗毒素制剂。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/哈里森感染病学/哈里森感染病学.md
|
机制原理
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
Do [ Hepatitis B virus P22 ( e ) inhibit hepatocyte apoptosis via nuclear factor kappa B ]?
|
To test whether nuclear factor kappa B plays an important role in the apoptosis-inhibitory effect of hepatitis B virus (HBV) P22(e) protein. HepG2 cells were transfected with recombination plasmid pEGFP-HBVP22(e). The Act-D and TNF alpha were used to induce apoptosis. NF-kappa B inhibitor ALLN were used to inhibit the signaling pathway. The activation of NF-kappa B was EMSA, and the nulear translocation of NF-kappa B was determined by immuno-staining. Laser scanning confocal microscopy and EMSA ...
|
This study indicates that HBV P22(e) protein inhibits apoptosis of hepatocyte via the NF-kappa B signaling pathway.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"hepatitis b",
"virus"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Are expression of telomerase and telomere length unaffected by either age or limb regeneration in Danio rerio?
|
The zebrafish is an increasingly popular model for studying many aspects of biology. Recently, ztert, the zebrafish homolog of the mammalian telomerase gene has been cloned and sequenced. In contrast to humans, it has been shown that the zebrafish maintains telomerase activity for much of its adult life and has remarkable regenerative capacity. To date, there has been no longitudinal study to assess whether this retention of telomerase activity equates to the retention of chromosome telomere len...
|
In contrast to several other species including humans, the retention of lifelong telomerase and telomeres, as we have reported here, would be necessary in the zebrafish to maintain its tremendous regenerative capacity. The ongoing study of the zebrafish's ability to maintain telomerase activity may be helpful in unraveling the complexity involved in the maintenance (or lack thereof) of telomeres in other species such the mouse or human.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is the small heat shock protein ( HSP ) 20 dynamically associated with the actin cross-linking protein actinin?
|
The heat shock-related protein (HSP) 20 is associated with actin and modulates smooth-muscle relaxation. We hypothesized that HSP20 mediates vasorelaxation via dynamic interactions with cytoskeletal proteins, such as actin, or actin binding proteins, such as alpha-actinin. Physiological responses of strips of bovine carotid artery were analyzed with a muscle bath. In other experiments, the arteries were homogenized, and imunoprecipitations were performed. Immunohistochemistry with anti-HSP20 and...
|
HSP20 is associated with both actin and alpha-actinin. Activation of cyclic nucleotide-dependent signaling pathways leads to increases in the phosphorylation of HSP20 and a decrease in the association of HSP20 with alpha-actinin. These data suggest that phosphorylation of HSP20 may lead to relaxation of vascular smooth muscles through a dynamic association with cytoskeletal elements.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Which of the following is not a pa of classical triad of Symptoms of diabetes?
|
A. Polyuria
B. Polyphagia
C. Polydipsia
D. Weight loss
|
正确答案: C. Polydipsia
解释: Classic triad of Diabetes Mellitus are polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased appetite and ingestion), and polyuria (increased urination caused by osmotic diuresis) Ref - Harrison's internal medicine 20e pg 2850 chapter396
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does salvianic acid A inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis through regulating glutathione peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde level in vascular endothelial cells?
|
To find out the role of salvianic acid A (SAA) in the protection of vascular endothelial cells (VEC) and its possible mechanism in vitro. The ingredient at various concentrations was added to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) treated with 0.5 μmol·L(-1) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. Apoptotic morphological changes of cells were observed under inverted phase contrast microscope; the cell viability was quantified using MTT assay. Nuclear fragmentation of cells was observed under ...
|
SAA exerts protective effect on VEC induced by LPS via an antioxidative mechanism.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Screening are for trachoma is:
|
A. Below 5 years school child only
B. 1-9 years
C. 9-14 years
D. 5-15 years
|
正确答案: A. Below 5 years school child only
解释: Ans. b. 1-9 years
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does interleukin-6 augment hepatocyte growth factor-induced liver regeneration ; involvement of STAT3 activation?
|
In liver regeneration, quiescent hepatocytes need to be primed before they can fully respond to growth factors such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Recently, interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been shown to play an important role in initiating liver regeneration via activating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). We therefore investigated the effect of IL-6 on liver regeneration and examined STAT3 activation following IL-6 and/or HGF treatment in rats. The animals underwent porta...
|
IL-6 augmented HGF-induced liver regeneration and hepatocellular replication. Liver regeneration stimulated by HGF treatment may be closely involved with STAT3 activation in a different manner induced by IL-6 treatment.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does infiltration of Local Anesthesia at Wound Site after Single-Incision Laparoscopic Colectomy reduce Postoperative Pain and Analgesic Usage?
|
Minimally invasive laparoscopy provides faster recovery, less pain, fewer complications, and better cosmesis than laparotomy. We aimed to evaluate outcomes of postoperative local anesthesia infiltration at the single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) wound. This prospective, non-randomized controlled study evaluated outcomes of 58 colorectal cancer cases receiving SILS from May 2010 to December 2010. Twenty-nine patients received postoperative infiltration of local anesthesia at the wound sit...
|
Our results provide further evidence of SILS safety. Local anesthesia infiltration at SILS wounds decreases postoperative wound pain and analgesic usage.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do topical glucocorticoids downregulate COX-1 positive cells in nasal polyps?
|
Influx of inflammatory cells is one of the hallmarks of nasal polyposis. As glucocorticoids (GC) are known to exhibit strong anti-inflammatory effects, these drugs are frequently used in the treatment of the disease. Part of the anti-inflammatory effects of GC is attributed to their interference with prostanoid synthesis. As cyclooxygenases (COX) are key enzymes in the synthesis of both pro- (COX-1, COX-2) and anti-inflammatory prostanoids (COX-2), we investigated the role of topical GC on COX-1...
|
Topical GC significantly reduce the number of COX-1+ NP cells (P < 0.05), but have no significant effect on COX-2+ NP cells. No significant reduction in the number of eosinophils is observed for GC treated NP. The number of IL-5+ cells is however increased significantly upon GC treatment (P < 0.05).
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Which or face presentation :
|
A. Anencephaly
B. Contracted pelvis
C. Thyroid swelling
D. All
|
正确答案: C. Thyroid swelling
解释: Ans is a, b and c i.e. Anencephaly, Contracted pelvis and thyroid I know it is difficult to mug up the causes of different malpresentations. To help you out I am telling you an easy way to remember the causes of face presentation. Causes or I-ace presentation : A. Causes similar in face and breech presentation : D - IUD A - Anencephaly M - Multiparity P - Prematurity B. Causes related to neck : Tumour of neck (Congenital branchocele, congenital goitre). Twist of the cord round the neck. Increased tone of extensor group of neck muscles. C. Other causes : Lateral obliquity of uterus Contracted pelvis/Flat pelvis Remember : Most common congenital arnomaly associated with face presentation is Anencephaly.deg
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
好的，我会注意这些方面的观察。非常感谢您的帮助！
|
对话历史:
问: 医生，我有一个问题想问您。我家的宝宝一个月大了，最近出现了黄疸的情况。我想知道，一个月大的婴儿黄疸的正常值是多少呢？
答: 您好！黄疸在新生儿期是常见的情况。一般来说，新生儿在出生后的头几天内会出现生理性黄疸，这是正常的现象。至于一个月大的婴儿黄疸的正常值，我们可以根据黄疸总胆红素（TB）的测量结果来判断。
问: 哦，原来如此。那么请问，黄疸总胆红素的正常范围是多少呢？
答: 婴儿的正常黄疸总胆红素水平是在1.5毫克/分升以下。如果宝宝的黄疸总胆红素测量值超过了这个范围，就可能需要进一步的检查和治疗。不过，要注意的是，黄疸的严重程度不仅取决于黄疸总胆红素水平，还与其他因素如出生时的体重、喂养情况等有关。因此，最好联系儿科医生进行详细的检查和评估。
问: 好的，我明白了。但是，我还想了解一下，如果宝宝的黄疸超过了正常范围，有什么可能的原因呢？
答: 黄疸超过正常范围的原因有很多可能性。其中最常见的原因是生理性黄疸，这是因为新生儿体内的胆红素代谢功能尚未完全成熟所致。此外，其他可能的原因包括乳房喂养不足、红细胞溶血、感染性疾病、肝脏疾病等。如果宝宝的黄疸超过了正常范围，建议您及时咨询儿科医生进行专业的诊断和治疗。
问: 非常感谢您的解答！你提到了乳房喂养不足可能导致黄疸，那我应该如何判断宝宝是否吃得足够呢？
答: 对于判断宝宝是否吃得足够，可以从以下几个方面来观察：首先，宝宝的体重增长情况是一个重要指标，正常情况下，宝宝出生后应该在前几个星期内迅速增加体重。其次，请注意宝宝排尿和排便的情况，正常情况下，宝宝应该每天排尿多于六次，并且排便颜色逐渐变黄。此外，宝宝在吃奶后是否精神饱满、表现出满足的表情也是一个参考指标。如果您对宝宝的喂养情况有任何疑问或担忧，建议及时咨询儿科医生。
|
不客气，我很高兴能为您解答疑惑。如果以后还有其他问题，随时可以来向我咨询。祝您和宝宝健康快乐！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_儿科
|
[
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is abundant L-type calcium channel Ca ( v ) 1.3 ( alpha1D ) subunit mRNA detected in rod photoreceptors of the mouse retina via in situ hybridization?
|
Mutations in the CACNA1F gene encoding the L-type calcium channel pore-forming Ca(v)1.4 (alpha1F) subunit in humans result in an incomplete form of congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB2) with residual photoreceptor function. It has been postulated that this residual function, at least in part, may be mediated by another L-type calcium channel subunit, Ca(v)1.3 (alpha1D), expressed within cone photoreceptors. However, the expression of the calcium channel Ca(v)1.3 (alpha1D) subunit within ...
|
Our finding of expression of the L-type calcium channel Ca(v)1.3 (alpha1D) subunit mRNA in rods substantiates the possibility that this pore-forming subunit may be a competent component of channels mediating the residual photoreceptor responses observed in mutant mice lacking functional Ca(v)1.4 (alpha1F) subunits and in humans with CSNB2. Furthermore, the combined observations of abundant expression of Ca(v)1.3 (alpha1D) mRNA in wild type rods and the large reduction in the transmission of photoreceptor responses in mice lacking Ca(v)1.4 (alpha1F) raises the possibility that Ca(v)1.3 (alpha1D) protein expression levels, localization, or functioning might be concomitantly altered by disruption of the Ca(v)1.4 (alpha1F) subunit in rods. To date, no studies of Ca(v)1.3 (alpha1D) mRNA nor protein expression levels or localization in cacna1f mutant mice or humans with CSNB2 have been published. Our findings warrant such studies to address the abovementioned possibilities. Finally, the observation of Ca(v)1.3 (alpha1D) mRNA expression in multiple retinal cell types suggests the potential for a broader role for this L-type calcium channel subunit in overall functioning of the normal retina than previously appreciated. We therefore suggest that lesions in either the gene encoding the L-type calcium channel Ca(v)1.3 (alpha1D) subunit or other molecules that interact with and regulate it may underlie one or more retinopathies with currently unidentified molecular etiologies.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
温度和pH值对呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）稳定性有何影响？
|
RSV对温度和pH变化敏感。在55℃时病毒可迅速被灭活；37℃环境下24小时后，90%的病毒将失去感染能力。因此，标本必须冷藏运输。此外，低pH环境会导致病毒快速失活，RSV最适稳定pH为7.5，偏离此范围尤其是酸性条件会破坏病毒包膜结构，影响其感染性和检测结果的准确性。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/临床微生物学手册_下/临床微生物学手册_下.md
|
病毒生物学特性
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
Are Changes in Heart Rate Variability in Middle-Aged and Older People Normative or Caused by Pathological Conditions?
|
No study to date has investigated longitudinal trajectories of cardiac autonomic modulation changes with aging; therefore, we lack evidence showing whether these changes occur naturally or are secondary to disease or medication use. This study tested whether heart rate variability (HRV) trajectories from middle to older age are largely normative or caused by pathological changes with aging in a large prospective cohort. We further assessed whether HRV changes were modified by socioeconomic statu...
|
Our investigation showed a general pattern and timing of changes in indices of cardiac autonomic modulation from middle to older age. These changes seem likely to reflect the normal aging process rather than being secondary to cardiometabolic problems and medication use.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Infant with cystic fibrosis (CF) are likely to develop – a) Meconitun ileusb) Loose motionsc) Vomitingd) Constipation
|
A. b
B. c
C. ac
D. ad
|
正确答案: C. ac
解释: Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) is a hereditary disease affecting the exocrine (mucus) glands of the lungs, liver, pancreas and intestines, causing progressive disability due to multisystem failure.
It has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.
Pathogenesis
The basic defect in CF is a mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene that regulates chloride conductance channel in the outer membrane of exocrine glands.
Mutation in the CFTR gene
↓
Dysfunction of chloride conductance channel of exocrine glands
↓
Lack of chloride conduction
↓
Secretion of glands becomes more viscous and thick
↓
Blockade of respiratory tract and ducts of exocrine
glands by thick viscid mucus
↓
Manifestations of CF
Clinical manifestations
1) Lungs and sinus disease
Sinusitis
Bronchiectasis
Lower respiratory tract infection
Nasal polyps
Chronic lung disease
Pulmonary hypertension → can cause heart failure
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
2) GIT, Liver and pancreas
Meconium ileus
Rectal prolapse
Malabsorption
Pancreatitis
Constipation
Intussusception
Meconium peritonitis
Bile duct obstruction and biliary cirrhosis
3) Endocrine and growth
Diabetes
Osteoporosis
Poor growth
4) Infertility
In men due to the absence of vas deference
In women due to thick cervical mucus.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre",
"infection"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
A 64-year-old man presents to his physician 6 months after experiencing a myocardial infarction. The patient currently denies any symptoms and is only in for a check up. The patient's past medical history is notable for diabetes (type II), obesity, hypertension and cyclothymia. His current medications are hydrocholorthiazide, metoprolol, metformin, insulin, fluoxetine, and fish oil. On physical exam you note a calm elderly man who is moderately obese and in no current distress. The patient's cardiovascular exam is notable for a S4 heart sound. The patients lab work is below.
Serum:
Na+: 140 mEq/L
Cl-: 100 mEq/L
K+: 4.4 mEq/L
HCO3-: 23 mEq/L
BUN: 20 mg/dL
Glucose: 120 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.6 mg/dL
Ca2+: 10.1 mg/dL
AST: 11 U/L
ALT: 9 U/L
Cholesterol: 190 mg/dL
Triglycerides: 150 mg/dL
High density lipoprotein associated cholesterol: 11 mg/dL
Low density lipoprotein associated cholesterol: 149 mg/dL
The physician updates the patient's medication regimen after this visit.
The patient returns 2 weeks later and presents his blood glucose diary to you demonstrating a mean blood glucose of 167 mg/dL. He is also complaining of flushing that occurs occasionally but otherwise is doing well. Which of the following is most likely to alleviate this patient's current symptom?
|
A. GLUT-4 insertion in cell membranes
B. Inhibition of angiotensin II formation
C. Irreversible inactivation of cyclooxygenase
D. Decreased inhibition of HMG CoA reductase
|
正确答案: C. Irreversible inactivation of cyclooxygenase
|
medqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is decrease in coronary blood flow reserve during hyperlipidemia secondary to an increase in blood viscosity?
|
During maximal hyperemia, capillaries provide the greatest resistance to flow. A major determinant of capillary resistance is viscosity. We, therefore, hypothesized that abnormal coronary blood flow (CBF) reserve observed during hyperlipidemia is secondary to increased blood viscosity and not abnormal coronary vasomotion. Maximal hyperemia was induced in 9 dogs using adenosine. Serum triglyceride levels were increased by incremental doses of Intralipid. A good correlation was noted between serum...
|
Increasing lipid levels in a fully dilated normal coronary bed causes no change in large or small vessel dimensions. Instead, the increase in blood viscosity causes capillary resistance to rise, which attenuates hyperemic CBF. Therefore, the abnormal CBF reserve associated with hyperlipidemia is due to increase blood viscosity and not abnormal vascular function.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"resistance"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Are the bispectral index and suppression ratio very early predictors of neurological outcome during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest?
|
To evaluate the bispectral index (BIS) and suppression ratio (SR) as very early predictors of neurological outcome during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Demographic data, BIS1, and SR1 were recorded from 97 patients after the first dose of neuromuscular blockade, with outcomes blinded, and compared to the discharge Cerebral Performance Category (CPC). Receiver-operator characteristic curves and a multiple logistic regression model were constructed to predict good (CPC 1-2, GO) and...
|
In our single-center cohort utilizing moderate sedation, the bispectral index and suppression ratio recorded after the first dose of intermittent neuromuscular blockade were accurate and very early predictors of neurological outcome during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does ability of an upright-supine test to differentiate skew deviation from other vertical strabismus cause?
|
To determine the sensitivity and specificity of a new upright-supine test to differentiate skew deviation from trochlear nerve palsy and other causes of vertical strabismus in a large number of patients. The study consisted of 125 consecutive patients who sought treatment from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2010, for vertical strabismus of various causes: skew deviation (25 patients), trochlear nerve palsy (58 patients), restrictive causes (14 patients), and other causes (eg, myasthenia g...
|
The upright-supine test is highly specific for differentiating skew deviation from other causes of vertical strabismus. This test could be added as a fourth step after the 3-step test, and if the result is positive, neuroimaging should be considered if indicated clinically.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
该样本中占主导地位的微生物有哪些？存在哪些值得注意的结果？
|
样本ID: 3336
|
样本微生物组成分析：
**主要菌群组成：**
- Bacteroides xylanisolvens (11.4%)
- Roseburia faecis (11.1%)
- Parabacteroides distasonis (9.0%)
- Bifidobacterium longum (7.3%)
- Shigella flexneri (4.7%)
**多样性评估：**
- Shannon指数为3.645，表明菌群多样性非常高
- 物种丰富度：440个物种
**关键发现：**
- 菌群多样性良好，微生态平衡
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
3336
|
overview
|
basic
|
[
"Bacteroides xylanisolvens (11.4%)",
"Roseburia faecis (11.1%)",
"Parabacteroides distasonis (9.0%)"
] |
该样本的主要微生物组成是什么？有哪些值得关注的发现？
|
Does attenuation of NF-kappaB signalling in rat cardiomyocytes at birth restrict the induction of inflammatory genes?
|
The expression of inflammatory genes in the heart plays an important role in organ dysfunction. However, the contribution of cardiomyocytes to this process, and in particular to the synthesis of high concentrations of nitric oxide and prostaglandins, has not been analyzed in detail. For this reason, cultured isolated cardiomyocytes were used to evaluate the response to pro-inflammatory stimuli. Isolated cultured foetal, neonatal, and adult rat cardiomyocytes were stimulated with lipopolysacchari...
|
Neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes are resistant to the expression of pro-inflammatory genes due to impairment in the activation of IkappaB kinase, a process that might contribute to preventing rapid organ dysfunction in the course of various inflammatory pathologies, such as septic shock and myocarditis.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti",
"culture"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Bruxism is seen in
|
A. NREM stage 1, 2
B. NREM stage 3, 4
C. REM
D. Any of the above
|
正确答案: A. NREM stage 1, 2
解释: Parasomnias Parasomnias are dysfunctions or episodic nocturnal events occurring with sleep, sleep stages or paial arousals. These disorders occur during deep sleep, i.e. Stages 3 and 4 of NREM-sleep. The common Stage 4 parasomnias are: 1. Sleep-walking ( somnambulism): The patient carries out automatic motor activities that range from simple to complex. He may leave the bed, walk about or leave the house. Arousal is difficult and accidents may occur during sleep-walking. 2. Sleep-terrors or night terrors ( pavor nocturnus): The patient suddenly gets up screaming with autonomic arousal (tachycardia, sweating and hyperventilation). He may be difficult to arouse and rarely recalls the episode on awakening. 3. Sleep-related enuresis (bedwetting): 4. Bruxism (teeth-grinding): The patient has an involuntary and forceful grinding of teeth during sleep. Though the bed paner repos loud sounds produced by grinding of teeth and destruction of the tooth enamel is obvious, the patient remains completely unaware of the episode(s). 5. Sleep-talking ( somniloquy): The patient talks during stages 3 and 4 of sleep but does not remember anything about it in the morning on awakening. Treatment Since benzodiazepines suppress stage 4 of NREM sleep, a single dose at bedtime usually provides relief from stage 4 parasomnias. Ref: A Sho Textbook of Psychiatry, Niraj Ahuja, 7th Edition, pg. no. 140
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is expansion of HIV screening to non-clinical venues aided by the use of dried blood spots for Western blot confirmation?
|
HIV rapid testing programs in New York State (NYS) are required to collect a specimen for confirmation of a preliminary positive result; however, some venues have limited capacity to collect venous blood, and confirmation using oral fluid is restricted by cost and availability. To evaluate the feasibility of using dried blood spots (DBS) at non-clinical HIV rapid testing sites for Western blot testing. The New York State Department of Health facilitated registration of 48 non-clinical HIV test s...
|
Compared to venous blood, the percentage of rapid test referral specimens with a positive Western blot was significantly greater for DBS specimens and the frequency of unsatisfactory specimens did not differ significantly. These results indicate that DBS are a suitable alternative to venous blood for confirmation of HIV rapid tests conducted at non-clinical sites.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"HIV",
"cre",
"hiv"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
该样本的微生物谱是什么？有哪些具有潜在意义的发现？
|
样本ID: 2711
|
样本微生物组成分析：
**主要菌群组成：**
- Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans (6.2%)
- Alistipes onderdonkii (6.2%)
- Alistipes putredinis (4.8%)
- Bacteroides stercoris (3.9%)
- Hungatella effluvii (3.7%)
**多样性评估：**
- Shannon指数为4.636，表明菌群多样性非常高
- 物种丰富度：492个物种
**关键发现：**
- 菌群多样性良好，微生态平衡
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
2711
|
overview
|
basic
|
[
"Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans (6.2%)",
"Alistipes onderdonkii (6.2%)",
"Alistipes putredinis (4.8%)"
] |
该样本的主要微生物组成是什么？有哪些值得关注的发现？
|
Does helminth infection increase the probability of indeterminate QuantiFERON gold in tube results in pregnant women?
|
Approximately one-third of the world population is infected with M. tuberculosis and helminths (Kariminia et al. (2009), Walson et al. (2010)). Pregnancy and Helminth infection are known to suppress the TH1 response (Kariminia et al. (2009), Elias et al. (2006)) on which the QuantiFERON Gold in Tube (QFT-GIT) assay, that measures the released IFN-γ upon in vitro stimulation with mycobacterial antigens, relies on (Thomas et al. (2010)). To determine whether QFT-GIT indeterminate result is signifi...
|
Helminth infections were significantly associated with indeterminate QFT-GIT results in pregnant mothers. Therefore further study is important to evaluate the possible effect of helminth infection by excluding the effect of pregnancy, as pregnancy also downregulates cellular immunity.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"mycobacteria",
"bacteria"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
根据该样本的菌群多样性指标，可以得出怎样的结论？是否存在微生物群落失调？
|
样本ID: NTC20250216-MLSE202502090010
|
菌群多样性分析：
**多样性指标解读：**
- Shannon指数：2.913
多样性良好，菌群结构相对平衡
- Simpson指数：0.896
均匀度高，物种分布较为均衡
- 物种丰富度：153种
**菌群平衡状态评估：**
菌群状态基本正常，持续监测即可。
**可能原因分析：**
- 当前无明显异常因素
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
NTC20250216-MLSE202502090010
|
interpretation
|
intermediate
|
[] |
该样本的菌群多样性指标表明什么？是否存在菌群失调？
|
Do kalrn promoter usage and isoform expression respond to chronic cocaine exposure?
|
The long-term effects of cocaine on behavior are accompanied by structural changes in excitatory glutamatergic synapses onto the medium spiny neurons of the striatum. The Kalrn gene encodes several functionally distinct isoforms; these multidomain guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) contain additional domains known to interact with phosphatidylinositides as well as with a number of different proteins. Through their activation of Rho proteins and their interactions with other proteins, the...
|
Kalrn promoter and 3'-terminal exon utilization are region-specific. In the nucleus accumbens, cocaine-mediated alterations in promoter usage and 3'-terminal exon usage favor expression of Kalirin 7 and Δ-Kalirin 7. The Δ-isoform, which lacks a Sec14p domain and four of the nine spectrin-like repeats found in full-length Kalirin isoforms, increases spine headsize without increasing dendritic spine numbers. Thus cocaine-mediated changes in alternative splicing of the Kalrn gene may contribute importantly to the behavioral, morphological and biochemical responses observed.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
听起来手术风险还是比较高的，是否还有其他治疗方法可以选择呢？
|
对话历史:
问: 医生，我最近被诊断出来有肾上腺腺瘤，但是我没有明显的症状。现在情况是在医院输液治疗，我想知道是否需要做手术？
答: 您好！对于肾上腺腺瘤的治疗，我们一般需要综合考虑多个因素来确定是否需要手术。首先，我们会考虑肾上腺腺瘤的大小、类型以及对您身体的影响程度。除此之外，我们还需要评估病变的恶性潜能以及您的一般健康状况。
问: 那么，肾上腺腺瘤有哪些可能的症状呢？
答: 肾上腺腺瘤的症状可以因瘤体大小、激素分泌功能和位置等因素而不同。一些常见的肾上腺腺瘤症状包括高血压、心悸、头痛、多尿、肥胖、易怒等。然而，有些患者可能没有任何明显的症状，这也是为什么会有无症状的发现。
问: 那么，我目前没有明显的症状，是否意味着我的肾上腺腺瘤是良性的呢？
答: 好问题！尽管没有明显症状，但无法确定肾上腺腺瘤的性质，即良性或恶性。为了确诊，我们会进行一些进一步的检查，如血液检验、影像学检查（如MRI、CT等）或活检。这些检查有助于了解瘤体的性质和特点，从而为合理治疗提供依据。
问: 那么，如果我需要手术，手术后有哪些后遗症或并发症需要注意呢？
答: 手术过程中会尽可能减少并发症的风险，但仍然存在一定的风险。肾上腺腺瘤手术的潜在风险包括出血、感染、麻醉相关的问题以及手术部位的损伤等。此外，手术后可能出现的一些后遗症包括激素平衡失调、低血压、肾上腺皮质功能不全等。但请放心，医生们会根据个人情况制定手术计划，并在手术前进行充分的评估和准备，以降低风险。
|
是的，手术并不是唯一的治疗选择。对于一些较小的、功能无明显异常的肾上腺腺瘤，我们可能采取观察和定期检查的方式进行管理。此外，对于那些需要治疗的患者，还可以考虑放射治疗、激素治疗或肾上腺腺瘤消融术等非手术方式。具体的治疗方案需要根据您的具体情况来确定，我建议您与医生进行进一步的讨论和评估。
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_肿瘤科
|
[
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
非常感谢您的建议，我会尽快去医院进行检查和采取防护措施的。
|
对话历史:
问: 我最近和我的伴侣发生了一次高风险性行为，我很担心会得上尖锐湿疣，想问一下尖锐湿疣的潜伏期是多久呢？
答: 您好！对于尖锐湿疣的潜伏期，一般来说是九个月左右。尖锐湿疣是一种生殖器官的疣状病变，但并非所有尖锐湿疣都具有相同的潜伏期，有些可能更短，也有些可能更长。
问: 那是不是只有通过病毒检查才能明确诊断尖锐湿疣呢？
答: 是的，尖锐湿疣的确诊需要进行病毒检查。您可以通过皮肤或粘膜的检测来确定是否感染了尖锐湿疣病毒。尤其是对于有高风险性行为和高风险性交历史的人来说，定期做病毒检查是非常重要的。
问: 如果我想尽早发现是否患有尖锐湿疣，应该怎么办呢？
答: 如果您担心患上尖锐湿疣，可以尽早前往医院进行检查。医生会通过病毒检查帮助您明确是否感染了尖锐湿疣病毒。如果检查结果没有病毒的话，那就不会有尖锐湿疣。而如果已经感染了该病毒，医生会根据具体情况提供相应的治疗方案和预防建议。
问: 除了定期进行病毒检查，还有其他什么预防尖锐湿疣的方法吗？
答: 除了定期病毒检查外，还可以采取以下预防措施：避免与尖锐湿疣患者发生性接触、使用安全套等避孕措施、保持个人卫生、提高身体免疫力。此外，尖锐湿疣还可以通过疫苗预防，您可以咨询医生是否适合接种相关疫苗。
|
不客气，预防和早期发现尖锐湿疣非常重要，祝您健康！如果还有其他问题，随时可以咨询我。
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_皮肤科
|
[
"病毒",
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
A 25-year-old girl had splenomegaly, leucopenia, fever, and died in a few days. Longitudinal ulcers were found in intestine. What should be the probable diagnosis
|
A. Tuberculosis
B. Hemorrhagic fever
C. Amoebiasis
D. Enteric fever
|
正确答案: C. Amoebiasis
解释: Splenomegaly, leucopenia, fever, and longitudinal ulcers in intestine are characteristic features of enteric fever. The term enteric fever includes typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi and paratyphoid fever caused by Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C. As bile is a good culture medium for bacilli, they multiply abundantly in the gallbladder and are discharged continuously into the intestine, where it causes inflammation and necrosis leaving behind the characteristic typhoid ulcers. Ulceration of the bowel leads to two major complications: intestinal perforation and hemorrhage. The typical features are step ladder pyrexia with relative bradycardia and toxemia. A soft palpable spleen is a constant finding. Hepatosplenomegaly is also common. Rose spots that fade on pressure appear on the skin during the second or third week. Reference: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology Tenth edition
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"salmonella",
"culture"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does polyamine depletion induce G1 and S phase arrest in human retinoblastoma Y79 cells?
|
Polyamines and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) are essential for cell proliferation. DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a synthetic inhibitor of ODC, induces G1 arrest through dephosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb). The effect of DFMO on cell growth of pRb deficient cells is not known. We examined the effects of DFMO on pRb deficient human retinoblastoma Y79 cell proliferation and its molecular mechanism. Using cultured Y79 cells, the effects of DFMO were studied by using polyamin...
|
These results indicate that p107 dephosphorylation and accumulation of p107/E2F-4 complex is involved in G1 and S phase arrest of DFMO treated Y79 cells.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"culture"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Are circulating levels of cell-derived microparticles reduced by mild hypobaric hypoxia : data from a randomised controlled trial?
|
Hypoxia is known to induce the release of microparticles in vitro. However, few publications have addressed the role of hypoxia in vivo on circulating levels of microparticles. This randomised, controlled, crossover trial aimed to determine the effect of mild hypoxia on in vivo levels of circulating microparticles in healthy individuals. Blood was obtained from 51 healthy male volunteers (mean age of 26.9 years) at baseline altitude (490 m) and after 24 and 48 h at moderate altitude (2,590 m). T...
|
In healthy male individuals, mild hypobaric hypoxia, induced by a short-term stay at moderate altitude, is associated with lower levels of procoagulant microparticles, platelet-derived microparticles and red blood cell-derived microparticles, suggesting a reduction in thrombotic potential.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Commonest site of oesophagus carcinoma is
|
A. Crico-esophageal junction
B. Middle 1/3
C. Lower 1/3
D. Upper 2/3
|
正确答案: A. Crico-esophageal junction
解释: OESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA,6 th most common carcinoma in the world, can be predisposed to dietary deficiencies, human papillomavirus infections, achalasia cardia, oesophageal webs etc.it is most commonly seen in middle third of oesophagus (50%)and also at lower third(33%) and upper third(17%).in the lower part adenocarcinoma is common .in India 90%are squamous carcinomas.dysphagia, regurgitation, anorexia, loss of weight, ascites, palpable left supraclavicular lymph nodes are the clinical features.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"infection",
"virus"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
谢谢医生，我会按照您的建议去做的。
|
对话历史:
问: 我11岁的女儿鼻子上长了好多黑头，怎么办？
答: 您好！没问题，我可以帮您解答。长黑头是一种常见的皮肤问题，不过我们可以采取一些措施来改善这个情况。首先，每天要注意维持面部的清洁卫生，用清水洗脸是一个很好的起点。
问: 我每天都让她洗脸，可是黑头还是没有消退。
答: 除了日常的洁面工作之外，还有一些其他的方法可以尝试。避免使用油性的化妆品，因为这些产品可能会加重黑头的形成。而且，如果黑头比较大，可以尝试使用珍珠粉做面膜，每周使用两次。这种面膜能够帮助去除孩子鼻子上的黑头。
问: 好的，我会尝试一下珍珠粉面膜。还有其他的建议吗？
答: 当然了！除了外部的护理，饮食方面也是要注意的。建议避免给孩子吃油腻、辛辣、刺激性的食物，多食用富含维生素C的食物，比如新鲜的蔬菜和水果，同时多喝白开水。这样有助于孩子的皮肤健康。
问: 好的，我会注意饮食的调整。可是我担心她会挤压黑头，怕会留下瘢痕。
答: 确实，挤压黑头是不合适的做法，因为挤压可能会导致细菌感染和瘢痕的形成。所以，我建议您告诉女儿不要挤压黑头。同时，适当的休息和充足的睡眠对于改善皮肤状况也非常重要哦。
|
不客气！希望我的建议对您有所帮助。如果还有其他问题，随时都可以问我。祝您和女儿身体健康！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_儿科
|
[
"感染",
"细菌"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does noninvasive detection of glutamate predict survival in pediatric medulloblastoma?
|
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor occurring in childhood and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric oncology. More intense treatment strategies are recommended for patients displaying high-risk factors; however, considerable variation in outcome remains, indicating a need for improved predictive markers. In this study, 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to investigate noninvasive molecular biomarkers of survival in medulloblastoma. MR...
|
The identification of glutamate as a predictive biomarker of survival in pediatric medulloblastoma provides a clinically viable risk factor and highlights the importance of more detailed studies into the metabolism of this disease. Noninvasive biomarker detection using MRS may offer improved disease monitoring and potential for widespread use following multicenter validation.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does continuous motor monitoring enhance functional preservation and seizure-free outcome in surgery for intractable focal epilepsy?
|
Complete yet safe resection close to motor areas in medically intractable epilepsy requires functional information. New deficit may occur despite preservation of motor cortex, e.g., through vascular compromise. Here, we explore for the first time the feasibility, safety, and the clinical value of continuous motor-evoked potential (MEP) monitoring in focal epilepsy surgery. High-frequency stimulation for MEP monitoring was performed during 100 consecutive lesionectomies critically related to moto...
|
Continuous MEP monitoring in epilepsy surgery is feasible and safe. It reflects motor function complementarily to the localizing motor mapping results. Successful MEP monitoring correlates with unimpaired motor outcome and full seizure control.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Which of these is the ideal method of removal of placenta after delivery in routine delivery cases?
|
A. Manual removal of placenta after delivery of baby
B. spontaneous separation of placenta or by controlled cord traction
C. Immediate & firm traction of cord after delivery of baby
D. Crede's method (Fundal pressure squeezing uterus to help placentalseparation anddelivery)
|
正确答案: A. Manual removal of placenta after delivery of baby
解释: Removal of placenta must be done by controlled cord traction (Brandt and Andrews method) or waiting for spontaneous placental separation. Excessive cord traction may inadveently cause uterine inversion. Credes method is obsolete because of high risk of retention of placental bits.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Statistical Use in Clinical Studies: Is There Evidence of a Methodological Shift?
|
Several studies indicate that the statistical education model and level in medical training fails to meet the demands of clinicians, especially when they want to understand published clinical research. We investigated how study designs and statistical methods in clinical studies have changed in the last twenty years, and we identified the current trends in study designs and statistical methods in clinical studies. We reviewed 838 eligible clinical study articles that were published in 1990, 2000...
|
These findings indicate that statistical measures in clinical studies are continuously developing and that the credibility of clinical study results is increasing. These findings provide information for future changes in statistical training in medical education.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
样本中的主要微生物群落构成如何？有哪些异常或重要的发现？
|
样本ID: JXEY02A035
|
样本微生物组成分析：
**主要菌群组成：**
- Pan troglodytes (17.9%)
- Actinomadura cremea (4.5%)
- Chlorocebus aethiops (4.2%)
- Pongo abelii (4.1%)
- Macaca mulatta (2.5%)
**多样性评估：**
- Shannon指数为4.279，表明菌群多样性非常高
- 物种丰富度：607个物种
**关键发现：**
- 检出 12 种潜在病原体，需重点关注
- 菌群多样性良好，微生态平衡
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
JXEY02A035
|
overview
|
basic
|
[
"Pan troglodytes (17.9%)",
"Actinomadura cremea (4.5%)",
"Chlorocebus aethiops (4.2%)"
] |
该样本的主要微生物组成是什么？有哪些值得关注的发现？
|
Do antidepressants that inhibit both serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake impair long-term potentiation in hippocampus?
|
Monoamine reuptake inhibitors can stimulate expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and alter long-term potentiation (LTP), a widely used model for the synaptic mechanisms that underlie memory formation. BDNF expression is upregulated during LTP, and BDNF in turn positively modulates LTP. Previously, we found that treatment with venlafaxine, a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), but not citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), reduced LTP in...
|
LTP is impaired by chronic treatment with antidepressant that inhibit both serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake; this impairment results from changes that are downstream of postsynaptic depolarization and calcium influx.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"ELISA",
"elisa"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Can patients with left main coronary artery disease wait for myocardial revascularization surgery?
|
To assess the occurrence of cardiac events in patients diagnosed with left main coronary artery disease on diagnostic cardiac catheterization and waiting for myocardial revascularization surgery. All patients diagnosed with left main coronary artery disease (stenosis>or = 50%) consecutively identified on diagnostic cardiac catheterization during an 8-month period were selected for the study. The group comprised 56 patients (40 males and 16 females) with a mean age of 61 10 years. The cardiac eve...
|
Unstable angina in patients with left main coronary artery disease acts as a high risk factor for cardiac events, emergency surgery being recommended in these cases.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do randomized Controlled Trial of Antiseptic Hand Hygiene Methods in an Outpatient Surgery Clinic?
|
Outpatient wound care plays an integral part in any plastic surgery practice. However, compliance with hand hygiene measures has shown to be low, due to skin irritation and lack of time. The objective of this trial was to determine whether single-use, long-acting antiseptics can be as effective as standard multiple-use hand hygiene methods in an outpatient surgical setting. A prospective, randomized controlled trial was performed in the authors' outpatient plastic surgery clinic at Rutgers New J...
|
There does not appear to be any difference in efficacy between single-use, long-acting sanitizer, and standard multiple-use hand hygiene methods. Hand bacterial counts increased significantly over the course of the 3-hour clinic session regardless of the hand hygiene measure used. Hand condition of subjects was improved with the ethyl alcohol-based sanitizer and the benzalkonium chloride-based sanitizer compared with soap-and-water handwashing.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"bacteria",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
A patient developed hemorrhagic blisters at the bite site following dog bite. Which is the most likely causative organism?
|
A. Pseudomonas spp.
B. Staphylococcus aureus
C. Capnocytophaga canimorsus
D. Pasteurella spp.
|
正确答案: A. Pseudomonas spp.
解释: Ans. B. Staphylococcus aureusExplanationAmong animal bites, dog bites are most common, followed by cat bites.Approximately 15 to 20% of dog bite wounds and more than 50% of cat bite wounds become infected.For dog bite infections, Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcal species are the most commonly isolated pathogens, with Pasteurella and other organisms next in frequency.For cat bite infections, Pasteurella spp. are the most common pathogens.The zoonotic species Capnocytophaga canimorsus and C. cynodegmi are normal inhabitants of the oral cavity of dogs and cats. Zoonotic-associated infections arise via exogenous introduction of bacteria into wounds from penetrating traumas (dog bite) or by inapparent inoculation of bacilli into abraded surfaces or tissues via intimate contact with pets.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"bacteria",
"infection",
"staphylococcus aureus"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
该样本的菌群多样性指标反映了什么情况？是否提示存在菌群失衡？
|
样本ID: 2032
|
菌群多样性分析：
**多样性指标解读：**
- Shannon指数：3.435
多样性良好，菌群结构相对平衡
- Simpson指数：0.91
均匀度高，物种分布较为均衡
- 物种丰富度：373种
**菌群平衡状态评估：**
菌群平衡状态良好，微生态环境健康。
**可能原因分析：**
- 当前无明显异常因素
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
2032
|
interpretation
|
intermediate
|
[] |
该样本的菌群多样性指标表明什么？是否存在菌群失调？
|
明白了，谢谢医生的解答。那我会按医生的建议来处理宝宝的感冒，保证宝宝能够尽快康复。
|
对话历史:
问: 医生，我的宝宝三个多月了，最近感冒了，老是打喷嚏，还有点咳嗽。请问有什么方法可以治疗吗？
答: 您好，宝宝感冒是比较常见的情况，不用太担心。针对婴幼儿感冒的治疗，我可以给您一些建议。首先，要确保宝宝有足够的休息和睡眠，保持室内空气流通，避免感冒病毒的传播。其次，可以给宝宝清淡易消化的饮食，多喝温水，帮助缓解咳嗽和清除宝宝体内的病毒。最后，可以使用一些儿童感冒药物，但是要在医生指导下使用，并注意药物的剂量和使用时间。如果宝宝的症状持续严重，或者病情没有改善，请及时就医。
问: 谢谢医生的建议。请问，我应该如何判断宝宝的感冒程度是否需要就医呢？
答: 您可以根据宝宝的症状和体温来判断是否需要就医。一般来说，如果宝宝出现高烧、持续咳嗽、呼吸困难或者食欲下降等症状，建议尽快就医。此外，如果宝宝感冒超过一周，症状没有改善，或者病情反而加重，也建议及时就医，以便医生给予更好的治疗方案。
问: 听说感冒可以用中药泡脚来缓解症状，对婴儿也适用吗？
答: 中药泡脚是一种传统方法，适用于一些成年人和儿童感冒的辅助疗法。但是对于婴儿来说，中药泡脚并不适合，因为婴儿的皮肤比较娇嫩，容易受到刺激。同时，婴儿对中药成分的耐受性也较低，可能会引起不适或者过敏反应。因此，在给婴儿治疗感冒时，建议采用其他合适的方法，如上述提到的保持休息，饮食调理和药物治疗。
|
您的宝宝的健康对我们来说非常重要，请随时向我们咨询。希望您的宝宝早日恢复健康！如果还有其他问题，欢迎继续提问。祝您和宝宝一切顺利！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_儿科
|
[
"病毒"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is limb blood flow during exercise dependent on nitric oxide?
|
We have recently reported that hypercholesterolemia reduces aerobic exercise capacity in mice and that this is associated with a reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilator function, endothelium-derived nitric oxide (EDNO) production, and urinary nitrate excretion. These findings led us to test the hypothesis that EDNO production contributes significantly to limb blood flow during exercise and to determine whether loss of EDNO production is responsible for the decline in exercise capacity observed...
|
EDNO contributes significantly to limb blood flow during exercise. Conditions that reduce EDNO production disturb the hyperemic response to exercise, resulting in a reduced exercise capacity.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does acute pancreatitis induce intrapancreatic tumor necrosis factor gene expression?
|
To examine the intrapancreatic production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and define its cell of origin during acute pancreatitis. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis was induced in adult male mice by administering cerulein (50 micrograms/kg intraperitoneally four times over 3 hours). Animals were killed at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours, with the severity of pancreatitis established by blind histologic grading and serum amylase, lipase, and TNF levels. The expression of TNF messenger RNA withi...
|
Tumor necrosis factor gene expression is induced locally during acute pancreatitis, resulting in large amounts of intrapancreatic TNF with levels consistently higher than those found in the serum. The overall rise in both tissue and serum TNF concentrations correlates directly with the severity of pancreatic damage and inflammation. The infiltrating macrophage appears to contribute most to this process.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Physiological jaundice in a term baby lasts upto: March 2005 & September 2010
|
A. 4 days
B. 7 days
C. 10 days
D. 14 days
|
正确答案: B. 7 days
解释: Ans. C: 10 days Characteristics of physiological jaundice: First appears between 24-72 hours of age Maximum intensity seen on 4-5th day in term and 7th day in preterm neonates Clinically undetectable after 14 days No treatment is required but baby should be observed closely for signs of worsening jaundice. Hyperbilirubinemia in the first week of life is usually of the indirect variety. Causes are usually classified based on the time of onset of jaundice. Appearing within 24 hours of age: -- Hemolytic disease of newborn: Rh, ABO and minor group incompatibility Infections: intrauterine viral, bacterial; malaria -- G-6PD deficiency Appearing between 24-72 hours of life: - Physiological - Sepsis neonatorum Polycythemia - Concealed hemorrhages: cephalhematoma, subarachnoid bleed, IVH -- Increased enterohepatic circulation Appearing after 72 hours: -- Sepsis neonatorum' - Neonatal hepatitis Extra hepatic biliary atresia - Breast milk jaundice - Metabolic disorders
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre",
"bacteria",
"infection"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does hearing result after stapedotomy with a nitinol piston prosthesis?
|
To compare the hearing results in patients with otosclerosis who underwent a stapedotomy with either a platinum wire prosthesis or a commercially available, heat-activated nitinol stapes piston prosthesis. Retrospective medical chart review. Academic tertiary care medical center. Seventy-nine consecutive patients diagnosed as having otosclerosis who underwent primary stapedotomy (33 men and 46 women) were included in this study (41 ears per group). Stapedotomy. The operative records of the senio...
|
These data show that the nitinol prosthesis is equivalent to the platinum wire prosthesis in closing the ABG in patients with otosclerosis. Comparable efficacy combined with the ease and safety of heat-activated crimping supports the continued use of this prosthesis for stapes surgery.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is intracameral lidocaine really effective in cataract surgery?
|
To evaluate the usefulness of intracameral lidocaine in cataract surgery under topical anesthesia and especially if the patient wanted intravenous sedation preoperatively. In this prospective study 96 patients were randomly assigned to receive 0.5 cc of balanced salt solution (Group 1) or 1% unpreserved lidocaine (Group 2). Patients who wanted sedation received intravenous midazolam hydrochloride. All surgery was done by one surgeon using a clear corneal technique. Mean pain scores were 0.73 (of...
|
The results of the present study suggest that intravenous sedation preoperatively seems to be an important determinant to relieve the sensation of discomfort/pain during small incision cataract surgery, but intracameral lidocaine was shown not to have a clinically useful role.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Sodium depletion and hemoconcentration: overlooked complications in patients with anorexia nervosa?
|
This study evaluated sodium and fluid balance disturbances in anorexia nervosa. Serum urea, creatinine, urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio, protein concentration, osmolality, electrolytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were evaluated on admission, after intravenous fluid supplementation, and at discharge in 14 patients who had anorexia nervosa and were admitted to a medical unit for severe malnutrition and/or medical complications. Diet history and physical signs of salt and water depletion were also e...
|
Plasma volume depletion and hypovolemic hyponatremia are common in the most severely malnourished patients with anorexia nervosa. Clinicians should be aware that, because of malnutrition, the common indexes of hemoconcentration may be within normal range and that hemoconcentration may mask anemia. Further studies are needed to assess the role of neglected behaviors such as sodium and fluid restriction.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does casp8p41 expression in primary T cells induce a proinflammatory response?
|
HIV infection of CD4 T cells can lead to HIV protease-mediated cleavage of procaspase 8 generating a novel, HIV-specific peptide called Casp8p41. Casp8p41 has at least two biologic functions: induction of cell death via mitochondrial depolarization and release of cytochrome C, as well as activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB). We have previously shown that Casp8p41-induced NFkappaB activation enhances HIV LTR transcription and consequently increases HIV replication. Herein, we questione...
|
These data indicate that the expression of Casp8p41 in HIV-infected CD4 T cells in addition to promoting apoptosis and enhancing HIV replication also promotes a proinflammatory cytokine milieu, which is characteristic of untreated HIV infection.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"HIV",
"cre",
"infection"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
为什么新的Omicron变异株（如BA.4/5和XBB）导致现有单克隆抗体疗法失效？
|
新的Omicron变异株（如BA.4/5和XBB）在其刺突蛋白上积累了多个关键突变，特别是在受体结合域（RBD），这些突变改变了病毒表面抗原表位的结构，使原本针对早期毒株开发的市售单克隆抗体无法有效识别和结合病毒。因此，这些单克隆抗体失去了中和病毒的能力，导致其在预防和治疗中的临床效用显著下降甚至完全失效。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南/热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南.md
|
机制原理
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
Do interferon receptors and the caspase cascade regulate the antitumor effects of interferons on human pancreatic cancer cell lines?
|
Interferons (IFNs) have antiproliferative effects on tumor cells. The apoptotic effects and sensitization to chemotherapy conferred by IFN therapy, however, are not clearly understood. The aims of the present study were to explore the apoptotic effects of IFNs in human pancreatic cancer cell lines and to attempt to define their ability to synergistically enhance sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and gemcitabine, a mechanism that depends on the expression of IFN receptors. Human pancreatic can...
|
This study on pancreatic cancer cell lines has demonstrated that IFNs mediate apoptosis through IFN receptors and the caspase cascade. Enhanced cytotoxicity occurred when IFNs were combined with 5-FU and gemcitabine.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti",
"culture"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
该样本的菌群多样性结果意味着什么？能否判断存在菌群紊乱？
|
样本ID: 1943
|
菌群多样性分析：
**多样性指标解读：**
- Shannon指数：4.645
多样性非常高，菌群结构均匀
- Simpson指数：0.976
均匀度高，物种分布较为均衡
- 物种丰富度：484种
**菌群平衡状态评估：**
菌群平衡状态良好，微生态环境健康。
**可能原因分析：**
- 当前无明显异常因素
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
1943
|
interpretation
|
intermediate
|
[] |
该样本的菌群多样性指标表明什么？是否存在菌群失调？
|
Is fluid overload associated with increases in length of stay and hospital costs : pooled analysis of data from more than 600 US hospitals?
|
Fluid overload, including transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO), is a serious complication of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion. The incidence of fluid overload is underreported and its economic impact is unknown. An evaluation of fluid overload cases in US hospitals was performed to assess the impact of fluid overload on length and cost of hospital stay. Retrospective analysis was performed using a clinical and economic database covering >600 US hospitals. Data were collected f...
|
For a population of US inpatients who received FFP during hospitalization, fluid overload was associated with a 29% increase in LOS and a $14,062 increase in hospital costs per visit. These findings suggest that the incidence of fluid overload in the general population is greater than historically reported. A substantial economic burden may be associated with fluid overload in the US.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
A 81-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a 4-month history of shortness of breath. He says that he has slowly lost the ability to do things due to fatigue and now gets winded after walking around the house. He also says that his cough has been getting worse and seems to be producing more sputum. He has gained about 5 pounds over the last 6 months. His past medical history is significant for hypertension and diabetes. He has a 40 pack-year smoking history and drinks about 3 drinks per week. Physical exam reveals a cyanotic appearing man with 1+ edema in his legs bilaterally. He also has wheezing on lung auscultation with a prolonged expiratory phase. Which of the following would most likely be seen on a chest radiograph in this patient?
|
A. Calcified pleural plaques surrounding the diaphragm
B. Cardiomegaly and increased bronchial markings
C. Hyperinflated lungs and loss of lung markings
D. Perihilar mass with unilateral hilar enlargement
|
正确答案: B. Cardiomegaly and increased bronchial markings
|
medqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
好的，谢谢医生！
|
对话历史:
问: 隆胸手术后五天可以洗澡吗，饮食上有什么忌口的？
答: 您好！隆胸手术后五天是可以洗澡的，但需要注意保持手术部位的干燥。最好使用温水洗澡，避免热水直接接触手术部位，以免刺激伤口愈合。此外，避免剧烈运动和剧烈用力，以免导致手术区域出现问题。
问: 我胸部太小了，看见身边旁边身材都那么好，我上周也跑去做了隆胸手术，现在已经五天了，可以洗澡吗？
答: 了解您的担忧。隆胸手术后五天进行正常温水洗澡是可以的，但是请尽量避免用力搓揉或者刺激手术区域。同时，要使用温和的肥皂或清洁用品，避免含有刺激性成分的洗涤剂。在洗澡过程中，注意不要用力摩擦手术部位，以免损伤皮肤及伤口。另外，为了确保伤口的良好愈合，您可在用温水洗澡后使用消毒纱布轻轻擦拭手术部位，然后涂抹医生建议的消毒药品。
问: 那在饮食上有什么忌口的吗？
答: 对于隆胸手术后的饮食，一般来说，建议避免摄入过于刺激性的食物，如辣椒、酒精、咖啡等。这些食物可能会导致手术区域血液循环加快，加重局部炎症反应。此外，为了促进伤口愈合，您可以增加富含维生素C和蛋白质的食物摄入，如新鲜水果、蔬菜和瘦肉。这些食物可以提供身体所需的营养，有助于伤口的愈合和组织修复。
问: 我现在还有点疼，是正常的吗？
答: 隆胸手术后的一定时间内出现一定的不适感是正常的。手术后会有一些肿胀、疼痛和紧绷感。但如果疼痛持续加重，伴随有发热、红肿、脓液渗出等异常症状，建议您及时就医进行检查，以排除感染等并发症的可能性。
问: 那我需要注意什么情况下才需要就医呢？
答: 如果您在术后出现以下情况，应该及时就医：疼痛明显加重或无法缓解、伤口出现明显裂开、伤口渗液、伤口红肿发热、乳房形状变化明显等。此外，如果您担心或有其他不适，也可以联系您的医生进行详细咨询和检查。
|
不客气，如果还有其他问题，随时向我咨询。祝您恢复顺利！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_整形美容
|
[
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does pelvic sepsis after IPAA adversely affect function of the pouch and quality of life?
|
Pelvic sepsis after IPAA predisposes to pouch failure. There are limited data on long-term pouch function for patients with pelvic sepsis. The aim of this study was to investigate functional outcomes and quality of life for patients undergoing IPAA who develop pelvic sepsis and preserve their pouch long-term. This study is based on retrospective analysis of prospectively accrued data. This study was conducted at a single-center institution. All patients undergoing IPAA from 1983 to 2007 were inc...
|
This study was limited by the retrospective analysis and the use of questionnaires.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"infection",
"uti",
"sepsis"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Can changes in body mass and total body water accurately predict hyponatremia after a 161-km running race?
|
To relate changes in body mass, total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid (ECF), and serum sodium concentration ([Na]) from a 161-km ultramarathon to finish time and incidence of hyponatremia. Observational. : The 2008 Rio Del Lago 100-Mile (161-km) Endurance Run in Granite Bay, California. Forty-five runners. Pre-race and post-race body mass, TBW, ECF, and serum [Na]. Body mass and serum [Na] significantly decreased 2% to 3% (P<0.001) from pre-race to post-race, but TBW and ECF were unchanged...
|
Hyponatremia occurred in over half of the 161-km ultramarathon finishers but was not predicted by change in body mass. The combination of pre-race TBW and percentage changes in TBW and ECF explained 87.5% of the variation in the incidence of hyponatremia.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do submicron scale-structured hydrophilic titanium surfaces promote early osteogenic gene response for cell adhesion and cell differentiation?
|
Titanium (Ti) surface roughness and surface hydrophilicity are key factors to regulate osteogenic cell responses during dental implant healing. In detail, specific integrin-mediated interactions with the extracellular environment trigger relevant osteogenic cell responses like differentiation and matrix synthesis via transcriptions factors. Aim of this study was to monitor surface-dependent osteogenic cell adhesion dynamics, proliferation, and specific osteogenic cell differentiation over a peri...
|
Our results revealed a strong synergistic effect between submicron-scale roughness and surface hydrophilicity on early osteogenic cell adhesion and maturation.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"PCR",
"culture",
"pcr"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does retrospective analysis of tigecycline show that it may be an option for children with severe infections?
|
This study assessed the efficacy and safety of tigecycline in children with life-threatening infections. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of patients treated with tigecycline from June 2012 to May 2014 in a Chinese tertiary centre. The study comprised 24 patients (14 male) with a median age of four years (range, 50 days-12 years). The most frequently isolated microorganism, most common isolation site and type of infection were Acinetobacter baumannii, tracheal aspirate fluid and ...
|
Our findings suggest that tigecycline may be an option for children with severe infections. However, more prospective, controlled trials are required to objectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of tigecycline in children.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"acinetobacter baumannii",
"infection",
"tigecycline"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does quantitative transcription dynamic analysis reveal candidate genes and key regulators for ethanol tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae?
|
Derived from our lignocellulosic conversion inhibitor-tolerant yeast, we generated an ethanol-tolerant strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL Y-50316 by enforced evolutionary adaptation. Using a newly developed robust mRNA reference and a master equation unifying gene expression data analyses, we investigated comparative quantitative transcription dynamics of 175 genes selected from previous studies for an ethanol-tolerant yeast and its closely related parental strain. A highly fitted master equat...
|
Enriched background of transcription abundance and enhanced expressions of ethanol-tolerance genes associated with heat shock proteins, trehalose-glycolysis-pentose phosphate pathways and PDR gene family are accountable for the tolerant yeast to withstand the ethanol stress, maintain active metabolisms, and complete ethanol fermentation under the ethanol stress. Transcription factor Msn4p appeared to be a key regulator of gene interactions for ethanol-tolerance in the tolerant yeast Y-50316.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"PCR",
"drug resistance",
"resistance"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
谢谢医生的建议，我会按照您说的来处理。
|
对话历史:
问: 我的孩子得了支原体感染，需要怎么处理？
答: 支原体感染一般情况下可以自愈，但具体的处理方法要根据孩子的症状来确定。请问你孩子有哪些症状？
问: 她出现了咳嗽和发烧的症状。
答: 咳嗽和发烧是支原体感染常见的症状。建议你观察孩子的病情，如果症状比较轻微，可以通过自我恢复来治愈。但如果症状比较严重，如刺激性干咳、高热等，可能需要使用抗生素来治疗。
问: 我担心孩子的高热，怎么办？
答: 如果孩子有高热的症状，你可以给孩子使用退热药物来降低体温。同时注意保持室内通风，给孩子清凉的服装，避免过度包裹。
问: 孩子感觉很不舒服，有没有其他方法来缓解症状？
答: 除了退热药物之外，你还可以考虑给孩子进行雾化治疗。雾化治疗可以帮助缓解咳嗽症状，减轻孩子的不适感。另外，保持良好的饮食和休息也对孩子的康复有帮助。
问: 我听说支原体感染是通过空气传播的，我应该采取什么预防措施？
答: 支原体感染确实可以通过空气传播，所以在预防方面要注意以下几点。首先，保持室内空气流通，可以打开窗户通风。其次，避免带孩子去拥挤的公共场所，减少感染的风险。此外，要加强孩子的个人卫生习惯，比如勤洗手、勤换洗衣物等，有助于预防感染的发生。
|
不用客气，希望孩子早日康复。如果有其他问题，随时可以咨询我。祝您和孩子健康！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_儿科
|
[
"抗生素",
"感染",
"支原体"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do cytokine and apoptosis gene polymorphisms influence the outcome of hepatitis C virus infection?
|
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is thought to be chronic and the factors leading to viral clearance or persistence are poorly understood. This study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of a significant relationship between the spontaneous clearance or the persistence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and cytokine and apoptosis gene polymorphisms in Tunisian patients on hemodialysis. Polymorphisms of the genes IL-1 (-889 IL-1alpha, -511 and +3954 IL-1beta, IL-1Ra), IL-18 (-137 and ...
|
The two genotypes GC-CA of the (-137 and -607) IL-18 polymorphism and the AA genotype of the Apo1/Fas gene influence the outcome of HCV infection in Tunisian patients on hemodialysis.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"PCR",
"infection",
"virus"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Which is NOT an oncogenic virus-
|
A. HTLV- 1
B. Herpes simplex
C. Papilloma virus
D. None
|
正确答案: C. Papilloma virus
解释: Ans. is 'None'
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"virus",
"herpes simplex"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does efficacy of simvastatin treatment of valvular interstitial cells vary with the extracellular environment?
|
The lack of therapies that inhibit valvular calcification and the conflicting outcomes of clinical studies regarding the impact of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors on valve disease highlight the need for controlled investigations to characterize the interactions between HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and valve tissue. Thus, we applied multiple in vitro disease stimuli to valvular interstitial cell (VIC) cultures and examined the impact of simvastatin treatment o...
|
These studies represent a significant contribution to understanding how simvastatin may impact heart valve calcification.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti",
"culture"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Millennium Development goals are to be achieved by: March 2012
|
A. 2005
B. 2010
C. 2015
D. 2020
|
正确答案: B. 2010
解释: Ans: C i.e. 2015 Governments have set a date of 2015 by which they would meet the Millennium Development Goals/ MDGs, i.e. eradicate extreme povey and hunger; achieve universal primary education; promote gender equality; improve maternal health; combat HIV/ AIDS, malaria and other communicable diseases; ensure environmental sustainability; and develop a global panership for development.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"HIV",
"hiv"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Are thymidine-analog and multi-nucleoside resistance mutations observed in both zidovudine-naive and zidovudine-experienced subjects with viremia after treatment with stavudine-containing regimens?
|
The type and frequency of mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase coding region observed in virus from antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced, zidovudine (ZDV)-naive subjects receiving stavudine (d4T)-based therapies were compared with mutations observed in virus from ART-experienced subjects with previous ZDV exposure. Plasma HIV-1 RNA was isolated from 67 ART-experienced subjects. Reverse transcriptase mutations were assessed by sequencing polymeras...
|
These results confirm recent reports that TAMs and MNR mutations can arise in subjects receiving d4T-based therapy who are naive with respect to ZDV.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"HIV",
"sequencing",
"virus"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
该样本的菌群多样性结果意味着什么？能否判断存在菌群紊乱？
|
样本ID: 222
|
菌群多样性分析：
**多样性指标解读：**
- Shannon指数：3.157
多样性良好，菌群结构相对平衡
- Simpson指数：0.936
均匀度高，物种分布较为均衡
- 物种丰富度：186种
**菌群平衡状态评估：**
菌群平衡状态良好，微生态环境健康。
**可能原因分析：**
- 当前无明显异常因素
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
222
|
interpretation
|
intermediate
|
[] |
该样本的菌群多样性指标表明什么？是否存在菌群失调？
|
Is rapamycin-induced inhibition of HTLV-I LTR activity rescued by c-Myb?
|
Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive which represses translation of transcripts harbouring a polypyrimidine motif downstream of the mRNA cap site through the mammalian target of rapamycin complex. It inhibits the abnormal autologous proliferation of T-cell clones containing a transcriptionally active human T-lymphotropic virus, type I (HTLV-I) provirus, generated from infected subjects. We showed previously that this effect is independent of the polypyrimidine motifs in the viral long terminal repe...
|
The sensitivity of HTLV-I transcription to rapamycin may be effected through an NF-kappaB-pathway associated with the rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 cellular signalling network.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"CRE",
"cre",
"virus"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do molecular weight fibrinogen variants determine angiogenesis rate in a fibrin matrix in vitro and in vivo?
|
During wound repair, fibrin acts both as a barrier to prevent blood loss and as a temporary matrix for the invasion and ingrowth of endothelial and tissue cells. A well-controlled angiogenesis process in the fibrinous exudate matrix is crucial for optimal wound healing. The composition and structure of the fibrin matrix are important determinants of the invasion of endothelial cells and capillary-tube formation into the matrix. Fibrinogen circulates in a high and low molecular weight form (HMW a...
|
The naturally occurring fibrinogen variants HMW- and LMW-fibrin modulate the angiogenic capacity of endothelial cells in fibrin matrices. The different effects of the molecular weight fibrinogen variants provide further insight in the matrix characteristics in angiogenesis and could possibly be applied in the context of tissue engineering and wound healing.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"culture"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does mental training improve learning to walk with an above-knee prosthesis?
|
Mental training is a method for optimizing movement patterns, which has become well established through its application in high performance sport and is also adopted in therapeutic contexts. The question arises as to whether the process of learning to walk following the fitting of a femoral prosthesis can be enhanced by means of mental training. In the framework of a prospective randomized study, healthy subjects (36 students) were required to learn to walk with a femoral prosthesis: the control...
|
Mental training seems to be an effective gait training method following the fitting of a femoral prosthesis. Transferring this method to rehabilitation, particularly in young patients, would most certainly appear feasible.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Positive moality indicator is ?
|
A. IMR
B. Child moality rate
C. MMR
D. Life expectancy
|
正确答案: C. MMR
解释: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Life expectancy Moality indicators These are :? Crude death rate Maternal moality rate Expectation of life (life expectancy) Disease specific moality rate Infant moality rate Age specific death rate Child moality rate Adult moality rate Under-5 propoional moality rate Years of potential life lost Among these only life expectancy is a positive moality indicator, i.e. increase life expectancy means improvement in health. All other are 'negative' health indicators, i.e. increase value of these indicators implies poor health of community.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
The following is the 4th Millennium Development Goal:
|
A. To reduce maternal mortality rate
B. Combat HIV/AIDS
C. Environmental sustainability
D. To reduce infant mortality rate
|
正确答案: C. Environmental sustainability
解释: Millennium development goals
Baseline year for MDG – 1990
Deadline year for MDG – 2015
In total there are 8 goals, 21 quantifiable targets and 60 indicators. Out of these, 3 goals, 8 targets and 18 indicators are directly related to health.
Goals of MDG
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"HIV",
"hiv"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is obesity associated with a higher level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in follicular fluid of women undergoing medically assisted procreation ( PMA ) programs?
|
Cytokines are glycoproteins that modulate reproductive function through a series of various mechanisms (by both conditioning gonadal steroidogenesis and contributing to the preservation of an inflammatory microenvironment). To evaluate the impact of certain clinical variables (i.e., age, obesity, insulin resistance index, serum antithyroid antibodies serum levels) on the serum concentrations of cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-10 in the follicular fluid of women undergoing a medically assisted ...
|
Obesity is a common clinical condition associated with a higher concentration of inflammatory substances in the follicular fluid of infertile women. It is not understood, as yet, the possible pejorative role exerted by the presence of other clinical conditions, such as insulin resistance and high levels of antithyroid antibodies, that are conditions frequently encountered in the clinical practice.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"ELISA",
"cre",
"elisa"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
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