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Joan Crawford died on May 14, 1977.
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" Joan Crawford Joan Crawford ( born Lucille Fay LeSueur ; March 23 , c. 1904 -- May 10 , 1977 ) was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer and stage showgirl . In 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema . Beginning her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies , before debuting as a chorus girl on Broadway , Crawford signed a motion picture contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1925 . In the 1930s , Crawford 's fame rivaled , and later outlasted , MGM colleagues Norma Shearer and Greta Garbo . Crawford often played hard-working young women who find romance and success . These stories were well received by Depression-era audiences and were popular with women . Crawford became one of Hollywood 's most prominent movie stars and one of the highest-paid women in the United States , but her films began losing money and , by the end of the 1930s , she was labelled `` box office poison '' . But her career gradually improved in the early 1940s , and she made a major comeback in 1945 by starring in Mildred Pierce , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress . She would go on to receive Best Actress nominations for Possessed ( 1947 ) and Sudden Fear ( 1952 ) . In 1955 , Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman Alfred Steele . After his death in 1959 , Crawford was elected to fill his vacancy on the board of directors but she was forcibly retired in 1973 . She continued acting in film and television regularly through the 1960s , when her performances became fewer ; after the release of the British horror film Trog in 1970 , Crawford retired from the screen . Following a public appearance in 1974 , after which unflattering photographs were published , Crawford withdrew from public life and became increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977 . Crawford married four times . Her first three marriages ended in divorce ; the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele . She adopted five children , one of whom was reclaimed by his birth mother . Crawford 's relationships with her two older children , Christina and Christopher , were acrimonious . Crawford disinherited the two , and , after Crawford 's death , Christina wrote a well-known `` tell-all '' memoir titled Mommie Dearest ( 1978 ) ."
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" Cheryl Crawford Cheryl Crawford ( September 24 , 1902 -- October 7 , 1986 ) was an American theatre producer and director . Born in Akron , Ohio , Crawford majored in drama at Smith College . Following graduation , she moved to New York City and enrolled at the Theatre Guild 's school . By then she knew that she did n't want to pursue an acting career , but saw no other way to gain access to the organization producing the highest quality theatre of its time . Finishing their training in 1927 , she was hired by Theresa Helburn , the Guild 's Executive Director , as a casting secretary . She then worked her way through various backstage jobs , including assistant stage manager , to assistant to the `` Board of Managers , '' an importantant administrative job . While working at the Guild , she met Harold Clurman and Lee Strasberg who had also been working there as play reader and actor , respectively . She was impressed with these two young men and joined their animated discussions about the need for a radically new form of American theatre . In 1930 Crawford urged Clurman to start giving semi-public talks to groups of like-minded actors . After he followed her suggestion and the talks attracted more people than could fit in Clurman 's apartment , Crawford arranged for the use of a showroom at the Steinway Piano Company . In 1931 , Crawford , Clurman and Strasberg announced the formation of The Group Theatre and invited 28 young actors who had been attending Clurman 's talks to join them for a twelve-week-long summer of training and rehearsal at Brookfield Center , Connecticut . Crawford had a major role in selecting the early plays produced by The Group , beginning with their first one , The House of Connelly by North Carolina playwright Paul Green , whom she later introduced to composer Kurt Weill . She encouraged their subsequent collaboration , Weill 's first American project , the musical Johnny Johnson , which was the last production she worked on before resigning from The Group Theatre in 1937 to become an independent producer . Crawford was influential in the early careers of such actors as Helen Hayes , Bojangles Robinson , Mary Martin , Ethel Barrymore , Ingrid Bergman , Tallulah Bankhead , and Paul Robeson , among many others . In 1946 , she and Eva Le Gallienne founded the American Repertory Theatre . In 1947 , together with former Group Theatre members Elia Kazan and Robert Lewis , she founded The Actor 's Studio , which trained Marlon Brando , James Dean , Paul Newman , Marilyn Monroe , Al Pacino , Robert De Niro , Dustin Hoffman , Steve McQueen , Martin Landau , Shelley Winters , Jane Fonda , Ellen Burstyn , Harvey Keitel , Jack Nicholson , John Astin and many more . Former partner Strasberg joined them as artistic director in 1951 .",
" What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962 film) What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? is a 1962 American psychological thriller-horror film produced and directed by Robert Aldrich , starring Bette Davis and Joan Crawford , about an aging actress who holds her paraplegic sister captive in an old Hollywood mansion . The screenplay by Lukas Heller is based on the 1960 novel of the same name by Henry Farrell . Upon the film 's release , it was met with widespread critical and box office acclaim and was later nominated for five Academy Awards , winning one for Best Costume Design , Black and White . The intensely bitter Hollywood rivalry between the film 's two stars , Davis and Crawford , was heavily important to the film 's initial success . This in part led to the revitalization of the then-waning careers of the two stars . In the years after release , critics continued to acclaim the film for its psychologically driven black comedy , camp , and creation of the psycho-biddy subgenre . The film 's then unheard of and controversial plot meant that it originally received an X rating in the UK . Because of the appeal of the film 's stars , Dave Itzkoff in The New York Times has identified it as being a `` cult classic '' . In 2003 the character of Baby Jane Hudson was ranked No. 44 on the American Film Institute 's list of the 50 Best Villains of American Cinema ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Shahid Kapoor made his film debut in 1803.
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" Shahid Kapoor Shahid Kapoor ( -LSB- ʃaːɦɪd̪ kəˈpuːr -RSB- ; born 25 February 1981 ) , also known as Shahid Khattar , is an Indian actor who appears in Hindi films . The son of actors Pankaj Kapur and Neelima Azeem , Kapoor was born in New Delhi . His parents separated when he was three , and he continued living with his mother . They moved to Mumbai when he was 10 , where he joined Shiamak Davar 's dance academy . Kapoor appeared as a background dancer in a few films of the 1990s , and was later featured in music videos and television commercials . Kapoor made his film debut in 2003 with a leading role in the romantic comedy Ishq Vishk , a sleeper hit for which he won a Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut . He followed it with roles in several commercial failures before starring in Sooraj Barjatya 's top-grossing family drama Vivah ( 2006 ) . Kapoor earned nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for portraying a troubled businessman in Imtiaz Ali 's romantic comedy Jab We Met ( 2007 ) and twin brothers in Vishal Bhardwaj 's caper thriller Kaminey ( 2009 ) . After appearing in another series of box office flops , he starred in the action film R. . . Rajkumar ( 2013 ) his highest-grossing release . In 2014 , Kapoor portrayed the Hamlet character in Bhardwaj 's acclaimed drama Haider , for which he won the Best Actor award at Filmfare . Two years later , he played a drug abusing singer in the crime drama Udta Punjab , which won him the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor . Cited in the media as one of the most attractive Indian celebrities , Kapoor maintains his popularity despite a fluctuating career trajectory . Initially recognised for portraying romantic roles , Kapoor has since taken on parts in action films and thrillers . He is the recipient of several awards , including three Filmfare Awards . In addition to acting , Kapoor supports charities , hosts award ceremonies , and has featured as a talent judge on the dance reality show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Reloaded ( 2015 ) . Following a romantic relationship with the actress Kareena Kapoor , he married Mira Rajput , a student from New Delhi , with whom he has a daughter ."
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" Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. is a 2003 Indian comedy drama film directed by Rajkumar Hirani ( in his directorial debut ) and produced by Vidhu Vinod Chopra . The film is loosely based on the 1998 American film Patch Adams . The story involves protagonist Munna Bhai ( Sanjay Dutt ) , a goon , going to medical school . He is helped by his sidekick , Circuit ( Arshad Warsi ) . It stars Sanjay Dutt , Arshad Warsi , Jimmy Shergill , Gracy Singh , Boman Irani and Sunil Dutt and was later followed by a second film Lage Raho Munna Bhai , and became the first installment of the Munna Bhai film series . On 25 February 2016 , Sanjay Dutt was released from Yerwada Central Jail after completing his sentence ( 2013-2016 ) for illegal possession of firearms in 1993 . Vidhu Vinod Chopra announced on 29 September 2016 that production on the third Munna Bhai film starring Dutt in the title role will begin in 2017 . It went on to win the 2004 National Film Award for Best Popular Film , and several Filmfare awards , including the Critics Award for Best Movie and Best Screenplay . At the box office , it achieved a silver jubilee status ( 25-week run ) being one of only eight films to have achieved this status since the year 2000 . In its 26th week of release the film could still be found playing on 257 screens throughout India . Made at a Budget of only 10 crores , the movie went on the collect Rs . 24 crores at the Box Office in 2003 .",
" Om Jai Jagadish Om Jai Jagadish is a 2002 Bollywood film directed by Anupam Kher and was his directorial debut . The film stars Waheeda Rehman , Anil Kapoor , Fardeen Khan , Abhishek Bachchan , Mahima Chaudhry , Urmila Matondkar , Salman Khan and Tara Sharma ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Whoopi Goldberg co-produced a show.
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" Whoopi Goldberg Caryn Elaine Johnson ( born November 13 , 1955 ) , known professionally as Whoopi Goldberg ( -LSB- ˈwhʊpi -RSB- ) , is an American actress , comedian , author and television host . She has been nominated for 13 Emmy Awards for her work in television and is one of the few entertainers who have won an Emmy Award , a Grammy Award , an Oscar , and a Tony Award . She was the second black woman in the history of the Academy Awards to win an acting Oscar . In the period drama film The Color Purple ( 1985 ) , her breakthrough role was playing Celie , a mistreated black woman in the Deep South , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . In the romantic fantasy film Ghost ( 1990 ) , Goldberg played Oda Mae Brown , an eccentric psychic who helped a slain man ( Patrick Swayze ) save his lover ( Demi Moore ) , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . In 1992 , she starred as a pretend nun in the comedy Sister Act . From 1998 to 2002 , she was co-producer of the television game show Hollywood Squares . Since 2007 , she has been the moderator of the daytime television talk show The View ."
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" Ally McBeal Ally McBeal is an American legal comedy-drama television series , originally aired on Fox from September 8 , 1997 to May 20 , 2002 . Created by David E. Kelley , the series stars Calista Flockhart in the title role as a young lawyer working in the fictional Boston law firm Cage and Fish , with other young lawyers whose lives and loves were eccentric , humorous and dramatic . The series received critical acclaim in its early seasons , winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy in 1997 and 1998 , and also winning the Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1999 .",
" The Office (U.S. TV series) The Office is an American television comedy series that aired on NBC from March 24 , 2005 to May 16 , 2013 . It is an adaptation of the BBC series of the same name . The Office was adapted for American audiences by Greg Daniels , a veteran writer for Saturday Night Live , King of the Hill , and The Simpsons . It is co-produced by Daniels ' Deedle-Dee Productions , and Reveille Productions ( later Shine America ) , in association with Universal Television . The original executive producers were Greg Daniels , Howard Klein , Ben Silverman , Ricky Gervais , and Stephen Merchant , with numerous others being promoted in later seasons . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . To simulate the look of an actual documentary , it is filmed in a single-camera setup , without a studio audience or a laugh track . The show debuted on NBC as a mid-season replacement and ran for nine seasons and 201 episodes . The Office initially featured Steve Carell , Rainn Wilson , John Krasinski , Jenna Fischer and B. J. Novak as the main cast ; the show experienced numerous changes to its ensemble cast during its run . The first season of The Office was met with mixed reviews , but the following four seasons received widespread acclaim from television critics . These seasons were included on several critics ' year-end top TV series lists , winning several awards including four Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Comedy Series in 2006 . While later seasons were criticized for a decline in quality , earlier writers oversaw the final season and ended the show 's run with a positive reception ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Parting Glances was shot.
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" Parting Glances Parting Glances is an American film shot in 1984 and released in 1986 . With its realistic look at urban gay life in the Ronald Reagan era and at the height of the AIDS crisis , many film critics consider it an important movie in the history of gay cinema . It was also one of the first American films to address the AIDS pandemic . First-time director Bill Sherwood died of complications due to AIDS in 1990 without ever completing another film ."
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" Dissolve (filmmaking) In the post-production process of film editing and video editing , a dissolve is a gradual transition from one image to another . The terms fade-out ( also called fade to black ) and fade-in are used to describe a transition to and from a blank image . This is in contrast to a cut where there is no such transition . A dissolve overlaps two shots for the duration of the effect , usually at the end of one scene and the beginning of the next , but may be used in montage sequences also . Generally , but not always , the use of a dissolve is held to indicate that a period of time has passed between the two scenes .",
" Close-up A close-up or closeup in filmmaking , television production , still photography and the comic strip medium is a type of shot , which tightly frames a person or an object . Close-ups are one of the standard shots used regularly with medium shots and long shots ( cinematic techniques ) . Close-ups display the most detail , but they do not include the broader scene . Moving in to a close-up or away from a close-up is a common type of zooming ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Cyclobenzaprine is the best-selling muscle relaxant.
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" Cyclobenzaprine Cyclobenzaprine , sold under the brand name Flexeril among others , is a muscle relaxer medication used to relieve skeletal muscle spasms and associated pain in acute musculoskeletal conditions . It is the best-studied drug for this application . It has also been used off-label for fibromyalgia treatment . As of 2015 the cost for a typical course of medication in the United States is less than ."
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" Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines ( BZD , BZs ) , sometimes called `` benzos '' , are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring . The first such drug , chlordiazepoxide ( Librium ) , was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955 , and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann -- La Roche , which , since 1963 , has also marketed the benzodiazepine diazepam ( Valium ) . In 1977 benzodiazepines were globally the most prescribed medications . Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) at the GABAA receptor , resulting in sedative , hypnotic ( sleep-inducing ) , anxiolytic ( anti-anxiety ) , anticonvulsant , and muscle relaxant properties . High doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines may also cause anterograde amnesia and dissociation . These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety , insomnia , agitation , seizures , muscle spasms , alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures . Benzodiazepines are categorized as either short - , intermediate - , or long-acting . Short - and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia ; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety . Benzodiazepines are generally viewed as safe and effective for short-term use , although cognitive impairment and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur . A minority of people can have paradoxical reactions such as worsened agitation or panic . Long-term use is controversial because of concerns about adverse psychological and physical effects , decreasing effectiveness , and physical dependence and withdrawal . As a result of adverse effects associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines , withdrawal from benzodiazepines , in general , leads to improved physical and mental health . The elderly are at an increased risk of suffering from both short - and long-term adverse effects , and as a result , all benzodiazepines are listed in the Beers List of inappropriate medications for older adults . There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines in pregnancy . While they are not major teratogens , uncertainty remains as to whether they cause cleft palate in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioural effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure ; they are known to cause withdrawal symptoms in the newborn . Benzodiazepines can be taken in overdoses and can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness . However , they are less toxic than their predecessors , the barbiturates , and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken . When combined with other central nervous system ( CNS ) depressants such as alcoholic drinks and opioids , the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases . Benzodiazepines are commonly misused and taken in combination with other drugs of abuse .",
" Sphincter A sphincter is a circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning . Sphincters are found in many animals . There are over 60 types in the human body , some microscopically small , in particular the millions of precapillary sphincters . Sphincters relax at death , often releasing fluids ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Ivanka Trump existed in late 1982.
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" Ivanka Trump Ivanka Marie Trump ( -LSB- iˈvɑːŋkə -RSB- born October 30 , 1981 ) is an American businesswoman and former fashion model who is currently assistant to President Donald Trump . She is the daughter of the president and his first wife , former model Ivana Trump . Trump has been an executive vice president of her father 's company -- The Trump Organization -- as well as serving as a boardroom advisor on her father 's TV show The Apprentice . She moved to Washington , D.C in January 2017 as her husband , Jared Kushner , was appointed as a Senior Advisor to the President of the United States by her father . Starting in late March 2017 , Trump began serving in her father 's administration as assistant to the president . She assumed this official , unpaid federal government position after multiple ethics concerns were raised about her access to sensitive material while not being held to the same ethics restrictions as a federal employee . She is considered part of her father 's inner circle ."
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" United States presidential election, 2016 The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 8 , 2016 . The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U.S. Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine . Trump took office as the 45th President , and Pence as the 48th Vice President , on January 20 , 2017 . Concurrent with the presidential election , Senate , House , and many gubernatorial and state and local elections were also held on November 8 . Voters selected members of the Electoral College in each state , in most cases by `` winner-takes-all '' plurality ; those state electors in turn voted for a new president and vice president on December 19 , 2016 . While Clinton received about million more votes nationwide , a margin of % , Trump won 30 states worth a total of 306 electors , or 57 % of the 538 available . He won the perennial swing states of Florida , North Carolina , Ohio , and Iowa , as well as Clinton 's `` blue wall '' states of Michigan , Pennsylvania and Wisconsin , which had been Democratic strongholds in presidential elections for decades . Leading up to the election , a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts . In the Electoral College vote on December 19 , seven electors voted against their pledged candidates : two against Trump and five against Clinton . A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again . Ultimately , Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227 , while Colin Powell won three , and John Kasich , Ron Paul , Bernie Sanders , and Faith Spotted Eagle each received one . Trump is the fifth person in U.S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote . He is the first president without any prior experience in public service or the military , as well as the wealthiest and the oldest at inauguration , while Clinton was the first woman to be the presidential nominee of a major party and the first woman to win the popular vote . This was the first time since the 1984 re-election of Ronald Reagan that Wisconsin voted for a Republican , and the first time since 1988 that the Republican nominee won the states of Pennsylvania and Michigan , as well as Maine 's second congressional district . It was also the first time since the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson that an electoral vote split occurred in Maine . On January 6 , 2017 , the United States government 's intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections . A joint U.S. intelligence review stated with high confidence that `` Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election . Russia 's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process , denigrate Secretary Clinton , and harm her electability and potential presidency . '' Investigations about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials were started by the FBI , the Senate Intelligence Committee and the House Intelligence Committee . Donald Trump has criticized these conclusions by citing a lack of evidence , calling it a `` hoax '' and `` fake news , '' stating in a tweet : `` The Russia-Trump collusion story is a total hoax , when will this taxpayer funded charade end ? ''",
" Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party , commonly referred to as the GOP ( abbreviation for Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , the other being its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The party is named after republicanism , the dominant value during the American Revolution . Founded by anti-slavery activists , modernists , ex-Whigs , and ex-Free Soilers in 1854 , the Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932 . There have been 19 Republican presidents , the most from any one party . The first was 16th president Abraham Lincoln , who served from 1861 to 1865 , when he was assassinated , and the most recent being 45th and current president Donald Trump , who took office on January 20 , 2017 . The Republican Party 's current ideology is American conservatism , which contrasts with the Democrats ' more progressive platform ( also called modern liberalism ) . Further , its platform involves support for free market capitalism , free enterprise , fiscal conservatism , a strong national defense , deregulation , and restrictions on labor unions . In addition to advocating for conservative economic policies , the Republican Party is socially conservative , and seeks to uphold traditional values based largely on Judeo-Christian ethics . The GOP was strongly committed to protectionism and tariffs from its founding until the 1930s , when it was based in the industrial Northeast and Midwest . Since 1952 there has been a reversal against protectionism and the party 's core support since the 1990s comes chiefly from the South , the Great Plains , the Mountain States and rural districts in the North . as well as from conservative Catholics , Mormons , and Evangelicals nationwide . As of 2017 , the Republican Party is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928 . In addition to holding the Presidency ( via Trump and Vice President Mike Pence ) , the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress , having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate . The party also holds a majority of governorships ( 33/50 ) and state legislatures ( full control of 32/50 , split control of six others ) ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Antarctica is north of the equator.
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" Antarctic Circle The Antarctic Circle is the most southerly of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth . The region south of this circle is known as the Antarctic , and the zone immediately to the north is called the Southern Temperate Zone . South of the Antarctic Circle , the sun is above the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year ( and therefore visible at midnight ) and ( at least partially ) below the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year ( and therefore not fully visible at noon ) ; this is also true within the equivalent polar circle in the Northern Hemisphere , the Arctic Circle . The position of the Antarctic Circle is not fixed ; as of , it runs south of the Equator . Its latitude depends on the Earth 's axial tilt , which fluctuates within a margin of 2 ° over a 40,000-year period , due to tidal forces resulting from the orbit of the Moon . Consequently , the Antarctic Circle is currently drifting southwards at a speed of about 15 m per year .",
" Antarctica Antarctica ( UK English -LSB- ænˈtɑːktɪkə -RSB- or -LSB- ænˈtɑːtɪkə -RSB- , US English -LSB- æntˈɑːrktɪkə -RSB- ) is Earth 's southernmost continent . It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere , almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle , and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean . At 14000000 km2 , it is the fifth-largest continent . For comparison , Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia . About 98 % of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km in thickness , which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula . Antarctica , on average , is the coldest , driest , and windiest continent , and has the highest average elevation of all the continents . Antarctica is a desert , with annual precipitation of only 200 mm ( 8 in ) along the coast and far less inland . The temperature in Antarctica has reached − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) , though the average for the third quarter ( the coldest part of the year ) is − 63 ° C ( − 81 ° F ) . Anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent . Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae , bacteria , fungi , plants , protista , and certain animals , such as mites , nematodes , penguins , seals and tardigrades . Vegetation , where it occurs , is tundra . Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ( `` Southern Land '' ) date back to antiquity , Antarctica is noted as the last region on Earth in recorded history to be discovered and colonised by humans , being only first sighted in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny , who sighted the Fimbul ice shelf . The continent , however , remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment , lack of easily accessible resources , and isolation . In 1895 , the first confirmed landing was conducted by a team of Norwegians . Antarctica is a de facto condominium , governed by parties to the Antarctic Treaty System that have consulting status . Twelve countries signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 , and thirty-eight have signed it since then . The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining , prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal , supports scientific research , and protects the continent 's ecozone . Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations ."
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" Tropics The tropics are a region of the Earth surrounding the equator . They are delimited in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S ; these latitudes correspond to the axial tilt of the Earth . The tropics are also referred to as the tropical zone and the torrid zone ( see geographical zone ) . The tropics include all the areas on the Earth where the Sun is at a point directly overhead at least once during the solar year ( which is a subsolar point ) . The tropics are distinguished from the other climatic and biomatic regions of Earth , which are the middle latitudes and the polar regions on either side of the equatorial zone .",
" Glacier A glacier ( -LSB- pronˈɡleɪʃər -RSB- or -LSB- ˈɡlæsiə -RSB- ) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight ; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation ( melting and sublimation ) over many years , often centuries . Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight , creating crevasses , seracs , and other distinguishing features . They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines . Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water . On Earth , 99 % of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions , but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia , and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands . Between 35 ° N and 35 ° S , glaciers occur only in the Himalayas , Andes , Rocky Mountains , a few high mountains in East Africa , Mexico , New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran . Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth 's land surface . Continental glaciers cover nearly 5 e6sqmi or about 98 percent of Antarctica 's 5.1 e6sqmi , with an average thickness of 7,000 ft. Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers . Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth . Many glaciers from temperate , alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt , creating a water source that is especially important for plants , animals and human uses when other sources may be scant . Within high altitude and Antarctic environments , the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater . Because glacial mass is affected by long-term climatic changes , e.g. , precipitation , mean temperature , and cloud cover , glacial mass changes are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change and are a major source of variations in sea level . A large piece of compressed ice , or a glacier , appears blue as large quantities of water appear blue . This is because water molecules absorb other colors more efficiently than blue . The other reason for the blue color of glaciers is the lack of air bubbles . Air bubbles , which give a white color to ice , are squeezed out by pressure increasing the density of the created ice ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Amazon Web Services included compute services and it is on the Internet.
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" Amazon Web Services Amazon Web Services ( AWS ) describes both a technology and a company . The company AWS is a subsidiary of Amazon.com and provides on-demand cloud computing platforms to both individuals , companies and governments , on a paid subscription basis with a free-tier option available for 12 months . The technology allows subscribers to have at their disposal full-fledged virtual cluster of computers , available 24/7/365 , through the internet . AWS ' version of virtual computers have most of the attributes of a real computer including hardware ( CPU ( s ) & GPU ( s ) for processing , local/RAM memory , hard-disk/SSD storage ) ; a choice of operating systems ; networking ; and pre-loaded application software such as web servers , databases , CRM ... nearly anything . Each AWS system also virtualizes its console I/O ( keyboard , display , and mouse ) , allowing AWS subscribers to connect to their AWS system using a modern browser . The browser acts as a window into the virtual computer , letting subscribers log-in , configure and use their virtual systems just as they would a real physical computer . They can choose to deploy their AWS systems to provide internet-based services for their own and their customers ' benefit . The AWS technology is implemented at server farms throughout the world , and maintained by the Amazon subsidiary . Fees are based on a combination of usage , the hardware/OS/software / networking features chosen by the subscriber , required availability , redundancy , security , and service options . Based on what the subscriber needs and pays for , they can reserve a single virtual AWS computer , a cluster of virtual computers , a physical ( real ) computer dedicated for their exclusive use , or even a cluster of dedicated physical computers . As part of the subscription agreement , Amazon manages , upgrades , and provides industry-standard security to each subscriber 's system . AWS services operate from many global geographical regions including 6 in North America . In 2016 , AWS comprised more than 70 services spanning a wide range including compute , storage , networking , database , analytics , application services , deployment , management , mobile , developer tools , and tools for the Internet of Things . The most popular include Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud ( aka `` EC2 '' ) and Amazon Simple Storage Service ( aka `` S3 '' ) . Most services are not exposed directly to end users , but instead offer functionality through APIs for developers to use in their applications . Amazon Web Services ' offerings are accessed over HTTP , using the REST architectural style and SOAP protocol . Amazon markets AWS to subscribers as a way of obtaining large scale computing capacity more quickly and cheaply than building an actual physical server farm . All services are billed based on usage , but each service measures usage in varying ways ."
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" Internet area network An Internet area network ( IAN ) is a concept for a communications network that connects voice and data endpoints within a cloud environment over IP , replacing an existing local area network ( LAN ) , wide area network ( WAN ) or the public switched telephone network ( PSTN ) . Seen by proponents as the networking model of the future , an IAN securely connects endpoints through the public Internet , so that they can communicate and exchange information and data without being tied to a physical location . Unlike a LAN , which interconnects computers in a limited area such as a home , school , computer laboratory or office building , or a WAN , which is a network that covers a broad area , such as any telecommunications network that links across metropolitan , regional , or national boundaries , using private or public network transports , the IAN eliminates a geographic profile for the network entirely because the applications and communications services have become virtualized . Endpoints need only be connected over a broadband connection across the Internet . Hosted in the cloud by a managed services provider , an IAN platform offers users secure access to information from anywhere , at any time , via an Internet connection . Users also have access to telephony , voicemail , e-mail , and fax services from any connected endpoint . For businesses , the hosted model reduces IT and communications expenses , protects against loss of data and disaster downtime , while realizing a greater return on their invested resources through increased employee productivity and reduction in telecom costs .",
" Distributed networking Distributed networking is a distributed computing network system , said to be distributed when the computer programming and the data to be worked on are spread out across more than one computer . Usually , this is implemented over a computer network . Prior to the emergence of low-cost desktop computer power , computing was generally centralized to one computer . Although such centers still exist , distribution networking applications and data operate more efficiently over a mix of desktop workstations , local area network servers , regional servers , Web servers , and other servers . One popular trend is client/server computing . This is the principle that a client computer can provide certain capabilities for a user and request others from other computers that provide services for the clients . ( The Web 's Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an example of this idea . ) Enterprises that have grown in scale over the years and those that are continuing to grow are finding it extremely challenging to manage their distributed network in the traditional client/server computing model . The recent developments in the field of cloud computing has opened up new possibilities . Cloud-based networking vendors have started to sprout offering solutions for enterprise distributed networking needs . Whether it turns out to revolutionize the distributed networking space or turns out to be another craze remains to be seen ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Azerbaijan has no official religion.
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[
" Azerbaijan Azerbaijan ( -LSB- æzərbaɪˈʒɑːn -RSB- ; Azərbaycan ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azərbaycan Respublikası ) , is a country in the South Caucasus region , situated at the crossroads of Southwest Asia and Southeastern Europe . It is bound by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bound by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , while having an 11 km border with Turkey in the north west . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first democratic state in the Muslim orient world . The country was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920 as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , prior to the official dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region seceded to form the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh , found through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . The country is a member state of the Council of Europe , the OSCE and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program . It is one of six independent Turkic states , an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations . It is one of the founding members of GUAM , the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons . A member of the United Nations since 1992 after its independence , Azerbaijan was elected to membership in the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly on 9 May 2006 . Its term of office began on 19 June 2006 . Azerbaijan is also a member state of the Non-Aligned Movement , holds observer status in World Trade Organization and is a correspondent at the International Telecommunication Union . The Constitution of Azerbaijan does not declare an official religion and all major political forces in the country are secularist . However , the majority of the population are of a Shiite Muslim background . Most Azerbaijanis however , do not actively practice any religion , and the country has been seen to be one of the most irreligious countries in the Muslim world , with 53 % stating religion has little to no importance in their lives , according to Pew Research Center and Gallup polls . Azerbaijan has a high level of human development which ranks on par with most Eastern European countries . It has a high rate of economic development and literacy , as well as a low rate of unemployment . According to the Davos World Economic Forum , Azerbaijan 's economy has scored 37th place within 138 countries in 2016 . Global Competitiveness Index 2015 indicates that Azerbaijan scores highest in its region . ASAN services , established with Presidential Decree , are countrywide known for eliminating bribery and corruption in the provision of public services . ASAN Service has been awarded with United Nations ' Public Service Award 2015 , which is the most prestigious award in the world in the field of public service delivery . The ruling party , the New Azerbaijan Party , has been accused of authoritarianism and human rights abuses ."
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" Member state A member state is a state that is a member of an international organization or of a federation or confederation . The World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) include some members that are not sovereign states ; thus , neither organization ever speaks of `` member states '' ; the WTO has simply `` members '' ( see WTO members ) , whereas the IMF calls its members `` member countries '' .",
" Azerbaijan (Iran) Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan ( آذربایجان Āzarbāijān -LSB- ɒːzærbɒjdʒɒːn -RSB- آذربایجان Azərbaycan -LSB- ɑzærbɑjdʒɑn -RSB- ) , also known as Iranian Azerbaijan , is a region in northwestern Iran that borders Iraq , Turkey , the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic , Armenia , and the Republic of Azerbaijan . Iranian Azerbaijan is administratively divided into West Azerbaijan , East Azerbaijan , Ardabil , and Zanjan provinces . The region is mostly populated by Azerbaijanis , with minority populations of Kurds , Armenians , Tats , Talysh , Assyrians and Persians . Iranian Azerbaijan is the land originally and historically called Azerbaijan ; the Azerbaijani-populated Republic of Azerbaijan appropriated the name of the neighbouring Azerbaijani-populated region in Iran during the 20th century . Historic Azerbaijan was called Atropatene in antiquity and Aturpatakan in the pre-Islamic Middle Ages . Some refer to Iranian Azerbaijan as South ( or Southern ) Azerbaijan and the Republic of Azerbaijan as Northern Azerbaijan , although others believe that these terms are irredentist and politically motivated . Prior to the Russo-Persian wars of the 19th century , the Azerbaijani people were distributed throughout the north-western Persian Empire , with the highest concentrations in Persian provinces that correspond to contemporary Iranian Azerbaijan and the Republic of Azerbaijan . Following military defeats at the hands of the Russian Empire , Qajar Persia ceded all of its territories in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia to Russia via the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 and the Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828 . Since then the Azerbaijani people have been partitioned between nations . The territories south of the Aras River , which comprised the region historically known as Azerbaijan , became the new north-west frontier of the Persian Empire and later Iran . The territories north of the Aras River , which were not known by the name Azerbaijan at the time of their capture by Russia , were absorbed into the Russian Empire , renamed the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic during the country 's short-lived independence from 1918 to 1920 , incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic , and finally became the independent Republic of Azerbaijan when the Soviet Union dissolved ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Usher grew up in Tennessee.
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" Usher (musician) Usher Raymond IV ( born October 14 , 1978 ) is an American singer , songwriter , dancer , and actor . Born in Dallas , Texas but raised and lived in Chattanooga , Tennessee until moving to Atlanta , Georgia . At the age of 12 , his mother put him in local singing competitions , before catching the attention of a music A&R from LaFace Records . In 1994 , he released his self-titled debut album , Usher . He rose to fame in the late 1990s with the release of his sophomore album My Way ( 1997 ) , which spawned his first U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one single , `` Nice & Slow '' , amongst top-two singles `` You Make Me Wan na ... '' and `` My Way '' . 8701 ( 2001 ) produced the number-one singles `` U Remind Me '' and `` U Got It Bad '' , and top-three single `` U Do n't Have to Call '' . It sold 8 million copies worldwide and won his first two Grammy Awards as Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2002 and 2003 . Confessions ( 2004 ) established him as one of the best-selling musical artists of the 2000s decade , selling 20 million copies worldwide . Bolstered by its four consecutive Billboard Hot 100 number one singles ; `` Yeah ! '' , `` Burn '' , `` Confessions Part II '' , and `` My Boo '' , it has been certified Diamond by the RIAA . Here I Stand ( 2008 ) and Raymond v. Raymond ( 2010 ) , debuted atop of the Billboard 200 , and produced the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles `` Love in This Club '' and `` OMG '' . The EP , Versus , also produced the Hot 100 top-five single `` DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love '' . Looking 4 Myself ( 2012 ) , also debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart and produced the Hot 100 top-ten single `` Scream '' . Raymond v. Raymond and Looking 4 Myself received Grammy Awards for R&B singles `` There Goes My Baby '' and `` Climax '' . Hard II Love ( 2016 ) peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 albums chart . Usher has sold 23.8 million albums and 38.2 million digital songs in the United States . To date , his worldwide sales stand at 43 million albums and 75 million records overall , making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time . Usher has won numerous awards and accolades including 18 Billboard Music Awards and 8 Grammy Awards . At the end of 2009 , Billboard named him the second most successful artist of the 2000s decade , the number-one Hot 100 artist of the 2000s decade , and ranked Confessions as the top solo album of the 2000s decade . Billboard also placed him at number 6 on their list of `` Top 50 R&B / Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years '' . Usher has attained 9 US Hot 100 number-one singles . Considered an icon and sex symbol , he was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame and Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 2008 , he started his own record label Raymond-Braun Media Group ( RBMG ) ; a joint venture with talent manager Scooter Braun that includes Canadian singer Justin Bieber ."
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" 8701 8701 is the third studio album by American singer Usher ; it was first released on August 7 , 2001 , by Arista Records . Recording was handled by several producers including The Neptunes , Jermaine Dupri , Babyface , Kevin `` She ` kspere '' Briggs , Mike City , Bryan Michael Cox , Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis . Although intended for an October 31 , 2000 , release under the title All About U , the album was delayed numerous times , following the leak of several tracks onto the online music store Napster . Usher subsequently recorded new tracks and released the album under the new title , 8701 , which is derived from Usher singing for the first time in his local church in 1987 and the album 's release date of 2001 . 8701 takes inspiration from multiple artists , including Donny Hathaway , Stevie Wonder , Marvin Gaye , and Michael Jackson . It follows the theme of Usher 's relationship experience , along with the emotions of love and heartache . Usher promoted the album by embarking on the supporting tour , Evolution 8701 Tour in 2002 , to which it he performed in forty-four shows across North America . He also made appearances in television shows , including Live ! with Kelly and Total Request Live . 8701 produced two Billboard Hot 100 number one singles -- `` U Remind Me '' and `` U Got It Bad '' stayed on top for four and five weeks , respectively . The album debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart , with 210,000 copies sold in its first week . It has sold over 4.7 million copies in the United States , receiving a 4 × platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) ; worldwide sales stand at over eight million . 8701 received generally positive reviews from critics , who praised Usher 's vocals and development as an artist , but were ambivalent towards some of the album 's material . The album earned Usher numerous awards , including two Grammy Awards , three Billboard Music Awards and a BET Award .",
" Nashville, Tennessee Nashville is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Tennessee and the seat of Davidson County . It is located on the Cumberland River in the north central part of the state . The city is a center for the music , healthcare , publishing , banking and transportation industries , and home to numerous colleges and universities . It is known as a center of the country music industry , earning it the nickname `` Music City , U.S.A. '' Since 1963 , Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government , which includes six smaller municipalities in a two-tier system . The city is governed by a mayor , a vice-mayor , and a 40-member Metropolitan Council ; 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts , while the other five are elected at-large . Reflecting the city 's position in state government , Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for Middle Tennessee . According to 2016 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the total consolidated city-county population stood at 684,410 . The `` balance '' population , which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville , was 660,388 . The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345 , making it the largest metropolitan statistical area in the state . The 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro -- Columbia combined statistical area , a larger trade area , was 1,951,644 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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In Lebanon, a monastic tradition was established.
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[
" Lebanon Lebanon ( -LSB- ˈlɛbənɒn -RSB- لبنان ; Lebanese pronunciation : -LSB- lɪbˈnæːn -RSB- Liban ) , officially known as the Lebanese RepublicRepublic of Lebanon is the most common phrase used by Lebanese government agencies . The phrase Lebanese Republic is a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today 's world . Lebanese Arabic is the most common language spoken among the citizens of Lebanon . ( الجمهورية اللبنانية ; Lebanese pronunciation : -LSB- elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje l.ˈlɪbnæːnɪjje -RSB- République libanaise ) , is a sovereign state in Western Asia . It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south , while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea . Lebanon 's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity . At just 10,452 km2 ( 4,036 sq. mi . ) , it is the smallest recognized country on the entire mainland Asian continent . The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years , predating recorded history . Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms , a maritime culture that flourished for over a thousand years ( c. 1550 -- 539 BC ) . In 64 BC , the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire , and eventually became one of the Empire 's leading centers of Christianity . In the Mount Lebanon range a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church was established . As the Arab Muslims conquered the region , the Maronites held onto their religion and identity . However , a new religious group , the Druze , established themselves in Mount Lebanon as well , generating a religious divide that has lasted for centuries . During the Crusades , the Maronites re-established contact with the Roman Catholic Church and asserted their communion with Rome . The ties they established with the Latins have influenced the region into the modern era . The region eventually was ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918 . Following the collapse of the empire after World War I , the five provinces that constitute modern Lebanon came under the French Mandate of Lebanon . The French expanded the borders of the Mount Lebanon Governorate , which was mostly populated by Maronites and Druze , to include more Muslims . Lebanon gained independence in 1943 , establishing confessionalism , a unique , Consociationalism-type of political system with a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities . Bechara El Khoury , President of Lebanon during the independence , Riad El-Solh , first Lebanese prime minister and Emir Majid Arslan II , first Lebanese minister of defence , are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country 's independence . Foreign troops withdrew completely from Lebanon on 31 December 1946 . Lebanon has been a member of the Organisation internationale de la francophonie since 1973 . Despite its small size , the country has developed a well-known culture and has been highly influential in the Arab world . Before the Lebanese Civil War ( 1975 -- 1990 ) , the country experienced a period of relative calm and renowned prosperity , driven by tourism , agriculture , commerce , and banking . Because of its financial power and diversity in its heyday , Lebanon was referred to as the `` Switzerland of the East '' during the 1960s , and its capital , Beirut , attracted so many tourists that it was known as `` the Paris of the Middle East '' . At the end of the war , there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure . In spite of these troubles , Lebanon has the highest Human Development Index and GDP per capita in the Arab world , to the exclusion of the oil-rich economies of the Persian Gulf ."
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" Women in Lebanon Lebanese women are considered to have more rights and freedom compared to other women in the Arab World . Women in Lebanon are able to dress more liberally and move around with relative ease in certain parts of the country , unlike other countries in the region . Lebanese women enjoy almost equal civil rights as men . However , due to the large number of officially recognized religions in Lebanon , Lebanese family matters are governed by at least 15 personal statute codes . Lebanese women have legal protection that varies depending on their religion . In Muslim families , marriageable age can be as soon as the child reaches puberty and polygamy is allowed . Muslim women can legally marry Christian or Jewish men ; for example a Lebanese Catholic man can marry a Muslim lady on the condition of getting their children baptised , otherwise , the couple may opt for civil marriage performed abroad , which can be registered at any Lebanese Embassy , thus giving it official recognition ( this is a particularly popular option , with Cyprus usually acting as the destination of choice ) . Children born to a Lebanese woman and a man from another country will not have their children granted Lebanese nationality . Local and regional NGOs have helped to increase awareness of violence against women in Lebanon . Government policies regarding this are poor however , and attempts to improve this area have been met with resistance . Lebanon 's laws do not recognize the concept of spousal rape , and attempt to add this to law have been attacked by Lebanese clerics . The family in Lebanon , as elsewhere in the Middle East region , assigns different roles to family members on the basis of gender . The superior status of men in society and within the narrow confines of the nuclear family transcends the barriers of sect or ethnicity . Lebanese family structure is patriarchal . The centrality of the father figure stems from the role of the family as an economic unit . This notion prevails in rural regions of Lebanon where women participate in peasant work . However , it is noticed that the percentage of women working in the labor force has increased . Since , 1970 , Arab societies have allowed women to play a more active role socially and in the work force , basically as a result of the manpower shortage caused by heavy migration of men to Persion Gulf countries . Notwithstanding the persistence of traditional attitudes regarding the role of women , Lebanese women enjoy equal civil rights and attend institutions of higher education in large numbers ( for example , women constituted 41 percent of the student body at the American University of Beirut in 1983 ) . Although women in Lebanon have their own organizations , most exist as subordinate branches of the political parties .",
" Monastery A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics , monks or nuns , whether living in communities or alone ( hermits ) . A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which may be a chapel , church or temple , and may also serve as an oratory . Monasteries vary greatly in size , comprising a small dwelling accommodating only a hermit , or in the case of communities anything from a single building housing only one senior and two or three junior monks or nuns , to vast complexes and estates housing tens or hundreds . A monastery complex typically comprises a number of buildings which include a church , dormitory , cloister , refectory , library , balneary and infirmary . Depending on the location , the monastic order and the occupation of its inhabitants , the complex may also include a wide range of buildings that facilitate self-sufficiency and service to the community . These may include a hospice , a school and a range of agricultural and manufacturing buildings such as a barn , a forge or a brewery . In English usage , the term monastery is generally used to denote the buildings of a community of monks . In modern usage , convent tends to be applied only to institutions of female monastics ( nuns ) , particularly communities of teaching or nursing religious sisters . Historically , a convent denoted a house of friars ( reflecting the Latin ) , now more commonly called a friary . Various religions may apply these terms in more specific ways ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Alfred Hitchcock framed shots to maximize at least three things in 2000.
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" Alfred Hitchcock Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock ( 13 August 1899 -- 29 April 1980 ) was an English film director and producer , at times referred to as `` The Master of Suspense '' . He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres . He had a successful career in British cinema with both silent films and early talkies and became renowned as England 's best director . Hitchcock moved to Hollywood in 1939 , and became a U.S. citizen in 1955 . Hitchcock became a highly visible public figure through interviews , movie trailers , cameo appearances in his own films , and the ten years in which he hosted the television programme Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1955 -- 1965 ) . He also fashioned for himself a recognisable directorial style . Hitchcock 's stylistic trademarks include the use of camera movement that mimics a person 's gaze , forcing viewers to engage in a form of voyeurism . In addition , he framed shots to maximise anxiety , fear , or empathy , and used innovative forms of film editing . His work often features fugitives on the run alongside `` icy blonde '' female characters . In 1978 , film critic John Russell Taylor described Hitchcock as `` the most universally recognizable person in the world '' , and `` a straightforward middle-class Englishman who just happened to be an artistic genius '' . Prior to 1980 , there had long been talk of Hitchcock being knighted for his contribution to film . Critic Roger Ebert wrote : `` Other British directors like Sir Carol Reed and Sir Charlie Chaplin were knighted years ago , while Hitchcock , universally considered by film students to be one of the greatest filmmakers of all time , was passed over '' . Hitchcock later received his knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in the 1980 New Year Honours . Hitchcock directed more than fifty feature films in a career spanning six decades and is often regarded as one of the most influential directors in cinematic history . Following a 2007 critics ' poll by Britain 's Daily Telegraph in which he was ranked Britain 's greatest filmmaker , one scholar wrote : `` Hitchcock did more than any director to shape modern cinema , which would be utterly different without him . His flair was for narrative , cruelly withholding crucial information ( from his characters and from the audience ) and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else . '' Hitchcock 's first thriller , The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog ( 1926 ) , helped shape the thriller genre in film . His 1929 film , Blackmail , is often cited as the first British sound feature film , while Rear Window ( 1954 ) , Vertigo ( 1958 ) , North by Northwest ( 1959 ) , and Psycho ( 1960 ) are regularly ranked among the greatest films of all time ."
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" Alfred Hitchcock Presents Alfred Hitchcock Presents is an American television anthology series hosted and executive produced by Alfred Hitchcock , which aired on CBS and NBC between 1955 and 1965 . It featured dramas , thrillers , and mysteries . By the time it premiered on October 2 , 1955 , Hitchcock had been directing films for over three decades . Time magazine named it one of `` The 100 Best TV Shows of all time '' . The Writers Guild of America ranked it # 79 on their list of the 101 Best-Written TV Series tying it with Monty Python 's Flying Circus , Star Trek : The Next Generation and Upstairs , Downstairs . A series of literary anthologies with the running title Alfred Hitchcock Presents were issued to capitalize on the success of the television series . One volume , devoted to stories that censors would n't allow to be adapted for broadcast , was entitled Alfred Hitchcock Presents : Stories They Would n't Let Me Do on TV '' -- though eventually several of the stories collected were adapted .",
" BAFTA Fellowship The BAFTA Fellowship , or the Academy Fellowship , is a lifetime achievement award presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) since 1971 `` in recognition of outstanding achievement in the art forms of the moving image '' , and is the highest honour the Academy can bestow . Fellowship recipients have been mainly film directors , but some have also been awarded to actors , film and television producers , cinematographers , film editors , screenwriters and ( since 2007 ) to contributors to the video game industry . People from the United Kingdom dominate the list , but it includes over a dozen U.S. citizens and several from other countries in Europe , though none of the latter have been recognized since 1996 . Shigeru Miyamoto , in 2010 , became the first citizen of an Asian country to receive the award . The inaugural recipient of the award was filmmaker and producer Alfred Hitchcock . The award has been made posthumously to comedy pair Morecambe and Wise in 1999 , and to Stanley Kubrick , who died that same year and was made a fellow in 2000 . The most recent recipient was British actress Joanna Lumley ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Ajay Devgan has won National Film Awards.
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" Ajay Devgn Ajay Devgan ( born Vishal Veeru Devgan on 2 April 1969 ) , also credited as Ajay Devgn , is an Indian film actor , director and producer . He is widely considered as one of the most popular actors of Hindi cinema , who has appeared in over a hundred Hindi films . Devgan has won numerous accolades , including two National Film Awards and four Filmfare Awards . In 2016 , he was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri , the fourth highest civilian honour of the country . Devgan began his professional career with Phool Aur Kaante in 1991 and received a Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut for his performance . He then starred in successful films such as Jigar ( 1992 ) , Dilwale ( 1994 ) , Suhaag ( 1994 ) , Naajayaz ( 1995 ) , Diljale ( 1996 ) and Ishq ( 1997 ) . In 1998 , he appeared in a critically acclaimed performance in Mahesh Bhatt 's drama Zakhm and he received his first National Film Award for Best Actor for his role in the movie . In 1999 , his most-talked-about film was Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam in which he played Vanraj , a man who tries to unite his wife with her lover . In the early 2000s , he gave critically acclaimed performances in Ram Gopal Varma 's fictional expose of Mumbai underworld Company . He played the character of a gangster , for which he won Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor . The same year he gave another critically acclaimed performance in Deewangee for which he received the Filmfare Best Villain Award . In 2003 , he won his second National Film Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Bhagat Singh in Rajkumar Santoshi 's biopic The Legend of Bhagat Singh . Throughout his career he has performed in many critically and commercially successful films including Raincoat ( 2004 ) , '' Gangajal , ( 2004 ) , Yuva ( 2004 ) , Apaharan ( 2005 ) , Omkara ( 2006 ) , Golmaal : Fun Unlimited ( 2006 ) , Golmaal Returns ( 2008 ) , All the Best : Fun Begins ( 2009 ) , Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai ( 2010 ) , Golmaal 3 ( 2010 ) , Raajneeti ( 2010 ) , Singham ( 2011 ) , Bol Bachchan ( 2012 ) , Son of Sardaar ( 2012 ) , Singham Returns ( 2014 ) and Drishyam ( 2015 ) . He has starred in more than hundred Hindi films . Having done so , he established himself as one of the leading actors of Hindi cinema . In addition , Devgn owns a production company Ajay Devgn FFilms which was established in 2000 . In 2008 , he debuted as a film director with U Me Aur Hum . He is married to film actress , Kajol since 1999 and the couple have two children . In August 2009 , Devgn changed his surname from Devgan to Devgn on the request of his family ."
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" AACTA Award for Best Film The AACTA Award for Best Film is an award presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts ( AACTA ) , a non-profit organisation whose aim is to `` identify , award , promote and celebrate Australia 's greatest achievements in film and television . '' The award is presented at the annual AACTA Awards , which hand out accolades for achievements in feature film , television , documentaries and short films . From 1969 -- 2010 , the category was presented by the Australian Film Institute ( AFI ) , the Academy 's parent organisation , at the annual Australian Film Institute Awards ( known as the AFI Awards ) . When the AFI launched the Academy in 2011 , it changed the annual ceremony to the AACTA Awards , with the current award being a continuum of the AFI Award for Best Film . From 1969 -- 1975 , the award was presented as a gold , silver , bronze or grand prix prize , or in some years , a cash prize . The first winner , Jack and Jill : A Postscript , was nominated in the `` general '' category of the 1969 awards , and received a silver prize . Because non-feature films dominated the Australian film industry at that time , the film was submitted in the general category . Despite this , it is considered the first winner by the Academy . From the 1976 Australian Film Awards , the award became competitive , and has been given as such since then . To be eligible , the film must be Australian ; consist of a dramatised story of at least 70 minutes duration ; and be publicly exhibited in a commercial cinema for a minimum of seven consecutive days , in at least two capital cities ( one of which is Sydney or Melbourne ) . The producer of the film is considered the nominee , and is presented the award upon winning .",
" Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor The Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor is given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films . The award is given by the chosen jury of critics assigned to the function , and is a derivation from a previous award known as the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance , which was established in 1991 and was initially a special award given for a performance by either sex . In 1998 , it was officially divided into two separate categories to acknowledge both male and female actors individually . The actors are awarded without prior nomination for a performance . The record of the maximum number of wins in this category is with Amitabh Bachchan having won the award 3 times ( 2002 , 2006 & 2016 ) and Manoj Bajpayee ( 1999 , 2000 & 2017 ) , , followed by two actors ( in chronological order ) : Shahrukh Khan ( 1994 & 2001 ) and Ranbir Kapoor ( 2010 & 2012 ) . There has been only tie in the history between Shahid Kapoor and Manoj Bajpai for Udta Punjab and Aligarh respectively ( 2017 ) ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Marlon Brando was not on a list in the 1950s.
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" Marlon Brando Marlon Brando , Jr. ( April 3 , 1924 -- July 1 , 2004 ) was an American actor , film director and political activist . He is credited with bringing realism to film acting . He helped to popularize the Stanislavski system of acting , studying with Stella Adler in the 1940s . Brando is widely known for his Academy Award-winning performances as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) and Vito Corleone in The Godfather ( 1972 ) , as well as his performances in A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) , Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) , Julius Caesar ( 1953 ) , The Wild One ( 1953 ) , Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) , Sayonara ( 1957 ) , Reflections in a Golden Eye ( 1967 ) , Last Tango in Paris ( 1972 ) , and Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) . Brando was also an activist for many causes , notably the Civil Rights Movement and various Native American movements . He initially gained acclaim and an Academy Award nomination for reprising the role of Stanley Kowalski in the 1951 film adaptation of Tennessee Williams ' play A Streetcar Named Desire , a role that he had originated successfully on Broadway . He received further praise for his performance as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront , and his portrayal of the rebel motorcycle gang leader Johnny Strabler in The Wild One proved to be a lasting image in popular culture . Brando received Academy Award nominations for playing Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata ! ; Mark Antony in Joseph L. Mankiewicz 's 1953 film adaptation of Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar ; and Air Force Major Lloyd Gruver in Sayonara ( 1957 ) , an adaption of James Michener 's 1954 novel . Brando was included in a list of Top Ten Money Making Stars three times in the 1950s , coming in at number 10 in 1954 , number 6 in 1955 , and number 4 in 1958 . The 1960s proved to be a fallow decade for Brando . He directed and starred in the cult western film One-Eyed Jacks , a critical and commercial flop , after which he delivered a series of box-office failures , beginning with the 1962 film adaptation of the novel Mutiny on the Bounty . After 10 years , during which he did not appear in a successful film , he won his second Academy Award for playing Vito Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola 's The Godfather , a role critics consider among his greatest . The Godfather was then one of the most commercially successful films of all time . With that and his Oscar-nominated performance in Last Tango in Paris , Brando re-established himself in the ranks of top box-office stars , placing sixth and tenth in the Money Making Stars poll in 1972 and 1973 , respectively . Brando took a four-year hiatus before appearing in The Missouri Breaks ( 1976 ) . After this , he was content with being a highly paid character actor in cameo roles , such as in Superman ( 1978 ) and The Formula ( 1980 ) , before taking a nine-year break from motion pictures . According to the Guinness Book of World Records , Brando was paid a record $ 3.7 million ( $ million in inflation-adjusted dollars ) and 11.75 % of the gross profits for 13 days ' work on Superman . He finished out the 1970s with his controversial performance as Colonel Kurtz in another Coppola film , Apocalypse Now , a box-office hit for which he was highly paid and which helped finance his career layoff during the 1980s . Brando was ranked by the American Film Institute as the fourth-greatest movie star among male movie stars whose screen debuts occurred in or before 1950 . He was one of only three professional actors , along with Charlie Chaplin and Marilyn Monroe , named in 1999 by Time magazine as one of its 100 Most Important People of the Century . He died of respiratory failure on July 1 , 2004 , at age 80 ."
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" The Appaloosa The Appaloosa ( also known as Southwest to Sonora ) is a 1966 American Western film Technicolor ( set in the 1870s ) from Universal Pictures starring Marlon Brando , Anjanette Comer and John Saxon , who was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of a Mexican bandit . The film was directed by Sidney J. Furie , and shot in Wrightwood , Antelope Valley , and Lake Los Angeles , California , St. George , Utah , and Colorado City , Arizona . The 2008 Appaloosa film ( starring Ed Harris and Viggo Mortensen ) is not related to this film , although it has a similar title .",
" Morituri (1965 film) Morituri ( also known as The Saboteur : Code Name Morituri ) is a 1965 film about the Allied sabotage during World War II of a German merchant ship carrying rubber , a critical product during the war . The film stars Marlon Brando , Yul Brynner , Trevor Howard , Janet Margolin , and Wally Cox . It was directed by Bernhard Wicki ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Instagram is a service that allows users to share pictures and it's very popular.
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" Instagram Instagram is a mobile , desktop , and internet-based photo-sharing application and service that allows users to share pictures and videos either publicly or privately . It was created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger , and launched in October 2010 as a free mobile app exclusively for the iOS operating system . A version for Android devices was released two years later , in April 2012 , followed by a feature-limited website interface in November 2012 , and apps for Windows 10 Mobile and Windows 10 in April 2016 and October 2016 respectively . Instagram lets registered users upload photos or videos to the service . Users can apply various digital filters to their images , and add locations through geotags . They can add hashtags to their posts , linking the photos up to other content on Instagram featuring the same subject or overall topic . Users can connect their Instagram account to other social media profiles , enabling them to share photos to those profiles as well . Originally , a distinctive feature of Instagram was its confining of photos to a square ; this was changed in August 2015 , when an update started allowing users to upload media at full size . In June 2012 , an `` Explore '' tab was introduced in the mobile apps , showing users a variety of media , including ( but not limited to ) popular photos and photos taken at nearby locations , trending tags and places , channels for recommended videos , and curated content . Support for videos was originally launched in June 2013 , and had a 15-second maximum duration and limited quality , with Instagram later adding support for widescreen and longer videos . Private messaging , called Instagram Direct , was launched with basic photo-sharing functionality in December 2013 , and has gradually received major updates incorporating more features . Updates include easier private sharing from the news feed , threaded conversations , sharing locations and hashtag pages , increased support for text and emoji , and the ability to make photos `` disappear '' after being viewed by the recipient . In August 2016 , Instagram introduced a `` Stories '' feature , letting users add photos to a story , with the content disappearing after 24 hours . Instagram added live-video functionality to Stories in November 2016 , augmented reality stickers in April 2017 , and face filters in May 2017 . After its launch in 2010 , Instagram rapidly gained popularity , with one million registered users in two months , 10 million in a year , and ultimately 700 million as of April 2017 . Its users have uploaded over 40 billion photos to the service as of October 2015 . , the Instagram Stories functionality has over 200 million active users , while Instagram Direct has 375 million active users . Instagram was acquired by Facebook in April 2012 for approximately US$ 1 billion in cash and stock . The popularity of Instagram has sparked an engaging community , including dedicated `` trends '' , in which users post specific types of photos on specific days of the week with a hashtag representing a common theme . Instagram has received positive reviews for its iOS app , and it has been named `` one of the most influential social networks in the world '' . However , the company has been the subject of criticism on several issues , most notably incidents of drug sales on the platform , allegations of censorship towards women , and a May 2017 survey in the United Kingdom concluding that the service was bad for young mental health ."
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" Social networking service A social networking service ( also social networking site , SNS or social media ) is an online platform that is used by people to build social networks or social relations with other people who share similar personal or career interests , activities , backgrounds or real-life connections . The variety of stand-alone and built-in social networking services currently available in the online space introduces challenges of definition ; however , there are some common features : social networking services are Internet-based applications user-generated content ( UGC ) is the lifeblood of SNS organisms users create service-specific profiles for the site or app that are designed and maintained by the SNS organization and social networking services facilitate the development of online social networks by connecting a user 's profile with those of other individuals or groups . Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet , such as by e-mail and instant messaging and online forums . Social networking sites are varied and they incorporate a range of new information and communication tools such as availability on desktop and laptops , mobile devices such as tablet computers and smartphones , digital photo/video/sharing and `` web logging '' diary entries online ( blogging ) . Online community services are sometimes considered a social network service , though in a broader sense , social network service usually means an individual-centered service whereas online community services are group-centered . Social networking sites allow users to share ideas , digital photos and videos , posts , and inform others about online or real world activities and events with people in their network . While in-person social networking , such as gathering in a village market to talk about events has existed since the earliest developments of towns , the Web enables people to connect with others who live in different locations , ranging from across a city to across the world . Depending on the social media platform , members may be able to contact any other member . In other cases , members can contact anyone they have a connection to , and subsequently anyone that contact has a connection to , and so on . LinkedIn , a career social networking service , generally requires that a member personally know another member in real life before they contact them online . Some services require members to have a preexisting connection to contact other members . The main types of social networking services are those that contain category places ( such as former school year or classmates ) , means to connect with friends ( usually with self-description pages ) , and a recommendation system linked to trust . Social network services can be split into three types : socializing social network services are primarily for socializing with existing friends ( e.g. , Facebook ) ; networking social network services are primarily for non-social interpersonal communication ( e.g. , LinkedIn , a career and employment-oriented site ) ; and social navigation social network services are primarily for helping users to find specific information or resources ( e.g. , Goodreads for books ) . There have been attempts to standardize these services to avoid the need to duplicate entries of friends and interests ( see the FOAF standard ) . A study reveals that India has recorded world 's largest growth in terms of social media users in 2013 . A 2013 survey found that 73 % of U.S. adults use social networking sites .",
" Photo shoot A photo shoot is generally used in the fashion or glamour industry , whereby a model poses for a photographer at a studio or an outdoor location where multiple photos are taken to find the best ones for the required brief . The `` model '' is not always a person , however ; for instance , advertising in print often requires photographic depiction of advertised goods , and food can be the subject of magazine articles ( often in very elaborate presentations ) ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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The Jim Henson Company was the producer of The Dark Crystal.
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" The Jim Henson Company The Jim Henson Company ( also known at various times as Muppets , LLC. , Henson Associates , Ltd. , and Jim Henson Productions , Inc. ) is an American entertainment company , a leading producer of children 's and family entertainment ( despite some of the company 's works containing mature content ) , and best known as the creators of the renowned Muppets characters . Founded in 1958 by puppeteer Jim Henson and performing partner and wife Jane Henson , the company is independently owned and operated by the children of its founders . Henson has produced many successful television series , including The Muppet Show ( later owned by Disney ) , Fraggle Rock , Dinosaurs , Bear in the Big Blue House , and Farscape , and creates the Muppet characters for the long-running PBS television series , Sesame Street . The company has also produced many films , including The Muppet Movie , The Dark Crystal , and Labyrinth . Henson also operates Jim Henson 's Creature Shop , a puppet , animatronics , and visual effects workshop , which has created characters and effects for Henson productions , as well as outside producers . In 1989 , the company entered merger negotiations with The Walt Disney Company , but the deal fell through following Jim Henson 's unexpected death in 1990 . Following Henson 's death and the calling off of the Disney merger , the company was taken over by Henson 's children , Lisa , Cheryl , Brian , John , and Heather , with Brian at the helm . In 2000 Henson was sold to EM.TV & Merchandising AG , a German media company , but by the end of that year , EM.TV 's stock collapsed , and the company was sold back to the Henson family in 2003 . ( EM.TV had in the interim sold the rights to the Sesame Street Muppets to Sesame Workshop in 2001 . ) In 2004 , Henson sold the rights to the Muppets and Bear in the Big Blue House to The Walt Disney Company , but retains the rights to the rest of its characters , program library , and assets . , Brian , Lisa , Cheryl , and Heather Henson run the company ( sibling and fellow co-owner John Henson died in February 2014 ) . Brian Henson serves as chairman , while Lisa Henson serves as CEO . Since 2000 , The Jim Henson Company has been headquartered at the Jim Henson Company Lot , the historic former Charlie Chaplin Studios , in Hollywood , California ."
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" Jim Henson Records Jim Henson Records was a short-lived music label made by The Jim Henson Company and BMG Kidz . It began in 1988 with the soundtrack for the film Kokomo . Despite the decreasing popularity of the Muppets following the death of Jim Henson , this record line kept the Muppets in the public 's eyes and included some now-rare albums . This line marked the CD debuts of songs from The Muppet Show , Fraggle Rock and the first two movies ( The Muppet Movie and The Great Muppet Caper ) . Henson and BMG released 2 CDs of key Muppet songs , they unearthed old recordings from 1984 featuring Jim Henson as Rowlf the Dog singing some classic songs ( Ol' Brown Ears is Back ) and a Muppet Beach Party CD featuring The Beach Boys songs . In the fall of 1994 , the last album released by Jim Henson Records was Kermit Unpigged . The album did not sell and Henson even sued BMG for not selling enough copies , thus ending the label .",
" David Hillenbrand David Hillenbrand is an American writer , director , and composer . He often collaborates with his brother Scott Hillenbrand on projects . He is a member of the Directors Guild of America . He is a director whose films include Hostile Takeover ( 1997 ) , King Cobra ( 1999 ) , Demon Island ( 2002 ) , National Lampoon Presents Dorm Daze ( 2003 ) , Gamebox 1.0 ( 2004 ) , Dorm Daze 2 ( 2006 ) , and Transylmania ( 2009 ) . The Hillenbrands also produced the theatrical stage show `` Adrift '' in Los Angeles in 1991 which was based on the best-selling novel of the same name . In addition to his active career as a film director and producer , David Hillenbrand has had an active music career in film and television . He served as the music coordinator , either for multiple television episodes or the entire television series , for Mighty Morphin ' Power Rangers ( 1995 ) , X-Men ( 1992-1995 ) , Attack of the Killer Tomatoes ( 1991 ) , Spacecats ( 1991 ) , Blindfold : Acts of Obsession ( 1994-TV Movie ) , Sweet Valley High ( 1994-1995 ) , Video Power ( 1991 ) and Tracks of a Killer ( 1996 -- TV movie ) . In 2012 he directed Deadtime Stories : Grave Secrets , a film starring Diane Ladd and Jennifer Stone based on the popular children 's book titles of the same name , written by Annette Cascone and Gina Cascone . He co-created , executive produced and directed 8 of the first 11 episodes of the Deadtime Stories television series based on the book series . The series launched on Nickelodeon in the U.S. , CiTV in England , and DisneyXD in Canada . The 2009 film Transylmania which he co-directed with brother Scott Hillenbrand was calculated as the financially poorest wide release motion picture to date , averaging only $ 262 per screen , and released on 1007 screens . David and Scott Hillenbrand were sued by the Transylmania print and advertising ( `` P&A '' ) financial backers in 2012 , who claimed in the lawsuit that the project was a `` staggering fraud '' . Kim Swartz , representing the Hillenbrands , writes in response , `` David and Scott Hillenbrand and their team of top professionals did everything they could to try to get their investors a return on their investment , even to the Hillenbrands ' own financial detriment , and , as stated in the Complaint , in spite of the plaintiffs ' failure to provide the agreed upon P&A funds in a timely manner . The Hillenbrands look forward to having the plaintiffs ' completely meritless claims dismissed and to prosecuting their own claims . '' In August , 2012 , the Hillenbrands ' production company , Hill & Brand Productions 7 , LLC that produced Transylmania , counter sued Third Eye Capital Corporation and Strative Capital LTD for fraud and breach of contract seeking damages of no less than $ 107,000,000.00 and alleging a scheme to defraud Hill & Brand Productions 7 , LLC and to exploit the name and reputation of the Hillenbrands for their own financial gain ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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The windigo is a type of being.
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" Wendigo In Algonquian folklore , the wendigo or windigo is a cannibal monster or evil spirit native to the northern forests of the Atlantic Coast and Great Lakes Region of both the United States and Canada . The wendigo may appear as a monster with some characteristics of a human , or as a spirit who has possessed a human being and made them become monstrous . It is historically associated with cannibalism , murder , insatiable greed , and the cultural taboos against such behaviours . The legend lends its name to the disputed modern medical term Wendigo psychosis , which is considered by psychiatrists to be a form of culture-bound syndrome with symptoms such as an intense craving for human flesh and a fear of becoming a cannibal . In some Indigenous communities , environmental destruction and insatiable greed are also seen as a manifestation of Wendigo Psychosis ."
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" Nature Nature , in the broadest sense , is the natural , physical , or material world or universe . `` Nature '' can refer to the phenomena of the physical world , and also to life in general . The study of nature is a large part of science . Although humans are part of nature , human activity is often understood as a separate category from other natural phenomena . The word nature is derived from the Latin word natura , or `` essential qualities , innate disposition '' , and in ancient times , literally meant `` birth '' . Natura is a Latin translation of the Greek word physis , which originally related to the intrinsic characteristics that plants , animals , and other features of the world develop of their own accord . The concept of nature as a whole , the physical universe , is one of several expansions of the original notion ; it began with certain core applications of the word φύσις by pre-Socratic philosophers , and has steadily gained currency ever since . This usage continued during the advent of modern scientific method in the last several centuries . Within the various uses of the word today , `` nature '' often refers to geology and wildlife . Nature can refer to the general realm of living plants and animals , and in some cases to the processes associated with inanimate objects -- the way that particular types of things exist and change of their own accord , such as the weather and geology of the Earth . It is often taken to mean the `` natural environment '' or wilderness -- wild animals , rocks , forest , and in general those things that have not been substantially altered by human intervention , or which persist despite human intervention . For example , manufactured objects and human interaction generally are not considered part of nature , unless qualified as , for example , `` human nature '' or `` the whole of nature '' . This more traditional concept of natural things which can still be found today implies a distinction between the natural and the artificial , with the artificial being understood as that which has been brought into being by a human consciousness or a human mind . Depending on the particular context , the term `` natural '' might also be distinguished from the unnatural or the supernatural .",
" Humanoid A humanoid ( -LSB- ˈhjuːmənɔɪd -RSB- from English human and - oid `` resembling '' ) is something that has an appearance resembling a human being . The earliest recorded use of the term , in 1870 , referred to indigenous peoples in areas colonized by Europeans . By the 20th century , the term came to describe fossils which were morphologically similar , but not identical , to those of the human skeleton . Although this usage was common in the sciences for much of the 20th century , it is now considered rare . More generally , the term can refer to anything with distinctly human characteristics or adaptations , such as possessing opposable anterior forelimb-appendages ( i.e. thumbs ) , visible spectrum-binocular vision ( i.e. having two eyes ) , or biomechanic plantigrade-bipedalism ( i.e. the ability to walk on heels and metatarsals in an upright position ) . Science fiction media frequently present sentient extraterrestrial lifeforms as humanoid as a byproduct of convergent evolution theory ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Samuel L. Jackson has appeared in over 100 films.
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" Samuel L. Jackson Samuel Leroy Jackson ( born December 21 , 1948 ) is an American actor and film producer . He achieved prominence and critical acclaim in the early 1990s with films such as Jungle Fever ( 1991 ) , Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , Amos & Andrew ( 1993 ) , True Romance ( 1993 ) , Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) and his collaborations with director Quentin Tarantino including Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) , Django Unchained ( 2012 ) , and The Hateful Eight ( 2015 ) . He is a highly prolific actor , having appeared in over 100 films , including Die Hard with a Vengeance ( 1995 ) , Unbreakable ( 2000 ) , Shaft ( 2000 ) , The 51st State ( 2001 ) , Black Snake Moan ( 2006 ) , Snakes on a Plane ( 2006 ) , and the Star Wars prequel trilogy ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , as well as the Marvel Cinematic Universe . With Jackson 's permission , his likeness was used for the Ultimate version of the Marvel Comics character Nick Fury . He later cameoed as the character in a post-credits scene from Iron Man ( 2008 ) , and went on to sign a nine-film commitment to reprise this role in future films , including major roles in Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) and Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) and minor roles in Thor ( 2011 ) and Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) . He has also portrayed the character in the second and final episodes of the first season of the TV show Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. . He has provided his voice to several animated films , television series and video games , including the roles of Lucius Best / Frozone in Pixar Animation Studios ' film The Incredibles ( 2004 ) , Mace Windu in Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , Afro Samurai in the anime television series Afro Samurai ( 2007 ) , and Frank Tenpenny in the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas ( 2004 ) . Jackson has achieved critical and commercial acclaim , surpassing Frank Welker as the actor with the highest-grossing film total of all time in October 2011 , and he has received numerous accolades and awards . He is married to LaTanya Richardson , with whom he has a daughter , Zoe . Samuel L. Jackson is ranked as the highest all-time box office star with over $ 4.9053 billion total box office gross , an average of $ 69.1 million per film ."
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" Low-budget film A low-budget film is a motion picture shot with little to no funding from a major film studio or private investor . Many independent films are made on low budgets , but films made on the mainstream circuit with inexperienced or unknown filmmakers can also have low budgets . Many young or first time filmmakers shoot low-budget films to prove their talent before doing bigger productions . Many low-budget films that do not gain some form of attention or acclaim are never released in theatres and are often sent straight to retail because of its lack of marketability , look , story , or premise . There is no precise number to define a low budget production , and it is relative to both genre and country . What might be a low-budget film in one country may be a big budget in another . Modern-day young filmmakers rely on film festivals for pre promotion . They use this to gain acclaim and attention for their films , which often leads to a limited release in theatres . Film that acquire a cult following may be given a wide release . Low-budget films can be either professional productions or amateur . They are either shot using professional or consumer equipment . Some genres are more conducive to low-budget filmmaking than others . Horror films are a very popular genre for low-budget directorial debuts . Jeremy Gardner , director of The Battery says that horror fans are more attracted to how the films affect them than seeing movie stars . This allows horror films to focus more on provoking a reaction than on expensive casting choices . Thriller films are also a popular choice for low-budget films , as they focus on narrative . Science fiction films , which were once the domain of B movies , frequently require a big budget to accommodate their special effects , but low-cost do-it-yourself computer-generated imagery can make them affordable , especially when they focus on story and characterization . Plot devices like shooting as found footage can lower production costs , and scripts that rely on extended dialogue , such as Reservoir Dogs or Sex , Lies , and Videotape , can entertain audiences without many sets . The money flow in filmmaking is a unique system because of the uncertainty of demand . The makers of the film do not know how well the film they release will be received . They may predict a film will do very well and pay back the cost of production , but only get a portion back . Or the opposite may happen where a project that few think will go far can bring in more profit than imaginable . A big gambling variable that is also involved is the use of stars . Frequently stars are brought on to a project to gain the film publicity and fame . This process can be profitable , but it is not a foolproof mechanism to successful funding . Well-known actors may join a low-budget film for a portion of the gross .",
" Free Willy Free Willy is a 1993 American family drama film directed by Simon Wincer , produced by Lauren Shuler Donner and Jennie Lew Tugend , and written by Keith A. Walker and Corey Blechman from a story by Walker . The film stars Jason James Richter as a foster boy who befriends a captive orca . The film received positive attention from critics and was a financial success , grossing $ 153.6 million over $ 20 million , and has a small cult following . It eventually grew into a small franchise , spawning three sequels and a video game companion . Michael Jackson produced and performed `` Will You Be There '' , the theme for the film , which can be heard during the film 's credits . The song won the MTV Movie Award for `` Best Song in a Movie '' in 1994 . It was also included on Jackson 's album , Dangerous , and All Time Greatest Movie Songs , released by Sony in 1999 . Jackson also performed songs for the film 's first sequel ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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All About Eve was nominated for 17 Academy Awards.
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" All About Eve All About Eve is a 1950 American drama film written and directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz , and produced by Darryl F. Zanuck . It was based on the 1946 short story `` The Wisdom of Eve '' by Mary Orr , although screen credit was not given for it . The film stars Bette Davis as Margo Channing , a highly regarded but aging Broadway star . Anne Baxter plays Eve Harrington , an ambitious young fan who insinuates herself into Channing 's life , ultimately threatening Channing 's career and her personal relationships . George Sanders , Celeste Holm , Hugh Marlowe , Barbara Bates , Gary Merrill , and Thelma Ritter also appear , and the film provided one of Marilyn Monroe 's earliest important roles . Praised by critics at the time of its release , All About Eve received 14 Academy Awards nominations ( a feat only matched by the 1997 film Titanic and the 2016 film La La Land ) and won six , including Best Picture . All About Eve is the only film in Oscar history to receive four female acting nominations ( Davis and Baxter as Best Actress , Holm and Ritter as Best Supporting Actress ) . All About Eve was selected in 1990 for preservation in the United States National Film Registry and was among the first 50 films to be registered . All About Eve appeared at # 16 on AFI 's 1998 list of the 100 best American films ."
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" Terms of Endearment Terms of Endearment is a 1983 American comedy-drama film adapted from Larry McMurtry 's eponymous 1975 novel , directed , written , and produced by James L. Brooks and starring Shirley MacLaine , Debra Winger , Jack Nicholson , Danny DeVito , Jeff Daniels , and John Lithgow . The film covers 30 years of the relationship between Aurora Greenway ( MacLaine ) and her daughter Emma ( Winger ) . The film received eleven Academy Award nominations and won five . Brooks won the Academy Awards for Best Picture , Best Director , and Best Writing ( Adapted Screenplay ) while MacLaine won the Academy Award for Best Actress and Nicholson won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . In addition , it won four Golden Globes : Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Actress in a Drama ( MacLaine ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Nicholson ) , and Best Screenplay ( Brooks ) .",
" All About Love (2001 film) All About Love ( original title : De l'amour ) is a 2001 French drama film directed by Jean-François Richet . It stars Virginie Ledoyen and Yazid Aït . It was nominated for an award at the 2001 Cairo International Film Festival in 1945 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Freak Out! was Frank Zappa's debut album.
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" Frank Zappa Frank Vincent Zappa ( December 21 , 1940 -- December 4 , 1993 ) was an American musician , activist and filmmaker . His work was characterized by nonconformity , free-form improvisation , sound experiments , musical virtuosity , and satire of American culture . In a career spanning more than 30 years , Zappa composed rock , pop , jazz , jazz fusion , orchestral and musique concrète works , and produced almost all of the 60-plus albums that he released with his band the Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist . Zappa also directed feature-length films and music videos , and designed album covers . He is considered one of the most innovative and stylistically diverse rock musicians of his generation . As a self-taught composer and performer , Zappa 's diverse musical influences led him to create music that was sometimes difficult to categorize . While in his teens , he acquired a taste for 20th-century classical composers such as Edgard Varèse , Igor Stravinsky , and Anton Webern , along with 1950s rhythm and blues and doo-wop music . He began writing classical music in high school , while at the same time playing drums in rhythm and blues bands ; later switching to electric guitar . His 1966 debut album with the Mothers of Invention , Freak Out ! , combined songs in conventional rock and roll format with collective improvisations and studio-generated sound collages . He continued this eclectic and experimental approach , irrespective of whether the fundamental format was rock , jazz or classical . Zappa 's output is unified by a conceptual continuity he termed `` Project/Object '' , with numerous musical phrases , ideas , and characters reappearing across his albums . His lyrics reflected his iconoclastic views of established social and political processes , structures and movements , often humorously so . He was a strident critic of mainstream education and organized religion , and a forthright and passionate advocate for freedom of speech , self-education , political participation and the abolition of censorship . Unlike many other rock musicians of his era , he personally disapproved of and seldom used drugs , but supported their decriminalization and regulation . During Zappa 's lifetime , he was a highly productive and prolific artist , earning widespread acclaim from critics and fellow musicians . He had some commercial success , particularly in Europe , and worked as an independent artist for most of his career . He remains a major influence on musicians and composers . His honors include an induction into the 1995 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the 1997 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . In 2000 , he was ranked number 36 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock . In 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked him at number 71 on its list of the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' , and in 2011 at number 22 on its list of the `` 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time '' ."
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" For Real! For Real ! is the debut album of Ruben and the Jets . Released in 1973 , the album was produced by Frank Zappa , who wrote the first track and played guitar on the second track .",
" Wind Up Workin' in a Gas Station `` Wind Up Workin ' in a Gas Station '' is the opening song on Frank Zappa 's album Zoot Allures . The song contains a fake German accent from Zappa as a result of Zappa 's fascination with the German culture . In concert , the extensive repetition of the lines `` Show me your thumb if you 're really dumb '' was given the response by the audience members putting both thumbs firmly in the air . Despite the lyrics being pessimistic , the song became a fan favorite . A live version can be found on You Ca n't Do That on Stage Anymore , Vol . 6 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Ranbir Kapoor does not co-own a football team.
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" Ranbir Kapoor Ranbir Kapoor ( -LSB- rəˈɳbiːr kəˈpuːr -RSB- ; born 28 September 1982 ) is an Indian actor and producer . The son of actors Rishi and Neetu , and the grandson of actor-director Raj , Kapoor pursued film-making and method acting at the School of Visual Arts and the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute , respectively . He subsequently assisted Sanjay Leela Bhansali on the film Black ( 2005 ) , and made his acting debut with Bhansali 's tragic romance Saawariya ( 2007 ) , a box office flop . Kapoor rose to prominence with his performances in the coming-of-age film Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) , the romantic comedy Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani ( 2009 ) , the comedy drama Rocket Singh : Salesman of the Year ( 2009 ) , and the political thriller-crime drama Raajneeti ( 2010 ) . The romantic drama Rockstar ( 2011 ) and the comedy drama Barfi ! ( 2012 ) earned Kapoor two consecutive Best Actor awards at Filmfare , and a starring role in the romantic comedy Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) one of the highest-grossing Bollywood filmsestablished him as a leading Bollywood actor . However , he followed it by starring in a series of films that under-performed at the box office , although his performance in the romantic drama Tamasha ( 2015 ) was critically acclaimed . This changed in 2016 when he starred as a musician in the commercially successful romance Ae Dil Hai Mushkil . Through his career in Bollywood films , Kapoor has become one of the most popular celebrities and one of the highest-paid actors in India . He is the recipient of several awards , including five Filmfare Awards . In addition to acting in films , Kapoor supports charities and causes . He is the co-founder of the production company Picture Shuru Productions , and is a co-owner of the Indian Super League football team Mumbai City FC ."
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" All India Football Federation The All India Football Federation , also simply known as the AIFF , is the governing body of association football in India . Formed in 1948 , the federation was one of founding members of the Asian Football Confederation , the overseer of football in Asia . The AIFF sanctions and runs all competitive football tournaments and leagues at a national level , namely the I-League and Federation Cup . The federation also indirectly manages local football competitions through the state associations . The federation is also responsible for managing the India national football team , as well as the women 's team and the various youth national sides . The AIFF is also part of the South Asian Football Federation , the organization that runs football in South Asia . The federation is currently based in Dwarka , Delhi .",
" National Association Football League The National Association Football League ( also spelled National Association Foot Ball League ) ( NAFBL ) was a semi-professional U.S. soccer league which operated between 1895 and 1898 . The league was reconstituted in 1906 and continued to operate until 1921 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Hamlet (1990 film) was directed by Franco Zeffirelli in 1990.
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" Hamlet (1990 film) Hamlet is a 1990 drama film based on the Shakespearean tragedy of the same name , directed by Franco Zeffirelli and starring Mel Gibson as the eponymous character . The film also features Glenn Close , Alan Bates , Paul Scofield , Ian Holm , Helena Bonham Carter , Stephen Dillane , and Nathaniel Parker . An international co-production between the United States , the United Kingdom , and France , the film is notable for being the first film produced by Icon Productions , a company co-founded by Gibson ."
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" Doctor Zhivago (film) Doctor Zhivago ( Italian : Il dottor Zivago ) is a 1965 British-Italian epic romantic drama film directed by David Lean . It is set in Russia between the years prior to World War I and the Russian Civil War of 1917 -- 1922 , and is based on the Boris Pasternak novel of the same name . While immensely popular in the West , the book was banned in the Soviet Union for decades . For this reason , the film could not be made in the Soviet Union and was instead filmed mostly in Spain . The film stars Omar Sharif in the title role as Yuri Zhivago , a married physician whose life is irreversibly altered by the Russian Revolution and subsequent Civil War , and Julie Christie as his , also married , love interest Lara Antipova . The supporting cast includes Geraldine Chaplin , Rod Steiger , Alec Guinness , Tom Courtenay , Ralph Richardson , Siobhán McKenna and Rita Tushingham . Contemporary critics were generally disappointed , complaining of its length at over three hours , and claiming that it trivialized history , but acknowledging the intensity of the love story and the film 's treatment of human themes . Over time , however , the film 's reputation has improved greatly . At the 38th Academy Awards , Doctor Zhivago won five Oscars : Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Original Score , Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design ; it was nominated for five others ( including Best Picture and Best Director ) , but lost four of these five to The Sound of Music . It also won five awards at the 23rd Golden Globe Awards including Best Motion Picture - Drama and Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama for Sharif . As of 2016 , it is the eighth highest-grossing film of all time in the United States and Canada , adjusted for ticket-price inflation . It was ranked by the American Film Institute in 1998 as the 39th greatest film on their 100 Years . .100 Movies list , and by the British Film Institute the following year as the 27th greatest British film of all time .",
" Romeo and Juliet (1968 film) Romeo and Juliet is a 1968 British-Italian romance film based on the tragic play of the same name ( 1591 -- 1595 ) by William Shakespeare . The film was directed and co-written by Franco Zeffirelli , and stars Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey . It won Academy Awards for Best Cinematography ( Pasqualino De Santis ) and Best Costume Design ( Danilo Donati ) ; it was also nominated for Best Director and Best Picture , making it the last Shakespearean film to be nominated for Best Picture to date . Sir Laurence Olivier spoke the film 's prologue and epilogue and reportedly dubbed the voice of the Italian actor playing Lord Montague , but was not credited in the film . Being the most financially successful film adaptation of a Shakespeare play at the time of its release , it was popular among teenagers partly because it was the first film to use actors who were close to the age of the characters from the original play . Several critics also welcomed the film enthusiastically ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Bradford is the first UNESCO City of Film.
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" Bradford Bradford -LSB- ˈbrædfərd -RSB- is in the Metropolitan Borough of the City of Bradford in West Yorkshire , England , in the foothills of the Pennines 8.6 mi west of Leeds , and 16 mi northwest of Wakefield . Bradford became a municipal borough in 1847 , and received its charter as a city in 1897 . Following local government reform in 1974 , city status was bestowed upon the wider metropolitan borough . Bradford forms part of the West Yorkshire Urban Area conurbation which in 2001 had a population of 1.5 million and it is the fourth largest urban area in the United Kingdom with the Bradford subdivision of the aforementioned urban area having a population of 528,155 . Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire , Bradford rose to prominence during the 19th century as an international centre of textile manufacture , particularly wool . It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution , and amongst the earliest industrialised settlements , rapidly becoming the `` wool capital of the world '' . The area 's access to a supply of coal , iron ore and soft water facilitated the growth of Bradford 's manufacturing base , which , as textile manufacture grew , led to an explosion in population and was a stimulus to civic investment ; Bradford has a large amount of listed Victorian architecture including the grand Italianate City Hall . The textile sector in Bradford fell into decline from the mid-20th century . Since this time , Bradford has emerged as a tourist destination , becoming the first UNESCO City of Film with attractions such as the National Science and Media Museum , Bradford City Park , the Alhambra theatre and Cartwright Hall . However , Bradford has faced similar challenges to the rest of the post-industrial area of Northern England , including deindustrialisation , social unrest and economic deprivation ."
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" Huddersfield Huddersfield ( -LSB- ˈhʌdərzˌfiːld -RSB- , -LSB- localˈhʊdəzˌfiːld -RSB- ) is a large market town in West Yorkshire , England . It is the 11th largest town in the United Kingdom , with a population of 162,949 at the 2011 census . Halfway between Leeds and Manchester , it lies 190 mi north of London , and 10.3 mi south of Bradford . Huddersfield is near the confluence of the River Colne and the River Holme . Within the historic county boundaries of the West Riding of Yorkshire , it is the largest urban area in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees and the administrative centre of the borough . The town is known for its role in the Industrial Revolution , and for being the birthplaces of rugby league , Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson , and the film star James Mason . Huddersfield is home to rugby league team Huddersfield Giants , founded in 1895 , who play in the European Super League , and Premier League football team Huddersfield Town A.F.C. , founded in 1908 . The town is home to the University of Huddersfield and the sixth form colleges Greenhead College , Kirklees College and Huddersfield New College Huddersfield is a town of Victorian architecture . Huddersfield railway station is a Grade I listed building described by John Betjeman as `` the most splendid station façade in England '' , second only to St Pancras , London . The station in St George 's Square was renovated at a cost of # 4 million and subsequently won the Europa Nostra award for European architecture .",
" Manchester Manchester ( -LSB- ˈmæntʃɪstə -RSB- ) is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 530,300 . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.55 million . Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It was historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township but began to expand `` at an astonishing rate '' around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and linking the city to sea , 36 mi to the west . Its fortunes declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration . In 2014 , the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked Manchester as a beta world city , the highest-ranked British city apart from London . Manchester is the third-most visited city in the UK . It is notable for its architecture , culture , musical exports , media links , scientific and engineering output , social impact , sports clubs and transport connections . Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the world 's first inter-city passenger railway station and in the city scientists first split the atom and developed the stored-program computer ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Journey is exclusively a jazz band.
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" Steve Smith (musician) Steve Elliott Smith ( born August 21 , 1954 ) is an American drummer best known as a member of the rock band Journey , rejoining the group for the third time in 2015 . Modern Drummer magazine readers have voted him the # 1 All-Around Drummer five years in a row . In 2001 , the publication named Smith one of the Top 25 Drummers of All Time , and in 2002 he was voted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame . He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Journey on April 7 , 2017 .",
" Escape (Journey album) Escape ( stylized as E5C4P3 on the album cover ) is the seventh studio album by American rock band Journey , released in 1981 . It topped the American Billboard 200 chart and features four hit Billboard Hot 100 singles -- `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ( # 9 ) , `` Who 's Crying Now '' ( # 4 ) , `` Still They Ride '' ( # 19 ) and `` Open Arms '' ( # 2 ) -- plus rock radio staple `` Stone in Love . '' It was certified 9x platinum by the RIAA and sold over twelve million copies worldwide , making it the band 's most successful studio album and second most successful album overall behind Greatest Hits ."
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" Journey (Kingdom Come album) Journey is the third and final studio album by British experimental rock band Kingdom Come . After the band featured drastically different styles on their first two albums , and after several line-up changes , band leader Arthur Brown worked the band towards a new direction for Journey . The album was the first album in history to use a drum machine responsible for all the percussive sounds on the album . The drum machine in question was the Bentley Rhythm Ace , manufactured by Ace Tone . Although the band had commented the album was entirely based on the drum machine , the band attempted to , in rock and electronic terms , create an album that was the closest they could get `` to a string quartet '' . The album features other experimental techniques , including using a triangle to guide guitar playing and excessive use of Mellotron and synthesizers from new member Victor Peranio , who replaced Michael `` Goodge '' Harris early on production . The album was recorded in November 1972 in Rockfield Studios and released in 1973 by Polydor Records . The album was not a popular release , although has gone on to be regarded as a groundbreaking and innovative album that was ahead of its time . Although overlooked upon release , it has received generally positive retrospective reviews from critics . Alan Holmes of Freq said that `` Journey was so far ahead of its time that you have to keep checking the sleeve to make sure that it really does say 1973 and not 1983 '' and that the album was `` not only Arthur Brown 's masterpiece , but also one of the truly great albums of the seventies . ''",
" Jazz Jazz is a music genre that originated in African American communities of New Orleans , United States , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , and developed from roots in blues and ragtime . Since the 1920s Jazz Age , jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression . It then emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles , all linked by the common bonds of African American and European American musical parentage with a performance orientation . Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes , call and response vocals , polyrhythms and improvisation . Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression , and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime , as well as European military band music . Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States , different cultures have contributed their own experience and styles to the art form as well . Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as `` one of America 's original art forms '' . As jazz spread around the world , it drew on different national , regional , and local musical cultures , which gave rise to many distinctive styles . New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s , combining earlier brass-band marches , French quadrilles , biguine , ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation . In the 1930s , heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands , Kansas City jazz , a hard-swinging , bluesy , improvisational style and Gypsy jazz ( a style that emphasized musette waltzes ) were the prominent styles . Bebop emerged in the 1940s , shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging `` musician 's music '' which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation . Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s , introducing calmer , smoother sounds and long , linear melodic lines . The 1950s saw the emergence of free jazz , which explored playing without regular meter , beat and formal structures , and in the mid-1950s , hard bop emerged , which introduced influences from rhythm and blues , gospel , and blues , especially in the saxophone and piano playing . Modal jazz developed in the late 1950s , using the mode , or musical scale , as the basis of musical structure and improvisation . Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s , combining jazz improvisation with rock music 's rhythms , electric instruments , and highly amplified stage sound . In the early 1980s , a commercial form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful , garnering significant radio airplay . Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s , such as Latin and Afro-Cuban jazz ."
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The Fosters is a family drama series.
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" The Fosters (2013 TV series) The Fosters is an American family drama television series created by Peter Paige and Bradley Bredeweg which first premiered in the United States on June 3 , 2013 on the Freeform ( previously named ABC Family ) television network . It follows the lives of the Foster family led by lesbian couple Stef and Lena , a cop and a school vice principal respectively , who raise a multi-ethnic blended family that consists of one biological and four adopted children in San Diego , California . The first season of The Fosters received generally favorable reviews from critics and also garnered particular acclaim for its portrayal of LGBT themes . It also earned two GLAAD Media Awards and one Teen Choice Award ."
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" Soap opera A soap opera or soap , is a serial drama on television or radio that examines the lives of many characters , usually focusing on emotional relationships to the point of melodrama . The term soap opera originated from such dramas being typically sponsored by soap manufacturers in the past .",
" Household A household consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and also share meals or living accommodation , and may consist of a single family or some other grouping of people . A single dwelling will be considered to contain multiple households if either meals or living space are not shared . The household is the basic unit of analysis in many social , microeconomic and government models , and is important to the fields of economics and inheritance . Household models include the family , varieties of blended families , share housing , group homes , boarding houses , houses in multiple occupation ( UK ) , and a single room occupancy ( US ) . In feudal societies , the royal household and medieval households of the wealthy would also have included servants and other retainers ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Natasha Richardson starred as the main character in Patty Hearst.
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" Natasha Richardson Natasha Jane Richardson ( 11 May 1963 -- 18 March 2009 ) was an English stage and screen actress . Richardson was a member of the Redgrave family . She was the daughter of actress Vanessa Redgrave and director/producer Tony Richardson and the granddaughter of Michael Redgrave and Rachel Kempson . Early in her career , she portrayed Mary Shelley in Ken Russell 's Gothic ( 1986 ) , and Patty Hearst in the eponymous 1988 film directed by Paul Schrader , and later received critical acclaim and a Theatre World Award for her Broadway debut in the 1993 revival of Anna Christie . She won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical , the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical , and the Outer Critics Circle Award for her performance as Sally Bowles in the 1998 Broadway revival of Cabaret . Some of her notable films included Patty Hearst ( 1988 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1990 ) , Nell ( 1994 ) , The Parent Trap ( 1998 ) , and Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 ) . Richardson died on 18 March 2009 from an epidural hematoma after a skiing accident in Quebec , Canada .",
" Patty Hearst (film) Patty Hearst is a 1988 American biographical film directed by Paul Schrader and stars Natasha Richardson as Hearst Corporation heiress Patricia Hearst and Ving Rhames as Symbionese Liberation Army leader Cinque . It is based on Hearst 's 1982 autobiography Every Secret Thing ( co-written with Alvin Moscow ) , which was later rereleased as Patty Hearst -- Her Own Story . The film depicts the kidnapping of student Patty Hearst by the Symbionese Liberation Army , her transformation into an active follower of the SLA after a long-lasting imprisonment and process of purported brainwashing , and her final arrest after a series of armed robberies ."
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" Natasha Lyonne Natasha Bianca Lyonne Braunstein ( born April 4 , 1979 ) , better known as Natasha Lyonne , is an American actress . She is best known for her role as Jessica in the American Pie series and her appearances in the films Everyone Says I Love You , Slums of Beverly Hills , But I 'm a Cheerleader , and Blade : Trinity . She currently portrays Nicky Nichols in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black , for which she received a nomination for the 2014 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series .",
" Natasha Bassett Natasha Bassett is an Australian actress , screenwriter , and director . She may be best known for playing Britney Spears in the Lifetime biopic Britney Ever After , which premiered on February 18 , 2017 . Her 2014 short film titled Kite , which she wrote and directed , was accepted into the Rhode Island International Film Festival . She also appeared in the supporting role of Gloria DeLamour in the film Hail , Caesar ! ."
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One of James Taylor's albums did not sell 12 million US copies.
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" James Taylor James Vernon Taylor ( born March 12 , 1948 ) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist . A five-time Grammy Award winner , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000 . He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold more than 100 million records worldwide . Taylor achieved his breakthrough in 1970 with the No. 3 single `` Fire and Rain '' and had his first No. 1 hit the following year with `` You 've Got a Friend '' , a recording of Carole King 's classic song . His 1976 Greatest Hits album was certified Diamond and has sold 12 million US copies . Following his 1977 album , JT , he has retained a large audience over the decades . Every album that he released from 1977 to 2007 sold over a million copies . His chart performance had a resurgence during the late 1990s and 2000s , when he recorded some of his most-awarded work ( including Hourglass , October Road , and Covers ) . He achieved his first number one album in the US in 2015 with his recording Before This World . He is notable for his popular covers of other peoples ' songs , such as `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved By You ) '' and the aforementioned `` You 've Got A Friend '' , as well as originals such as `` Fire and Rain '' ."
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" Carolina in My Mind `` Carolina in My Mind '' is a song written and performed by singer-songwriter James Taylor , which first appeared on his 1968 self-titled debut album . Taylor wrote it while overseas recording for the Beatles ' label Apple Records , and the song 's themes reflect his homesickness at the time . Released as a single , the song earned critical praise but not commercial success . It was re-recorded for Taylor 's 1976 Greatest Hits album in the version that is most familiar to listeners . It has been a staple of Taylor 's concert performances over the decades of his career . The song was a modest hit on the country charts in 1969 for North Carolinian singer George Hamilton IV . Strongly tied to a sense of geographic place , `` Carolina in My Mind '' has been called an unofficial state anthem for North Carolina . It is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , being played at athletic events and pep rallies and sung by the graduating class at every university commencement . The association of the song with the state is also made in written works of both fiction and non-fiction . It has become one of Taylor 's most critically praised songs and one that has great popularity and significance for his audience .",
" New Moon Shine New Moon Shine is singer-songwriter James Taylor 's thirteenth studio album , being certified platinum ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Love & Friendship has an actress.
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" Kate Beckinsale Kathrin Romary Beckinsale ( born 26 July 1973 ) is an English actress . After some minor television roles , she made her film debut in Much Ado About Nothing ( 1993 ) while still a student at the University of Oxford . She then appeared in British costume dramas such as Prince of Jutland ( 1994 ) , Cold Comfort Farm ( 1995 ) , Emma ( 1996 ) , and The Golden Bowl ( 2000 ) , in addition to various stage and radio productions . She began to seek film work in the United States in the late 1990s and , after appearing in small-scale dramas The Last Days of Disco ( 1998 ) and Brokedown Palace ( 1999 ) , she had starring roles in the war drama Pearl Harbor and the romantic comedy Serendipity . She followed those with appearances in The Aviator ( 2004 ) and Click ( 2006 ) . Since being cast as Selene in the Underworld film series ( 2003-present ) , Beckinsale has become known primarily for her work in action films , including Van Helsing ( 2004 ) , Whiteout ( 2009 ) , Contraband ( 2012 ) , and Total Recall ( 2012 ) . She also continues to make appearances in smaller dramatic projects such as Snow Angels ( 2007 ) , Nothing but the Truth ( 2008 ) , and Everybody 's Fine ( 2009 ) . In 2016 , she appeared in Whit Stillman 's Jane Austen comedy Love & Friendship .",
" Love & Friendship Love & Friendship is a 2016 period comedy film written and directed by Whit Stillman . Based on Jane Austen 's epistolary novel Lady Susan , written ca. 1794 , the film stars Kate Beckinsale , Chloë Sevigny , Xavier Samuel , and Stephen Fry . The film follows the exploits of the wry and calculating Lady Susan as she pursues the wealthy and hapless Sir James for marriage originally intended for her daughter , though she eventually marries him herself . Although adapted from Lady Susan , the film was produced under the borrowed title of Austen 's juvenile story . The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2016 . Theatrically released on May 13 , 2016 , by Roadside Attractions and Amazon Studios , the film received critical acclaim and has been a box office success in North America ."
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" Ingrid Lacey Ingrid Marcella Lacey ( born 6 November 1958 ) is a British actress . She is known for her role as Helen Cooper in the Channel 4 sitcom Drop the Dead Donkey ( 1993 -- 98 ) . Her film appearances include Funny Man ( 1994 ) , In Love and War ( 1996 ) and The Cat 's Meow ( 2001 ) .",
" Rain Phoenix Rain Joan of Arc Phoenix ( born November 21 , 1972 ) is an American actress , musician , and singer . Phoenix has four siblings : two sisters , Liberty and Summer , and two brothers , actors Joaquin and the late River Phoenix ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Bali is a peninsula.
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" Balinese Hinduism Balinese Hinduism ( Hindu Dharma ) is the form of Hinduism practiced by the majority of the population of Bali . This is particularly associated with the Balinese people residing on the island and represents a distinct form of Hindu worship incorporating local animism , ancestor worship or Pitru Paksha and reverence for Buddhist saints or Bodhisattava . Although the population of Indonesia is predominantly Muslim and Christian , 83 % of the people on Bali identify as Hindu .",
" Lesser Sunda Islands The Lesser Sunda Islands or Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara or Kepulauan Sunda Kecil ( `` Southeastern Islands '' ) are a group of islands in Maritime Southeast Asia , north of Australia . Together with the Greater Sunda Islands to the west they make up the Sunda Islands . The islands are part of a volcanic arc , the Sunda Arc , formed by subduction along the Sunda Trench in the Java Sea . The main Lesser Sunda Islands are , from west to east : Bali , Lombok , Sumbawa , Flores , Sumba , Timor , Alor archipelago , Barat Daya Islands , and Tanimbar Islands ."
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" Country A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography . A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state , as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division , or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics . Regardless of the physical geography , in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945 , a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise of legal jurisdiction . Sometimes the word countries is used to refer both to sovereign states and to other political entities , while other times it refers only to states . For example , the CIA World Factbook uses the word in its `` Country name '' field to refer to `` a wide variety of dependencies , areas of special sovereignty , uninhabited islands , and other entities in addition to the traditional countries or independent states '' . -LSB- Note 1 -RSB-",
" Barangay A barangay ( Brgy . or Bgy. ; Filipino : baranggay , -LSB- baɾaŋˈɡaj -RSB- also pronounced the same in Spanish ) , formerly referred to as barrio , is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village , district or ward . In metropolitan areas , the term often refers to an inner city neighbourhood , a suburb or a suburban neighborhood . The word barangay originated from balangay , a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples when they migrated to the Philippines . Municipalities and cities in the Philippines are subdivided into barangays , with the exception of the municipalities of Adams in Ilocos Norte and Kalayaan , Palawan which each contain only one barangay . The barangay itself is sometimes informally subdivided into smaller areas called purok ( English : zone ) , barangay zones consisting of a cluster of houses , and sitios , which are territorial enclaves -- usually rural -- far from the barangay center . , there were 42,029 barangays throughout the Philippines ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Gil Sharone played a teenage person.
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" Gil Sharone Gil Sharone is an American drummer and member of the band Stolen Babies , Marilyn Manson , Team Sleep , and formerly The Dillinger Escape Plan . He was also a fill in for punk rock band +44 . His twin brother is Rani Sharone , also of Stolen Babies . He is highly regarded as one of the most versatile touring/session drummers in the world . Sharone supported Mark Hoppus 's band +44 when Travis Barker broke his arm . Gil toured around Europe , Japan and Australia with +44 in early 2007 , it is believed he learned all of +44 's setlist on the flight from America to Europe . He played on Travis 's OCDP Drum Kit , which is a custom made transparent green . He started using Drum Workshop drums and hardware in October 2011 . Sharone also recorded the drum tracks on the third Dillinger Escape Plan record Ire Works , and joined the band during all of their tour dates in 2008 ( he played the European tour in early 2008 both with Dillinger and also as support with Stolen Babies ) . Gil also performed on Maynard James Keenan 's V Is for Vagina album by Puscifer . In January 2009 , it was announced that Sharone had parted ways with Dillinger Escape Plan , due to his focus on Stolen Babies and other personal projects including his DVD , Wicked Beats , based on the drumming styles of Ska , Rocksteady and Reggae . Wicked Beats will be released through Hudson Music late 2010 . Sharone played Teenage Alex on an episode of Full House along with his twin brother , who played Teenage Nicky . As of November 2013 , Sharone began working with Marilyn Manson on a new album . On January 15 , 2015 The Pale Emperor was released . Sharone is currently working on the follow up Heaven Upside Down due to be released in Summer 2017 . Sharone was featured on Reggae Grammy winners Morgan Heritage track `` So Amazing '' on the album Strictly Roots ( 2016 ) . You can also hear his work playing on the film scores to `` John Wick , '' `` John Wick 2 , '' `` Slackers '' and the TV shows , `` Salem , '' `` Kingdom , '' and the Netflix series `` The Punisher ( 2017 ) . ''"
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" Kids (film) Kids is a 1995 American independent coming-of-age film written by Harmony Korine and directed by Larry Clark . It stars Chloë Sevigny , Leo Fitzpatrick , Justin Pierce , Rosario Dawson , and Jon Abrahams , all in their film debuts . Kids is centered on a day in the life of a group of sexually active teenagers in New York City and their hedonistic behavior towards sex and substance abuse ( alcohol and other street drugs ) during the height of the AIDS epidemic in the mid-1990s . The film generated a massive controversy upon its release in 1995 , and caused much public debate over its artistic merit , even receiving an NC-17 rating from the MPAA . It was later released without a rating .",
" Josh Charles Joshua Aaron `` Josh '' Charles ( born September 15 , 1971 ) is an American stage , film and television actor . He is best known for the roles of Dan Rydell on Sports Night , Will Gardner on The Good Wife , which earned him two Primetime Emmy Award nominations , and his early work as Knox Overstreet in Dead Poets Society ."
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Helen Hunt produced and James L. Brooks directed Then She Found Me.
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" Then She Found Me Then She Found Me is a 2007 American comedy-drama film directed by Helen Hunt . The screenplay by Hunt , Alice Arlen , and Victor Levin is very loosely based on the 1990 novel of the same name by Elinor Lipman . The film marked Hunt 's feature film directorial debut .",
" Helen Hunt Helen Elizabeth Hunt ( born June 15 , 1963 ) is an American actress , director , and screenwriter . She starred in the sitcom Mad About You for seven years , and played single mother Carol Connelly in the 1997 romantic comedy film As Good as It Gets , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress . Some of her other notable films include Twister ( 1996 ) , Cast Away ( 2000 ) , What Women Want ( 2000 ) , Pay It Forward ( 2000 ) , and The Sessions ( 2012 ) , the latter garnered her a second Academy Award nomination . She made her directorial debut in 2007 with Then She Found Me ( 2007 ) . Hunt has also won four Emmy Awards , four Golden Globe Awards , and two Screen Actors Guild Awards ."
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" The Sessions (film) The Sessions ( originally titled The Surrogate ) is a 2012 American independent drama film written and directed by Ben Lewin . It is based on the article `` On Seeing a Sex Surrogate '' by Mark O'Brien , a poet paralyzed from the neck down due to polio , who hired a sex surrogate to lose his virginity . John Hawkes and Helen Hunt star as O'Brien and sex surrogate Cheryl Cohen-Greene , respectively . The film debuted at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival , where it won the Audience Award ( U.S. Dramatic ) and a U.S. Dramatic Special Jury Prize for Ensemble Acting . Fox Searchlight Pictures acquired the film 's distribution rights and released the film in October 2012 . The Sessions received highly positive reviews from critics , in particular lauding the performances of Hawkes and Hunt . Hunt was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role at the 85th Academy Awards .",
" Trancers Trancers ( also released as Future Cop ) is a 1984 science fiction film directed by Charles Band and starring Tim Thomerson , Helen Hunt , and Art LaFleur . It is the first film in the Trancers series . The film revolves around Jack Deth ( Thomerson ) , a Philip Marlowe-esque police detective from the 23rd-century who travels to the 1980s in order to bring his old nemesis to justice . The film portrays a unique method of time travel : People can travel back in time by injecting themselves with a drug that allows them to take over the body of an ancestor ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Sean Connery won an Academy Award for The Untouchables in 1988.
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" Sean Connery Sir Thomas Sean Connery KB ( -LSB- ˈʃɔːn_ˈkɒnəri -RSB- born 25 August 1930 ) is a retired Scottish actor and producer who has won an Academy Award , two BAFTA Awards ( one of them being a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award ) and three Golden Globes ( including the Cecil B. DeMille Award and a Henrietta Award ) . He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in July 2000 after receiving Kennedy Center Honors in the US in 1999 . Connery was the first actor to portray the character James Bond in film , starring in seven Bond films between 1962 and 1983 . In 1988 , Connery won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Untouchables . His film career also includes such films as Marnie , The Name of the Rose , The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , The Hunt for Red October , Finding Forrester , Highlander , Murder on the Orient Express , Dragonheart , and The Rock . Connery has been polled as `` The Greatest Living Scot '' and `` Scotland 's Greatest Living National Treasure '' . In 1989 , he was proclaimed `` Sexiest Man Alive '' by People magazine , and in 1999 , at age 69 , he was voted `` Sexiest Man of the Century '' ."
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" Highlander (film) Highlander is a 1986 British-American adventure action fantasy film directed by Russell Mulcahy and based on a story by Gregory Widen . It stars Christopher Lambert , Sean Connery , Clancy Brown , and Roxanne Hart . The film narrates the climax of an ages-old battle between immortal warriors , depicted through interwoven past and present-day storylines . Christopher Lambert plays swordsman Connor MacLeod from Scottish Highlands , known as the Highlander , one of a number of immortal warriors , who can only be killed by decapitation . After initial training by another highly skilled immortal swordsman , Ramirez ( Sean Connery ) , MacLeod lives on for several centuries , eventually settling in New York City , managing an antiques shop . In 1985 , he falls in love with a policewoman named Brenda and finds out that he must face his biggest enemy , Clancy Brown 's Kurgan , who wishes to kill MacLeod and to obtain `` the Prize '' -- a special ability which is given to the last living immortal warrior , vast knowledge and the ability to enslave the entire human race . Highlander enjoyed little success on its initial theatrical release , grossing over $ 12 million worldwide against a production budget of $ 19 million , and received mixed reviews . Nevertheless , it became a cult film and launched Lambert to stardom . The film inspired a franchise which included film sequels and television spin-offs . Its tagline , `` There can be only one '' , has carried on throughout the franchise , as have the songs provided for the film by the rock band Queen .",
" Jack Thibeau Jack Thibeau ( born January 14 , 1941 ) is an award winning American film and television actor best known for playing the prisoner Clarence Anglin in the 1979 film Escape from Alcatraz . During his career , he frequently appeared in other movies that starred Clint Eastwood , such as Any Which Way You Can ( 1980 ) , Sudden Impact ( 1983 ) , and City Heat ( 1984 ) . Thibeau also played a number of characters in such films as 48 Hrs . ( 1982 ) , The Hitcher ( 1986 ) , Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) , and Action Jackson ( 1988 ) . In addition Thibeau also appeared on such TV-series as Miami Vice , Sledge Hammer ! and The Untouchables where he co-starred as Bugs Moran in a recurring role ."
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Game of Thrones' (season 1) cast included Michelle Fairley as Catelyn Stark.
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" Game of Thrones (season 1) The first season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 17 , 2011 , at 9.00 pm in the U.S. , and concluded on June 19 , 2011 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 55 minutes . The series is based on A Game of Thrones , the first novel in the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin , adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss . HBO had ordered a television pilot in November 2008 ; filming began the following year . However , it was deemed unsatisfactory and later reshot with some roles being recast . In March 2010 , HBO ordered the first season , which began filming in July 2010 , primarily in Belfast , Northern Ireland , with additional filming in Malta . The story takes place in a fictional world , primarily upon a continent called Westeros , with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos . Like the novel , the season initially focuses on the family of nobleman Eddard Stark , who is asked to become chief advisor to his king and longtime friend , Robert Baratheon . Ned must find out who killed the previous Hand of the King , Jon Arryn , while trying to protect his family from their rivals the Lannisters . He uncovers the dark secrets about the Lannisters that his predecessor died trying to expose . Meanwhile , in Essos , the exiled Viserys Targaryen , son of the former king , believes he still has the rightful claim to the throne . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Bean , Addy , Peter Dinklage , Lena Headey , Nikolaj Coster-Waldau , Michelle Fairley and Iain Glen . Newer actors were cast as the younger generation of characters , such as Kit Harington , Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . Critics praised the show 's production values and cast , with specific accolades for Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . The first season won two of the thirteen Emmy Awards for which it was nominated , for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) and Outstanding Main Title Design . It also received a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series . Bean and Emilia Clarke also received individual accolades , as did Ramin Djawadi for music . U.S. viewership rose by approximately 33 % over the course of the season , from 2.2 million to over 3 million by the finale .",
" Michelle Fairley Michelle Fairley is a Northern Irish actress , best known for her roles as Catelyn Stark in the HBO series Game of Thrones , Dr. Ava Hessington in multiple episodes of USA Network series Suits , and as terrorist Margot Al-Harazi , a main antagonist in 24 : Live Another Day ."
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" Diana Rigg Dame Enid Diana Elizabeth Rigg , DBE ( born 20 July 1938 ) is an English actress . She is known for playing Emma Peel in the 1960s TV series The Avengers ( 1965 -- 68 ) , and Olenna Tyrell in Game of Thrones ( 2013 -- present ) . She has also had an extensive career in theatre , including playing the title role in Medea , both in London and New York , for which she won the 1994 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play . She was made a CBE in 1988 and a Dame in 1994 . Rigg made her professional stage debut in 1957 in The Caucasian Chalk Circle , and joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1959 . She made her Broadway debut in the 1971 production of Abelard & Heloise . Her film roles include Helena in A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1968 ) ; Countess Teresa di Vicenzo , wife of James Bond in On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) ; Lady Holiday in The Great Muppet Caper ( 1981 ) ; and Arlene Marshall in Evil Under the Sun ( 1982 ) . She won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for the 1989 BBC miniseries Mother Love , and an Emmy Award for her role as Mrs. Danvers in the 1997 adaptation of Rebecca . Her other television credits include You , Me and the Apocalypse ( 2015 ) , and opposite her daughter , Rachael Stirling , in Detectorists ( 2015 ) .",
" Gendry Gendry is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . He first appeared in 1996 's A Game of Thrones . He subsequently appeared in Martin 's A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) and A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) and A Feast for Crows ( 2011 ) . Gendry is an apprentice blacksmith in King 's Landing and an unacknowledged bastard of King Robert Baratheon . Gendry is portrayed by Joe Dempsie in the HBO television adaptation . He and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2014 ."
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Sir Roger George Moore is the full name of Roger Moore.
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" Roger Moore Sir Roger George Moore , ( -LSB- mɔər -RSB- 14 October 1927 -- 23 May 2017 ) was an English actor . He is best known for playing secret agent James Bond in seven feature films between 1973 and 1985 . He also played Simon Templar in the television series The Saint between 1962 and 1969 . Moore took over the role of Bond from Sean Connery in 1972 , and made his first appearance as 007 in Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) . The longest serving Bond to date , he went on to portray the spy in six more films . Appointed a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in 1991 , Moore was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2003 for `` services to charity '' . In 2007 he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work on television and in film , aptly located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard . In 2008 , the French government appointed Moore a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres ."
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" Philip Moore, Baron Moore of Wolvercote Philip Brian Cecil Moore , Baron Moore of Wolvercote ( 6 April 1921 -- 7 April 2009 ) was Private Secretary to Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom from 1977 to 1986 . He was educated at the Dragon School , Cheltenham College and Brasenose College , Oxford and served in RAF Bomber Command during World War II . Moore was then Private Secretary from 1957 to 1958 , to the 10th Earl of Selkirk in the latter 's capacity as First Lord of the Admiralty . He was Deputy British High Commissioner ( and acting HC ) in Singapore , 1963 -- 65 , and back in the UK , Chief of Public Relations of the Ministry of Defence 1965-66 . He was then Assistant Private Secretary to Queen Elizabeth II from 1966 to 1972 , then as Deputy until 1977 and as Private Secretary to the Sovereign until 1986 . On his retirement in 1986 , he was created Baron Moore of Wolvercote , of Wolvercote in the City of Oxford and he lived in a grace and favour apartment in Hampton Court Palace . He received the honour of being made a Permanent Lord in Waiting . His former son-in-law was the singer Peter Gabriel .",
" Regnal name A regnal name , or reign name , is a name used by some monarchs and popes during their reigns , and used subsequently to refer to them . The term is simply the adjective `` regnal '' , of or relating to a reign , monarch , or kingdom , modifying `` name '' . Since ancient times , monarchs have frequently , but not always , chosen to use a different name from their original name when they accede to the monarchy . The regnal name is usually followed by a regnal number ( ordinal ) , usually written as a Roman numeral ( VI rather than 6 ) , to provide a unique identification for that monarch among other monarchs of that realm . In some cases , the monarch has more than one regnal name , but the regnal number is based on only one of those names , for example Charles X Gustav of Sweden , George Tupou V of Tonga . If a monarch reigns in more than one realm , he or she may carry different ordinals in each one , as they are each assigned chronologically , and some realms may have had different numbers of rulers of the same regnal name previously . For example , the same person was both King James I of England ( along with Ireland ) and King James VI of Scotland . The ordinal is not normally used for the first ruler of the name , but is used in historical references once the name is used again . Thus , Queen Elizabeth I of England was called simply `` Elizabeth of England '' until the accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 ; subsequent historical references to the earlier queen retroactively refer to her as Elizabeth I. However , Tsar Paul I of Russia , King Umberto I of Italy , King Juan Carlos I of Spain , and Pope John Paul I all used the ordinal I ( first ) during their reigns , while Pope Francis does not . In spoken English , such names are pronounced as `` Elizabeth the First '' , `` George the Sixth '' etc. . In some countries in Asia , monarchs took or take era names . While era names as such are not used in many monarchies , sometimes eras are named after a monarch ( usually long-lived ) , or a succession of monarchs of the same name . This is customary ; there is no formal or general rule . The whole period during which a succession of four Georges ( George I , II , III , and IV ) of the Hanoverian dynasty reigned in Great Britain became known as the Georgian era ; although there were many Edwards , the Edwardian era always refers to the reign of Edward VII at the beginning of the 20th century ."
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Theodore Roosevelt was schooled at home instead of attending formal public or private schooling.
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" Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( -LSB- ˈroʊzəvɛlt -RSB- ; October 27 , 1858 -- January 6 , 1919 ) was an American statesman , author , explorer , soldier , naturalist , and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909 . He also served as the 25th Vice President of the United States and as the 33rd Governor of New York . As a leader of the Republican Party during this time , he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century . His face is depicted on Mount Rushmore , alongside those of George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , and Abraham Lincoln . Roosevelt was born a sickly child with debilitating asthma , but he successfully overcame his physical health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle . He integrated his exuberant personality , vast range of interests , and world-famous achievements into a `` cowboy '' persona defined by robust masculinity . Home-schooled , he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College . His book , The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 ) , established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer . Upon entering politics , he became the leader of the reform faction of Republicans in New York 's state legislature . Following the near-simultaneous deaths of his wife and mother , he escaped to a cattle ranch in the Dakotas . Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley , but resigned from that post to lead the Rough Riders during the Spanish -- American War . Returning a war hero , he was elected Governor of New York in 1898 . After the death of Vice President Garret Hobart , the New York state party leadership convinced McKinley to accept Roosevelt as his running mate in the 1900 election , moving Roosevelt to the prestigious but powerless role of vice president . Roosevelt campaigned vigorously and the McKinley-Roosevelt ticket won a landslide victory based on a platform of peace , prosperity , and conservatism . Following McKinley 's assassination in September 1901 , Roosevelt became president at age 42 , and remains the youngest president . As a leader of the Progressive movement , he championed his `` Square Deal '' domestic policies , promising the average citizen fairness , breaking of trusts , regulation of railroads , and pure food and drugs . Making conservation a top priority , he established a myriad of new national parks , forests , and monuments intended to preserve the nation 's natural resources . In foreign policy , he focused on Central America , where he began construction of the Panama Canal . He expanded the Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States ' naval power around the globe . His successful efforts to broker the end of the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize . He avoided the controversial tariff and money issues . Elected in 1904 to a full term , Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies , but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress . Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend , William Howard Taft , and Taft won the 1908 presidential election to succeed him . In polls of historians and political scientists , Roosevelt is generally ranked as one of the five best presidents . Frustrated with Taft 's conservatism , Roosevelt belatedly tried to win the 1912 Republican nomination . He failed , walked out , and founded a third party , the Progressive , so-called `` Bull Moose '' Party , which called for wide-ranging progressive reforms . The split allowed the Democrats to win the White House and a majority in both houses of Congress . Following his election defeat , Roosevelt led a two-year expedition to the Amazon basin , where he nearly died of tropical disease . During World War I , he criticized President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war with Germany , and his offer to lead volunteers to France was rejected . Though he had considered running for president again in 1920 , Roosevelt 's health continued to deteriorate , and he died in 1919 ."
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" Private school Private schools , also known as independent schools , non-governmental , or nonstate schools , are not administered by local , state or national governments ; thus , they retain the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition , rather than relying on mandatory taxation through public ( government ) funding ; at some private schools students may be able to get a scholarship , which makes the cost cheaper , depending on a talent the student may have ( e.g. sport scholarship , art scholarship , academic scholarship ) , financial need , or tax credit scholarships that might be available .",
" District of Columbia Public Schools District of Columbia Public Schools ( DCPS ) is the local , traditional public school system of Washington , D.C. in the United States . DCPS should not be confused with the independently governed DC Public Charter Schools ( DCPCS ) , which also operates in Washington , D.C."
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David Schwimmer finished acting in Friends in the 21st century.
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" David Schwimmer David Lawrence Schwimmer ( born November 2 , 1966 ) is an American actor , director , and producer . He was born in Flushing , Queens , New York , and his family moved to Los Angeles when he was 2 . He began his acting career performing in school plays at Beverly Hills High School . In 1988 , he graduated from Northwestern University with a Bachelor of Arts in theater and speech . After graduation , Schwimmer co-founded the Lookingglass Theatre Company . For much of the late 1980s , he lived in Los Angeles as a struggling , unemployed actor . He starred in the television movie A Deadly Silence in 1989 and appeared in a number of television roles , including on L.A. Law , The Wonder Years , NYPD Blue , and Monty , in the early 1990s . Schwimmer later gained worldwide recognition for playing Ross Geller in the sitcom Friends , for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 1995 . His first leading film role was in The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) , followed by roles in Kissing a Fool ( 1998 ) , Six Days , Seven Nights ( 1998 ) , Apt Pupil , and Picking Up the Pieces ( 2000 ) . He was then cast in the miniseries Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) as Herbert Sobel . After the series finale of Friends in 2004 , Schwimmer was cast as the title character in the 2005 drama Duane Hopwood . Other film roles include the voice of Melman the Giraffe in the computer-animated Madagascar film franchise , the dark comedy Big Nothing ( 2006 ) , and the thriller Nothing But the Truth ( 2008 ) . Schwimmer made his West End stage debut in the leading role in Some Girl ( s ) in 2005 . In 2006 , he made his Broadway debut in The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial . Schwimmer made his feature film directorial debut with the 2007 comedy Run Fatboy Run . The following year he made his Off-Broadway directorial debut in the 2008 production , Fault Lines . In 2016 , he starred as lawyer Robert Kardashian in American Crime Story , for which he received his second Emmy nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie ."
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" Silver Linings Playbook Silver Linings Playbook is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by David O. Russell . It was adapted from the novel The Silver Linings Playbook , by Matthew Quick . The film stars Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence , with Robert De Niro , Jacki Weaver , Chris Tucker , Anupam Kher , and Julia Stiles in supporting roles . Cooper plays Patrick `` Pat '' Solitano , Jr. , a man with bipolar disorder who is released from a psychiatric hospital and moves back in with his parents , played by Robert De Niro and Jacki Weaver . Determined to win back his estranged wife , Pat meets recently widowed Tiffany Maxwell , portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence , who offers to help him get his wife back if he enters a dance competition with her . The two become closer as they train and Pat , his father , and Tiffany examine their relationships with each other as they cope with their problems . Silver Linings Playbook premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2012 , and was released in the United States on November 16 , 2012 . The film opened to major critical success and earned numerous accolades . It received eight Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay . It became the first film since 1981 's Reds to be Oscar-nominated for the four acting categories and the first since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby to be nominated for the Big Five Oscars , with Lawrence winning the Academy Award for Best Actress . It also achieved four Golden Globe Award nominations , with Lawrence winning Best Actress ; three BAFTA nominations , with Russell winning for Best Adapted Screenplay ; four Screen Actors Guild nominations ; and five Independent Spirit Award nominations , winning in four categories , including Best Film . The film was a success at the box office , grossing over $ 236 million worldwide , more than eleven times its budget .",
" Will & Grace Will & Grace is an American sitcom created by Max Mutchnick and David Kohan about the relationship between best friends Will Truman ( Eric McCormack ) , a gay lawyer , and Grace Adler ( Debra Messing ) , a straight interior designer . It was broadcast on NBC from September 21 , 1998 to May 18 , 2006 , for a total of eight seasons . During its original run , Will & Grace was one of the most successful television series with gay principal characters . Despite initial criticism for its particular portrayal of homosexual characters , it went on to become a staple of NBC 's Must See TV Thursday night lineup and was met with continued critical acclaim . It was ensconced in the Nielsen top 20 for half of its network run . The show was the highest-rated sitcom among adults 18 -- 49 , from 2001 and 2005 . Throughout its eight-year run , Will & Grace earned 16 Emmy Awards and 83 nominations . All four stars each received an Emmy Award throughout the series , making it one of only three sitcoms in the award 's history to achieve this feat . In 2014 the Writers Guild of America placed the sitcom at number 94 in their list of the 101 Best Written TV series of all time . Since the final episode aired , the sitcom has been credited with helping and improving public opinion of the LGBT community , with former U.S. Vice President Joe Biden commenting that the show `` probably did more to educate the American public '' on LGBT issues `` than almost anything anybody has ever done so far '' . In 2014 the Smithsonian Institution added an LGBT history collection to their museum which included items from Will and Grace . The curator Dwight Blocker Bowers stated that the sitcom used `` comedy to familiarize a mainstream audience with gay culture '' that was `` daring and broke ground '' in American media . Will & Grace was filmed in front of a live studio audience ( most episodes and scenes ) on Tuesday nights , at Stage 17 in CBS Studio Center , a space that totals 14000 sqft . Will and Grace 's apartment is on display at the Emerson College Library , having been donated by series creator Max Mutchnick . When the set was removed in April 2014 , rumours came up about a cast reunion , but the actors involved denied that such a reunion was planned . It was merely moved to Emerson 's new center in Los Angeles . A long-running legal battle between both the original executive producers and creators and NBC took place between 2003 and 2007 . All seasons of the series have been released on DVD and the show has been broadcast in more than 60 countries . On September 26 , 2016 , the cast reunited for a 10-minute special ( released online ) , urging Americans to vote in the 2016 presidential election . After the success of the 10-minute reunion special , NBC announced that the network is exploring the idea of putting Will & Grace back into production . In January 2017 , NBC confirmed the series ' return , for a ten-episode ninth season , for the 2017 -- 18 television season . The episode order was increased to 12 on April 5 , 2017 ."
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Of all the continents, Antarctica is the coldest on average.
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" Antarctica Antarctica ( UK English -LSB- ænˈtɑːktɪkə -RSB- or -LSB- ænˈtɑːtɪkə -RSB- , US English -LSB- æntˈɑːrktɪkə -RSB- ) is Earth 's southernmost continent . It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere , almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle , and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean . At 14000000 km2 , it is the fifth-largest continent . For comparison , Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia . About 98 % of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km in thickness , which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula . Antarctica , on average , is the coldest , driest , and windiest continent , and has the highest average elevation of all the continents . Antarctica is a desert , with annual precipitation of only 200 mm ( 8 in ) along the coast and far less inland . The temperature in Antarctica has reached − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) , though the average for the third quarter ( the coldest part of the year ) is − 63 ° C ( − 81 ° F ) . Anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent . Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae , bacteria , fungi , plants , protista , and certain animals , such as mites , nematodes , penguins , seals and tardigrades . Vegetation , where it occurs , is tundra . Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ( `` Southern Land '' ) date back to antiquity , Antarctica is noted as the last region on Earth in recorded history to be discovered and colonised by humans , being only first sighted in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny , who sighted the Fimbul ice shelf . The continent , however , remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment , lack of easily accessible resources , and isolation . In 1895 , the first confirmed landing was conducted by a team of Norwegians . Antarctica is a de facto condominium , governed by parties to the Antarctic Treaty System that have consulting status . Twelve countries signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 , and thirty-eight have signed it since then . The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining , prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal , supports scientific research , and protects the continent 's ecozone . Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations ."
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" Europe Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia . Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . The eastern boundary with Asia is a historical and cultural construct , as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them ; Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas , and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe -- a concept dating back to classical antiquity -- are arbitrary . The primarily physiographic term `` continent '' as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent 's current overland boundaries . Europe covers about 10,180,000 km2 , or 2 % of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8 % of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous , spanning 39 % of the continent and comprising 15 % of its population . Europe had a total population of about 740 million ( about 11 % of world population ) . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece , was the birthplace of Western civilization . The fall of the Western Roman Empire , during the migration period , marked the end of ancient history and the beginning of an era known as the Middle Ages . Renaissance humanism , exploration , art , and science led to the modern era . From the Age of Discovery onwards , Europe played a predominant role in global affairs . Between the 16th and 20th centuries , European powers controlled at various times the Americas , most of Africa , Oceania , and the majority of Asia . The Industrial Revolution , which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century , gave rise to radical economic , cultural , and social change in Western Europe , and eventually the wider world . Both world wars took place for the most part in Europe , contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the Soviet Union and the United States took prominence . During the Cold War , Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east , until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall . In 1955 , the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill , with the idea of unifying Europe to achieve common goals . It includes all states except for Belarus , Kazakhstan and Vatican City . Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union , a separate political entity that lies between a confederation and a federation . The EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The currency of most countries of the European Union , the euro , is the most commonly used among Europeans ; and the EU 's Schengen Area abolishes border and immigration controls among most of its member states . The European Anthem is `` Ode to Joy '' and states celebrate peace and unity on Europe Day .",
" Antarctic ice sheet The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth . It covers about 98 % of the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth . It covers an area of almost 14 e6km2 and contains 26.5 e6km3 of ice . Approximately 61 percent of all fresh water on the Earth is held in the Antarctic ice sheet , an amount equivalent to about 58 m of sea-level rise . In East Antarctica , the ice sheet rests on a major land mass , but in West Antarctica the bed can extend to more than 2,500 m below sea level . Much of the land in this area would be seabed if the ice sheet were not there . In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice , sea ice around Antarctica was expanding . The reasons for this are not fully understood , but suggestions include the climatic effects on ocean and atmospheric circulation of the ozone hole , and/or cooler ocean surface temperatures as the warming deep waters melt the ice shelves ."
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Robert Downey Jr. was in the television series Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows.
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" Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows is a 2011 British-American period action mystery film directed by Guy Ritchie and produced by Joel Silver , Lionel Wigram , Susan Downey and Dan Lin . It is the sequel to the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes , and likewise features the Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson characters created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . The film 's screenplay was written by Michele Mulroney and Kieran Mulroney . Robert Downey Jr. and Jude Law reprise their roles as Holmes and Watson , and were joined by Noomi Rapace as Simza , Stephen Fry as Mycroft Holmes and Jared Harris as Professor Moriarty . The film follows an original premise incorporating elements of Conan Doyle 's short stories `` The Final Problem '' and `` The Empty House '' . In the film , Holmes and Watson travel across Europe with a Gypsy adventuress to foil an intricate plot by their cunning nemesis , Professor Moriarty , to instigate a war . Upon its release , the film received mixed to positive reviews from critics and was commercially successful , with a worldwide gross of over $ 545 million .",
" Robert Downey Jr. Robert John Downey Jr. ( born April 4 , 1965 ) is an American actor . His career has included critical and popular success in his youth , followed by a period of substance abuse and legal troubles , and a resurgence of commercial success in middle age . For three consecutive years from 2012 to 2015 , Downey has topped the Forbes list of Hollywood 's highest-paid actors , making an estimated $ 80 million in earnings between June 2014 and June 2015 . Making his acting debut at the age of five , appearing in his father 's film Pound ( 1970 ) , Downey Jr. appeared in roles associated with the Brat Pack , such as the teen sci-fi comedy Weird Science ( 1985 ) and the drama Less Than Zero ( 1987 ) . He starred as the title character in the 1992 film Chaplin , which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor and won him the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role . After being released in 2000 from the California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison where he was on drug charges , Downey joined the cast of the TV series Ally McBeal playing Calista Flockhart 's love interest . This earned him a Golden Globe Award . His character was written out when Downey was fired after two drug arrests in late 2000 and early 2001 . After his last stay in a court-ordered drug treatment program , Downey achieved sobriety . Downey Jr. 's career prospects improved when he featured in the mystery thriller Zodiac ( 2007 ) , and the satirical action comedy Tropic Thunder ( 2008 ) ; for the latter he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Beginning in 2008 , Downey began portraying the role of Marvel Comics superhero Iron Man in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , appearing in several films as either the lead role , member of an ensemble cast , or in a cameo . Each of these films has grossed over $ 500 million at the box office worldwide ; four of theseThe Avengers , Avengers : Age of Ultron , Iron Man 3 and Captain America : Civil Warearned over $ 1 billion . Downey Jr. has also played the title character in Guy Ritchie 's Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) and its sequel ( 2011 ) ."
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" Iron Man in other media The Marvel Comics character Iron Man has appeared in various other media since the character 's debut in Tales of Suspense # 39 ( March 1963 ) . Iron Man has been the focus of three animated series and a direct-to-DVD animated feature . Three live-action Iron Man feature films starring Robert Downey , Jr. in the title role have been released since 2008 with Downey also appearing as the character in The Incredible Hulk in 2008 , Marvel 's The Avengers in 2012 , Avengers : Age of Ultron in 2015 , and the Captain America : Civil War in 2016 as well as upcoming Spider-Man : Homecoming in 2017 .",
" The Adventures of Robin Hood The Adventures of Robin Hood is a 1938 American Technicolor swashbuckler film , produced by Hal B. Wallis and Henry Blanke , directed by Michael Curtiz and William Keighley , that stars Errol Flynn , Olivia de Havilland , Basil Rathbone , and Claude Rains . Written by Norman Reilly Raine and Seton I. Miller , the film concerns a Saxon knight who , in King Richard 's absence in the Holy Land during the Crusades , fights back as the outlaw leader of a rebel guerrilla band against Prince John and the Norman lords oppressing the Saxon commoners . The Adventures of Robin Hood has been acclaimed by critics since its release . In 1995 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation by the National Film Registry . Alan Hale , Sr. , who plays Little John , had played the same character in the 1922 version of the film and went on to play him again in Rogues of Sherwood Forest , released by Columbia in 1950 ."
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fever
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Cristiano Ronaldo was a soccer player.
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" Association football Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball . It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play , unless they are goalkeepers ( and then only when within their penalty area ) . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use their head or torso . The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins . If the score is level at the end of the game , either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time or a penalty shootout depending on the format of the competition . The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863 . Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football ( FIFA ; Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) , which organises World Cups for both men and women every four years .",
" Cristiano Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro , ( -LSB- kɾiʃ ` tjɐnu ʁuˈnaɫdu -RSB- , born 5 February 1985 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team . He primarily plays as a forward , but has also been deployed as a winger and serves as captain for Portugal . In 2008 , he won his first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards . Ronaldo then won the FIFA Ballon d'Or in 2013 and 2014 . In 2016 , he received his fourth Ballon d'Or , the most for a European player in the history of the award , and the inaugural Best FIFA Men 's Player . In 2015 , Ronaldo scored his 500th senior career goal for club and country . Two years later , he surpassed Jimmy Greaves as the all-time top-scorer in the top five European leagues . Often ranked the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time , Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all time by the Portuguese Football Federation , during its 100th anniversary celebrations in 2015 . He was the first player to win four European Golden Shoe awards . One of the most marketable athletes in sport , in 2016 Forbes named Ronaldo the world 's best paid athlete . ESPN ranked him the world 's most famous athlete in 2016 and 2017 . Ronaldo began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP , before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003 . After winning his first trophy , the FA Cup , during his first season in England , he helped United win three successive Premier League titles , a UEFA Champions League title , and a FIFA Club World Cup . By age 23 , he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations . He was the subject of the most expensive association football transfer when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in 2009 in a transfer worth $ 94 million ( $ 132 million ) . In Spain , he has won two La Liga titles , two Copas del Rey , two Champions League titles , and two Club World Cups . Ronaldo holds the record for most goals scored in a single UEFA Champions League season , having scored 17 goals in the 2013 -- 14 season . In 2014 , Ronaldo became the fastest player to score 200 goals in La Liga , which he achieved in his 178th La Liga game . He is the only player in the history of football to score more than 50 goals in a season on six consecutive occasions . In 2015 , Ronaldo became the all-time top goalscorer in the UEFA Champions League , and he also became Real Madrid 's all-time leading goalscorer . In 2017 , he became the first player to reach 100 goals in European club competitions , as well as in the UEFA Champions League . He is the second highest goalscorer in La Liga history behind Lionel Messi , his perceived career rival . Ronaldo made his international debut for Portugal in August 2003 , at the age of 18 . He is Portugal 's most capped player of all time with over 130 caps , and has participated in seven major tournaments : four UEFA European Championships ( 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 ) and three FIFA World Cups ( 2006 , 2010 and 2014 ) . He is the first Portuguese player to reach 50 international goals , making him Portugal 's all-time top goalscorer . He scored his first international goal in Euro 2004 and helped Portugal reach the final . He took over full captaincy in July 2008 , and he led Portugal to the semi-finals at Euro 2012 , finishing the competition as joint-top scorer . In November 2014 , Ronaldo became the all-time top scorer in the UEFA European Championship ( including qualifying ) with 23 goals . At Euro 2016 , he became the most capped player of all-time in the tournament , the first player to score at four consecutive European Championship finals , and also equalled Michel Platini 's all-time record for most goals scored in the competition . Ronaldo lifted the trophy after Portugal defeated France in the final , and he received the Silver Boot as the second-highest goalscorer of the tournament ."
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" Midfielder A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch .",
" 2014 FIFA Club World Cup Final The 2014 FIFA Club World Cup Final was the final match of the 2014 FIFA Club World Cup , a football tournament hosted by Morocco . It was the 11th final of the FIFA Club World Cup , a FIFA-organised tournament between the winner clubs from each of the six continental confederations , as well as the league winner from the host nation . The final was contested between Spanish club Real Madrid , representing UEFA as the reigning champions of the UEFA Champions League , and Argentine club San Lorenzo , representing CONMEBOL as the reigning champions of the Copa Libertadores . It was played at the Stade de Marrakech in Marrakesh on 20 December 2014 . The Spanish club won the match 2 -- 0 and won their first FIFA Club World Cup title , and their fourth world club title counting the 1960 , 1998 and 2002 Intercontinental Cups , equaling Milan 's record ."
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fever
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Empress Ki stars an actress.
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" Empress Ki (TV series) Empress Ki is a television series starring Ha Ji-won as the titular Empress Gi . It aired on MBC from October 28 , 2013 to April 29 , 2014 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 51 episodes . The early working title was Hwatu ( ; lit . `` Battle of Flowers '' ) but the title was changed to prevent confusion with the similarly named playing cards .",
" Ha Ji-won Jeon Hae-rim ( ; born 28 June 1978 ) , better known by her stage name Ha Ji-won is a South Korean actress . She is best known for the historical dramas Damo ( 2003 ) , Hwang Jini ( 2006 ) and Empress Ki ( 2013 ) , as well as the melodrama Something Happened in Bali ( 2004 ) and romantic comedy series Secret Garden ( 2010 ) . Ha has starred in several films and television series , and is one of South Korea 's most sought after and critically acclaimed actresses , particularly known for her versatility in pulling off roles in various genres such as action , comedy , drama , and sports ."
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" Araceli González Araceli Edith González ( -LSB- aɾaˈseli ɣonˈsales -RSB- ; born June 19 , 1967 ) is an Argentine actress , fashion model and TV host .",
" Empress Schuck Empress Karen Carreon Schuck ( born February 19 , 1993 ) , sometimes credited only as Empress , is a Filipino actress ."
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