Split (1)

train · 10.2k rows

query string	positive_document list	negative_document list	prompt string	source string
Joan Crawford died on May 14, 1977.	[ " Joan Crawford Joan Crawford ( born Lucille Fay LeSueur ; March 23 , c. 1904 -- May 10 , 1977 ) was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer and stage showgirl . In 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema . Beginning her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies , before debuting as a chorus girl on Broadway , Crawford signed a motion picture contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1925 . In the 1930s , Crawford 's fame rivaled , and later outlasted , MGM colleagues Norma Shearer and Greta Garbo . Crawford often played hard-working young women who find romance and success . These stories were well received by Depression-era audiences and were popular with women . Crawford became one of Hollywood 's most prominent movie stars and one of the highest-paid women in the United States , but her films began losing money and , by the end of the 1930s , she was labelled `` box office poison '' . But her career gradually improved in the early 1940s , and she made a major comeback in 1945 by starring in Mildred Pierce , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress . She would go on to receive Best Actress nominations for Possessed ( 1947 ) and Sudden Fear ( 1952 ) . In 1955 , Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman Alfred Steele . After his death in 1959 , Crawford was elected to fill his vacancy on the board of directors but she was forcibly retired in 1973 . She continued acting in film and television regularly through the 1960s , when her performances became fewer ; after the release of the British horror film Trog in 1970 , Crawford retired from the screen . Following a public appearance in 1974 , after which unflattering photographs were published , Crawford withdrew from public life and became increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977 . Crawford married four times . Her first three marriages ended in divorce ; the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele . She adopted five children , one of whom was reclaimed by his birth mother . Crawford 's relationships with her two older children , Christina and Christopher , were acrimonious . Crawford disinherited the two , and , after Crawford 's death , Christina wrote a well-known `` tell-all '' memoir titled Mommie Dearest ( 1978 ) ." ]	[ " Cheryl Crawford Cheryl Crawford ( September 24 , 1902 -- October 7 , 1986 ) was an American theatre producer and director . Born in Akron , Ohio , Crawford majored in drama at Smith College . Following graduation , she moved to New York City and enrolled at the Theatre Guild 's school . By then she knew that she did n't want to pursue an acting career , but saw no other way to gain access to the organization producing the highest quality theatre of its time . Finishing their training in 1927 , she was hired by Theresa Helburn , the Guild 's Executive Director , as a casting secretary . She then worked her way through various backstage jobs , including assistant stage manager , to assistant to the `` Board of Managers , '' an importantant administrative job . While working at the Guild , she met Harold Clurman and Lee Strasberg who had also been working there as play reader and actor , respectively . She was impressed with these two young men and joined their animated discussions about the need for a radically new form of American theatre . In 1930 Crawford urged Clurman to start giving semi-public talks to groups of like-minded actors . After he followed her suggestion and the talks attracted more people than could fit in Clurman 's apartment , Crawford arranged for the use of a showroom at the Steinway Piano Company . In 1931 , Crawford , Clurman and Strasberg announced the formation of The Group Theatre and invited 28 young actors who had been attending Clurman 's talks to join them for a twelve-week-long summer of training and rehearsal at Brookfield Center , Connecticut . Crawford had a major role in selecting the early plays produced by The Group , beginning with their first one , The House of Connelly by North Carolina playwright Paul Green , whom she later introduced to composer Kurt Weill . She encouraged their subsequent collaboration , Weill 's first American project , the musical Johnny Johnson , which was the last production she worked on before resigning from The Group Theatre in 1937 to become an independent producer . Crawford was influential in the early careers of such actors as Helen Hayes , Bojangles Robinson , Mary Martin , Ethel Barrymore , Ingrid Bergman , Tallulah Bankhead , and Paul Robeson , among many others . In 1946 , she and Eva Le Gallienne founded the American Repertory Theatre . In 1947 , together with former Group Theatre members Elia Kazan and Robert Lewis , she founded The Actor 's Studio , which trained Marlon Brando , James Dean , Paul Newman , Marilyn Monroe , Al Pacino , Robert De Niro , Dustin Hoffman , Steve McQueen , Martin Landau , Shelley Winters , Jane Fonda , Ellen Burstyn , Harvey Keitel , Jack Nicholson , John Astin and many more . Former partner Strasberg joined them as artistic director in 1951 .", " What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962 film) What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? is a 1962 American psychological thriller-horror film produced and directed by Robert Aldrich , starring Bette Davis and Joan Crawford , about an aging actress who holds her paraplegic sister captive in an old Hollywood mansion . The screenplay by Lukas Heller is based on the 1960 novel of the same name by Henry Farrell . Upon the film 's release , it was met with widespread critical and box office acclaim and was later nominated for five Academy Awards , winning one for Best Costume Design , Black and White . The intensely bitter Hollywood rivalry between the film 's two stars , Davis and Crawford , was heavily important to the film 's initial success . This in part led to the revitalization of the then-waning careers of the two stars . In the years after release , critics continued to acclaim the film for its psychologically driven black comedy , camp , and creation of the psycho-biddy subgenre . The film 's then unheard of and controversial plot meant that it originally received an X rating in the UK . Because of the appeal of the film 's stars , Dave Itzkoff in The New York Times has identified it as being a `` cult classic '' . In 2003 the character of Baby Jane Hudson was ranked No. 44 on the American Film Institute 's list of the 50 Best Villains of American Cinema ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Shahid Kapoor made his film debut in 1803.	[ " Shahid Kapoor Shahid Kapoor ( -LSB- ʃaːɦɪd̪ kəˈpuːr -RSB- ; born 25 February 1981 ) , also known as Shahid Khattar , is an Indian actor who appears in Hindi films . The son of actors Pankaj Kapur and Neelima Azeem , Kapoor was born in New Delhi . His parents separated when he was three , and he continued living with his mother . They moved to Mumbai when he was 10 , where he joined Shiamak Davar 's dance academy . Kapoor appeared as a background dancer in a few films of the 1990s , and was later featured in music videos and television commercials . Kapoor made his film debut in 2003 with a leading role in the romantic comedy Ishq Vishk , a sleeper hit for which he won a Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut . He followed it with roles in several commercial failures before starring in Sooraj Barjatya 's top-grossing family drama Vivah ( 2006 ) . Kapoor earned nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for portraying a troubled businessman in Imtiaz Ali 's romantic comedy Jab We Met ( 2007 ) and twin brothers in Vishal Bhardwaj 's caper thriller Kaminey ( 2009 ) . After appearing in another series of box office flops , he starred in the action film R. . . Rajkumar ( 2013 ) his highest-grossing release . In 2014 , Kapoor portrayed the Hamlet character in Bhardwaj 's acclaimed drama Haider , for which he won the Best Actor award at Filmfare . Two years later , he played a drug abusing singer in the crime drama Udta Punjab , which won him the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor . Cited in the media as one of the most attractive Indian celebrities , Kapoor maintains his popularity despite a fluctuating career trajectory . Initially recognised for portraying romantic roles , Kapoor has since taken on parts in action films and thrillers . He is the recipient of several awards , including three Filmfare Awards . In addition to acting , Kapoor supports charities , hosts award ceremonies , and has featured as a talent judge on the dance reality show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Reloaded ( 2015 ) . Following a romantic relationship with the actress Kareena Kapoor , he married Mira Rajput , a student from New Delhi , with whom he has a daughter ." ]	[ " Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. is a 2003 Indian comedy drama film directed by Rajkumar Hirani ( in his directorial debut ) and produced by Vidhu Vinod Chopra . The film is loosely based on the 1998 American film Patch Adams . The story involves protagonist Munna Bhai ( Sanjay Dutt ) , a goon , going to medical school . He is helped by his sidekick , Circuit ( Arshad Warsi ) . It stars Sanjay Dutt , Arshad Warsi , Jimmy Shergill , Gracy Singh , Boman Irani and Sunil Dutt and was later followed by a second film Lage Raho Munna Bhai , and became the first installment of the Munna Bhai film series . On 25 February 2016 , Sanjay Dutt was released from Yerwada Central Jail after completing his sentence ( 2013-2016 ) for illegal possession of firearms in 1993 . Vidhu Vinod Chopra announced on 29 September 2016 that production on the third Munna Bhai film starring Dutt in the title role will begin in 2017 . It went on to win the 2004 National Film Award for Best Popular Film , and several Filmfare awards , including the Critics Award for Best Movie and Best Screenplay . At the box office , it achieved a silver jubilee status ( 25-week run ) being one of only eight films to have achieved this status since the year 2000 . In its 26th week of release the film could still be found playing on 257 screens throughout India . Made at a Budget of only 10 crores , the movie went on the collect Rs . 24 crores at the Box Office in 2003 .", " Om Jai Jagadish Om Jai Jagadish is a 2002 Bollywood film directed by Anupam Kher and was his directorial debut . The film stars Waheeda Rehman , Anil Kapoor , Fardeen Khan , Abhishek Bachchan , Mahima Chaudhry , Urmila Matondkar , Salman Khan and Tara Sharma ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Whoopi Goldberg co-produced a show.	[ " Whoopi Goldberg Caryn Elaine Johnson ( born November 13 , 1955 ) , known professionally as Whoopi Goldberg ( -LSB- ˈwhʊpi -RSB- ) , is an American actress , comedian , author and television host . She has been nominated for 13 Emmy Awards for her work in television and is one of the few entertainers who have won an Emmy Award , a Grammy Award , an Oscar , and a Tony Award . She was the second black woman in the history of the Academy Awards to win an acting Oscar . In the period drama film The Color Purple ( 1985 ) , her breakthrough role was playing Celie , a mistreated black woman in the Deep South , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . In the romantic fantasy film Ghost ( 1990 ) , Goldberg played Oda Mae Brown , an eccentric psychic who helped a slain man ( Patrick Swayze ) save his lover ( Demi Moore ) , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . In 1992 , she starred as a pretend nun in the comedy Sister Act . From 1998 to 2002 , she was co-producer of the television game show Hollywood Squares . Since 2007 , she has been the moderator of the daytime television talk show The View ." ]	[ " Ally McBeal Ally McBeal is an American legal comedy-drama television series , originally aired on Fox from September 8 , 1997 to May 20 , 2002 . Created by David E. Kelley , the series stars Calista Flockhart in the title role as a young lawyer working in the fictional Boston law firm Cage and Fish , with other young lawyers whose lives and loves were eccentric , humorous and dramatic . The series received critical acclaim in its early seasons , winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy in 1997 and 1998 , and also winning the Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1999 .", " The Office (U.S. TV series) The Office is an American television comedy series that aired on NBC from March 24 , 2005 to May 16 , 2013 . It is an adaptation of the BBC series of the same name . The Office was adapted for American audiences by Greg Daniels , a veteran writer for Saturday Night Live , King of the Hill , and The Simpsons . It is co-produced by Daniels ' Deedle-Dee Productions , and Reveille Productions ( later Shine America ) , in association with Universal Television . The original executive producers were Greg Daniels , Howard Klein , Ben Silverman , Ricky Gervais , and Stephen Merchant , with numerous others being promoted in later seasons . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . To simulate the look of an actual documentary , it is filmed in a single-camera setup , without a studio audience or a laugh track . The show debuted on NBC as a mid-season replacement and ran for nine seasons and 201 episodes . The Office initially featured Steve Carell , Rainn Wilson , John Krasinski , Jenna Fischer and B. J. Novak as the main cast ; the show experienced numerous changes to its ensemble cast during its run . The first season of The Office was met with mixed reviews , but the following four seasons received widespread acclaim from television critics . These seasons were included on several critics ' year-end top TV series lists , winning several awards including four Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Comedy Series in 2006 . While later seasons were criticized for a decline in quality , earlier writers oversaw the final season and ended the show 's run with a positive reception ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Parting Glances was shot.	[ " Parting Glances Parting Glances is an American film shot in 1984 and released in 1986 . With its realistic look at urban gay life in the Ronald Reagan era and at the height of the AIDS crisis , many film critics consider it an important movie in the history of gay cinema . It was also one of the first American films to address the AIDS pandemic . First-time director Bill Sherwood died of complications due to AIDS in 1990 without ever completing another film ." ]	[ " Dissolve (filmmaking) In the post-production process of film editing and video editing , a dissolve is a gradual transition from one image to another . The terms fade-out ( also called fade to black ) and fade-in are used to describe a transition to and from a blank image . This is in contrast to a cut where there is no such transition . A dissolve overlaps two shots for the duration of the effect , usually at the end of one scene and the beginning of the next , but may be used in montage sequences also . Generally , but not always , the use of a dissolve is held to indicate that a period of time has passed between the two scenes .", " Close-up A close-up or closeup in filmmaking , television production , still photography and the comic strip medium is a type of shot , which tightly frames a person or an object . Close-ups are one of the standard shots used regularly with medium shots and long shots ( cinematic techniques ) . Close-ups display the most detail , but they do not include the broader scene . Moving in to a close-up or away from a close-up is a common type of zooming ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Cyclobenzaprine is the best-selling muscle relaxant.	[ " Cyclobenzaprine Cyclobenzaprine , sold under the brand name Flexeril among others , is a muscle relaxer medication used to relieve skeletal muscle spasms and associated pain in acute musculoskeletal conditions . It is the best-studied drug for this application . It has also been used off-label for fibromyalgia treatment . As of 2015 the cost for a typical course of medication in the United States is less than ." ]	[ " Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines ( BZD , BZs ) , sometimes called `` benzos '' , are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring . The first such drug , chlordiazepoxide ( Librium ) , was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955 , and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann -- La Roche , which , since 1963 , has also marketed the benzodiazepine diazepam ( Valium ) . In 1977 benzodiazepines were globally the most prescribed medications . Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) at the GABAA receptor , resulting in sedative , hypnotic ( sleep-inducing ) , anxiolytic ( anti-anxiety ) , anticonvulsant , and muscle relaxant properties . High doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines may also cause anterograde amnesia and dissociation . These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety , insomnia , agitation , seizures , muscle spasms , alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures . Benzodiazepines are categorized as either short - , intermediate - , or long-acting . Short - and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia ; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety . Benzodiazepines are generally viewed as safe and effective for short-term use , although cognitive impairment and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur . A minority of people can have paradoxical reactions such as worsened agitation or panic . Long-term use is controversial because of concerns about adverse psychological and physical effects , decreasing effectiveness , and physical dependence and withdrawal . As a result of adverse effects associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines , withdrawal from benzodiazepines , in general , leads to improved physical and mental health . The elderly are at an increased risk of suffering from both short - and long-term adverse effects , and as a result , all benzodiazepines are listed in the Beers List of inappropriate medications for older adults . There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines in pregnancy . While they are not major teratogens , uncertainty remains as to whether they cause cleft palate in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioural effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure ; they are known to cause withdrawal symptoms in the newborn . Benzodiazepines can be taken in overdoses and can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness . However , they are less toxic than their predecessors , the barbiturates , and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken . When combined with other central nervous system ( CNS ) depressants such as alcoholic drinks and opioids , the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases . Benzodiazepines are commonly misused and taken in combination with other drugs of abuse .", " Sphincter A sphincter is a circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning . Sphincters are found in many animals . There are over 60 types in the human body , some microscopically small , in particular the millions of precapillary sphincters . Sphincters relax at death , often releasing fluids ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Ivanka Trump existed in late 1982.	[ " Ivanka Trump Ivanka Marie Trump ( -LSB- iˈvɑːŋkə -RSB- born October 30 , 1981 ) is an American businesswoman and former fashion model who is currently assistant to President Donald Trump . She is the daughter of the president and his first wife , former model Ivana Trump . Trump has been an executive vice president of her father 's company -- The Trump Organization -- as well as serving as a boardroom advisor on her father 's TV show The Apprentice . She moved to Washington , D.C in January 2017 as her husband , Jared Kushner , was appointed as a Senior Advisor to the President of the United States by her father . Starting in late March 2017 , Trump began serving in her father 's administration as assistant to the president . She assumed this official , unpaid federal government position after multiple ethics concerns were raised about her access to sensitive material while not being held to the same ethics restrictions as a federal employee . She is considered part of her father 's inner circle ." ]	[ " United States presidential election, 2016 The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 8 , 2016 . The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U.S. Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine . Trump took office as the 45th President , and Pence as the 48th Vice President , on January 20 , 2017 . Concurrent with the presidential election , Senate , House , and many gubernatorial and state and local elections were also held on November 8 . Voters selected members of the Electoral College in each state , in most cases by `` winner-takes-all '' plurality ; those state electors in turn voted for a new president and vice president on December 19 , 2016 . While Clinton received about million more votes nationwide , a margin of % , Trump won 30 states worth a total of 306 electors , or 57 % of the 538 available . He won the perennial swing states of Florida , North Carolina , Ohio , and Iowa , as well as Clinton 's `` blue wall '' states of Michigan , Pennsylvania and Wisconsin , which had been Democratic strongholds in presidential elections for decades . Leading up to the election , a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts . In the Electoral College vote on December 19 , seven electors voted against their pledged candidates : two against Trump and five against Clinton . A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again . Ultimately , Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227 , while Colin Powell won three , and John Kasich , Ron Paul , Bernie Sanders , and Faith Spotted Eagle each received one . Trump is the fifth person in U.S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote . He is the first president without any prior experience in public service or the military , as well as the wealthiest and the oldest at inauguration , while Clinton was the first woman to be the presidential nominee of a major party and the first woman to win the popular vote . This was the first time since the 1984 re-election of Ronald Reagan that Wisconsin voted for a Republican , and the first time since 1988 that the Republican nominee won the states of Pennsylvania and Michigan , as well as Maine 's second congressional district . It was also the first time since the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson that an electoral vote split occurred in Maine . On January 6 , 2017 , the United States government 's intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections . A joint U.S. intelligence review stated with high confidence that `` Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election . Russia 's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process , denigrate Secretary Clinton , and harm her electability and potential presidency . '' Investigations about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials were started by the FBI , the Senate Intelligence Committee and the House Intelligence Committee . Donald Trump has criticized these conclusions by citing a lack of evidence , calling it a `` hoax '' and `` fake news , '' stating in a tweet : `` The Russia-Trump collusion story is a total hoax , when will this taxpayer funded charade end ? ''", " Republican Party (United States) The Republican Party , commonly referred to as the GOP ( abbreviation for Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , the other being its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The party is named after republicanism , the dominant value during the American Revolution . Founded by anti-slavery activists , modernists , ex-Whigs , and ex-Free Soilers in 1854 , the Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932 . There have been 19 Republican presidents , the most from any one party . The first was 16th president Abraham Lincoln , who served from 1861 to 1865 , when he was assassinated , and the most recent being 45th and current president Donald Trump , who took office on January 20 , 2017 . The Republican Party 's current ideology is American conservatism , which contrasts with the Democrats ' more progressive platform ( also called modern liberalism ) . Further , its platform involves support for free market capitalism , free enterprise , fiscal conservatism , a strong national defense , deregulation , and restrictions on labor unions . In addition to advocating for conservative economic policies , the Republican Party is socially conservative , and seeks to uphold traditional values based largely on Judeo-Christian ethics . The GOP was strongly committed to protectionism and tariffs from its founding until the 1930s , when it was based in the industrial Northeast and Midwest . Since 1952 there has been a reversal against protectionism and the party 's core support since the 1990s comes chiefly from the South , the Great Plains , the Mountain States and rural districts in the North . as well as from conservative Catholics , Mormons , and Evangelicals nationwide . As of 2017 , the Republican Party is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928 . In addition to holding the Presidency ( via Trump and Vice President Mike Pence ) , the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress , having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate . The party also holds a majority of governorships ( 33/50 ) and state legislatures ( full control of 32/50 , split control of six others ) ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Antarctica is north of the equator.	[ " Antarctic Circle The Antarctic Circle is the most southerly of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth . The region south of this circle is known as the Antarctic , and the zone immediately to the north is called the Southern Temperate Zone . South of the Antarctic Circle , the sun is above the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year ( and therefore visible at midnight ) and ( at least partially ) below the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year ( and therefore not fully visible at noon ) ; this is also true within the equivalent polar circle in the Northern Hemisphere , the Arctic Circle . The position of the Antarctic Circle is not fixed ; as of , it runs south of the Equator . Its latitude depends on the Earth 's axial tilt , which fluctuates within a margin of 2 ° over a 40,000-year period , due to tidal forces resulting from the orbit of the Moon . Consequently , the Antarctic Circle is currently drifting southwards at a speed of about 15 m per year .", " Antarctica Antarctica ( UK English -LSB- ænˈtɑːktɪkə -RSB- or -LSB- ænˈtɑːtɪkə -RSB- , US English -LSB- æntˈɑːrktɪkə -RSB- ) is Earth 's southernmost continent . It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere , almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle , and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean . At 14000000 km2 , it is the fifth-largest continent . For comparison , Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia . About 98 % of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km in thickness , which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula . Antarctica , on average , is the coldest , driest , and windiest continent , and has the highest average elevation of all the continents . Antarctica is a desert , with annual precipitation of only 200 mm ( 8 in ) along the coast and far less inland . The temperature in Antarctica has reached − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) , though the average for the third quarter ( the coldest part of the year ) is − 63 ° C ( − 81 ° F ) . Anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent . Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae , bacteria , fungi , plants , protista , and certain animals , such as mites , nematodes , penguins , seals and tardigrades . Vegetation , where it occurs , is tundra . Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ( `` Southern Land '' ) date back to antiquity , Antarctica is noted as the last region on Earth in recorded history to be discovered and colonised by humans , being only first sighted in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny , who sighted the Fimbul ice shelf . The continent , however , remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment , lack of easily accessible resources , and isolation . In 1895 , the first confirmed landing was conducted by a team of Norwegians . Antarctica is a de facto condominium , governed by parties to the Antarctic Treaty System that have consulting status . Twelve countries signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 , and thirty-eight have signed it since then . The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining , prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal , supports scientific research , and protects the continent 's ecozone . Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations ." ]	[ " Tropics The tropics are a region of the Earth surrounding the equator . They are delimited in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S ; these latitudes correspond to the axial tilt of the Earth . The tropics are also referred to as the tropical zone and the torrid zone ( see geographical zone ) . The tropics include all the areas on the Earth where the Sun is at a point directly overhead at least once during the solar year ( which is a subsolar point ) . The tropics are distinguished from the other climatic and biomatic regions of Earth , which are the middle latitudes and the polar regions on either side of the equatorial zone .", " Glacier A glacier ( -LSB- pronˈɡleɪʃər -RSB- or -LSB- ˈɡlæsiə -RSB- ) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight ; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation ( melting and sublimation ) over many years , often centuries . Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight , creating crevasses , seracs , and other distinguishing features . They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines . Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water . On Earth , 99 % of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions , but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia , and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands . Between 35 ° N and 35 ° S , glaciers occur only in the Himalayas , Andes , Rocky Mountains , a few high mountains in East Africa , Mexico , New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran . Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth 's land surface . Continental glaciers cover nearly 5 e6sqmi or about 98 percent of Antarctica 's 5.1 e6sqmi , with an average thickness of 7,000 ft. Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers . Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth . Many glaciers from temperate , alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt , creating a water source that is especially important for plants , animals and human uses when other sources may be scant . Within high altitude and Antarctic environments , the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater . Because glacial mass is affected by long-term climatic changes , e.g. , precipitation , mean temperature , and cloud cover , glacial mass changes are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change and are a major source of variations in sea level . A large piece of compressed ice , or a glacier , appears blue as large quantities of water appear blue . This is because water molecules absorb other colors more efficiently than blue . The other reason for the blue color of glaciers is the lack of air bubbles . Air bubbles , which give a white color to ice , are squeezed out by pressure increasing the density of the created ice ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Amazon Web Services included compute services and it is on the Internet.	[ " Amazon Web Services Amazon Web Services ( AWS ) describes both a technology and a company . The company AWS is a subsidiary of Amazon.com and provides on-demand cloud computing platforms to both individuals , companies and governments , on a paid subscription basis with a free-tier option available for 12 months . The technology allows subscribers to have at their disposal full-fledged virtual cluster of computers , available 24/7/365 , through the internet . AWS ' version of virtual computers have most of the attributes of a real computer including hardware ( CPU ( s ) & GPU ( s ) for processing , local/RAM memory , hard-disk/SSD storage ) ; a choice of operating systems ; networking ; and pre-loaded application software such as web servers , databases , CRM ... nearly anything . Each AWS system also virtualizes its console I/O ( keyboard , display , and mouse ) , allowing AWS subscribers to connect to their AWS system using a modern browser . The browser acts as a window into the virtual computer , letting subscribers log-in , configure and use their virtual systems just as they would a real physical computer . They can choose to deploy their AWS systems to provide internet-based services for their own and their customers ' benefit . The AWS technology is implemented at server farms throughout the world , and maintained by the Amazon subsidiary . Fees are based on a combination of usage , the hardware/OS/software / networking features chosen by the subscriber , required availability , redundancy , security , and service options . Based on what the subscriber needs and pays for , they can reserve a single virtual AWS computer , a cluster of virtual computers , a physical ( real ) computer dedicated for their exclusive use , or even a cluster of dedicated physical computers . As part of the subscription agreement , Amazon manages , upgrades , and provides industry-standard security to each subscriber 's system . AWS services operate from many global geographical regions including 6 in North America . In 2016 , AWS comprised more than 70 services spanning a wide range including compute , storage , networking , database , analytics , application services , deployment , management , mobile , developer tools , and tools for the Internet of Things . The most popular include Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud ( aka `` EC2 '' ) and Amazon Simple Storage Service ( aka `` S3 '' ) . Most services are not exposed directly to end users , but instead offer functionality through APIs for developers to use in their applications . Amazon Web Services ' offerings are accessed over HTTP , using the REST architectural style and SOAP protocol . Amazon markets AWS to subscribers as a way of obtaining large scale computing capacity more quickly and cheaply than building an actual physical server farm . All services are billed based on usage , but each service measures usage in varying ways ." ]	[ " Internet area network An Internet area network ( IAN ) is a concept for a communications network that connects voice and data endpoints within a cloud environment over IP , replacing an existing local area network ( LAN ) , wide area network ( WAN ) or the public switched telephone network ( PSTN ) . Seen by proponents as the networking model of the future , an IAN securely connects endpoints through the public Internet , so that they can communicate and exchange information and data without being tied to a physical location . Unlike a LAN , which interconnects computers in a limited area such as a home , school , computer laboratory or office building , or a WAN , which is a network that covers a broad area , such as any telecommunications network that links across metropolitan , regional , or national boundaries , using private or public network transports , the IAN eliminates a geographic profile for the network entirely because the applications and communications services have become virtualized . Endpoints need only be connected over a broadband connection across the Internet . Hosted in the cloud by a managed services provider , an IAN platform offers users secure access to information from anywhere , at any time , via an Internet connection . Users also have access to telephony , voicemail , e-mail , and fax services from any connected endpoint . For businesses , the hosted model reduces IT and communications expenses , protects against loss of data and disaster downtime , while realizing a greater return on their invested resources through increased employee productivity and reduction in telecom costs .", " Distributed networking Distributed networking is a distributed computing network system , said to be distributed when the computer programming and the data to be worked on are spread out across more than one computer . Usually , this is implemented over a computer network . Prior to the emergence of low-cost desktop computer power , computing was generally centralized to one computer . Although such centers still exist , distribution networking applications and data operate more efficiently over a mix of desktop workstations , local area network servers , regional servers , Web servers , and other servers . One popular trend is client/server computing . This is the principle that a client computer can provide certain capabilities for a user and request others from other computers that provide services for the clients . ( The Web 's Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an example of this idea . ) Enterprises that have grown in scale over the years and those that are continuing to grow are finding it extremely challenging to manage their distributed network in the traditional client/server computing model . The recent developments in the field of cloud computing has opened up new possibilities . Cloud-based networking vendors have started to sprout offering solutions for enterprise distributed networking needs . Whether it turns out to revolutionize the distributed networking space or turns out to be another craze remains to be seen ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Azerbaijan has no official religion.	[ " Azerbaijan Azerbaijan ( -LSB- æzərbaɪˈʒɑːn -RSB- ; Azərbaycan ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azərbaycan Respublikası ) , is a country in the South Caucasus region , situated at the crossroads of Southwest Asia and Southeastern Europe . It is bound by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bound by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , while having an 11 km border with Turkey in the north west . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first democratic state in the Muslim orient world . The country was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920 as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , prior to the official dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region seceded to form the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh , found through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . The country is a member state of the Council of Europe , the OSCE and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program . It is one of six independent Turkic states , an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations . It is one of the founding members of GUAM , the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons . A member of the United Nations since 1992 after its independence , Azerbaijan was elected to membership in the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly on 9 May 2006 . Its term of office began on 19 June 2006 . Azerbaijan is also a member state of the Non-Aligned Movement , holds observer status in World Trade Organization and is a correspondent at the International Telecommunication Union . The Constitution of Azerbaijan does not declare an official religion and all major political forces in the country are secularist . However , the majority of the population are of a Shiite Muslim background . Most Azerbaijanis however , do not actively practice any religion , and the country has been seen to be one of the most irreligious countries in the Muslim world , with 53 % stating religion has little to no importance in their lives , according to Pew Research Center and Gallup polls . Azerbaijan has a high level of human development which ranks on par with most Eastern European countries . It has a high rate of economic development and literacy , as well as a low rate of unemployment . According to the Davos World Economic Forum , Azerbaijan 's economy has scored 37th place within 138 countries in 2016 . Global Competitiveness Index 2015 indicates that Azerbaijan scores highest in its region . ASAN services , established with Presidential Decree , are countrywide known for eliminating bribery and corruption in the provision of public services . ASAN Service has been awarded with United Nations ' Public Service Award 2015 , which is the most prestigious award in the world in the field of public service delivery . The ruling party , the New Azerbaijan Party , has been accused of authoritarianism and human rights abuses ." ]	[ " Member state A member state is a state that is a member of an international organization or of a federation or confederation . The World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) include some members that are not sovereign states ; thus , neither organization ever speaks of `` member states '' ; the WTO has simply `` members '' ( see WTO members ) , whereas the IMF calls its members `` member countries '' .", " Azerbaijan (Iran) Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan ( آذربایجان Āzarbāijān -LSB- ɒːzærbɒjdʒɒːn -RSB- آذربایجان Azərbaycan -LSB- ɑzærbɑjdʒɑn -RSB- ) , also known as Iranian Azerbaijan , is a region in northwestern Iran that borders Iraq , Turkey , the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic , Armenia , and the Republic of Azerbaijan . Iranian Azerbaijan is administratively divided into West Azerbaijan , East Azerbaijan , Ardabil , and Zanjan provinces . The region is mostly populated by Azerbaijanis , with minority populations of Kurds , Armenians , Tats , Talysh , Assyrians and Persians . Iranian Azerbaijan is the land originally and historically called Azerbaijan ; the Azerbaijani-populated Republic of Azerbaijan appropriated the name of the neighbouring Azerbaijani-populated region in Iran during the 20th century . Historic Azerbaijan was called Atropatene in antiquity and Aturpatakan in the pre-Islamic Middle Ages . Some refer to Iranian Azerbaijan as South ( or Southern ) Azerbaijan and the Republic of Azerbaijan as Northern Azerbaijan , although others believe that these terms are irredentist and politically motivated . Prior to the Russo-Persian wars of the 19th century , the Azerbaijani people were distributed throughout the north-western Persian Empire , with the highest concentrations in Persian provinces that correspond to contemporary Iranian Azerbaijan and the Republic of Azerbaijan . Following military defeats at the hands of the Russian Empire , Qajar Persia ceded all of its territories in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia to Russia via the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 and the Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828 . Since then the Azerbaijani people have been partitioned between nations . The territories south of the Aras River , which comprised the region historically known as Azerbaijan , became the new north-west frontier of the Persian Empire and later Iran . The territories north of the Aras River , which were not known by the name Azerbaijan at the time of their capture by Russia , were absorbed into the Russian Empire , renamed the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic during the country 's short-lived independence from 1918 to 1920 , incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic , and finally became the independent Republic of Azerbaijan when the Soviet Union dissolved ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Usher grew up in Tennessee.	[ " Usher (musician) Usher Raymond IV ( born October 14 , 1978 ) is an American singer , songwriter , dancer , and actor . Born in Dallas , Texas but raised and lived in Chattanooga , Tennessee until moving to Atlanta , Georgia . At the age of 12 , his mother put him in local singing competitions , before catching the attention of a music A&R from LaFace Records . In 1994 , he released his self-titled debut album , Usher . He rose to fame in the late 1990s with the release of his sophomore album My Way ( 1997 ) , which spawned his first U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one single , `` Nice & Slow '' , amongst top-two singles `` You Make Me Wan na ... '' and `` My Way '' . 8701 ( 2001 ) produced the number-one singles `` U Remind Me '' and `` U Got It Bad '' , and top-three single `` U Do n't Have to Call '' . It sold 8 million copies worldwide and won his first two Grammy Awards as Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2002 and 2003 . Confessions ( 2004 ) established him as one of the best-selling musical artists of the 2000s decade , selling 20 million copies worldwide . Bolstered by its four consecutive Billboard Hot 100 number one singles ; `` Yeah ! '' , `` Burn '' , `` Confessions Part II '' , and `` My Boo '' , it has been certified Diamond by the RIAA . Here I Stand ( 2008 ) and Raymond v. Raymond ( 2010 ) , debuted atop of the Billboard 200 , and produced the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles `` Love in This Club '' and `` OMG '' . The EP , Versus , also produced the Hot 100 top-five single `` DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love '' . Looking 4 Myself ( 2012 ) , also debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart and produced the Hot 100 top-ten single `` Scream '' . Raymond v. Raymond and Looking 4 Myself received Grammy Awards for R&B singles `` There Goes My Baby '' and `` Climax '' . Hard II Love ( 2016 ) peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 albums chart . Usher has sold 23.8 million albums and 38.2 million digital songs in the United States . To date , his worldwide sales stand at 43 million albums and 75 million records overall , making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time . Usher has won numerous awards and accolades including 18 Billboard Music Awards and 8 Grammy Awards . At the end of 2009 , Billboard named him the second most successful artist of the 2000s decade , the number-one Hot 100 artist of the 2000s decade , and ranked Confessions as the top solo album of the 2000s decade . Billboard also placed him at number 6 on their list of `` Top 50 R&B / Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years '' . Usher has attained 9 US Hot 100 number-one singles . Considered an icon and sex symbol , he was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame and Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 2008 , he started his own record label Raymond-Braun Media Group ( RBMG ) ; a joint venture with talent manager Scooter Braun that includes Canadian singer Justin Bieber ." ]	[ " 8701 8701 is the third studio album by American singer Usher ; it was first released on August 7 , 2001 , by Arista Records . Recording was handled by several producers including The Neptunes , Jermaine Dupri , Babyface , Kevin `` She ` kspere '' Briggs , Mike City , Bryan Michael Cox , Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis . Although intended for an October 31 , 2000 , release under the title All About U , the album was delayed numerous times , following the leak of several tracks onto the online music store Napster . Usher subsequently recorded new tracks and released the album under the new title , 8701 , which is derived from Usher singing for the first time in his local church in 1987 and the album 's release date of 2001 . 8701 takes inspiration from multiple artists , including Donny Hathaway , Stevie Wonder , Marvin Gaye , and Michael Jackson . It follows the theme of Usher 's relationship experience , along with the emotions of love and heartache . Usher promoted the album by embarking on the supporting tour , Evolution 8701 Tour in 2002 , to which it he performed in forty-four shows across North America . He also made appearances in television shows , including Live ! with Kelly and Total Request Live . 8701 produced two Billboard Hot 100 number one singles -- `` U Remind Me '' and `` U Got It Bad '' stayed on top for four and five weeks , respectively . The album debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart , with 210,000 copies sold in its first week . It has sold over 4.7 million copies in the United States , receiving a 4 × platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) ; worldwide sales stand at over eight million . 8701 received generally positive reviews from critics , who praised Usher 's vocals and development as an artist , but were ambivalent towards some of the album 's material . The album earned Usher numerous awards , including two Grammy Awards , three Billboard Music Awards and a BET Award .", " Nashville, Tennessee Nashville is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Tennessee and the seat of Davidson County . It is located on the Cumberland River in the north central part of the state . The city is a center for the music , healthcare , publishing , banking and transportation industries , and home to numerous colleges and universities . It is known as a center of the country music industry , earning it the nickname `` Music City , U.S.A. '' Since 1963 , Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government , which includes six smaller municipalities in a two-tier system . The city is governed by a mayor , a vice-mayor , and a 40-member Metropolitan Council ; 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts , while the other five are elected at-large . Reflecting the city 's position in state government , Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for Middle Tennessee . According to 2016 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the total consolidated city-county population stood at 684,410 . The `` balance '' population , which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville , was 660,388 . The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345 , making it the largest metropolitan statistical area in the state . The 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson -- Murfreesboro -- Columbia combined statistical area , a larger trade area , was 1,951,644 ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
In Lebanon, a monastic tradition was established.	[ " Lebanon Lebanon ( -LSB- ˈlɛbənɒn -RSB- لبنان ; Lebanese pronunciation : -LSB- lɪbˈnæːn -RSB- Liban ) , officially known as the Lebanese RepublicRepublic of Lebanon is the most common phrase used by Lebanese government agencies . The phrase Lebanese Republic is a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today 's world . Lebanese Arabic is the most common language spoken among the citizens of Lebanon . ( الجمهورية اللبنانية ; Lebanese pronunciation : -LSB- elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje l.ˈlɪbnæːnɪjje -RSB- République libanaise ) , is a sovereign state in Western Asia . It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south , while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea . Lebanon 's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity . At just 10,452 km2 ( 4,036 sq. mi . ) , it is the smallest recognized country on the entire mainland Asian continent . The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years , predating recorded history . Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms , a maritime culture that flourished for over a thousand years ( c. 1550 -- 539 BC ) . In 64 BC , the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire , and eventually became one of the Empire 's leading centers of Christianity . In the Mount Lebanon range a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church was established . As the Arab Muslims conquered the region , the Maronites held onto their religion and identity . However , a new religious group , the Druze , established themselves in Mount Lebanon as well , generating a religious divide that has lasted for centuries . During the Crusades , the Maronites re-established contact with the Roman Catholic Church and asserted their communion with Rome . The ties they established with the Latins have influenced the region into the modern era . The region eventually was ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918 . Following the collapse of the empire after World War I , the five provinces that constitute modern Lebanon came under the French Mandate of Lebanon . The French expanded the borders of the Mount Lebanon Governorate , which was mostly populated by Maronites and Druze , to include more Muslims . Lebanon gained independence in 1943 , establishing confessionalism , a unique , Consociationalism-type of political system with a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities . Bechara El Khoury , President of Lebanon during the independence , Riad El-Solh , first Lebanese prime minister and Emir Majid Arslan II , first Lebanese minister of defence , are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country 's independence . Foreign troops withdrew completely from Lebanon on 31 December 1946 . Lebanon has been a member of the Organisation internationale de la francophonie since 1973 . Despite its small size , the country has developed a well-known culture and has been highly influential in the Arab world . Before the Lebanese Civil War ( 1975 -- 1990 ) , the country experienced a period of relative calm and renowned prosperity , driven by tourism , agriculture , commerce , and banking . Because of its financial power and diversity in its heyday , Lebanon was referred to as the `` Switzerland of the East '' during the 1960s , and its capital , Beirut , attracted so many tourists that it was known as `` the Paris of the Middle East '' . At the end of the war , there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure . In spite of these troubles , Lebanon has the highest Human Development Index and GDP per capita in the Arab world , to the exclusion of the oil-rich economies of the Persian Gulf ." ]	[ " Women in Lebanon Lebanese women are considered to have more rights and freedom compared to other women in the Arab World . Women in Lebanon are able to dress more liberally and move around with relative ease in certain parts of the country , unlike other countries in the region . Lebanese women enjoy almost equal civil rights as men . However , due to the large number of officially recognized religions in Lebanon , Lebanese family matters are governed by at least 15 personal statute codes . Lebanese women have legal protection that varies depending on their religion . In Muslim families , marriageable age can be as soon as the child reaches puberty and polygamy is allowed . Muslim women can legally marry Christian or Jewish men ; for example a Lebanese Catholic man can marry a Muslim lady on the condition of getting their children baptised , otherwise , the couple may opt for civil marriage performed abroad , which can be registered at any Lebanese Embassy , thus giving it official recognition ( this is a particularly popular option , with Cyprus usually acting as the destination of choice ) . Children born to a Lebanese woman and a man from another country will not have their children granted Lebanese nationality . Local and regional NGOs have helped to increase awareness of violence against women in Lebanon . Government policies regarding this are poor however , and attempts to improve this area have been met with resistance . Lebanon 's laws do not recognize the concept of spousal rape , and attempt to add this to law have been attacked by Lebanese clerics . The family in Lebanon , as elsewhere in the Middle East region , assigns different roles to family members on the basis of gender . The superior status of men in society and within the narrow confines of the nuclear family transcends the barriers of sect or ethnicity . Lebanese family structure is patriarchal . The centrality of the father figure stems from the role of the family as an economic unit . This notion prevails in rural regions of Lebanon where women participate in peasant work . However , it is noticed that the percentage of women working in the labor force has increased . Since , 1970 , Arab societies have allowed women to play a more active role socially and in the work force , basically as a result of the manpower shortage caused by heavy migration of men to Persion Gulf countries . Notwithstanding the persistence of traditional attitudes regarding the role of women , Lebanese women enjoy equal civil rights and attend institutions of higher education in large numbers ( for example , women constituted 41 percent of the student body at the American University of Beirut in 1983 ) . Although women in Lebanon have their own organizations , most exist as subordinate branches of the political parties .", " Monastery A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics , monks or nuns , whether living in communities or alone ( hermits ) . A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which may be a chapel , church or temple , and may also serve as an oratory . Monasteries vary greatly in size , comprising a small dwelling accommodating only a hermit , or in the case of communities anything from a single building housing only one senior and two or three junior monks or nuns , to vast complexes and estates housing tens or hundreds . A monastery complex typically comprises a number of buildings which include a church , dormitory , cloister , refectory , library , balneary and infirmary . Depending on the location , the monastic order and the occupation of its inhabitants , the complex may also include a wide range of buildings that facilitate self-sufficiency and service to the community . These may include a hospice , a school and a range of agricultural and manufacturing buildings such as a barn , a forge or a brewery . In English usage , the term monastery is generally used to denote the buildings of a community of monks . In modern usage , convent tends to be applied only to institutions of female monastics ( nuns ) , particularly communities of teaching or nursing religious sisters . Historically , a convent denoted a house of friars ( reflecting the Latin ) , now more commonly called a friary . Various religions may apply these terms in more specific ways ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Alfred Hitchcock framed shots to maximize at least three things in 2000.	[ " Alfred Hitchcock Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock ( 13 August 1899 -- 29 April 1980 ) was an English film director and producer , at times referred to as `` The Master of Suspense '' . He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres . He had a successful career in British cinema with both silent films and early talkies and became renowned as England 's best director . Hitchcock moved to Hollywood in 1939 , and became a U.S. citizen in 1955 . Hitchcock became a highly visible public figure through interviews , movie trailers , cameo appearances in his own films , and the ten years in which he hosted the television programme Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1955 -- 1965 ) . He also fashioned for himself a recognisable directorial style . Hitchcock 's stylistic trademarks include the use of camera movement that mimics a person 's gaze , forcing viewers to engage in a form of voyeurism . In addition , he framed shots to maximise anxiety , fear , or empathy , and used innovative forms of film editing . His work often features fugitives on the run alongside `` icy blonde '' female characters . In 1978 , film critic John Russell Taylor described Hitchcock as `` the most universally recognizable person in the world '' , and `` a straightforward middle-class Englishman who just happened to be an artistic genius '' . Prior to 1980 , there had long been talk of Hitchcock being knighted for his contribution to film . Critic Roger Ebert wrote : `` Other British directors like Sir Carol Reed and Sir Charlie Chaplin were knighted years ago , while Hitchcock , universally considered by film students to be one of the greatest filmmakers of all time , was passed over '' . Hitchcock later received his knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in the 1980 New Year Honours . Hitchcock directed more than fifty feature films in a career spanning six decades and is often regarded as one of the most influential directors in cinematic history . Following a 2007 critics ' poll by Britain 's Daily Telegraph in which he was ranked Britain 's greatest filmmaker , one scholar wrote : `` Hitchcock did more than any director to shape modern cinema , which would be utterly different without him . His flair was for narrative , cruelly withholding crucial information ( from his characters and from the audience ) and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else . '' Hitchcock 's first thriller , The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog ( 1926 ) , helped shape the thriller genre in film . His 1929 film , Blackmail , is often cited as the first British sound feature film , while Rear Window ( 1954 ) , Vertigo ( 1958 ) , North by Northwest ( 1959 ) , and Psycho ( 1960 ) are regularly ranked among the greatest films of all time ." ]	[ " Alfred Hitchcock Presents Alfred Hitchcock Presents is an American television anthology series hosted and executive produced by Alfred Hitchcock , which aired on CBS and NBC between 1955 and 1965 . It featured dramas , thrillers , and mysteries . By the time it premiered on October 2 , 1955 , Hitchcock had been directing films for over three decades . Time magazine named it one of `` The 100 Best TV Shows of all time '' . The Writers Guild of America ranked it # 79 on their list of the 101 Best-Written TV Series tying it with Monty Python 's Flying Circus , Star Trek : The Next Generation and Upstairs , Downstairs . A series of literary anthologies with the running title Alfred Hitchcock Presents were issued to capitalize on the success of the television series . One volume , devoted to stories that censors would n't allow to be adapted for broadcast , was entitled Alfred Hitchcock Presents : Stories They Would n't Let Me Do on TV '' -- though eventually several of the stories collected were adapted .", " BAFTA Fellowship The BAFTA Fellowship , or the Academy Fellowship , is a lifetime achievement award presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) since 1971 `` in recognition of outstanding achievement in the art forms of the moving image '' , and is the highest honour the Academy can bestow . Fellowship recipients have been mainly film directors , but some have also been awarded to actors , film and television producers , cinematographers , film editors , screenwriters and ( since 2007 ) to contributors to the video game industry . People from the United Kingdom dominate the list , but it includes over a dozen U.S. citizens and several from other countries in Europe , though none of the latter have been recognized since 1996 . Shigeru Miyamoto , in 2010 , became the first citizen of an Asian country to receive the award . The inaugural recipient of the award was filmmaker and producer Alfred Hitchcock . The award has been made posthumously to comedy pair Morecambe and Wise in 1999 , and to Stanley Kubrick , who died that same year and was made a fellow in 2000 . The most recent recipient was British actress Joanna Lumley ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Ajay Devgan has won National Film Awards.	[ " Ajay Devgn Ajay Devgan ( born Vishal Veeru Devgan on 2 April 1969 ) , also credited as Ajay Devgn , is an Indian film actor , director and producer . He is widely considered as one of the most popular actors of Hindi cinema , who has appeared in over a hundred Hindi films . Devgan has won numerous accolades , including two National Film Awards and four Filmfare Awards . In 2016 , he was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri , the fourth highest civilian honour of the country . Devgan began his professional career with Phool Aur Kaante in 1991 and received a Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut for his performance . He then starred in successful films such as Jigar ( 1992 ) , Dilwale ( 1994 ) , Suhaag ( 1994 ) , Naajayaz ( 1995 ) , Diljale ( 1996 ) and Ishq ( 1997 ) . In 1998 , he appeared in a critically acclaimed performance in Mahesh Bhatt 's drama Zakhm and he received his first National Film Award for Best Actor for his role in the movie . In 1999 , his most-talked-about film was Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam in which he played Vanraj , a man who tries to unite his wife with her lover . In the early 2000s , he gave critically acclaimed performances in Ram Gopal Varma 's fictional expose of Mumbai underworld Company . He played the character of a gangster , for which he won Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor . The same year he gave another critically acclaimed performance in Deewangee for which he received the Filmfare Best Villain Award . In 2003 , he won his second National Film Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Bhagat Singh in Rajkumar Santoshi 's biopic The Legend of Bhagat Singh . Throughout his career he has performed in many critically and commercially successful films including Raincoat ( 2004 ) , '' Gangajal , ( 2004 ) , Yuva ( 2004 ) , Apaharan ( 2005 ) , Omkara ( 2006 ) , Golmaal : Fun Unlimited ( 2006 ) , Golmaal Returns ( 2008 ) , All the Best : Fun Begins ( 2009 ) , Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai ( 2010 ) , Golmaal 3 ( 2010 ) , Raajneeti ( 2010 ) , Singham ( 2011 ) , Bol Bachchan ( 2012 ) , Son of Sardaar ( 2012 ) , Singham Returns ( 2014 ) and Drishyam ( 2015 ) . He has starred in more than hundred Hindi films . Having done so , he established himself as one of the leading actors of Hindi cinema . In addition , Devgn owns a production company Ajay Devgn FFilms which was established in 2000 . In 2008 , he debuted as a film director with U Me Aur Hum . He is married to film actress , Kajol since 1999 and the couple have two children . In August 2009 , Devgn changed his surname from Devgan to Devgn on the request of his family ." ]	[ " AACTA Award for Best Film The AACTA Award for Best Film is an award presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts ( AACTA ) , a non-profit organisation whose aim is to `` identify , award , promote and celebrate Australia 's greatest achievements in film and television . '' The award is presented at the annual AACTA Awards , which hand out accolades for achievements in feature film , television , documentaries and short films . From 1969 -- 2010 , the category was presented by the Australian Film Institute ( AFI ) , the Academy 's parent organisation , at the annual Australian Film Institute Awards ( known as the AFI Awards ) . When the AFI launched the Academy in 2011 , it changed the annual ceremony to the AACTA Awards , with the current award being a continuum of the AFI Award for Best Film . From 1969 -- 1975 , the award was presented as a gold , silver , bronze or grand prix prize , or in some years , a cash prize . The first winner , Jack and Jill : A Postscript , was nominated in the `` general '' category of the 1969 awards , and received a silver prize . Because non-feature films dominated the Australian film industry at that time , the film was submitted in the general category . Despite this , it is considered the first winner by the Academy . From the 1976 Australian Film Awards , the award became competitive , and has been given as such since then . To be eligible , the film must be Australian ; consist of a dramatised story of at least 70 minutes duration ; and be publicly exhibited in a commercial cinema for a minimum of seven consecutive days , in at least two capital cities ( one of which is Sydney or Melbourne ) . The producer of the film is considered the nominee , and is presented the award upon winning .", " Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor The Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor is given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films . The award is given by the chosen jury of critics assigned to the function , and is a derivation from a previous award known as the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance , which was established in 1991 and was initially a special award given for a performance by either sex . In 1998 , it was officially divided into two separate categories to acknowledge both male and female actors individually . The actors are awarded without prior nomination for a performance . The record of the maximum number of wins in this category is with Amitabh Bachchan having won the award 3 times ( 2002 , 2006 & 2016 ) and Manoj Bajpayee ( 1999 , 2000 & 2017 ) , , followed by two actors ( in chronological order ) : Shahrukh Khan ( 1994 & 2001 ) and Ranbir Kapoor ( 2010 & 2012 ) . There has been only tie in the history between Shahid Kapoor and Manoj Bajpai for Udta Punjab and Aligarh respectively ( 2017 ) ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Marlon Brando was not on a list in the 1950s.	[ " Marlon Brando Marlon Brando , Jr. ( April 3 , 1924 -- July 1 , 2004 ) was an American actor , film director and political activist . He is credited with bringing realism to film acting . He helped to popularize the Stanislavski system of acting , studying with Stella Adler in the 1940s . Brando is widely known for his Academy Award-winning performances as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) and Vito Corleone in The Godfather ( 1972 ) , as well as his performances in A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) , Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) , Julius Caesar ( 1953 ) , The Wild One ( 1953 ) , Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) , Sayonara ( 1957 ) , Reflections in a Golden Eye ( 1967 ) , Last Tango in Paris ( 1972 ) , and Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) . Brando was also an activist for many causes , notably the Civil Rights Movement and various Native American movements . He initially gained acclaim and an Academy Award nomination for reprising the role of Stanley Kowalski in the 1951 film adaptation of Tennessee Williams ' play A Streetcar Named Desire , a role that he had originated successfully on Broadway . He received further praise for his performance as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront , and his portrayal of the rebel motorcycle gang leader Johnny Strabler in The Wild One proved to be a lasting image in popular culture . Brando received Academy Award nominations for playing Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata ! ; Mark Antony in Joseph L. Mankiewicz 's 1953 film adaptation of Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar ; and Air Force Major Lloyd Gruver in Sayonara ( 1957 ) , an adaption of James Michener 's 1954 novel . Brando was included in a list of Top Ten Money Making Stars three times in the 1950s , coming in at number 10 in 1954 , number 6 in 1955 , and number 4 in 1958 . The 1960s proved to be a fallow decade for Brando . He directed and starred in the cult western film One-Eyed Jacks , a critical and commercial flop , after which he delivered a series of box-office failures , beginning with the 1962 film adaptation of the novel Mutiny on the Bounty . After 10 years , during which he did not appear in a successful film , he won his second Academy Award for playing Vito Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola 's The Godfather , a role critics consider among his greatest . The Godfather was then one of the most commercially successful films of all time . With that and his Oscar-nominated performance in Last Tango in Paris , Brando re-established himself in the ranks of top box-office stars , placing sixth and tenth in the Money Making Stars poll in 1972 and 1973 , respectively . Brando took a four-year hiatus before appearing in The Missouri Breaks ( 1976 ) . After this , he was content with being a highly paid character actor in cameo roles , such as in Superman ( 1978 ) and The Formula ( 1980 ) , before taking a nine-year break from motion pictures . According to the Guinness Book of World Records , Brando was paid a record $ 3.7 million ( $ million in inflation-adjusted dollars ) and 11.75 % of the gross profits for 13 days ' work on Superman . He finished out the 1970s with his controversial performance as Colonel Kurtz in another Coppola film , Apocalypse Now , a box-office hit for which he was highly paid and which helped finance his career layoff during the 1980s . Brando was ranked by the American Film Institute as the fourth-greatest movie star among male movie stars whose screen debuts occurred in or before 1950 . He was one of only three professional actors , along with Charlie Chaplin and Marilyn Monroe , named in 1999 by Time magazine as one of its 100 Most Important People of the Century . He died of respiratory failure on July 1 , 2004 , at age 80 ." ]	[ " The Appaloosa The Appaloosa ( also known as Southwest to Sonora ) is a 1966 American Western film Technicolor ( set in the 1870s ) from Universal Pictures starring Marlon Brando , Anjanette Comer and John Saxon , who was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of a Mexican bandit . The film was directed by Sidney J. Furie , and shot in Wrightwood , Antelope Valley , and Lake Los Angeles , California , St. George , Utah , and Colorado City , Arizona . The 2008 Appaloosa film ( starring Ed Harris and Viggo Mortensen ) is not related to this film , although it has a similar title .", " Morituri (1965 film) Morituri ( also known as The Saboteur : Code Name Morituri ) is a 1965 film about the Allied sabotage during World War II of a German merchant ship carrying rubber , a critical product during the war . The film stars Marlon Brando , Yul Brynner , Trevor Howard , Janet Margolin , and Wally Cox . It was directed by Bernhard Wicki ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Instagram is a service that allows users to share pictures and it's very popular.	[ " Instagram Instagram is a mobile , desktop , and internet-based photo-sharing application and service that allows users to share pictures and videos either publicly or privately . It was created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger , and launched in October 2010 as a free mobile app exclusively for the iOS operating system . A version for Android devices was released two years later , in April 2012 , followed by a feature-limited website interface in November 2012 , and apps for Windows 10 Mobile and Windows 10 in April 2016 and October 2016 respectively . Instagram lets registered users upload photos or videos to the service . Users can apply various digital filters to their images , and add locations through geotags . They can add hashtags to their posts , linking the photos up to other content on Instagram featuring the same subject or overall topic . Users can connect their Instagram account to other social media profiles , enabling them to share photos to those profiles as well . Originally , a distinctive feature of Instagram was its confining of photos to a square ; this was changed in August 2015 , when an update started allowing users to upload media at full size . In June 2012 , an `` Explore '' tab was introduced in the mobile apps , showing users a variety of media , including ( but not limited to ) popular photos and photos taken at nearby locations , trending tags and places , channels for recommended videos , and curated content . Support for videos was originally launched in June 2013 , and had a 15-second maximum duration and limited quality , with Instagram later adding support for widescreen and longer videos . Private messaging , called Instagram Direct , was launched with basic photo-sharing functionality in December 2013 , and has gradually received major updates incorporating more features . Updates include easier private sharing from the news feed , threaded conversations , sharing locations and hashtag pages , increased support for text and emoji , and the ability to make photos `` disappear '' after being viewed by the recipient . In August 2016 , Instagram introduced a `` Stories '' feature , letting users add photos to a story , with the content disappearing after 24 hours . Instagram added live-video functionality to Stories in November 2016 , augmented reality stickers in April 2017 , and face filters in May 2017 . After its launch in 2010 , Instagram rapidly gained popularity , with one million registered users in two months , 10 million in a year , and ultimately 700 million as of April 2017 . Its users have uploaded over 40 billion photos to the service as of October 2015 . , the Instagram Stories functionality has over 200 million active users , while Instagram Direct has 375 million active users . Instagram was acquired by Facebook in April 2012 for approximately US$ 1 billion in cash and stock . The popularity of Instagram has sparked an engaging community , including dedicated `` trends '' , in which users post specific types of photos on specific days of the week with a hashtag representing a common theme . Instagram has received positive reviews for its iOS app , and it has been named `` one of the most influential social networks in the world '' . However , the company has been the subject of criticism on several issues , most notably incidents of drug sales on the platform , allegations of censorship towards women , and a May 2017 survey in the United Kingdom concluding that the service was bad for young mental health ." ]	[ " Social networking service A social networking service ( also social networking site , SNS or social media ) is an online platform that is used by people to build social networks or social relations with other people who share similar personal or career interests , activities , backgrounds or real-life connections . The variety of stand-alone and built-in social networking services currently available in the online space introduces challenges of definition ; however , there are some common features : social networking services are Internet-based applications user-generated content ( UGC ) is the lifeblood of SNS organisms users create service-specific profiles for the site or app that are designed and maintained by the SNS organization and social networking services facilitate the development of online social networks by connecting a user 's profile with those of other individuals or groups . Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet , such as by e-mail and instant messaging and online forums . Social networking sites are varied and they incorporate a range of new information and communication tools such as availability on desktop and laptops , mobile devices such as tablet computers and smartphones , digital photo/video/sharing and `` web logging '' diary entries online ( blogging ) . Online community services are sometimes considered a social network service , though in a broader sense , social network service usually means an individual-centered service whereas online community services are group-centered . Social networking sites allow users to share ideas , digital photos and videos , posts , and inform others about online or real world activities and events with people in their network . While in-person social networking , such as gathering in a village market to talk about events has existed since the earliest developments of towns , the Web enables people to connect with others who live in different locations , ranging from across a city to across the world . Depending on the social media platform , members may be able to contact any other member . In other cases , members can contact anyone they have a connection to , and subsequently anyone that contact has a connection to , and so on . LinkedIn , a career social networking service , generally requires that a member personally know another member in real life before they contact them online . Some services require members to have a preexisting connection to contact other members . The main types of social networking services are those that contain category places ( such as former school year or classmates ) , means to connect with friends ( usually with self-description pages ) , and a recommendation system linked to trust . Social network services can be split into three types : socializing social network services are primarily for socializing with existing friends ( e.g. , Facebook ) ; networking social network services are primarily for non-social interpersonal communication ( e.g. , LinkedIn , a career and employment-oriented site ) ; and social navigation social network services are primarily for helping users to find specific information or resources ( e.g. , Goodreads for books ) . There have been attempts to standardize these services to avoid the need to duplicate entries of friends and interests ( see the FOAF standard ) . A study reveals that India has recorded world 's largest growth in terms of social media users in 2013 . A 2013 survey found that 73 % of U.S. adults use social networking sites .", " Photo shoot A photo shoot is generally used in the fashion or glamour industry , whereby a model poses for a photographer at a studio or an outdoor location where multiple photos are taken to find the best ones for the required brief . The `` model '' is not always a person , however ; for instance , advertising in print often requires photographic depiction of advertised goods , and food can be the subject of magazine articles ( often in very elaborate presentations ) ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
The Jim Henson Company was the producer of The Dark Crystal.	[ " The Jim Henson Company The Jim Henson Company ( also known at various times as Muppets , LLC. , Henson Associates , Ltd. , and Jim Henson Productions , Inc. ) is an American entertainment company , a leading producer of children 's and family entertainment ( despite some of the company 's works containing mature content ) , and best known as the creators of the renowned Muppets characters . Founded in 1958 by puppeteer Jim Henson and performing partner and wife Jane Henson , the company is independently owned and operated by the children of its founders . Henson has produced many successful television series , including The Muppet Show ( later owned by Disney ) , Fraggle Rock , Dinosaurs , Bear in the Big Blue House , and Farscape , and creates the Muppet characters for the long-running PBS television series , Sesame Street . The company has also produced many films , including The Muppet Movie , The Dark Crystal , and Labyrinth . Henson also operates Jim Henson 's Creature Shop , a puppet , animatronics , and visual effects workshop , which has created characters and effects for Henson productions , as well as outside producers . In 1989 , the company entered merger negotiations with The Walt Disney Company , but the deal fell through following Jim Henson 's unexpected death in 1990 . Following Henson 's death and the calling off of the Disney merger , the company was taken over by Henson 's children , Lisa , Cheryl , Brian , John , and Heather , with Brian at the helm . In 2000 Henson was sold to EM.TV & Merchandising AG , a German media company , but by the end of that year , EM.TV 's stock collapsed , and the company was sold back to the Henson family in 2003 . ( EM.TV had in the interim sold the rights to the Sesame Street Muppets to Sesame Workshop in 2001 . ) In 2004 , Henson sold the rights to the Muppets and Bear in the Big Blue House to The Walt Disney Company , but retains the rights to the rest of its characters , program library , and assets . , Brian , Lisa , Cheryl , and Heather Henson run the company ( sibling and fellow co-owner John Henson died in February 2014 ) . Brian Henson serves as chairman , while Lisa Henson serves as CEO . Since 2000 , The Jim Henson Company has been headquartered at the Jim Henson Company Lot , the historic former Charlie Chaplin Studios , in Hollywood , California ." ]	[ " Jim Henson Records Jim Henson Records was a short-lived music label made by The Jim Henson Company and BMG Kidz . It began in 1988 with the soundtrack for the film Kokomo . Despite the decreasing popularity of the Muppets following the death of Jim Henson , this record line kept the Muppets in the public 's eyes and included some now-rare albums . This line marked the CD debuts of songs from The Muppet Show , Fraggle Rock and the first two movies ( The Muppet Movie and The Great Muppet Caper ) . Henson and BMG released 2 CDs of key Muppet songs , they unearthed old recordings from 1984 featuring Jim Henson as Rowlf the Dog singing some classic songs ( Ol' Brown Ears is Back ) and a Muppet Beach Party CD featuring The Beach Boys songs . In the fall of 1994 , the last album released by Jim Henson Records was Kermit Unpigged . The album did not sell and Henson even sued BMG for not selling enough copies , thus ending the label .", " David Hillenbrand David Hillenbrand is an American writer , director , and composer . He often collaborates with his brother Scott Hillenbrand on projects . He is a member of the Directors Guild of America . He is a director whose films include Hostile Takeover ( 1997 ) , King Cobra ( 1999 ) , Demon Island ( 2002 ) , National Lampoon Presents Dorm Daze ( 2003 ) , Gamebox 1.0 ( 2004 ) , Dorm Daze 2 ( 2006 ) , and Transylmania ( 2009 ) . The Hillenbrands also produced the theatrical stage show `` Adrift '' in Los Angeles in 1991 which was based on the best-selling novel of the same name . In addition to his active career as a film director and producer , David Hillenbrand has had an active music career in film and television . He served as the music coordinator , either for multiple television episodes or the entire television series , for Mighty Morphin ' Power Rangers ( 1995 ) , X-Men ( 1992-1995 ) , Attack of the Killer Tomatoes ( 1991 ) , Spacecats ( 1991 ) , Blindfold : Acts of Obsession ( 1994-TV Movie ) , Sweet Valley High ( 1994-1995 ) , Video Power ( 1991 ) and Tracks of a Killer ( 1996 -- TV movie ) . In 2012 he directed Deadtime Stories : Grave Secrets , a film starring Diane Ladd and Jennifer Stone based on the popular children 's book titles of the same name , written by Annette Cascone and Gina Cascone . He co-created , executive produced and directed 8 of the first 11 episodes of the Deadtime Stories television series based on the book series . The series launched on Nickelodeon in the U.S. , CiTV in England , and DisneyXD in Canada . The 2009 film Transylmania which he co-directed with brother Scott Hillenbrand was calculated as the financially poorest wide release motion picture to date , averaging only $ 262 per screen , and released on 1007 screens . David and Scott Hillenbrand were sued by the Transylmania print and advertising ( `` P&A '' ) financial backers in 2012 , who claimed in the lawsuit that the project was a `` staggering fraud '' . Kim Swartz , representing the Hillenbrands , writes in response , `` David and Scott Hillenbrand and their team of top professionals did everything they could to try to get their investors a return on their investment , even to the Hillenbrands ' own financial detriment , and , as stated in the Complaint , in spite of the plaintiffs ' failure to provide the agreed upon P&A funds in a timely manner . The Hillenbrands look forward to having the plaintiffs ' completely meritless claims dismissed and to prosecuting their own claims . '' In August , 2012 , the Hillenbrands ' production company , Hill & Brand Productions 7 , LLC that produced Transylmania , counter sued Third Eye Capital Corporation and Strative Capital LTD for fraud and breach of contract seeking damages of no less than $ 107,000,000.00 and alleging a scheme to defraud Hill & Brand Productions 7 , LLC and to exploit the name and reputation of the Hillenbrands for their own financial gain ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
The windigo is a type of being.	[ " Wendigo In Algonquian folklore , the wendigo or windigo is a cannibal monster or evil spirit native to the northern forests of the Atlantic Coast and Great Lakes Region of both the United States and Canada . The wendigo may appear as a monster with some characteristics of a human , or as a spirit who has possessed a human being and made them become monstrous . It is historically associated with cannibalism , murder , insatiable greed , and the cultural taboos against such behaviours . The legend lends its name to the disputed modern medical term Wendigo psychosis , which is considered by psychiatrists to be a form of culture-bound syndrome with symptoms such as an intense craving for human flesh and a fear of becoming a cannibal . In some Indigenous communities , environmental destruction and insatiable greed are also seen as a manifestation of Wendigo Psychosis ." ]	[ " Nature Nature , in the broadest sense , is the natural , physical , or material world or universe . `` Nature '' can refer to the phenomena of the physical world , and also to life in general . The study of nature is a large part of science . Although humans are part of nature , human activity is often understood as a separate category from other natural phenomena . The word nature is derived from the Latin word natura , or `` essential qualities , innate disposition '' , and in ancient times , literally meant `` birth '' . Natura is a Latin translation of the Greek word physis , which originally related to the intrinsic characteristics that plants , animals , and other features of the world develop of their own accord . The concept of nature as a whole , the physical universe , is one of several expansions of the original notion ; it began with certain core applications of the word φύσις by pre-Socratic philosophers , and has steadily gained currency ever since . This usage continued during the advent of modern scientific method in the last several centuries . Within the various uses of the word today , `` nature '' often refers to geology and wildlife . Nature can refer to the general realm of living plants and animals , and in some cases to the processes associated with inanimate objects -- the way that particular types of things exist and change of their own accord , such as the weather and geology of the Earth . It is often taken to mean the `` natural environment '' or wilderness -- wild animals , rocks , forest , and in general those things that have not been substantially altered by human intervention , or which persist despite human intervention . For example , manufactured objects and human interaction generally are not considered part of nature , unless qualified as , for example , `` human nature '' or `` the whole of nature '' . This more traditional concept of natural things which can still be found today implies a distinction between the natural and the artificial , with the artificial being understood as that which has been brought into being by a human consciousness or a human mind . Depending on the particular context , the term `` natural '' might also be distinguished from the unnatural or the supernatural .", " Humanoid A humanoid ( -LSB- ˈhjuːmənɔɪd -RSB- from English human and - oid `` resembling '' ) is something that has an appearance resembling a human being . The earliest recorded use of the term , in 1870 , referred to indigenous peoples in areas colonized by Europeans . By the 20th century , the term came to describe fossils which were morphologically similar , but not identical , to those of the human skeleton . Although this usage was common in the sciences for much of the 20th century , it is now considered rare . More generally , the term can refer to anything with distinctly human characteristics or adaptations , such as possessing opposable anterior forelimb-appendages ( i.e. thumbs ) , visible spectrum-binocular vision ( i.e. having two eyes ) , or biomechanic plantigrade-bipedalism ( i.e. the ability to walk on heels and metatarsals in an upright position ) . Science fiction media frequently present sentient extraterrestrial lifeforms as humanoid as a byproduct of convergent evolution theory ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Samuel L. Jackson has appeared in over 100 films.	[ " Samuel L. Jackson Samuel Leroy Jackson ( born December 21 , 1948 ) is an American actor and film producer . He achieved prominence and critical acclaim in the early 1990s with films such as Jungle Fever ( 1991 ) , Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , Amos & Andrew ( 1993 ) , True Romance ( 1993 ) , Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) and his collaborations with director Quentin Tarantino including Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) , Django Unchained ( 2012 ) , and The Hateful Eight ( 2015 ) . He is a highly prolific actor , having appeared in over 100 films , including Die Hard with a Vengeance ( 1995 ) , Unbreakable ( 2000 ) , Shaft ( 2000 ) , The 51st State ( 2001 ) , Black Snake Moan ( 2006 ) , Snakes on a Plane ( 2006 ) , and the Star Wars prequel trilogy ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , as well as the Marvel Cinematic Universe . With Jackson 's permission , his likeness was used for the Ultimate version of the Marvel Comics character Nick Fury . He later cameoed as the character in a post-credits scene from Iron Man ( 2008 ) , and went on to sign a nine-film commitment to reprise this role in future films , including major roles in Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) and Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) and minor roles in Thor ( 2011 ) and Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) . He has also portrayed the character in the second and final episodes of the first season of the TV show Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. . He has provided his voice to several animated films , television series and video games , including the roles of Lucius Best / Frozone in Pixar Animation Studios ' film The Incredibles ( 2004 ) , Mace Windu in Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , Afro Samurai in the anime television series Afro Samurai ( 2007 ) , and Frank Tenpenny in the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas ( 2004 ) . Jackson has achieved critical and commercial acclaim , surpassing Frank Welker as the actor with the highest-grossing film total of all time in October 2011 , and he has received numerous accolades and awards . He is married to LaTanya Richardson , with whom he has a daughter , Zoe . Samuel L. Jackson is ranked as the highest all-time box office star with over $ 4.9053 billion total box office gross , an average of $ 69.1 million per film ." ]	[ " Low-budget film A low-budget film is a motion picture shot with little to no funding from a major film studio or private investor . Many independent films are made on low budgets , but films made on the mainstream circuit with inexperienced or unknown filmmakers can also have low budgets . Many young or first time filmmakers shoot low-budget films to prove their talent before doing bigger productions . Many low-budget films that do not gain some form of attention or acclaim are never released in theatres and are often sent straight to retail because of its lack of marketability , look , story , or premise . There is no precise number to define a low budget production , and it is relative to both genre and country . What might be a low-budget film in one country may be a big budget in another . Modern-day young filmmakers rely on film festivals for pre promotion . They use this to gain acclaim and attention for their films , which often leads to a limited release in theatres . Film that acquire a cult following may be given a wide release . Low-budget films can be either professional productions or amateur . They are either shot using professional or consumer equipment . Some genres are more conducive to low-budget filmmaking than others . Horror films are a very popular genre for low-budget directorial debuts . Jeremy Gardner , director of The Battery says that horror fans are more attracted to how the films affect them than seeing movie stars . This allows horror films to focus more on provoking a reaction than on expensive casting choices . Thriller films are also a popular choice for low-budget films , as they focus on narrative . Science fiction films , which were once the domain of B movies , frequently require a big budget to accommodate their special effects , but low-cost do-it-yourself computer-generated imagery can make them affordable , especially when they focus on story and characterization . Plot devices like shooting as found footage can lower production costs , and scripts that rely on extended dialogue , such as Reservoir Dogs or Sex , Lies , and Videotape , can entertain audiences without many sets . The money flow in filmmaking is a unique system because of the uncertainty of demand . The makers of the film do not know how well the film they release will be received . They may predict a film will do very well and pay back the cost of production , but only get a portion back . Or the opposite may happen where a project that few think will go far can bring in more profit than imaginable . A big gambling variable that is also involved is the use of stars . Frequently stars are brought on to a project to gain the film publicity and fame . This process can be profitable , but it is not a foolproof mechanism to successful funding . Well-known actors may join a low-budget film for a portion of the gross .", " Free Willy Free Willy is a 1993 American family drama film directed by Simon Wincer , produced by Lauren Shuler Donner and Jennie Lew Tugend , and written by Keith A. Walker and Corey Blechman from a story by Walker . The film stars Jason James Richter as a foster boy who befriends a captive orca . The film received positive attention from critics and was a financial success , grossing $ 153.6 million over $ 20 million , and has a small cult following . It eventually grew into a small franchise , spawning three sequels and a video game companion . Michael Jackson produced and performed `` Will You Be There '' , the theme for the film , which can be heard during the film 's credits . The song won the MTV Movie Award for `` Best Song in a Movie '' in 1994 . It was also included on Jackson 's album , Dangerous , and All Time Greatest Movie Songs , released by Sony in 1999 . Jackson also performed songs for the film 's first sequel ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
All About Eve was nominated for 17 Academy Awards.	[ " All About Eve All About Eve is a 1950 American drama film written and directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz , and produced by Darryl F. Zanuck . It was based on the 1946 short story `` The Wisdom of Eve '' by Mary Orr , although screen credit was not given for it . The film stars Bette Davis as Margo Channing , a highly regarded but aging Broadway star . Anne Baxter plays Eve Harrington , an ambitious young fan who insinuates herself into Channing 's life , ultimately threatening Channing 's career and her personal relationships . George Sanders , Celeste Holm , Hugh Marlowe , Barbara Bates , Gary Merrill , and Thelma Ritter also appear , and the film provided one of Marilyn Monroe 's earliest important roles . Praised by critics at the time of its release , All About Eve received 14 Academy Awards nominations ( a feat only matched by the 1997 film Titanic and the 2016 film La La Land ) and won six , including Best Picture . All About Eve is the only film in Oscar history to receive four female acting nominations ( Davis and Baxter as Best Actress , Holm and Ritter as Best Supporting Actress ) . All About Eve was selected in 1990 for preservation in the United States National Film Registry and was among the first 50 films to be registered . All About Eve appeared at # 16 on AFI 's 1998 list of the 100 best American films ." ]	[ " Terms of Endearment Terms of Endearment is a 1983 American comedy-drama film adapted from Larry McMurtry 's eponymous 1975 novel , directed , written , and produced by James L. Brooks and starring Shirley MacLaine , Debra Winger , Jack Nicholson , Danny DeVito , Jeff Daniels , and John Lithgow . The film covers 30 years of the relationship between Aurora Greenway ( MacLaine ) and her daughter Emma ( Winger ) . The film received eleven Academy Award nominations and won five . Brooks won the Academy Awards for Best Picture , Best Director , and Best Writing ( Adapted Screenplay ) while MacLaine won the Academy Award for Best Actress and Nicholson won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . In addition , it won four Golden Globes : Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Actress in a Drama ( MacLaine ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Nicholson ) , and Best Screenplay ( Brooks ) .", " All About Love (2001 film) All About Love ( original title : De l'amour ) is a 2001 French drama film directed by Jean-François Richet . It stars Virginie Ledoyen and Yazid Aït . It was nominated for an award at the 2001 Cairo International Film Festival in 1945 ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Freak Out! was Frank Zappa's debut album.	[ " Frank Zappa Frank Vincent Zappa ( December 21 , 1940 -- December 4 , 1993 ) was an American musician , activist and filmmaker . His work was characterized by nonconformity , free-form improvisation , sound experiments , musical virtuosity , and satire of American culture . In a career spanning more than 30 years , Zappa composed rock , pop , jazz , jazz fusion , orchestral and musique concrète works , and produced almost all of the 60-plus albums that he released with his band the Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist . Zappa also directed feature-length films and music videos , and designed album covers . He is considered one of the most innovative and stylistically diverse rock musicians of his generation . As a self-taught composer and performer , Zappa 's diverse musical influences led him to create music that was sometimes difficult to categorize . While in his teens , he acquired a taste for 20th-century classical composers such as Edgard Varèse , Igor Stravinsky , and Anton Webern , along with 1950s rhythm and blues and doo-wop music . He began writing classical music in high school , while at the same time playing drums in rhythm and blues bands ; later switching to electric guitar . His 1966 debut album with the Mothers of Invention , Freak Out ! , combined songs in conventional rock and roll format with collective improvisations and studio-generated sound collages . He continued this eclectic and experimental approach , irrespective of whether the fundamental format was rock , jazz or classical . Zappa 's output is unified by a conceptual continuity he termed `` Project/Object '' , with numerous musical phrases , ideas , and characters reappearing across his albums . His lyrics reflected his iconoclastic views of established social and political processes , structures and movements , often humorously so . He was a strident critic of mainstream education and organized religion , and a forthright and passionate advocate for freedom of speech , self-education , political participation and the abolition of censorship . Unlike many other rock musicians of his era , he personally disapproved of and seldom used drugs , but supported their decriminalization and regulation . During Zappa 's lifetime , he was a highly productive and prolific artist , earning widespread acclaim from critics and fellow musicians . He had some commercial success , particularly in Europe , and worked as an independent artist for most of his career . He remains a major influence on musicians and composers . His honors include an induction into the 1995 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the 1997 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . In 2000 , he was ranked number 36 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock . In 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked him at number 71 on its list of the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' , and in 2011 at number 22 on its list of the `` 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time '' ." ]	[ " For Real! For Real ! is the debut album of Ruben and the Jets . Released in 1973 , the album was produced by Frank Zappa , who wrote the first track and played guitar on the second track .", " Wind Up Workin' in a Gas Station `` Wind Up Workin ' in a Gas Station '' is the opening song on Frank Zappa 's album Zoot Allures . The song contains a fake German accent from Zappa as a result of Zappa 's fascination with the German culture . In concert , the extensive repetition of the lines `` Show me your thumb if you 're really dumb '' was given the response by the audience members putting both thumbs firmly in the air . Despite the lyrics being pessimistic , the song became a fan favorite . A live version can be found on You Ca n't Do That on Stage Anymore , Vol . 6 ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Ranbir Kapoor does not co-own a football team.	[ " Ranbir Kapoor Ranbir Kapoor ( -LSB- rəˈɳbiːr kəˈpuːr -RSB- ; born 28 September 1982 ) is an Indian actor and producer . The son of actors Rishi and Neetu , and the grandson of actor-director Raj , Kapoor pursued film-making and method acting at the School of Visual Arts and the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute , respectively . He subsequently assisted Sanjay Leela Bhansali on the film Black ( 2005 ) , and made his acting debut with Bhansali 's tragic romance Saawariya ( 2007 ) , a box office flop . Kapoor rose to prominence with his performances in the coming-of-age film Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) , the romantic comedy Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani ( 2009 ) , the comedy drama Rocket Singh : Salesman of the Year ( 2009 ) , and the political thriller-crime drama Raajneeti ( 2010 ) . The romantic drama Rockstar ( 2011 ) and the comedy drama Barfi ! ( 2012 ) earned Kapoor two consecutive Best Actor awards at Filmfare , and a starring role in the romantic comedy Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) one of the highest-grossing Bollywood filmsestablished him as a leading Bollywood actor . However , he followed it by starring in a series of films that under-performed at the box office , although his performance in the romantic drama Tamasha ( 2015 ) was critically acclaimed . This changed in 2016 when he starred as a musician in the commercially successful romance Ae Dil Hai Mushkil . Through his career in Bollywood films , Kapoor has become one of the most popular celebrities and one of the highest-paid actors in India . He is the recipient of several awards , including five Filmfare Awards . In addition to acting in films , Kapoor supports charities and causes . He is the co-founder of the production company Picture Shuru Productions , and is a co-owner of the Indian Super League football team Mumbai City FC ." ]	[ " All India Football Federation The All India Football Federation , also simply known as the AIFF , is the governing body of association football in India . Formed in 1948 , the federation was one of founding members of the Asian Football Confederation , the overseer of football in Asia . The AIFF sanctions and runs all competitive football tournaments and leagues at a national level , namely the I-League and Federation Cup . The federation also indirectly manages local football competitions through the state associations . The federation is also responsible for managing the India national football team , as well as the women 's team and the various youth national sides . The AIFF is also part of the South Asian Football Federation , the organization that runs football in South Asia . The federation is currently based in Dwarka , Delhi .", " National Association Football League The National Association Football League ( also spelled National Association Foot Ball League ) ( NAFBL ) was a semi-professional U.S. soccer league which operated between 1895 and 1898 . The league was reconstituted in 1906 and continued to operate until 1921 ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Hamlet (1990 film) was directed by Franco Zeffirelli in 1990.	[ " Hamlet (1990 film) Hamlet is a 1990 drama film based on the Shakespearean tragedy of the same name , directed by Franco Zeffirelli and starring Mel Gibson as the eponymous character . The film also features Glenn Close , Alan Bates , Paul Scofield , Ian Holm , Helena Bonham Carter , Stephen Dillane , and Nathaniel Parker . An international co-production between the United States , the United Kingdom , and France , the film is notable for being the first film produced by Icon Productions , a company co-founded by Gibson ." ]	[ " Doctor Zhivago (film) Doctor Zhivago ( Italian : Il dottor Zivago ) is a 1965 British-Italian epic romantic drama film directed by David Lean . It is set in Russia between the years prior to World War I and the Russian Civil War of 1917 -- 1922 , and is based on the Boris Pasternak novel of the same name . While immensely popular in the West , the book was banned in the Soviet Union for decades . For this reason , the film could not be made in the Soviet Union and was instead filmed mostly in Spain . The film stars Omar Sharif in the title role as Yuri Zhivago , a married physician whose life is irreversibly altered by the Russian Revolution and subsequent Civil War , and Julie Christie as his , also married , love interest Lara Antipova . The supporting cast includes Geraldine Chaplin , Rod Steiger , Alec Guinness , Tom Courtenay , Ralph Richardson , Siobhán McKenna and Rita Tushingham . Contemporary critics were generally disappointed , complaining of its length at over three hours , and claiming that it trivialized history , but acknowledging the intensity of the love story and the film 's treatment of human themes . Over time , however , the film 's reputation has improved greatly . At the 38th Academy Awards , Doctor Zhivago won five Oscars : Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Original Score , Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design ; it was nominated for five others ( including Best Picture and Best Director ) , but lost four of these five to The Sound of Music . It also won five awards at the 23rd Golden Globe Awards including Best Motion Picture - Drama and Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama for Sharif . As of 2016 , it is the eighth highest-grossing film of all time in the United States and Canada , adjusted for ticket-price inflation . It was ranked by the American Film Institute in 1998 as the 39th greatest film on their 100 Years . .100 Movies list , and by the British Film Institute the following year as the 27th greatest British film of all time .", " Romeo and Juliet (1968 film) Romeo and Juliet is a 1968 British-Italian romance film based on the tragic play of the same name ( 1591 -- 1595 ) by William Shakespeare . The film was directed and co-written by Franco Zeffirelli , and stars Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey . It won Academy Awards for Best Cinematography ( Pasqualino De Santis ) and Best Costume Design ( Danilo Donati ) ; it was also nominated for Best Director and Best Picture , making it the last Shakespearean film to be nominated for Best Picture to date . Sir Laurence Olivier spoke the film 's prologue and epilogue and reportedly dubbed the voice of the Italian actor playing Lord Montague , but was not credited in the film . Being the most financially successful film adaptation of a Shakespeare play at the time of its release , it was popular among teenagers partly because it was the first film to use actors who were close to the age of the characters from the original play . Several critics also welcomed the film enthusiastically ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Bradford is the first UNESCO City of Film.	[ " Bradford Bradford -LSB- ˈbrædfərd -RSB- is in the Metropolitan Borough of the City of Bradford in West Yorkshire , England , in the foothills of the Pennines 8.6 mi west of Leeds , and 16 mi northwest of Wakefield . Bradford became a municipal borough in 1847 , and received its charter as a city in 1897 . Following local government reform in 1974 , city status was bestowed upon the wider metropolitan borough . Bradford forms part of the West Yorkshire Urban Area conurbation which in 2001 had a population of 1.5 million and it is the fourth largest urban area in the United Kingdom with the Bradford subdivision of the aforementioned urban area having a population of 528,155 . Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire , Bradford rose to prominence during the 19th century as an international centre of textile manufacture , particularly wool . It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution , and amongst the earliest industrialised settlements , rapidly becoming the `` wool capital of the world '' . The area 's access to a supply of coal , iron ore and soft water facilitated the growth of Bradford 's manufacturing base , which , as textile manufacture grew , led to an explosion in population and was a stimulus to civic investment ; Bradford has a large amount of listed Victorian architecture including the grand Italianate City Hall . The textile sector in Bradford fell into decline from the mid-20th century . Since this time , Bradford has emerged as a tourist destination , becoming the first UNESCO City of Film with attractions such as the National Science and Media Museum , Bradford City Park , the Alhambra theatre and Cartwright Hall . However , Bradford has faced similar challenges to the rest of the post-industrial area of Northern England , including deindustrialisation , social unrest and economic deprivation ." ]	[ " Huddersfield Huddersfield ( -LSB- ˈhʌdərzˌfiːld -RSB- , -LSB- localˈhʊdəzˌfiːld -RSB- ) is a large market town in West Yorkshire , England . It is the 11th largest town in the United Kingdom , with a population of 162,949 at the 2011 census . Halfway between Leeds and Manchester , it lies 190 mi north of London , and 10.3 mi south of Bradford . Huddersfield is near the confluence of the River Colne and the River Holme . Within the historic county boundaries of the West Riding of Yorkshire , it is the largest urban area in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees and the administrative centre of the borough . The town is known for its role in the Industrial Revolution , and for being the birthplaces of rugby league , Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson , and the film star James Mason . Huddersfield is home to rugby league team Huddersfield Giants , founded in 1895 , who play in the European Super League , and Premier League football team Huddersfield Town A.F.C. , founded in 1908 . The town is home to the University of Huddersfield and the sixth form colleges Greenhead College , Kirklees College and Huddersfield New College Huddersfield is a town of Victorian architecture . Huddersfield railway station is a Grade I listed building described by John Betjeman as `` the most splendid station façade in England '' , second only to St Pancras , London . The station in St George 's Square was renovated at a cost of # 4 million and subsequently won the Europa Nostra award for European architecture .", " Manchester Manchester ( -LSB- ˈmæntʃɪstə -RSB- ) is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 530,300 . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.55 million . Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It was historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township but began to expand `` at an astonishing rate '' around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and linking the city to sea , 36 mi to the west . Its fortunes declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration . In 2014 , the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked Manchester as a beta world city , the highest-ranked British city apart from London . Manchester is the third-most visited city in the UK . It is notable for its architecture , culture , musical exports , media links , scientific and engineering output , social impact , sports clubs and transport connections . Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the world 's first inter-city passenger railway station and in the city scientists first split the atom and developed the stored-program computer ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Journey is exclusively a jazz band.	[ " Steve Smith (musician) Steve Elliott Smith ( born August 21 , 1954 ) is an American drummer best known as a member of the rock band Journey , rejoining the group for the third time in 2015 . Modern Drummer magazine readers have voted him the # 1 All-Around Drummer five years in a row . In 2001 , the publication named Smith one of the Top 25 Drummers of All Time , and in 2002 he was voted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame . He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Journey on April 7 , 2017 .", " Escape (Journey album) Escape ( stylized as E5C4P3 on the album cover ) is the seventh studio album by American rock band Journey , released in 1981 . It topped the American Billboard 200 chart and features four hit Billboard Hot 100 singles -- `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ( # 9 ) , `` Who 's Crying Now '' ( # 4 ) , `` Still They Ride '' ( # 19 ) and `` Open Arms '' ( # 2 ) -- plus rock radio staple `` Stone in Love . '' It was certified 9x platinum by the RIAA and sold over twelve million copies worldwide , making it the band 's most successful studio album and second most successful album overall behind Greatest Hits ." ]	[ " Journey (Kingdom Come album) Journey is the third and final studio album by British experimental rock band Kingdom Come . After the band featured drastically different styles on their first two albums , and after several line-up changes , band leader Arthur Brown worked the band towards a new direction for Journey . The album was the first album in history to use a drum machine responsible for all the percussive sounds on the album . The drum machine in question was the Bentley Rhythm Ace , manufactured by Ace Tone . Although the band had commented the album was entirely based on the drum machine , the band attempted to , in rock and electronic terms , create an album that was the closest they could get `` to a string quartet '' . The album features other experimental techniques , including using a triangle to guide guitar playing and excessive use of Mellotron and synthesizers from new member Victor Peranio , who replaced Michael `` Goodge '' Harris early on production . The album was recorded in November 1972 in Rockfield Studios and released in 1973 by Polydor Records . The album was not a popular release , although has gone on to be regarded as a groundbreaking and innovative album that was ahead of its time . Although overlooked upon release , it has received generally positive retrospective reviews from critics . Alan Holmes of Freq said that `` Journey was so far ahead of its time that you have to keep checking the sleeve to make sure that it really does say 1973 and not 1983 '' and that the album was `` not only Arthur Brown 's masterpiece , but also one of the truly great albums of the seventies . ''", " Jazz Jazz is a music genre that originated in African American communities of New Orleans , United States , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , and developed from roots in blues and ragtime . Since the 1920s Jazz Age , jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression . It then emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles , all linked by the common bonds of African American and European American musical parentage with a performance orientation . Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes , call and response vocals , polyrhythms and improvisation . Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression , and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime , as well as European military band music . Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States , different cultures have contributed their own experience and styles to the art form as well . Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as `` one of America 's original art forms '' . As jazz spread around the world , it drew on different national , regional , and local musical cultures , which gave rise to many distinctive styles . New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s , combining earlier brass-band marches , French quadrilles , biguine , ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation . In the 1930s , heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands , Kansas City jazz , a hard-swinging , bluesy , improvisational style and Gypsy jazz ( a style that emphasized musette waltzes ) were the prominent styles . Bebop emerged in the 1940s , shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging `` musician 's music '' which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation . Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s , introducing calmer , smoother sounds and long , linear melodic lines . The 1950s saw the emergence of free jazz , which explored playing without regular meter , beat and formal structures , and in the mid-1950s , hard bop emerged , which introduced influences from rhythm and blues , gospel , and blues , especially in the saxophone and piano playing . Modal jazz developed in the late 1950s , using the mode , or musical scale , as the basis of musical structure and improvisation . Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s , combining jazz improvisation with rock music 's rhythms , electric instruments , and highly amplified stage sound . In the early 1980s , a commercial form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful , garnering significant radio airplay . Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s , such as Latin and Afro-Cuban jazz ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
The Fosters is a family drama series.	[ " The Fosters (2013 TV series) The Fosters is an American family drama television series created by Peter Paige and Bradley Bredeweg which first premiered in the United States on June 3 , 2013 on the Freeform ( previously named ABC Family ) television network . It follows the lives of the Foster family led by lesbian couple Stef and Lena , a cop and a school vice principal respectively , who raise a multi-ethnic blended family that consists of one biological and four adopted children in San Diego , California . The first season of The Fosters received generally favorable reviews from critics and also garnered particular acclaim for its portrayal of LGBT themes . It also earned two GLAAD Media Awards and one Teen Choice Award ." ]	[ " Soap opera A soap opera or soap , is a serial drama on television or radio that examines the lives of many characters , usually focusing on emotional relationships to the point of melodrama . The term soap opera originated from such dramas being typically sponsored by soap manufacturers in the past .", " Household A household consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and also share meals or living accommodation , and may consist of a single family or some other grouping of people . A single dwelling will be considered to contain multiple households if either meals or living space are not shared . The household is the basic unit of analysis in many social , microeconomic and government models , and is important to the fields of economics and inheritance . Household models include the family , varieties of blended families , share housing , group homes , boarding houses , houses in multiple occupation ( UK ) , and a single room occupancy ( US ) . In feudal societies , the royal household and medieval households of the wealthy would also have included servants and other retainers ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Natasha Richardson starred as the main character in Patty Hearst.	[ " Natasha Richardson Natasha Jane Richardson ( 11 May 1963 -- 18 March 2009 ) was an English stage and screen actress . Richardson was a member of the Redgrave family . She was the daughter of actress Vanessa Redgrave and director/producer Tony Richardson and the granddaughter of Michael Redgrave and Rachel Kempson . Early in her career , she portrayed Mary Shelley in Ken Russell 's Gothic ( 1986 ) , and Patty Hearst in the eponymous 1988 film directed by Paul Schrader , and later received critical acclaim and a Theatre World Award for her Broadway debut in the 1993 revival of Anna Christie . She won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical , the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical , and the Outer Critics Circle Award for her performance as Sally Bowles in the 1998 Broadway revival of Cabaret . Some of her notable films included Patty Hearst ( 1988 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1990 ) , Nell ( 1994 ) , The Parent Trap ( 1998 ) , and Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 ) . Richardson died on 18 March 2009 from an epidural hematoma after a skiing accident in Quebec , Canada .", " Patty Hearst (film) Patty Hearst is a 1988 American biographical film directed by Paul Schrader and stars Natasha Richardson as Hearst Corporation heiress Patricia Hearst and Ving Rhames as Symbionese Liberation Army leader Cinque . It is based on Hearst 's 1982 autobiography Every Secret Thing ( co-written with Alvin Moscow ) , which was later rereleased as Patty Hearst -- Her Own Story . The film depicts the kidnapping of student Patty Hearst by the Symbionese Liberation Army , her transformation into an active follower of the SLA after a long-lasting imprisonment and process of purported brainwashing , and her final arrest after a series of armed robberies ." ]	[ " Natasha Lyonne Natasha Bianca Lyonne Braunstein ( born April 4 , 1979 ) , better known as Natasha Lyonne , is an American actress . She is best known for her role as Jessica in the American Pie series and her appearances in the films Everyone Says I Love You , Slums of Beverly Hills , But I 'm a Cheerleader , and Blade : Trinity . She currently portrays Nicky Nichols in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black , for which she received a nomination for the 2014 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series .", " Natasha Bassett Natasha Bassett is an Australian actress , screenwriter , and director . She may be best known for playing Britney Spears in the Lifetime biopic Britney Ever After , which premiered on February 18 , 2017 . Her 2014 short film titled Kite , which she wrote and directed , was accepted into the Rhode Island International Film Festival . She also appeared in the supporting role of Gloria DeLamour in the film Hail , Caesar ! ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
One of James Taylor's albums did not sell 12 million US copies.	[ " James Taylor James Vernon Taylor ( born March 12 , 1948 ) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist . A five-time Grammy Award winner , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000 . He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold more than 100 million records worldwide . Taylor achieved his breakthrough in 1970 with the No. 3 single `` Fire and Rain '' and had his first No. 1 hit the following year with `` You 've Got a Friend '' , a recording of Carole King 's classic song . His 1976 Greatest Hits album was certified Diamond and has sold 12 million US copies . Following his 1977 album , JT , he has retained a large audience over the decades . Every album that he released from 1977 to 2007 sold over a million copies . His chart performance had a resurgence during the late 1990s and 2000s , when he recorded some of his most-awarded work ( including Hourglass , October Road , and Covers ) . He achieved his first number one album in the US in 2015 with his recording Before This World . He is notable for his popular covers of other peoples ' songs , such as `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved By You ) '' and the aforementioned `` You 've Got A Friend '' , as well as originals such as `` Fire and Rain '' ." ]	[ " Carolina in My Mind `` Carolina in My Mind '' is a song written and performed by singer-songwriter James Taylor , which first appeared on his 1968 self-titled debut album . Taylor wrote it while overseas recording for the Beatles ' label Apple Records , and the song 's themes reflect his homesickness at the time . Released as a single , the song earned critical praise but not commercial success . It was re-recorded for Taylor 's 1976 Greatest Hits album in the version that is most familiar to listeners . It has been a staple of Taylor 's concert performances over the decades of his career . The song was a modest hit on the country charts in 1969 for North Carolinian singer George Hamilton IV . Strongly tied to a sense of geographic place , `` Carolina in My Mind '' has been called an unofficial state anthem for North Carolina . It is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , being played at athletic events and pep rallies and sung by the graduating class at every university commencement . The association of the song with the state is also made in written works of both fiction and non-fiction . It has become one of Taylor 's most critically praised songs and one that has great popularity and significance for his audience .", " New Moon Shine New Moon Shine is singer-songwriter James Taylor 's thirteenth studio album , being certified platinum ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Love & Friendship has an actress.	[ " Kate Beckinsale Kathrin Romary Beckinsale ( born 26 July 1973 ) is an English actress . After some minor television roles , she made her film debut in Much Ado About Nothing ( 1993 ) while still a student at the University of Oxford . She then appeared in British costume dramas such as Prince of Jutland ( 1994 ) , Cold Comfort Farm ( 1995 ) , Emma ( 1996 ) , and The Golden Bowl ( 2000 ) , in addition to various stage and radio productions . She began to seek film work in the United States in the late 1990s and , after appearing in small-scale dramas The Last Days of Disco ( 1998 ) and Brokedown Palace ( 1999 ) , she had starring roles in the war drama Pearl Harbor and the romantic comedy Serendipity . She followed those with appearances in The Aviator ( 2004 ) and Click ( 2006 ) . Since being cast as Selene in the Underworld film series ( 2003-present ) , Beckinsale has become known primarily for her work in action films , including Van Helsing ( 2004 ) , Whiteout ( 2009 ) , Contraband ( 2012 ) , and Total Recall ( 2012 ) . She also continues to make appearances in smaller dramatic projects such as Snow Angels ( 2007 ) , Nothing but the Truth ( 2008 ) , and Everybody 's Fine ( 2009 ) . In 2016 , she appeared in Whit Stillman 's Jane Austen comedy Love & Friendship .", " Love & Friendship Love & Friendship is a 2016 period comedy film written and directed by Whit Stillman . Based on Jane Austen 's epistolary novel Lady Susan , written ca. 1794 , the film stars Kate Beckinsale , Chloë Sevigny , Xavier Samuel , and Stephen Fry . The film follows the exploits of the wry and calculating Lady Susan as she pursues the wealthy and hapless Sir James for marriage originally intended for her daughter , though she eventually marries him herself . Although adapted from Lady Susan , the film was produced under the borrowed title of Austen 's juvenile story . The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2016 . Theatrically released on May 13 , 2016 , by Roadside Attractions and Amazon Studios , the film received critical acclaim and has been a box office success in North America ." ]	[ " Ingrid Lacey Ingrid Marcella Lacey ( born 6 November 1958 ) is a British actress . She is known for her role as Helen Cooper in the Channel 4 sitcom Drop the Dead Donkey ( 1993 -- 98 ) . Her film appearances include Funny Man ( 1994 ) , In Love and War ( 1996 ) and The Cat 's Meow ( 2001 ) .", " Rain Phoenix Rain Joan of Arc Phoenix ( born November 21 , 1972 ) is an American actress , musician , and singer . Phoenix has four siblings : two sisters , Liberty and Summer , and two brothers , actors Joaquin and the late River Phoenix ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Bali is a peninsula.	[ " Balinese Hinduism Balinese Hinduism ( Hindu Dharma ) is the form of Hinduism practiced by the majority of the population of Bali . This is particularly associated with the Balinese people residing on the island and represents a distinct form of Hindu worship incorporating local animism , ancestor worship or Pitru Paksha and reverence for Buddhist saints or Bodhisattava . Although the population of Indonesia is predominantly Muslim and Christian , 83 % of the people on Bali identify as Hindu .", " Lesser Sunda Islands The Lesser Sunda Islands or Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara or Kepulauan Sunda Kecil ( `` Southeastern Islands '' ) are a group of islands in Maritime Southeast Asia , north of Australia . Together with the Greater Sunda Islands to the west they make up the Sunda Islands . The islands are part of a volcanic arc , the Sunda Arc , formed by subduction along the Sunda Trench in the Java Sea . The main Lesser Sunda Islands are , from west to east : Bali , Lombok , Sumbawa , Flores , Sumba , Timor , Alor archipelago , Barat Daya Islands , and Tanimbar Islands ." ]	[ " Country A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography . A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state , as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division , or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics . Regardless of the physical geography , in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945 , a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise of legal jurisdiction . Sometimes the word countries is used to refer both to sovereign states and to other political entities , while other times it refers only to states . For example , the CIA World Factbook uses the word in its `` Country name '' field to refer to `` a wide variety of dependencies , areas of special sovereignty , uninhabited islands , and other entities in addition to the traditional countries or independent states '' . -LSB- Note 1 -RSB-", " Barangay A barangay ( Brgy . or Bgy. ; Filipino : baranggay , -LSB- baɾaŋˈɡaj -RSB- also pronounced the same in Spanish ) , formerly referred to as barrio , is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village , district or ward . In metropolitan areas , the term often refers to an inner city neighbourhood , a suburb or a suburban neighborhood . The word barangay originated from balangay , a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples when they migrated to the Philippines . Municipalities and cities in the Philippines are subdivided into barangays , with the exception of the municipalities of Adams in Ilocos Norte and Kalayaan , Palawan which each contain only one barangay . The barangay itself is sometimes informally subdivided into smaller areas called purok ( English : zone ) , barangay zones consisting of a cluster of houses , and sitios , which are territorial enclaves -- usually rural -- far from the barangay center . , there were 42,029 barangays throughout the Philippines ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Gil Sharone played a teenage person.	[ " Gil Sharone Gil Sharone is an American drummer and member of the band Stolen Babies , Marilyn Manson , Team Sleep , and formerly The Dillinger Escape Plan . He was also a fill in for punk rock band +44 . His twin brother is Rani Sharone , also of Stolen Babies . He is highly regarded as one of the most versatile touring/session drummers in the world . Sharone supported Mark Hoppus 's band +44 when Travis Barker broke his arm . Gil toured around Europe , Japan and Australia with +44 in early 2007 , it is believed he learned all of +44 's setlist on the flight from America to Europe . He played on Travis 's OCDP Drum Kit , which is a custom made transparent green . He started using Drum Workshop drums and hardware in October 2011 . Sharone also recorded the drum tracks on the third Dillinger Escape Plan record Ire Works , and joined the band during all of their tour dates in 2008 ( he played the European tour in early 2008 both with Dillinger and also as support with Stolen Babies ) . Gil also performed on Maynard James Keenan 's V Is for Vagina album by Puscifer . In January 2009 , it was announced that Sharone had parted ways with Dillinger Escape Plan , due to his focus on Stolen Babies and other personal projects including his DVD , Wicked Beats , based on the drumming styles of Ska , Rocksteady and Reggae . Wicked Beats will be released through Hudson Music late 2010 . Sharone played Teenage Alex on an episode of Full House along with his twin brother , who played Teenage Nicky . As of November 2013 , Sharone began working with Marilyn Manson on a new album . On January 15 , 2015 The Pale Emperor was released . Sharone is currently working on the follow up Heaven Upside Down due to be released in Summer 2017 . Sharone was featured on Reggae Grammy winners Morgan Heritage track `` So Amazing '' on the album Strictly Roots ( 2016 ) . You can also hear his work playing on the film scores to `` John Wick , '' `` John Wick 2 , '' `` Slackers '' and the TV shows , `` Salem , '' `` Kingdom , '' and the Netflix series `` The Punisher ( 2017 ) . ''" ]	[ " Kids (film) Kids is a 1995 American independent coming-of-age film written by Harmony Korine and directed by Larry Clark . It stars Chloë Sevigny , Leo Fitzpatrick , Justin Pierce , Rosario Dawson , and Jon Abrahams , all in their film debuts . Kids is centered on a day in the life of a group of sexually active teenagers in New York City and their hedonistic behavior towards sex and substance abuse ( alcohol and other street drugs ) during the height of the AIDS epidemic in the mid-1990s . The film generated a massive controversy upon its release in 1995 , and caused much public debate over its artistic merit , even receiving an NC-17 rating from the MPAA . It was later released without a rating .", " Josh Charles Joshua Aaron `` Josh '' Charles ( born September 15 , 1971 ) is an American stage , film and television actor . He is best known for the roles of Dan Rydell on Sports Night , Will Gardner on The Good Wife , which earned him two Primetime Emmy Award nominations , and his early work as Knox Overstreet in Dead Poets Society ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Helen Hunt produced and James L. Brooks directed Then She Found Me.	[ " Then She Found Me Then She Found Me is a 2007 American comedy-drama film directed by Helen Hunt . The screenplay by Hunt , Alice Arlen , and Victor Levin is very loosely based on the 1990 novel of the same name by Elinor Lipman . The film marked Hunt 's feature film directorial debut .", " Helen Hunt Helen Elizabeth Hunt ( born June 15 , 1963 ) is an American actress , director , and screenwriter . She starred in the sitcom Mad About You for seven years , and played single mother Carol Connelly in the 1997 romantic comedy film As Good as It Gets , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress . Some of her other notable films include Twister ( 1996 ) , Cast Away ( 2000 ) , What Women Want ( 2000 ) , Pay It Forward ( 2000 ) , and The Sessions ( 2012 ) , the latter garnered her a second Academy Award nomination . She made her directorial debut in 2007 with Then She Found Me ( 2007 ) . Hunt has also won four Emmy Awards , four Golden Globe Awards , and two Screen Actors Guild Awards ." ]	[ " The Sessions (film) The Sessions ( originally titled The Surrogate ) is a 2012 American independent drama film written and directed by Ben Lewin . It is based on the article `` On Seeing a Sex Surrogate '' by Mark O'Brien , a poet paralyzed from the neck down due to polio , who hired a sex surrogate to lose his virginity . John Hawkes and Helen Hunt star as O'Brien and sex surrogate Cheryl Cohen-Greene , respectively . The film debuted at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival , where it won the Audience Award ( U.S. Dramatic ) and a U.S. Dramatic Special Jury Prize for Ensemble Acting . Fox Searchlight Pictures acquired the film 's distribution rights and released the film in October 2012 . The Sessions received highly positive reviews from critics , in particular lauding the performances of Hawkes and Hunt . Hunt was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role at the 85th Academy Awards .", " Trancers Trancers ( also released as Future Cop ) is a 1984 science fiction film directed by Charles Band and starring Tim Thomerson , Helen Hunt , and Art LaFleur . It is the first film in the Trancers series . The film revolves around Jack Deth ( Thomerson ) , a Philip Marlowe-esque police detective from the 23rd-century who travels to the 1980s in order to bring his old nemesis to justice . The film portrays a unique method of time travel : People can travel back in time by injecting themselves with a drug that allows them to take over the body of an ancestor ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Sean Connery won an Academy Award for The Untouchables in 1988.	[ " Sean Connery Sir Thomas Sean Connery KB ( -LSB- ˈʃɔːn_ˈkɒnəri -RSB- born 25 August 1930 ) is a retired Scottish actor and producer who has won an Academy Award , two BAFTA Awards ( one of them being a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award ) and three Golden Globes ( including the Cecil B. DeMille Award and a Henrietta Award ) . He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in July 2000 after receiving Kennedy Center Honors in the US in 1999 . Connery was the first actor to portray the character James Bond in film , starring in seven Bond films between 1962 and 1983 . In 1988 , Connery won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Untouchables . His film career also includes such films as Marnie , The Name of the Rose , The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , The Hunt for Red October , Finding Forrester , Highlander , Murder on the Orient Express , Dragonheart , and The Rock . Connery has been polled as `` The Greatest Living Scot '' and `` Scotland 's Greatest Living National Treasure '' . In 1989 , he was proclaimed `` Sexiest Man Alive '' by People magazine , and in 1999 , at age 69 , he was voted `` Sexiest Man of the Century '' ." ]	[ " Highlander (film) Highlander is a 1986 British-American adventure action fantasy film directed by Russell Mulcahy and based on a story by Gregory Widen . It stars Christopher Lambert , Sean Connery , Clancy Brown , and Roxanne Hart . The film narrates the climax of an ages-old battle between immortal warriors , depicted through interwoven past and present-day storylines . Christopher Lambert plays swordsman Connor MacLeod from Scottish Highlands , known as the Highlander , one of a number of immortal warriors , who can only be killed by decapitation . After initial training by another highly skilled immortal swordsman , Ramirez ( Sean Connery ) , MacLeod lives on for several centuries , eventually settling in New York City , managing an antiques shop . In 1985 , he falls in love with a policewoman named Brenda and finds out that he must face his biggest enemy , Clancy Brown 's Kurgan , who wishes to kill MacLeod and to obtain `` the Prize '' -- a special ability which is given to the last living immortal warrior , vast knowledge and the ability to enslave the entire human race . Highlander enjoyed little success on its initial theatrical release , grossing over $ 12 million worldwide against a production budget of $ 19 million , and received mixed reviews . Nevertheless , it became a cult film and launched Lambert to stardom . The film inspired a franchise which included film sequels and television spin-offs . Its tagline , `` There can be only one '' , has carried on throughout the franchise , as have the songs provided for the film by the rock band Queen .", " Jack Thibeau Jack Thibeau ( born January 14 , 1941 ) is an award winning American film and television actor best known for playing the prisoner Clarence Anglin in the 1979 film Escape from Alcatraz . During his career , he frequently appeared in other movies that starred Clint Eastwood , such as Any Which Way You Can ( 1980 ) , Sudden Impact ( 1983 ) , and City Heat ( 1984 ) . Thibeau also played a number of characters in such films as 48 Hrs . ( 1982 ) , The Hitcher ( 1986 ) , Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) , and Action Jackson ( 1988 ) . In addition Thibeau also appeared on such TV-series as Miami Vice , Sledge Hammer ! and The Untouchables where he co-starred as Bugs Moran in a recurring role ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Game of Thrones' (season 1) cast included Michelle Fairley as Catelyn Stark.	[ " Game of Thrones (season 1) The first season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 17 , 2011 , at 9.00 pm in the U.S. , and concluded on June 19 , 2011 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 55 minutes . The series is based on A Game of Thrones , the first novel in the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin , adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss . HBO had ordered a television pilot in November 2008 ; filming began the following year . However , it was deemed unsatisfactory and later reshot with some roles being recast . In March 2010 , HBO ordered the first season , which began filming in July 2010 , primarily in Belfast , Northern Ireland , with additional filming in Malta . The story takes place in a fictional world , primarily upon a continent called Westeros , with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos . Like the novel , the season initially focuses on the family of nobleman Eddard Stark , who is asked to become chief advisor to his king and longtime friend , Robert Baratheon . Ned must find out who killed the previous Hand of the King , Jon Arryn , while trying to protect his family from their rivals the Lannisters . He uncovers the dark secrets about the Lannisters that his predecessor died trying to expose . Meanwhile , in Essos , the exiled Viserys Targaryen , son of the former king , believes he still has the rightful claim to the throne . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Bean , Addy , Peter Dinklage , Lena Headey , Nikolaj Coster-Waldau , Michelle Fairley and Iain Glen . Newer actors were cast as the younger generation of characters , such as Kit Harington , Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . Critics praised the show 's production values and cast , with specific accolades for Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . The first season won two of the thirteen Emmy Awards for which it was nominated , for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) and Outstanding Main Title Design . It also received a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series . Bean and Emilia Clarke also received individual accolades , as did Ramin Djawadi for music . U.S. viewership rose by approximately 33 % over the course of the season , from 2.2 million to over 3 million by the finale .", " Michelle Fairley Michelle Fairley is a Northern Irish actress , best known for her roles as Catelyn Stark in the HBO series Game of Thrones , Dr. Ava Hessington in multiple episodes of USA Network series Suits , and as terrorist Margot Al-Harazi , a main antagonist in 24 : Live Another Day ." ]	[ " Diana Rigg Dame Enid Diana Elizabeth Rigg , DBE ( born 20 July 1938 ) is an English actress . She is known for playing Emma Peel in the 1960s TV series The Avengers ( 1965 -- 68 ) , and Olenna Tyrell in Game of Thrones ( 2013 -- present ) . She has also had an extensive career in theatre , including playing the title role in Medea , both in London and New York , for which she won the 1994 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play . She was made a CBE in 1988 and a Dame in 1994 . Rigg made her professional stage debut in 1957 in The Caucasian Chalk Circle , and joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1959 . She made her Broadway debut in the 1971 production of Abelard & Heloise . Her film roles include Helena in A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1968 ) ; Countess Teresa di Vicenzo , wife of James Bond in On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) ; Lady Holiday in The Great Muppet Caper ( 1981 ) ; and Arlene Marshall in Evil Under the Sun ( 1982 ) . She won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for the 1989 BBC miniseries Mother Love , and an Emmy Award for her role as Mrs. Danvers in the 1997 adaptation of Rebecca . Her other television credits include You , Me and the Apocalypse ( 2015 ) , and opposite her daughter , Rachael Stirling , in Detectorists ( 2015 ) .", " Gendry Gendry is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . He first appeared in 1996 's A Game of Thrones . He subsequently appeared in Martin 's A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) and A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) and A Feast for Crows ( 2011 ) . Gendry is an apprentice blacksmith in King 's Landing and an unacknowledged bastard of King Robert Baratheon . Gendry is portrayed by Joe Dempsie in the HBO television adaptation . He and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2014 ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Sir Roger George Moore is the full name of Roger Moore.	[ " Roger Moore Sir Roger George Moore , ( -LSB- mɔər -RSB- 14 October 1927 -- 23 May 2017 ) was an English actor . He is best known for playing secret agent James Bond in seven feature films between 1973 and 1985 . He also played Simon Templar in the television series The Saint between 1962 and 1969 . Moore took over the role of Bond from Sean Connery in 1972 , and made his first appearance as 007 in Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) . The longest serving Bond to date , he went on to portray the spy in six more films . Appointed a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in 1991 , Moore was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2003 for `` services to charity '' . In 2007 he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work on television and in film , aptly located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard . In 2008 , the French government appointed Moore a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres ." ]	[ " Philip Moore, Baron Moore of Wolvercote Philip Brian Cecil Moore , Baron Moore of Wolvercote ( 6 April 1921 -- 7 April 2009 ) was Private Secretary to Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom from 1977 to 1986 . He was educated at the Dragon School , Cheltenham College and Brasenose College , Oxford and served in RAF Bomber Command during World War II . Moore was then Private Secretary from 1957 to 1958 , to the 10th Earl of Selkirk in the latter 's capacity as First Lord of the Admiralty . He was Deputy British High Commissioner ( and acting HC ) in Singapore , 1963 -- 65 , and back in the UK , Chief of Public Relations of the Ministry of Defence 1965-66 . He was then Assistant Private Secretary to Queen Elizabeth II from 1966 to 1972 , then as Deputy until 1977 and as Private Secretary to the Sovereign until 1986 . On his retirement in 1986 , he was created Baron Moore of Wolvercote , of Wolvercote in the City of Oxford and he lived in a grace and favour apartment in Hampton Court Palace . He received the honour of being made a Permanent Lord in Waiting . His former son-in-law was the singer Peter Gabriel .", " Regnal name A regnal name , or reign name , is a name used by some monarchs and popes during their reigns , and used subsequently to refer to them . The term is simply the adjective `` regnal '' , of or relating to a reign , monarch , or kingdom , modifying `` name '' . Since ancient times , monarchs have frequently , but not always , chosen to use a different name from their original name when they accede to the monarchy . The regnal name is usually followed by a regnal number ( ordinal ) , usually written as a Roman numeral ( VI rather than 6 ) , to provide a unique identification for that monarch among other monarchs of that realm . In some cases , the monarch has more than one regnal name , but the regnal number is based on only one of those names , for example Charles X Gustav of Sweden , George Tupou V of Tonga . If a monarch reigns in more than one realm , he or she may carry different ordinals in each one , as they are each assigned chronologically , and some realms may have had different numbers of rulers of the same regnal name previously . For example , the same person was both King James I of England ( along with Ireland ) and King James VI of Scotland . The ordinal is not normally used for the first ruler of the name , but is used in historical references once the name is used again . Thus , Queen Elizabeth I of England was called simply `` Elizabeth of England '' until the accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 ; subsequent historical references to the earlier queen retroactively refer to her as Elizabeth I. However , Tsar Paul I of Russia , King Umberto I of Italy , King Juan Carlos I of Spain , and Pope John Paul I all used the ordinal I ( first ) during their reigns , while Pope Francis does not . In spoken English , such names are pronounced as `` Elizabeth the First '' , `` George the Sixth '' etc. . In some countries in Asia , monarchs took or take era names . While era names as such are not used in many monarchies , sometimes eras are named after a monarch ( usually long-lived ) , or a succession of monarchs of the same name . This is customary ; there is no formal or general rule . The whole period during which a succession of four Georges ( George I , II , III , and IV ) of the Hanoverian dynasty reigned in Great Britain became known as the Georgian era ; although there were many Edwards , the Edwardian era always refers to the reign of Edward VII at the beginning of the 20th century ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Theodore Roosevelt was schooled at home instead of attending formal public or private schooling.	[ " Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( -LSB- ˈroʊzəvɛlt -RSB- ; October 27 , 1858 -- January 6 , 1919 ) was an American statesman , author , explorer , soldier , naturalist , and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909 . He also served as the 25th Vice President of the United States and as the 33rd Governor of New York . As a leader of the Republican Party during this time , he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century . His face is depicted on Mount Rushmore , alongside those of George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , and Abraham Lincoln . Roosevelt was born a sickly child with debilitating asthma , but he successfully overcame his physical health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle . He integrated his exuberant personality , vast range of interests , and world-famous achievements into a `` cowboy '' persona defined by robust masculinity . Home-schooled , he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College . His book , The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 ) , established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer . Upon entering politics , he became the leader of the reform faction of Republicans in New York 's state legislature . Following the near-simultaneous deaths of his wife and mother , he escaped to a cattle ranch in the Dakotas . Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley , but resigned from that post to lead the Rough Riders during the Spanish -- American War . Returning a war hero , he was elected Governor of New York in 1898 . After the death of Vice President Garret Hobart , the New York state party leadership convinced McKinley to accept Roosevelt as his running mate in the 1900 election , moving Roosevelt to the prestigious but powerless role of vice president . Roosevelt campaigned vigorously and the McKinley-Roosevelt ticket won a landslide victory based on a platform of peace , prosperity , and conservatism . Following McKinley 's assassination in September 1901 , Roosevelt became president at age 42 , and remains the youngest president . As a leader of the Progressive movement , he championed his `` Square Deal '' domestic policies , promising the average citizen fairness , breaking of trusts , regulation of railroads , and pure food and drugs . Making conservation a top priority , he established a myriad of new national parks , forests , and monuments intended to preserve the nation 's natural resources . In foreign policy , he focused on Central America , where he began construction of the Panama Canal . He expanded the Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States ' naval power around the globe . His successful efforts to broker the end of the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize . He avoided the controversial tariff and money issues . Elected in 1904 to a full term , Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies , but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress . Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend , William Howard Taft , and Taft won the 1908 presidential election to succeed him . In polls of historians and political scientists , Roosevelt is generally ranked as one of the five best presidents . Frustrated with Taft 's conservatism , Roosevelt belatedly tried to win the 1912 Republican nomination . He failed , walked out , and founded a third party , the Progressive , so-called `` Bull Moose '' Party , which called for wide-ranging progressive reforms . The split allowed the Democrats to win the White House and a majority in both houses of Congress . Following his election defeat , Roosevelt led a two-year expedition to the Amazon basin , where he nearly died of tropical disease . During World War I , he criticized President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war with Germany , and his offer to lead volunteers to France was rejected . Though he had considered running for president again in 1920 , Roosevelt 's health continued to deteriorate , and he died in 1919 ." ]	[ " Private school Private schools , also known as independent schools , non-governmental , or nonstate schools , are not administered by local , state or national governments ; thus , they retain the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition , rather than relying on mandatory taxation through public ( government ) funding ; at some private schools students may be able to get a scholarship , which makes the cost cheaper , depending on a talent the student may have ( e.g. sport scholarship , art scholarship , academic scholarship ) , financial need , or tax credit scholarships that might be available .", " District of Columbia Public Schools District of Columbia Public Schools ( DCPS ) is the local , traditional public school system of Washington , D.C. in the United States . DCPS should not be confused with the independently governed DC Public Charter Schools ( DCPCS ) , which also operates in Washington , D.C." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
David Schwimmer finished acting in Friends in the 21st century.	[ " David Schwimmer David Lawrence Schwimmer ( born November 2 , 1966 ) is an American actor , director , and producer . He was born in Flushing , Queens , New York , and his family moved to Los Angeles when he was 2 . He began his acting career performing in school plays at Beverly Hills High School . In 1988 , he graduated from Northwestern University with a Bachelor of Arts in theater and speech . After graduation , Schwimmer co-founded the Lookingglass Theatre Company . For much of the late 1980s , he lived in Los Angeles as a struggling , unemployed actor . He starred in the television movie A Deadly Silence in 1989 and appeared in a number of television roles , including on L.A. Law , The Wonder Years , NYPD Blue , and Monty , in the early 1990s . Schwimmer later gained worldwide recognition for playing Ross Geller in the sitcom Friends , for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 1995 . His first leading film role was in The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) , followed by roles in Kissing a Fool ( 1998 ) , Six Days , Seven Nights ( 1998 ) , Apt Pupil , and Picking Up the Pieces ( 2000 ) . He was then cast in the miniseries Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) as Herbert Sobel . After the series finale of Friends in 2004 , Schwimmer was cast as the title character in the 2005 drama Duane Hopwood . Other film roles include the voice of Melman the Giraffe in the computer-animated Madagascar film franchise , the dark comedy Big Nothing ( 2006 ) , and the thriller Nothing But the Truth ( 2008 ) . Schwimmer made his West End stage debut in the leading role in Some Girl ( s ) in 2005 . In 2006 , he made his Broadway debut in The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial . Schwimmer made his feature film directorial debut with the 2007 comedy Run Fatboy Run . The following year he made his Off-Broadway directorial debut in the 2008 production , Fault Lines . In 2016 , he starred as lawyer Robert Kardashian in American Crime Story , for which he received his second Emmy nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie ." ]	[ " Silver Linings Playbook Silver Linings Playbook is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by David O. Russell . It was adapted from the novel The Silver Linings Playbook , by Matthew Quick . The film stars Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence , with Robert De Niro , Jacki Weaver , Chris Tucker , Anupam Kher , and Julia Stiles in supporting roles . Cooper plays Patrick `` Pat '' Solitano , Jr. , a man with bipolar disorder who is released from a psychiatric hospital and moves back in with his parents , played by Robert De Niro and Jacki Weaver . Determined to win back his estranged wife , Pat meets recently widowed Tiffany Maxwell , portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence , who offers to help him get his wife back if he enters a dance competition with her . The two become closer as they train and Pat , his father , and Tiffany examine their relationships with each other as they cope with their problems . Silver Linings Playbook premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2012 , and was released in the United States on November 16 , 2012 . The film opened to major critical success and earned numerous accolades . It received eight Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay . It became the first film since 1981 's Reds to be Oscar-nominated for the four acting categories and the first since 2004 's Million Dollar Baby to be nominated for the Big Five Oscars , with Lawrence winning the Academy Award for Best Actress . It also achieved four Golden Globe Award nominations , with Lawrence winning Best Actress ; three BAFTA nominations , with Russell winning for Best Adapted Screenplay ; four Screen Actors Guild nominations ; and five Independent Spirit Award nominations , winning in four categories , including Best Film . The film was a success at the box office , grossing over $ 236 million worldwide , more than eleven times its budget .", " Will & Grace Will & Grace is an American sitcom created by Max Mutchnick and David Kohan about the relationship between best friends Will Truman ( Eric McCormack ) , a gay lawyer , and Grace Adler ( Debra Messing ) , a straight interior designer . It was broadcast on NBC from September 21 , 1998 to May 18 , 2006 , for a total of eight seasons . During its original run , Will & Grace was one of the most successful television series with gay principal characters . Despite initial criticism for its particular portrayal of homosexual characters , it went on to become a staple of NBC 's Must See TV Thursday night lineup and was met with continued critical acclaim . It was ensconced in the Nielsen top 20 for half of its network run . The show was the highest-rated sitcom among adults 18 -- 49 , from 2001 and 2005 . Throughout its eight-year run , Will & Grace earned 16 Emmy Awards and 83 nominations . All four stars each received an Emmy Award throughout the series , making it one of only three sitcoms in the award 's history to achieve this feat . In 2014 the Writers Guild of America placed the sitcom at number 94 in their list of the 101 Best Written TV series of all time . Since the final episode aired , the sitcom has been credited with helping and improving public opinion of the LGBT community , with former U.S. Vice President Joe Biden commenting that the show `` probably did more to educate the American public '' on LGBT issues `` than almost anything anybody has ever done so far '' . In 2014 the Smithsonian Institution added an LGBT history collection to their museum which included items from Will and Grace . The curator Dwight Blocker Bowers stated that the sitcom used `` comedy to familiarize a mainstream audience with gay culture '' that was `` daring and broke ground '' in American media . Will & Grace was filmed in front of a live studio audience ( most episodes and scenes ) on Tuesday nights , at Stage 17 in CBS Studio Center , a space that totals 14000 sqft . Will and Grace 's apartment is on display at the Emerson College Library , having been donated by series creator Max Mutchnick . When the set was removed in April 2014 , rumours came up about a cast reunion , but the actors involved denied that such a reunion was planned . It was merely moved to Emerson 's new center in Los Angeles . A long-running legal battle between both the original executive producers and creators and NBC took place between 2003 and 2007 . All seasons of the series have been released on DVD and the show has been broadcast in more than 60 countries . On September 26 , 2016 , the cast reunited for a 10-minute special ( released online ) , urging Americans to vote in the 2016 presidential election . After the success of the 10-minute reunion special , NBC announced that the network is exploring the idea of putting Will & Grace back into production . In January 2017 , NBC confirmed the series ' return , for a ten-episode ninth season , for the 2017 -- 18 television season . The episode order was increased to 12 on April 5 , 2017 ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Of all the continents, Antarctica is the coldest on average.	[ " Antarctica Antarctica ( UK English -LSB- ænˈtɑːktɪkə -RSB- or -LSB- ænˈtɑːtɪkə -RSB- , US English -LSB- æntˈɑːrktɪkə -RSB- ) is Earth 's southernmost continent . It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere , almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle , and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean . At 14000000 km2 , it is the fifth-largest continent . For comparison , Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia . About 98 % of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km in thickness , which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula . Antarctica , on average , is the coldest , driest , and windiest continent , and has the highest average elevation of all the continents . Antarctica is a desert , with annual precipitation of only 200 mm ( 8 in ) along the coast and far less inland . The temperature in Antarctica has reached − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) , though the average for the third quarter ( the coldest part of the year ) is − 63 ° C ( − 81 ° F ) . Anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent . Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae , bacteria , fungi , plants , protista , and certain animals , such as mites , nematodes , penguins , seals and tardigrades . Vegetation , where it occurs , is tundra . Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ( `` Southern Land '' ) date back to antiquity , Antarctica is noted as the last region on Earth in recorded history to be discovered and colonised by humans , being only first sighted in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny , who sighted the Fimbul ice shelf . The continent , however , remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment , lack of easily accessible resources , and isolation . In 1895 , the first confirmed landing was conducted by a team of Norwegians . Antarctica is a de facto condominium , governed by parties to the Antarctic Treaty System that have consulting status . Twelve countries signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 , and thirty-eight have signed it since then . The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining , prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal , supports scientific research , and protects the continent 's ecozone . Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations ." ]	[ " Europe Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia . Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . The eastern boundary with Asia is a historical and cultural construct , as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them ; Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas , and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe -- a concept dating back to classical antiquity -- are arbitrary . The primarily physiographic term `` continent '' as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent 's current overland boundaries . Europe covers about 10,180,000 km2 , or 2 % of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8 % of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous , spanning 39 % of the continent and comprising 15 % of its population . Europe had a total population of about 740 million ( about 11 % of world population ) . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece , was the birthplace of Western civilization . The fall of the Western Roman Empire , during the migration period , marked the end of ancient history and the beginning of an era known as the Middle Ages . Renaissance humanism , exploration , art , and science led to the modern era . From the Age of Discovery onwards , Europe played a predominant role in global affairs . Between the 16th and 20th centuries , European powers controlled at various times the Americas , most of Africa , Oceania , and the majority of Asia . The Industrial Revolution , which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century , gave rise to radical economic , cultural , and social change in Western Europe , and eventually the wider world . Both world wars took place for the most part in Europe , contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the Soviet Union and the United States took prominence . During the Cold War , Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east , until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall . In 1955 , the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill , with the idea of unifying Europe to achieve common goals . It includes all states except for Belarus , Kazakhstan and Vatican City . Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union , a separate political entity that lies between a confederation and a federation . The EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The currency of most countries of the European Union , the euro , is the most commonly used among Europeans ; and the EU 's Schengen Area abolishes border and immigration controls among most of its member states . The European Anthem is `` Ode to Joy '' and states celebrate peace and unity on Europe Day .", " Antarctic ice sheet The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth . It covers about 98 % of the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth . It covers an area of almost 14 e6km2 and contains 26.5 e6km3 of ice . Approximately 61 percent of all fresh water on the Earth is held in the Antarctic ice sheet , an amount equivalent to about 58 m of sea-level rise . In East Antarctica , the ice sheet rests on a major land mass , but in West Antarctica the bed can extend to more than 2,500 m below sea level . Much of the land in this area would be seabed if the ice sheet were not there . In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice , sea ice around Antarctica was expanding . The reasons for this are not fully understood , but suggestions include the climatic effects on ocean and atmospheric circulation of the ozone hole , and/or cooler ocean surface temperatures as the warming deep waters melt the ice shelves ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Robert Downey Jr. was in the television series Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows.	[ " Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows is a 2011 British-American period action mystery film directed by Guy Ritchie and produced by Joel Silver , Lionel Wigram , Susan Downey and Dan Lin . It is the sequel to the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes , and likewise features the Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson characters created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . The film 's screenplay was written by Michele Mulroney and Kieran Mulroney . Robert Downey Jr. and Jude Law reprise their roles as Holmes and Watson , and were joined by Noomi Rapace as Simza , Stephen Fry as Mycroft Holmes and Jared Harris as Professor Moriarty . The film follows an original premise incorporating elements of Conan Doyle 's short stories `` The Final Problem '' and `` The Empty House '' . In the film , Holmes and Watson travel across Europe with a Gypsy adventuress to foil an intricate plot by their cunning nemesis , Professor Moriarty , to instigate a war . Upon its release , the film received mixed to positive reviews from critics and was commercially successful , with a worldwide gross of over $ 545 million .", " Robert Downey Jr. Robert John Downey Jr. ( born April 4 , 1965 ) is an American actor . His career has included critical and popular success in his youth , followed by a period of substance abuse and legal troubles , and a resurgence of commercial success in middle age . For three consecutive years from 2012 to 2015 , Downey has topped the Forbes list of Hollywood 's highest-paid actors , making an estimated $ 80 million in earnings between June 2014 and June 2015 . Making his acting debut at the age of five , appearing in his father 's film Pound ( 1970 ) , Downey Jr. appeared in roles associated with the Brat Pack , such as the teen sci-fi comedy Weird Science ( 1985 ) and the drama Less Than Zero ( 1987 ) . He starred as the title character in the 1992 film Chaplin , which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor and won him the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role . After being released in 2000 from the California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison where he was on drug charges , Downey joined the cast of the TV series Ally McBeal playing Calista Flockhart 's love interest . This earned him a Golden Globe Award . His character was written out when Downey was fired after two drug arrests in late 2000 and early 2001 . After his last stay in a court-ordered drug treatment program , Downey achieved sobriety . Downey Jr. 's career prospects improved when he featured in the mystery thriller Zodiac ( 2007 ) , and the satirical action comedy Tropic Thunder ( 2008 ) ; for the latter he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Beginning in 2008 , Downey began portraying the role of Marvel Comics superhero Iron Man in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , appearing in several films as either the lead role , member of an ensemble cast , or in a cameo . Each of these films has grossed over $ 500 million at the box office worldwide ; four of theseThe Avengers , Avengers : Age of Ultron , Iron Man 3 and Captain America : Civil Warearned over $ 1 billion . Downey Jr. has also played the title character in Guy Ritchie 's Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) and its sequel ( 2011 ) ." ]	[ " Iron Man in other media The Marvel Comics character Iron Man has appeared in various other media since the character 's debut in Tales of Suspense # 39 ( March 1963 ) . Iron Man has been the focus of three animated series and a direct-to-DVD animated feature . Three live-action Iron Man feature films starring Robert Downey , Jr. in the title role have been released since 2008 with Downey also appearing as the character in The Incredible Hulk in 2008 , Marvel 's The Avengers in 2012 , Avengers : Age of Ultron in 2015 , and the Captain America : Civil War in 2016 as well as upcoming Spider-Man : Homecoming in 2017 .", " The Adventures of Robin Hood The Adventures of Robin Hood is a 1938 American Technicolor swashbuckler film , produced by Hal B. Wallis and Henry Blanke , directed by Michael Curtiz and William Keighley , that stars Errol Flynn , Olivia de Havilland , Basil Rathbone , and Claude Rains . Written by Norman Reilly Raine and Seton I. Miller , the film concerns a Saxon knight who , in King Richard 's absence in the Holy Land during the Crusades , fights back as the outlaw leader of a rebel guerrilla band against Prince John and the Norman lords oppressing the Saxon commoners . The Adventures of Robin Hood has been acclaimed by critics since its release . In 1995 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation by the National Film Registry . Alan Hale , Sr. , who plays Little John , had played the same character in the 1922 version of the film and went on to play him again in Rogues of Sherwood Forest , released by Columbia in 1950 ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Cristiano Ronaldo was a soccer player.	[ " Association football Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball . It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play , unless they are goalkeepers ( and then only when within their penalty area ) . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use their head or torso . The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins . If the score is level at the end of the game , either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time or a penalty shootout depending on the format of the competition . The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863 . Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football ( FIFA ; Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) , which organises World Cups for both men and women every four years .", " Cristiano Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro , ( -LSB- kɾiʃ ` tjɐnu ʁuˈnaɫdu -RSB- , born 5 February 1985 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team . He primarily plays as a forward , but has also been deployed as a winger and serves as captain for Portugal . In 2008 , he won his first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards . Ronaldo then won the FIFA Ballon d'Or in 2013 and 2014 . In 2016 , he received his fourth Ballon d'Or , the most for a European player in the history of the award , and the inaugural Best FIFA Men 's Player . In 2015 , Ronaldo scored his 500th senior career goal for club and country . Two years later , he surpassed Jimmy Greaves as the all-time top-scorer in the top five European leagues . Often ranked the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time , Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all time by the Portuguese Football Federation , during its 100th anniversary celebrations in 2015 . He was the first player to win four European Golden Shoe awards . One of the most marketable athletes in sport , in 2016 Forbes named Ronaldo the world 's best paid athlete . ESPN ranked him the world 's most famous athlete in 2016 and 2017 . Ronaldo began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP , before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003 . After winning his first trophy , the FA Cup , during his first season in England , he helped United win three successive Premier League titles , a UEFA Champions League title , and a FIFA Club World Cup . By age 23 , he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations . He was the subject of the most expensive association football transfer when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in 2009 in a transfer worth $ 94 million ( $ 132 million ) . In Spain , he has won two La Liga titles , two Copas del Rey , two Champions League titles , and two Club World Cups . Ronaldo holds the record for most goals scored in a single UEFA Champions League season , having scored 17 goals in the 2013 -- 14 season . In 2014 , Ronaldo became the fastest player to score 200 goals in La Liga , which he achieved in his 178th La Liga game . He is the only player in the history of football to score more than 50 goals in a season on six consecutive occasions . In 2015 , Ronaldo became the all-time top goalscorer in the UEFA Champions League , and he also became Real Madrid 's all-time leading goalscorer . In 2017 , he became the first player to reach 100 goals in European club competitions , as well as in the UEFA Champions League . He is the second highest goalscorer in La Liga history behind Lionel Messi , his perceived career rival . Ronaldo made his international debut for Portugal in August 2003 , at the age of 18 . He is Portugal 's most capped player of all time with over 130 caps , and has participated in seven major tournaments : four UEFA European Championships ( 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 ) and three FIFA World Cups ( 2006 , 2010 and 2014 ) . He is the first Portuguese player to reach 50 international goals , making him Portugal 's all-time top goalscorer . He scored his first international goal in Euro 2004 and helped Portugal reach the final . He took over full captaincy in July 2008 , and he led Portugal to the semi-finals at Euro 2012 , finishing the competition as joint-top scorer . In November 2014 , Ronaldo became the all-time top scorer in the UEFA European Championship ( including qualifying ) with 23 goals . At Euro 2016 , he became the most capped player of all-time in the tournament , the first player to score at four consecutive European Championship finals , and also equalled Michel Platini 's all-time record for most goals scored in the competition . Ronaldo lifted the trophy after Portugal defeated France in the final , and he received the Silver Boot as the second-highest goalscorer of the tournament ." ]	[ " Midfielder A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch .", " 2014 FIFA Club World Cup Final The 2014 FIFA Club World Cup Final was the final match of the 2014 FIFA Club World Cup , a football tournament hosted by Morocco . It was the 11th final of the FIFA Club World Cup , a FIFA-organised tournament between the winner clubs from each of the six continental confederations , as well as the league winner from the host nation . The final was contested between Spanish club Real Madrid , representing UEFA as the reigning champions of the UEFA Champions League , and Argentine club San Lorenzo , representing CONMEBOL as the reigning champions of the Copa Libertadores . It was played at the Stade de Marrakech in Marrakesh on 20 December 2014 . The Spanish club won the match 2 -- 0 and won their first FIFA Club World Cup title , and their fourth world club title counting the 1960 , 1998 and 2002 Intercontinental Cups , equaling Milan 's record ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Empress Ki stars an actress.	[ " Empress Ki (TV series) Empress Ki is a television series starring Ha Ji-won as the titular Empress Gi . It aired on MBC from October 28 , 2013 to April 29 , 2014 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 51 episodes . The early working title was Hwatu ( ; lit . `` Battle of Flowers '' ) but the title was changed to prevent confusion with the similarly named playing cards .", " Ha Ji-won Jeon Hae-rim ( ; born 28 June 1978 ) , better known by her stage name Ha Ji-won is a South Korean actress . She is best known for the historical dramas Damo ( 2003 ) , Hwang Jini ( 2006 ) and Empress Ki ( 2013 ) , as well as the melodrama Something Happened in Bali ( 2004 ) and romantic comedy series Secret Garden ( 2010 ) . Ha has starred in several films and television series , and is one of South Korea 's most sought after and critically acclaimed actresses , particularly known for her versatility in pulling off roles in various genres such as action , comedy , drama , and sports ." ]	[ " Araceli González Araceli Edith González ( -LSB- aɾaˈseli ɣonˈsales -RSB- ; born June 19 , 1967 ) is an Argentine actress , fashion model and TV host .", " Empress Schuck Empress Karen Carreon Schuck ( born February 19 , 1993 ) , sometimes credited only as Empress , is a Filipino actress ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
William McKinley died peacefully from natural causes.	[ " William McKinley William McKinley Jr. ( January 29 , 1843 -- September 14 , 1901 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 25th President of the United States from March 4 , 1897 until his assassination in September 1901 , six months into his second term . McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish -- American War , raised protective tariffs to promote American industry , and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals . McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War , and the only one to have started the war as an enlisted soldier , beginning as a private in the Union Army and ending as a brevet major . After the war , he settled in Canton , Ohio , where he practiced law and married Ida Saxton . In 1876 , he was elected to Congress , where he became the Republican Party 's expert on the protective tariff , which he promised would bring prosperity . His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial ; which together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymandering him out of office , led to his defeat in the Democratic landslide of 1890 . He was elected Ohio 's governor in 1891 and 1893 , steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests . With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna , he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896 , amid a deep economic depression . He defeated his Democratic rival , William Jennings Bryan , after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated `` sound money '' ( the gold standard unless altered by international agreement ) and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity . Rapid economic growth marked McKinley 's presidency . He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition , and in 1900 , he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act . McKinley hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict , but when negotiation failed , he led the nation into the Spanish -- American War of 1898 ; the U.S. victory was quick and decisive . As part of the peace settlement , Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines ; Cuba was promised independence , but at that time remained under the control of the U.S. Army . The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a U.S. territory . Historians regard McKinley 's 1896 victory as a realigning election , in which the political stalemate of the post -- Civil War era gave way to the Republican-dominated Fourth Party System , which began with the Progressive Era . McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election , in a campaign focused on imperialism , protectionism , and free silver . However , his legacy was quickly cut short when he was shot on September 6 , 1901 by Leon Czolgosz , a second-generation Polish-American with anarchist leanings ; McKinley died eight days later , and was succeeded by his Vice President Theodore Roosevelt . As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment , McKinley 's presidency is generally considered above average , though his universally positive public perception was soon overshadowed by Roosevelt ." ]	[ " William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst ( -LSB- hɜst -RSB- April 29 , 1863 -- August 14 , 1951 ) was an American newspaper publisher who built the nation 's largest newspaper chain and media company Hearst Communications and whose flamboyant methods of yellow journalism influenced the nation 's popular media by emphasizing sensationalism and human interest stories . Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 after being given control of The San Francisco Examiner by his wealthy father . Moving to New York City , he acquired The New York Journal and fought a bitter circulation war with Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World that sold papers by giant headlines over lurid stories featuring crime , corruption , graphics , sex , and innuendo . Acquiring more newspapers , Hearst created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak . He later expanded to magazines , creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world . He was twice elected as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives , and ran unsuccessfully for President of the United States in 1904 , Mayor of New York City in 1905 and 1909 and for Governor of New York in 1906 . Politically he espoused the Progressive Movement , speaking on behalf of the working class . He controlled the editorial positions and coverage of political news in all his papers and magazines and thereby exercised enormous political influence . He also called for war in 1898 against Spain -- as did many other newspaper editors -- but he did it in sensational fashion . After 1918 , he called for an isolationist foreign policy to avoid any more entanglement in what he regarded as corrupt European affairs . He was at once a militant nationalist , a fierce anti-communist , and deeply suspicious of the League of Nations and of the British , French , Japanese , and Russians . He was a leading supporter of Franklin Roosevelt in 1932 -- 34 , but then broke with FDR and became his most prominent enemy on the right . His peak circulation reached 20 million readers a day in the mid-1930s , but he was a bad money manager and was so deeply in debt that most of his assets had to be liquidated in the late 1930s ; he managed to keep his newspapers and magazines . His life story was the main inspiration for Charles Foster Kane , the lead character in Orson Welles 's film Citizen Kane . His famous mansion , Hearst Castle , on a hill overlooking the Pacific Ocean near San Simeon , is now a State Historical Monument and a National Historic Landmark .", " Tahawus, New York Tahawus ( also called Adirondac , or McIntyre , pronounced ` tuh-hawz ' ) was a village in the Town of Newcomb , Essex County , New York , United States . It is now a ghost town situated in Adirondack Park . Tahawus is located in Essex County within the unpopulated northern area designated to the town of Newcomb . Tahawus was the site of major mining and iron smelting operations in the 19th century . Although standing as recently as 2005 , the last mining facilities have since been demolished and removed ( with the exception of some minor garages , blast furnaces and outbuildings ) . It was in Tahawus in 1901 that Vice President Theodore Roosevelt learned President William McKinley was dying . The Adirondack Iron and Steel Company was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Christianity is a system of beliefs and practices.	[ " Christianity ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός , Khristós ( Latinized as Christus ) , translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ , Māšîăḥ , meaning `` the anointed one '' , with the Latin suffixes - ian and - itas . is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ , who serves as the focal point for the religion . It is the world 's largest religion , with over 2.4 billion followers , or 33 % of the global population , known as Christians . Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah ( the Christ ) was prophesied in the Old Testament . Christian theology is summarized in creeds such as the Apostles ' Creed and Nicene Creed . These professions of faith state that Jesus suffered , died , was buried , descended into hell , and rose from the dead , in order to grant eternal life to those who believe in him and trust in him for the remission of their sins . The creeds further maintain that Jesus bodily ascended into heaven , where he reigns with God the Father in the unity of the Holy Spirit , and that he will return to judge the living and the dead and grant eternal life to his followers . His incarnation , earthly ministry , crucifixion and resurrection are often referred to as `` the gospel '' , meaning `` good news '' . `` Good news '' is a translation of the Ancient Greek term εὐαγγέλιον euangélion , from which the terms evangelical and evangelism derive . The term gospel also refers to written accounts of Jesus 's life and teaching , four of which -- Matthew , Mark , Luke and John -- are considered canonical and included in the Christian Bible . Christianity is an Abrahamic religion that began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the mid-1st century . Originating in Judea , it quickly spread to Europe , Syria , Mesopotamia , Asia Minor , Transcaucasia , Egypt , Ethiopia and India , and by the end of the 4th century had become the official state church of the Roman Empire . Following the Age of Discovery , Christianity spread to the Americas , Australasia , sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the world through missionary work and colonization . Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization . Throughout its history , Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations . Worldwide , the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church , the Eastern Orthodox Church and the various denominations of Protestantism . The Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches broke communion with each other in the East -- West Schism of 1054 ; Protestantism came into existence in the Reformation of the 16th century , splitting from the Catholic Church ." ]	[ " Christian tradition Christian tradition is a collection of traditions consisting of practices or beliefs associated with Christianity . These ecclesiastical traditions have more or less authority based on the nature of the practices or beliefs and on the group in question . Many churches have traditional practices , such as particular patterns of worship or rites , that developed over time . Deviations from such patterns are sometimes considered unacceptable or heretical . Similarly , traditions can be stories or history that are or were widely accepted without being part of Christian doctrine , e.g. , the crucifixion of Saint Peter or the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in India , which are widely believed to have happened but are not recorded in scripture . Similarly the names of the Magi who visited Jesus at his birth are thought to have been invented much later than the events ; they are not considered authentic or obligatory , but can be considered a tradition . Tradition also includes historic teaching of the recognized church authorities , such as Church Councils and ecclesiastical officials ( e.g. , the Pope , Patriarch of Constantinople , Archbishop of Canterbury , etc. ) , and includes the teaching of significant individuals like the Church Fathers , the Protestant Reformers , and founders of movements like John Wesley . Many creeds , confessions of faith , and catechisms generated by these bodies , and individuals are also part of the traditions of various bodies .", " Declaration of faith A declaration of faith is a phrase that is said by a member of any religion to show either to themselves , their God or other members of the religion their belief and faith in the religion . Notable declarations of faith include the Sign of the Cross in Christianity , the Shahadah in Islam and the Shema Yisrael in Judaism . There are numerous other declarations of faith , typically performed during religious rituals in many faiths . Often , the declaration of faith is led by the leader of the congregation and followers respond in kind ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Bus Stop (1956 film) is a dramatic piece.	[ " Bus Stop (1956 film) Bus Stop is a 1956 American romantic comedy film directed by Joshua Logan for 20th Century Fox , starring Marilyn Monroe , Don Murray , Arthur O'Connell , Betty Field , Eileen Heckart , Robert Bray and Hope Lange . Unlike most of Monroe 's movies , Bus Stop is neither a full-fledged comedy nor a musical , but rather a dramatic piece ; it was the first film she appeared in after studying at the Actors Studio in New York . Monroe does however sing one song : `` That Old Black Magic '' by Harold Arlen and Johnny Mercer . Bus Stop was based on two plays by William Inge , People in the Wind and Bus Stop . The inspiration for the play Bus Stop came from people Inge met in Tonganoxie , Kansas . In the 1961 -- 62 season , ABC adapted the play and film into a television series of the same name , Bus Stop starring Marilyn Maxwell as the owner of the bus station and diner . In the segment `` Chérie '' which most closely follows the film , Tuesday Weld performed the role of Marilyn Monroe , and Gary Lockwood appeared as the Don Murray character . The film was shot in Idaho and Arizona ." ]	[ " Staging (theatre, film, television) Staging is the process of selecting , designing , adapting to , or modifying the performance space for a play or film . This includes the use or absence of stagecraft elements as well as the structure of the stage and its components . Staging is also used to mean the result of this process , in other words the spectacle that a play presents in performance , its visual detail . This can include such things as positions of actors on stage ( often referred to as blocking ) , their gestures and movements ( also called stage business ) , the scenic background , the props and costumes , lighting , and sound effects . Besides costume , any physical object that appears in a play has the potential to become an important dramatic symbol . The first thing that the audience of a play sees is the stage set , the physical objects that suggest the world of the play . The stage set is usually indicated by the playwright , but the degree of detail and specificity of this rendering vary from one playwright to another and from one literary period to another . In film , staging is generally called set dressing . While from a critical standpoint , `` staging '' can refer to the spectacle that a play presents in performance , the term is also frequently used interchangeably with the term `` blocking '' , referring to how the performers are placed and moved around the stage . Many audience members may believe that performers move spontaneously on the stage , but blocking/staging is rarely spontaneous . Major points of blocking are often set down by the playwright , but blocking is usually done by the director , sometimes in collaboration with performers and designers . In the modern theater , there are purely mechanical reasons why blocking is crucial . Stage lighting is focused on specific parts of the stage at specific moments , and the performer must be sure to be on his or her `` mark '' or `` spike '' or they may not be well lit . Blocking also ensures that the stage picture gives the proper focus to the proper places , and that transitions occur smoothly . This becomes even more crucial as modern stage technology allows for ever more elaborate special effects . When Twentieth Century Fox introduced wide-screen CinemaScope format , the head of production Darryl Zanuck repeatedly reminded his directors to take full advantage of the screen width by staging action all the way across the frame - in his words , ` keep the people spread out ' . He wanted the audience to experience the full width of the new screen shape . The ` washing line ' staging demanded by Zanuck not only was a commercial imperative , it also was a practical solution for the lack of color film sensitivity as well for inability to employ deep staging .", " Musical theatre Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs , spoken dialogue , acting , and dance . The story and emotional content of a musical -- humor , pathos , love , anger -- are communicated through the words , music , movement and technical aspects of the entertainment as an integrated whole . Although musical theatre overlaps with other theatrical forms like opera and dance , it may be distinguished by the equal importance given to the music as compared with the dialogue , movement and other elements . Since the early 20th century , musical theatre stage works have generally been called , simply , musicals . Although music has been a part of dramatic presentations since ancient times , modern Western musical theatre emerged during the 19th century , with many structural elements established by the works of Gilbert and Sullivan in Britain and those of Harrigan and Hart in America . These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the musical theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan . The Princess Theatre musicals and other smart shows like Of Thee I Sing ( 1931 ) were artistic steps forward beyond revues and other frothy entertainments of the early 20th century and led to such groundbreaking works as Show Boat ( 1927 ) and Oklahoma ! ( 1943 ) . Some of the most famous and iconic musicals through the decades that followed include West Side Story ( 1957 ) , The Fantasticks ( 1960 ) , Hair ( 1967 ) , A Chorus Line ( 1975 ) , Les Misérables ( 1985 ) , The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) , Rent ( 1996 ) , The Producers ( 2001 ) , Wicked ( 2003 ) and Hamilton ( 2015 ) . Musicals are performed around the world . They may be presented in large venues , such as big-budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London . Alternatively , musicals may be staged in smaller fringe theatre , Off-Broadway or regional theatre productions , or on tour . Musicals are often presented by amateur and school groups in churches , schools and other performance spaces . In addition to the United States and Britain , there are vibrant musical theatre scenes in continental Europe , Asia , Australasia , Canada and Latin America ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Dopamine sends signals to other nerve cells in the brain.	[ " Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitters , also known as chemical messengers , are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission . They transmit signals across a chemical synapse , such as a neuromuscular junction , from one neuron ( nerve cell ) to another `` target '' neuron , muscle cell , or gland cell . Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles in synapses into the synaptic cleft , where they are received by receptors on the target cells . Many neurotransmitters are synthesized from simple and plentiful precursors such as amino acids , which are readily available from the diet and only require a small number of biosynthetic steps for conversion . Neurotransmitters play a major role in shaping everyday life and functions . Their exact numbers are unknown , but more than 100 chemical messengers have been uniquely identified .", " Dopamine Dopamine ( DA , contracted from 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine ) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body . It is an amine synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of its precursor chemical L-DOPA , which is synthesized in the brain and kidneys . Dopamine is also synthesized in plants and most animals . In the brain , dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter -- a chemical released by neurons ( nerve cells ) to send signals to other nerve cells . The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways , one of which plays a major role in reward-motivated behavior . Most types of rewards increase the level of dopamine in the brain , and many addictive drugs increase dopamine neuronal activity . Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various hormones . These pathways and cell groups form a dopamine system which is neuromodulatory . Outside the central nervous system , dopamine functions primarily as a local chemical messenger . In blood vessels , it inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator ( at normal concentrations ) ; in the kidneys , it increases sodium excretion and urine output ; in the pancreas , it reduces insulin production ; in the digestive system , it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa ; and in the immune system , it reduces the activity of lymphocytes . With the exception of the blood vessels , dopamine in each of these peripheral systems is synthesized locally and exerts its effects near the cells that release it . Several important diseases of the nervous system are associated with dysfunctions of the dopamine system , and some of the key medications used to treat them work by altering the effects of dopamine . Parkinson 's disease , a degenerative condition causing tremor and motor impairment , is caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in an area of the midbrain called the substantia nigra . Its metabolic precursor L-DOPA can be manufactured , and in its pure form marketed as Levodopa is the most widely used treatment for the condition . There is evidence that schizophrenia involves altered levels of dopamine activity , and most antipsychotic drugs used to treat this are dopamine antagonists which reduce dopamine activity . Similar dopamine antagonist drugs are also some of the most effective anti-nausea agents . Restless legs syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) are associated with decreased dopamine activity . Dopaminergic stimulants can be addictive in high doses , but some are used at lower doses to treat ADHD . Dopamine itself is available as a manufactured medication for intravenous injection : although it can not reach the brain from the bloodstream , its peripheral effects make it useful in the treatment of heart failure or shock , especially in newborn babies ." ]	[ " Signal transduction Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events , most commonly protein phosphorylation , which ultimately result in a response . Proteins responsible for detecting stimuli are generally termed receptors , although in some cases the term sensor is used . The changes elicited by ligand binding ( or signal sensing ) in a receptor give rise to a cascade of biochemical events along a signalling pathway . When signalling pathways interact with one another they form networks , which allow cellular responses to be coordinated . At the molecular level , such responses include changes in the transcription or translation of genes , and post-translational and conformational changes in proteins , as well as changes in their location . These molecular events are the basic mechanisms controlling cell growth , proliferation , metabolism and many other processes . In multicellular organisms , signal transduction pathways have evolved to regulate cell communication in a wide variety of ways . Each component ( or node ) of a signalling pathway is classified according to the role it plays with respect to the initial stimulus . Ligands are termed first messengers , while receptors are the signal transducers , which then activate primary effectors . Such effectors are often linked to second messengers , which can activate secondary effectors , and so on . Depending on the efficiency of the nodes , a signal can be amplified ( a concept known as signal gain ) , so that one signalling molecule can generate a response involving hundreds to millions of molecules . As with other signals , the transduction of biological signals is characterised by delay , noise and interference , which can range from negligible to pathological . With the advent of computational biology , the analysis of signalling pathways and networks has become an essential tool to understand cellular functions and disease .", " Chemical synapse Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons ' signals can be exchanged to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands . Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system . They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought . They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body . At a chemical synapse , one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space ( the synaptic cleft ) that is adjacent to another neuron . The neurotransmitters are kept within small sacs called vesicles , and are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis . These molecules then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell 's side of the synaptic cleft . Finally , the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synapse through one of several potential mechanisms including enzymatic degradation or re-uptake by specific transporters either on the presynaptic cell or possibly by neuroglia to terminate the action of the transmitter . The adult human brain is estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 ( 100 -- 500 trillion ) synapses . Every cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly a billion ( short scale , i.e. 109 ) of them . The word `` synapse '' comes from `` synaptein '' , which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek `` syn - '' ( `` together '' ) and `` haptein '' ( `` to clasp '' ) . Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse : electrical and immunological synapses also exist . Without a qualifier , however , `` synapse '' commonly means chemical synapse ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis is remembered for her lifelong contributions to the arts.	[ " Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis ( née Bouvier ; -LSB- ˈbuːvieɪ -RSB- July 28 , 1929 -- May 19 , 1994 ) was the wife of the 35th President of the United States , John F. Kennedy , and First Lady of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963 . Bouvier was the elder daughter of Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III and socialite Janet Lee Bouvier . In 1951 , she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature from George Washington University and went on to work for the Washington Times-Herald as an inquiring photographer . In 1952 , Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party . In November of that year , he was elected as a United States Senator from Massachusetts , and the couple married in 1953 . They had four children , two of whom died in infancy . As First Lady , she was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and her emphasis on arts and culture . On November 22 , 1963 , she was riding with the President in a motorcade in Dallas , Texas , when he was assassinated . She and her children withdrew from public view after his funeral , and in 1968 she married Aristotle Onassis . Following her second husband 's death in 1975 , she had a career as a book editor for the final two decades of her life . She is remembered for her lifelong contributions to the arts and preservation of historic architecture , as well as for her style , elegance , and grace . She was a fashion icon , and her famous ensemble of pink Chanel suit and matching pillbox hat has become a symbol of her husband 's assassination . She ranks as one of the most popular First Ladies and in 1999 was named on Gallup 's list of Most Admired Men and Women in 20th-century America ." ]	[ " Memoir A memoir ( from French : mémoire : memoria , meaning memory or reminiscence ) is a collection of memories that an individual writes about moments or events , both public or private , that took place in the subject 's life . The assertions made in the work are understood to be factual . While memoir has historically been defined as a subcategory of biography or autobiography since the late 20th century , the genre is differentiated in form , presenting a narrowed focus . A biography or autobiography tells the story `` of a life '' , while a memoir often tells `` a story from a life '' , such as touchstone events and turning points from the author 's life . The author of a memoir may be referred to as a memoirist or a memorialist .", " World Heritage Site A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area which has been officially recognized by the United Nations , specifically by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) . Sites are selected on the basis of having cultural , historical , scientific or some other form of significance , and they are legally protected by international treaties . UNESCO regards these sites as being important to the collective interests of humanity . More specifically , a World Heritage Site is an already classified landmark , which by way of being unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable piece is of special cultural or physical significance ( such as either due to hosting an ancient ruins or some historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , or mountain ) and symbolizes a remarkable footprint of extreme human endeavour often coupled with some act of indisputable accomplishment of humanity which then serves as a surviving evidence of its intellectual existence on the planet . With the intent of its practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise could be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , owing to unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access or threat owing to local administrative negligence , sites are listed and demarcated by UNESCO to have been identified or recognised as a protected zone . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 UNESCO member states which are elected by the UN General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The program was founded with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most adhered to international instruments and the normative cultural instrument with the highest number of ratifications . As of May 2017 , 1052 sites are listed : 814 cultural , 203 natural , and 35 mixed properties , in 165 states . According to the sites ranked by country , Italy is home to the greatest number of World Heritage Sites with 51 sites , followed by China ( 50 ) , Spain ( 45 ) , France ( 42 ) , Germany ( 41 ) , India ( 35 ) , Mexico ( 34 ) and United Kingdom and British Overseas Territories ( 30 ) ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Slovakia is between Western Europe and Eastern Europe.	[ " Slovakia Slovakia ( listen ) , is a landlocked country in Central Europe . It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west , Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south . Slovakia 's territory spans about 49000 km2 and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava . The official language is Slovak . The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries . In the 7th century , they played a significant role in the creation of Samo 's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra . In the 10th century , the territory was integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary , which itself became part of the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire . After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the Slovaks and Czechs established Czechoslovakia . A separate ( First ) Slovak Republic ( 1939 -- 1945 ) existed in World War II as a client state of Nazi Germany . In 1945 , Czechoslovakia was re-established under Communist rule as a Soviet satellite . In 1989 the Velvet Revolution ended authoritarian Communist rule in Czechoslovakia . Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia , sometimes known as the Velvet Divorce . Slovakia is a high-income advanced economy with a very high Human Development Index , a very high standard of living and performs favourably in measurements of civil liberties , press freedom , internet freedom , democratic governance and peacefulness . The country maintains a combination of market economy with a comprehensive social security system . Citizens of Slovakia are provided with universal health care , free education and one of the longest paid maternity leave in the OECD . The country joined the European Union in 2004 and the Eurozone on 1 January 2009 . Slovakia is also a member of the Schengen Area , NATO , the United Nations , the OECD , the WTO , CERN , the OSCE , the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group . The Slovak economy is one of the fastest growing economies in Europe and 3rd fastest in eurozone . Its legal tender , the Euro , is the world 's 2nd most traded currency . Although regional income inequality is high , 90 % of citizens own their homes . In 2016 , Slovak citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 165 countries and territories , ranking the Slovak passport 11th in the world . Slovakia is the world 's largest per-capita car producer with a total of 1,040,000 cars manufactured in the country in 2016 alone and the 7th largest car producer in the European Union . The car industry represents 43 % of Slovakia 's industrial output , and a quarter of its exports .", " Central Europe Central Europe lies between Eastern Europe and Western Europe . The concept of Central Europe is based on a common historical , social and cultural identity . Central Europe is going through a phase of `` strategic awakening '' , with initiatives such as the CEI , Centrope and the Visegrád Four . While the region 's economy shows high disparities with regard to income , all Central European countries are listed by the Human Development Index as very highly developed ." ]	[ " Pannonian Basin The Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin is a large basin in Central Europe . The geomorphological term Pannonian Plain is more widely used for roughly the same region though with a somewhat different sense , with only the lowlands , the plain that remained when the Pliocene Epoch Pannonian Sea dried out . It is a geomorphological subsystem of the Alps-Himalaya system . Most of the plain consists of the Great Hungarian Plain ( in the south and east , including the Eastern Slovak Lowland ) and the Little Hungarian Plain ( in the northwest ) , divided by the Transdanubian Mountains . The Pannonian Basin lies in the southeastern part of Central Europe , or at the boundary between Central , Eastern and Southeastern Europe ( Balkans ) . It forms a topographically discrete unit set in the European landscape , surrounded by imposing geographic boundaries - the Carpathian Mountains , the Alps , the Dinarides and the Balkan mountains . The Rivers Danube and Tisza divide the basin roughly in half . It extends roughly between Vienna in the northwest , Zagreb in the southwest , Belgrade in the southeast and Satu Mare in the northeast . In terms of modern state boundaries , the basin centres on the territory of Hungary , but it also covers Vojvodina and Mačva regions of Serbia , Central Croatia and Slavonia , western Slovakia , the Eastern Slovak Lowland ( including the southwestern tip of Ukraine ) , besides the border regions of northern Bosnia and Herzegovina , some western portions of Romania , and the eastern extremities of Slovenia and of Austria . The name `` Pannonian '' comes from Pannonia , a province of the Roman Empire . Only the western part of the territory of modern Hungary ( the so-called Transdanubia ) formed part of the ancient Roman Province of Pannonia ; this comprises less than 29 % of modern Hungary , therefore Hungarian geographers avoid the terms `` Pannonian Basin '' and `` Pannonian Plain '' .", " Council of Europe The Council of Europe ( CoE ; Conseil de l'Europe ) is an international organisation whose stated aim is to uphold human rights , democracy , rule of law in Europe and promote European culture . Founded in 1949 , it has 47 member states , covers approximately 820 million people and operates with an annual budget of approximately half a billion euros . The organisation is distinct from the 28-nation European Union ( EU ) , although it is sometimes confused with it , partly because the EU has adopted the original European Flag which was created by the Council of Europe in 1955 , as well as the European Anthem . No country has ever joined the EU without first belonging to the Council of Europe . Council of Europe is an official United Nations Observer . Unlike the EU , the Council of Europe can not make binding laws , but it does have the power to enforce select international agreements reached by European states on various topics . The best known body of the Council of Europe is the European Court of Human Rights , which enforces the European Convention on Human Rights . The Council 's two statutory bodies are the Committee of Ministers , comprising the foreign ministers of each member state , and the Parliamentary Assembly , composed of members of the national parliaments of each member state . The Commissioner for Human Rights is an independent institution within the Council of Europe , mandated to promote awareness of and respect for human rights in the member states . The Secretary General heads the secretariat of the organisation . Other major CoE bodies include the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines . The headquarters of the Council of Europe are in Strasbourg , France . English and French are its two official languages . The Committee of Ministers , the Parliamentary Assembly and the Congress also use German , Italian , Russian , and Turkish for some of their work ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Legally Blonde had a director.	[ " Legally Blonde Legally Blonde is a 2001 American comedy film adapted from the novel of the same title by Amanda Brown . It was directed by Robert Luketic , scripted by Karen McCullah Lutz and Kirsten Smith , and stars Reese Witherspoon , Luke Wilson , Selma Blair , Matthew Davis , Victor Garber , and Jennifer Coolidge . The film tells the story of Elle Woods , a sorority girl who attempts to win back her ex-boyfriend by getting a law degree . The film was released on July 13 , 2001 , and received positive reviews from critics . The critics ' consensus states that `` though the material is predictable and formulaic , Reese Witherspoon 's funny , nuanced performance makes this movie better than it would have been otherwise '' . It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture : Musical or Comedy and ranked 29th on Bravo 's 2007 list of `` 100 Funniest Movies '' . Witherspoon received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , and the 2002 MTV Movie Award for Best Female Performance . The box-office success led to a 2003 sequel , Red , White & Blonde , and a 2009 direct-to-DVD spin-off , Legally Blondes . Additionally , Legally Blonde : The Musical premiered on January 23 , 2007 , in San Francisco and opened in New York City at the Palace Theatre on Broadway on April 29 , 2007 , starring Laura Bell Bundy ." ]	[ " Howard Hawks Howard Winchester Hawks ( May 30 , 1896December 26 , 1977 ) was an American film director , producer and screenwriter of the classic Hollywood era . Critic Leonard Maltin called him `` the greatest American director who is not a household name . '' Hawks was a versatile director whose career included comedies , dramas , gangster films , science fiction , film noir , and westerns . His most popular films include Scarface ( 1932 ) , Bringing Up Baby ( 1938 ) , Only Angels Have Wings ( 1939 ) , His Girl Friday ( 1940 ) , To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) , The Big Sleep ( 1946 ) , Red River ( 1948 ) , The Thing from Another World ( 1951 ) , and Rio Bravo ( 1959 ) . His frequent portrayals of strong , tough-talking female characters came to define a type -- the `` Hawksian woman '' . In 1942 , Hawks was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director for Sergeant York , and in 1975 he was awarded an Honorary Academy Award as `` a master American filmmaker whose creative efforts hold a distinguished place in world cinema . '' His work has influenced some of the most popular and respected directors such as Martin Scorsese , Robert Altman , John Carpenter , and Quentin Tarantino .", " Music video director A music video director is the head of music video production . The director conceives of videos ' artistic and dramatic aspects while instructing the musical act , technical crew , actors , models , and dancers . They may or may not be in collaboration with the musical act . On November 8 , 1992 , MTV began listing directors with the artist , song , and record company credits , because music videos had increasingly become an auteur 's medium . `` The case for the director as music video author is strong . It is the music video director who has principal control of everything that is added to the pre-existing recorded sound text . '' Directors , including Michel Gondry , Spike Jonze , and F. Gary Gray , have gone on to direct feature films , continuing a trend that had begun earlier with directors such as Lasse Hallström and David Fincher . The most expensive video of all time was directed by Mark Romanek : Michael and Janet Jackson 's `` Scream '' ( 1995 ) , which cost $ 7 million to produce . In 2003 , Spike Jonze , Chris Cunningham , and Michel Gondry founded the Directors Label ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Eragon is a film starring an actor.	[ " Eragon (film) Eragon is a 2006 British-American action-fantasy film directed by Stefen Fangmeier ( in his directorial debut ) and written by Peter Buchman , based on the novel of the same name by Christopher Paolini . The film stars Ed Speleers in the title role as well as Jeremy Irons , Garrett Hedlund , Sienna Guillory , Robert Carlyle , John Malkovich , Djimon Hounsou , Alun Armstrong and Joss Stone , with Rachel Weisz as the voice of Saphira the dragon . Principal photography took place at the Mafilm Fót Studios in Hungary , starting on August 1 , 2005 . Visual effects and animation were by Weta Digital and Industrial Light & Magic . Eragon was released worldwide between December 13 and December 15 , 2006 by 20th Century Fox . It was the 10th worst reviewed film of 2006 on Rotten Tomatoes , but the 31st highest-grossing film of 2006 in the US . The film was released for home entertainment on March 20 , 2007 . It is notable for being the last film to be released on VHS in the United States ." ]	[ " Melvyn Douglas Melvyn Edouard Hesselberg ( April 5 , 1901 -- August 4 , 1981 ) , better known as Melvyn Douglas , was an American actor . Douglas came to prominence in the 1930s as a suave leading man , perhaps best typified by his performance in the 1939 romantic comedy Ninotchka with Greta Garbo . Douglas later took mature and fatherly roles as in his Academy Award-winning performances in Hud ( 1963 ) and Being There ( 1979 ) and his Academy Award-nominated performance in I Never Sang for My Father ( 1970 ) .", " Carleton Carpenter Carleton Upham Carpenter , Jr. ( born July 10 , 1926 ) , known professionally as Carleton Carpenter , is an American film , television and stage actor , magician , songwriter , and novelist ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
A loss of supply affects the government.	[ " Loss of supply Loss of supply occurs where a government in a parliamentary democracy using the Westminster System or a system derived from it is denied a supply of treasury or exchequer funds , by whichever house or houses of parliament or head of state is constitutionally entitled to grant and deny supply . A defeat on a budgetary vote is one such way by which supply can be denied . Loss of supply is typically interpreted as indicating a loss of confidence in the government . Not all `` money bills '' are necessarily supply bills . For instance , in Australia , supply bills are defined as `` bills which are required by the Government to carry on its day-to-day business '' . When a loss of supply occurs , a prime minister is generally required either by constitutional convention or by explicit constitutional instruction to either resign immediately or seek a parliamentary dissolution . Some constitutions , however , do not allow the option of parliamentary dissolution but rather require the government to be dissolved or to resign . A similar deadlock can occur within a presidential system , where it is also known as a budget crisis . In contrast to parliamentary systems , the failure of the legislature to authorize spending may not in all circumstances result in an election , because some such legislatures enjoy fixed terms and so can not be dissolved before a date of termination , which can result in a prolonged crisis . A deadlock between a head of state and the legislative body can give rise and cause for a head of state to prematurely dismiss the elected government , requiring it to seek re-election . If a government maintains the support of a majority of legislators or the elected parliamentary representatives , the blocking of supply by a head of state would be seen as an abuse of authority and power . Many western countries have removed or restricted the right of a head of state to block supply or veto a government budget unless there is overwhelming justification and cause for such action ." ]	[ " Public utility A public utility ( usually just utility ) is an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service ( often also providing a service using that infrastructure ) . Public utilities are subject to forms of public control and regulation ranging from local community-based groups to statewide government monopolies . The term utilities can also refer to the set of services provided by these organizations consumed by the public : electricity , natural gas , water , and sewage . Broadband internet services ( both fixed-line and mobile ) are increasingly being included within the definition .", " Crowding out (economics) In economics , crowding out is argued by some economists to be a phenomenon that occurs when increased government involvement in a sector of the market economy substantially affects the remainder of the market , either on the supply or demand side of the market . One type frequently discussed is when expansionary fiscal policy reduces investment spending by the private sector . The Government is `` crowding out '' investment because it is demanding more Loanable Funds and it is increasing interest rates from the borrowing , but that was broadened to multiple channels that might leave total output little changed or smaller . Other economists use `` crowding out '' to refer to government providing a service or good that would otherwise be a business opportunity for private industry , and be subject only to the economic forces seen in voluntary exchange ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
The Italian cities of Italy was involved in World War 2.	[ " Italy Italy ( Italia -LSB- iˈtaːlja -RSB- ) , officially the Italian Republic ( -LSB- Repubblica italiana , links = no -RSB- ) , is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe.The Italian peninsula is geographically located in Southern Europe , while North Italy can be placed partly or totally in Central Europe . Due to cultural , political and historical reasons , Italy is a Western European country . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea , Italy shares open land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , San Marino and Vatican City . Italy covers an area of 301338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate . Due to its shape , it is often referred to in Italy as lo Stivale ( the Boot ) . With 61 million inhabitants , it is the fourth most populous EU member state . Since classical times , ancient Phoenicians , Carthaginians and Greeks established settlements in the south of Italy , with Etruscans and Celts inhabiting the centre and north of Italy respectively and various different ancient Italian tribes and Italic peoples dispersed throughout the Italian Peninsula and insular Italy . The Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom , which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations . Rome ultimately emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean basin , conquering much of the ancient world and becoming the leading cultural , political and religious centre of Western civilisation . The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the global distribution of civilian law , republican governments , Christianity and the Latin script . During the Middle Ages , Italy suffered sociopolitical collapse amid calamitous barbarian invasions , but by the 11th century numerous rival city-states and maritime republics rose to great prosperity through shipping , commerce and banking , laying down the groundwork for modern capitalism . These independent statelets , acting as Europe 's main trading hubs with Asia and the Near East , often enjoyed a greater degree of democracy and wealth in comparison to the larger feudal monarchies that were consolidating throughout Europe at the time , though much of central Italy remained under the control of the theocratic Papal States , while Southern Italy remained largely feudal until the 19th century , partially as a result of a succession of Byzantine , Arab , Norman , Spanish and Bourbon conquests of the region . The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe , bringing a renewed interest in humanism , science , exploration and art . Italian culture flourished at this time , producing famous scholars , artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci , Galileo , Michelangelo and Machiavelli . Italian explorers such as Marco Polo , Christopher Columbus , Amerigo Vespucci and Giovanni da Verrazzano discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World , helping to usher in the European Age of Discovery . Nevertheless , Italy 's commercial and political power significantly waned with the opening of the Atlantic trade route and the route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope , which bypassed the Mediterranean . Furthermore , the Italian city-states constantly engaged one another in bloody warfare , culminating in the Italian Wars of the 15th and 16th centuries that left them exhausted , with no one emerging as a dominant power . The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France , Spain and Austria . By the mid-19th century , a rising movement in support of Italian nationalism and independence from foreign control led to a period of revolutionary political upheaval known as the Risorgimento , which sought the formation of a unified nation-state . After various unsuccessful attempts , the Italian Wars of Independence and the Expedition of the Thousand resulted in the eventual unification of the country in 1861 , now a great power after centuries of foreign domination and political division . From the late 19th century to the early 20th century , the new Kingdom of Italy rapidly industrialised , although mainly in the north , and acquired a colonial empire , while the south remained largely impoverished and excluded from industrialisation , fuelling a large and influential diaspora . Despite being one of the main victors in World War I , Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil , leading the way to the rise of a fascist dictatorship in 1922 . The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in military defeat , economic destruction and an Italian civil war . Following the liberation of Italy and the rise of the resistance , the country abolished the monarchy , reinstated democracy , enjoyed a prolonged economic boom and , despite periods of sociopolitical turmoil ( e.g. Anni di piombo , Mani pulite , the Second Mafia War , the Maxi Trial and subsequent assassinations of anti-mafia officials ) , became a major developed country . Today , Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and the eighth largest in the world . It has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy . The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic , military , cultural and diplomatic affairs , and it is both a regional power and a great power . Italy is a founding and leading member of the European Union and the member of numerous international institutions , including the UN , NATO , the OECD , the OSCE , the WTO , the G7/G8 , G20 , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Council of Europe , Uniting for Consensus and many more . As a reflection of its cultural wealth , Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites , the most in the world , and is the fifth most visited country ." ]	[ " Brindisi Brindisi ( -LSB- ˈbrindizi -RSB- ; in the local dialect : Brìnnisi ; Brundisium ) is a city in the region of Apulia in southern Italy , the capital of the province of Brindisi , on the coast of the Adriatic Sea . Historically , the city has played an important role in trade and culture , due to its strategic position on the Italian Peninsula and its natural port on the Adriatic Sea . The city remains a major port for trade with Greece and the Middle East . Brindisi 's most flourishing industries include agriculture , chemical works , and the generation of electricity .", " Palermo Palermo ( -LSB- paˈlɛrmo -RSB- , Sicilian : Palermu , Panormus , from Πάνορμος , Panormos ) is a city of Southern Italy , the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo . The city is noted for its history , culture , architecture and gastronomy , playing an important role throughout much of its existence ; it is over 2,700 years old . Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily , right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea . The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz ( ` flower ' ) . Palermo then became a possession of Carthage , before becoming part of the Roman Republic , the Roman Empire and eventually part of the Byzantine Empire , for over a thousand years . The Greeks named the city Panormus meaning ` complete port ' . From 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became a capital . The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Balarme , the root for Palermo 's present-day name . Following the Norman reconquest , Palermo became the capital of a new kingdom ( from 1130 to 1816 ) , the Kingdom of Sicily and the capital of the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor and Conrad IV of Germany , King of the Romans . Eventually Sicily would be united with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification of 1860 . The population of Palermo urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 855,285 , while its metropolitan area is the fifth most populated in Italy with around 1.2 million people . In the central area , the city has a population of around 676,000 people . The inhabitants are known as Palermitani or , poetically , panormiti . The languages spoken by its inhabitants are the Italian language , Sicilian language and the Palermitano dialect . Palermo is Sicily 's cultural , economic and touristic capital . It is a city rich in history , culture , art , music and food . Numerous tourists are attracted to the city for its good Mediterranean weather , its renowned gastronomy and restaurants , its Romanesque , Gothic and Baroque churches , palaces and buildings , and its nightlife and music . Palermo is the main Sicilian industrial and commercial center : the main industrial sectors include tourism , services , commerce and agriculture . Palermo currently has an international airport , and a significant underground economy . In fact , for cultural , artistic and economic reasons , Palermo was one of the largest cities in the Mediterranean and is now among the top tourist destinations in both Italy and Europe . It is the main seat of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale . The city is also going through careful redevelopment , preparing to become one of the major cities of the Euro-Mediterranean area . Roman Catholicism is highly important in Palermitano culture . The Patron Saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia whose Feast Day is celebrated on 15 July . The area attracts significant numbers of tourists each year and is widely known for its colourful fruit , vegetable and fish markets at the heart of Palermo , known as Vucciria , Ballarò and Capo ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Tim Rice was employed on Aida.	[ " Tim Rice Sir Timothy Miles Bindon `` Tim '' Rice ( born 10 November 1944 ) is an English author and Academy Award , Golden Globe Award , Tony Award , and Grammy Award-winning lyricist . He is best known for his collaborations with Andrew Lloyd Webber , with whom he wrote Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , Jesus Christ Superstar , and Evita ; with Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson of ABBA , with whom he wrote Chess ; for additional songs for the 2011 West End revival of The Wizard of Oz ; and for his work for Walt Disney Studios with Alan Menken ( Aladdin , Beauty and the Beast , King David ) , Elton John ( The Lion King , Aida , The Road to El Dorado ) and Ennio Morricone . One of the most celebrated lyricists in British popular culture , Rice was knighted by Elizabeth II for services to music in 1994 . He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , is an inductee into the Songwriter 's Hall of Fame , is a Disney Legend recipient , and is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors . The 2016 Sunday Times Rich List values Rice at # 150m ; the 15th richest music millionaire in the UK ." ]	[ " AIDA Cruises AIDA Cruises is an American/British owned German cruise line based in Rostock , Germany . The company was founded as Deutsche Seereederei with a ship called Völkerfreundschaft ( `` Friendship Between Peoples '' ) , and entered the cruise industry in the 1960s . The company was acquired by P&O Princess Cruises in 2000 . In 2003 , P&O Princess merged with Carnival Corporation , to form Carnival Corporation & plc , the worlds largest cruise holiday company . Following the merger , executive control of AIDA Cruises transferred to Costa Cruises Group , one of the main operating companies of the Carnival Group , with responsibility for the group 's European brands . AIDA Cruises is now one of ten brands owned by Carnival Corp , based at Miami , Florida , accounting for 6.5 % of its share of revenue and has its own executive team , led by company President Felix Eichhorn . AIDA ships cater to the German-speaking market . As seagoing `` club resorts '' , AIDA ships have on-board amenities and facilities designed to attract younger , more active vacationers .", " Fast Forward (TV series) Fast Forward was Australia 's highest rating and most critically awarded commercial television sketch comedy show , broadcast for 90 one-hour episodes from 12 April 1989 to 26 November 1992 . The show was produced by Steve Vizard , who was also the Executive Producer , writer and performer , and starred Jane Turner , Gina Riley , Magda Szubanski ( the three of whom went on to star in Kath & Kim ) , Marg Downey , Michael Veitch , Peter Moon , Alan Pentland , Steve Blackburn , Geoff Brookes , Ernie Dingo , the Rubbery Figures satirical puppets , and numerous guests and supporting stars , such as Gerry Connolly and Brian Dawe . Fast Forward was succeeded by the related series Full Frontal , and subsequently Totally Full Frontal , which were broadcast from 1993 to 1999 and which starred many of the original Fast Forward cast as well as many iconic performers including Eric Bana , Stephen Curry , Glenn Robbins , Shaun Micallef , Kitty Flanagan and Julia Morris . Fast Forward was directed by Ted Emery . In its second and subsequent series , Andrew Knight joined Steve Vizard and Ted Emery as Executive Producers of the show . They went on to establish the leading Australian Production house , Artist Services , which produced 1400 hours of prime time television including SeaChange , Big Girl 's Blouse , Tonight Live with Steve Vizard , The Eric Bana Show , The Shaun Micallef Pogram ( sic ) . All four seasons plus five ` best of ' compilations of Fast Forward have been released on DVD . All four seasons were re-released in 2010 . In 2013 , the Network Ten-owned channel , One began airing hour-long specials titled Fast Forward Funniest Send-Ups ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
As You Like it was released in 2005.	[ " As You Like It (2006 film) As You Like It is a 2006 film written and directed by Kenneth Branagh , and based on the Shakespearean play of the same name . It stars Bryce Dallas Howard as Rosalind , David Oyelowo as Orlando De Boys , Romola Garai as Celia , Adrian Lester as Oliver De Boys , Alfred Molina as Touchstone , Kevin Kline as Jaques , Janet McTeer as Audrey , and Brian Blessed as Duke Frederick and his brother Duke Senior . Branagh moved the play 's setting from medieval France to a late 19th century European colony in Japan after the Meiji Restoration . Branagh filmed it at Shepperton Film Studios and at the never-before-filmed gardens of Wakehurst Place . The film is a production of The Shakespeare Film Company , financed by HBO Films . It is Kenneth Branagh 's first Shakespearean film shot in a Super 35 format ." ]	[ " Admit It `` Admit It '' is the second single from Dutch pop singer and songwriter , Esmée Denters , from her debut studio album Outta Here . It was released as a CD single and download in the Netherlands on 4 September 2009 . It was released in the UK on 28 December 2009 . Due to a lack of airplay on UK radio the single failed to make the top 40 . The song was written by Esmée Denters and Toby Gad . Toby Gad produced the song , together with Justin Timberlake who also provided additional vocals and beatbox . Upon its UK release , it was described by noted R&B writer Pete Lewis of the award-winning Blues & Soul as `` punchy retro-funk '' .", " I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It I Like It When You Sleep , For You Are So Beautiful Yet So Unaware of It is the second studio album by English rock band The 1975 . It was released on 26 February 2016 . In 2014 , frontman Matthew Healy began releasing a series of cryptic tweets revealing lyrics from the album , and its title the following year . The band then officially announced and verified the album in September 2015 , a month before `` Love Me '' was released as the lead single . During the course of five months , three more singles were released , with `` A Change of Heart '' released four days prior to its release . Upon its release , the album received positive reviews from critics . The album was a commercial success , topping the charts in both the United Kingdom and the United States . Its box set received a nomination for Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package at the 2017 Grammy Awards ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
William Hanna worked in 1937.	[ " William Hanna William Denby `` Bill '' Hanna ( July 14 , 1910 -- March 22 , 2001 ) was an American animator , director , producer , voice actor , and cartoon artist , whose film and television cartoon characters entertained millions of people for much of the 20th century . After working odd jobs in the first months of the Depression , Hanna joined the Harman and Ising animation studio in 1930 . During the 1930s , Hanna steadily gained skill and prominence while working on cartoons such as Captain and the Kids . In 1937 , while working at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) , Hanna met Joseph Barbera . The two men began a collaboration that was at first best known for producing Tom and Jerry and live action/animated hybrid films . In 1957 , they co-founded Hanna-Barbera , which became the most successful television animation studio in the business , producing programs such as The Flintstones , The Huckleberry Hound Show , The Jetsons , Scooby-Doo , The Smurfs , and Yogi Bear . In 1967 , Hanna-Barbera was sold to Taft Broadcasting for $ 12 million , but Hanna and Barbera remained heads of the company until 1991 . At that time , the studio was sold to Turner Broadcasting System , which in turn was merged with Time Warner in 1996 ; Hanna and Barbera stayed on as advisors . Hanna and Barbera won seven Academy Awards and eight Emmy Awards . Their cartoons have become cultural icons , and their cartoon characters have appeared in other media such as films , books , and toys . Hanna-Barbera 's shows had a worldwide audience of over 300 million people in their 1960s heyday , and have been translated into more than 28 languages ." ]	[ " Hatch Up Your Troubles Hatch Up Your Troubles is a 1949 one-reel animated cartoon made in 1948 and is the 41st Tom and Jerry short produced by Fred Quimby and directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera , with musical supervision by Scott Bradley and animation by Ed Barge , Ray Patterson , Irven Spence and Kenneth Muse . The cartoon was produced in Technicolor and released to theatres on May 14 , 1949 by Metro-Goldwyn Mayer . In 1955 , a CinemaScope remake was produced , The Egg and Jerry .", " The Lonesome Mouse The Lonesome Mouse is a 1943 American one-reel animated cartoon and is the 10th Tom and Jerry cartoon released . This is notable for being the first speaking role of the cat and mouse duo . It was created and released in 1943 , and re-released to theatres on June 24 , 1950 . It was directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera and produced by Fred Quimby . The animators of the cartoon were not credited ( typically for early MGM shorts ) , and this was the last Tom and Jerry cartoon to follow this trend . All future Tom and Jerry theatrical shorts credited the animators . The original opening theme was `` Runnin ' Wild '' , as heard in Barney Bear 's Wild Honey . It was replaced by the later Tom & Jerry theme on re-issue . This cartoon is animated by Kenneth Muse , George Gordon , Jack Zander and Irven Spence with additional animation by Pete Burness and Al Grandmain ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Victor Hugo has only ever written about fantasy.	[ " Victor Hugo Victor Marie Hugo ( -LSB- viktɔʁ maʁi yɡo -RSB- ; 26 February 1802 -- 22 May 1885 ) was a French poet , novelist , and dramatist of the Romantic movement . He is considered one of the greatest and best-known French writers . Outside France , his best-known works are the novels Les Misérables , 1862 , and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame ( Notre-Dame de Paris ) , 1831 . In France , Hugo is known primarily for his poetry collections , such as Les Contemplations ( The Contemplations ) and La Légende des siècles ( The Legend of the Ages ) . He produced more than 4,000 drawings and also campaigned for social causes such as the abolition of capital punishment . Though a committed royalist when he was young , Hugo 's views changed as the decades passed , and he became a passionate supporter of republicanism ; his work touches upon most of the political and social issues and the artistic trends of his time . He is buried in the Panthéon in Paris . His legacy has been honoured in many ways , including his portrait being placed on French currency ." ]	[ " Fable Fable is a literary genre : a succinct fictional story , in prose or verse , that features animals , legendary creatures , plants , inanimate objects , or forces of nature that are anthropomorphized ( given human qualities , such as the ability to speak human language ) and that illustrates or leads to a particular moral lesson ( a `` moral '' ) , which may at the end be added explicitly as a pithy maxim . A fable differs from a parable in that the latter excludes animals , plants , inanimate objects , and forces of nature as actors that assume speech or other powers of humankind . Usage has not always been so clearly distinguished . In the King James Version of the New Testament , '' μῦθος '' ( `` mythos '' ) was rendered by the translators as `` fable '' in the First Epistle to Timothy , the Second Epistle to Timothy , the Epistle to Titus and the First Epistle of Peter . A person who writes fables is a fabulist .", " Fantasy world A fantasy world is a fictional universe created in fiction media , such as literature , film or games . Typical fantasy worlds involve magic or magical abilities , nonexistent technology and sometimes , either a historical or futuristic theme . Some worlds may be a parallel world tenuously connected to Earth via magical portals or items ; a fictional Earth set in the remote past or future ; or an entirely independent world set in another universe . Many fantasy worlds draw heavily on real world history , geography and sociology , and also on mythology and folklore ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Ecuador's population is mostly mestizos.	[ " Ecuador Ecuador ( -LSB- ˈɛkwədɔːr -RSB- , -LSB- ekwaˈðor -RSB- ) ( Ikwadur ) , officially the Republic of Ecuador ( -LSB- República del Ecuador , -RSB- , which literally translates as `` Republic of the Equator '' ; Ikwadur Ripuwlika ) , is a representative democratic republic in northwestern South America , bordered by Colombia on the north , Peru on the east and south , and the Pacific Ocean to the west . Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific , about 1000 km west of the mainland . What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century . The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century , achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia , from which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830 . The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador 's ethnically diverse population , with most of its 15.2 million people being mestizos , followed by large minorities of European , Amerindian , and African descendants . Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population , though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized , including Quichua and Shuar . The capital city is Quito , while the largest city is Guayaquil . In reflection of the country 's rich cultural heritage , the historical center of Quito was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978 . Cuenca , the third-largest city , was also declared a World Heritage Site in 1999 as an outstanding example of a planned , inland Spanish-style colonial city in the Americas . Ecuador has a developing economy that is highly dependent on commodities , namely petroleum and agricultural products . The country is classified as a medium-income country . Ecuador is a democratic presidential republic . The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature , or ecosystem rights . Ecuador is also known for its rich ecology , hosting many endemic plants and animals , such as those of the Galápagos Islands . It is one of 17 megadiverse countries in the world ." ]	[ " Latin Americans Latin Americans ( latinoamericanos , latino-americanos , ) are the citizens of the Latin American countries and dependencies . Latin American countries are multi-ethnic , home to people of different ethnic and national backgrounds . As a result , some Latin Americans do n't take their nationality as an ethnicity , but identify themselves with both their nationality and their ancestral origins . Aside from the indigenous Amerindian ( aka Native American ) population , all Latin Americans or their ancestors immigrated within the past five centuries . Latin America has the largest diasporas of Spaniards , Portuguese , Black Africans , Italians , Lebanese and Japanese in the world . The region also has large German ( second largest after the United States ) , French , Chinese and Jewish diasporas . The specific ethnic and/or racial composition varies from country to country : many have a predominance of European-Amerindian , or Mestizo , population ; in others , Amerindians are a majority ; some are mostly inhabited by people of European ancestry ; and others are primarily Mulatto . Various Black , Asian , and Zambo ( mixed Black and Amerindian ) minorities are also identified in most countries . White Latin Americans are the largest single group . Together with the people of part-European ancestry they combine for approximately 80 % of the population , or even more . Latin Americans and their descendants can be found almost everywhere in the world , particularly in densely populated urban areas . The most important migratory destinations for Latin Americans are found in the United States , Spain , Canada , and Japan .", " Medellín Medellín ( -LSB- meðeˈʝin -RSB- ) , officially the Municipality of Medellín ( Municipio de Medellín ) , is the second-largest city in Colombia and the capital of the department of Antioquia . It is located in the Aburrá Valley , a central region of the Andes Mountains in South America . According to the National Administrative Department of Statistics , the city has an estimated population of 2.44 million . With its surrounding area that includes nine other cities , the metropolitan area of Medellín is the second-largest urban agglomeration in Colombia in terms of population and economy , with more than 3.7 million people . In 1616 the Spaniard Francisco Herrera Campuzano erected a small indigenous village ( `` poblado '' ) known as `` Saint Lawrence of Aburrá '' ( San Lorenzo de Aburrá ) , located in the present-day El Poblado commune . On 2 November 1675 , the queen consort Mariana of Austria founded the `` Town of Our Lady of Candelaria of Medellín '' ( Villa de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de Medellín ) in the Aná region , which today corresponds to the center of the city ( east-central zone ) and first describes the region as `` Medellín '' . In 1826 , the city was named the capital of the Department of Antioquia by the National Congress of the nascent Republic of Gran Colombia , comprised by present-day Colombia , Venezuela , Ecuador and Panama . After Colombia won its independence from Spain , Medellín became the capital of the Federal State of Antioquia until 1888 , with the proclamation of the Colombian Constitution of 1886 . During the 19th century , Medellín was a dynamic commercial center , first exporting gold , then producing and exporting coffee . At the beginning of the 21st century the city regained industrial dynamism , with the construction of the Medellín Metro commuter rail , liberalized development policies , improved security and improved education . Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have lauded the city as a pioneer of a post-Washington consensus `` local development state '' model of economic development . The city is promoted internationally as a tourist destination and is considered a global city type `` Gamma - '' by GaWC . The Medellín Metropolitan Area produces 67 % of the Department of Antioquia 's GDP and 11 % of the economy of Colombia . Medellín is important to the region for its universities , academies , commerce , industry , science , health services , flower-growing and festivals . In February 2013 , the Urban Land Institute chose Medellín as the most innovative city in the world due to its recent advances in politics , education and social development . In the same year , Medellín was announced as the preferred corporate business destination in South America , and won the Verónica Rudge Urbanism Award conferred by Harvard University to the Urban Development Enterprise , mainly due to the North-Western Integral Development Project in the city . In September 2013 , the United Nations ratified Colombia 's petition to host UN-Habitat 's 7th World Urban Forum in Medellín , from April 5 -- 11 , 2014 . The most recent survey on the global status of the Smart Cities by Indra Sistemas catalogs Medellín as one of the best cities to live in South America , sharing first place with Santiago de Chile , and alongside Barcelona and Lisbon in Europe . Medellín won the Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize 2016 . The award seeks to recognize and celebrate efforts in furthering innovation in urban solutions and sustainable urban development ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Jaco Van Dormael worked on Mr. Nobody as the director.	[ " Mr. Nobody (film) Mr. Nobody is a 2009 science fiction drama film written and directed by Jaco Van Dormael and starring Jared Leto , Sarah Polley , Diane Kruger , Linh Dan Pham , Rhys Ifans , Natasha Little , Toby Regbo and Juno Temple . The film tells the life story of Nemo Nobody , a 118-year-old man who is the last mortal on Earth after the human race has achieved quasi-immortality . Nemo , memory fading , refers to his three main loves and to his parents ' divorce and subsequent hardships endured at three critical junctions in his life : at age nine , fifteen , and thirty-four . Alternate life paths branching out from each of those critical junctions are examined . The speculative narrative often changes course with the flick of a different possible decision at each of those ages . The film uses nonlinear narrative and the multiverse hypothesis style . Mr. Nobody had its world premiere at the 66th Venice International Film Festival where it received the Golden Osella and the Biografilm Lancia Award . Critical response was generally strong and the film was nominated for seven Magritte Awards , winning six , including Best Film and Best Director for Van Dormael . The film was mostly funded through European financiers and was released in Belgium on 13 January 2010 . Since its original release , Mr. Nobody has become a cult film , noted for its philosophy and cinematography , personal characters and Pierre Van Dormael 's soundtrack ." ]	[ " Cosmopolis (film) Cosmopolis is a 2012 Canadian-French-Italian-Portuguese drama-thriller film written , produced , and directed by David Cronenberg and starring Robert Pattinson in the lead with Paul Giamatti , Samantha Morton , Sarah Gadon , Mathieu Amalric , Juliette Binoche , Jay Baruchel and Kevin Durand . It is based on the novel of the same name by Don DeLillo . On 25 May 2012 , the film premiered in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival , drawing mixed early critical reactions . The film was released in Canada on 8 June 2012 , and began a limited release in the United States on 17 August 2012 by eOne Films . It is Cronenberg 's first foray into script writing since 1999 's eXistenZ .", " You're Nobody 'til Somebody Kills You You 're Nobody 'til Somebody Kills You , is a forthcoming film directed by Michael A. Pinckney , founder and Managing Director of Black Noise Media , a production house based in New York City . The film began production in May 2007 , however its release was delayed until 2011 for unknown reasons . `` You 're Nobody 'Til Somebody Kills You '' was slated to premiere at Brooklyn 's Williamsburg International Film Festival dubbed `` WILLiFEST '' on September 23 , 2011 . Doug E. Fresh , Big Daddy Kane and Ed Lover make appearances in `` You 're Nobody 'Til Somebody Kills You , '' which stars James McDaniel ( NYPD Blue ) , Michael K. Williams ( `` The Wire '' `` Boardwalk Empire '' ) , Michael Mosley ( `` Law & Order '' ) and Nashawn Kearse ( `` The Sopranos '' `` Entourage . '' )" ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
David Koepp wrote the 2017 film The Mummy.	[ " The Mummy (2017 film) The Mummy is a 2017 American action-adventure horror film directed by Alex Kurtzman and written by David Koepp , Christopher McQuarrie and Dylan Kussman , with a story by Kurtzman , Jon Spaihts and Jenny Lumet . It is a reboot of The Mummy franchise and the first installment in the Dark Universe film series . The film stars Tom Cruise , Annabelle Wallis , Sofia Boutella , Jake Johnson , Courtney B. Vance , Marwan Kenzari and Russell Crowe . The Mummy premiered at the State Theatre in Sydney , Australia on May 22 , 2017 and is scheduled to be released in the United States on June 9 , 2017 in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D ." ]	[ " Zombie A zombie ( Haitian French : zombi , Haitian Creole : zonbi ) is a fictional undead being created through the reanimation of a human corpse . Zombies are most commonly found in horror and fantasy genre works . The term comes from Haitian folklore , where a zombie is a dead body reanimated through various methods , most commonly magic . Modern depictions of zombies do not necessarily involve magic but often invoke science fictional methods such as carriers , radiation , mental diseases , vectors , viruses , scientific accidents , etc. . The English word `` zombie '' is first recorded in 1819 , in a history of Brazil by the poet Robert Southey , in the form of `` zombi '' . The Oxford English Dictionary gives the origin of the word as West African , and compares it to the Kongo words nzambi ( god ) and zumbi ( fetish ) . One of the first books to expose Western culture to the concept of the voodoo zombie was The Magic Island by W.B. Seabrook in 1929 . This is the sensationalized account of a narrator who encounters voodoo cults in Haiti and their resurrected thralls . Time claimed that the book `` introduced ` zombi ' into U.S. speech '' . Zombies have a complex literary heritage , with antecedents ranging from Richard Matheson and H. P. Lovecraft to Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein drawing on European folklore of the undead . In 1932 , Victor Halperin directed White Zombie , a horror film starring Bela Lugosi . Here zombies are depicted as mindless , unthinking henchmen under the spell of an evil magician . Zombies , often still using this voodoo-inspired rationale , were initially uncommon in cinema , but their appearances continued sporadically through the 1930s to the 1960s , with notable films including I Walked with a Zombie ( 1943 ) and Plan 9 from Outer Space ( 1959 ) . A new version of the zombie , distinct from that described in Haitian folklore , has also emerged in popular culture during the latter half of the twentieth century . This `` zombie '' is taken largely from George A. Romero 's seminal film Night of the Living Dead , which was in turn partly inspired by Richard Matheson 's 1954 novel I Am Legend . The word zombie is not used in Night of the Living Dead but was applied later by fans . The monsters in the film and its sequels , such as Dawn of the Dead and Day of the Dead , as well as its many inspired works , such as Return of the Living Dead and Zombi 2 , are usually hungry for human flesh , although Return of the Living Dead introduced the popular concept of zombies eating brains . The `` zombie apocalypse '' concept , in which the civilized world is brought low by a global zombie infestation , became a staple of modern popular art .", " Table 19 Table 19 is a 2017 American comedy film directed by Jeffrey Blitz , and co-written by Blitz , Jay Duplass , and Mark Duplass . The film stars Anna Kendrick , Craig Robinson , June Squibb , Lisa Kudrow , Stephen Merchant , Wyatt Russell and Tony Revolori . The film was released on March 3 , 2017 , by Fox Searchlight Pictures , receiving generally negative reviews from critics and grossed $ 5 million ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
David Beckham has retired from his professional career.	[ " David Beckham David Robert Joseph Beckham , ( -LSB- ˈbɛkəm -RSB- born 2 May 1975 ) is an English former professional footballer . He played for Manchester United , Preston North End , Real Madrid , Milan , LA Galaxy , Paris Saint-Germain , and the England national team for which he held the appearance record for an outfield player until 2016 when Wayne Rooney surpassed his total . He is the first English player to win league titles in four countries : England , Spain , the United States and France . He announced his retirement in May 2013 after a 20-year career , during which he won 19 major trophies . Known for his range of passing , crossing ability and bending free-kicks as a right winger , Beckham was runner up in the Ballon d'Or , twice runner-up for FIFA World Player of the Year and in 2004 he was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the world 's greatest living players . He was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2008 . A global ambassador for the sport , Beckham is regarded as a British cultural icon . Beckham 's professional club career began with Manchester United , where he made his first-team debut in 1992 aged 17 . With United , he won the Premier League title six times , the FA Cup twice , and the UEFA Champions League in 1999 . He then played four seasons with Real Madrid , winning the La Liga championship in his final season with the club . In July 2007 Beckham signed a five-year contract with Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy . While a Galaxy player , he spent two loan spells in Italy with Milan in 2009 and 2010 . He was the first British footballer to play 100 UEFA Champions League games . In international football , Beckham made his England debut on 1 September 1996 at the age of 21 . He was captain for six years , earning 58 caps during his tenure . He made 115 career appearances in total , appearing at three FIFA World Cup tournaments , in 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , and two UEFA European Championship tournaments , in 2000 and 2004 . Beckham has consistently ranked among the highest earners in football , and in 2013 he was listed as the highest-paid player in the world , earning over $ 50 million in the previous 12 months . He has been married to Victoria Beckham since 1999 and they have four children . He has been a UNICEF UK ambassador since 2005 , and in 2015 he launched 7 : The David Beckham UNICEF Fund . In 2014 , MLS announced Beckham and a group of investors would own an expansion team in Miami , which would begin in 2016 or 2017 ." ]	[ " Manager (association football) In association football , a manager is an occupation of head coach in the United Kingdom responsible for running a football club or a national team . Outside of the British Isles and across most of Europe , a title of head coach or coach is predominant . The manager of a professional club is responsible to the club chairman .", " UEFA Super Cup The UEFA Super Cup is an annual football match organised by UEFA and contested by the reigning champions of the two main European club competitions , the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League . It takes place at the start of the domestic season , in mid-August , normally on a Tuesday . From 1972 to 1999 , the UEFA Super Cup was contested between the winners of the European Cup/UEFA Champions League and the winners of the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . After the discontinuation of the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , it has been contested by the winners of the UEFA Champions League and the winners of the UEFA Cup , which was renamed the UEFA Europa League in 2009 . The current holders are Spanish club Real Madrid , who won 3 -- 2 against Sevilla in 2016 . The most successful teams in the competition are Barcelona and Italian side Milan , who have won the trophy five times each ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Judd Apatow is an actor.	[ " Judd Apatow Judd Apatow ( -LSB- ˈæpətaʊ -RSB- born December 6 , 1967 ) is an American film producer , writer , director , actor , and comedian . He is the founder of Apatow Productions , through which he produced and developed the television series Freaks and Geeks , Undeclared , Girls , Love , Crashing and directed the films The 40-Year-Old Virgin ( 2005 ) , Knocked Up ( 2007 ) , Funny People ( 2009 ) , This Is 40 ( 2012 ) , and Trainwreck ( 2015 ) . Apatow 's work has won numerous awards including a Primetime Emmy Award ( for The Ben Stiller Show ) , a Hollywood Comedy Award , and an AFI Award for Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) . His films have also been nominated for Grammy Awards , PGA Awards , Golden Globe Awards , and Academy Awards . Also known for producing hit films such as The Cable Guy ( 1996 ) , Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy ( 2004 ) , Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2006 ) , Superbad ( 2007 ) , Forgetting Sarah Marshall ( 2008 ) , Step Brothers ( 2008 ) , Pineapple Express ( 2008 ) , Get Him to the Greek ( 2010 ) , Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) , The Five-Year Engagement ( 2012 ) , and Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues ( 2013 ) ." ]	[ " Critics' Choice Movie Awards The Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( formerly known as the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award ) is an awards show presented annually by the Broadcast Film Critics Association ( BFCA ) to honor the finest in cinematic achievement . Written ballots are submitted during a week-long nominating period , and the resulting nominees are announced in December . The winners chosen by subsequent voting are revealed at the annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ceremony in January . Additional , special awards are given out at the discretion of the BFCA Board of Directors . The awards were originally named simply Critics ' Choice Awards . In 2010 , the word Movie was added to their name , to differentiate them from the Critics ' Choice Television Awards , which were first bestowed the following year by the newly created Broadcast Television Critics Association . The name Critics ' Choice Awards now officially refers to both sets of awards collectively . From 2006 through 2009 , the awards ceremony was held in the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium . From 2010 through 2012 , it took place in the refurbished , historic Hollywood Palladium . The live television broadcast of the event moved from VH1 to The CW in 2013 , with the 19th ceremony airing on January 16 , 2014 , live from the Barker Hangar in Santa Monica , California . In October 2014 , it was announced that the Critics ' Choice Movie Awards would move to A&E for 2015 and 2016 .", " The Five-Year Engagement The Five-Year Engagement is a 2012 American comedy film co-written , directed , and produced by Nicholas Stoller . Produced with Judd Apatow and Rodney Rothman , it is co-written by Jason Segel , who also stars in the lead roles with Emily Blunt as a couple whose relationship becomes strained when their engagement is continually extended . The film was released in North America on April 27 , 2012 and in the United Kingdom on June 22 , 2012 ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Iain Glen is from Scotland.	[ " Iain Glen Iain Glen ( born 24 June 1961 ) is a Scottish film , television , and stage actor . Glen is best known for his roles as Dr. Alexander Isaacs / Tyrant in the Resident Evil films and for portraying Ser Jorah Mormont on Game of Thrones . Other notable roles include John Hanning Speke in Mountains of the Moon , Sir Richard Carlisle in Downton Abbey , the title role in Jack Taylor and Jarrod Slade in Cleverman ." ]	[ " Scottish Parliament The Scottish Parliament ( Pàrlamaid na h-Alba Scots : The Scots Pairlament ) , is the devolved national , unicameral legislature of Scotland . Located in the Holyrood area of the capital city , Edinburgh , it is frequently referred to by the metonym Holyrood . The Parliament is a democratically elected body comprising 129 members known as Members of the Scottish Parliament ( MSPs ) , elected for four-year terms under the additional member system : 73 MSPs represent individual geographical constituencies elected by the plurality ( `` first past the post '' ) system , while a further 56 are returned from eight additional member regions , each electing seven MSPs . The most recent general election to the Parliament was held on 5 May 2016 , with the Scottish National Party winning a plurality . The original Parliament of Scotland ( or `` Estates of Scotland '' ) was the national legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland , and existed from the early 13th century until the Kingdom of Scotland merged with the Kingdom of England under the Acts of Union 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain . As a consequence , both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England ceased to exist , and the Parliament of Great Britain , which sat at Westminster in London was formed . Following a referendum in 1997 , in which the Scottish electorate voted for devolution , the current Parliament was convened by the Scotland Act 1998 , which sets out its powers as a devolved legislature . The Act delineates the legislative competence of the Parliamentthe areas in which it can make lawsby explicitly specifying powers that are `` reserved '' to the Parliament of the United Kingdom . The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster . The British Parliament retains the ability to amend the terms of reference of the Scottish Parliament , and can extend or reduce the areas in which it can make laws . The first meeting of the new Parliament took place on 12 May 1999 .", " Firth Firth is a word in the Scots and English languages used to denote various coastal waters in Scotland and England . In mainland Scotland , it is used to refer to a large sea bay , or even a strait . In the Northern Isles , it more usually refers to a smaller inlet . It is linguistically cognate to fjord ( both from Proto-Germanic * ferþuz ) which has a more constrained sense in English . Bodies of water named `` firths '' tend to be more common on the east coast , or in the southwest of the country , although the Firth of Lorn is an exception to this . The Highland coast contains numerous estuaries , straits , and inlets of a similar kind , but not called `` firth '' ( e.g. the Minch and Loch Torridon ) ; instead , these are often called sea lochs . A firth is generally the result of ice age glaciation and is very often associated with a large river , where erosion caused by the tidal effects of incoming sea water passing upriver has widened the riverbed into an estuary . Demarcation can be rather vague . The Firth of Clyde is sometimes thought to include the estuary as far upriver as Dumbarton , but the Ordnance Survey map shows the change from river to firth occurring off Port Glasgow , while locally the change is held to be at the Tail of the Bank where the river crosses a sandbar off Greenock at the junction to the Gare Loch , or even further west at Gourock point . However , some firths are exceptions . The Cromarty Firth on the east coast of Scotland , for example , resembles a large loch with only a relatively small outlet to the sea and the Solway Firth and the Moray Firth are more like extremely large bays . The Pentland Firth is a strait rather than a bay or an inlet ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Florida is the only state in the United States that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.	[ " Florida Florida -LSB- ˈflɒrᵻdə -RSB- ( Spanish for `` land of flowers '' ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the north by Alabama and Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida and Cuba . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive , the 3rd-most populous , and the 8th-most densely populated of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area . The city of Tallahassee is the state capital . A peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico , the Atlantic Ocean , and the Straits of Florida , it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States , approximately 1350 mi , and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean . Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil . The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south . The American alligator , American crocodile , Florida panther , and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park . Since the first European contact was made in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León -- who named it La Florida ( -LSB- la floˈɾiða -RSB- `` land of flowers '' ) upon landing there in the Easter season , Pascua Florida -- Florida was a challenge for the European colonial powers before it gained statehood in the United States in 1845 . It was a principal location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans , and racial segregation after the American Civil War . Today , Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth , as well as for its increasing environmental issues . The state 's economy relies mainly on tourism , agriculture , and transportation , which developed in the late 19th century . Florida is also renowned for amusement parks , orange crops , the Kennedy Space Center , and as a popular destination for retirees . Florida culture is a reflection of influences and multiple inheritance ; Native American , European American , Hispanic and Latino , and African American heritages can be found in the architecture and cuisine . Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings , Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams , and continues to attract celebrities and athletes . It is internationally known for golf , tennis , auto racing and water sports ." ]	[ " Gulf A gulf is a large bay that is an arm of an ocean or sea .", " South Florida South Florida is a region of the U.S. state of Florida , comprising the southernmost part of the state . It is one of Florida 's three most common `` directional '' regions , the others being Central Florida and North Florida . It includes the populous Miami metropolitan area , the Florida Keys , and other localities . South Florida is the only part of the continental United States with a tropical climate ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Bharat Arun was born in 1963.	[ " Bharat Arun Bharathi Arun ( born 14 December 1962 in Vijayawada , Andhra Pradesh ) was an Indian Test cricketer . The bearded Arun was a medium pacer and an attacking lower order batsman . In the semifinal of the 1986/87 Duleep Trophy he hit 149 and added 221 for the seventh wicket with W. V. Raman as South Zone chased a West total of 516 for the first innings lead . A 107 * for India Under-25 against the visiting Sri Lankans just before the selection of the side for the Tests against Sri Lanka won him a place in the side . He was part of the Indian under 19 team that toured Sri Lanka in 1979 under the captaincy of Ravi Shastri . He played two Test matches of the series with the 3 for 76 in his first match as his best bowling figures ( after slipping and falling down , to some hilarity , when he ran in to bowl his first ball ) . He toured Sharjah in 1987 and appeared in all of India 's three matches without distinction . He was a part of the Tamil Nadu team that won the Ranji Trophy in 1987/88 ." ]	[ " Arun Pudur Arun Pudur ( born October 10 , 1977 ) is an Indian businessman , entrepreneur and investor . He is the founder and group president of Celframe , a company which produces office productivity suite software . The company is privately held and majority owned by Pudur , with its headquarters in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . In 2015 , global wealth intelligence and prospecting company Wealth-X ranked Pudur # 10 on their list of the richest people under 40 in the world , with an estimated worth of $ 4 billion .", " Bharat Bandh Bharat Bandh is a 1991 Telugu political thriller film directed by Kodi Ramakrishna and produced by A. Subhash . The film stars Vinod Kumar , Archana , Rahman and Costumes Krishna in the lead roles . The music was composed by Vijaya Shekhar ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Elizabeth Banks refused to participate in any Netflix miniseries.	[ " Elizabeth Banks Elizabeth Irene Banks ( née Mitchell ; February 10 , 1974 ) is an American actress , director , and producer . Banks made her film debut in the low-budget independent film Surrender Dorothy ( 1998 ) , and is known for her roles in such films as Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) , Sam Raimi 's Spider-Man trilogy ( 2002 -- 2007 ) , Seabiscuit ( 2003 ) , The 40-Year-Old Virgin ( 2005 ) , Zack and Miri Make a Porno ( 2008 ) , Role Models ( 2008 ) , The Next Three Days ( 2010 ) , Pitch Perfect ( 2012 ) , The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) , and The Hunger Games film series ( 2012 -- 2015 ) . In 2014 , she portrayed Melinda Ledbetter , the girlfriend and later wife of the Beach Boys co-founder Brian Wilson , in Bill Pohlad 's film Love & Mercy and made her directorial debut with Pitch Perfect 2 , whose $ 69M opening weekend gross set a record for a first-time director . On television , Banks had a recurring role as Avery Jessup on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock , which garnered her two Primetime Emmy Award nominations . She also had recurring roles on the comedy series Scrubs and Modern Family , the latter of which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . In 2015 , she reprised her role as Lindsay in Wet Hot American Summer for the Netflix miniseries Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp . , Box Office Mojo ranked Banks as the 32nd-highest grossing actor of all time , and the sixth-highest grossing female actor ." ]	[ " Every Secret Thing (film) Every Secret Thing is a 2014 American crime film directed by Amy J. Berg and written by Nicole Holofcener , based on a 2004 novel of the same name written by Laura Lippman . The film stars Diane Lane , Elizabeth Banks , Dakota Fanning , Danielle Macdonald , and Nate Parker , and is notable for being Academy Award-winning actress Frances McDormand 's debut as producer . The film was released theatrically on May 15 , 2015 and on home video on August 4 , 2015 .", " A&E (TV channel) A&E ( previously Arts & Entertainment Network ) is an American cable and satellite television channel that serves as the flagship television property of A&E Networks , a joint venture between the Hearst Corporation and Disney -- ABC Television Group subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company ( both of which maintain a 50 % ownership interest ) . The channel originally focused programming on biographies , documentaries , and drama series ( especially crime dramas and mysteries ) but has later expanded to include reality television programming . As of July 2015 , the A&E network is available to approximately 95,968,000 pay television households ( 82.4 % of households with television ) in the United States . The channel is headquartered in New York City and operates offices in Atlanta , Georgia ; Chicago , Illinois ; Detroit , Michigan ; London , United Kingdom ; Los Angeles , California and Stamford , Connecticut . The U.S. version of the channel is shown in Canada while international versions exist for Australia , Latin America , and Europe ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Ruth Negga was a candidate for an Academy Award.	[ " Ruth Negga Ruth Negga ( -LSB- ˈneɪgə -RSB- born 7 January 1982 ) is an Ethiopian born Irish actress , who has appeared in the films Capital Letters ( 2004 ) ( also released as Trafficked in some countries ) , Isolation ( 2005 ) , Breakfast on Pluto ( 2005 ) and Warcraft ( 2016 ) . She has also played roles in television , such as in the BBC 's mini-series Criminal Justice , RTÉ 's Love/Hate , E4 's Misfits , and ABC 's Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. . In 2016 , she began a starring role as Tulip O'Hare in AMC 's Preacher . For her portrayal of Mildred Loving in Loving ( 2016 ) , Negga was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress , Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama , Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead and Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress , as well as the BAFTA Rising Star Award ." ]	[ " Screen Actors Guild Award The Screen Actors Guild Award ( also known as the SAG Award ) is an accolade given by the Screen Actors Guild‐American Federation of Television and Radio Artists ( SAG-AFTRA ) to recognize outstanding performances in film and primetime television . The statuette given , a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy , is called `` The Actor '' . It is 16 in tall , weighs over 12 lb , is cast in solid bronze , and produced by the American Fine Arts Foundry in Burbank , California . SAG Awards have been one of the major awards events in Hollywood since 1995 . Nominations for the awards come from two committees , one for film and one for television , each numbering 2100 members of the union , randomly selected anew each year , with the full membership ( 165,000 as of 2012 ) available to vote for the winners . It is considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards . The awards have been telecast since 1998 on TNT , and since 2007 have been simulcast on TBS . The inaugural SAG Awards aired live on February 25 , 1995 from Universal Studios ' Stage 12 . The second SAG awards aired live from the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium , while subsequent awards have been held at the Shrine Exposition Center .", " National Film Awards The National Film Awards is the most prominent film award ceremonies in India . Established in 1954 , it has been administered , along with the International Film Festival of India and the Indian Panorama , by the Indian government 's Directorate of Film Festivals since 1973 . Every year , a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry , and the award ceremony is held in New Delhi , where the President of India presents the awards . This is followed by the inauguration of the National Film Festival , where the award-winning films are screened for the public . Declared for films produced in the previous year across the country , they hold the distinction of awarding merit to the best of Indian cinema overall , as well as presenting awards for the best films in each region and language of the country . Due to the national scale of the National Film Awards , it is considered the Indian equivalent of the American Academy Awards ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Sister Act stars an American performer.	[ " Whoopi Goldberg Caryn Elaine Johnson ( born November 13 , 1955 ) , known professionally as Whoopi Goldberg ( -LSB- ˈwhʊpi -RSB- ) , is an American actress , comedian , author and television host . She has been nominated for 13 Emmy Awards for her work in television and is one of the few entertainers who have won an Emmy Award , a Grammy Award , an Oscar , and a Tony Award . She was the second black woman in the history of the Academy Awards to win an acting Oscar . In the period drama film The Color Purple ( 1985 ) , her breakthrough role was playing Celie , a mistreated black woman in the Deep South , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . In the romantic fantasy film Ghost ( 1990 ) , Goldberg played Oda Mae Brown , an eccentric psychic who helped a slain man ( Patrick Swayze ) save his lover ( Demi Moore ) , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . In 1992 , she starred as a pretend nun in the comedy Sister Act . From 1998 to 2002 , she was co-producer of the television game show Hollywood Squares . Since 2007 , she has been the moderator of the daytime television talk show The View .", " Harvey Keitel Harvey Keitel ( -LSB- kaɪˈtɛl -RSB- ; born May 13 , 1939 ) is an American actor and producer . An Oscar and Golden Globe Award nominee , he has appeared in films such as Martin Scorsese 's Mean Streets , Taxi Driver and The Last Temptation of Christ ; Ridley Scott 's The Duellists and Thelma & Louise ; Peter Yates ' Mother , Jugs & Speed ; Quentin Tarantino 's Reservoir Dogs and Pulp Fiction ; Jane Campion 's The Piano ; Abel Ferrara 's Bad Lieutenant ; Robert Rodriguez 's From Dusk till Dawn ; James Mangold 's Cop Land ; Wes Anderson 's Moonrise Kingdom and The Grand Budapest Hotel ; and Paolo Sorrentino 's Youth . Along with actors Al Pacino and Ellen Burstyn , he is the current co-president of the Actors Studio ." ]	[ " James Darren James William Ercolani ( born June 8 , 1936 ) , known by his stage name James Darren , is an Italian-American television and film actor , television director and , singer .", " Joanna Newsom Joanna Caroline Newsom ( born January 18 , 1982 ) is an American harpist , pianist , vocalist , lyricist and actress ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Good Will Hunting was directed by American director Gus Van Sant.	[ " Good Will Hunting Good Will Hunting is a 1997 American drama film , directed by Gus Van Sant , and starring Robin Williams , Matt Damon , Ben Affleck , Minnie Driver and Stellan Skarsgård . Written by Affleck and Damon ( and with Damon in the title role ) , the film follows 20-year-old South Boston laborer Will Hunting , an unrecognized genius who , as part of a deferred prosecution agreement after assaulting a police officer , becomes a client of a therapist and studies advanced mathematics with a renowned professor . Through his therapy sessions , Will re-evaluates his relationships with his best friend , his girlfriend and himself , facing the significant task of confronting his past and thinking about his future . The film received positive reviews and was a financial success . It grossed over US$ 225 million during its theatrical run with only a modest $ 10 million budget . It was nominated for nine Academy Awards , including the Academy Award for Best Picture , and won two : Best Supporting Actor for Williams and Best Original Screenplay for Affleck and Damon . After Williams ' death in 2014 , it was ranked at number 53 in The Hollywood Reporters `` 100 Favorite Films '' list .", " Gus Van Sant Gus Green Van Sant , Jr. ( born July 24 , 1952 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , painter , photographer , musician and author who has earned acclaim as both an independent and more mainstream filmmaker . His films typically deal with themes of marginalized subcultures , in particular homosexuality ; as such , Van Sant is considered one of the most prominent auteurs of the New Queer Cinema movement . Van Sant 's early career was devoted to directing television commercials in the Pacific Northwest . He made his feature-length cinematic directorial debut with Mala Noche ( 1985 ) . His second feature Drugstore Cowboy ( 1989 ) was highly acclaimed , and earned Van Sant screenwriting awards from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association and New York Film Critics Circle and Best Director from the National Society of Film Critics . His following film My Own Private Idaho ( 1991 ) was similarly praised , as was the black comedy To Die For ( 1995 ) , the drama Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ) and the biopic Milk ( 2008 ) ; for the latter two , Van Sant was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director and both films received Best Picture nominations . In 2003 , Elephant - Van Sant 's roman à clef of the Columbine High School massacre - won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and Van Sant also received the festival 's Best Director Award , making him one of only two filmmakers - the other being Joel Coen - to win both accolades in the same year . Though most of Van Sant 's other films received favourable reviews , such as Finding Forrester ( 2000 ) and Paranoid Park ( 2007 ) , some of his efforts such as the art house production Last Days ( 2005 ) and the environmental drama Promised Land have received more mixed reviews from critics , whilst his adaptation of Tom Robbins 's Even Cowgirls Get the Blues ( 1994 ) , his 1998 remake of Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho and his most recent film to date , The Sea of Trees ( 2015 ) were critical and commercial failures . In addition to directing , Van Sant wrote the screenplays for several of his earlier works , and is the author of a novel entitled Pink . A book of his photography , called 108 Portraits , has also been published , and he has released two musical albums . He is openly gay and currently lives in Portland , Oregon ." ]	[ " Robin Williams Robin McLaurin Williams ( July 21 , 1951 -- August 11 , 2014 ) was an American stand-up comedian and actor . Starting as a stand-up comedian in San Francisco and Los Angeles in the mid-1970s , he is credited with leading San Francisco 's comedy renaissance . After rising to fame as Mork in Mork & Mindy ( 1978 -- 82 ) , Williams established a career in both stand-up comedy and feature film acting . He was known for his improvisational skills . After his first starring film role in Popeye ( 1980 ) , Williams starred or co-starred in widely acclaimed films , including The World According to Garp ( 1982 ) , Good Morning , Vietnam ( 1987 ) , Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) , Awakenings ( 1990 ) , The Fisher King ( 1991 ) , Aladdin ( 1992 ) , Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ) , and One Hour Photo ( 2002 ) , as well as financial successes , such as Hook ( 1991 ) , Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) , Jumanji ( 1995 ) , The Birdcage ( 1996 ) , Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) , and World 's Greatest Dad ( 2009 ) . Williams won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as teacher Sean Maguire in Good Will Hunting . He also received two Emmy Awards , seven Golden Globe Awards , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , and five Grammy Awards throughout his career . On August 11 , 2014 , Williams committed suicide by hanging at his home in Paradise Cay , California . His wife attributed his suicide to his struggle with Lewy body dementia .", " Brian De Palma Brian Russell De Palma ( born September 11 , 1940 ) is an American film director and screenwriter . He is considered part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking . In a career spanning over 50 years , he is best known for his suspense , psychological thriller , and crime films . He directed successful and popular films such as the supernatural horror Carrie , the erotic crime thriller Dressed to Kill , the thriller Blow Out , the crime dramas Scarface , The Untouchables , and Carlito 's Way , and the action spy film Mission : Impossible ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Geoffrey Beevers worked at the Orange Tree Theatre.	[ " Geoffrey Beevers Geoffrey Beevers ( born 1941 ) is a British actor who has appeared in many different stage and screen roles . Beevers has worked extensively at the Orange Tree Theatre in Richmond upon Thames , both as an actor ( including the title role in Jules Romain 's Doctor Knock , 1994 ) ; and as an adaptor/director of George Eliot 's novel Adam Bede ( February 1990 ) , for which he won a Time Out Award , and Honoré de Balzac 's Père Goriot ( February 1994 ) . Beevers has made two appearances in the BBC science fiction series Doctor Who , including as the third actor to play the Master in the serial The Keeper of Traken , a role he has since reprised in some of Big Finish Productions ' Doctor Who audio dramas ( Dust Breeding , Master , Trail of the White Worm , The Oseidon Adventure , Mastermind , And You Will Obey Me , The Two Masters , The Light at the End , The Evil One , Requiem for the Rocket Men and Death Match ) . Beevers narrated the unabridged audio edition of Doctor Who : Harvest of Time , by Alastair Reynolds , released in June 2013 . He also read the AudioGO ( and later Audible ) audiobooks of Doctor Who and the Terror of the Autons , Doctor Who and the Doomsday Weapon , Doctor Who and the Sea Devils , Doctor Who and the Space War , Doctor Who and the Deadly Assassin , and Doctor Who and the State of Decay . He also played the vicar in the film Goodnight Mister Tom , and appeared in the 1978 television film The Nativity . In 1988 he appeared in the TV movie sequel The Great Escape II : The Untold Story , and played Wainwright ( Member of Parliament ) in A Very British Coup for Channel 4 Television ( UK ) . More recently , he played a small role in the 2010 remake of Clash of the Titans as a noble of Basilica . In February 2010 Beevers played Douglas Hogg in the television film On Expenses . In 2012 , Beevers appeared as Fray Antonio in the Royal Shakespeare Company production of Helen Edmundson 's The Heresy of Love . In March 2013 he played opposite Helen Mirren in Peter Morgan 's play The Audience at the Gielgud Theatre , and reprised the role in February 2015 at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre in New York City . In October 2016 to March 2017 he played Baron Gottfried Van Swieten in a new production of Amadeus by Peter Shaffer at the Royal National Theatre 's Olivier Stage . He was married to Caroline John , who portrayed the Third Doctor 's companion Liz Shaw , from 1970 until her death on 5 June 2012 ." ]	[ " Equity Library Theatre `` ELT '' Founded in 1943 by Sam Jaffe , representing Actors ' Equity , and George Freedley , at the time curator of the New York Public Library Theatre Collection , Equity Library Theatre , or ELT ( as it is often referred to ) , was designed to provide a showcase for young actors , directors , and technicians and to create an audience from among those who could not afford commercial theatre . A non‐profit organization , it originally presented its plays at libraries and charged no admission but asked instead for a contribution to help sustain it . Beginning in 1949 , it operated its own theatre , first at the Lenox Hill Playhouse and later at other auditoriums . Actors whose careers were helped by early appearances with the organization include James Earl Jones , Richard Kiley , and Jason Robards . Financial problems forced its closing during the 1989 -- 90 season . Since Equity Library Theater was established by Sam Jaffe of Actors ' Equity and George Freedley , the theater curator for the New York Public Library , some 12,000 actors , directors and stage technicians have worked for no pay in more than 600 company productions . The theater 's philosophy was to mount nonprofit productions to provide exposure for actors seeking paying roles in commercial shows . Because a substantial number did get paid acting jobs as a result of their appearances - about 60 percent , Mr. Wojtasik said - as many as 700 people show up to audition for each production . The long , illustrious list of actors who performed early in their careers at the ELT includes Jason Robards , Jean Stapleton , James Earl Jones , Sidney Poitier , Rod Steiger , Martin Balsam , John Cazale , Danny DeVito , Lee Grant , Richard Kiley and Tony Randall . Playwright and director Johnny Culver resurrected the name and ideals of ELT and provides new playwrights a chance to present their works in New York City library performance spaces , in a casual play festival format , at no cost to anyone . Many up and coming New York actors have performed with ELT . In 2014 , ELT produced a reading of David Garrick 's Catherine and Petruchio , a rarely performed 18th Century adaptation of Shakespeare 's Taming of the Shrew , as well as a presentation of short plays by John Ladd , and KK Gordon , at the NYPL George Bruce Theater . In 2015 , they presented a reading of short plays by writers from the Provincetown Playhouse and other early 20th century NYC writers , including OVERTONES by Alice Gerstenberg , as well as a new play by Pamela Robbins , and a staged reading of THE FATHER . The Village Light Opera Guild joined them for a musical cabaret in 2016 as a benefit . Their new play festival is now in its sixth year . ELT encourages writers and actors to pursue their craft in this space . ELT performs at the George Bruce Theater on West 125th street and at the Alvin Ailey auditorium on West 115th street , courtesy of the NYPL . To date , ELT has premiered more than 80 new plays by talented writers , many moving to success . In December 2016 , they presented `` Songs of my Father '' , short plays written by fathers of celebrated New York actors ( Kevin Schwab , Terri Matassov ) , and in early 2017 , a reading of a screenplay by Tom Meade . Their recent winter play festival drew over 200 guests at the new NYPL branch on West 53rd Street ELT is not associated with Actors Equity , but enjoys a fluid relationship with their many members and hopes their performances here will aid them in creative success . ELT also welcomes members of the Dramatists Guild to present their works , at no cost or responsibility to anyone . More at www.equitylibrarytheater.info", " Criterion Theatre (Coventry) The Criterion Theatre is situated in Earlsdon , Coventry , England . It puts on about seven shows a year . The Company has won the Godiva Award for best theatre in the region several times . The current patrons are Pete Waterman , music producer and railway preservationist , born in Coventry and Ron Cook , stage and screen actor of Thunderbirds and Doctor Who fame , who first acted as an amateur at the Criterion . The Coventry born actor , Sir Nigel Hawthorne ( 1929 -- 2001 ) , was a former patron ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Wayne Wang directed Maid in Manhattan.	[ " Maid in Manhattan Maid in Manhattan is a 2002 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Wayne Wang and based on a story by John Hughes , who is credited using a pseudonym . It stars Jennifer Lopez , Ralph Fiennes , and Natasha Richardson . In the film , a hotel maid and a high profile politician fall in love . The film was released on December 13 , 2002 ." ]	[ " Jim Jarmusch James Robert `` Jim '' Jarmusch ( -LSB- ˈdʒɑrməʃ -RSB- born January 22 , 1953 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , actor , producer , editor , and composer . He has been a major proponent of independent cinema since the 1980s , directing such films as Stranger Than Paradise ( 1984 ) , Down by Law ( 1986 ) , Mystery Train ( 1989 ) , Dead Man ( 1995 ) , Ghost Dog : The Way of the Samurai ( 1999 ) , Coffee and Cigarettes ( 2003 ) , Broken Flowers ( 2005 ) , Only Lovers Left Alive ( 2013 ) , and Paterson ( 2016 ) . Stranger Than Paradise was added to the National Film Registry in December 2002 . As a musician , Jarmusch has composed music for his films and released two albums with Jozef van Wissem .", " Melinda and Melinda Melinda and Melinda is a 2004 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Woody Allen . It premiered at the San Sebastian International Film Festival . The film is set in Manhattan and stars Radha Mitchell as the protagonist Melinda , in two storylines ; one comic , one tragic . The film began a limited release in the United States on March 18 , 2005 ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
The 1983-84 NBA season repeated history.	[ " 1983–84 NBA season The 1983 -- 84 NBA season was the 38th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning the NBA Championship , beating the Los Angeles Lakers 4 games to 3 for the second time since 1969 in the NBA Finals ." ]	[ " NBA Most Valuable Player Award The National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given since the 1955 -- 56 season to the best performing player of the regular season . The winner receives the Maurice Podoloff Trophy , which is named in honor of the first commissioner ( then president ) of the NBA , who served from 1946 until 1963 . Until the , the MVP was selected by a vote of NBA players . Since the , the award is decided by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States and Canada , each of whom casts a vote for first to fifth place selections . Each first-place vote is worth 10 points ; each second-place vote is worth seven ; each third-place vote is worth five , fourth-place is worth three and fifth-place is worth one . Starting from 2010 , one ballot was cast by fans through online voting . The player with the highest point total wins the award . , the current holder of the award is Stephen Curry , who won both the 2015 and 2016 MVP Awards . Every player who has won this award and has been eligible for the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame has been inducted . Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award a record six times . Both Bill Russell and Michael Jordan won the award five times , while Wilt Chamberlain and LeBron James won the award four times . Russell and James are the only players to have won the award four times in five seasons . Moses Malone , Larry Bird and Magic Johnson each won the award three times , while Bob Pettit , Karl Malone , Tim Duncan , Steve Nash and Stephen Curry have each won it twice . Only two rookies have won the award : Wilt Chamberlain in the and Wes Unseld in the 1968 -- 69 season . Hakeem Olajuwon of Nigeria , Tim Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands , Steve Nash of Canada and Dirk Nowitzki of Germany are the only MVP winners considered `` international players '' by the NBA . Stephen Curry in 2015 -- 16 is the only player to have won the award unanimously . Shaquille O'Neal in 1999 -- 2000 and LeBron James in 2012 -- 13 are the only two players to have fallen one vote shy of a unanimous selection , both receiving 120 of 121 votes . Since the , every winner was from a team that won at least 50 games in the regular season that year.Except for seasons affected by lockouts , when the schedule was shortened from the norm of 82 games . Karl Malone won in 1998 -- 99 when Utah was 37 -- 13 in 50 games , which projected to 60 wins in 82 games . James won in 2011 -- 12 when the Miami Heat were 46 -- 20 in 66 games , which projected to 57 wins .", " 1987–88 NBA season The 1987 -- 88 NBA season was the 42nd season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Los Angeles Lakers winning their second straight Championship , beating the Detroit Pistons in seven hard fought games in the NBA Finals , becoming the NBA 's first repeat champions since the Boston Celtics did it in the 1968 -- 69 NBA season ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Radiohead did not release their debut single in 1992.	[ " Radiohead Radiohead are an English alternative rock band from Abingdon , Oxfordshire , formed in 1985 . The band consists of Thom Yorke ( lead vocals , guitar , piano , keyboards ) , Jonny Greenwood ( lead guitar , keyboards , other instruments ) , Ed O'Brien ( guitar , backing vocals ) , Colin Greenwood ( bass ) , and Phil Selway ( drums , percussion , backing vocals ) . They have worked with producer Nigel Godrich and cover artist Stanley Donwood since 1994 . After signing to EMI in 1991 , Radiohead released their debut single `` Creep '' in 1992 . It became a worldwide hit after the release of their debut album , Pablo Honey ( 1993 ) . Their popularity and critical standing rose in the United Kingdom with the release of their second album , The Bends ( 1995 ) . Radiohead 's third album , OK Computer ( 1997 ) , propelled them to international fame ; noted for its complex production and themes of modern alienation , it is often acclaimed as a landmark record of the 1990s and one of the best albums in popular music . The group 's next albums Kid A ( 2000 ) and Amnesiac ( 2001 ) , recorded simultaneously , marked a dramatic change in style , incorporating influences from experimental electronic music , 20th-century classical music , krautrock , and jazz . Despite initially dividing listeners , Kid A was later named the best album of the decade by Rolling Stone , Pitchfork and the Times . Radiohead 's sixth album , Hail to the Thief ( 2003 ) , mixed rock and electronic music with lyrics inspired by the War on Terror , and was the band 's final album for EMI . Their subsequent releases have pioneered alternative release platforms such as pay-what-you-want and BitTorrent . Radiohead self-released their seventh album , In Rainbows ( 2007 ) , as a download for which customers could set their own price , to critical and chart success . Their eighth album , The King of Limbs ( 2011 ) , an exploration of rhythm , was developed using extensive looping and sampling . Their ninth album , A Moon Shaped Pool ( 2016 ) , prominently featured Jonny Greenwood 's orchestral arrangements . Radiohead have sold more than 30 million albums worldwide . Their work places highly in both listener polls and critics ' lists of the best music of the 1990s and 2000s . In 2005 , they were ranked 73rd in Rolling Stone 's list of `` The Greatest Artists of All Time '' ; Jonny Greenwood ( 48th ) and O'Brien ( 59th ) were both included in Rolling Stones list of greatest guitarists , and Yorke ( 66th ) in their list of greatest singers . In 2009 , Rolling Stone readers voted the group the second-best artist of the 2000s ." ]	[ " True Love Waits (song) `` True Love Waits '' is a song by the English alternative rock band Radiohead . Its lyrics address love , ageing , and abandonment . Radiohead first performed `` True Love Waits '' in 1995 , and singer Thom Yorke performed it alone on acoustic guitar or Rhodes piano numerous times in the following years . The band and their producer Nigel Godrich attempted to record it for their albums OK Computer ( 1997 ) , Kid A ( 2000 ) and Amnesiac ( 2001 ) , but struggled to find an arrangement that satisfied them , and it became one of their most famous unreleased songs . A live recording from the Amnesiac tour was released on I Might Be Wrong : Live Recordings ( 2001 ) . In 2016 , a studio version of `` True Love Waits '' was finally released as the closing track on Radiohead 's ninth album , A Moon Shaped Pool , rearranged as a minimal piano ballad . Both versions of the song received positive reviews , and several critics felt the long wait made the studio version more powerful . Though it was not released as a single , `` True Love Waits '' entered the French SNEP and US Billboard Hot Rock Songs singles chart , peaking at 181 and 43 respectively .", " The Rolling Stones The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962 . The original line-up consisted of Brian Jones ( rhythm guitar , harmonica ) , Mick Jagger ( lead vocals ) , Keith Richards ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) , Bill Wyman ( bass ) , Charlie Watts ( drums ) , and Ian Stewart ( piano ) . Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985 . Jones left the band less than a month prior to his death in 1969 , having already been replaced by Mick Taylor , who remained until 1974 . After Taylor left the band , Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since . Following Wyman 's departure in 1993 , Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist . Other touring keyboardists for the band have been Nicky Hopkins ( 1967 -- 82 ) , Billy Preston ( through the mid-1970s ) and Chuck Leavell ( 1982-present ) . The band was first led by Jones , but after teaming as the band 's songwriters , Jagger and Richards assumed leadership while Jones dealt with legal and personal troubles . The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the US in 1964 , and identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s . Rooted in blues and early rock and roll , the group began a short period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request ( 1967 ) . Subsequently , the group returned to its `` bluesy '' roots with Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) which along with its follow-ups Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) , Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) and Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) is generally considered to be the band 's best work and is seen as their `` Golden Age '' . During this period , they were first introduced on stage as `` The World 's Greatest Rock and Roll Band '' . Musicologist Robert Palmer attributed the `` remarkable endurance '' of the Rolling Stones to being `` rooted in traditional verities , in rhythm-and-blues and soul music '' , while `` more ephemeral pop fashions have come and gone '' . The band continued to release commercially successful records in the 1970s and sold many albums , including Some Girls ( 1978 ) and Tattoo You ( 1981 ) , which were their most popular albums worldwide . From 1983 to 1987 , tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split . However , they managed to patch up their friendship in 1987 . They separated temporarily to work on solo projects and experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels ( 1989 ) , which was followed by a large stadium and arena tour . Since the 1990s , new recorded material from the group has been less well-received and less frequent . Despite this , the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit , with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s . By 2007 , the band had four of the top five highest-grossing concert tours of all time : Voodoo Lounge Tour ( 1994 -- 95 ) , Bridges to Babylon Tour ( 1997 -- 98 ) , Licks Tour ( 2002 -- 03 ) and A Bigger Bang Tour ( 2005 -- 07 ) . The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004 . Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million . They have released 30 studio albums , 18 live albums and numerous compilations . Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) was their first of five consecutive No. 1 studio and live albums in the UK . Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) was the first of eight consecutive No. 1 studio albums in the US . In 2008 , the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists chart . In 2012 , the band celebrated its 50th anniversary ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Venom was originally conceived as a superhero.	[ " Venom (comics) Venom , or the Venom Symbiote , is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , commonly in association with Spider-Man . Venom made his first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man # 300 ( May 1988 ) . Venom was originally conceived as a supervillain , but has since become more of an antihero . Venom is a Symbiote , a sentient alien , with a gooey , almost liquid-like form . As with real-world symbiotes , it requires a host , usually human , to bond with for its survival . After bonding , the Symbiote endows its enhanced powers upon the host . When the Venom Symbiote bonds with a human , that new dual-life form refers to itself as `` Venom '' . The Venom Symbiote 's first known host was Spider-Man , who eventually separated himself from the creature when he discovered its true nature . The Symbiote went on to merge with other hosts , most notably Eddie Brock , its second and most infamous host , with whom it first became Venom and one of Spider-Man 's archenemies . According to S.H.I.E.L.D. , it is considered one of the greatest threats to humanity , alongside Magneto , Doctor Doom , and Red Skull . Comics journalist and historian Mike Conroy writes of the character : `` What started out as a replacement costume for Spider-Man turned into one of the Marvel web-slinger 's greatest nightmares . '' Venom was ranked as the 22nd Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time in IGN 's list of the top 100 comic villains . IGN also ranked Mac Gargan 's incarnation of Venom as # 17 in their list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' , while the Flash Thompson incarnation was ranked as # 27 . The character was listed as # 33 on Empire Magazines 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters ." ]	[ " Superman Superman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster , high school students living in Cleveland , Ohio , in 1933 . They sold Superman to Detective Comics , the future DC Comics , in 1938 . Superman debuted in Action Comics # 1 ( cover-dated June 1938 ) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials , newspaper strips , television programs , films , and video games . With this success , Superman helped to create the superhero archetype and establish its primacy within the American comic book . The character is also referred to by such epithets as the Big Blue Boy Scout , the Man of Steel , the Man of Tomorrow , and the Last Son of Krypton . The origin story of Superman relates that he was born Kal-El on the planet Krypton , before being rocketed to Earth as an infant by his scientist father Jor-El , moments before Krypton 's destruction . Discovered and adopted by a Kansas farm couple , the child is raised as Clark Kent and imbued with a strong moral compass . Very early on he started to display various superhuman abilities , which , upon reaching maturity , he resolved to use for the benefit of humanity through a `` Superman '' identity . Superman resides and operates in the fictional American city of Metropolis . As Clark Kent , he is a journalist for the Daily Planet , a Metropolis newspaper . Superman 's love interest is generally Lois Lane , and his archenemy is the supervillain Lex Luthor . A close ally of Batman and Wonder Woman , he is typically depicted as a member of the Justice League . Like other characters in the DC Universe , several alternate versions of Superman have been characterized over the years . Superman 's appearance is distinctive and iconic ; he usually wears a blue costume with a red-and-yellow emblem on the chest , consisting of the letter S in a shield shape , and a red cape . This shield is used in many media to symbolize the character . Superman is widely considered an American cultural icon . He has fascinated scholars , with cultural theorists , commentators , and critics alike exploring the character 's role and impact in the United States and worldwide . The character 's ownership has often been the subject of dispute , with Siegel and Shuster twice suing for the return of rights . The character has been adapted extensively and portrayed in other forms of media as well , including films , television series , and video games . Several actors have portrayed Superman in motion pictures and TV series including Kirk Alyn , George Reeves , Christopher Reeve , Dean Cain , Tom Welling , Brandon Routh , Henry Cavill , and Tyler Hoechlin .", " The Amazing Spider-Man The Amazing Spider-Man is an American comic book series published by Marvel Comics , featuring the adventures of the fictional superhero Spider-Man . Being the mainstream continuity of the franchise , it began publication in 1963 as a monthly periodical and was published continuously , with a brief interruption in 1995 , until its relaunch with a new numbering order in 1999 . In 2003 the series reverted to the numbering order of the first volume . The title has occasionally been published biweekly , and was published three times a month from 2008 to 2010 . A film named after the comic was released July 3 , 2012 . After DC Comics ' relaunch of Action Comics and Detective Comics with new # 1 issues in 2011 , it had been the highest-numbered American comic still in circulation until it was cancelled . The title ended its 50-year run as a continuously published comic with issue # 700 in December 2012 . It was replaced by The Superior Spider-Man as part of the Marvel NOW ! relaunch of Marvel 's comic lines . The title was relaunched in April 2014 , starting fresh from issue # 1 , after the `` Goblin Nation '' story arc published in The Superior Spider-Man and Superior Spider-Man Team-Up . In late 2015 , The Amazing Spider-Man was relaunched again with a new volume with issue # 1 following the 2015 Secret Wars event ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Adam West was born in December.	[ " Adam West William West Anderson ( born September 19 , 1928 ) , better known as Adam West , is an American actor whose career spans six decades . His acting career began in films in 1959 . He played opposite Chuck Connors in Geronimo ( 1962 ) and The Three Stooges in The Outlaws Is Coming ( 1965 ) . He has also appeared in the science-fiction film Robinson Crusoe on Mars ( 1964 ) , opposite Paul Mantee , and achieved continuing success for the title role in the 1960s ABC series Batman and its theatrical feature film . He has done voice work on The Fairly OddParents , The Simpsons and Family Guy ( he voices fictional versions of himself in all of those animated series ) and also Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders ." ]	[ " A Walk to Remember A Walk to Remember is a 2002 American coming-of-age romantic drama film directed by Adam Shankman and written by Karen Janszen , based on Nicholas Sparks ' 1999 novel of the same name . The film stars Shane West , Mandy Moore , Peter Coyote and Daryl Hannah , and was produced by Denise Di Novi and Hunt Lowry for Warner Bros. . Pictures .", " Baron West Baron West is a title created in the Peerage of England in 1402 . The title has been in abeyance since 1554 , although it is possible to argue that it has been merged . The First Lord West was Sir Thomas West , of Oakhanger , Northampton . He married the heiress Joan De la Warr , through whom his second son eventually became Baron De La Warr . The two titles descended in tandem until the death of Thomas West , 6th Lord West and 9th Lord De la Warr . At this point , the precise legal situation becomes debatable . As Cokayne points out , abeyance is a modern rule that approximates medieval practice , rather than a period doctrine . Applying the modern rule , both titles descend to heirs general , which left them in abeyance between the daughters of Sir Owen West , and this situation persists to the present day with their respective heirs . In 1572 , the heir male and nephew of the co-heirs general was created Baron De la Warr , but not Baron West , by letters patent . Depending on one 's view of the law , this can interpreted as either a settlement of the ancient Barony of De la Warr or a genuine new creation that extinguished the old barony . Cokayne argues that there is no reason to assume that this changed the status of the West title , but given the irregular practice used , it is just conceivable that a modern claimant to West would be refused on the basis that the title was merged into De la Warr along with the estates . Some genealogical sources claim that Sir Thomas West of Hampton Cantilupe ( 1251 -- 1344 ) was summoned to Parliament and became Lord West in 1342 , but this is not supported by Cokayne ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Multiple genres have been an influence on Celine Dion's music.	[ " Celine Dion Céline Marie Claudette Dion , ( -LSB- ˈdiːɒn -RSB- -LSB- seˈlɪn dziˈjɔ̃ -RSB- ; born 30 March 1968 ) is a Canadian singer and businesswoman . Born into a large family from Charlemagne , Quebec , Dion emerged as a teen star in the French-speaking world after her manager and future husband René Angélil mortgaged his home to finance her first record . Dion first gained international recognition in the 1980s by winning both the 1982 Yamaha World Popular Song Festival and the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest where she represented Switzerland . Following a series of French albums during the 1980s , she signed on to Epic Records in the United States . In 1990 , Dion released her debut English-language album , Unison , establishing herself as a viable pop artist in North America and other English-speaking areas of the world . During the 1990s , with the help of Angélil , she achieved worldwide fame after releasing several English albums along with additional French albums . Her albums , Falling into You ( 1996 ) and Let 's Talk About Love ( 1997 ) , were both certified diamond in the US while D'eux ( 1995 ) became the best-selling French-language album of all time . She also scored a series of international number-one hits , including `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' , `` The Power of Love '' , `` Think Twice '' , `` Because You Loved Me '' , `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' , `` My Heart Will Go On '' , and `` I 'm Your Angel . '' However , in 1999 at the height of her success , Dion announced a hiatus from entertainment to start a family and spend time with her husband , who had been diagnosed with cancer . She returned to the top of pop music in 2002 and signed to perform nightly in A New Day ... ( 2003 -- 07 ) , a five-star theatrical show at the Colosseum at Caesars Palace , on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . It became the most successful residency show of all time , grossing US $ 385 million . Dion 's music has been influenced by genres ranging from rock and R&B to gospel and classical . Her recordings are mainly in French and English , although she also sings in Spanish , Italian , German , Latin , Japanese , and Mandarin Chinese . While her releases have often received mixed critical reception , she is regarded as one of pop music 's most influential voices . Dion has won five Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year and Record of the Year . She is the second best-selling female artist in the US during the Nielsen SoundScan era . In 2003 , Dion was honoured by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) for selling over 50 million albums in Europe . Dion remains the best-selling Canadian artist and one of the best-selling artists of all time with record sales of over 200 million copies worldwide ." ]	[ " Popular music Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry . These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people with little or no musical training . It stands in contrast to both art music and traditional or `` folk '' music . Art music was historically disseminated through the performances of written music , although since the beginning of the recording industry , it is also disseminated through recordings . Traditional music forms such as early blues songs or hymns were passed along orally , or to smaller , local audiences . The original application of the term is to music of the 1880s Tin Pan Alley period in the United States . Although popular music sometimes is known as `` pop music '' , the two terms are not interchangeable . Popular music is a generic term for a wide variety of genres of music that appeal to the tastes of a large segment of the population , whereas pop music usually refers to a specific musical genre within popular music . Popular music songs and pieces typically have easily singable melodies . The song structure of popular music commonly involves repetition of sections , with the verse and chorus or refrain repeating throughout the song and the bridge providing a contrasting and transitional section within a piece . In the 2000s , with songs and pieces available as digital sound files , it has become easier for music to spread from one country or region to another . Some popular music forms have become global , while others have a wide appeal within the culture of their origin . Through the mixture of musical genres , new popular music forms are created to reflect the ideals of a global culture . The examples of Africa , Indonesia , and the Middle East show how Western pop music styles can blend with local musical traditions to create new hybrid styles .", " Taking Chances Taking Chances is the tenth English-language and 23rd studio album overall by Canadian singer Celine Dion , released by Columbia Records on 7 November 2007 . It was her first new studio album since 2004 's Miracle . Dion returned to the music scene after almost five years of performing A New Day ... in Las Vegas . She collaborated on Taking Chances with various rock , R&B and Pop producers , including John Shanks , Linda Perry , ex-Evanescence members Ben Moody and David Hodges , Kristian Lundin , Ne-Yo , Chuck Harmony , Tricky Stewart , the Eurythmics ' David A. Stewart , Kara DioGuardi , Emanuel Kiriakou , Anders Bagge , Peer Åström , Aldo Nova , Christopher Neil and Guy Roche . The album garnered mixed reviews from music critics , who noticed that `` not many chances were taken after all . '' Taking Chances has sold 3.1 million copies worldwide in 2007 alone and peaked inside top ten in various countries , including number one in Canada , Switzerland , South Africa and on the European Top 100 Albums . It has sold 1.1 million units in the United States and was certified Platinum by the RIAA . In Canada , after shipping over 400,000 copies , the album was certified four-times Platinum . The first single , `` Taking Chances '' was released in September 2007 and peaked inside top ten in various European countries and in Canada . In 2008 , different songs were selected as the second single : `` Eyes on Me '' in the United Kingdom , `` A World to Believe In '' in Japan and `` Alone '' in North America . The latter was also released as third and final single in the United Kingdom . On 14 February 2008 , Dion embarked on the year-long Taking Chances World Tour , which visited five continents and became one of the highest-grossing tours of all-time ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Russ has not had singles on the US Billboard Hot 100.	[ " Russ (rapper) Russ Vitale ( born September 26 , 1992 ) , known by his stage name and mononym Russ , is an American hip hop recording artist , singer-songwriter and record producer . He is known for his singles `` What They Want '' and `` Losin Control '' , which peaked respectively at number 83 and 63 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . He is part of the Diemon Crew , a rap group . His first studio album There 's Really A Wolf was released on May 5 , 2017 ." ]	[ " Digital Songs The Digital Songs chart ( previously named Hot Digital Songs ) ranks the best-selling digital songs in the United States , as compiled by Nielsen SoundScan and published by Billboard . It debuted in the issue dated January 22 , 2005 , and merged all versions of a song sold from digital music distributors . Its data was incorporated in the Hot 100 three weeks later . Since October 2004 , digital sales have been incorporated into many of Billboards music singles charts . The decision was based on the dramatic increase of the digital market while commercial single sales in a physical format were becoming negligible . The chart 's current number one as of the issue dated June 10 , 2017 is `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber .", " Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2014 The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States . Its data , published by Billboard magazine and compiled by Nielsen SoundScan , is based collectively on each single 's weekly physical and digital sales , as well as airplay and streaming . Throughout a year , Billboard will publish an annual list of the 100 most successful songs throughout that year on the Hot 100 chart based on the information . For 2014 , the list was published on December 9 , calculated with data from December 7 , 2013 to November 29 , 2014 . This is the first time in eight years where a male artist tops the chart with a non-collaboration ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Spotlight grossed $90 million in the United States.	[ " Spotlight (film) Spotlight is a 2015 American biographical crime drama film directed by Tom McCarthy and written by McCarthy and Josh Singer . The film follows The Boston Globe `` Spotlight '' team , the oldest continuously operating newspaper investigative journalist unit in the United States , and its investigation into cases of widespread and systemic child sex abuse in the Boston area by numerous Roman Catholic priests . It is based on a series of stories by the `` Spotlight '' team that earned The Globe the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service . The film stars Mark Ruffalo , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci , Brian d'Arcy James , Liev Schreiber , and Billy Crudup . Spotlight was shown in the Out of Competition section of the 72nd Venice International Film Festival . It was also shown at the Telluride Film Festival and the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival . The film was released on November 6 , 2015 , by Open Road Films and grossed $ 90 million worldwide . It won numerous guilds and critics ' association awards , and was named one of the finest films of 2015 by various publications . Spotlight won the Academy Award for Best Picture along with Best Original Screenplay from six nominations in total , making Spotlight the first film from Open Road Films to win in either category . This also marks the first film to win Best Picture from a different mini-major studio than Lionsgate , Summit ( later bought by Lionsgate in 2012 ) , Miramax , or TWC ." ]	[ " Spawn (film) Spawn is a 1997 American supernatural superhero horror film based on the comic book character of the same name . Directed and co-written by Mark A.Z. Dippé , the film stars Michael Jai White in the title role , and is the first film to feature an African American portraying a major comic book superhero . Spawn depicts the origin story of the title character , beginning with the murder of soldier/assassin Al Simmons . He is resurrected as Spawn , the reluctant , demonic leader of Hell 's army . He ultimately refuses to lead Hell 's army in the war against Heaven and turns away from evil . The film co-stars John Leguizamo ( as Clown/The Violator , Al 's demonic guide and enemy of the film 's antagonist ) and Nicol Williamson ( as Al 's mentor , Cogliostro ) . The film was Williamson 's final film appearance before his death on December 16 , 2011 . Martin Sheen , Theresa Randle , D. B. Sweeney , Melinda Clarke , and Frank Welker ( as the voice of Malebolgia ) also star in the film . Spawn was released in the United States on August 1 , 1997 . It grossed $ 87 million worldwide against its production budget of $ 40 million .", " Cameo lighting Cameo lighting in film is a spotlight that accentuates a single person and maybe a few props in a scene . It creates an ` angelic ' shot , such as one where God is shining down and a light shines down onto this person . Cameo lighting derives its name from the art form in which a light relief figure is set against a darker background . It is often achieved by using barn-doored spotlights . It helps focus on the subject and not its environment . A problem with cameo lighting is that it can lead to color distortion and noise in the darkest areas ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Chet Atkins produced records for Perry Como.	[ " Chet Atkins Chester Burton `` Chet '' Atkins ( June 20 , 1924 -- June 30 , 2001 ) , known as `` Mr. Guitar '' and `` The Country Gentleman '' , was an American musician , occasional vocalist , songwriter , and record producer , who along with Owen Bradley and Bob Ferguson , among others , created the country music style that came to be known as the Nashville sound , which expanded country music 's appeal to adult pop music fans . He was primarily known as a guitarist . He also played the mandolin , fiddle , banjo , and ukulele . Atkins ' signature picking style was inspired by Merle Travis . Other major guitar influences were Django Reinhardt , George Barnes , Les Paul , and , later , Jerry Reed . His distinctive picking style and musicianship brought him admirers inside and outside the country scene , both in the United States and abroad . Atkins spent most of his career at RCA Victor and produced records for the Browns , Hank Snow , Porter Wagoner , Norma Jean , Dolly Parton , Dottie West , Perry Como , Floyd Cramer , Elvis Presley , the Everly Brothers , Eddy Arnold , Don Gibson , Jim Reeves , Jerry Reed , Skeeter Davis , Waylon Jennings , and many others . Among many honors , Atkins received 14 Grammy Awards and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . He also received nine Country Music Association awards for Instrumentalist of the Year . He was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame , the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum , and the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum ." ]	[ " Bing Crosby Harry Lillis `` Bing '' Crosby Jr. ( May 3 , 1903 -- October 14 , 1977 ) was an American singer and actor . Crosby 's trademark warm bass-baritone voice made him the best-selling recording artist of the 20th century , having sold over one billion records , tapes , compact discs and digital downloads around the world . The first multimedia star , from 1931 to 1954 Crosby was a leader in record sales , radio ratings , and motion picture grosses . His early career coincided with technical recording innovations such as the microphone . This allowed him to develop a laid-back , intimate singing style that influenced many of the popular male singers who followed him , including Perry Como , Frank Sinatra , Dick Haymes , and Dean Martin . Yank magazine said that he was the person who had done the most for American soldiers ' morale during World War II . In 1948 , American polls declared him the `` most admired man alive '' , ahead of Jackie Robinson and Pope Pius XII . Also in 1948 , Music Digest estimated that his recordings filled more than half of the 80,000 weekly hours allocated to recorded radio music . Crosby won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Father Chuck O'Malley in the 1944 motion picture Going My Way and was nominated for his reprise of the role in The Bells of St. Mary 's opposite Ingrid Bergman the next year , becoming the first of six actors to be nominated twice for playing the same character . In 1963 , Crosby received the first Grammy Global Achievement Award . He is one of 33 people to have three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , in the categories of motion pictures , radio , and audio recording . Crosby influenced the development of the postwar recording industry . He became the first performer to pre-record his radio shows and master his commercial recordings onto magnetic tape . Through the medium of recording , he constructed his radio programs with the same directorial tools and craftsmanship ( editing , retaking , rehearsal , time shifting ) used in motion picture production , a practice that became an industry standard . In addition to his work with early tape recording , he helped to finance the development of videotape , bought television stations , bred racehorses , and co-owned the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team . On October 14 , 1977 , he sustained and died from a heart attack while playing golf in Alcobendas , Spain . A plaque was placed at the golf course in his memory .", " Perry Como Pierino Ronald `` Perry '' Como ( May 18 , 1912 -- May 12 , 2001 ) was an American singer and television personality . During a career spanning more than half a century , he recorded exclusively for RCA Victor for 44 years after signing with the label in 1943 . `` Mr. C. '' , as he was nicknamed , sold millions of records for RCA and pioneered a musical variety television show . Como was seen weekly on television from 1948 to 1963 , then continued hosting the Kraft Music Hall variety program monthly until 1967 . His television shows and seasonal specials were broadcast throughout the world . Also a popular recording artist , Perry Como released numerous hit records from the 1940s through the 1970s . Como 's appeal spanned generations and he was universally respected for both his professional standards and the conduct in his personal life ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
The Conjuring 2 is not a film.	[ " The Conjuring 2 The Conjuring 2 is a 2016 American horror film directed by James Wan and written by Carey Hayes , Chad Hayes , Wan and David Leslie Johnson . It is the sequel to 2013 's The Conjuring and the third film in The Conjuring franchise . Patrick Wilson and Vera Farmiga reprise their roles as paranormal investigators and authors Ed and Lorraine Warren from the first film . The film follows the Warrens as they travel to England to assist the Hodgson family , who are experiencing poltergeist activity at their Brimsdown , Enfield council house in 1977 which later became referred to as the Enfield Poltergeist . The Conjuring 2 was released in North America on June 10 , 2016 . The film received generally positive reviews from critics and has grossed over $ 320 million worldwide . A spin-off film , The Nun , is scheduled to be released in 2018 with Wan and Safran producing ." ]	[ " Atomic Monster Productions Atomic Monster Productions is an American film production company , founded by director James Wan . The company was founded in 2014 and is known for producing horror films such as Annabelle , The Conjuring 2 , Lights Out and the upcoming films Annabelle : Creation and The Nun .", " Executive producer An executive producer ( EP ) enables the making of a commercial entertainment product . The EP may be concerned with management accounting or with associated legal issues ( like copyrights or royalties ) . An EP generally contributes to the film 's budget and may or may not work on set ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Karan directed a counter-terrorism drama called My Name Is Khan.	[ " Karan Johar Karan Johar ( born 25 May 1972 ) , often informally referred to as KJo , is an Indian film director , producer , screenwriter , costume designer , actor and television personality who is primarily known for his work in Hindi films . He is the son of Hiroo Johar and the acclaimed producer Yash Johar . Johar made his directorial debut with the blockbuster romance Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) , which earned him the Filmfare Awards for Best Director and Best Screenplay . His next two films were the ensemble dramas Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) , which were both very successful in the overseas market . His counter-terrorism drama My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) earned him his second Filmfare Award for Best Director . These , along with the several successful films he has produced under the Dharma Productions banner , have established him as one of the leading director-producers in Hindi cinema ." ]	[ " Junoon (1978 film) Junoon ( Hindi : जुनून , translation : The Obsession ) is a critically acclaimed and award-winning 1978 Indian Hindi language film produced by Shashi Kapoor and directed by Shyam Benegal . The film is based on Ruskin Bond 's fictional novella , A Flight of Pigeons , set around the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . The film also had award-winning soundtrack , composed by Vanraj Bhatia , and cinematography by Govind Nihalani . Its cast included Shashi Kapoor , his wife Jennifer Kendal , Nafisa Ali , Tom Alter , Shabana Azmi , Kulbhushan Kharbanda , Naseeruddin Shah , Deepti Naval , Pearl Padamsee and Sushma Seth . The film also featured Shashi and Jennifer 's children Karan Kapoor , Kunal Kapoor , and Sanjana Kapoor ,", " Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( English : Sometimes there 's Happiness , Sometimes there 's Sorrow ) , also known as K3G , is a 2001 Indian family drama film written and directed by Karan Johar and produced by Yash Johar . The film stars Amitabh Bachchan , Jaya Bachchan , Shah Rukh Khan , Kajol , Hrithik Roshan and Kareena Kapoor in leading roles , with Rani Mukerji appearing in an extended cameo appearance . The music was composed by Jatin Lalit , Sandesh Shandilya and Aadesh Shrivastava , with lyrics penned by Sameer and Anil Pandey . The background score was composed by Babloo Chakravarty . The film tells the story of an Indian family , which faces troubles and misunderstandings over their adopted son 's marriage to a girl belonging to a lower socio-economic group than them . Development of the film began in 1998 , soon after the release of Karan 's debut film Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) . Principal photography began on 16 October 2000 in Mumbai and continued in London and Egypt . Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... was promoted with the tag-line `` It 's All About Loving Your Parents '' . Initially scheduled to release during the Diwali festivities of 2001 , the film eventually released in India , United Kingdom and North America on 14 December 2001 . In 2003 , it became the first Indian film to be given a theatrical release in Germany . Upon release , the film met with mixed reviews from film critics and received polarising reactions to Karan Johar 's `` larger-than-life '' directorial style , some seeing it as an `` oddly hollow film '' . Made on a budget of , Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... emerged as a major commercial success , both domestically and internationally , with a lifetime gross of . Outside India , the film was the highest grossing Indian film ever , until its record was broken by Karan 's next directorial , Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) . Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... won several awards at popular award ceremonies the following year , including five Filmfare Awards ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Nikolaj Coster-Waldau was snubbed for the role of Detective John Amsterdam.	[ " Nikolaj Coster-Waldau Nikolaj Coster-Waldau ( -LSB- neɡ̊olaɪ̯ kʰʌsd̥ɐ ˈʋald̥ɑʊ̯ -RSB- ; born 27 July 1970 ) is a Danish actor , producer and screenwriter . He graduated from Danish National School of Theatre in Copenhagen in 1993 . Coster-Waldau 's breakthrough performance in Denmark was his role in the film Nightwatch ( 1994 ) . Since then he has appeared in numerous films in his native Scandinavia and Europe in general , including Headhunters ( 2011 ) and A Thousand Times Good Night ( 2013 ) . In the United States , his debut film role was in the war film Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) , playing Medal of Honor recipient Gary Gordon . He then played Detective John Amsterdam in the short-lived Fox television series New Amsterdam ( 2008 ) , as well as appearing as Frank Pike in the 2009 Fox television film Virtuality , originally intended as a pilot . He became widely known to a broad audience for his current role as Ser Jaime Lannister , in the HBO series Game of Thrones . In 2017 , he became one of the highest paid actors on television and earned # 2 million per episode of Game of Thrones ." ]	[ " A Thousand Times Good Night A Thousand Times Good Night is an Irish-Norwegian produced English language 2013 drama film directed by Erik Poppe , and starring Juliette Binoche , Nikolaj Coster-Waldau , Maria Doyle Kennedy , Larry Mullen Jr. and Mads Ousdal .", " Batman Begins Batman Begins is a 2005 British-American superhero film based on the DC Comics character Batman , co-written and directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Christian Bale , Michael Caine , Liam Neeson , Katie Holmes , Gary Oldman , Cillian Murphy , Tom Wilkinson , Rutger Hauer , Ken Watanabe , and Morgan Freeman . The film reboots the Batman film series , telling the origin story of the title character ( Bale ) , from his alter ego Bruce Wayne 's initial fear of bats , the death of his parents , his journey to become Batman , and his fight to stop Ra 's al Ghul ( Neeson ) and the Scarecrow ( Murphy ) from plunging Gotham City into chaos . Comic book storylines such as The Man Who Falls , Batman : Year One , and Batman : The Long Halloween served as inspiration . After a series of unsuccessful projects to resurrect Batman on screen following the critical failure and box office disappointment of Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) , Nolan and David S. Goyer began to work on the film in early 2003 and aimed for a darker and more realistic tone , with humanity and realism being the basis of the film . The goal was to get the audience to care for both Batman and Bruce Wayne . The film , which was primarily shot in Iceland and Chicago , relied on traditional stunts and miniatures , while computer-generated imagery was used minimally . Batman Begins opened on June 15 , 2005 , in the United States and Canada in 3,858 theaters . It grossed over $ 48 million in its opening weekend in North America , eventually grossing over $ 374 million worldwide . The film received positive reviews and is considered by many to be one of the best superhero films of the 2000s . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography and three BAFTA awards . It is followed by The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) and The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) in a continual story-arc , which has later been referred to as The Dark Knight Trilogy ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them was released in November.	[ " Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them is a 2016 fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . A spin-off of the Harry Potter film series , it was produced and written by J. K. Rowling , in her screenwriting debut , and inspired by her book of the same name . Set in 1926 New York , the film stars Eddie Redmayne as Newt Scamander with Katherine Waterston , Dan Fogler , Alison Sudol , Ezra Miller , Samantha Morton , Jon Voight , Carmen Ejogo , Ron Perlman and Colin Farrell in supporting roles . It is the first instalment in the Fantastic Beasts series , and the ninth overall in J. K. Rowling 's Wizarding World , the franchise that began with the Harry Potter films . Principal photography began at Warner Bros. . Studios , Leavesden , England in August 2015 and was completed in January 2016 . Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them premiered in New York City on 10 November 2016 and was released worldwide on 18 November 2016 in 3D , IMAX 4K Laser and other large format cinemas . The film received positive reviews from critics and grossed $ 814 million worldwide , making it the eighth highest-grossing film of 2016 . The film was nominated for five BAFTAs , winning for Best Production Design , as well as two Academy Awards , winning Best Costume Design , becoming the first film in J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World to win an Academy Award ." ]	[ " The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring is a 2001 epic high fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson based on the first volume of J. R. R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings ( 1954 -- 1955 ) . It is the first instalment in The Lord of the Rings series , and was followed by The Two Towers ( 2002 ) and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) , based on the second and third volumes of The Lord of the Rings . Set in Middle-earth , the story tells of the Dark Lord Sauron ( Sala Baker ) , who is seeking the One Ring . The Ring has found its way to the young hobbit Frodo Baggins ( Elijah Wood ) . The fate of Middle-earth hangs in the balance as Frodo and eight companions who form the Fellowship of the Ring begin their journey to Mount Doom in the land of Mordor , the only place where the Ring can be destroyed . Released on 10 December 2001 , the film was highly acclaimed by critics and fans alike who considered it to be a landmark in film-making and an achievement in the fantasy film genre . It has continued to be featured on critic lists of the greatest fantasy films ever made , . The film was a massive box office success , earning over $ 871 million worldwide , and becoming the second highest-grossing film of 2001 in the US and worldwide ( behind Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ) . , it is the 50th highest-grossing film of all time worldwide unadjusted for inflation . It was nominated for thirteen Oscars at the 74th Academy Awards ceremony , including Best Picture , Best Director , and Best Supporting Actor for McKellan , winning four for Best Cinematography , Best Makeup , Best Original Score , and Best Visual Effects . It also won four British Academy Film Awards , including Best Film and Best Director BAFTA awards . The Special Extended Edition was released to DVD on 12 November 2002 and to Blu-ray Disc on 28 June 2011 . In 2007 , The Fellowship of the Ring was voted 50 on the American Film Institute 's list of 100 greatest American films . The AFI also voted it the second greatest fantasy film of all time during their 10 Top 10 special . The film ranks # 24 on Empire magazine 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time .", " The Hobbit (film series) The Hobbit is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson . They are based on the 1937 novel The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien , with large portions of the trilogy inspired by the appendices to The Return of the King , which expand on the story told in The Hobbit , as well as new material and characters written especially for the films . Together they act as a prequel to Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . The films are subtitled An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) , The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) , and The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) . The screenplay was written by Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Jackson , and Guillermo del Toro , who was originally chosen to direct before his departure from the project . The films take place in the fictional world of Middle-earth sixty years before the beginning of The Lord of the Rings , and follow hobbit Bilbo Baggins ( Martin Freeman ) , who is convinced by the wizard Gandalf the Grey ( Ian McKellen ) to accompany thirteen dwarves , led by Thorin Oakenshield ( Richard Armitage ) , on a quest to reclaim the Lonely Mountain from the dragon Smaug ( voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch ) . The films also expand upon certain elements from the novel and other source material , such as Gandalf 's investigation at Dol Guldur , and the pursuit of Azog and Bolg , who seek vengeance against Thorin and his ancestors . The films feature an ensemble cast that also includes James Nesbitt , Ken Stott , Evangeline Lilly , Lee Pace and Luke Evans , with several actors reprising their roles from The Lord of the Rings , including Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Ian Holm , Christopher Lee , Hugo Weaving , Elijah Wood and Andy Serkis . The films also feature Manu Bennett , Sylvester McCoy , Stephen Fry , Mikael Persbrandt , Barry Humphries , and Lawrence Makoare . Also returning for production , among others , were illustrators John Howe and Alan Lee , art director Dan Hennah , cinematographer Andrew Lesnie , and composer Howard Shore , while props were again crafted by Weta Workshop , with visual effects managed by Weta Digital . The first film in the series premiered at the Embassy Theatre in Wellington , New Zealand on 28 November 2012 . One hundred thousand people lined the red carpet on Courtenay Place , and the entire event was broadcast live on television in New Zealand and streamed over the Internet . The second film of the series premiered at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles , California on 2 December 2013 . The third and final film premiered at Leicester Square in London on 1 December 2014 . The series was a major financial success , with the films classified as one of the highest-grossing film series of all time , going on to outgross The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . Although critically considered to be inferior to The Lord of the Rings , it was nominated for various awards and won several , though not as many as its predecessor ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Marie Antoinette had a child.	[ " Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette ( -LSB- ˈmæriˌæntwəˈnɛt -RSB- , -LSB- ˌɑ̃ːntwə - -RSB- , -LSB- ˌɑ̃ːtwə - -RSB- , -LSB- məˈriː - -RSB- -LSB- maʁi ɑ̃twanɛt -RSB- ; born Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna ( 2 November 1755 -- 16 October 1793 ) was the last Queen of France and Navarre before the French Revolution . She was born an Archduchess of Austria , and was the fifteenth and second youngest child of Empress Maria Theresa and Francis I , Holy Roman Emperor . In April 1770 , upon her marriage to Louis-Auguste , heir apparent to the French throne , she became Dauphine of France . On 10 May 1774 , when her husband ascended the throne as Louis XVI , she became Queen of France and Navarre , a title she held until September 1791 , when , as the French Revolution proceeded , she became Queen of the French , a title she held until 21 September 1792 . After eight years of marriage , Marie Antoinette gave birth to a daughter , Marie-Thérèse Charlotte , the first of her four children . Despite her initial popularity , a growing number of the population eventually came to dislike her , accusing her of being profligate , promiscuous , and of harbouring sympathies for France 's enemies , particularly her native Austria . The Diamond Necklace affair damaged her reputation further . During the Revolution , she became known as Madame Déficit because the country 's financial crisis was blamed on her lavish spending and her opposition to the social and financial reforms of Turgot and Necker . During the Revolution , after the government had placed the royal family under house arrest in the Tuileries Palace in October 1789 , several events linked to Marie Antoinette , in particular the June 1791 attempted flight to Varennes and her role in the War of the First Coalition , had disastrous effects on French popular opinion . On 10 August 1792 , the attack on the Tuileries forced the royal family to take refuge at the Assembly , and on 13 August the family was imprisoned in the Temple . On 21 September 1792 , the monarchy was abolished . After a two-day trial begun on 14 October 1793 , Marie Antoinette was convicted by the Revolutionary Tribunal of high treason and executed by guillotine on the Place de la Révolution on 16 October 1793 ." ]	[ " Louis, Grand Dauphin Louis of France ( 1 November 1661 -- 14 April 1711 ) was the eldest son and heir of Louis XIV , King of France , and his spouse , Maria Theresa of Spain . As the heir apparent to the French throne , he was styled Dauphin . He became known as Le Grand Dauphin after the birth of his own son , Le Petit Dauphin . As he died before his father , he never became king .", " King-Emperor A king-emperor , the female equivalent being queen-empress , is a sovereign ruler who is simultaneously a king of one territory and emperor of another . This title usually results from a merger of a royal and imperial crown ( as in Austria-Hungary ) , but recognises that the two territories are different politically or culturally and in status ( emperor being a higher rank than king ) . It also denotes a king 's imperial status through the acquisition of an empire or vice versa . The dual title signifies a sovereign 's dual role , but may also be created to improve a ruler 's prestige . Both cases , however , show that the merging of rule was not simply a case of annexation where one state is swallowed by another , but rather of unification and almost equal status , though in the case of the British monarchy the suggestion that an emperor is higher in rank than a king was avoided by creating the title `` king-emperor '' ( `` queen-empress '' ) instead of `` emperor-king '' ( `` empress-queen '' ) ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Loni Love was born on July 12.	[ " Loni Love Loni Love ( born July 12 , 1970 or 1971 ) is an American comedian and actress . While working as an electrical engineer in 2003 , Love began to pursue a career in music engineering . She was the runner-up on Star Search 2003 and was named among the `` Top 10 Comics to Watch '' in both Variety and Comedy Central in 2009 . She is currently one of the hosts of The Real talk show along with Jeannie Mai , Tamera Mowry and Adrienne Bailon , which premiered on July 15 , 2013 ." ]	[ " Lodi (wrestler) Bradley `` Brad '' Cain ( born September 8 , 1970 ) is an American professional wrestler , author and personal trainer , better known by his ring name , Lodi . Cain is best known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling between 1997 and 2000 , where he was a member of Raven 's Flock stable and the tag team The West Hollywood Blondes .", " Lora (singer) Laura Petrescu , better known as Lora ( born in Galati , Romania on 23 July 1982 ) is Romanian a pop-dance singer , model , judge at The Next Star show , TV personality from Romania . Before her solo career , she was part of the Romanian music formation Wassabi ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Portugal is a state.	[ " Portugal Portugal ( Portuguese : -LSB- puɾtuˈɣaɫ -RSB- ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( -LSB- República Portuguesa , links = no -RSB- ) ( Portuguese : -LSB- ʁɨ ` publikɐ puɾtu ' ɣezɐ -RSB- ) In recognized minority languages of Portugal : República Pertuesa is a sovereign state located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe . To the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain . The Portugal -- Spain border is 1214 km long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union . The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . The territory of modern Portugal has been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The Pre-Celts , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples . Portugal as a country was born in the aftermath of the Christian Reconquista against the Moors who had invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD and occupied most of it ever since . Precipitated by the seminal event for its foundation , the Battle of São Mamede , where Portuguese forces led by Afonso Henriques defeated forces led by his mother Theresa of Portugal and her lover Fernão Peres de Trava , which established the nation 's sovereignty against rival neighbor kingdoms . Following São Mamede , the future king styled himself Prince of Portugal . He would be proclaimed King of Portugal in the Battle of Ourique in 1139 and was recognised as such by neighbouring kingdoms in 1143 . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers . During this time , Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration in the Age of Discovery , notably under royal patronage of Prince Henry the Navigator and King João II , with such notable discoveries as Bartolomeu Dias 's reach of the Cape of Good Hope ( 1488 ) , the Vasco da Gama 's sea route to India ( 1497 -- 98 ) and the discovery of Brazil ( 1500 ) . Portugal monopolized the spice trade during this time , and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia . But the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake , the country 's occupation during the Napoleonic Wars , the independence of Brazil ( 1822 ) , and the Liberal Wars ( 1828 -- 34 ) , all left Portugal crippled from war and diminished in its world power . After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy , the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established , later being superseded by the Estado Novo right-wing authoritarian regime . Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974 . Shortly after , independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories . The handover of Macau to China in 1999 marked the end of the longest-lived colonial empire . Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today . Portugal is a developed country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard . It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world , maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government . It has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world , putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France , Spain and Italy . A founding member of NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , it is also a member of numerous other international organizations , including the United Nations , the European Union , the eurozone , and the OECD . Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization , as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for personal use in 2001 . LGBT rights in Portugal have improved substantially in the past two decades and are now among the best in the world . Moreover , after years of investment and cooperation , Portugal marked a climax on renewable energy worldwide in 2016 , when it was powered for 107 consecutive hours exclusively by wind , sun , and water , which advocates say further shows fossil fuels are indeed replaceable ." ]	[ " Nation state A nation state is a type of state that joins the political entity of a state to the cultural entity of a nation , from which it aims to derive its political legitimacy to rule and potentially its status as a sovereign state . A state is specifically a political and geopolitical entity , whilst a nation is a cultural and ethnic one . The term `` nation state '' implies that the two coincide , in that a state has chosen to adopt and endorse a specific cultural group as associated with it . The concept of a nation state can be compared and contrasted with that of the multinational state , city state , empire , confederation , and other state formations with which it may overlap . The key distinction is the identification of a people with a polity in the `` nation state '' .", " Federation A federation ( also known as a federal state ) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central ( federal ) government . In a federation , the self-governing status of the component states , as well as the division of power between them and the central government , is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of either party , the states or the federal political body . Alternatively , federation is a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided between a central authority and a number of constituent regions so that each region retains some degree of control over its internal affairs . The governmental or constitutional structure found in a federation is known as federalism . It can be considered the opposite of another system , the unitary state . Germany , with 16 Bundesländer , is an example of a federation , whereas neighboring Austria and its Bundesländer was a unitary state with administrative divisions that became federated , and neighboring France , by contrast , has always been unitary . Federations are often multiethnic and cover a large area of territory ( such as Russia , the United States , India , or Brazil ) , but neither is necessarily the case . The initial agreements create a stability that encourages other common interests , reduces differences between the disparate territories , and gives them all even more common ground . At some time , that is recognized and a movement is organized to merge more closely . At other times , especially when common cultural factors are at play such as ethnicity and language , some of the steps in this pattern are expedited and compressed . Several ancient chiefdoms and kingdoms , such as the 4th-century BC League of Corinth , Noricum in Central Europe , and the Haudenosaunee Confederation in pre-Columbian North America , could be described as federations or confederations . The Old Swiss Confederacy was an early example of formal non-unitary statehood . Several colonies and dominions in the New World consisted of autonomous provinces , transformed to federal states upon independence ( see Spanish American wars of independence ) . The oldest continuous federation , and a role model for many subsequent federations , is the United States . Some of the New World federations failed ; the Federal Republic of Central America broke up into independent states ten years after its founding . Others , such as Argentina and Mexico , have shifted between federal , confederal , and unitary systems , before settling into federalism . Brazil became a federation only after the fall of the monarchy ( see States of Brazil ) , and Venezuela became a federation after the Federal War . Australia and Canada are also federations . Germany is another nation-state that has switched between confederal , federal and unitary rules , since the German Confederation was founded in 1815 . The North German Confederation , the succeeding German Empire and the Weimar Republic were federations . Founded in 1922 , the Soviet Union was formally a federation of Soviet Republics , Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union and other federal subjects , though in practice highly centralized under the Government of the Soviet Union . The Russian Federation has inherited a similar system . Nigeria , Pakistan , India and Malaysia became federations on or shortly before becoming independent from the British Empire . In some recent cases , federations have been instituted as a measure to handle ethnic conflict within a state , such as Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Iraq since 2005 ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Neil Young worked with groups.	[ " Neil Young Neil Percival Young , ( born November 12 , 1945 ) , is a Canadian singer-songwriter , musician , producer , director and screenwriter . Young began performing in a group covering Shadows instrumentals in Canada in 1960 . In 1966 , after a brief stint with the Rick James-fronted Mynah Birds , he moved to Los Angeles , where he formed Buffalo Springfield with Stephen Stills , Richie Furay and others . Young had released two solo albums by the time he joined Crosby , Stills & Nash in 1969 , in addition to two as a member of Buffalo Springfield . From his early solo albums and those with his backing band Crazy Horse , Young has recorded a steady stream of studio and live albums , sometimes warring with his recording company along the way . Young 's often distorted electric guitar work , deeply personal lyrics and signature tenor singing voice transcend his long career . Young also plays piano and harmonica on many albums which frequently combine folk , rock , blues and other musical styles . Known to rip up live set lists , Young often plays acoustic versions of songs in one show and electric versions in others . His gritty guitar work , especially with Crazy Horse , earned him the nickname `` Godfather of Grunge '' and led to his 1995 album Mirror Ball with Pearl Jam . More recently Young has been backed by Promise of the Real . Young directed ( or co-directed ) films using the pseudonym Bernard Shakey , including Journey Through the Past ( 1973 ) , Rust Never Sleeps ( 1979 ) , Human Highway ( 1982 ) , Greendale ( 2003 ) , and CSNY/D éjà Vu ( 2008 ) . He also contributed to the soundtracks of the films Philadelphia ( 1993 ) and Dead Man ( 1995 ) . Young has received several Grammy and Juno awards . The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame inducted him twice : as a solo artist in 1995 and in 1997 as a member of Buffalo Springfield . In 2000 , Rolling Stone named Young the 34th greatest rock 'n roll artist . He has lived in California since the 1960s but retains Canadian citizenship . He was awarded the Order of Manitoba on July 14 , 2006 , and was made an Officer of the Order of Canada on December 30 , 2009 .", " Buffalo Springfield Buffalo Springfield was an American-Canadian rock band , formed in Los Angeles in 1966 . Their original lineup included Stephen Stills ( guitar , keyboards , vocals ) , Dewey Martin ( drums , vocals ) , Bruce Palmer ( electric bass ) , Richie Furay ( guitar , vocals ) , and Neil Young ( guitar , harmonica , piano , vocals ) . Pioneering the folk rock genre , Buffalo Springfield , along with the Byrds , combined elements of folk and country music with British invasion influences into their early works . Their second studio album , Buffalo Springfield Again , marked their progression to psychedelia and hard rock . With a name taken from a steamroller , the group signed to Atlantic Records in 1966 and released their debut single `` Nowadays Clancy Ca n't Even Sing '' - a regional hit in Los Angeles . The following January , the group released the protest song they were most prominently known for , `` For What It 's Worth '' . After various drug-related arrests and line-up changes , the group decided to break up in 1968 . Stephen Stills went on to form the folk rock supergroup Crosby , Stills & Nash with David Crosby of the Byrds and Graham Nash of the Hollies . Neil Young had launched his successful solo career and reunited with Stills in Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young in 1969 . Furay , along with Jim Messina , went on to form the influential country-rock band Poco . The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 ." ]	[ " Backup band A backing band or backup band is a musical ensemble that accompanies a lead singer at a live performance or on a recording . A backup band can also accompany an instrumental soloist , such as a lead guitarist or solo fiddler , though all-instrumental performances , with no singing , are not common in popular music and traditional music . This can either be an established , long-standing group that has little or no change in membership , or it may be an ad hoc group assembled for a single show or a single recording . Ad hoc or `` pickup '' groups are often made up of session musicians .", " Sextet A sextet ( or hexad ) is a formation containing exactly six members . It is commonly associated with vocal ensembles ( e.g. . The King 's Singers , Affabre Concinui ) or musical instrument groups , but can be applied to any situation where six similar or related objects are considered a single unit . Many musical compositions are named for the number of musicians for which they are written . If a piece is written for six performers , it may be called a `` sextet '' . Steve Reich 's `` Sextet '' is written for six percussionists . In jazz music a sextet is any group of six players , usually containing a drum set ( bass drum , snare drum , hi-hat , ride cymbal ) , string bass or electric bass , piano , and various combinations of the following or other instruments : guitar , trumpet , saxophone , clarinet , trombone . In heavy metal and rock music , a sextet typically contains , but is not restricted to , a lead vocalist , two guitarists , a bassist , drummer , and keyboardist ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Louis T. Leonowens lived past the year 1919.	[ " Louis T. Leonowens Louis Thomas Gunnis Leonowens ( 25 October 1856 -- 17 February 1919 ) was a British subject who was the basis of a major character in the 1944 novel Anna and the King of Siam , as well as other fictional works based on it ( see below ) . He was the son of Anna Leonowens , famous as a tutor of King Chulalongkorn of Siam ( Thailand ) . Leonowens later served as an officer with the Siamese Royal Cavalry and founded a Thai trading company that still bears his name , Louis T. Leonowens Ltd. ." ]	[ " League of Nations mandate A League of Nations mandate was a legal status for certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another following World War I , or the legal instruments that contained the internationally agreed-upon terms for administering the territory on behalf of the League of Nations . These were of the nature of both a treaty and a constitution , which contained minority rights clauses that provided for the rights of petition and adjudication by the International Court . The mandate system was established under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations , entered into on 28 June 1919 . With the dissolution of the League of Nations after World War II , it was stipulated at the Yalta Conference that the remaining Mandates should be placed under the trusteeship of the United Nations , subject to future discussions and formal agreements . Most of the remaining mandates of the League of Nations ( with the exception of South-West Africa ) thus eventually became United Nations Trust Territories . Two governing principles formed the core of the Mandate System , being non-annexation of the territory and its administration as a `` sacred trust of civilisation '' to develop the territory for the benefit of its native people .", " Eddie Leonski Edward Joseph Leonski ( December 12 , 1917 -- November 9 , 1942 ) was a United States Army soldier during World War II . He was also a serial killer responsible for the strangling murders of three women in Melbourne , Australia . Leonski was known as the `` Brownout Strangler '' , given Melbourne 's wartime status of keeping low lighting ( not as stringent as a wartime blackout ) . He had a self-confessed motive for the killings of a twisted fascination with female voices , especially when they were singing , and his claim that he killed the women to `` get at their voices . ''" ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
One example of a staple food are a type of fruit.	[ " Staple food A staple food , or simply a staple , is a food that is eaten routinely and in such quantities that it constitutes a dominant portion of a standard diet for a given people , supplying a large fraction of energy needs and generally forming a significant proportion of the intake of other nutrients as well . The staple food of a specific society may be eaten as often as every day or every meal , and most people live on a diet based on just a small number of staples . Staple foods vary from place to place , but typically they are inexpensive or readily-available foods that supply one or more of the three organic macronutrients needed for survival and health : carbohydrates , proteins , and fats . Typical examples of staples include tubers and roots ; and grains , legumes , and other seeds . Early agricultural civilizations valued the foods that they established as staples because , in addition to providing necessary nutrition , they generally are suitable for storage over long periods of time without decay . Such nonperishable foods are the only possible staples during seasons of shortage , such as dry seasons or cold temperate winters , against which times harvests have been stored . During seasons of plenty , wider choices of foods may be available . Main staple foods are derived either from vegetals and animal products , including cereals ( such as rice , wheat , maize , millet , or sorghum ) , starchy tubers or root vegetables ( such as potatoes , cassava , yams , or taro ) , meat , fish , eggs , milk , and cheese . Other staple foods include pulses ( dried legumes ) , sago ( derived from the pith of the sago palm tree ) , and fruits ( such as breadfruit and plantains ) . Staple foods may also contain ( depending on the region ) : olive oil , coconut oil and sugar ( e.g. from plantains ) ." ]	[ " Banana The banana is an edible fruit -- botanically a berry -- produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa . In some countries , bananas used for cooking may be called plantains , in contrast to dessert bananas . The fruit is variable in size , color and firmness , but is usually elongated and curved , with soft flesh rich in starch covered with a rind which may be green , yellow , red , purple , or brown when ripe . The fruits grow in clusters hanging from the top of the plant . Almost all modern edible parthenocarpic ( seedless ) bananas come from two wild species -- Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana . The scientific names of most cultivated bananas are Musa acuminata , Musa balbisiana , and Musa × paradisiaca for the hybrid Musa acuminata × M. balbisiana , depending on their genomic constitution . The old scientific name Musa sapientum is no longer used . Musa species are native to tropical Indomalaya and Australia , and are likely to have been first domesticated in Papua New Guinea . They are grown in 135 countries , primarily for their fruit , and to a lesser extent to make fiber , banana wine and banana beer and as ornamental plants . Worldwide , there is no sharp distinction between `` bananas '' and `` plantains '' . Especially in the Americas and Europe , `` banana '' usually refers to soft , sweet , dessert bananas , particularly those of the Cavendish group , which are the main exports from banana-growing countries . By contrast , Musa cultivars with firmer , starchier fruit are called `` plantains '' . In other regions , such as Southeast Asia , many more kinds of banana are grown and eaten , so the simple two-fold distinction is not useful and is not made in local languages . The term `` banana '' is also used as the common name for the plants which produce the fruit . This can extend to other members of the genus Musa like the scarlet banana ( Musa coccinea ) , pink banana ( Musa velutina ) and the Fe'i bananas . It can also refer to members of the genus Ensete , like the snow banana ( Ensete glaucum ) and the economically important false banana ( Ensete ventricosum ) . Both genera are classified under the banana family , Musaceae .", " Bread Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour and water , usually by baking . Throughout recorded history it has been popular around the world and is one of the oldest artificial foods , having been of importance since the dawn of agriculture . Proportions of types of flour and other ingredients vary widely , as do modes of preparation . As a result , types , shapes , sizes , and textures of breads differ around the world . Bread may be leavened by processes such as reliance on naturally occurring sourdough microbes , chemicals , industrially produced yeast , or high-pressure aeration . Some bread is cooked before it can leaven , including for traditional or religious reasons . Non-cereal ingredients such as fruits , nuts and fats may be included . Commercial bread commonly contains additives to improve flavor , texture , color , shelf life , and ease of manufacturing . Bread is served in various forms with any meal of the day . It is eaten as a snack , and used as an ingredient in other culinary preparations , such as sandwiches , and fried items coated in bread crumbs to prevent sticking . It forms the bland main component of bread pudding , as well as of stuffings designed to fill cavities or retain juices that otherwise might drip out . Bread has a social and emotional significance beyond its importance as nourishment . It plays essential roles in religious rituals and secular culture . Its prominence in daily life is reflected in language , where it appears in proverbs , colloquial expressions ( `` He stole the bread from my mouth '' ) , in prayer ( `` Give us this day our daily bread '' ) and in the etymology of words , such as `` companion '' ( from Latin com `` with '' + panis `` bread '' ) ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
One actress is Olivia Wilde.	[ " Olivia Wilde Olivia Wilde ( born Olivia Jane Cockburn ; March 10 , 1984 ) is an American actress , model , director , and producer . She is well known for her role as Dr. Remy `` Thirteen '' Hadley on the award-winning medical television series House ( 2007 -- 12 ) and her roles in Alpha Dog ( 2007 ) , Tron : Legacy ( 2010 ) , Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) , Her ( 2013 ) , Drinking Buddies ( 2013 ) , and Rush ( 2013 ) . She starred in HBO 's rock 'n' roll drama series Vinyl ( 2016 ) ." ]	[ " The Longest Week The Longest Week is a 2014 comedy-drama film , written and directed by Peter Glanz . The film stars Jason Bateman , Olivia Wilde and Billy Crudup in the lead roles . It has been produced by Uday Chopra , along with Neda Armian . It is the first project of Yash Raj Film 's subsidiary Hollywood production house YRF Entertainment .", " Turistas Turistas -- released as Paradise Lost in the United Kingdom and Ireland -- is a 2006 American-Brazilian horror film produced and directed by John Stockwell , and starring Josh Duhamel , Melissa George , Olivia Wilde , Desmond Askew , Beau Garrett , Max Brown , Agles Steib , and Miguel Lunardi . The plot focuses on a group of backpackers in Brazil who find themselves in the clutches of an underground organ harvesting ring . It was shot in the Chapada Diamantina , a region of Bahia state , and in the Litoral Norte , the easternmost coastal part of São Paulo . Turistas was released on December 1 , 2006 in the United States by Fox Atomic to generally negative reviews from critics . It was a box office bomb , grossing only $ 7 million in the United States ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Berlin is an animal.	[ " Berlin Berlin ( -LSB- bəɹˈlɪn -RSB- , -LSB- bɛɐ̯ˈliːn -RSB- ) is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its 16 constituent states . With a population of approximately 3.7 million , Berlin is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union . Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of the rivers Spree and Havel , it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region , which has roughly 6 million residents from more than 180 nations . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . Around one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 14171701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701 -- 1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919 -- 1933 ) and the Third Reich ( 1933 -- 1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world . After World War II and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries , the city was divided ; East Berlin was declared capital of East Germany , while West Berlin became a de facto West German exclave , surrounded by the Berlin Wall ( 1961 -- 1989 ) and East German territory . Following German reunification in 1990 , Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany . Berlin is a world city of culture , politics , media and science . Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the service sector , encompassing a diverse range of creative industries , research facilities , media corporations and convention venues . Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network . The metropolis is a popular tourist destination . Significant industries also include IT , pharmaceuticals , biomedical engineering , clean tech , biotechnology , construction and electronics . Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities , orchestras , museums , entertainment venues and is host to many sporting events . Its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions . The city is well known for its festivals , diverse architecture , nightlife , contemporary arts and a high quality of living . Since the 2000s Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene ." ]	[ " Town A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city . The size definition for what constitutes a `` town '' varies considerably in different parts of the world .", " Mayor In many countries , a mayor ( -LSB- ˈmɛər -RSB- or -LSB- ˈmeɪər -RSB- , from the Latin maior -LSB- majˈjɔr -RSB- , meaning `` bigger '' ) is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town . Worldwide , there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilities of a mayor as well as the means by which a mayor is elected or otherwise mandated . Depending on the system chosen , a mayor may be the chief executive officer of the municipal government , may simply chair a multi-member governing body with little or no independent power , or may play a solely ceremonial role . Options for selection of a mayor include direct election by the public , or selection by an elected governing council or board ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Guyana is considered to be in the Arctic Region.	[ " Guyana Guyana ( pronounced -LSB- ɡaɪˈɑːnə -RSB- or -LSB- ɡaɪˈænə -RSB- ) , officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana , is a sovereign state on the northern mainland of South America . It is , however , included in the Caribbean Region due to its strong cultural , historical , and political ties with other Anglo Caribbean countries and the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) . Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north , Brazil to the south and southwest , Suriname to the east and Venezuela to the west . With 215000 sqkm , Guyana is the fourth-smallest country on mainland South America after Uruguay , Suriname and French Guiana ( an overseas region of France ) . The region known as `` the Guianas '' consists of the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the `` land of many waters '' . Originally inhabited by several indigenous groups , Guyana was settled by the Dutch before coming under British control in the late 18th century . It was governed as British Guiana , with mostly a plantation style economy until the 1950s . It gained independence in 1966 , and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970 . The legacy of British rule is reflected in the country 's political administration and diverse population , which includes Indian , African , Amerindian , and multiracial groups . Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language . The majority of the population , however , speak Guyanese Creole , an English-based creole language , as a first language . In addition to being part of the Anglophone Caribbean , Guyana is one of the few Caribbean countries that is not an island in the West Indies . CARICOM , of which Guyana is a member , is headquartered in Guyana 's capital and largest city , Georgetown . In 2008 , the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member .", " Arctic The Arctic ( -LSB- ˈɑrktɪk -RSB- or -LSB- ˈɑrtɪk -RSB- ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth . The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean , adjacent seas , and parts of Alaska ( United States ) , Canada , Finland , Greenland ( Denmark ) , Iceland , Norway , Russia and Sweden . Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover , with predominantly treeless permafrost-containing tundra . Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places . The Arctic region is a unique area among Earth 's ecosystems . For example , the cultures in the region and the Arctic indigenous peoples have adapted to its cold and extreme conditions . In recent years , Arctic sea ice decline has been caused by global warming . Life in the Arctic includes organisms living in the ice , zooplankton and phytoplankton , fish and marine mammals , birds , land animals , plants and human societies . Arctic land is bordered by the subarctic ." ]	[ " Georgetown, Guyana Georgetown is the capital of Guyana , located in Region 4 , which is also known as the Demerara-Mahaica region . It is the country 's largest urban centre . It is situated on the Atlantic Ocean coast at the mouth of the Demerara River and it was nicknamed ` Garden City of the Caribbean . ' Georgetown serves primarily as a retail and administrative centre . It also serves as a financial services centre . The city recorded a population of 118,363 in the 2012 census .", " Archipelagic state An archipelagic state is any internationally recognized state or country that comprises a series of islands that form an archipelago . The term is defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in order to define what borders such states should be allowed to claim . In various conferences , Fiji , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , the Bahamas , and the Philippines are the five sovereign states that obtained approval in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea signed in Montego Bay , Jamaica on December 10 , 1982 and qualified as archipelagic states . Archipelagic states are states that are composed of groups of islands forming a state as a single unit , with the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters . Under this concept ( `` archipelagic doctrine '' ) , an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit , so that the waters around , between , and connecting the islands of the archipelago , irrespective of their breadth and dimensions , form part of the internal waters of the state , and are subject to its exclusive sovereignty . The approval of the United Nations for the five sovereign states as archipelagic states respect existing agreements with other countries and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring countries in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters . The terms and conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities , including the nature , the extent and the areas to which they apply , shall , at the request of any of the countries concerned , be regulated by bilateral agreements between them . Such rights shall not be transferred to or shared with third countries or their nationals ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Lily Collins wasn't allowed on television.	[ " Lily Collins Lily Jane Collins ( born 18 March 1989 ) is a British-American actress and model . The daughter of English musician Phil Collins and an American mother , Jill Tavelman , she was born in Surrey and moved to Los Angeles as a child . Her first screen role was at the age of two in the BBC series Growing Pains . She went on to study broadcast journalism at the University of Southern California and as a teenager , wrote for Seventeen magazine , Teen Vogue , and The Los Angeles Times . She was named International Model of the Year by Spain 's Glamour magazine after being selected by Chanel to wear one of their gowns at the Hotel de Crillon in 2007 . In 2008 , she was named Newest Red Carpet Correspondent and One to Watch in 2008 . Collins appeared as a guest star on the teen drama television series 90210 in 2009 , followed by her feature film debut in the semi-biographical sports film The Blind Side . She had leading roles in the sci-fi action-horror film Priest ( 2011 ) and the psychological action-thriller film Abduction , and was nominated for the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress -- Sci-Fi/Fantasy for her role as Snow White in the fantasy film Mirror Mirror . She received wider recognition after taking on the role of Clary Fray in the fantasy film adaptation of Cassandra Clare 's The New York Times best-selling novel , The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones , for which she was nominated for the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress -- Action and an MTV Movie Award . Collins is also known for her roles in independent films , such as the romantic comedy-drama Stuck in Love ( 2012 ) , the romantic comedy The English Teacher ( 2013 ) , and the romantic comedy-drama Love , Rosie ( 2014 ) . She won the New Hollywood Film Award and received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Musical or Comedy her role as Marla Mabrey in Rules Do n't Apply ( 2016 ) . In 2017 , her debut novel , Unfiltered : No Shame , No Regrets , Just Me , was released to critical praise . In May 2017 , Lily Collins and Marti Noxon were honoured at Project Heal for their movie To the Bone ." ]	[ " Independent Television Commission The Independent Television Commission ( ITC ) licensed and regulated commercial television services in the United Kingdom ( except S4C in Wales ) between 1 January 1991 and 28 December 2003 . In this context , ` independent ' indicates freedom from the BBC , rather than the government , as the latter is taken as being read .", " The Sixth Sense (TV series) The Sixth Sense is an American paranormal thriller television series featuring Gary Collins and Catherine Ferrar . Based on the 1971 television movie Sweet , Sweet Rachel , the series was produced by and ( largely filmed at ) Universal Studios , and broadcast by ABC from January 15 to December 23 , 1972 ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Transformers was a television show.	[ " Academy Award for Best Sound Editing The Academy Award for Best Sound Editing is an Academy Award granted yearly to a film exhibiting the finest or most aesthetic sound design or sound editing . Sound editing is the creation of sound effects ( such as foley ) . The award is usually received by the Supervising Sound Editors of the film , perhaps accompanied by the Sound Designers . The sound branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , until 2006 would use a `` bake-off '' of the best films from the previous year to decide which films should be referred to the full Academy as nominations for the award . In a rule change on June 30 , 2006 , the bake-off for the Sound Branch was eliminated , and the usual process of a `` preferential ballot '' submission was instituted . During certain years , the highest award given for this category may be a `` Special Achievement Award '' , not an Oscar . Academy rules require that a minimum number of films must be nominated in a category for an Academy Award to be granted ; when the number of qualifying nominees is insufficient , a Special Achievement Award is granted instead . This is a list of films that have won or been nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound Effects ( 1963 -- 67 , 1975 ) , Sound Effects Editing ( 1977 , 1981 -- 99 ) , or Sound Editing ( 1979 , 2000 -- present ) . See Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing for a corresponding list of winners for Best Sound .", " Transformers (film) Transformers is a 2007 American science fiction action film based on the toy line of the same name created by Hasbro . The film , which combines computer animation with live-action filming , was directed by Michael Bay , with Steven Spielberg serving as executive producer . It was produced by Don Murphy and Tom DeSanto , and is the first installment in the live-action Transformers film series . The film stars Shia LaBeouf as Sam Witwicky , a teenager who gets caught up in a war between the heroic Autobots and the villainous Decepticons , two factions of alien robots who can disguise themselves by transforming into everyday machinery , primarily vehicles . The Autobots intend to use the AllSpark , the object that created their robotic race , to rebuild their home planet Cybertron and end the war , while the Decepticons have the intention of using it to build an army by giving life to the machines of Earth . Tyrese Gibson , Josh Duhamel , Anthony Anderson , Megan Fox , Rachael Taylor , John Turturro , and Jon Voight also star , while voice actors Peter Cullen and Hugo Weaving voice Optimus Prime and Megatron respectively . Murphy and DeSanto developed the project in 2003 , and DeSanto wrote a treatment . Steven Spielberg came on board the following year , hiring Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman to write the screenplay . The U.S. Armed Forces and General Motors ( GM ) loaned vehicles and aircraft during filming , which saved money for the production and added realism to the battle scenes . Hasbro 's promotional campaign for the film included deals with various companies ; advertising included a viral marketing campaign , coordinated releases of prequel comic books , toys , and books , as well as product placement deals with companies such as GM , Burger King , and eBay . Transformers received mixed to positive reviews from critics and fans , and is the 87th highest-grossing film of all-time and was the fifth highest-grossing film of 2007 , grossing $ 709 million worldwide , with an estimated 46 million tickets sold in the US . The film won four awards from the Visual Effects Society and was nominated for three Academy Awards , for Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing , and Best Visual Effects . LaBeouf 's performance was praised by Empire , and Cullen 's reprisal of Optimus Prime from the 1980s television series was well received by fans . It was soon followed by four sequels : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) , Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) , and Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) , the later two of which grossed $ 1 billion . A fifth installment , titled The Last Knight , is scheduled for release on June 23 , 2017 ." ]	[ " Mechanic A mechanic is a tradesman , craftsman , or technician who uses tools to build or repair machinery .", " Television producer A television producer is a person who oversees all aspects of video production on a television program . Some producers take more of an executive role , in that they conceive new programs and pitch them to the television networks , but upon acceptance they focus on business matters , such as budgets and contracts . Other producers are more involved with the day-to-day workings , participating in activities such as screenwriting , set design , casting , and directing . There are a variety of different producers on a television show . A traditional producer is one who manages a show 's budget and maintains a schedule , but this is no longer the case in modern television ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
The Prasthanatrayi is the common textual basis of the sub-traditions of Vedanta.	[ " Vedanta Vedanta ( IAST , , Sanskrit : वेदांत ) or Uttara Mīmāṃsā is one of the six orthodox ( āstika ) schools of Hindu philosophy . Vedanta literally means `` end of the Vedas '' , reflecting ideas that emerged from the speculations and philosophies contained in the Upanishads . It does not stand for one comprehensive or unifying doctrine . Rather it is an umbrella term for many sub-traditions , ranging from dualism to non-dualism , all of which developed on the basis of a common textual connection called the Prasthanatrayi . The Prasthanatrayi is a collective term for the Principal Upanishads , the Brahma Sutras and the Bhagavad Gita . All Vedanta schools , in their deliberations , concern themselves with the following three categories but differ in their views regarding the concept and the relations between them : Brahman -- the ultimate metaphysical reality , Ātman / Jivātman -- the individual soul or self , and Prakriti -- the empirical world , ever-changing physical universe , body and matter . Some of the better known sub-traditions of Vedanta include Advaita ( non-dualism ) , Vishishtadvaita ( qualified non-dualism ) , and Dvaita ( dualism ) . Most other Vedantic sub-traditions are subsumed under the term Bhedabheda ( difference and non-difference ) . Over time , Vedanta adopted ideas from other orthodox ( āstika ) schools like Yoga and Nyaya , and , through this syncretism , became the most prominent school of Hinduism . Many extant forms of Vaishnavism , Shaivism and Shaktism have been significantly shaped and influenced by the doctrines of different schools of Vedanta . The Vedanta school has had a historic and central influence on Hinduism ." ]	[ " Yoga (philosophy) Yoga philosophy is one of the six major orthodox schools of Hinduism . Ancient , medieval and most modern literature often refers to the Yoga school of Hinduism simply as Yoga . It is closely related to the Samkhya school of Hinduism . The Yoga school 's systematic studies to better oneself physically , mentally and spiritually has influenced all other schools of Indian philosophy . The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali is a key text of the Yoga school of Hinduism . The epistemology of the Yoga school of Hinduism , like the Sāmkhya school , relies on three of six Pramanas as the means of gaining reliable knowledge . These include Pratyakṣa ( perception ) , Anumāṇa ( inference ) and Sabda ( Āptavacana , word/testimony of reliable sources ) . The metaphysics of Yoga is built on the same dualist foundation as the Samkhya school . The universe is conceptualized as composed of two realities in the Samhkya-Yoga schools : Puruṣa ( consciousness ) and prakriti ( matter ) . Jiva ( a living being ) is considered as a state in which puruṣa is bonded to prakriti in some form , in various permutations and combinations of various elements , senses , feelings , activity and mind . During the state of imbalance or ignorance , one of more constituents overwhelm the others , creating a form of bondage . The end of this bondage is called liberation , or moksha , by both the Yoga and Samkhya schools of Hinduism . The ethical theory of the Yoga school is based on Yamas and Niyama , as well as elements of the Guṇa theory of Samkhya . The Yoga school of Hinduism differs from the closely related non-theistic/atheistic Samkhya school by incorporating the concept of a `` personal , yet essentially inactive , deity '' or `` personal god '' ( Ishvara ) . While the Samkhya school suggests that jnana ( knowledge ) is a sufficient means to moksha , the Yoga school suggests that systematic techniques and practice , or personal experimentation , combined with Samkhya 's approach to knowledge , is the path to moksha . Yoga shares several central ideas with the Advaita Vedanta school of Hinduism , with the difference that Yoga philosophy is a form of experimental mysticism , while Advaita Vedanta is a form of monistic personalism . Advaita Vedanta , and other schools of Hinduism , accept , adopt and build upon many of the teachings and techniques of Yoga .", " Samhita Samhita ( Sanskrit : संहिता , ) literally means `` put together , joined , union '' and `` a methodically , rule-based combination of text or verses '' . Samhita also refers to the most ancient layer of text in the Vedas , consisting of mantras , hymns , prayers , litanies and benedictions . Parts of Vedic Samhitas constitute the oldest living part of Hindu tradition ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Easy Virtue is a TV show.	[ " Easy Virtue (2008 film) Easy Virtue is a 2008 British romantic comedy film based on Noël Coward 's play of the same name . The play was previously made into the silent movie Easy Virtue ( 1928 ) by Alfred Hitchcock . This adaptation is directed by Stephan Elliott , written by Elliott and Sheridan Jobbins , and stars Jessica Biel , Ben Barnes , Colin Firth and Kristin Scott Thomas . The score contains many Coward and jazz-age songs , some of which are sung or partially sung by the cast . Easy Virtue is a social comedy in which a glamorous American widow , Larita , impetuously marries a young Englishman , John Whittaker , in the South of France . When they return to England to meet his parents , his mother takes an immediate and strong dislike to the new daughter-in-law , while his father , Jim , finds a kindred spirit . Family tensions escalate . The film was screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and London Film Festival prior to its 7 November release by Pathé in the UK . Subsequently , the film was also screened at the Rio International Film Festival , Middle East International Film Festival in Abu Dhabi , and the Rome Film Festival . It closed the Adelaide Film Festival prior to the Australian theatrical release on 12 March 2009 . In May 2009 it was released in the US . In the United States , the film enjoyed some commercial success . Sony Pictures Classics paid an estimated $ US1 million to acquire the film 's distribution rights in the United States , Latin America and South Africa . The film went on to gross $ US2 .5 million in limited theatrical release in the United States ." ]	[ " Analog television Analog television or analogue television is the original television technology that uses analog signals to transmit video and audio . In an analog television broadcast , the brightness , colors and sound are represented by rapid variations of either the amplitude , frequency or phase of the signal . Analog signals vary over a continuous range of possible values which means that electronic noise and interference becomes reproduced by the receiver . So with analog , a moderately weak signal becomes snowy and subject to interference . In contrast , a moderately weak digital signal and a very strong digital signal transmit equal picture quality . Analog television may be wireless or can be distributed over a cable network using cable converters . All broadcast television systems preceding digital transmission of digital television ( DTV ) used analog signals . Analog television around the world has been in the process of shutting down since the late 2000s .", " Screenwriting Screenwriting , also called scriptwriting , is the art and craft of writing scripts for mass media such as feature films , television productions or video games . It is frequently a freelance profession . Screenwriters are responsible for researching the story , developing the narrative , writing the screenplay , and delivering it , in the required format , to development executives . Screenwriters therefore have great influence over the creative direction and emotional impact of the screenplay and , arguably , of the finished film . They either pitch original ideas to producers in the hope that they will be optioned or sold , or screenwriters are commissioned by a producer to create a screenplay from a concept , true story , existing screen work or literary work , such as a novel , poem , play , comic book or short story ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Adele released two or more studio albums.	[ " 25 (Adele album) 25 is the third studio album by British singer and songwriter Adele . It was released on 20 November 2015 , through XL Recordings . Following the release and international success of her second studio album 21 . Titled as a reflection of her life and frame of mind at 25 years old , 25 is a `` make-up record '' . The album 's lyrical content features themes of Adele `` yearning for her old self , her nostalgia '' , and `` melancholia about the passage of time '' according to an interview with the singer by Rolling Stone , as well as themes of motherhood and regret . In contrast to Adele 's previous works , the production of 25 incorporated the use of electronic elements and creative rhythmic patterns , with elements of 1980s R&B and organs . Like 21 , Adele worked with producer and songwriter Paul Epworth and Ryan Tedder , along with new collaborations with Max Martin and Shellback , Greg Kurstin , Danger Mouse , the Smeezingtons , Samuel Dixon , and Tobias Jesso Jr. . 25 received generally positive reviews from music critics , who commended Adele 's vocal performance and the album 's production . The album was a massive commercial success , debuting at number one in more than 25 markets and broke first-week sales records in multiple countries , including the United Kingdom and United States ; in the US , the album sold 3.38 million copies in its first week of release , marking the largest single-week sales for an album since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking point-of-sale music purchases in 1991 . 25 eventually became the world 's best-selling album of 2015 with 17.4 million copies sold within the year , and has sold 20 million copies as of June 2016 , making it one of the best selling albums worldwide . Following 21 , it was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of ten million copies in the United States , making Adele the only artist of the 2010s to achieve this certification with two albums . Many journalists felt that the album impacted the music industry by encouraging the public to return to buying physical albums , instead of downloading or streaming . 25 received the BRIT Award for British Album of the Year , while the lead single `` Hello '' won British Single of the Year . The album then won the 2017 Grammy Awards for Album of the Year , and Best Pop Vocal Album . `` Hello '' also won Grammys for Record of the Year , Song of the Year , and Best Pop Solo Performance .", " Adele Adele Laurie Blue Adkins ( -LSB- əˈdɛl -RSB- born 5 May 1988 ) is an English singer-songwriter . After graduating from the BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology in 2006 , Adele was given a recording contract by XL Recordings after a friend posted her demo on Myspace the same year . In 2007 , she received the Brit Awards `` Critics ' Choice '' award and won the BBC Sound of 2008 poll . Her debut album , 19 , was released in 2008 to commercial and critical success . It is certified seven times platinum in the UK , and three times platinum in the US . The album contains her first song , `` Hometown Glory '' , written when she was 16 , which is based on her home suburb of West Norwood in London . An appearance she made on Saturday Night Live in late 2008 boosted her career in the US . At the 51st Grammy Awards in 2009 , Adele received the awards for Best New Artist and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . She released her second studio album , 21 , in early 2011 . The album was critically well received and surpassed the success of her debut , earning the singer numerous awards in 2012 , among them a record-tying six Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year ; two Brit Awards , including British Album of the Year , and three American Music Awards . The album has been certified 16 times platinum in the UK , and is the fourth best-selling album in the UK of all time . In the US , it has held the top position longer than any album since 1985 , and is certified diamond . The album has sold over 31 million copies worldwide . The success of 21 earned Adele numerous mentions in the Guinness Book of World Records . She is the first woman in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 to have three simultaneous top 10 singles as a lead artist , and the first female artist to simultaneously have two albums in the top five of the Billboard 200 and two singles in the top five of the Billboard Hot 100 . 21 is the longest-running number one album by a female solo artist in the history of the UK and US Album Charts . In 2012 , Adele released `` Skyfall '' , which she co-wrote and recorded for the James Bond film of the same name . The song won an Academy Award , a Grammy Award , and a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , as well as the Brit Award for British Single of the Year . After taking a three-year break , Adele released her third studio album , 25 , in 2015 . It became the year 's best-selling album and broke first week sales records in the UK and US . 25 was her second album to be certified diamond in the US and earned her five Grammy Awards , including her second Grammy Award for Album of the Year , and four Brit Awards . The lead single , `` Hello '' , became the first song in the US to sell over one million digital copies within a week of its release . Her third concert tour , Adele Live 2016 , visited Europe , North America and Oceania , and will conclude with four finale concerts at Wembley Stadium in mid-2017 . In 2011 , 2012 and 2016 , Billboard named Adele Artist of the Year . In 2012 , she was listed at number five on VH1 's 100 Greatest Women in Music . Time magazine named her one of the most influential people in the world in 2012 and 2016 . With sales of more than 100 million records , Adele is one of the best-selling recording artists in the world ." ]	[ " River Lea (song) `` River Lea '' is a song recorded by English singer and songwriter Adele for her third studio album 25 ( 2015 ) . The song was written by Adele Adkins and Brian Burton , while production of the song was provided by Danger Mouse . Lyrically , the track is partly about the River Lea in London . Musically , the song is a gospel song with a ghostly feel . `` River Lea '' received positive reviews from critics , with The Guardian calling it `` one of the most striking tracks '' on 25 . The song peaked at number 5 on the Finland Chart and number 80 on the France Chart . It debuted at number 97 on the Official German Charts .", " Double album A double album ( or double record ) is an audio album which spans two units of the primary medium in which it is sold , typically records and compact discs . A double album is usually though not always released as such , because the recording is longer than the capacity of the medium . Recording artists often think of double albums as comprising a single piece artistically ; however , there are exceptions such as John Lennon 's Some Time in New York City and Pink Floyd 's Ummagumma ( both examples of one studio record and one live album packaged together ) and OutKast 's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below ( effectively two solo albums , one by each member of the duo ) . A classic example of this idea is Works ( Volume One ) by Emerson Lake and Palmer , where side one was Keith Emerson , two Greg Lake , three Carl Palmer while side four was by the entire group . Since the advent of the compact disc , albums are sometimes released with a bonus disc featuring additional material as a supplement to the main album , with live tracks , studio out-takes , cut songs , or older unreleased material . One innovation is the accompaniment of a CD with a DVD of related material , such as video related to the album or DVD-Audio versions of the same recordings . These could be regarded as a new form of double album ; some such discs were also released on a two-sided format called DualDisc . Due to the limitations of the gramophone record , many albums primarily released on the format were under 40 minutes long . This has led to record labels re-releasing two of these albums on one CD , thus making a double album . The same principles apply to the triple album , which comprises three units . Packages with more units than three are often packaged as a box set ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Charles Dickens died in 1890.	[ " Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens ( -LSB- ˈdɪkᵻnz -RSB- 7 February 1812 -- 9 June 1870 ) was an English writer and social critic . He created some of the world 's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era . His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime , and by the twentieth century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius . His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity . Born in Portsmouth , Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors ' prison . Despite his lack of formal education , he edited a weekly journal for 20 years , wrote 15 novels , five novellas , hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles , lectured and performed extensively , was an indefatigable letter writer , and campaigned vigorously for children 's rights , education , and other social reforms . Dickens 's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers . Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity , famous for his humour , satire , and keen observation of character and society . His novels , most published in monthly or weekly instalments , pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction , which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication . The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience 's reaction , and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback . For example , when his wife 's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities , Dickens improved the character with positive features . His plots were carefully constructed , and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives . Masses of the illiterate poor chipped in ha ` pennies to have each new monthly episode read to them , opening up and inspiring a new class of readers . Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age . His 1843 novella , A Christmas Carol , remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre . Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also frequently adapted , and , like many of his novels , evoke images of early Victorian London . His 1859 novel , A Tale of Two Cities , set in London and Paris , is his best-known work of historical fiction . Dickens has been praised by fellow writers -- from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G. K. Chesterton -- for his realism , comedy , prose style , unique characterisations , and social criticism . On the other hand , Oscar Wilde , Henry James , and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of psychological depth , loose writing , and a vein of saccharine sentimentalism . The term Dickensian is used to describe something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings , such as poor social conditions or comically repulsive characters ." ]	[ " Dickens (crater) Dickens is a crater on Mercury . It has a diameter of 78 kilometers . Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1976 . Dickens is named for the English novelist Charles Dickens , who lived from 1812 to 1870 .", " Victorian era In the history of the United Kingdom , the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria 's reign , from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901 . The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period , and its later half overlaps with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe . Defined according to sensibilities and political concerns , the period is sometimes considered to begin with the passage of the Reform Act 1832 . The period is characterised as one of relative peace among the great powers ( as established by the Congress of Vienna ) , increased economic activity , `` refined sensibilities '' and national self-confidence for the Great Britain . Ideologically , the Victorian era witnessed resistance to the rationalism that defined the Georgian period and an increasing turn towards romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion , social values , and arts . In international relations , the supremacy of the Royal Navy helped maintain a period of relative peace among the great powers ( Pax Britannica ) as well as economic , colonial , and industrial consolidation , a notable exception being the Crimean War ( 1853-6 ) . Britain embarked on global imperial expansion , particularly in Asia and Africa , which made the British Empire the largest empire in history . Domestically , the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform , industrial reform and the widening of the voting franchise . The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901 . Scotland 's population also rose rapidly , from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901 . However , Ireland 's population decreased sharply , from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901 , mostly due to the Great Famine . Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently , in search of a better life in the United States , Canada , South Africa , New Zealand , Australia and elsewhere . The two main political parties during the era remained the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives . These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne , Sir Robert Peel , Lord Derby , Lord Palmerston , Benjamin Disraeli , William Gladstone , and Lord Salisbury . The unsolved problems relating to Irish Home Rule played a great part in politics in the later Victorian era , particularly in view of Gladstone 's determination to achieve a political settlement in Ireland ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Solange Knowles released an album.	[ " Solange Knowles Solange Piaget Knowles ( -LSB- soʊˈlɑːnʒ -RSB- born June 24 , 1986 ) is an American singer , songwriter , dancer , model and actress . Expressing an interest in music from an early age , Knowles had several temporary stints in Destiny 's Child , before signing with her father Mathew Knowles 's Music World Entertainment label . At age 16 , Knowles released her first studio album Solo Star ( 2002 ) . Between 2005 and 2007 , Knowles had several minor acting roles , including the direct-to-video Bring It On : All or Nothing ( 2006 ) and continued writing music for her older sister Beyoncé Knowles-Carter and for ex-Destiny 's Child group members Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams . In 2007 , Knowles began to record music again . Her second studio album Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams ( 2008 ) deviated from the pop-oriented music of her debut to the Motown Sound of the 1960s and 1970s . It peaked at number nine on US Billboard 200 and received positive reviews from critics . She followed this up with the 1980s pop and R&B -- inspired extended play True ( 2012 ) on Columbia Records and her imprint Saint Records . Her third studio album , A Seat at the Table ( 2016 ) became her first number-one album in the United States . The album 's first single , `` Cranes in the Sky '' won the Grammy for Best R&B Performance . In December 2016 , Billboard magazine ranked her as the 100th most successful dance artist of all-time . Knowles is heavily influenced by Motown girl groups and says that her first passion is songwriting . She is frequently compared by the media to her sister , Beyoncé , but Solange insists they have different aspirations and are musically different . Her other ventures include an endorsement deal with Rimmel London and a line of hip-hop-oriented merchandise for young children . On November 16 , 2014 , Knowles married music video director Alan Ferguson in New Orleans , Louisiana ." ]	[ " Survivor (Destiny's Child album) Survivor is the third studio album by American girl group Destiny 's Child . It was first released by Columbia Records on May 1 , 2001 , in the United States . The album features production by lead singer Beyoncé Knowles and J.R. Rotem , with additional production from Poke & Tone , Cory Rooney and Mark J. Feist . Five singles were released from the album : `` Independent Women Part I '' , `` Survivor '' , `` Bootylicious '' , a cover of The Bee Gees ' `` Emotion '' , and `` Nasty Girl '' . In the US , the album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart on May 19 , 2001 with first-week sales of 663,000 units and stayed at number one for two consecutive weeks . It earned Destiny 's Child three Grammy nominations for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals , Best R&B Song , and Best R&B Album . Survivor was certified quadruple Platinum by the RIAA on January 7 , 2002 . Billboard ranked Survivor at number 70 on the magazine 's Top 200 Albums of the Decade . The album went on to sell over 4.7 million copies in the United States . With sales over 12 million copies worldwide , it became the biggest-selling album in the 21st century by a girl group , and one of the most successful albums of all time by a girl group .", " Songs in A Minor Songs in A Minor is the debut studio album by American recording artist Alicia Keys . It was released in the United States on June 5 , 2001 by J Records . After graduating from high school , Keys signed with Columbia Records to begin her music career . She recorded an album in 1998 under the label , which they rejected . Her contract subsequently ended with Columbia after a dispute with the label , and Keys later signed with Clive Davis . An accomplished , classically trained pianist , Keys wrote , arranged and produced a majority of the album , including `` Jane Doe '' , which is the only song on the album actually in the key of A minor . Songs in A Minor is a neo soul album with a diverse musical style that incorporates hip hop , soul , jazz and elements of gospel music . Its songs feature classical piano references and arpeggios , and are backed by haunting melodies , funk , classic soul structures , values to hyper-modern production technique and lyrics about the complexities and stages of romantic relationships . All of the album content was co-written by Keys except for two ; one being a cover of Prince 's `` How Come U Do n't Call Me Anymore ? '' ( 1982 ) and the other being `` Never Felt This Way '' by Brian McKnight . Upon its release , the album received generally positive reviews from music critics , who noted her ability to catch an old-school jazz sound and mix it with R&B and soul melodies . The album earned Keys several awards and accolades , including five Grammy Awards at the 44th Grammy Awards . Songs in A Minor debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart , selling over 236,000 copies in its first week . It has sold over 6.2 million copies in the United States and twelve million copies worldwide . Rolling Stone magazine named Songs in A Minor the second best album of 2001 , while ranking it number 95 on its list of the best albums of the 2000s decade . In 2013 Entertainment Weekly ranked the album at the 57th position among the greatest albums of all time ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Solange Knowles had a number-one album in the United States, 2016's A Seat at the Table.	[ " Solange Knowles Solange Piaget Knowles ( -LSB- soʊˈlɑːnʒ -RSB- born June 24 , 1986 ) is an American singer , songwriter , dancer , model and actress . Expressing an interest in music from an early age , Knowles had several temporary stints in Destiny 's Child , before signing with her father Mathew Knowles 's Music World Entertainment label . At age 16 , Knowles released her first studio album Solo Star ( 2002 ) . Between 2005 and 2007 , Knowles had several minor acting roles , including the direct-to-video Bring It On : All or Nothing ( 2006 ) and continued writing music for her older sister Beyoncé Knowles-Carter and for ex-Destiny 's Child group members Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams . In 2007 , Knowles began to record music again . Her second studio album Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams ( 2008 ) deviated from the pop-oriented music of her debut to the Motown Sound of the 1960s and 1970s . It peaked at number nine on US Billboard 200 and received positive reviews from critics . She followed this up with the 1980s pop and R&B -- inspired extended play True ( 2012 ) on Columbia Records and her imprint Saint Records . Her third studio album , A Seat at the Table ( 2016 ) became her first number-one album in the United States . The album 's first single , `` Cranes in the Sky '' won the Grammy for Best R&B Performance . In December 2016 , Billboard magazine ranked her as the 100th most successful dance artist of all-time . Knowles is heavily influenced by Motown girl groups and says that her first passion is songwriting . She is frequently compared by the media to her sister , Beyoncé , but Solange insists they have different aspirations and are musically different . Her other ventures include an endorsement deal with Rimmel London and a line of hip-hop-oriented merchandise for young children . On November 16 , 2014 , Knowles married music video director Alan Ferguson in New Orleans , Louisiana ." ]	[ " Toni Braxton Toni Michelle Braxton ( born October 7 , 1967 ) is an American singer -- songwriter , pianist , record producer , actress , television personality , and philanthropist . Rising to fame in the early 1990s , Braxton quickly established herself as an R&B icon and became one of the best-selling female artists of the 1990s decade , and being recognized as one of the most outstanding voices of her generation . Her self-titled debut studio album was released in 1993 . It sold over 10 million copies worldwide , spawning such hits as `` Another Sad Love Song '' and `` Breathe Again '' and earning Braxton three Grammy Awards , including Best New Artist . Released in 1996 , her second album , Secrets , continued her acclaim and mega success , selling over 15 million copies globally . The album spawned the Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 hits `` You 're Makin ' Me High '' and `` Un-Break My Heart '' , the latter of which became her signature song and the second top-selling single of all time by a female artist . Braxton won two Grammy Awards for Secrets . In 2000 , her third album , The Heat , was released . It sold over 4 million copies and included the hit single `` He Was n't Man Enough '' , for which Braxton won a Grammy Award . She then released three more studio albums -- More Than a Woman ( 2002 ) , Libra ( 2005 ) and Pulse ( 2010 ) , experiencing personal and label conflicts in between these releases . In 2014 , Braxton and long-time collaborator Babyface released a duet album entitled Love , Marriage & Divorce , which earned the duo a Grammy Award in early 2015 . Throughout her career , Braxton has sold over 67 million records , including 41 million albums , worldwide . She has won seven Grammy Awards , nine Billboard Music Awards , seven American Music Awards and several other awards . Aside from her success in music , Braxton has become a television executive producer and personality , being involved in the 7th season of the reality show Dancing with the Stars and in a reality series entitled Braxton Family Values , where Braxton is Executive Producer and star since 2011 on WE tv . Braxton is also an Executive Producer of the spin-off show , starring her younger sister , Tamar-The Tamar & Vince show on WE tv . On September 18 , 2011 , Braxton was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame .", " Dance Club Songs The Dance Club Songs chart is a weekly chart published exclusively by Billboard in the United States . It is a national survey of the songs which are the most popular in nightclubs across the country and is compiled from reports from a national sample of disc jockeys . It was launched as the Disco Action Top 30 chart on August 28 , 1976 , and became the first chart by Billboard to document the popularity of dance music . Since its inception , several artists have set various records and garnered multiple achievements . In January 2017 , Billboard proclaimed Madonna as the most successful artist in the history of the chart , ranking her first in their list of the 100 top all time dance artists ; she also holds the record for the most number-one songs , with 46 . Katy Perry holds the record for having seventeen consecutive number-one songs , an unbroken streak ; her third studio album , Teenage Dream ( 2010 ) , also holds the record for being the only album in the history of the chart to produce at least seven number-one songs . The first number-one song on the Dance Club Songs chart for the issue dated August 28 , 1976 , was `` You Should Be Dancing '' by the Bee Gees ; it spent five weeks atop the chart and was the group 's only number-one song . The current number-one song on the Dance Club Songs chart for the issue dated June 10 , 2017 , is `` Lady '' by Austin Mahone featuring Pitbull ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Alessia Cara has collaborated with others.	[ " Alessia Cara Alessia Caracciolo ( -LSB- aˈlɛssja kaˈrattʃolo -RSB- ; born July 11 , 1996 ) , professionally known as Alessia Cara , is a Canadian singer and songwriter . She is signed to EP Entertainment and Def Jam Recordings and released her debut single , `` Here '' , from the debut studio album , Know-It-All , released November 13 , 2015 . A sleeper hit , the song reached the top five in the United States and the top 20 in Canada . Prior to her work for Def Jam , she produced acoustic covers on YouTube . In 2016 , her single `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' reached the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the US pop radio charts . In 2017 , Cara collaborated with producer Zedd to create the single `` Stay '' , which has since reached number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it her third top ten song ." ]	[ " Record label A record label or record company is a brand or trademark associated with the marketing of music recordings and music videos . Sometimes , a record label is also a publishing company that manages such brands and trademarks , coordinates the production , manufacture , distribution , marketing , promotion , and enforcement of copyright for sound recordings and music videos ; conducts talent scouting and development of new artists ( `` artists and repertoire '' or `` A&R '' ) ; and maintains contracts with recording artists and their managers . The term `` record label '' derives from the circular label in the center of a vinyl record which prominently displays the manufacturer 's name , along with other information .", " Supergroup (music) A supergroup is a music group whose members are already successful as solo artists or as part of other groups or well known in other musical professions . Usually used in the context of rock and pop music , the term has been applied to other musical genres such as The Three Tenors in opera . The term is sometimes applied retrospectively when several members from a group later achieve notable success in their own right . Supergroups are sometimes formed as side projects and thus not intended to be permanent , while other times can become the primary project of the members ' careers . Charity supergroups , where prominent musicians perform or record together in support of a particular cause , have been common since the 1980s ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
The Germanic peoples are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin.	[ " Germanic peoples The Germanic peoples ( also called Teutonic , Suebian , or Gothic in older literature ) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin . They are identified by their use of Germanic languages , which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age . The term `` Germanic '' originated in classical times when groups of tribes living in Lower , Upper , and Greater Germania were referred to using this label by Roman scribes . The Roman use of the term `` Germanic '' was not necessarily based upon language , but rather referred to the tribal groups and alliances that lived in the regions of modern-day Luxembourg , Belgium , Northern France , Alsace , the Netherlands , and Germany , and which were considered to be less civilized and more physically hardened than the Celtic Gauls . Tribes referred to as `` Germanic '' by Roman authors generally lived to the north and east of the Gauls . The Germanic tribes were chronicled by Rome 's historians as having had a critical impact on the course of Europe 's history during the Roman-Germanic wars , particularly at the historic Battle of the Teutoburg Forest , where Germanic tribal warriors under the leadership of the Cherusci chieftain Arminius routed three Roman legions and their auxiliaries , which precipitated the Roman Empire 's strategic withdrawal from Magna Germania ." ]	[ " North Germanic languages The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages , a sub-family of the Indo-European languages , along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages . The language group is sometimes referred to as the `` Nordic languages '' , a direct translation of the most common term used among Danish , Swedish and Norwegian scholars and laypeople . In Scandinavia , the term `` Scandinavian languages '' refers specifically to the mutually intelligible languages of the three continental Scandinavian countries , and is thus used in a more narrow sense as a subset of the Nordic languages , leaving aside the insular subset of Faroese and Icelandic ( and the unrelated Finnish and Sami languages ) . The term Scandinavian arose in the 18th century as a result of the early linguistic and cultural Scandinavist movement , referring to the people , cultures , and languages of the three Scandinavian countries and stressing their common heritage . The term `` North Germanic languages '' is used in comparative linguistics , whereas the term `` Scandinavian languages '' appears in studies of the modern standard languages and the dialect continuum of Scandinavia . Approximately 20 million people in the Nordic countries have a Scandinavian language as their native language , including an approximately 5 % minority in Finland . Languages belonging to the North Germanic language tree are spoken commonly on Greenland and , to a lesser extent , by immigrants in North America .", " English people The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England , who speak the English language . The English identity is of early medieval origin , when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn ( `` family of the Angles '' ) . Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles , one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD . England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom . Historically , the English population is descended from several peoples -- the earlier Britons ( or Brythons ) and the Germanic tribes that settled in Britain following the withdrawal of the Romans , including Angles , Saxons , Jutes and Frisians . Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons , they founded what was to become England ( from the Old English Englaland ) along with the later Danes , Normans and other groups . In the Acts of Union 1707 , the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain . Over the years , English customs and identity have become fairly closely aligned with British customs and identity in general . Today many English people have recent forebears from other parts of the United Kingdom , while some are also descended from more recent immigrants from other European countries and from the Commonwealth . The English people are the source of the English language , the Westminster system , the common law system and numerous major sports such as cricket , football , rugby union , rugby league and tennis . These and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide , in part as a result of the former British Empire ." ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever
Ryan Seacrest is only a radio host.	[ " Ryan Seacrest Ryan John Seacrest ( born December 24 , 1974 ) is an American radio personality , television host and producer . He is best known for hosting the talent competition show American Idol , as well as the syndicated countdown program American Top 40 and the KIIS-FM morning radio show On Air with Ryan Seacrest . Seacrest began co-hosting Live with Kelly and Ryan on a permanent basis May 1 , 2017 . He received Emmy Award nominations for American Idol , and won an Emmy for producing Jamie Oliver 's Food Revolution ." ]	[ " Satellite radio Satellite radio is defined by the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) 'S ITU Radio Regulations ( RR ) as a broadcasting-satellite service . The satellite 's signals are broadcast nationwide , across a much wider geographical area than terrestrial radio stations , and the service is primarily intended for the occupants of motor vehicles . It is available by subscription , mostly commercial free , and offers subscribers more stations and a wider variety of programming options than terrestrial radio . Satellite radio technology was inducted into the Space Foundation Space Technology Hall of Fame in 2002 . Satellite radio uses the 2.3 GHz S band in North America for nationwide digital audio broadcasting ( DAB ) . In other parts of the world , satellite radio uses the 1.4 GHz L band allocated for DAB .", " Aircheck In the radio industry , an aircheck is generally a demonstration recording , often intended to show off the talent of an announcer or programmer to a prospective employer , but mainly intended for legal archiving purposes . A scoped ( short for `` telescoped '' - by analogy with pressing the ends of a hand-held telescope to reduce its size ) aircheck usually contains only segments where the announcer is actually talking , along with a bit of the music or commercial on either side . In an unscoped aircheck , all programming is left intact and unedited , including music , commercials , newscasts , jingles and other on-air events . Another category of airchecks are those recorded `` off-the-air '' by listeners , using consumer or semi-professional equipment . These airchecks became more common with the advent of commercial cassette recorders . One of the oldest known surviving airchecks consists of a 15-minute broadcast by Bing Crosby on Los Angeles station KHJ and the CBS network from September 2 , 1931 . It was recorded by the RCA Victor company of Hollywood and is fully documented in the Victor files at the National Archives . The recordings were made by RCA Victor at the request of rival network NBC , which apparently wanted to monitor the then-rising young singer . The sound of the recording suggests that it was made by placing an open microphone before a high-quality radio ( a method known in the radio trade as a `` mic-feed '' ) . This recording is available online at Reelradio . __ NOTOC __" ]	Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim	fever

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